Borut Juvanec
2oo4/1
AR
zbiranje shranjevanje
Slika 1: Zgoraj: zbiranje svetlobe za bivanje in vode za pitje v vkopanih hišah (Matmata, Tunizija). Sredina: namerno prepustna streha, ki zbira vodo za vodnjak na Krku. Spodaj: pretoèni vodnjak, ki zbira, obnavlja in prepušèa odveène kolièine vode (Ademuz, Španija). Above: introducing light to living quarters and gathering drinking water in subterranean homes (Matmata, Tunisia). Middle: purposely built porous roof, which allows gathering of rainwater in the well (Krk, Croatia). Bottom: permeable well, which gathers and rejuvenates water and allows removal of excess (Ademuz, Spain).



z
Slika 3: Korbeling: v prerezu je to previsevanje, v tlorisu krog. Konstrukcija je iz dveh delov: iz konstruktivnega dela samega in iz oboda, ki služi za protiobtežbo in kot odvajanje vode (krovni material). Zato je notranja konstrukcija vselej enaka, zunanja pa je odvisna od avtorja in je po svetu povsem razlièna.
Corbelling: overhanging in section and circular in layout. The structure is composed oftwo parts: the load bearing structure itself and the perimeter, which serves as counterweight and for disposal of water (roofing material). This is why the interior structure is always the same, while the external structure depends on its author and varies worldwide.
Slika 2: Kamnita konstrukcija zatoèišèa: kažun v Istri. Medtem ko so druge konstrukcije le sestavi veèjih sistemov, je zatoèišèe že prava arhitektura.
Construction of a stone shelter: kazun in Istria. While other structures are parts of larger systems, the shelter is already real architecture.
d/2| d/2|
1	1
	
/	
/	
I 1
I I

Slika 4: Weinbergshaeuschen pri Wormsu, Nemèija. Konstrukcija je sestav dveh kvadratov in enakostraniènega trikotnika z višino, ki je enaka korenu iz tri polovic.
Weinbergshaeuschen near Worms, Germany. The structure is a composition of two squares and an equilateral triangle, whose height equals the square root of three halves.
3
1
1
AR
2oo4/1
Borut Juvanec KAMEN NA KAMEN STONE UPON STONE
raziskava, research
povzetek
Uvod govori o kamnu, brez veziva, v tehniki suhega zidu.
Zaèetki segajo nekaj tisoč let nazaj v prazgodovino, megaliti stojijo bodisi posamič, v zidu ali tvorijo zavetje.
Konstrukcija korbelinga ali "previsevanja", ko vsaka naslednja plast kamna sega preko spodnje, je ravninska in se kaže v prečnem prerezu. Prerez ima dve plasti: notranjo konstrukcijo in na zunanji okvir, ki služi kot protiobtežba in strešni material. Notranji del je možen le na en način: na zunaj jih je množica.
Tipika, znaèilnosti in posebnosti so elementi zidu in prostorskih konstrukcij. Značilnost je enotna notranja nosilna konstrukcija, ki izhaja iz kroga v tlorisu in iz trikotnika v prerezu.
Teorija kaže na enotnost konstrukcije in na raznolikost zunajih oblik. V prerezu je neizogiben enakostranični trikotnik. Višina takega trikotnika je koren iz tri polovic, a jo je mogoče sestaviti iz treh enako dolgih palic, ki so tudi igračka pastirjev. Konstrukcija korbelinga je stara preko šest tisoč let: Hypogeum na Malti ga kaže v vklesanem kamnu podzemskega svetišča iz četrtega tisočletja pred štetjem.
Možnosti konstrukcij v kamnu brez veziva se začnejo z zidom. Kot arhitektura so nedvomno najbolj zanimiva zatočišča, ki stoje od Škotske do Palestine, od Španije do Grčije, verjetno pa jih najdemo še marsikje. Zatočišča so lahko velika le za steklenico in kruh ali pa za čredo konjev: razlike so pri tem izjemne.
Problematika včerajšnjega dne je bila nuja. Problematika danes je v vse manjši uporabi in s tem v manjši pomembnosti. Objekti so potrebni občasne nege in na koncu svojega ciklusa tudi obnovo, vmes pa zaščito: tako po zakonu kot fizično. Tukaj pa se odpirajo povsem drugi problemi, vezani z lastništvom, uporabo in s kulturo. Zato je danes najpomembnejše odkrivanje teh konstrukcij, njihovo dokumentiranje, analiziranje, dvig vedenja o pomembnosti, osveščanje ljudi in prikaz problematike javnosti, tako s publiciranjem kot z organizacijo obiskovanja.
doseženi cilji, namen in rezultati
Namen naloge je bil pregled vseh konstrukcij v tehniki suhega kamna. Cilj, kije dosežen, je pregled niza zanimivih in ponekod presenečujočih kompozicij (na primer stadion za korido, most ali akvedukt, past za volkove), s poudarkom na kamnitih zatočiščih. Rezultat je dokaz, daje konstrukcijski princip korbelinga, znan vsaj šest tisoč let, še vedno živ in še vedno aktualen.
problematika v arhitekturi, umestitev obravnavane teme v te tokove in njen pomen
Problematika izvora in razvoja, ki vodi v visoko arhitekturo, je za današnje razumevanje ključnega pomena. Dokaz uporabe zahtevnih matematičnih elementov (zahtevnih za neukega graditelja, ki je te elemente vnašal v konstrukcije z redom, a s preprostimi orodji) je obstoj te arhitekture tudi danes.
kljuène besede
kamen, tehnika suhega zidu, kompozicija, kamnito zatočišče
konstrukcija, korbeling,
summary
The introduction deals with stone, built in the dry-wall technique, without bonds.
The beginning reaches to prehistoric times several millennia ago, megaliths stand alone, in awall or form shelters.
The corbelling structure or "overhanging", when each consecutive layer of stone reaches beyond the lower one, is planar and can be seen in the cross-section. with two layers: the load-bearing structure and outerframe as a counterbalance.
Type, characteristics and particularities are elements of the wall and spatial structure. The uniform internal load-bearing structure is characteristic by circular layout and triangle.
Theory points out uniformity of structure and variety of external form. The equilateral triangular section is inevitable. The triangle's height is square root of three halves, but it can be assembledfrom three sticks ofequal length, like a game played by shepherds. Corbelling is a structure known for more than six thousand years ( Hypogeum on Maltafrom 4000BC).
Possibilities for building structures in stone without bonds begin with the wall. From the architectural aspect, the most interesting structures are undoubtedly shelters standing from Scotland to Palestine, Spain to Greece and can probably also be found elsewhere as well. Shelters were builtforjust a bottle, a loaf ofbreador aherdofhorses: differences are immense.
Yesterday's issue was necessity. The present issue is diminished use and thus diminished significance. Buildings need occasional care, towards the end oftheir lifecycle also renewal and in between protection: both by law and physically. Herewith completely new issues tied to property, use and culture emerge. Therefore, today's most important task is discovering these structures, documenting and analysing them, increasing awareness about their significance, raising consciousness and presenting the issue to the public, both by publishing and organisingvisits.
intentions, goals and results
The intention of the research was to review all structures built in the dry-wall technique. The achieved goal is a review of many interesting and sometimes surprising compositions (for example a bull-fighting stadium, bridge or aqueduct, wolf trap), the emphasis being on stone shelters. The result proves that the principle of corbelling as a structure has been known for at least six thousandyears, it is still alive and still contemporary.
architectural issues, positioning the topic in ongoing debate and its' significance
Issues about sources and developments leading to high architecture are of key importance for contemporary understanding. Proof of use of complex mathematical elements (complexfor the simple builder, who introduced these elements to structures as an order, but with simple tools) is the existence of such architecture even today.
key words
stone, dry-wall technique, structure, corbelling, composition, stone shelter