UDK 303'12/'15(4-191.2)"634" Documenta Praehistorica XXVIII The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria -a report about recent and current investigations Eva Lenneis Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria e.lenneis@cpsnet.at ABSTRACT - Tlie "Earliest Linear Pottery-Culture" (IPC I) is to be seen as a synonym for the beginning Neolithic in Central Europe and therefore also in Austria. The distribution of this culture was limited by several facts of the natural environment, as its economic base was agriculture and stockbreeding, Traces are only to be found through Austrian territory outside the Alps in altitudes up to 400/450 m, on the best amble soils (mainly on loess base) and in the driest and warmest climatic zones with a clearly defined limit of tolerance. In the last two decades excavations of very different scale have been effected. A short overview is given upon the biggest ones and their main results. The first field researches had been between 1984-1986 within an international investigation project. Their results were analysed in detail and just gone into print. In this article they were presented shortly in a sort of summary. At least an outlook is given on current excavations and other projects. IZVLEČEK - Najzgodnejša kultura linearnotrakaste keramike velja kot sinonim za začetek neolitika v srednji Evropi in zatorej tudi v Avstriji. Razširjenost te kulture so omejevali dejavniki naravnega okolja, saj je gospodarsko temeljila na poljedelstvu in živinoreji. Njene sledi v Avstriji smo našli le izven alpskega področja in na nadmorskih višinah do 400/450 metrov, na najbolj plodni prsti (pretežno aluvialnega izvora) in v najbolj suhih in toplih klimatskih področjih z jasno določeno mejo tolerance. V zadnjih dveh desetletjih pa smo opravili obsežna nova izkopavanja. V članku podajamo kratek pregled največjih izkopavanj in glavne izsledke. Med leti 1984 in 1986 smo v okviru mednarodnega raziskovalnega projekta opravili prve terenske raziskave. Rezultati teh raziskav so bili podrobno analizirani in so trenutno v tisku. V članku jih na kratko povzamemo in predstavimo. Pregledamo tudi izkopavanja, ki so v teku, in druge projekte. KEY WORDS - distribution of IPC I in Austria; recent and current excavations; main results of analyses of two settlement sites THE MESOLITHIC BASE Our knowledge of the Mesolithic in Austria still is very poor. The last statement upon this subject is by W. Antl-Weiser {1993), who named 10 sites for the whole territory. Only 5 of them lay in the northeastern region of Austria from where most of the early Neolithic places are known {see also Leitner 1989). Meanwhile there are some new mesolithic sites, but only in the alpine region due to more intensive field surveys and even excavations following the discovery of the famous "Otzi" {Leitner-Stadier 1992; Schdfer 1998; 1999). Until now there are no excavations on Mesolithic sites in the east of Austria and all late Mesolithic flint industry is just known by surface collections. This situation gives a very unsafe base for all research concerned with geneses of Neolithic in our region. THE EARLIEST LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE (Z/fcT) - FIRST TRACES OF NEOLITHIC IN CENTRAL EUROPE Since H. Quitta {I960) published his fundamental study upon the "Earliest Linear Pottery-culture" this culture became a synonym for the beginning Neolithic in Central Europe and the number of findspots 99 Eva Lenneis grew remarkably. By an increasing number of excavated sites we know quite a lot upon houses and settlements, economy and trade {seefor example Gro-nenborn 1999) giving a picture of a fully sedentary life based mainly on agriculture and stock breeding, the hunt reduced to an unimportant role. The hamlets might have consisted of up to 3-5 contemporaneous houses only {Modderman 1988.98) and the number of settlement sites was much smaller than in the following younger LPC{Petrasch 2001). Also the whole territory of the IPC lis about half of that of the younger IPC {Luning 1988.Abb. 4; Pavlu 1998/99). The Austrian sites are part of the eastern group within this territory, where most authors suppose to be the forming region of the LPC{Vi%. 1). As recent l4C-dates suggest the LPCLliyed approximately between 5480/5450-5200 BC {Lenneis, Stad-ler, Windl 1996), the begin might even be more than 100 years earlier1. DISTRIBUTION OF JLPCIW AUSTRIA AND THE RELATION TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT In I960 H. Quitta only could mention 6 sites in Eastern Austria {Quitta 1960.153 ff)- Since then their number is steadily increasing. While publishing the first excavated LPC1-material in 1976 from Austria E. Ruttkay knew 19 places yet {Ruttkay 1976 850, Abb.J), in 1989 my collection of that sort brought together 40 find-spots {Lenneis 1989), meanwhile their number doubled to 80 (Fig. 2 and register2). This new evidence shows a distribution pattern with some clustering, which should not be misunderstood as settlement clusters. The density of sites is mainly the result of the activity of even single persons or of intensive building activities leading to rescue excavations as for example on the southern border of Vienna (Fig. 2: spots 67-74). The distribution pattern we see therefore may only indicate the different settlement regions of the beginning Neolithic not the density of habitation. For reconstruction that sort very intensive surveys and analyses would be necessary as was demonstrated recently by S. Ostritz {2000). What we can see in the here presented map scale is the restriction of the earliest Neolithic settlement to some extra alpine regions and within this to areas with special suitable conditions for these first agriculturists. It is commonly known the most important facts for farmers are to have fertile soils and good climatic conditions. The problem is to find out which facts were most important and where was the limit of tolerance for this people while choosing their living places. I tried to find out the sought conditions for the whole LPC(phase I-III after R. Tichy 1962) in Austria nearly twenty years ago on the base of 240 sites and discussed there the problems of using recent soil maps and climate charts for the 6th mil-lenium BC {Lenneis 1982). To summarise: the main relations were made to the soil bases, pointing out specially the loess and some other subsoil after the system of soil types by J. Fink {1958). As the climate was wetter and hotter during the 6th millennium Fig. 1. Distribution of the LPC I in Central Europe Rafter Petrasch 2001. Abb.lJ. The frame in the centre corresponds to the area given in more detail on Figures 2 and 3» 1 Unpublished dates of Brunn II (see later) - personal communication by P.Stadler 2 In this register in the annex the thick black numbers are for sites with LPC I - material only, from the other younger LPC finds are also known. To shorten up the references all sites presented in some detail in my article of 1989 have as reference Lenneis 1989, in the other cases not all but the most informative reports are named. "FO" = Fundberichte aus Osterreich. The references given only with an author's name and "FO...." are short find reports, some with drawings of single findings. 100 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations than today the absolute values of recent climate charts can't be used, but as there hasn't been any considerable change on the relief, the relative sequence of climatic zones gives useful information, The localisation of all IPC sites has been done on maps with a scale of 1:50 000 and than put on a map with a scale of 1:500 000, the soil- and climate- charts were of the same scale. That way I found out for the whole IPCin. Austria that the sought conditions were easy arable and most fertile soils (relevant soil types see Fig. 6) combined with the driest and warmest conditions. The tolerance border was 900 mm of recent average rainfall per year and 7°C of recent average temperature per year (after Steinhauser s. a.; Lenneis 1982,9L Karte 4-6, Abb. 1-3). Figure 3 shows a map where the area limited by the above mentioned conditions is shown as "potential //^settlement area". There are doted zones indicating good soils with non-sufficient climatic conditions. The relevant areas south of the Danube are too wet, the ones in the north, close to the Moravian border indicate good brown earth but too cool conditions. Most of the meanwhile around 300 sites of the younger//^ lay within this "potential //^settlement area" (see hatched zones "settlement area of the younger IPC), only 6 find spots are outside, three of them are caves, the others may have had other special functions. For the IPCl-sites I collected ecological data as follows: elevation above sea level (Fig. 4), situation in the climate zones (Fig. 5) and relation to soil types (Fig. 6). A detailed discussion will be given rather soon (lenneis 2003) so I just present here the main results. As to be seen in Figure 4 the main part of sites are in elevations between 200-300 m above sea level and not in the lowest zones of the country. The tolerance border is up to 450 m, 200 m higher than in regions of the IPC in. Germany for example--------------- [Sabell983 160). meters over sea level There are only 21 places with only finds of the earlier IPC (IPC 1 only), 100-150 the bigger part (59) are places with 151-200 evidence also for the following youn- 201-250 ger LPC (IPCIpp). To be able to 251-300 compare the data I also gave here 301-350 those of the whole IPC as published 351-400 in 1982 (IPCI/II1). The distribution 401-450 of sites in the zones of recent average rainfall per year shows an increa-------------------------------------------------- sing importance of the driest zones Fig. 4. Altitude of LPC I-sites in Austria. while the tolerance border is going up from the line of 800 mm to the line of 900 mm with a very low percentage of the places. During the same time the preference concerning the temperatures changed from the hottest to the second hottest zone. The tolerance border of 7°C seems not to bee crossed over during IPC I, while in the later //^phases 3 sites are to be found just over this isothermal line in the northern region close to Moravia {lenneis 1982.Karte 6). The most important soil base for the earliest farmers in our region was the loess, having even an increasing values during the development of the IPC I. The average for the whole IPC was nearly 74% {lenneis 1982.Abb. 1). The absolute favourite type was the brown earth on loess (IV/1), also with increasing importance. The black earth "Tschernosem aus Tegel" (non-loess subsoil) is a slightly heavier soil with very high fertility, which seams to have lost of importance from the beginning with 19% to 12,8% for the whole IPC. To summarise the evidence upon the relation of the earliest farmers to the natural environment on Austrian territory one get the impression of a cognisant choice for their living places, looking for them in the most suitable zones for agriculture. This zones seam to be strictly defined by light and most fertile soils (especially on loess-subsoil), very dry and warm climatic condition with a tolerance border of 900 mm recent average rainfall per year and 7°C recent average temperature per year just from the beginning. As there are plenty of watercourses in our region, their presence is not a restricting factor to the choice of settlement areas. There is only to point out that people avoided mainly the floodplains of the big rivers as the Danube and preferred the upper parts of streams and streamlets (see Fig. 2 and 3). LPCI only LPCI pp. LPC 1 total number % number % number % 1 4.76 2 3.38 3 3.75 2 9.52 7 11.86 9 11.25 8 38.10 17 28.82 25 31.25 7 33.33 20 33.90 27 33.75 2 9.52 6 10.17 8 10.00 1 4.76 5 8.47 6 7.50 0 0 2 3.38 2 2.50 21 100.00 59 100.00 80 100.00 101 Eva Lenneis Fig. 2. Sites ofLPC I in Austria. For the numbers see site-register in the annex. 102 op 2 ^ § S ^ S i. i S. 30 km potential settlement region for the Linear Pottery Culture settlement region of the younger Linear Pottery Culture (LPC II / II) sought soils with inconvenient climatic conditions LPC I - sites LPC II /III - sites Eva Lenneis EXCAVATIONS AT LPC I-SETTLEMENTS IN THE LAST TWO DECADES When J. Liming and I started in 1984 the first research excavation on a ZfCl-site in Austria at Neckenmarkt within his international investigation project "excavations for the beginning Neolithic in Central Europe" we found the first house plans of this culture on Austrian territory. Since then - as if the ice were broken -there are investigations of different size for this time, some as rescue excavations and few as research projects (see site register for Fig. 2). I won't be able to give here detailed information about all these field activities and only will refer about the biggest projects I am or was involved to some extent. Asparn/Schletz, Lower Austria (Fig. 2 -point 52;plan Fig. 7) There is a very large-scale research project of the 'Niederosterreichische Landesmuseum" going on under the direction of H. Windl since 1984. The main LPCIonly LPC I pp. LPC I total LPC l-lll number % number % number % number % climatic zones average annual rainfall 500-600 mm 8 38.10 26 44.07 34 42.50 109 45.04 600-700 mm 6 28.57 27 45.76 33 41.25 106 43.80 700-800 mm 7 33.33 4 6.78 11 13.75 22 9.09 800-900 mm 0 0 2 3.39 2 2.50 5 2.06 21 100.00 59 100.00 80 100.00 242 100.00 average annual termperature over 9° C 13 61.90 14 23.73 27 33.75 88 36.36 8-9° C 6 28.57 28 47.46 34 42.50 100 41.32 7-8° C 2 9.53 17 28.81 19 23.75 51 21.07 under 7 °C 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 123 21 100.00 59 100.00 80 100.00 242 100.00 Fig. 5. LPC I-sites and their relation to climatic conditions fafter climate charts by F. Steinhauser; numbers and percentage for LPC I-III after Lenneis 1982). interest of the large surfaces investigated was to uncover the late //^settlement with rests of an 8 m deep well and a very impressive ditch system, consisting of two parallel ditches describing an oval form with a maximum diameter of 330 m. The ditches with an average width of 4 m and 2 m depth contained more than 60 disturbed human skeletons-traces of a massacre at the end of the 6th millennium (Wmd/1994-1996; 1998). Beside these younger tra- soil type loess-base 1/7 Kalkige, vergleyte LoBkolluvien des Trockengebietes Ml/4 Tschernoseme aus L6(3 111/6 entkalkte (alte) und verbraunte Tschemoseme 111/7 LoRrohboden IV/1 Braunerden aus L6B IV/3 Braunerden iiber Schotter IV/4 Braunerden auf (fruh trockengefallenen Niederterrassen) IV/5 leicht durchschlammte Braunerden aus L6I3 other bases III/2 Ubergange kalkfreierzu kalkigen Tschemosemen III/5 Tschernoseme aus Tegel IV/2 Braunerden aus Sand IV/12 alte Verwitterungsdecken, stark solifluidal durchmischt VII/4 Braunerden aus Kristallin, im Wechsel mit alten Verwitterungsdecken VII/5 Braunerden aus Kristallin, am Rand zum Trockengebiet im Komplex m jungen Staubdecken LPCI only LPCI pp number % number % 1 4.76 o 0 2 9.52 "* 6.78 i 4776 2 3.39 i 4776 3 5.08 10 47.62 31 52.54 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3.39 0 0 "* 6.78 15 71.43 46 77.97 i 4/76 ^ 1.69 4 19.05 5 8.47 0 0 i 1.69 i 476 2 Š739 3.39 0 0 2 3.39 6 28.57 13 22.03 21 100.00 59 100.00 Fig. 6. LPC I-sites and their relation to soil types (after Fink 1958). 104 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations ces of habitation in the northern part of this site a trapeze-form ditch of 400 m length was detected with an average width of 4 m and a varying depth up to 2 m. This ditch only contained ZflCV-pottery and might be the last remain of an elder settlement. As this site is partly damaged by erosion there are no house plans for the Zft7/habitation until now. Brunn, sitel-IV, lower Austria (Fig. 2 -point 67-70; Fig. 8) The beginning of the excavations at Brunn was due to roadwork beside the motorway A 2 at the southern border of Vienna (site I in 1989). Meanwhile the investigations under the direction of P. Stadler grew up to the biggest excavations for the beginning Neolithic in Austria. Until 1999 a surface of about 100 000 m2 has been uncovered with the remains of 43 houses, which belong to 4 hamlets close to each other {Stadler 1999). As series of 14C-dates and the find material indicate there was a sequence of the habitation of these 4 sites which is subject of a big scale investigation being published soon i^tadler 2002). The most important place of these excavations is certainly site II (Fst. II) with indications for more than 25 houses (part of them see Stadler 1996.Abb. J). The house plans are not very well preserved, their length in average of 20 m and width of 7-8 m are mostly deduced from the long pits as only traces of the main posts and nothing of the walls remained. The findings indicate a very early datation within the IPC L a high percentage of the ceramics is underrated, reminding the forms of the ZPC&s well as the Starčevo Culture {Lenneis 2002.Fig. 8), a spectacular amount of flint (more than 6000) shows some Mesolithic characteristics and the l4C-dates reach up Schletz Linearbandkeramische Siedlung Olgersdorf / AsP.™ «• * z»ya r^i> •% if OK ,\\\ $<& y& Magnetik Casiumgradiometer 0.5 / 1.5 m Messpunktabstand 0.5 / 0.25 m Legende: H Grtben leFI Gruben, Verfullung «t*rk mafnetiserbar lOl Gruben, Verfulhinf ichwach mafnetialerbar C3 Stoning 9urch E-Leitung \ E3 SiOrukf durch Gaapipeline ZAMG Archeo Prospections 1994 Fig. 7. Geomagnetic survey of the LPC-site at Asparn/Schletz, Lower Austria. 105 Eva Lenneis to 5620 BC. One get the impression that on this sites the formation process of the LPCmight be to follow. Neckenmarkt, site NM1, Burgenland (Fig. 2 -point9; Fig. 9 and 14) Excavations have been effected in 1984 and 1985 under the common direction of J. Liining and me, uncovering a surface of 2400 m2 that was only a small part - as intended by the project - of the whole settlement with an estimated surface of about 28 000 m2. In the area under investigation we found parts of four and complete surfaces of two houses, one of them with a very well preserved nearly complete plan of the posts (Fig. 14 - house 1). This house had a slightly trapeze-form outline with a total length of 19,8 m and a width of 6,7 m at the southern, 5,0 m at the northern end {Luning 2001330, Abb. 70, 71). The houses had been built partly so close together some of the long-pits have been in use from two sides, making the analysis of the situation and of the findings quite difficult. A detailed publication of this site is under print {Lenneis, Luning 2001). Recently made l4C-analysis gave an approximately lifetime for the //^/-habitation of this site within the frame of 5380-5200 BC {Lenneis, Stadler2001). There are few traces of later use of the place at the end of the younger LPC and also at the end of the Neolithic. Mold, lower Austria (Fig. 2 -point 36;Fig. 10 and 11) Investigations of this site started in 1995 and are still going on. They are effected with support and for the "Niederosterreichisches Landesmuseum" under my direction. Including the last campaign in summer 2001 we uncovered a surface of more than 8000 m2 which only might be about 20% of the whole settlement, who's surface can be estimated of around 40000 m2. The speciality of this place are partly wonderful soil conditions which resulted excellent preserved plans of houses, some of them being far the biggest houses of that time on Austrian territory {Lenneis 1997). The nearly complete plan of house 1 has a preserved length of 37,5 m, which originally might have been about 42 m, and a total width of only 6,5 m. The house plan belongs to a very small group terised by 4-5 rows of double/triple posts in the southern part. These additional posts are to be seen as supporting a granary, which in the case of house 1 must have been a divided one, a further speciality of this construction {Lenneis2001'and Fig. 11). Within the area of the "Hofplatz" (homestead?) of this remarkable building were pits with partly extremely rich findings. Especially on the east side of the house we found animal bones in quantities and sizes I never have seen before. The ceramics from the pits around house 1 - after a first glance - might date from the end of the LPCL. First unpublished ^C-samples measured within a big project {Friesinger et al. 1999) of a pit not too close brought dates in the time span of 5300-5200 BC. There are more findings of the LPC I as well as of the younger LPC {phase II/III after Tichy 1962) so it seams this large settlement area of Mold was inhabited for a longer period, may be without any break. Rosenburg, Lower Austria (Fig. 2 -point 40; Fig. 12) Only 4 km west of the above-described site of Mold lies the settlement of Rosenburg. Originally it may have covered a surface of around 10000 m2 and therefore belongs to the smallest LPC places. I excavated the remaining part of 7400 m2 between 1988- 1993 also with the support and for the "Niederos-terreichische Landesmuseum". The lacking part between the two excavation surfaces was destroyed while building a road over it many years ago. In 1994 we did geomagnetic prospecting on 14000 m2 looking for the southern end of the Neolithic hamlet, but the following excavation teached me all structures in this part were of late iron age or even younger. of "Groftbauten" of the LPC, charac- Fig. 8. Pottery from Brunn, site II, lower Austria (photo: P. Stadler). 106 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations Seven house plans of the small hamlet of Rosenburg are preserved in varying quality, there may have been originally up to 10. As the l4C-dates indicate a rather long habitation time of 200-300 years {Lenneis, Stadler, Windl1996104j?) further analysis of the findings will have to find out if there was more than one building existing at once. The rather unusual situation of this hamlet compared with "normal" //^settlement situations within a small loess area surrounded even today by dense, natural forest supports the idea of a "special" place. Beside this situation there is also another speciality of this site: there were 21 (!) slit pits, most of them parallel on a line N to S between the houses 2 and 7 (Fig. 12). These slit pits are seen on the surface as on the average 2 m long and only 20-40 cm widths structures. Their depths can reach more than 1 m (for further details see Lenneis 1992). As the profiles are so extremely narrow, their construction and also their use is still a matter of discussion: most colleagues think they might have been tan pits {van de Velde 1973), but they also may have been used for cooling {Struck 1984), for hanging in loom weights {Gro-nenborn 1989) and so on. The exceptional high amount of snail houses in the pits of Rosenburg may even indicate a use as cages. An analysis of the snail rests showed species of forest and steppe together, probably caused by men {Kuijper 1992). More than 2500 litres of sediments have been sieved to get botanical macro rests. Part of it, 55 samples Fig. 9. Neckenmarkt, Burgenland. Pot from pit 14, occupation phase 3* were analysed and published {Kreuz 1990), the bigger part of 127 samples did O. Brinkkemper, university of Leiden, with the support of an own research project. All cereals known for the IPC are proven but in striking small quantities, within the collected wild plants the high amount of carpinus seams to be also a speciality of this site. To summarise the evidence of this site at the moment: there are some indications for a special function of this may be lonely farmstead within the IPC settlement cluster ("Siedlungskammer") of that region. Final analysis and publication is planned for the next years. Strogen, lower Austria (Fig. 2 -point 42; Fig. 13 and 15) Again within a distance of only a few kilometres the small site of Strogen lies in the area of the same set- AUSGRABUNG MOLD 1995 - 2001 part of excavated surface •77/; • ' post - holes Y////A pits I - -¦] decomposed gneiss, red/yellow decomposed gneiss, blue/grey gravel white loam Fig. 10. Mold, Lower Austria. Part of surface excavated between 1995-2001. 107 Eva Lenneis dement cluster in a rather unusual high position. This caused stronger damages by erosion than the geologist predicted after boring. The excavation in 1986 was also part of the above-mentioned project by J. Luning, the work affected under our common direction. The investigated surface of 2100 m2 uncovered totally the rests of this small hamlet. We discovered the rests of 4 houses, three of them only indicated by one raw of the deepest postholes. The plan of one house (Fig. 15 - No. 4) proves the construction of the southern and middle part, giving the first evidence for a southern part with double posts in Austria {Stduble 200 1.430f Abb. 120). The analysis of the partly very rich and extraordinary well preserved ceramics (Fig. 13) proved all 4 houses existed one after the other {Lenneis, Luning 2001). Fig. 11. Mold, Lower Austria. Reconstruction of house 1. MAIN RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF TWO IPCI-SITES Neckenmarkt and Strogen (Figs. 14 and 15) A short description of the situation and the excavations at the two sites has been given above. The analysis of house remains were done by J. Luning (Luning 2001), the ones upon all find inventories and the ceramics by myself {Lenneis 2000fi. During the excavations, finds from the pits were recorded by metre squares and 10-cm thick layers. These recording units are the basis for the whole finds inventory. Decorated and undecorated pottery as well as burnt daub material were counted and weighed. Stone artefacts, animal bones and carbonised plant remains were listed and published by the respective specialists {Gronenborn 1997; Kreuz 1990; Pucher 1987), the relevant totals included in an overall inventory. This inventory was the basis for the statistical analysis of finds distributions carried out by P. Stadler with the help of his WinSerion 1.0 programme. The results presented on 20 plans of the different finds categories show very interesting distribution patterns. Their analysis gave the following main results: • Clear concentrations of decorated pottery at the south-east end and east of the houses especially in the northern part of Neckenmarkt; • Some indications of the burning of a house, seen in the unusually high weights of burnt daub material relative to sample size in two long-pits beside house 5 at Neckenmarkt; • Indications of hearths inside the houses, suggested by burnt daub material in postholes of houses 3 and 4 at Strogen; • A striking coincidence of the main foci of distribution of flint artefacts and animal bones, which could be the result of meat preparation. Despite the low numbers of finds, indications that the area of the middle part of the houses was of some importance for the manufacture and/or use of hard stone tools (other than flint). Comparison of these results with other Linear Pottery culture settlements from France to Southern Poland proved difficult due to the different kinds of finds recording in use. The few comparable distribu- 3 The text given below follows in big parts the abstract kindly translated by A.Whittle. 108 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations *,-^ metres over sea level lo, I pits [». 1 post - holes ^ ditch ["T""| Kolluvium fTTTTTI house /-A cyi ' o=^ y i?-; *•L• "a jj» • J« O c3„ AUSGRABUNG ROSENBURG 1988 -1993 Fig. 12. Rosenburg, Lower Austria. Excavations 1988-1993* tional data, together with those of the two sites, suggest the following picture of the structure of early Linear Pottery culture settlements in central Europe. The model of defined activity zones in the immediate surroundings of the house (within the area of the so-called Ifojp/atz), which had been worked out on the basis of analysis of later Linear Pottery culture sites on the Aldenhoven Plateau in the Rhineland, does not apply to the preceding earlier Linear Pottery culture. Some concentrations of finds in the southern surroundings of houses may indicate a special importance for the space immediately south of houses, but this observation does not allow a definition of different activity zones within this area. 109 Eva Lenneis All sherds, pit by pit (with the exception of the big long-pit between of house 1 and 5 at Neckenmarkt), were examined to see if they fitted or matched, and the recording of the pottery was done by the resulting 'vessel units'. These vessel units were recorded via a numerical code and all the data put into a Microsoft Excel dataset. The proportion of vessels put together from different recording units varied considerably from pit to pit. Graphs of matching sherds from the 10 cm layers and 1 metre squares from the various pits show clearly a very varied extent of mixing of the pit fills. Some big pits at Neckenmarkt show such extensive secondary mixing that their finds could only be evaluated individually and not in relation to their often disturbed contexts. Other pit contents are largely undisturbed, and the distribution of the individual vessels parts among varying Fig. 13. Strogen, Lower Austria. Ceramics from pit 5, occupation phase 1. recording units is the product of the excavation method. Two very different but in the event highly compatible methods were used for analysis of the pottery. The illustrated pottery was the sole basis of typological analysis. All attributes that have been suggested in the Linear Pottery culture literature as relevant to chronological development were taken into account, as well as the often secondary mixing of Neckenmarkt pits in the subsequent evaluation of relative chronology. The listing of the securely dated pieces for individual pits and parts of pits at Neckenmarkt confirmed the results suggested by vessel units. In this way at least two occupation phases could be recognised within the earlier Linear Pottery culture at Neckenmarkt. The great majority of the material is assignable to the late phase of the IPC L The few traces of late IPC settlement {IPC III after Tichy including some Želiezov-ce pieces) could be recognised only in mixed contexts including of the Late Neolithic, to which the whole contents of some pits also belonged. In the pottery of Strogen two typological phases of the earlier Linear Pottery culture could be distinguished. About half of the material from this site belongs to the early phase of the earlier Linear Pottery culture (western long-pit of house 2). The inventory of one pit shows some characteristics of the later phase of the earlier Linear Pottery culture (western long-pit of house 3). None of the rest, belonging to the single better preserved house plan (house 4) could be precisely phased. The basis of the seriation was the Microsoft Excel dataset with its numerically coded description of all 3237 ceramic vessels from both sites. Up to 40 attributes of form and 20 of decoration were considered for each pot. P. Stadler ran many seriations with his WinSerion 1.0 programme, and this began to give reliable 110 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations Fig. 14. Neckenmarkt. Occupation phases deduced from pottery seriation. results when we decided to include only those inventories that the analyses above had suggested to be homogeneous and to lump the data from both sites. That meant restricting analysis to the IPC I material, for which there now appeared to be three chronologically significant groups. The surprising result was the assignment of the pottery of both settlements to three phases within the IPC/, the imprecisely dated finds from the two long-pits beside house 4 at Strogen could then be clearly put with the latest group. This result is the first successful attempt with the pottery, in this international investigation project involving 10 sites in Germany and Austria, to define settlement phases within the IPC I A very extensive but methodologicaUy rather different effort on the 8 German sites had concluded that this was not possible, and instead interpreted all differences as regional or site-based. The occupation phases deduced from the pottery analysis served as the basis for the description of the development of the two settlements (Figs. 14 and 15). According to this, occupation started in the small- excavated part of the big Neckenmarkt settlement with 2 houses (late phase IPC'Id). In the second phase there were only 1 or 2 houses (reconstruction of house 6 is quite unsure; beginning of phase IPC lb) and in the third phase there were 2 houses again (late phase lb) There was no evidence of buildings from the excavated area for the fourth or late Linear Pottery culture occupation, and the finds from this were recovered from secondary, mixed contexts in the earlier pits. The structures in question probably lie in the space between Areas 1 and 2 and to their north. The finds suggest an occupation around 5000 BC. The next re-occupation, dating to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age, came after a long hiatus of about two millennia, during which there were further significant changes to the natural surface. The evidence at this point consists of a few postholes and pits, as well as single sherd on the surface and in the fill of earlier contexts. The pottery analysis of the small, totally excavated site of Strogen showed that there was a succession of houses (very poorly preserved). This is an Einzel- 111 Eva Lenneis ho/, a single homestead or farmstead. Each successive building was always a little to the east of its predecessor. This is absolutely clear for the three, more or less parallel buildings (house 2-4) at Strogen (equivalent in date to occupation phases 1-3 at Ne-ckenmarkt). The poorly preserved fourth house (Fig. 15 - house 1) lacked dateable finds, but since it occupied the westernmost position, it could have been the earliest structure on the site. The two sites, Neckenmarkt and Strogen, not only represent a part of a big and a very small hamlet but also show a different sort of settlement structure. While in Strogen each house, even as belonging to only one homestead, has some empty area around, in Neckenmarkt some houses have been built so close together, the successors dug parts of their long-pit into an older one. By the analysis of all the data from the profiles and the plan of the pits of Neckenmarkt J. Liming reconstructed their succession and came to a slightly different solution than me for the building phases of the houses in the northern part: house 5-1-6 {Luning 2001.414\ff). Anyway the houses turned around the space immediately south of the houses proven also as the most important activity zone by the find distribution. This sort of clustering of the houses within the "Hofplatz"-area has very seldom been observed yet. Comparable situations are known from Schwanfeld, Bavaria (plan see Gronenbom 1997.Abb. 2.14) and from Brunn, site II {Lenneis, Stadler, Windl1996.Abb. J). CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS AND OUTLOOK TO THE FUTURE Thus briefly described, the main results of the investigations concerning the settlements Neckenmarkt and Strogen and the insights which they provide into settlement structure have wider implications: first, for the analysis and evaluation of other settlements of the earlier Linear Pottery culture which have been excavated in the meantime in Austria by the author and by other colleagues, and secondly, perhaps, also for wider areas beyond. One hopes especially that more ceramic evidence recorded and analysed on a similar basis will produce a better relative chronology for the Early Neolithic of a wider region. This is vital for the understanding of economic development in this exciting period of change, as strikingly shown by the new interpretations, presented by E. Pucher (2001), of changes in the structure of the animal economy; these new insights rely on the inner chronology of the two sites (Neckenmarkt and Strogen) as outlined above. At the moment systematic field research is going on in Asparn, Mold and may be later also in Brunn. As Fig. 15. Strogen. Occupation phases deduced from pottery seriation. 112 The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations geomagnetic prospecting in an area of about 50 000 m2 showed structures of 15-20 more houses (Stad-ler 1999 and personal communication) some further investigations should be done. As mentioned above large-scale analysis of the 4 sites at Brunn by P. Stadler are in preparation. A young colleague, Carina Gromer, doing the ceramics of site III with the methods applied in Necken-markt and Strogen for her thesis, should join him. I myself plan to effect similar analysis for the site of Rosenburg. Since 1999 a large project for dating l4C-samples from Austria and the neighbour states is running. It ANTL-WEISER W. 1993. Spatpalaolithikum und Me-solithikum. In C. Neugebauer-Maresch (ed.), Altstein-zeitim Osten Osterreichs: 81... FINK J. 1958. Die Bodentypen JViederosterreichs, Atlas von Niederosterreich. Wien 1958, Blatt VII/1 and VII/2. FRIESINGER R, KUTSCHERA W., WILD E., STADLER P. 1999- Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using l4C Dating with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Forschungsprojekt Institut fur Ur-und Fruhgeschichte und Institut fur Radium-forschung und Kernphysik, Universitat Wien, Prahis-torische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. GROMER K. 2001. Jungsteinzeit im Grqfiraum linz. Linzer Archaologische Forschungen 33. GRONENBORN D. 1989- Uberlegungen zur Funktion von Schlitzgruben. Archdologisches Korresponden-blatt 19:339-347. 1997. Silexartefakte der dltestbandkeramischen Kultur. Universitatsforschungen zur Prahistori-schen Archaologie 37. 1999- A Variation on a basic theme: the transition to farming in southern Central Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 13/2:123-210. HARRER A., LENNEIS E. 2001. Die ersten Nachweise der alteren Linearbandkeramik und andere wichtige includes samples especially for the beginning Neolithic but also from other times {Friesinger et al. 1999). Until the end of February 2002 about 1000 samples should be measured, 200/250 for the IPC {personalcommunication P. Stadler). One expects by the results of all these measurements a new, much more secure base for the chronology of the second half of the 6th and the early 5th millennium. As to be seen, a rather good start of research upon the beginning Neolithic in Austria has been achieved. One hopes for further useful results of our investigations bringing at least a more accurate and vivid picture of this most interesting time. Neufunde des Fruhneolithikums aus dem Raum Melk, Niederosterreich. Archdologie Osterreichs 12/1: 31-38. KREUZ A. M. 1990. Die ersten Bauern Mitteleuro-pas - eine archdobotanische Untersuchung zu Umwelt und landschaft der dltesten Bandkera-mik. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 23. KUIJPER W.J. 1992. Die Molluskenfunde der Ausgra-bungen in Rosenburg, Niederosterreich. Archaeolo-giaAustriaca 76:35-37. LAUE S. 1990. Strohschneider, Altneolithikum im Burgenland. Archdologie Osterreichs 1/1-2:36. LAUE-STROHSCHNEIDER S. 1988. Eine Siedlungs-grube mit Vornotenkopfkeramik aus Purbach. Bur-genldndische Heimatbldtter50/4:145-153^ LEEB A. 1992. Ravelsbach, Ried Urtlfeld. Ein bedeu-tender prahistorischer Fundplatz. Krchdologie Osterreichs 3/2:19f. LEITNER W. 1989- Zum Stand der Spatpalaolithikum- und Mesolithikumforschung in Osterreich. In Friihes Leben in den Alpen, Innsbruck 1989. LEITNER W., STADLER H. 1992. Eine Freilandstation mesolithischer Jager am Hirschbuhel in den Hohen Tauern (Osttirol). Schriften des Vorarlbergerland-esmuseums A/5:53ff- REFERENCES 113 Eva Lenneis LENNEIS E. 1982. Die Siedlungsverteilung der Li-nearband-keramik in Osterreich. Archaeologia Au-striaca 66 Iff 1989- Zum Forschungsstand der altesten Bandke-ramik in Osterreich. Archdologisches Korrespon-denzblatt 19:23ff 1992. Vorbericht iiber die Ausgrabungen 1988-1991 der linearbandkeramischen Siedlung in Ro-senburg im Kamptal, Niederosterreich. Archaeologia Austriaca 76:19ff 1995. Altneolithikum: Die Bandkeramik. In E. Lenneis, C. Neugebauer-Maresch, E. Ruttkay (eds.), Jungsteinzeit im Osten Osterreichs. 1997. Houseforms of the Central European Line-arpottery culture and of the Balkan Early Neolithic - a comparison. Poročilo o raziskovanjupa-leolitika, neolitika in eneolilika v Sloveniji XXIV: 143-146 2000. Die Funde. Studien zu Struktur und Ent-wicklung fruhneolithischer Siedlungen im ostli-chen Mitteleuropa. In E. Lenneis, J. Liining, Die altbandkeramischen Siedlungen von Necken-markt und Strogen, Universitdtsforschungen zur Prdhistorischen Archdologie 82, in print. 2001. Ein bandkeramischer Grofšbau aus Mold bei Horn, Niederosterreich. In Gedenkschrift fur Viera Pavukova 2001, in print. 2002. Zu einigen wesentlichen Merkmalen der Keramik von Brunn. In Stadler 2002 ? - in preparation. 2003. Die fruhneolithische Besiedlung Osterre-ichs in Bezug zur natiirlichen Umwelt. In Festschrift fur Jens Liming 2003, in print. LENNEIS E., LUNINGJ. 2001. Die altbandkeramischen Siedlungen von Neckenmarkt und Strogen. Universitatsforschungen zur Prahistorischen Archa-ologie 82: in print. LENNEIS E., STADLER P. 2001. i4C-Daten und Sedation altbandkeramischer Inventare. In Festschrift fur Marie Zapotocka, Archaeologicke Rozhledy 4/2001, in print. LENNEIS E., STADLER P., WINDL H. 1996. Neue 14& Daten zum Friihneolithikum in Osterreich. Prehis-toire Europeenne 8:97ff. 114 LUNINGJ. 1988. Friihe Bauern in Mitteleuropa im 6. und 5. Jahrtausend v.Chr., Jahrbuch des R6m.-Ger-man. Zentralmuseums Mainz 35:27ff. 2001. Die Befunde. In E. Lenneis, J. Liining, Die altbandkeramischen Siedlungen von Neckenmarkt und Strogen. Universitdtsforschungen zur Prdhistorischen Archdologie 82: in print. MODDERMAN P. J. R. 1988. The Linear Pottery Culture: Diversity in Uniformity. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voorher OudheidkundigBodemonder-zoek38:63ff OSTRITZ S. 2000. Untersuchungen zur Siedlungs-platzwahl im mitteldeutschen Neolithikum. Beitrdge zur Ur-undFruhgeschichte Mitteleuropas 25, Weis-sbach 2000. PAVLU I. 1998/99- Die chronologische und geogra-phische Verteilung der Linienbandkeramik in Mitteleuropa. In J. PreuL (ed.), Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa, Band 1:274 ff Band 2:55 ff PETRASCH J. 2001. "Seid fruchtbar und mehret Euch und fiillet die Erde und machet sie euch untertan": Uberlegungen zur demographischen Situation der bandkeramischen Landnahme. Archdologisches Kor-respondenzblatt 31:13ff PUCHER E. 1987. Viehwirtschaft und Jagd zur Zeit der altesten Linearbandkeramik von Neckenmarkt (Burgenland) und Strogen (Niederosterreich). Mittei-lungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 117141//. 2001. Anmerkungen zu den linearbandkeramischen Tierknochenfunden aus Neckenmarkt und Strogen aus aktueller Sicht. In E. Lenneis, J. Lii-ning, Die altbandkeramischen Siedlungen von Neckenmarkt und Strogen, Universitdtsforschungen zur Prdhistorischen Archdologie 82: 2&ff QUITTA H. I960. Zur Frage der altesten Bandkeramik in Mitteleuropa. Prdhistorische Zeitschrift'38:1 ffu. 153// RUTTKAY E. I976. Eine Kulturschicht der altesten Linearbandkeramik in Prellenkirchen, p.B. Brack, Niederosterreich. Annalen Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 80:843 ff SABEL K. J. 1983. Die Bedeutung der physisch-geo-graphischen Raumausstattung fur das Siedlungsver- The beginning of the Neolithic in Austria - a report about recent and current investigations halten der friihesten Bandkeramik in der Wetterau (Hessen). Prdhistorische Zeitschrift 58/2:158 ff. SCHAFER D. et al. 1998. Untersuchungen zur meso-lithischen Begehung des Fotschertales. Urgeschicht-liche Materialhefte 12:161 ff 1999- Untersuchung zur mesolithischen Begehung in Tirol. Universitdtsforschungen zur Prdhistori-schen Archdologie 55:37 ff STADLER P. 1996. Brunn. In E. Lenneis, P. Stadler, H. Windl, Neue l4C-Daten zum Friihneolitliikum in Osterreich. Prehistoire Europeenne 8:97 ff 1999. Die alterlinearbandkeramische Fundstelle von Brunn am Gebirge, Flur Wolfholz (5620-5200 v. Chr.), Ausstellung Brunn. www.nhm-wien. ac.at/NHM/Prahist/Stadler/Brunn 2002. Bilddatenbank "Montelius" zur Erstellung einer dynamischen Typologie als Ausgangspunkt fur Relativchronologie durch Seriation und Analyse des nachsten Nachbarn, Mitteilungen der Pra-historischen Kommission, in preparation. STAUBLE H. 2001. Strogen. Die Hauser und Gruben. In E. Lenneis, J. Liining, Die altbandkeramischen Siedlungen von Neckenmarkt und Strogen, Universitatsforschungen zur Prdhistorischen Archdo-logie 82: 425 ff STEINHAUSER F. (s. a.). Lufttemperaturkarte von Osterreich fur das Jahresmittel des Normaljahres 1901-1950, Bundesamt fur Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Wien. (s. a.). Niederschlagskarte von Osterreich fur das Normaljahr 1901-1950, Bundesamt fur Eich- und Verrmessungswesen, Wien. STRUCK W. 1984. Schlitzgrabchen im Kaiserstuhl-gebiet. Archdologische Informationen 7:13 ff TICHY R. 1962. Osidleni s volutovou keramikou na Morave. Pamdtky Archeologicke 55: 245 ff VAN DE VELDE P. 1973. Rituals, skins and Homer: the Danubian "tan-pits". Analecta Praehistorica Lei-densia 6:50 ff. WINDL H. 1994. Zehn Jahre Grabung Schletz, VB. Mistelbach, NO. Archdologie Osterreichs 5/1:11 ff. 1996. Schletz. In E. Lenneis, P. Stadler, H. Windl (eds.), Neue 14C-Daten zum Fruhneolithikum in Osterreich, Prehistoire Europeenne 8:97 ff. 1998. Der Brunnen der Linearbandkeramik von Schletz/Asparn a.d. Zaya, p.B. Mistelbach, im Nord-osten Osterreichs. In. Brunnen der Jungsteinzeit, Materialien zur Bodendenkmalpflege im Rhein-land 11: 85-94. ANNEX SITE-REGISTER FOR MAP 2 N° commonalty field name I provenience of finds references BURGENLAND district Eisenstadt-Umqebunq 01 Donnerskirchen Weide ober der Trift rescue excavation 1988 Lenneis 1989; Laue 1990 02 Purbach Ried Fellner rescue excavation 1984 Laue-Strohschneider 1988 district Mattersburq 03 DraRburq Tabo rac excavations 1929-34 Lenneis 1989 04 Mattersburq bei Bahnhof Wiesen-S. surface Lenneis 1989 05 Pottschinq Ortsfriedh. Sauerbrunn rescue excavation 1984 Lenneis 1989 18 Enzersdorf /Fischa district Neusiedl/See 06 Winden Kraftenacker I rescue excavation 1948/49 Lenneis 1989 district Oberpullendorf 07 Haschendorf Kraftenrieqel rescue excavation 1998 Lenneis 2000 08 Horitschon Rakitsch surface Lenneis 1989 09 Neckenmarkt NM 1: Lackendorfer Feld excavation 1984/85 Lenneis, Luninq 2001 10 Neckenmarkt NM 2: Zieqelei surface Lenneis 2000 11 Neckenmarkt NM 3: siidl. Goldbach surface Lenneis 2000 12 Neckenmarkt Ortsteil Samersdorf surface Lenneis 2000 13 Neutal sudlich Ort surface Lenneis 1989 14 Ritzinq sudostlich Ort surface Lenneis 2000 15 Unterpetersdorf Ried Griiblacker surface Lenneis 2000 16 Unterpetersdorf surface Lenneis 2000 17 Unterpullendorf surface Lenneis 1989 NIEDEROS district Bruck/Leitha single find Lenneis 1989 115 Eva Lenneis 19 Hainburq Teichthal single finds of excavation Lenneis 1989 20 Prellenkirchen rescue excavation Ruttkay 1976;Lenneis 1989 21 Sommerein Wolfsbrundl single finds of excavation Lenneis 1989 district Hollabrunn 22 Eqqendorf/Walde Kapellenfeld surface Maurer, FO.38, 1999,743 23 Limberq Heidenstatt surface Lenneis 1989 24 Oberravelsbach Ried Urtlfeld rescue excavation 1992 Leeb1992 25 Wilhelmsdorf Moosang single find Lenneis 1989 district Horn 26 Breiteneich Kalkgraben surface Lenneis 1989 27 Breiteneich Trift surface FO.30-38,1991-1999 28 Etzmannsdorf Stadtfeld surface Maurer, FO.35, 1996.401 29 Frauenhofen Neue Breiten excavation 1975-1979 Lenneis 1986; 1989 30 Frauenhofen Ried Milchtaschen surface Lenneis 1977; 1989 31 Gars am Kamp Kleiner Teich surface Maurer, FO.32, 1993,657 32 GroG-Burqstall Preisenfeld surface Maurer, F0.37, 1998,697 33 Kleinmeiseldorf sinqle find Lenneis 1989 34 Maiersch Baugrund surface Lenneis 1989 35 Maiersch StoBfeld surface Maurer, FO.32,1993, 666 36 Mold Im Doppel excavation since 1995 first report: Lenneis 2001 37 Mortersdorf In der Au surface FO.29-36, 1990-1997 38 Obermixnitz Hermannsdorf sinqle find Maurer, FO.33, 1994,484 39 Poiqen Bachrain surface Lenneis 1989 40 Rosenburq Hofmiihle excavation 1988-1994 first report: Lenneis 1992 41 St. Bernhard Teichbreiten surface Maurer, FO.33,1994,490; FO.38,1999, 754 42 Strogen Bohmerthal excavation 1986 Lenneis, Luninq 2001 43 Untermixnitz Hunqerfeld surface Lenneis 1989 44 Zainqrub Winkelthal sinqle find Winter, FO.30,1991,243 district Korneuburg 45 Lachsfeld surface Lenneis 1989 46 Wetzleinsdorf surface Lenneis 1989 district Krems 47 Lanqenlois | Ried Schenkerbiihel | sinqlefind | Lenneis 1989 district Melk 48 Lanzinq surface Harrer, Lenneis 2001 49 Roqgendorf R 1 -Ort surface Harrer, Lenneis 2001 50 Roqqendorf R 2 - "Scheibn" surface Harrer, Lenneis 2001 51 Schollach surface Harrer, Lenneis 2001 district Mistelbach 52 Asparn (+Schletz) Am Wald excavations since 1984 first report: Windl 1994; 1996 53 Bullendorf Wiesental surface Adler, FO.30,1991,233 54 Friebritz nordlich Ort surface Lenneis 1989 55 Gaubitsch sudlich Ort surface Lenneis 1989 56 Gaubitsch Alpenberg surface Maurer, FO.33,1994, 472; Hasenohrl FO.36,1997,742 57 Grafensulz Haltergarten surface Maurer, FO.33,1994,476; 35, 1996, 402; 36, 1997, 744 58 Haqenberq Ziegelofenbreiten surface Lenneis 1989 59 Hornsburq Ritzenhof surface Schwammenhofer, FO. 21, 1982, 224 60 Niederkreuzstetten surface Lenneis 1989 61 Oberkreuzstetten sudostlich Ort surface Schwammenhofer, FO. 35, 1996, 414 62 Poysdorf Obere LOG rescue excavation 1994 BlesI, Neuqebauer, FO.33, 1994, 579 ff 63 Schletz surface Lenneis 1989 64 Traunfeld sudlich Ort surface Lenneis 1989 65 Ulrichskirchen sudwestlich Ort surface Schwammenhofer, FO. 35, 1994, 421 f 66 Wultendorf Anqerl surface Lenneis 1989 district Modlinq 67 Brunn/Gebirqe Wolfholz, Fst. I rescue excavation 1989 Stadler 1999 68 Brunn/Gebirge Wolfholz, Fst. II rescue excavation 1990/92 Stadler FO.31, 1992,395; Stadler 1996 69 Brunn/Gebirqe Wolfholz, Fst. Ill rescue excavation 1999 Stadler 1999 70 Brunn/Gebirqe Wolfholz, Fst. IV rescue excavation 1997 Stadler 1999 71 Perchtoldsdorf Bachacker rescue excavation 1993/94 Herrmann FO.32, 1993,708 FO.33, 1994, 485 72 Perchtoldsdorf IndustriestraRe surface Herrmann,FO.31,1992, 458 73 Perchtoldsdorf Judenacker rescue excavation 1990/91 Talaa, FO.29,1990, 184f; FO.30, 1991,239 74 Perchtolsdorf Zwinqen rescue excavation 1995 Talaa, FO.34,1995,623 district St. Polten 75 Obermamau bei .Anwesen Nr.18 sinqle find Lenneis 1989 76 Pottenbrunn Loberfeld sinqle find Wallner, FO.29,1990,186 77 Wimpassing/Pielach Kirchenfeld surface FO. 33,1994,498 ff; FO. 34, 1995, 632 f. district Tulln 78 Trasdorf | sudostlicher Ortsrand | rescue excavation | Neuqebauer, FO.24/25, 1984/85, 219 OBEROSTERREICH/UPPER AUSTRIA district Linz - Land 79 Leondinq I Gendarmerieposten I rescue excavation 1994 I Gromer2001 80 Rutzing | Schottergrube Rieder | rescue excavation 1968 | Lenneis 1989 116