© Strojni{ki vestnik 46(2000)7,475-482 © Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46(2000)7,475-482 ISSN 0039-2480 ISSN 0039-2480 UDK 620.9:64.06(497.5) UDC 620.9:64.06(497.5) Strokovni ~lanek (1.04) Speciality paper (1.04) Dolo~anje porabe energije gospodinjstev v okviru regionalnega na~rtovanja porabe The Determination of Household Energy Consumption as a Part of a Regional Energy Plan Bernard Frankovi} - Kristian Leni} V tem prispevku je analizirana poraba energije gospodinjstev v okviru regionalnega načrtovanja porabe. Raziskava je bila opravljena za Primorsko-goransko območje na Hrvaškem. Ta analiza je temeljila na raziskavi gospodinjstev z metodo prostorske razdelitve. Za ta namen je bila regija posebej razdeljena v 14 con, ki so bile določene glede na geografske, klimatske in ekonomske značilnosti kakor tudi glede na različno gostoto poseljenosti in urbanizacije. Analiza je obsegala izračune za celotno porabo energije za celotno regijo in tudi za vsako posamezno cono. Še več, analizirali so energijske vire in uporabo le-te za ogrevanje, pripravo tople sanitarne vode, kuhanje ter drugo. Predstavljeni so bili tudi nekateri parametri, npr: število družinskih članov, gospodinjskih aparatov ter avtomobilov, ki so odvisni od življenjskega standarda, toda so tudi v povezavi s porabo energije. Rezultati te raziskave so osnova za pripravo projekta plinifikacije v regiji. © 2000 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane. (Ključne besede: gospodinjstva, poraba energije, analize porabe, strukture porabe) In this paper we analyse household energy consumption as part of a regional energy plan. The research has been performed in the area of the Primorsko-goranska County, Croatia. The analysis was based on a survey of households using a spatial division methodology. The region was divided into 14 zones based on geographic, climatic and economic characteristics as well as different population concentrations and urbanization. The analysis included a calculation of the total energy consumption for the whole region as well as for each zone. In addition, the total energy consumption has been analyzed in tems of energy sources and use of this energy for space heating, domestic hot-water preparation, cooking and non-thermal usage. Some additional parameters whhich relate to living standard and energy consumption, such as the number of household members and the number possession of household devices and cars have also been included. The results of the research are a basis for the project to intorduce gas to the region. © 2000 Journal of Mechanical Engineering. All rights reserved. (Keywords: households, energy consumption, energy consumption analysis, consumption structures) 0 UVOD Projekt plinifikacije Primorsko-goranskega območja na Hrvaškem vključuje raziskavo in končne izračune energije v gospodinjstvih, industriji in javnih področjih. Ocena energijskih potreb je bila temelj za izračun končne porabe energije v gospodinjstvih. Predstavljeni vzorec je vključeval 2083 gospodinjstev, vsako od njih je sodelovalo z izpolnitvijo vprašalnika. Ta izbrani vzorec je vključeval 1,8% vseh gospodinjstev v Primorsko-goranskem okrožju in približno 2% prebivalstva. Za ta namen je bila regija razdeljena v 14 con, ki so bile določene glede na geografske, klimatske in ekonomske značilnosti, pa tudi glede na različno gostoto prebivalstva in urbanizacije. Število 0 INTRODUCTION The project to introduce gas to the Primorsko-goranska County in Croatia includes research and calculations of the total energy requirements for households, industrial and public-service sectors of the County. A survey of the energy needs was the basis for a calculation of the total energy consumption of the households. Our survey encompassed 2083 households and every household was represented by a questionnaire. This representative sample comprises 1.8 % of the total number of households in Primorsko-goranska County and about 2% of the inhabitants. The region was divided into 14 zones based on geographic, climatic and economic characteristics as well as different population concentrations and urbanization. The number of surveyed households in a zone was calculated from gfin^OtJJIMISCSD 00-7 stran 475 |^BSSITIMIGC B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption proučevanih gospodinjstev v coni je bilo določeno glede na odstotek števila prebivalcev, razen v tistih conah, kjer je poseljenost majhna. Tam je bilo vključenih petdeset gospodinjstev. Območje mestne občine Reke je bilo razdeljeno v pet con. Ta delitev ni vezana na administrativne ovire, ampak je namenjena le natančnim izračunom in predstavitvam potreb po energiji. Cone so prikazane na sliki in v preglednici 1. mesto Reka city of Rijeka the percentage of the number of inhabitants, except for those zones with a small number of inhabitants, where a minimum required sample of 50 households was adopted. The area of the Municipality of Rijeka was divided into five zones. These area divisions have no connection with administrative boundaries, but serve mainly for detailed and more accurate calculations and presentations of the energy requirements. The zones are shown in figure 1 and table 1. Sl. 1. Razporeditev con na Primorsko-goranskem območju Fig. 1. Survey zones in the territory of Primorsko-goranska County 1 REZULTATI ANALIZE 1.1 Splošna analiza Število članov v gospodinjstvih je parameter, ki bistveno vpliva na porabo energije. Povprečno število članov gospodinjstev v Primorsko-goranskem okrožju je bilo 3,28. Slika 2 prikazuje povprečno število članov gospodinjstev v posameznih conah, slika 3 pa prikazuje porazdelitev gospodinjstev z različnim številom članov. 1 RESULT OF ANALYSIS 1.1 General analysis The number of household members is one of the parameters that influences household energy consumption. The average number of household members for the whole survey sample in Primorsko-goranska County is 3.28. Figure 2 shows the average number of household members for the analyzed zones and figure 3 gives a breakdown of the diffe-rent household members in the surveyed households. mFflKl MMSgfinMlCC I stran 476 B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption Preglednica 1. Seznam con Table 1. List of survey zones Cona Zone 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 opis description mestna središča Gorskega Kotarja urban centers of Gorski Kotar Gorski Kotar brez mestnih središč Gorski Kotar without urban centers turistična središča ob obali tourist centers on the coast obala brez turističnih središč coast without tourist centers obalno zaledje coastal hinterland turistične namestitve na obalah otokov tourist settlements on the coastal region of the islands druge namestitve na obalah otokov other settlements on the coastal region of the islands namestitve v zaledju otokov settlements in the hinterland of the islands Kostrena in Bakar Kostrena and Bakar Reka - pretežno družinske hiše brez plinovoda Rijeka - predominantly family houses without gas-pipe network Reka - pretežno družinske hiše s plinovodom Rijeka - predominantly family houses with gas-pipe network Reka - pretežno stanovanja brez plinovoda Rijeka - predominantly flats without gas-pipe network Reka - pretežno stanovanja s plinovodom Rijeka - predominantly flats with gas-pipe network Reka – stari del mesta s plinovodom Rijeka – older center with gas-pipe network SKUPAJ ZA OBMOČJE TOTAL FOR COUNTY št. prebivalcev no. of inhabitians 7340 50 23205 142 26524 166 8483 53 50524 313 27716 173 vključena gospodinjstva surveyed households 4533 50 5154 50 5576 50 15176 94 4660 50 114520 707 14490 90 15229 95 323130 2083 4' 3 2" 1- 0 povprečno število članov gospodinjstva / average number of household members 3,24 3,46 3,50 3,34 3,37 3,00 3,64 3,20 3,70 3,35 3,32 3,26 3,28 3,09 2,89 1 2 5 3 4 9 6 con 7 a / zo 8 ne 10 11 12 13 14 s mean value Sl. 2. Povprečno število članov gospodinjstev Fig. 2. Average number of household members Uporaba različnih gospodinjskih naprav močno vpliva na energijsko porabo. Na sliki 4 je prikazana porazdelitev gospodinjskih naprav in lastništvo avtomobilov. Iz tega lahko vidimo, da ima 60 % gospodinjstev po en avtomobil, skoraj 13% gospodinjstev v okrožju pa dva ali več. Delež telefonskih priključkov znaša 93,5%, klimatske naprave pa uporablja le 1,8% gospodinjstev. The use of different household devices strongly influences the household energy consumption. A breakdown of the use of household devices in the surveyed sample of households as well as the ownership of cars is shown in figure 4. It can be seen that 60% of households possess one car, but nearly 13% of households in the County have two or more cars. The number of household telephoneline-line connections is high, 93.5%; in contrast, air-conditioning devices are used in only 1.8 % of households. B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 >6 št.članov gospodinjstva / no. of household members Sl. 3. Porazdelitev gospodinjstev glede na različno število članov gospodinjstev Fig. 3. Number of members per households 1.2 Analiza porabe energije 1.2.1 Celotna letna poraba končne energije v gospodinjstvih Celotna letna poraba končne energije v gospodinjstvih v Primorsko-goranskem okrožju je približno 5,4 PJ. Celotna poraba končne energije po skupinah con je prikazana na sliki 5. Na isti sliki je prikazana tudi poraba končne energije glede na energijske vire. Lahko vidimo, da v območju Gorskega Kotarja in obalnega zaledja (cone 1, 2, 5) 61% celotne končne energije pridobijo z uporabo drv. V obalnih regijah pade ta odstotek na 38% na obali (cone 3, 4, 9) in na 27% na otokih (cone 6, 7, 8). V mestni občini Reka je glavni energijski vir elektrika (44%), sledijo drva (28%) in daljinsko ogrevanje (12%). 1.2.2 Poraba končne energije za ogrevanje Na celotnem območju, z izjemo otokov, so glavni energijski vir ogrevanja drva, še posebno na območju Gorskege Kotarja in obalnega zaledja (cone 1, 2, 5), kjer znaša ta delež 75%, v obalnih regijah (cone 3, 4, 9) 61% in na otokih (cone 3, 4, 9) 44%. V mestni občini Reka znaša delež drv za ogrevanje 45%, sledijo elektrika (18%) in daljinsko ogrevanje (17%). 1.2.3 Poraba končne energije za pripravo tople sanitarne vode (TSV) Največji delež porabe končne energije za pripravo tople sanitarne vode v gospodinjstvih zavzema elektrika, še posebej v obalnih regijah (cone 3, 4, 9), kjer znaša ta vrednost 91%, na otokih (cone 5, 6 in 8) 71%. V območju mestne občine Reka (cone 10-14) je delež električne energije nižji in znaša 67%, saj daljinsko ogrevanje zagotavlja 1.2. Analysis of energy consumption 1.2.1. Total annual energy consumption in households The total annual energy consumption of house-holds in Primorsko-goranska County is about 5.4 PJ. The total energy consumption for every group of zones is shown in Figure 5. In addition, the total energy consump-tion in terms of energy sources has also been presented in the same figure. It can be seen that in the area of Gorski Kotar and the littoral hinterland (zones 1,2 and 5) 61% of the total energy is provided by wood fuel. In coastal regions the amount of wood fuel in the total energy con-sumption drops to 38% on the coast (zones 3,4 and 9) and 27% of the total energy consumption on the islands (zones 6, 7 and 8). In the Municipality of Rijeka electrical energy accounts for 44% of the total with wood fuel (28%) and district heating (12%) providing lesser amounts. 1.2.2. Final energy consumption for space heating The whole area, except the islands, wood fuel occupies a major proportion of the total energy consump-tion for space heating, especially in the area of Gorski Kotar and the littoral hinterland (zones 1,2 and 5) with a share of 75%, on the coastal region (zones 3,4, and 9) 61% and on the islands (zones 3,4 and 9) 44%. In the Municipality of Rijeka the proportion of wood fuel in the total energy consumption for space heating is 45%, fol-lowed by electricity (18%), and district heating (17%). 1.2.3. Total energy consumption for sanitary hot water (SHW) heating The largest part of the totall energy consump-tion for sanitary hot-water heating in households is allocated to electricity, especially in the coastal region (zones 3,4 and 9) where the proportion of electricity in the total energy consumption for SHW heating is 91%. On the islands (zones 5, 6, 8) electricity provides 71% of the total energy for SHW preparation. In the Municipal- grin^SfcflMISDSD ^BSfiTTMlliC | stran 478 B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption delavnica z el. stroji i workshop with el. devices klima naprava za več prostorov air cond. for many rooms klima naprava za en prostor air cond. for one room telefon telephone avidjo naprava audio set video naprava video set osebni računalnik personal computer mikrovalovna pečica microwave oven dva ali več TV sprejemnikov two or more TVs TV sprejemnik TV pomivalni stroj dish washer sušilni stroj drying machine pralni stroj washing machine hladilnik brez zamrzovalnika refrigerator without freezer hladilnik z zamrzovalnikom refrigerator with freezer zamrzovalnik freezer dva ali več avtomobilov 4 two or more cars en avtomobil one car 4,6 0,6 1,2 93,5 86,5 17,5 8,4 8,8 57,6 89,7 21,3 2,3 94,6 12,5 45,8 52,5 57,5 60,3 0 20 40 60 80 100 delež gospodinjstev naobmočju % of households in the County Sl. 4. Uporaba različnih gospodinjskih naprav in lastništvo avtomobilov Fig. 4. Use of different household devices and car ownership 17% energije. Največje deleže v porabi končne energije za pripravo tople sanitarne vode v regijah Gorskega Kotarja in obalnega zaledja (cone 1, 2 in 5) zavzemajo drva (53%) in električna energija (39%). 1.2.4 Poraba končne energije za kuhanje Največji delež porabe končne energije za kuhanje v gospodinjstvih v obalnih regijah (cone 3, 4 in 9) in na otokih (cone 6, 7, 8) pomeni utekočinjeni naftni plin (UNP). V gospodinjstvih Gorskega Kotarja in obalnega zaledja pa imajo glavno vlogo drva (58%). V mestni občini Reka pa zavzema električna energija 37%, drva 27%, UNP 20% ter plin iz plinovoda 16%. 1.2.5 Struktura porabe končne energije Največji del celotne porabe končne energije pridobijo iz drv (40%) in električne energije (35%). Sledijo kurilno olje 15%, daljinsko ogrevanje 5%, UNP 4% in plin iz omrežja 1,5%. Struktura porabe končne energije v gospodinjstvih glede na energijske vire in uporabo je prikazana na sliki 6. Največji delež porabe končne energije v gospodinjstvih pomeni ogrevanje (59%), približno 13% priprava tople sanitarne vode, 11% kuhanje in 17% preostalo. ity of Rijeka (zones 10-14) this proportion is lower and corresponds to 67%, while district heating provides 17% of the energy. Energy for SHW heating in the regions of Gorski Kotar and the littoral hinterland (zones 1,2,5) is provided by wood fuel (53%) and electricity (39%). 1.2.4. Total energy consumption for cooking in households The largest proportion of energy for cooking in households situated in the coastal regions (zones 3,4,9) and on the islands (zones 6, 7, 8) comes form Liquified Naphta Gas (LNG). In households located in Gorski Kotar and the coastal hinterland, 58% of the energy for cooking is provided by wood fuel. In the Municipality of Rijeka the energy requirements for cooking are electricity (37%), wood fuel (27%), LNG (20%) and gas from a piped network (16%). 1.2.5. Energy consumption structure The overall energy consumed in Primorsko-goranska County comes from wood fuel (40%) and electricity (35%). Additional energy is supplied by fuel oil with a proportion of about 15%, district heating 5%, LNG 4% and a piped-gas network with 1.5%. A breakdown of the total energy consumption for households in terms of energy sources and energy use is shown in figure 6. The largest part of the total energy consump-tion in households is used for space heating with a proportion of 59%. About 17% of the energy require-ments are used for non-thermal needs, 13% for sani-tary hot-water preparation and 11% for cooking. grin^OtJjiMiscsrj 00-7 stran 479 |^BSSITIMIGC B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption TJ 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 skupna poraba energije v gospodinjstvih total final enegy consumption in households 1784 731 732 2172 cona/zone 1,2,5 cona/zone 3,4,9 cona/zone 6,7,8 cona/zone 10-14 % 100 50" 0- lles/fuel wood 61 38 27 28 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 % 100 50 0 elektrika/electricity 21 41 34 44 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 kurilno olje/fuel oil 50 0 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 UNP/LNG 50 0 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 plin iz plinovoda gas from pipe network 50 0 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 daljinsko ogrevanje 50 0 1,2,5 3,4,9 6,7,8 10-14 Sl. 5. Celotna poraba končne energije v gospodinjstvih glede na različne energijske vire Fig. 5. Total energy consumption in households in terms of different energy sources Skupna poraba energije v gosp. glede na vire energije Total energy consumption in households by energy sources elektrika electricity 34,6% plin iz plinovoda gas from pipe ' network daljinsko ogrevanje deastrict heating 4,7% kurilno olje fuel oil 14,9% UNP LNG 4,0% 1,5% les fuel wood 40,4% Skupna poraba energije v gosp. glede na porabo Total energy consumption in households by energy use ostalo non thermal use 17% kuhanje cooking (_ 11% priprava tople sanit. vode SHW heating 13% ogrevanje space heating 59% Sl. 6. Porazdelitev porabe končne energije glede na energijske vire in glede na uporabo energije Fig. 6. Breakdown of the total energy consumption in households by energy sources and by energy use Na sliki 7 je prikazana porazdelitev energijskih virov za vsako zgoraj omenjeno področje. Vidimo, da so drva glavni energijski vir za ogrevanje, temu sledita kurilno olje in elektrika. Za pripravo tople sanitarne vode izstopajo električna energija in drva. Kot energijski vir za kuhanje uporabljajo drva, UNP, električno energijo in plin iz omrežja. The structure of energy sources for each segment of energy use is shown in figure 7. It is clear that wood fuel represents a major energy source for space heating in households, this is followed by fuel oil and electricity. The energy for SHW preparation is mainly provided by electricity and wood fuel. Wood fuel, LNG, electricity and piped gas are used as the main energy sources for household cooking. VBgfFMK stran 480 B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption plin iz plinovoda gas from pipe elektrika daljinsko ogrevanje network Ogrevanje Space heating electricity 1% 10% ~> ^ A lesx fuel wood" 59% district heating 6% kurilno olje fuel oil 23% UNP LNG 1% plin iz plinovoda gas from pipe network " 2% elektrika electricity/ 64% Priprava tople vode SHW preparation daljinsko ogrevanje district heating _.. kurilno olje 7%^ fuel oil 8% UNP LNG 1% les fuel wood 18% plin iz plinovoda gas from1 pipe network 7% elektrika electricity 28% Kuhanje Cooking UNP LNG 30% les fuel wood 35% Ostalo Non thermal use A A A A /f K K K ) / elektrika \ / electricity N y -W^ 100% Sl. 7. Porazdelitev energijskih virov glede na uporabo energije Fig. 7. Structure of energy sources for each segment of energy use 2 SKLEP Porazdelitev porabe končne energije v gospodinjstvih Primorsko-goranskega območja kaže, da je samo 80 TJ ali 1,5% energije porabljene iz plinovoda. Podobna analiza za območje mestne občine Reka kaže, da ta energijski vir pokriva le 3,7% celotnih potreb po končni energiji gospodinjstev. Rezultati analiz porabe končne energije gospodinjstev in izračuni porab energije v industriji in javnih sektorjih so osnova za predvidevanja potreb po energiji v okrožju. Na podlagi načrtovanj potreb po energiji in ocenitvi stroškov za izvedbo projekta lahko določimo območja, primerna za izvedbo plinifikacije. Rezultati raziskav so temelj za projekt plinifikacije regije. 2 CONCLUSION The structure of energy consumption for house-holds situated in the region of Primorsko-goranska County shows that only 80 TJ or about 1.5% of energy is provided from a piped-gas network. A similar analysis for the area of the Municipality of Rijeka shows that this energy source provides only 3.7% of the total energy needs of house-holds. The results of the household energy consumption analysis and the calculation of energy consumption in industry and service sectors are the basis for a prediction of the energy requirements of the County. Areas where a new piped-gas network will be worthwhile can be deter-mined from energy-demand predictions and the estimated capital cost for a piped-gas network using a feasibility analysis. The results of the research are a basis for the project to introduce gas to the region. 3 LITERATURA 3 REFERENCES [1] Pešut, D., et. al (1999) Study and conceptual project of Primorsko-goranska County gasification, vol. 1 -base examination. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar and Faculty of Engineering University of Rijeka, Zagreb, (in Croatian). gfin^OtJJlMlSCSD 00-7 stran 481 |^BSSITIMIGC B. Frankovi} - K. Leni}: Dolo~anje porabe energije - The Deteremination of Energy Consumption [2] Pešut, D. (1999) Long term heat demand forecasting method of households. Proceedings of the 14th International Scientific Meeting of Gas Experts, Opatija, 53-62. [3] Pešut, D, et. al (1997) Energy development of Split-Dalmatian County, Energy database - data collection and questionnaires. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar and Faculty of machinery and shipbuilding Split, Zagreb. [4] Statistical annals of Primorsko-goranska County 1998., Primorsko-goranska County Department for statistics, Rijeka, (in Croatian). [5] Vuk, B., et al. (1999) Energy in Croatia: annual energy report: 1994-1998. Ministry of Economy Republic of Croatia, Zagreb. [6] Vuk, B., et al. (1997) Energy in Croatia: annual energy report: 1992-1996. Ministry of Economy Republic of Croatia, Zagreb. [7] Vuk, B., et al. (1997) Energy in Croatia: annual energy report: 1991-1995. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of Croatia, Zagreb. Naslov avtorjev: profdr. Bernard Frankovič Kristian Lenič Tehnična fakulteta Univerze v Reki Vukovarska 58 51000 Rijeka, Hrvaška Author’s Address: Prof.Dr. Bernard Frankovič Kristian Lenič Faculty of Engineering University of Rijeka Vukovarska 58 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Prejeto: Received: 15.8.2000 Sprejeto: Accepted: 10.11.2000 VH^tTPsDDIK stran 482