SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SLOVENIA IN FOCUS © Anton Melik Geographical Institute SRC SASA 2008 Editorial Board: Jerneja Fridl, Drago Kladnik, Milan Oro en Adami~, Miha Pav{ek, Drago Perko, Peter Repolusk, Mimi Urbanc Reviewers: Milan Oro en Adami~, Branko Janez Rojc Authors of texts: Mimi Urbanc (Facts), Jerneja Fridl (Maps), Drago Perko (Landscapes and Nature), Drago Kladnik (Society) Authors of photographs: Miha Pav{ek, AAMGI (Archives of the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts), AGCO (Archives of the Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia), ANMS (Archives of the National Museum of Slovenia), Dragan Arrigler, Oskar Dolenc, Ale{ Fev`er, Jerneja Fridl, Marjan Garbajs, Peter Gedei, Franc Golob, Janez Gregori, Jo e Hanc, Stojan Kerbler, Milan Klemen~i~, The Kompas Archives, Bla` Komac, Janez Kone~nik, Igor Lapajne, Toma` Lauko, The Lek Archives, Matev` Lenar~i~, Bojan Mar eta, Igor Maher, The Memento Archives, Andrej Mihevc, Igor Modic, NASA, Milan Oro en Adami~, Domen Pal, Luka Pintar, Jo e Pojbi~, Rudi Ram{ak, The Revoz Archives, The Roga{ka Slatina Archives, Jurij Senega~nik, Marjan Smerke, Zvone [eruga, Marko Zaplatil, Ines Zgonc, Srdjan @ivulovi} Authors of maps: Drago Perko, Janez Bogataj, Tanja Cegnar, Vladimir Drozg, Jerneja Fridl, Matej Gabrovec, Mauro Hrvatin, Matja` Jer{i~, Damijana Kastelec, Drago Kladnik, Marko Kolbezen, Milko Kos, Andrej Kranjc, Tine Logar, Franc Lovren~ak, Darja Miheli~, Andrej Mihevc, Darko Ogrin, Milan Oro en Adami~, Miha Pav{ek, Vincenc Raj{p, Marjan Ravbar, Jakob Rigler, Milan [ifrer, Toma` Verbi~, Igor Vri{er, Boris Zupan~i~, Jernej Zupan~i~ Data sources: The Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Bank of Slovenia Archives, The Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, The Institute of Archaeology of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of the Republic of Slovenia, The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia, The Slovenian Census 2002, The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia Cartographer: Jerneja Fridl Translators: Donald F. Reindl, Margit Strauss Fendi, Wayne J. D. Tuttle Publisher: Zalo`ba ZRC Designer: Milojka @alik Huzjan Publisher's chief editor: Vojislav Likar Publisher's representative: Oto Luthar Computer layout: SYNCOMP d. o. o. Printing house: Littera picta d. o. o. Copies: 1200 Key words: physical geography, social geography, regional geography, historical cartography, Slovenia, landscape, region CIP – Katalo`ni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjiänica, Ljubljana 913(497.4) SLOVENIA in focus / [authors of texts Mimi Urbanc … [et al.]; editorial board Jerneja Fridl … [et al.]; authors of photographs Miha Pav{ek … [et al.]; authors of maps Drago Perko … [et al.]; cartographer Jerneja Fridl ; translators Donald F. Reindl, Margit Strauss Fendi, Wayne J. D. Tuttle]. – Ljubljana : Zalo`ba ZRC, 2007 ISBN 978-961-254-033-3 Digitalna verzija (pdf) je pod pogoji licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 prosto dostopna: 1. Urbanc, Mimi 2. Fridl, Jerneja 236468736 https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612540333 CONTENT S 5 FOREWORD Janez Jan{a 7 FACTS Mimi Urbanc 21 MAPS Jerneja Fridl 33 LANDSCAPES Drago Perko 57 NATURE Drago Perko 91 SOCIETY Drago Kladnik 151 INDEX 155 GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 158 REFERENCES SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Dear Reader, Slovenia lies at the cross­roads of Europe, where routes between East, West, North, and South have converged since time im­memorial. This small area in the heart of Europe has been influenced by larger and more powerful neigh­boring peoples, and has often been an object of their ambitions. Slovenia is marked by a colorful history and the juxtaposition of various landscape forms. These have created a striking mosaic of cultures, languages, and customs – all very dif­ferent, yet inextricably linked. Slovenia in Focus is a beautiful testimony to this pic­turesque land. This rich and comprehensive volume is so much more than a book; it is an exhaustive source of information about the people in this part of the world, and the place and time in which we live. This publication is an important contribution to increasing the aware­ness and recognition of Slovenia, and appreciating and preserving its uniqueness and diversity – vital factors in shaping Slovenia's common identity. The words and pictures in this volume are joined by outstanding thematic maps, the fruit of years of effort by Slovenian scholars and cartographers, presenting Slovenia and its regional diversity, position in Europe, distinguishing features, and identity, as well as the re- Mount Triglav (2,864 m) in winter. lationship between nature and society. All of these de­tails are presented so that everyone can understand and appreciate them. The pictures include not only classic Slovenian motifs, such as Mount Triglav, Lake Bled, and Postojna Cave, but also less-known yet equally inter­esting snapshots of Slovenia. This book is like a unique magnifying glass, offering readers a perfect view of Slovenia in the heart of Europe. Slovenia in Focus is based on a number of publica­tions that appeared in English. Among these, the Natio­nal Atlas of Slovenia must be highlighted. It was published in English ten years after Slovenia joined the political map of the world as an independent nation. It was pub­lished at the right time, and it contributed to better recognition of our country during its efforts to become a member of the European Union. This volume is also being published at the right time. On the eve of the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, this book will be a valuable addition to European libraries. Through pictures, maps, and words, it will again bring Slovenia closer to those that wish to know it better. It is true that contemporary technologies and globali­zation have enabled us to present our diversity, thoughts, culture, and knowledge more quickly and easily. However, books have always been and always will be treasured friends to Slovenians. Therefore, I am honored to be able to present this book to you in lasting memory, and to express my sincere wish that you open it whenever all you need to feel good is a little more Slovenia. Janez Jan{a Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia MIHA PAV[EK . SLOVENIA IN FOCUS EU member states ICELAND Candidate countries Others SWEDEN FINLAND NORWAY RUSSIA ESTONIA LATVIA IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM DENMARK NETHERLANDS LITHUANIA Baltic Sea RUSSIA POLAND BELARUS A T L A N T I C O C E A N PORTUGAL SPAIN GERMANY BELGIUM UKRAINE LUXEMBOURG CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA MOLDOVA LIECHTENSTEIN AUSTRIA FRANCE HUNGARY SWITZERLAND ROMANIA SLOVENIA CROATIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SERBIA ANDORRA BULGARIA ITALY MONTENEGRO FYR MACEDONIA ALBANIA Black Sea TURKEY GEORGIA GREECE CYPRUS SYRIA MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA MALTA Mediterranean Sea LEBANON Sunset behind the kozolec southeast from Ljubljana. IMPORTANT DATES APRIL 1990 The first democratic elections are held, with victories for the democratic parties. 23 DECEMBER 1990 A plebiscite is held with an exceptionally high turnout; 88% vote for Slovenian independence. 25 JUNE 1991 The Slovenian parliament adopts a declaration on the independence of Slovenia. 23 DECEMBER 1991 The new Slovenian constitution is adopted. 15 JANUARY 1992 Slovenia is recognized by all members of the European Community. 22 MAY 1992 Slovenia becomes a permanent member of the United Nations. 10 JUNE 1996 An association agreement is signed with the European Union and a membership application is submitted. 1 FEBRUARY 1999 The association agreement with the European Union enters into force. 29 MARCH 2004 Slovenia becomes a member of the NATO alliance. 1 MAY 2004 Slovenia becomes a member of the European Union. 1 JANUARY 2007 Slovenia adopts the euro. 21 DECEMBER 2007 The Schengen area expands to include Slovenia. In the center of the Slovenian coat of arms is an image of Mount Triglav with two undulating blue lines beneath it, representing Slovenia's sea and rivers. The three gold six-pointed stars are taken from the coat of arms of the counts of Celje, who united nearly all of present-day Slovenian territory under their authority in the late Middle Ages. JERNEJA FRIDL . SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS MILAN ORO@EN ADAMI^ IGOR MODIC/AGCO On 26 June 1991, the day after the official declaration of independence, the largest public gathering in Slovenian history at Republic Square in Ljubljana was accompanied by a ceremonial proclamation of independence and flag-raising. Only a few hours later, the Yugoslav army attacked Slovenia, only to be defeated in a ten-day war. Because of its position at the intersection of various natural and social units, Slovenia boasts a rich and diverse natural and cultural heritage. Among its most outstanding sites is Bled, with its glacial lake and island. The Slovenian flag with the colors of the coat of arms of the crown land of Carniola was designed in 1848 and became the Slovenian national flag. Just before inde­pendence, the Slovenian assembly confirmed the white­-blue-red flag with the newly designed Slovenian coat of arms as the state flag (Internet 9). Slovenia has successfully passed through transition and, in a decade and half, has transformed itself into a modern, politically stable, and economically successful country. Slovenia has well-developed infrastructure, a highly educated workforce, an excellent location in Central Europe, fairly moderate inflation and unemployment, a comfortable level of international reserves, and promising economic growth. REVOZ ARCHIVES/AGCO The Slovenian anthem The seventh stanza of the poem »A Toast«, written by France Pre{eren in 1844, became the Slovenian national anthem on 27 September 1989. The choral arrangement was composed by Stanko Premrl. A Toast The vintage, friends, is over, And here sweet wine makes, once again, Sad eyes and hearts recover Puts fire into every vein. Drowns dull care Everywhere And summons hope out of despair. To whom with acclamation And song shall we our first toast give? God save our land and nation And all Slovenes where'er they live, Who own the same Blood and name, And who one glorious Mother claim. Let thunder out of heaven Strike down and smite our wanton foe! Now, as it once had thriven, May our dear realm in freedom grow. May fall the last Chains of the past Which bind us still and hold us fast! Let peace, glad conciliation, Come back to us throughout the land! Towards their destination Let Slavs henceforth go hand-in-hand! Thus again Will honor reign To justice pledged in our domain. To you, our pride past measure, Our girls! Your beauty, charm and grace! There surely is no treasure To equal maidens of such race. Sons you'll bear, Who will dare Defy our foe no matter where. FACTS Our hope now, our tomorrow – The youths – we toast and toast with joy. No poisonous blight or sorrow Your love of homeland shall destroy. With us indeed You're called to heed Its summons in this hour of need. God's blessing on all nations, Who long and work for that bright day, When o'er earth's habitations No war, no strife shall hold its sway; Who long to see That all men free, No more shall foes, but neighbors be. At last to our reunion – To us the toast! Let it resound, Since in this great communion By thoughts of brotherhood we're bound May joyful cheer Ne'er disappear From all good hearts now gathered here. (English translation by Janko Lavrin.) Pre{eren wished to include »A Toast« in his 1846 collection Poezije. The state censor objected to the fourth stanza, and so Pre{eren omitted it from his collec­tion; this is why it is crossed out in the photo. The full poem was published in slightly modified form in 1848. The poem has the shape of a carmina figu­rata because the words create a recognizable shape or pattern. When centered, the verses create the shape of a wine goblet (Internet 10). SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS The tolar and the euro On 8 October 1991 the tolar became Slovenia's new le­gal tender. During the next three days, the old Yugoslav dinar was exchanged for temporary payment notes, which were replaced by tolar banknotes from 1992 to 1994. The tolar, which was a symbol of Slovenian independence and economic stability, was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2007. The design of 296 million Slovenian euro coins, with a total value of 104 million euro and total weight of 1,465 tons, was unveiled on 7 October 2005. They were minted at the Mint of Finland. The Slovenian euro coins are the first to feature a new common side, with a new map of Europe on the bi-colored and Nordic-gold coins. The obverse sides of the coins show motifs of key importance in shaping Slovenian identity (Internet 11). Slovenian euro coins 2-euro coin: France Pre{eren, Slovenia's greatest poet. The words @ive naj vsi narodi (God's blessing on all nations) are from his poem »A Toast«, which is Slovenia's national anthem. 1-euro coin: Primo` Trubar, who was responsible for the first 20-cent coin: A pair of Lipizzaner horses, an internationally renowned breed developed in Lipica, Slovenia. 10-cent coin: Plan for the Slovenian parliament (not executed); architect Jo`e Ple~nik named this vision of future Slovenian independence the »cathedral of freedom«. 5-cent coin: The sower motif by painter Ivan Grohar. The seeds being sown include 25 stars, symbols of the members of the European Union. Slovenian printed book. The phrase Stati inu obstati (To stand and withstand) are from his sermon on faith. 2-cent coin: The Ducal Stone, on which the dukes of Karantania and later the dukes of Carinthia were enthroned in the Middle Ages. It is a symbol of the centuries-old orientation of the Slovenian nation toward independence and freedom. DRAGAN ARRIGLER/AGCO The tolar banknotes portrayed important Slovenians: the protestant preacher, writer, and translator Primo` Trubar (1508–1586), the polymath Janez Vajkard Valvasor (1641–1693), the mathematician, physicist, geodesist, meteorologist, and artillery officer Jurij Vega (1754–1802), the painter Rihard Jakopi~ (1869–1943), the composer Iacobus Gallus Carniolus (1550–1591), the architect Jo`e Ple~nik (1872–1957), the poet and lawyer France Pre{eren (1800–1849), the painter Ivana Kobilca (1861–1926), and the writer, playwright, and poet Ivan Cankar (1876–1918). It stands in the foyer of the regional parliament in Klagenfurt. 50-cent coin: Triglav, Slovenia's highest mountain and symbol of Slovenia, with the constellation of Cancer, under which Slovenia became an independent state. The inscription Oj Triglav moj dom (Oh Triglav, my home) is the first line of a popular folk song. 1-cent coin: A stork, a symbol of birth and longevity. BANK OF SLOVENIA ARCHIVES Slovenia is a member of many international organizations: United Nations and its specialized bodies, the European Union, NATO, Organization for Security and Coopera­tion in Europe, International Monetary Fund,World Trade Organization,World Health Organization, Central Euro­pean Initiative, Council of Europe, Central European Free Trade Association, and others. Slovenian representation abroad: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azer­baijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, FYR Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Swit­zerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vatican, Zambia. Foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts (located in Slovenia): Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, FYR Mace­donia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Latvia, Luxemburg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Swit­zerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican. Foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts (located outside Slovenia): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Columbia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, SRDJAN @IVULOVI]/AGCO FACTS Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Iceland, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Nicaragua,Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Qatar, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tan­zania, Thailand, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia. Foreign cultural centers: American Center, Austrian Institute, British Council, Center for Latin America, Charles Nodier French Insti­tute, Goethe Institute, Cervantes Institute for Spanish Culture, Italian Institute for Culture. National holidays January 1 and 2 New Year February 8 Pre{eren Day, Slovenian Culture Day Easter Sunday, Easter Monday April 27 National Resistance Day May 1 and 2 Labor Day June 25 Statehood Day August 15 Assumption October 31 Reformation Day November 1 All Saints' Day December 25 Christmas December 26 Independence Day The Lipizzaner horses are a breed native to Slovenia whose origins reach back to the 16th century, when Archduke Charles II of Austria purchased the village of Lipica in western Slovenia along with its apper­taining land, stud farm, and its entire herd of Karst horses. The breeding of top-quality horses for the Spanish Riding School in Vienna spread the fame of these noble horses through­out the world. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS BASIC GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Location Slovenia is located in Central Europe. Area: 20,273 km2. Land border length: total 1,370km, with Croatia 670km, with Austria 318km,with Italy 280km,with Hungary 102km (Slovenija v {tevilkah 2007, 5). Coastline: 46.6 km. Landscape Four major European geographical features meet in Slo­ venia; the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian Basin, and the Mediterranean. Highest point: Triglav (2,864 m). Deepest sea point: 550 m from Madona Cape, Piran (–38 m). Most extensive karst cave: Postojna Cave (19.5 km). Land use (cadastral data 1999; Petek 2002, 216) Fields: 12.5%. Meadows: 17.8%. Orchards: 1.9%. Vineyards: 1.1%. Pastures: 10.3%. Forests: 48.9% (according to the land coverage data from 2001, forests and abandoned land already en­compass 66%; Slovenija v {tevilkah 2007, 6). Other: 7.6%. Climate Most of Slovenia has a continental climate with cold win- BOJAN MAR^ETA/AGCO Largest lake: Lake Cerknica (intermittent, 26 km2). Longest river: Sava (221 km). Average elevation: 557.3 m. ters and warm summers. The average temperatures are –1.1 °C in January and +19.9 °C in July (Ljubljana). The mountains have an alpine climate, and the southeast Average inclination: 14.1°. LUKA PINTAR Waters: the land is crossed by some 26,989 km of rivers and streams (Povr{inski vodotoki … 1998) and some Blagay's daphne is one of Slovenia's special botanical features. a Mediterranean climate. The average rainfall is 1,000mm It was first described in 1837 by the curator of the provincial museum in Ljubljana, Henrik Freyer, who assigned it the on the coast, up to 3,500 mm in the Alps, 800 mm in the southeast, and 1,400 mm in central Slovenia. 7,500 springs (Oro`en Adami~ 2001b, 14) with potable water rise to the surface, including several hundred first-class therapeutic mineral springs. 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Comparison of the area of European countries (km2) (Internet 3). binomial Daphne blagayana after its discoverer, Count Blagay. The discovery of a new species in Europe created a sensation in the botanical world (Gabrovec 1998, 82–83). Biodiversity Slovenia's varied geological composition and diversity of relief forms, combined with the fact that Slovenia en­compasses four distinct bio-geographical regions, make possible a wealth of animal and plant species. Slovenia is home to more than 3,000 fern and flower species,and more than 50,000 animal species. There are also many native animal and plant species (Oro`en Adami~ 2001, 14). Nature conservation Approximately 11% of Slovenia's territory is specially protected; the largest area with this status is Triglav National Park, with an area of 838 km2. There are 3 re­gional parks with atotal area of 439km2,41 nature parks, 49 nature reserves, and 623 natural heritage sites. In addition, the Nature 2000 network includes 286 areas ALE[ FEV@ER/AGCO that altogether encompass 36% of Slovenia's territory. These protected areas and Nature 2000 areas are well covered (Internet 4, Internet 5). PEOPLE Population: 2,008,516 (June 2007). Ethnic composition: Slovenian 83.1%, Serbian 2.0%, Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.1%, Muslim 0.5%, Hunga­rian 0.3%, Albanian 0.3%, Macedonian 0.2%, Roma­ny 0.2%, Montenegrin 0.1%, Italian 0.1%, other 10.3%, (2002 Census). Ethnic minorities: Hungarians in the northeast and Italians in southwest are recognized as indigenous mi­norities with special rights under the constitution. Slovenians abroad: There are Slovenian indigenous minorities in Italy, Austria, Croatia, and Hungary. Between 250,000 and 400,000 Slovenians (depend­ing on whether second and subsequent generations are counted) live outside Slovenia, in other continents and in EU countries (Oro`en Adami~ 2001b, 15). Similar to trends in other modern societies, the average number of people per household is decreasing (2.8 in 2002) and the number of marriages is also falling. The average age of mothers at the birth of their first child is increasing; this stood at 29.4 in 2005. In 2005 the number of live births rose past 18,000 for the first time since 2000. Slovenian women have only 1.2 children on average (Internet 6). Density: 99.6 inhabitants per km2 (June 2007) Birth rate: 9.1 (2005). Mortality: 9.4 (2005). Natural population growth per 1000 inhabitants: 1.9 (1990), 0.0 (1995), –0.2 (2000), –0.3 (2005). Age distribution: 14.0% (0–14 years), 70.1% (15–64), 15.9% (65+) (2006). Life expectancy: 74.84 men, 81.89 women (2006). Urban population: 51% (2005). Religion: Catholic 58.0%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, Lutheran 0.9%, and others. Altogether 43 religious communities are registered (2002 Census). 100,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 0 Comparison of the population of European countries (Internet 3). 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Population density of European countries (per km2) (Internet 3). FACTS Education (population over 15 years old): no educa­tion 0.7%, incomplete primary 6.3%, primary 26.1%, upper secondary 54.1%, short-term tertiary 5.1%, higher 7.9% (2002 Census). More than 60% of people read at least one book a year, which puts Slovenia near the top of reading rates in Europe and more than 4,000 new book titles are pub­lished annually. Museums in Slovenia register 2.1 mil­lion visitors a year, 1.5 million people see films every year, and nearly half a million go to the theatre (Facts about Slovenia 2006, 15). SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS ECONOMY Graduates from tertiary education (2004): 14,888. Students enrolled in graduate study: 8,378. GDP per capita: $23,400 (2006 estimate; Internet 3), (2005/2006 academic year, Facts about Slovenia 2006, 55). EUR 15,177 (2006). Research organizations: 388. Growth in GDP: 5.7% (2006). R&D personnel (head count): 12,379. Inflation rate: 8.9% (2000), 4.6% (2003), 2.3% (2005), 2.8% (2006). Workforce: 969,000 (2006). Unemployment (by ILO standards): 6.7% (2003), 6.5% (2006), 6.0% (2006). Exports: EUR 16.8 billion (2006). DRAGAN ARRIGLER/AGCO R&D personnel in FTE (full-time equivalent): 8,615. R&D personnel (FTE) per 1,000 total employment: 9.34. Researchers (head count): 7,027. Researchers (FTE): 4,642. Researchers (FTE) per 1,000 total employment: 5.03 (2005, Facts about Slovenia 2006, 65). Imports: EUR 18.3 billion (2006). Export/import ratio: 91 (2006). Major foreign trade partners (2006): Germany, Italy, Croatia, Austria, France, Russia, Netherlands, Serbia, Poland, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Czech Republic. Value added by activity: Agriculture, hunting and forestry 2.0%, Fishing 0.0%, Mining and quarrying 0.4%, Manufacturing 21.0%, Electricity, gas, and wa­ter supply 2.6%, Construction 5.4%,Wholesale, retail, repair of motor vehicles 10.4%, Hotels and restau­rants 2.0%, Transport, storage, communication 6.8%, Financial intermediation 4.3%, Real estate, renting, and business services 14.7%, Public administration and defense 5.3%, Education 4.9%, Health and so­cial work 4.3%, Other community, social, and per­ 80,000 sonal services 3.2%, Private households with employed persons 0.0% (2006, Slovenija v {tevilkah 2007, 64). Education and science Elementary schools: 797. Pupils in elementary schools: 167,969. Pupils per teacher: 10.5. Secondary schools: 143. Pupils in secondary schools: 99,860. Tertiary education establishments: 89. All students in tertiary education: 90,403. 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 LEK ARCHIVES/AGCO Gross domestic product of European countries (USD per capita) (Internet 3). HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The Va~e situla, dating from the 6th century BC, is one of the most important finds from the Hallstatt period in what is now Slovenia. The original is kept at the National Museum in Ljubljana. Karantania, the Franks, and unification under the Habsburgs From the Middle Ages onwards, history has been marked by the power and supremacy of the Italians, Hungarians, and especially Germans, which was evident in the so­cial, economic, and political subordination of the Slo­venians until 1918, and the constant shrinking of their area of settlement from the 6th century onwards, when they started settling in the eastern Alps. After a short pe­riod of the independent state of Karantania with its seat in the Klagenfurt Basin in present-day Austria in the 7th and 8th centuries, Slovenian territory was variously dominated by the Bavarians (who enforced Christiani­ zation) and the Franks (who introduced the feudal sys­ tem and carried out extensive colonization), with a short Hungarian interregnum, and later by the Habsburgs. The first region (then referred to as a march) to come un­ der Habsburg rule was Styria, and the last one was Go- FACTS The first documents written in Slovenian are MARJAN SMERKE/AGCO the Freising manuscripts (Bri`inski spomeniki), dating from about AD 1000. TOMA@ LAUKO/ANMS Antiquity The territory of present-day Slovenia was settled in pre­historic times, which is shown by two stone tools ap­proximately 250,000 years old found in Loza Cave near Orehek. There are many finds from later periods. They show that the Neolithic inhabitants here were engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture. In the 4th centu­ry BC this territory was settled by the Celts, who found­ed the Kingdom of Noricum. The names of certain places rizia in 1500 (^epi~ et al. 1979, 208–214). The protestant reformation and the first books in Slovenian The Slovenian lands awaited the beginning of the mod­ern era united within the unified and organized Hab­sburg monarchy, which ruled uninterruptedly (except during the Napoleonic period) until 1918. The eco­nomic, political, social, and cultural development of cen­tral Europe also reached the Slovenian lands. Here it must be emphasized that the Slovenians did not have their own nobility, and later the townspeople were also mainly German speakers. Slovenian speakers constituted the lowest social stratum and were cut off from the mechanisms of economic and political power. The fac­tor that linked them was language. The development of standard Slovenian began with the protestant refor­mation and the publication of an abecedary in 1550, a catechism in 1551, and the complete Bible in Slovenian in 1584. This achievement by the Slovenian protestants is considered the cultural birth of the Slovenian nation (^epi~ et al. 1979, 295–298; Grdina 1996), which later became firmly Roman Catholic due to the strength of the Counter-Reformation (^epi~ et al. 1979, 306–312). (e.g., Bohinj, Tuhinj) and rivers (e.g., Sava, Drava, Savinja) originate from this period. Their state was occupied by AGCO The formation of the modern Slovenian nation began in the middle of the 18th century with the Enlightenment, the Romans in the 2nd century AD and the territory of which reawakened publishing activity in Slovenian. The today's Slovenia was incorporated into the 10th region romantic poet France Pre{eren (1800–1849) elevated ofRoman Italy and two provinces,Pannonia and Noricum. Slovenian to the level of other European languages. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS Formation of the nation The English historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote that some na­tions or their revival movements in the Habsburg monar­chy were actually created by men of letters (Grdina 1999, 115). This certainly applies to the Slovenians (Granda 2001, 69–93). Cultural emancipation led to the first at­tempts at political emancipation (Hroch 1985, 9). With the March Revolution of 1848, a United Slovenia move­ment also arose in Slovenia within the Austrian Empire. It contained demands for an administratively or polit­ically united national territory that would emerge with the anticipated transformation of the Austrian Empire into a bourgeois parliamentary monarchy and with the internal administrative reorganization of the state. This program filled Slovenians with the hope that a greater administrative entity of Slovenia, extending across all IGOR LAPAJNE the territory populated by ethnic Slovenians, would come into being. Despite the fact that it did not succeed, the Slovenian lands, like the rest of Europe, had changed. With the emancipation of the serfs when plowmen be­came freeholders, the Austrian nobility lost its ancient power. German remained the standard language for merchants and the tiny educated elite, but a Slovenian bourgeoisie was growing and gradually becoming in­fluential. Change was most evident in Carniola, where Ljubljana had became truly Slovenian by 1900. By streng­thening the awareness of the importance of Slovenian, awareness of the unity of the Slovenian population re­gardless of the provincial borders strengthened as well. The ethnonym Slovenec šSlovenian’ became increasingly more established, and it gradually replaced old terms denoting Slovenians (e. g., Wend šWend’, Kranjec šCarni­olan’, etc.), although these were still used (Urbanc 2006, 256). At this time, the name Slovenija šSlovenia’ began to be used to denote the entire territory inhabited by Slovenians – that is, a unit that did not exist adminis­tratively, but aroused the idea of unification of all Slove­nians. The Habsburg period ended after the First World War with the breakup of the multinational monarchy. Unification with the South Slavs and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ideas about the unification of the South Slavs, which guided the activities of Slavic nations in the last decades of the monarchy's existence, were realized in 1918 with­in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, known after 1929 as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (^epi~ et al. 1979, 655). None of the former Habsburg crown lands inhabited by Slovenians were fully incorporated into the new country. Western Slovenia (i. e., the Gorizia region, Istria, and part of Carniola) went to Italy, whereas the lion's share of the former crown lands of Carinthia and Styria belonged to Austria.Yugoslavia received Prekmur­je, which had belonged to the Hungarian half of the dual monarchy (in 1868, the Habsburg Monarchy was re­organized into the Austro-Hungarian Empire). Almost one-third of Europe's Slovenian speakers were left out­side the boundaries of Slovenia. In Italy and Austria, they continued to be subject to discrimination and political pressure by the dominant ethnic majorities (^epi~ et al. 1979, 716–720). Incorporation into Yugoslavia did not fulfill Slovenian expectations, the major obstacle being strong central con­trol imposed over the kingdom by Belgrade. Slovenian autonomy was restricted mainly to cultural affairs (Inter­net 1). In addition, from the beginning of the dicta­torship in 1929, Slovenian territory was not organized into Slovenia as an administrative unit per se, but into the Drava Province (Dravska banovina; Yugoslavia had nine such provinces organized not on ethnic or historical grounds, but named after rivers). The Drava Province did not encompass all Slovenian ethnic territory (^epi~ et al. 1979, 655). Its economy, the most developed in the kingdom, benefited from commercial contact with Bel­grade, but progress was hindered by the new borders that cut off the economically vital former Habsburg centers of Klagenfurt and Trieste. The Second World War and federal Yugoslavia After the German invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, Slo­venia was occupied by Italy, Germany, and Hungary. The resistance groups that soon sprang up came under the domination of the communist-led Slovenian National Liberation Front. In November 1943, this organization joined Tito's Partisans in proclaiming a new Yugoslavia soon after the war. The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was established with Slovenia as a constituent element. Slovenia underwent a complete restructuring of its economy, politics, and society following Stalinist principles. After the split between Tito and Stalin in 1948, conditions improved. Slovenia retained and further im­proved its favorable economic situation compared to other Yugoslav republics. Through the 1980s, as the Yugo­slav economy suffered heavy inflation, a crisis over ideas about full liberation and secession from the federal state swung into motion. This resulted in free, multiparty elec­tions in May 1990 and in a referendum calling for a sov­ereign, independent Slovenia in December. Independent Slovenia: the old dreams came true The political battle was started by intellectuals in 1987 by calling for the establishment of a pluralistic demo­cratic system, the formation of a market economy, and Slovenian independence in particular. Despite the commu­nists' inclination to resolve the Slovenia issue within a re­structured Yugoslavia, in November 1989 they permitted multiparty political life. The new democratic political parties, which had started to emerge since the beginning of 1989, united in the Democratic Opposition of Slove­nia (DEMOS). The DEMOS coalition won the first democratic elec­tions in April 1990 and received a mandate to form a government. A plebiscite was held on 23 December and, with a large voter turnout, 88.2% of the people vot­ed for Slovenian independence. In the spring of 1991, Slovenia's political leadership was still seeking a con­federation agreement for the Yugoslav republics, but without success. On 25 June 1991 the Slovenian par­liament therefore adopted the Declaration of Indepen­dence of the Republic of Slovenia. After a ten-day war against Slovenia led by the Serbian-dominated Yugoslav People's Army, peace was concluded. With its new con­stitution adopted in 1991, Slovenia began its transfor­mation into a modern democratic country. It redirected its politics and economy towards Central and Western Europe. It successfully passed through this transition pe­riod and achieved political stability. It entered the new millennium with rapid economic growth and a grow­ing GDP. In 2004, Slovenia became a full member of NATO and EU, and at the beginning of 2007 it was the first among the new EU member states to enter the euro zone. FACTS Language The Slovenian language has played a special role through­out Slovenian history and it is still considered one of the foundations of national identity. Slovenian is a South Slavic language and is the official language of Slovenia. It is the native language of approximately 2.4 million people, of which 1.85 live in present-day Slovenia (Inter­net 2). In spite of various (especially German) influences, it has preserved its special features. The most notable of these is the dual form, a grammatical number used for two people or things. Literary Slovenian emerged in the 16th century with the works of Reformation intellectuals. The orthogra­phy of that time was called the bohori~ica and was adapt­ed from German orthography; it was used until 1845. The basic characteristic of the gajica orthography, in which Slovenian is still written today, was the replace­ment of the digraphs zh, sh, and .h with the characters ~, `, and { (Internet 2). The modern Slovenian alphabet has 25 characters, and the characters }, |, q, x, y, and w are also used for names of foreign origin. The writing it­self in its pure form does not use any other signs, ex­cept additional accentual marks when it is necessary to distinguish between similar words with different mean­ings. Feature Number Characters 25 Vowels 5 graphemes, 8 phonemes Consonants 20 graphemes, 21 phonemes Phonemes 29 (8 + 21) Grammatical 3 numbers Cases 6 Declensions 11 (4 + 4 + 3) Grammatical genders 3 STOJAN KERBLER SLOVENIA IN FOCUS FACTS STATE AND POLITICAL SYSTEM Conventional long/short form: Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia. Local long/short form: Republika Slovenija, Slovenija. Constitution Slovenia proclaimed its constitution in December 1991 and, under this constitution, Slovenia is a democratic republic and a welfare state governed by the rule of law. The state's authority is based on the principle of the sep­aration of legislative, executive, and judicial powers, with a parliamentary system of government. The highest leg­islative authority is the National Assembly (90 deputies), which has the right to enact laws. Elections to the Natio­nal Assembly are held every four years. Suffrage According to the constitution, the right to vote is uni­versal and equal. Every citizen that has attained the age of eighteen years has the right to vote and stand for of­fice. President The president of Slovenia represents Slovenia and is the commander-in-chief of its defense forces. He or she is elected for a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms in direct, general elections by secret ballot. The presi­dent calls elections to the National Assembly, promul­gates laws, proposes a candidate for prime minister to the National Assembly, issues instruments of ratifica­tion for international treaties and agreements, appoints and recalls Slovenia's ambassadors and envoys, accepts letters of credence of foreign diplomatic representatives, and performs certain other duties determined by the constitution. Slovenia's president is Danilo Türk (elect­ed in November 2007). Political parties represented in the National Assembly, elected in October 2004 Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS): 29 deputies. Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS): 23 deputies. Social Democrats (SD): 10 deputies. New Slovenia–Christian People's Party (NSi): 9 deputies. Slovenian People's Party (SLS): 7 deputies. Slovenian National Party (SNS): 6 deputies. Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS): 4 deputies. 1 representative of the Hungarian minority. 1 representative of the Italian minority. The speaker of the National Assembly is France Cukjati. National Council The National Council is a mainly advisory body com­posed of representatives of social, economic, profes­sional, and local interests. It may propose laws to the National Assembly, and at the latter's request provides an opinion on specific issues. Members are elected for a five-year term (40 members). The chairman of the National Council is Janez Su{nik. Executive authority The government consists of the prime minister and oth­er ministers. The government is independent within the framework of its jurisdiction and responsible to the National Assembly. The current government coalition consists of four parties: the Slovenian Democratic Party, New Slovenia–Christian People's Party, Slovenian People's Party, and Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia. It is headed by Prime Minister Janez Jan{a. Judicial authority Judicial powers are executed by judges, who are elected by the National Assembly following a proposal by the Judicial Council. The constitution states that judges are JANEZ GREGORI The Karst area is riddled with karst caves. Jezerina Cave near Obrov is only one such cave with breathtaking limestone formations. PETER GEDEI independent in carrying out their functions, but are bound by the constitution and the law. Judicial power is imple­ mented by courts with general responsibilities and spe­ cialized courts which deal with matters relating to specific FACTS legal areas. Courts with general responsibilities are dis­trict courts (44), regional courts (11), higher courts (4), and the Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia. Human rights The institution of ombudsman was introduced in September 1994. The ombudsman is proposed by the president and elected by the National Assembly for a pe­riod of six years; ombudsmen are autonomous and in­dependent in their work. Zdenka ^eba{ek Travnik was elected ombudsman in 2007. The State Prosecutor The State Prosecutor is an independent state authori­ty responsible for prosecuting cases brought against those suspected of committing criminal offences. There are 11 regional state prosecutor's offices, 4 high­er state prosecutor's offices and the Office of the State Prosecutor General of the Republic of Slovenia. The state prosecutor general is proposed by the government and appointed by the National Assembly for a period of six years, with the possibility of further appointment. Administrative division Until 1995, Slovenia was divided into 60 municipalities. Following an extensive reform of this system, 147 mu­nicipalities were founded, including 11 urban munic­ipalities. By 2006 the number of municipalities had increased to 210. Above these are the administrative units (numbering 58 and more or less corresponding to the former large municipalities), which are responsible for carrying out all administrative tasks that do not fall un­der local government or special administrative bodies of particular ministries (e. g., the customs administra­tion). Slovenia is also divided into 12 statistical regions. JERNEJA FRIDL JANEZ KONE^NIKINES ZGONC Regional information is used to support regional de­velopment, in technical planning and measuring the ef­fects of regional policy, as well as for socioeconomic analyses. Discussion is currently underway on the di­vision of Slovenia into administrative regions. The National and University Library in the center of Ljubljana is an exceptional architectural monument. This library, which MIMI URBANC was designed by Jo`e Ple~nik, houses over two million units. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Maps have great communicative value because the graphic images captured on paper testify to the char­acteristics of various lands, their peoples, and especially the rise of individual states and changes in their bor­ders. Slovenia, which did not appear on the map of Europe as an independent country until 1991, has been part of various political and state formations during its long history. Slovenia occupies an exceptional geographical po­sition because it lies at the intersection of the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian Plain, and the Mediterra­nean, and four language cultures meet on its territory. Numerous routes passed through Slovenia in the dis­tant past, connecting western Europe with the Middle East. Therefore, even in the 1st century AD the territo­ry of present-day Slovenia was depicted on road maps of the Roman Empire (Goss 1993, 25). One of these rare maps was preserved through a medieval copy named the Tabula Peutingeriana after the Konrad Peutinger, a learned and enthusiastic collector of old books and manuscripts. For practical reasons, the image of the routes of the Roman Empire – which at the height of its power stretched from northern Britain to the gates of the east – was greatly compressed in the north-south direction. This medieval copy of an ancient map on a se­ries of eleven sheets of parchment depicts the entire road network of the empire and appertaining rest stations, towns, and fortresses. The total length of the Tabula Peutingeriana is 675 centimeters, and it is about 33 cen­timeters wide. The Noricum section from the first-century Tabula Peutingeriana road map. The place names Longatico (Logatec), Nauportus (Vrhnika), Emona (Ljubljana), and others appear in the center. . SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAPS Augustin Hirsch-vogel's map Schlavoniae, Croatiae, Carniae, Istriae, Bosniae, finiti­marumque regionum nova descriptio shows a greater than usual number of settlements. Nonetheless, their positions are somewhat imprecise. MAPS In general, maps of Europe assumed a more recog­nizable shape during the Renaissance. This was prima­rily the result of new surveying instruments such as plane tables with alidades, polymeters, and theodolites. More precise calculation of the geographical longitude and lat­itude of individual locations made it possible to improve Ptolemy's cartographic projections (Fridl 2005, 12). Carto­graphers thus reopened the somewhat forgotten works by the Greek geographer, mathematician, and astronomer Ptolemy (or Claudius Ptolemaeus). Some 1,200 years after his death, his book Geographia was published in many adaptations. Ptolemy's preserved text was sup­plemented with various maps, including representations of what is now Slovenia. One of the most important of these works was Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia uni-versalis, which was first published in 1544 in Germany. This book underwent several adaptations and transla­tions into various languages and was one of the most popular publications of its kind in the 16th century. The last edition was published in 1628 (Goss 1993, 374), sev­eral decades after its author's death. The cartographic work of Pietro Coppo (or Petrus Coppus) is also significant in the representation of what is Slovenian territory today. Between 1524 and 1526 he prepared the manuscripts De summa totius orbis and Portolano with fifteen colored maps. The entire work, also known as the Piran codex, is preserved at the Sergej Ma{era Maritime Museum in Piran (Slukan Alti} 2003, 123). His map of Istria, dated 1525, represents the old­est preserved map of this peninsula. In 1573 Abraham Ortelius included it in the third revised edition of his well-known Theatrum orbis terrarum (A Representation of the World; Internet 12). In 1570 Abraham Ortelius, a Flemish cartographer of German origin, also used the map Schlavoniae, Cro­atiae, Carniae, Istriae, Bosniae, finitimarumque regionum nova descriptio (A New Representation of Slavonia, Cro­atia, Carniola, Istria, Bosnia and Neighboring Regions) by Augustin Hirschvogel in the first edition of his atlas Theatrum orbis terrarum (Perko 2005, 5). In 1573 Orte­lius also supplemented the third edition of his atlas with Wolfgang Lazius's map Goritiae, Karstii, Chaczeolae, Car-niolae, Histriae, et Windorum marchae descrip (A Repre­sentation of Gorizia, Karst, Ko~evje, Carniola, Istria, and the Slovenian March). Like Ortelius, the renowned cartographer Gerardus Mercator included depictions of Slovenian regions in his collection of maps. These are found on a map that was published in his atlas in 1589 (i. e., before his death) labeled Forum Iulium, Karstia, Carniola, Histria et Windo-rum marchia (Friuli, Karst, Carniola, Istria, and the Slovenian March; Mihevc 1998, 40). The cartographic projection that he himself designed was a great step for­ward towards a mathematically more accurate carto­graphic representation. Alongside Dutch, French, and Italian cartography, in the 17th century German cartographic activity also began to develop and, indirectly, cartography in Slovenia as well. The work Topographia Ducatus Stiriae (Topo­graphy of the Duchy of Styria, 1681) and the map of Styria titled Styriae Ducatus Fertilissimi Nova Geogra­phica Descriptio (A New Descriptive Geography of the Most Fertile Duchy of Styria, 1678) by the Austrian to­pographer Georg Matthäus Vischer are a rich source of information for the Slovenian lands, which were part of the Habsburg Monarchy at that time (Mihevc 1998, 42). In 1763, at the order of Empress Maria Theresa, Habsburg military cartographers undertook demand­ing topographic measurements of the entire monarchy. This project was concluded in 1787. The mapmaking efforts were headed by her son, Joseph II, who became commander in chief of the military following the death of his father. The entire area measured was divided into 4,685 sections as part of the political units of the monar­chy. The territory of present-day Slovenia covers 110 sec­tions (Fridl 1996, 25–26). Due to the fathom-based measuring system in use at that time, the majority of map sheets were produced at a scale of 1 : 28,800. For military purposes, special attention was directed to the representation of relief, land use types, the hydrographic network, layouts of settlements, and prominent build­ings. It was desired that the names be written in the Wolfgang Lazius's map, published in Ortelius' atlas in 1573, unfortunately contained many location-and content-related errors. The excessive size of Lake Cerknica (Cyrckniczer See) illustrates this. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAPS In creating his map Forum Iulium, Karstia, Carniola, Histria et Windorum marchia,Mer­cator relied on Lazius's map (mentioned above) and also copied many errors from it. He was especially confused by the poorly known and atypical hydrographic network in the Karst region. MAPS 1995 saw the publication of the first of eight volumes covering the territory of Slovenia titled Slovenija na voja{kem zemlje­vidu 1763–1787 (1804) (Slovenia on the Military Map 1763–1787 [1804]) with accompanying facsimiles of sheets of individ­ual sections of the map. This il­lustration shows section 190, with the Ljubljana Marsh. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS The cartographic representation of Lake Cerknica as a supplement to chapter 46 of volume 4 of The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. MAPS local language, although in the Slovenian-speaking area a Hungarian-based orthography was often used (Raj{p 1995, xvii). Unfortunately, because of military secrecy this extremely accomplished cartographic work was not publicly accessible and so it had no influence on the de­velopment of cartography in Europe. In the 17th century, Slovenian researchers and car­tographers took their place alongside non-Slovenian cre­ators of maps and geographical works. Among these, Janez Vajkard Valvasor (or Johann Weichard Valvasor) holds a special place. In 1678 he set up a copperplate­-engraving workshop in addition to a printing press at his castle, Bogen{perk (or Wagensperg), where numer­ous maps were engraved and printed. Valvasor traveled to various lands and recorded information about their natural features, the life of their inhabitants, and the ad­ministrative arrangements of individual regions. In 1679 he presented his knowledge along with the book Topo­graphia Ducatus Carnioliae modernae (A Modern Topo­graphy of Carniola), and in 1681 in the work Topographia Archiducatus Carinthiae modernae (A Modern Topo­graphy of Carinthia; Internet 13). Due to his scientific explanation of the workings of intermittent Lake Cerk­nica, in 1687 he was named a member of the English Royal Society, which admitted only the most illustrious learned men of the time. He sought to explain inter­mittent Lake Cerknica with a system whereby the wa­ter drained into linked reservoirs. The apex of Valvasor's work is his four-volume collection Die Ehre des Herzog­thums Krain (The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola; Koro{ec 1978, 60–61). The entire text, with 24 supple­ments and 528 copperplate-engravings, is divided into fifteen thematic units, encompassing 3,532 pages alto­gether (Internet 14). Unfortunately, Valvasor had to sell all of his assets, including his extensive library, to cov­er the printing costs. Valvasor's cartographic work had a great influence on the mathematician and cartographer Ivan Dizma Florjan~i~ de Grienfeld (or Joannes Dismas Floriantschi­tsch de Grienfeld). His wall map Ducatus Carnioliae Tabula Chorographica (A Chorographic Map of the Duchy of Carniola), which appeared in 1744, was the most accurate map of this crown land at the time. The map, composed of twelve sheets, was the result of ten years of cataloging and geodesic measures. A special fea­ture of the map is the panorama of Ljubljana in the up­per right corner. Beneath it is the first published and most accurate plan of Ljubljana to that date, with a list of the most important structures. This layout is a good illustration of how Ljubljana began to successfully ex­pand beyond its medieval limits. Florjan~i~'s map rep­resents a great step forward in the development of Slovenian cartography (Fridl & Mihevc 2001, 25). In 1848, Slovenians in Vienna founded the United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija) political program. This program demanded the administrative or political uni­fication of Slovenian ethnic territory, which was to take place through the envisioned transformation of the Au­strian Empire into a bourgeois parliamentary monarchy and with the internal administrative reorganization of the state (Kladnik et al. 2006, 351). The border of Slovenian MAPS Ivan Dizma Florjan~i~ de Grienfeld added an elegantly drawn panorama and plan of Ljubljana to his exceptionally precise map Ducatus Carni­oliae Tabula Chorographica. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAPS Kozler's map Zemljovid Slovenske de`ele in pokrajin of 1853 marked the borders of Slovenian ethnic territory for the first time. ethnic territory was first delineated on a map by Peter Kozler in 1853, although Slovenia still did not exist in an administrative sense. Kozler wished to clearly pres­ent the idea of the United Slovenia program with his Zemljovid Slovenske de`ele in pokrajin (Map of the Slove­nian Land and Regions). Because of its explicit propa­ganda value, the map was immediately confiscated when it was issued, with the explanation that the title itself violated the legal union of the Austrian crown lands (Fridl & Urbanc 2006, 59). It was released to the pub­lic only eight years later. In a relatively short time it was reprinted twice, in 1864 and in 1871 (Oro`en Adami~ 1991, 355). It is noteworthy because all of the place names within Slovenian ethnic territory are written ex­clusively in Slovenian, which had never been done be­fore. The 1864 edition of the map was accompanied by the supplement Imenik mest, tergov in krajev (Gazetteer of Towns, Markets, and Places). This made the map even more useful. The content of the map overshadows its technical aspect, which also represents a noticeable car­tographic advance. The founding of the Slovenian Society (Slovenska matica) was extremely important for strengthening na­tional identity. Among the West and South Slavs, the word matica šqueen bee’ extended its meaning to include a national cultural organization that saw to book pub­lication. On 4 February 1864, Emperor Franz Josef I per­mitted the establishment of the Slovenian Society. The purpose of the society was to »endeavor to the extent of its ability to broaden the education of the Slovenian nation and thereby support Slovenian literature« (Melik 1997, 415). The Slovenian Society began its activity with the reprinting of Kozler's map from 1864. It continued by realizing the idea that the Slovenians also needed a world atlas in their own language. The Slovenian Society entrusted the linguist and lawyer Matej Cigale with the editorship of Atlant, the first Slovenian world atlas. He worked in Vienna translating official state de­crees into Slovenian and, as a professional reviewer, in­fluenced the language used in schoolbooks (Urbanc 2005). Matej Cigale did an outstanding job because numerous names from other languages were systematically writ­ten in Slovenian for the first time in translated or adapt­ed forms. Because of the large financial commitment required to publish Atlant, it was not issued in book form, but was printed as individual sheets. From 1869 to 1877, 18 maps were published, but only a few col­lections have been preserved. In 2005, the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA issued a facsimi­le of these maps to reawaken knowledge of this excep­tionally important work for the Slovenian people. These facsimiles were accompanied by a scholarly monograph that presents the political and social conditions of the time, the circumstances under which Atlant was creat­ed, the problems that arose with it, the life and work of Matej Cigale, and the cartographic techniques employed. Despite the efforts of the Slovenian Society and nu­merous individuals for the active use of Slovenian in public life, school continued to be taught in German for many decades. This was also the reason that the school atlas by the Slovenian Bla` Kocen (or Blasius Kozenn), which was published in 1861 under the title Geographi­scher Schul-Atlas für die Gymnasien, Real-und Handels--Schulen der österreichischen Monarchie (Geographical Atlas for Upper and Intermediate Secondary Schools and Trade Schools of the Austrian Monarchy) was never published in Slovenian even though the first edition of the atlas appeared in German, Hungarian, Czech, and Polish. Until his death in 1871, Kocen also adapted individual parts of this secondary school atlas for lower grades and for general use, and he also prepared two orohydrographic atlases with a collection of outline maps as a useful teach­ing aid. His atlases became one of the best known trade­marks of Austrian cartography, and from 1861 onwards they were issued practically continuously in nearly two hundred different adaptations and reprints, totaling one million copies altogether (Ju`ni~ & Bratec Mrvar 2007, 74). As a result, some redesigned school atlases continue to bear his name today (e. g., the Neuer Kozenn-Atlas). The prominent geographer Valter Bohinc partici­pated in creating the Croatian editions of Kocen's school atlases, which also found increasing use in Slovenian schools in the first half of the 20th century. Bohinc pro­posed many improvements and additions. The first Slovenian school atlas, Haardtov zemljepisni atlas za ljudske {ole s slovenskim u~nim jezikom (Haardt's Geographical Atlas for Slovenian-Language Primary Schools) was published in 1899. This was an adaptation of Vincenz von Haardt's school atlas of 1882 prepared by Fran Oro`en and Simon Rutar. The second edition of this atlas, which included fourteen maps and was thus considerably more extensive, appeared in 1902. Generally speaking, Oro`en dedicated great attention to the use of maps in teaching geography and he translated nu­merous Austrian wall maps into Slovenian. He was also MAPS responsible for the first globe printed in Slovenian, with a scale of 1 : 50,000,000. Slavoj Dimnik was also active in school cartography. His brief period of creation resulted in the 1 : 650,000 Ro~ni {olski zemljevid Dravske banovine in obmejnega obmo~ja slovenskega ozemlja (Pocket School Map of the Drava Province and Bordering Slovenian Territory), the 1 : 600,000 Ro~ni zemljevid Slovenskega ozemlja (Pocket Map of Slovenian Territory), the 1 : 150,000 Ro~ni zem­ljevid mariborskega okolja (Pocket Map of the Maribor Region) on four sheets, and the 1 : 150,000 Zemljevid ljubljanskega okro`ja (Map of the Ljubljana District) on three sheets (Fridl 1998, 51). Title page of the first Slovenian atlas for primary schools, adapted from Haardt's atlas by Fran Oro`en and Simon Rutar. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAPS Excerpt from the 1 : 5,000 Base Topographic Map (Jesenice, 1994). With the Popisni atlas Slovenije 2002 Slovenia joined many countries throughout the world that also publish census data in atlas form. Cartographic activity did not completely die out dur­ing the Second World War, although it was somewhat more oriented toward military cartography. The first car­tographic activity after 1945 was taken up by Ivan Selan. In cooperation with the geographers Valter Bohinc and France Planina, Selan prepared some school atlases and a wall map of Slovenia. General geographical atlases intended not only for use in schools, but also by the general public, were cre­ated relatively late in Slovenia. The first atlas of this type was the Veliki atlas sveta (Great World Atlas, 1972). This was followed by the Timesov atlas sveta (Times Atlas of the World, 1990), the Veliki dru`inski atlas (Great Family Atlas, 1992), and the Atlas sveta 2000 (2000 World Atlas, 1997). The Atlas Slovenije (Atlas of Slovenia), having ap­peared in four print editions and three CD editions, has been a best seller, with 1 : 50,000 topographic maps. The independence of Slovenia in 1991 was an ide­al opportunity for the staff of the Anton Melik Geogra­phical Institute of the SRC SASA to present this new state both in Slovenia and internationally. Dedicated research over the past fifteen years has produced several thematic atlases. The Geografski atlas Slovenije (Geographic Atlas of Slovenia) was published in 1998; its extensive com­mentary and series of thematic maps provides a com­prehensive overview of the natural, social, economic, spatial, and environmental characteristics of Slovenia, a very diverse country despite its small area. This was followed by the Nacionalni atlas Slovenije (National Atlas of Slovenia) in Slovenian and English versions, which is intended to contribute to raising Slovenia's interna­tional profile. It contains numerous maps addressing Slovenia's demographic, social, and ethnic composition, settlements, society, economy, and, not least of all, its natural features, social richness, and ecology (Fridl 2004, 167). With the publication of the Popisni atlas Slovenije 2002 (2002 Census Atlas of Slovenia), which appeared five years after the collection of the census data, infor­mation on Slovenia's population, households, and res­idences was published in book form for the first time. The company Geodetski zavod Slovenije, founded in 1947, and the Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, which has operated since 1953, play a leading role today in pro­ducing maps of national significance. Both institutions are primarily oriented toward the production of mod­ern, technically outstanding base topographic maps, municipal and national topographic index maps, orthophoto maps, and city maps. All national maps are public and are available to users in digital format. The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia, which is part of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning is responsi­ble for management and distribution of these maps. JERNEJA FRIDL MAPS A B ALPEN C Wei D Bad ßenbach E F G H 13° 30' 14° 00' Ebene 14° 30' 15° 00' Sankt 15° 30' 16° 00' 16° 30' Gmünd Straßburg Reinischkogel Kondorfa Felsöszölnök Zwaring 1463 Großer E Althofen (Gornji Senik) Stainz Ziprein Zalaháshágy Unterkolbnitz Mühldorf Gurk Rosennock Bärofen Großer Speikkogel Schwanberg Bad Wildon Gl dnitz ö 2440 Gertraud Gnas Reichenau Gleichenberg 1720 Öriszentpéter Ladinger Spitze(Velika Svinja) Gams Srebrni breg 404 Möllbrücke Lieserhofen Wolfsbergim Schwarzautal Bad ob Frauental Freidorf Weitensfeld Sankt Anna Zalalövö WOLFSBERG Hodo{ Klein Seeboden Kleinkirchheim Kuzma 2079 Gornji an der Laßnitz SANKT VEIT am Aigen Sirnitz Sankt Paul Sachsenburg Bájansenye Gralla Petrovci Puszta Szatta Millstatt Kaindorf ([ent Andra`) AN DER GLAN Eberstein Perto~a Kri`evci Sankt SPITTAL Straden Deutschlandsberg Radenthein Leibnitz Stefan Wöllaner ([ENTVID OB GLINI) Sankt Peter Gnesau AN DER DRAU (Golica) Launsdorf (Lipnica) am Ottersbach Döbriach Nock Sankt Andrä Kerkafalva Klöch Oberboden 2140 Gleinstätten 2145 Jakling Szent- Millstätter See Brückl (Klek) gyórgyvölgy Latschur Obervogau (Mil{tatsko jezero) Mureck (Mosti~) Bad 2236 Gamlitz Cankova Prosenjakovci (Cmurek) Sankt Oswald Csesztreg Magdalensberg Radkersburg Ossiacher See Brunn Paternion Griffen Wies (Grebinj) N Liebenfels (Gomilica) Straß ob Eibiswald (Osojsko jezero) (Radgona) Sankt Paul Puconci ([talenska gora) Feldkirchen Moravske Maria Saal Weißensee Wei enstein ß Feistritz Leutschach 1059 Toplice (Trg) Sladki Vrh Zalabaksa Bodensdorf (Gospa Sveta) (Belo jezero) Eibiswald Apa~e (Lu~ane) ) im Lavanttal an der Drau GornjaKobilje Resznek Radgona [entilj vSlovenskih goricah MURSKA Völkermarkt Puch (Ivnik) Pörtschach am Ti{ina ([ent Pavel) F rolach ö Moosburg Hermagor (Velikovec) Wörther See SOBOTA (Borlje) Dobrovnik ([mohor) Bleiberg-Kreuth Spodnja Radenci (Pore~e) Ko{enjak Lenti [~avnica KLAGENFURT Radljeob Dravi Turni{~e ZgornjaKungota Kühnsdorf Dobratsch Pesnica 1522 Zgornja Muta KapelskiVrh VILLACH Bleiburg Pri Mariboru (Dobra~) (Sin~a vas) Beltinci Rédics Kapla (CELOVEC) (Pliberk) Velden am Benedikt v 2166 (BELJAK) Wörther See Lenart v Odranci Kamnica Ver`ej Eberndorf Dravograd (Vrbsko jezero) Slovenskih goricah Oisternig Lendava Wörther See Vuzenica Slovenskih Selnica Gallizien (Dobrla vas) 2052 (Vrba) Oti{kiVrh Podvelka ^ren{ovci ob Dravi goricah (Galicija) Prevalje Banovci Monte Oisternig Ribnica Ludmannsdorf Arnoldstein Finkenstein Globasnitz na Pohorju MARIBOR Lovászi Pontebba Camporosso Pince (Globasnica) Razkri`je (Podklo{ter) (Bek{tanj) Ru{e Pame~e Ferlach Me`ica Ravne na (Tablja) in Valcanale Ljutomer Gomila Miklav` na Lovrenc Destrnik Mittagskogel 2139 Mursko Tarvisio Eisenkappel SpodnjeHo~e (Borovlje) (@abnice) Koro{kem 46° Dravskem polju na Pohorju Peklenica Kahlkogel SlovenjGradec Feistritz Sredi{}e (Trbi`) Kranjska Gora (@elezna Kapla) Kepa 30' Korde`eva glava 1836 Ur{lja gora im Rosental Ebriach ^rni vrh SavaDolinka Mojstrana Vrati{inec Monte Golica Zuc dal Bôr 2125 352 1699 (Bistrica v Ro`u) Lahonci (Obirsko) 1543 Radizel Iôf di Montásio Mangart ^rna na 2197 Zlatoli~je Podturen Hru{ica Kog Mislinjska 2679 (Monta`) 2753 Chiusaforte (Klu`e) Monte Canin 2587 Visoki Kanin Koro{kem Ra~e PTUJ Fram Doma{inec Dobrava [krlatica Dornava Koprivna Ma~kovec V 2133 Veliki Spodnja Jalovec 2236 Mislinja 2740 Mangart 2645 Stol JESENICE Sol~ava Sredi{~e Gornji Ormo` Ko{utnikov turn Slovenska Hajdina Belica Velika Raduha Doli~ ob Dravi Topol{ica ^AKOVEC Ptujskojezero Zavr~ Bistrica Log pod@irovnica Zgornje Mangartom Pribislavec 2062 Podljubelj Ravne Oplotnica Debela pe~ 2014 Logarska Dolina Ojstrica Pristava 2350 Stor`i~ 2132 Grintovec 2558 Ljubno Golnik ob Savinji Preddvor Jezersko Pragersko Kidri~evo Zasip Trenta Triglav Vitanje Gornje Bled Boskovec 1587 [o{tanj Mala Bav{kiGrintavec Zre~e Blejskojezero Nedeli{}e Petrijanec 2864 Tr`i~ Vratno PtujskaGora Subotica Lesce Prelog Videm 2347 Kal -Koritnica VELENJE Tepanje Maj{perk Vara`dinsko Mozirje pri Ptuju Podlehnik Slovenske Bohinjska Monte Musi Bovec Sra~inec Vinica jezero Bela Konjice (Mu`ci) Radovljica Dobrna Orehovica 2 [martnoob Paki Dolnje Polj~ane Dolnja Babji zob @aga @i~e 1869 Stara Bohinjskojezero Ladanje Fu`ina 1128 Vo}a Stoperce Nazarje Trnovec Vojnik Hr`enica Bo~ Kropa Krn VARA@DIN @etale Polzela Stol Naklo Breginj Gornji 979 Cvetlin Bo~na 2244 Mahav{~ek Bohinjska 2008 Ludbreg Klenovnik Gotovlje 1673 Cerklje na Dolga Grad [empeter v Dra`go{e KRANJ CELJE Roga{kaSlatina Bistrica Beretinec Gora Gorenjskem Kobarid 1678 Savinjski dolini @alec @arovnica Robi~ Zgornje Vara`dinske Toplice Trako{}an Tu`no Vransko Altemaver Mekinje Zgornji ^rna prst Rogatec Matajur Vrsno Vogel 1922 Prebold [en~ur [entjur Tuhinj Ivanec 1642 1844 Rodica @elezniki [marje Grobelno Bitnje Hum DolnjeBeletinec Jesenje 1966 DugaRijeka [tore pri Jel{ah Livek KAMNIK Áttimis Podbrdo Lepoglava Dolenja Trojane Gorica priSlivnici na Sutli Mrzlica (Ahten) Tolmin Púlfero [KOFJA Vodice Koritnica Blagovica Porezen vas 1122 TRBOVLJE Most Pregrada Ivan{~ica Mad`arevo Ljube{}ica Novi Marof Kalnik Z AGORJ642E Kraljevec Hum Sudovec Blego{ LOKA (Podbonesec) Menge{ 1630 Golubovec Radoboj Pod~etrtek Faédis na So~i Zgornje 1059 Izlake Hrastnik 1562 Krapina Ba~a Medvode (Fojda) Ro~inj Apatovec Pirni~e Mihovljan Gornji REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA Cividale La{ko Morav~e Loka pri Dob Gorenja Kisovec Dol priHrastniku pri Modreju Cerkno Desini} Belec Trzin @usmu del Friuli Planina DOM@ALE Zagorje Kal nad vas Dolnja[emnica Zlatar 1 :1,000,000 Zlatar Bistrica Bedekov~ina Konj{~ica pri Sevnici Kresnice (^edad) Kanalom ob Savi To{~ 1021 Sovodenj Lesi~no Korada Kum Orehovec Kumrovec Brezni~ki Zidani most Kanal Dolenja 812 Jurklo{ter Polhov KrapinskeToplice 1220 Podkum Trebu{a Lisca Otale` Kozje Breznica Gradec Laze Anhovo Orzano KRI@EVCI 948 Miholec Litija Orsária Klanjec Gorenja Veliki @iri Rade~e Plave [martnopri Litiji ^epovan Brezovica Horjul pri Ljubljani Deskle Podsreda Bistrica LJUBLJANA Trebu{a Javornik Zabok SpodnjaIdrija Sevnica ob Sotli Gregurovec 1023 Sveta gora LJUBLJANA [entjo{t Senovo Lokve Selnica Vojsko Gabrovka Komin Podgorje Dobrovo 681 nad Horjulom Bizeljsko 46° Veliko Dolenji Bo{tanj Idrija Oroslavje Bistri~ko Gornji Settlement with 100,000 or more Notranje [kofljica Brestanica Trgovi{}e Manzano 00' Rovte [entrupert Krmelj GORIZIA Tkalec Gorice Solkan [marje - Sap Temenica Stubi~ke Mali Golak Vrhnika Sveti Ivan Sveti Ivan inhabitants Globoko Cormons (GORICA) Leskovec NOVA GORICA Mirna Kr{ko Godovi~ Toplice 1495 Hru{evec Zelina @abno Podpe~ Sti~na (Krmin) Ig pri Kr{kem Grosuplje Gradisca d'Isonzo Jakovlje Mokronog Rakovec Bre`ice Mir [empeter^rni Vrh pri Gorici Vi{nja Verd Gornja Bistra MARIBOR Krim Gora Gradec [empas Logatec Ivan~na Trebnje [kocjan (Gradi{~e) 1107 Ka{ina 50,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Vrbovec @elimlje Haganj Palmanova Vrtojba Pojatno Prva~ina Ajdov{~ina Gorica Sljeme Borovnica Trebelno Kalce Miren Kr{ka vas 1030 Aiello Col Dobrni~ Rakitna Brdovec Dornberk Jablanovec [marje{ke ^ate` Paru`evina Turjak Krka Podkraj del Fruili Fu`ina Ronchi Budanje Trstelj CELJE ZAPRE[IÆ Toplice ob Savi Mirna Pe~ Kostanjevicana Krki Ra{ica (Ronke) Opatje 643 Branik 10,000 to 49,999 inhabitants SESVETE Oto~ec PoljanaVrbove~ka Vipava Videm Planina selo Dubrava [tanjel @u`emberk Bregana Strmec Velike [entjernej Gornja Rakek Dugo Selo Dvor R A JINA Stra`a NOVO MESTO Predjama Ivanja Reka 5,000 to 9,999 inhabitants La{~e Ambrus CERVIGNANO Komen Hrastnik Cerknica Lupoglav Mostari Podnanos Rakitje Postojna DEL FRIULI Nova K Slivnica MONFALCONE SAMOBOR Ple{a ZAGREB 1,000 to 4,999 inhabitants Veliki 1114 vas Sveta Ana Trdinov vrh ^azma Vas 1178 Beli gri~ 1262 Cerknica Lu~ko Sodra`ica (TR@I^) Dutovlje Dolenjske Rude 3 Javornik 1268 Cerkni{kojezero Pivka Tomaj 932 Klo{tar Rugvica Ivani} Less than 1,000 inhabitants Velika Mlaka Razdrto Aquiléia(Oglej) Blo{ka Toplice Rakov Stupnik Potok So{ice 778 Podturn pri Aurisina Prestranek Polica Ribnica Sti~na Dolenjskih Odra (Nabre`ina) Hrib - Horvati Lo` Seno`e~e Se`ana Toplicah Ivani}-Grad Ur{na sela Stari trg Lo{ki potok Kostanjevac Donji Obre` VELIKA GORICA Expressway, highway TRIESTE pri Lo`u Dolenja vas Draga Gotenica Goteni{ki Sne`nik 1289 Lukavec Vrem{~ica Desinac Villa Opicina(Op~ine) Grado KraljevecKupine~ki Oborovo Radovica Posavski 1027 Kri` Diva~a Mraclin Main road (TRST) (Grade`) Semi~ Metlika Jastrebarsko Bregi ^rmo{njice Turopolje Kupinec [iljakovina Novoselec Kra{i} Pe{}enica [koflje Mirna Bratina Babno Bu{evec Regional road Ko~evje Polje gora 1047 Rajndol Kne`ak Veliki Lijeva Jurovski Lazina Múggia Prem Sne`nik Livold Martinska ves Lekenik (Milje) Kozina Brod Ozalj Railway Pisarovina Gradac 1796 Ankaran ^abar Ilirska Bistrica Kravarsko International border crossing Spodnje [kofije Ribnik DonjaKup~ina Kani`arica Harije ^rnomelj Potok Mahi~no Dekani IZOLA Pokupski Obrov Slavnik Piran Osilnica Du`ica International airport Greda Osekovo Gornje Bukova KOPER 1028 Kute`evo [i{ljavi} Lasinja Jagodje Stative Gora Stari trg Portoro` Letovani} Odra Adle{i~i Kostel Hrastelnica Podgrad Lucija ob Kolpi 1431 Hrastovlje Shipping port Nebojan Gerovo 45° Pokupsko Jel{ane Netreti} KARLOVAC Starod Buda{evo Fara Savudrija 30' SISAK Se~ovlje Dane Rupa Lisac Vinica Dubravci (KARLOVEC) Sjeni~ak Slatina Vele Sinji Vrh Topolovac Pregara Pokupska Lasinjski Klana Veliki Brod Glinska Mune Cartographer: Jerneja Fridl ^remu{nica Mo{~enica Gu{}e Umag 4 Momjan Vukova Duga Resa Crni Lug na Kupi Poljana [kalnica Risnjak Moravice Gornji PETRINJA Ra~ja Vas Gorica Skrad Stankovac Buje 1528 Sjeni~ak Buzet © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 Hrastovica Delnice Ladvenjaki DonjeKomarevo Istarske Severin Greda Gro`njan Bosiljevo Vi{kovo Dra`ice Barilovi} Toplice Brtonigla Slavsko Kozarac na Kupi Ro~ Vrbovsko Polje Vrginmost Gji Lu{~ani RG SLOVENIA IN FOCUS In the diversity of its landscape, Slovenia is compara­ble to only a few, often much larger, countries. In this tiny piece of Central Europe four extensive European regions – the Alps, the Pannonian Basin, the Dinaric Mountains (Dinaric Alps), and the Mediterranean – meet and intertwine, as do Germanic, Hungarian, Slavic, and Romance cultural influences (Perko 2001a; Perko 2004). The Alps are the largest and highest mountain chain in Europe. Along them runs the divide between the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and the dividing line between the continental and Mediterranean cli­mates. Covering about 200,000 km2, the Alps are more than 1,200 km long and in some places up to 250 km wide. They run from France in the southwest to Austria in the northeast. The southeastern part of the Alps ex­tends into Slovenia. The Pannonian Basin lies between the Alps to the west, the Carpathians to the north and east, and the Dinaric Mountains to the south. Running about 600 km from north to south and 700 km from west to east, it covers an area almost twice as large as the Alps. The west­ern margin of the Pannonian Basin extends into Slo­venia. The Dinaric Mountains are the southeastern con­tinuation of the Alps between the Pannonian Basin and the Adriatic Sea. They form the divide between the Black Sea and the Adriatic. They are 700 km long and almost 200 km wide at their center, and cover less than half the area of the Alps. The northwestern part of the Dinaric Mountains extends into Slovenia. The Mediterranean region is the area around the Mediterranean Sea, stretching almost 7,000 km from Gibraltar to the Bosporus. Between Trieste and Durrës, the arm of the Mediterranean known as the Adriatic Sea runs almost 700 km between the Italian Apennines to the southwest and the Dinaric Mountains to the north­east. Covering an area of 132,000 km2, the Adriatic Sea is somewhat larger than the Dinaric Mountains. The northern margin of the Mediterranean extends into Slo­venia. In Slovenia, geography plays the leading role in land­scape research. A pioneering role was played by the ge­ographer Anton Melik, a member of the Slovenian Aca­demy of Sciences and Arts, who published the first regional monograph on Slovenia in four extensive vol­umes between 1954 and 1960 (Melik 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960) as well as the first general monograph on Slove­nia (Melik 1963). At Melik's initiative, the Slovenian Academy of Scien­ces and Arts founded the Geographical Institute in 1946, and this institute has carried his name since 1976. Almost half a century later, the Anton Melik Geographical Institu­te, which now operates as part of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, prepared a second regional monograph on Slovenia en­titled »Slovenia – Landscapes and People« (Perko& Oro`en Adami~ 1998) and the »Geographical Atlas of Slovenia« (Fridl, Kladnik, Oro`en Adami~ & Perko 1998). Three years later, the institute also prepared the first nation­al atlas of the country, the »National Atlas of Slovenia« (Fridl, Kladnik, Oro`en Adami~, Perko & Zupan~i~ 2001), which was published in Slovenian and English versions. All three books contain chapters on regionalization and the typification of landscapes in Slovenia with numerous DOMEN PAL/MEMENTO MARJAN GARBAJS . The Planica Valley is the world cradle of ski flying. View across Mount Ur{lja gora to the southwest. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Landscape types Alpine Alpine Alpine Pannonian Pannonian Dinaric mountains hills plains low hills plains plateaus Surface area (hectares) 306,177 466,002 81,920 299,447 129,697 380,931 % of surface area 15.1 23.0 4.0 14.8 6.4 18.8 Mean altitude in meters 1,055.6 583.3 373.4 289.0 195.9 668.7 Mean inclination (°) 25.6° 18.3° 4.4° 9.9° 1,08° 14.7° Most frequently occurring rock limestone 51.5%; older volcanic rocks carbonate gravel and marl 29.7%; clay silicate gravel limestone 58.9%; carbonate gravel and with tuff 20.9%; conglomerate 74.2%; and silt 27.8% 58.4%; clay and dolomite 29.4% conglomerate 17.4% metamorphic clay and silt 9.3% silt 31.5% rock 16.9% Most frequent vegetation beech 36.9%; beech 31.7%; red pine 39.3%; beech, chestnut, English oak 27.3%; beech and high-mountain beech, chestnut, beech 25.4% and oak 86.5%; hornbeam and fir 40.4%; vegetation 18.7% and oak 30.6% beech 4.6% English oak 25.1% beech 23.5% Solar energy received in MJ/m2 yearly 3705.4 3953.3 4080.4 4131.4 4178.3 3946.8 Proportion of cultivated field (%) 2.8 9.2 24.5 21.3 40.8 5.9 Proportion of vineyard (%) 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.4 0.8 0.4 Proportion of pasture (%) 14.9 7.4 4.2 6.1 3.2 10.3 Proportion of forest (%) 68.8 68.5 29.3 40.3 17.9 69.5 Dominant types of field division block and enclosure block, enclosure, furlong field pattern block and furlong field block, enclosure, field patterns in some places and strips with enclosure pattern and strips in some places furlong field a pattern of compact field with a pattern furlong field pattern holdings patterns of compact holdings pattern Dominant settlement types dispersed dispersed nucleate and dispersed, in some roadside nucleate and settlements, settlements, roadside settlements, places nucleate settlements, dispersed, in some hamlets, and hamlets and suburbanized and roadside suburbanized places hamlets isolated farms isolated farms settlements settlements settlements and roadside settlements Dominant house types Alpine types Alpine types Alpine types Central Slovenian Central Slovenian Central Slovenian and Pannonian and Pannonian and Pannonian types types types Number of settlements in 2002 (census) 301 1,509 408 1,249 383 779 Density of settlements in number per 100 km2 9.8 32.4 49.8 41.7 29.5 20.4 Population in 1931 (census) 82,379 262,133 208,996 256,763 181,619 101,674 Some basic Population in 2002 (census) 91,133 338,008 495,116 250,324 296,920 62,877 characteristics Population density in 1931 (number of people per km2) 26.9 56.3 255.1 85.7 140.0 26.7 of landscape types and macroregions in Slovenia. Population density in 2002 (number of people per km2) Average size of settlement by population per settlement in 2002 29.8 302.8 72.5 224.0 604.4 1213.5 83.6 200.4 228.9 775.2 16.5 80.7 34 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Macroregions Slovenia Dinaric valleys or Mediterranean Mediterranean Alps Pannonian Dinaric Mediterranean Slovenia corrosion plains low hills plateaus Basin Mountains 189,689 106,103 67,326 854,099 429,144 570,620 173,429 2,027,292 9.4 5.2 3.3 42.1 21.2 28.1 8.6 100.0 403.4 305.6 425.8 732.5 260.9 580.5 352.3 557,3 7.3° 12.2° 8.4° 19.6° 7.2° 12.2° 10.7° 14.1° limestone 46.3%; flysch 72.6%; limestone 82.1%; limestone 23.9%; clay and silt 28.9%; limestone 54.8%; flysch 48.6%; limestone 29.5%; clay and silt 23.2% clay and silt 11.9% flysch 10.9% carbonate gravel silicate gravel dolomite 26.6% limestone 38.7% dolomite 14.6% and conglomerate 21.3% 17.4% hornbeam and sessile oak 31.9%; beech and hop beech 33.4%; beech, chestnut, beech and beech and hop beech 23.9%; fir 32.4%; downy oak 30.7% hornbeam 74.7%; beech, chestnut, and oak 77.1%; fir 34.9%; hornbeam 32.7%; beech, chestnut, beech 16.5% downy oak and hop and oak 18.9% red pine 4.7% beech 21.9% sessile oak 22.0% and oak 23.9% hornbeam 19.8% 4122.2 4373.3 4381.1 3876.6 4145.5 4005.1 4376.3 4012.4 13.4 13.9 5.2 8.4 27.2 8.5 10.6 12.6 0.7 4.9 1.1 0.2 2.6 0.5 3.5 1.1 10.8 18.0 34.8 9.8 5.2 10.5 24.4 10.2 39.7 34.2 35.0 64.8 33.5 59.6 34.5 54.1 Enclosure, block, block and block and furlong in some places furlong field field patterns furlong and strip patterns field patterns nucleate, in some nucleate, in some nucleate places dispersed places suburbanized settlements and roadside settlements settlements Central Slovenian Mediterranean Mediterranean Alpine Central Slovenian Central Slovenian Mediterranean and Mediterranean, types types types and Pannonian and Mediterranean, types in some places types in some places Pannonian types Pannonian types 840 384 135 2,218 1,632 1,619 519 5,988 44.3 36.2 20.1 26.0 38.0 28.4 29.9 29.5 136,289 128,745 30,174 553,508 438,382 237,963 158,919 1,388,772 245,308 161,632 22,718 924,257 547,244 308,185 184,350 1,965,986 71.8 121.3 44.8 64.8 102.2 41.7 91.6 68.5 129.3 152.3 33.7 108.2 127.5 54.0 106.3 97.0 292.0 420.9 168.3 416.7 335.3 190.4 355.2 328.3 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Alpine landscapes: in the background, the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mountains with Mount Stol (2,236 m), and the Kamnik-Savinja Alps converge; in the foreground is the Sava Plain (Savska ravan) with forest-covered conglomerate and cleared gravel river terraces near the small town of Radovljica in the northwestern part of the Ljubljana Basin. Pannonian landscapes: in the foreground, the cultivated Drava Plain (Dravska ravan); in the background, the vineyard-covered low Dravinja Hills (Dravinjske gorice), behind these the steeper Haloze region, known for its frequent landslides, and above this table-shaped Mount Dona~ka gora (882 m). SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Dinaric landscapes: in the foreground, the Dinaric karst plateau of Nanos (1,262 m) rises steeply above the Mediterranean flysch Vipava Valley (Vipavska dolina) and the low Vipava Hills (Vipavska brda); in the background, beyond the Pivka valley system (Piv{ko podolje) and Postojna, Dinaric plateaus and valley systems alternate. Mediterranean landscapes: in the foreground in the low Koper Hills (Koprska brda) lies the picturesque Istrian ridge village of Padna (205 m) with its greatly overgrown cultivated terraces; in the background, first the village of Korte and then the Bay of Piran on the Adriatic Sea. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES The Kamnik--Savinja Alps (Kamni{ko-Sa­vinjske Alpe) in the background, Limbarska gora in the Sava Hills (Posavsko hribovje) in the foreground. Lake Bohinj in the Julian Alps. MATEV@ LENAR^I^ IGOR MAHER maps. The institute has also published numerous oth­er publications about Slovenian landscapes. Another branch of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Karst Research Institute, actively studies karst landscapes, pri­marily the landscape of Karst (Slovenian Kras), the re­gion of Slovenia where research on karst phenomena began on a global scale. Karst landscapes are very fre­quent in Slovenia because more than half of its surface is covered by carbonate rock, the basis of karst landscapes. Academy member Ivan Gams, the author of the university textbook »Essentials of Landscape Ecology« (Gams 1986) and several textbooks on Slovenian land­scapes with maps of the regionalization of Slovenia, has also been active in landscape studies (Gams 1983, 2001; Gams & Vri{er 1998). The main characteristics of Slovenia's landscapes are determined by Slovenia's location at the juncture of the Alps, the Pannonian Basin, the Dinaric Mountains, and the Mediterranean. One can distinguish nine landscape types and four landscape type groups. The landscape types are Alpine mountains, Alpine hills, Alpine plains, Pannonian low hills, Pannonian plains, Dinaric plateaus, Dinaric valleys and corrosion plains, Mediterranean low hills, and Mediterranean plateaus. The landscape type groups are Alpine, Pannonian, Dinaric, and Mediterra­nean (Perko 1998a, Urbanc 2002). The regionalization of Slovenia is also linked with the typification of landscapes. The majority of Slovenian geographers divide Slovenia into four or five macrore­gions – the Alps (or separately the Alps and the Prealps), the Pannonian Basin, the Dinaric Mountains, and the Mediterranean – which are further divided into forty to sixty regions (48 regions in this book). The Alpine landscapes lie in northern Slovenia, cov­er two-fifths of its territory, and are subdivided into mountain, hill, and plain landscapes. The Alpine mountains in northwestern Slovenia are largely composed of carbonate rock, primarily limestone and dolomite. Rivers carved deep valleys that glaciers reshaped during the ice ages. Above the forest line, which lies at an altitude of around 1,600m,one-fifth of the sur­face is covered by dwarf pine and, below this, four-fifths is covered by dense forest. Beech, beech-fir, and spruce forests dominate. The density of settlement is three times lower than the Slovenian average. Only the broader val­leys are more densely populated, and extensive high­-mountain areas are completely uninhabited. The population here is increasing only slightly. The most imposing mountains are the Julian Alps (Julijske Alpe) around Mount Triglav (2,864 m), Slove­nia's highest mountain. Below it is the Triglav Glacier (Triglavski ledenik), the southeasternmost glacier in the European Alps. Triglav National Park was established to preserve the many natural wonders of this area. On the south side, the blue-green So~a River winds through its deep valley toward the Adriatic Sea. Its upper section, the Trenta Valley, is one of Slovenia's most beautiful alpine valleys. Farther south lies Tolmin (population 3,737 according to the 2002 census), the only major town in the central So~a Valley. Picturesque glacial valleys open to the north: Krma, Kot, Vrata, and Planica. The last is called the »Valley of Ski Jumps« and is the cradle of ski flying, one of Slovenia's most popular winter spectator sports. From the north side of the Julian Alps, the rivers flow to the Black Sea. The Sava Dolinka runs past Jese-nice (13,429) and its ironworks, and the Sava Bohinjka flows from glacial Lake Bohinj, Slovenia's largest nat­ural lake (328 ha), past the cosmopolitan tourist resort of Bled (5,252) and Lake Bled (145 ha), which boasts a small picturesque island with a church. Together, they join to form the Sava River. Toward the east, the Karavan­ke Mountains (highest peak: Mount Stol, 2,236m) stretch along the Austrian border and, south of these, the Kam­nik-Savinja Alps (Kamni{ko-Savinjske Alpe) around Mount Grintovec (2,558 m). Below Mount Skuta (2,533 m) are the remnants of a glacier, and the romantic Logar Valley (Logarska dolina) at the head of the Savinja River is es­pecially attractive. To the south and east, the broad band of the Alpine hills borders the Alpine mountains. These are prima­rily composed of dolomite, limestone, metamorphic JURIJ SENEGA^NIKJO@E HANC LANDSCAPES The old medieval core of Kranj stands on a conglomerate terrace between the Sava and Kokra rivers. The romantic Logar Valley (Logarska dolina). SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Slovenian territory was also inhabited during the ice ages, as shown by numerous archeological finds, including a discovery that astounded the world in 1996. In Divje Babe Cave near Cerkno that year, Slovenian archeologists unearthed the 45,000-year-old femur of a cave bear with four equally spaced small holes, believed to be the oldest musical instrument in the world, a prehistoric flute that may have been played by Neanderthals. The hilly region along the Drava River. MARJAN GARBAJS MARKO ZAPLATIL rocks, claystone, siltstone, and flint sandstone and con­glomerate. Two-thirds of the surface is covered by for­est. There is a pronounced prevalence of various beech forests. The density of settlement is twice as great as in the mountains. Isolated farms appear in this region, each typically consisting of a large house and outbuildings surrounded by an unbroken cultivated parcel of land cleared from the forest. In other places, small clustered villages formed whose buildings stand separately in ran­dom order but as a recognizable compact group, as do the agricultural plots. Increasing numbers of farmhouses are being converted into vacation houses owned by city dwellers, some farms are engaged in farm tourism, and remote villages are in decline. The main sources of in­come are livestock production, forestry, and employment in minor industrial centers in the valleys. In the west­ern part, which is well known for its lacemaking, are the towns of Idrija (5,878) with its famous but now aban­doned mercury mine, and medieval [kofja Loka (12,289). In the mining-oriented eastern part are the ironworks of Ravne na Koro{kem (7,797), Velenje (26,742) with its lignite mine, and Trbovlje (16,290), the largest of the mining towns in Slovenia's biggest hill region, the al­most 100-km-long Sava Hills (Posavsko hribovje) with their largely exhausted coal deposits. The Alpine plains were formed by rivers that de­posited gravel and sand at the bottoms of basins and formed terraces. Older terraces where gravel cement­ed to form conglomerate have been karstified and over­grown with forest, primarily red pine, whereas fertile fields cover the younger gravel terraces, where mainly potatoes and corn are cultivated. Cultivated fields cov­er one-quarter of the entire surface area. Settlements on the plains are large and greatly urbanized. The density of settlement is six times greater than the national av­erage. In the northern part of the Ljubljana Basin, Slo­venia's largest basin, the Sava River and its tributaries fill the Sava Plain (Savska ravan), where more than one-fifth of Slovenia's population lives on only one-thirtieth of its territory. Here lie Slovenia's capital Ljubljana (258,873), the industrial city of Kranj, the fourth largest city in Slovenia (35,587), and several smaller but economically significant towns: Radovljica (5,937), Tr`i~ (3,920), Kam­nik (12,197), and Dom`ale (11,582). The Celje Basin is Slovenia's second largest basin, on the floor of which the Savinja River and its tributaries created the Savinja Plain (Savinjska ravan). This basin includes Celje (37,834), Slovenia's third-largest city, once the seat of the his­torically important Counts of Celje, and @alec (4,919), surrounded by extensive hop fields that reflect Pannonian climate influences from the east. The Pannonian landscapes lie in eastern Slove­nia and cover one-fifth of its territory. They are com­posed of densely settled and intensively cultivated areas where forest no longer covers even one-third of the sur­face. They are divided into landscapes of low hills and plains. The winegrowing Pannonian low hills, which meet the Alpine mountains in the west, are composed of weak­ly cemented rock, primarily marl, sand, and clay, and are therefore vulnerable to landslides. Dispersed set­tlements that are not compact are prevalent, with cul­tivated land between the houses. Houses are most frequently located on the tops of rounded ridges. Below them on the sunny slopes are vineyards that produce high-quality wine and orchards, whereas the shady slopes are primarily forested, mostly with beech, chestnut and oak, which covers a good third of the entire surface. Farmers are primarily engaged in winegrowing and fruit growing. In the middle of the vineyards, traditional wooden wind-rattles turn in the wind, driving birds away. Many of the ridge houses have been converted into vacation houses, and the population is decreasing slight­ly. The largest Pannonian low hill regions are Slovenske gorice and Gori~ko, Slovenia's most northerly region. The vast Pannonian plains lie between the low hills along the slow and meandering Mura, Drava, and Krka rivers, on which numerous mills once operated.Vulnerable to flooding, these plains are of major agricultural im­portance. Maribor (93,847), Slovenia's second largest city, and Ptuj (18,339), its oldest inland city, are locat­ed on the Drava Plain (Dravska ravan). Murska Sobota MATEV@ LENAR^I^ JERNEJA FRIDL LANDSCAPES The extensive hop fields near @alec on the floor of Savinja Plain (Savinjska ravan). SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Because of lignite mining in the coal seams beneath the Velenje Basin, three large depressions formed between Velenje and [o{tanj. These filled with water and became Lake [kale, Lake Velenje, and Lake Dru`mirje, with a total surface area of 2 km2.Part of Lake Velenje, where ash from the [o{tanj coal-fired power plant was dumped until 1983 (in the background in the photo), was separated with a levee and named Tourist Lake. These sunken lakes have greatly altered the landscape, and plans to expand digging threaten further sinkage. Velenje, a young planned garden city built after World War II is an important industrial and minig town. JURIJ SENEGA^NIK RUDI RAM[AK (12,437) is on the Mura Plain (Murska ravan), and Kr{ko (6,994) with its nearby nuclear power plant, the medieval town of Kostanjevica na Krki (701), and the Krakov Forest (Krakovski gozd) nature reserve – the remains of a once large lowland swamp forest – are on the Krka Plain (Kr{ka ravan). Today, forest covers less than one-fifth of the surface of the plains, the lowest proportion in Slove­nia; only the more frequently flooded areas are still cov­ered with oak forests. In order to exploit the arable land more efficiently, people built their homes and outbuild­ings only along the main traffic routes. Large long vil­lages arose with buildings evenly distributed in a row on one or both sides of the road. The large stork nests frequently seen on the chimneys of these single-story houses add a picturesque touch. Large farming plots ex­tend behind the houses, usually divided into unbroken strips. The farmers are primarily involved in crop farm­ing and raising livestock. Thermal and mineral water ris­ing to the surface at tectonic faults in this region formed the basis for developing spa tourism (Roga{ka Slatina, Radenci, Terme ^ate`, and [marje{ke Toplice). In the south, the Alpine and Pannonian landscapes give way to the Dinaric landscapes, which run from northwest to southeast and occupy the greatest part of southern Slovenia. Dinaric landscapes, primarily the karst valley systems and the karst plateaus between them, constitute a good quarter of Slovenia. The Dinaric plateaus are composed almost entire­ly of limestone and dolomite and are the most forested regions of Slovenia; forest covers almost three-quarters of their surface. Beech and beech-fir forests dominate. Surface waters are rare, and droughts and forest fires oc­cur frequently. The traditional economic activities are forestry and wood-related industries. Small clustered vil­lages with irregularly distributed buildings predominate. Because of unfavorable natural conditions, the farms survive on forestry and livestock production. The pop­ulation density is six times less than the Slovenian av­erage, and the population is decreasing, even though the majority of households are equipped with modern telecommunications and household equipment. LANDSCAPES KOMPAS ARCHIVES The national costume of Upper Carniola (Gorenjska). Dinaric valley systems and corrosion plains,where forest still covers two-fifths of the surface, lie between the Dinaric plateaus. The corrosion plains are largely composed of limestone and dolomite, and in the val­ley systems there is some clay and flysch as well. Farthest east lies White Carniola (Bela krajina), a low corrosion plain with strong Pannonian influences, and the un­dulating landscape around Novo mesto (22,415), the capital of Lower Carniola (Dolenjska). Toward the west are valley systems (Slovenian podolje) important for traf­fic with karst poljes that provide the greatest propor­tion of arable land, but also the threat of flooding. These include the Lower Carniola valley system (Dolenjsko podolje), the Ribnica-Ko~evje valley system (Ribni{ko--Ko~evsko podolje) with Ko~evje (9,027), the Inner Carniola valley system (Notranjsko podolje) with the fa­mous intermittent Lake Cerknica (three hundred years ago, the Slovenian polymath Janez Vajkard Valvasor was made a member of the Royal Society in London for de­scribing this unusual phenomenon), and the Pivka val­ley system (Piv{ko podolje) with Postojna (8,548). Beneath this relatively inhospitable surface is a fairy-tale underground world carved out by water. More than seven thousand caves rich in stalactites, sta­lagmites, and other karst cave formations have been discovered so far below the Dinaric and neighboring MARJAN GARBAJS With population of less than 300,000, Ljubljana is the largest city in Slovenia. It lies in a circular valley at the transition between the fertile Ljubljana Basin to the north (in the photo) and the Ljubljana Marsh (Ljubljansko barje) to the south. During the Roman era it was named Emona, and it was first mentioned in medieval sources in 1144 with the German name Laibach, and two years later with the old Slovenian name Luwigana. In the 19th century it became a central town for Slovenians. Although it served as the capital of the Illyrian Provinces, the Austrian crown land of Carniola, the Drava Province in Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav Republic of Slovenia, it was only with Slovenia's independence in 1991 that it became a truly modern capital city with central state institutions and foreign embassies. The picturesque medieval part of the city, which was badly damaged in an earthquake in 1895, is nestled between the Ljubljanica River and Castle Hill, and the newer areas have developed mainly to the north. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Lent, the medieval center of Maribor. MATEV@ LENAR^I^ OSKAR DOLENC The oldest grapevine in the world grows in Maribor. Mediterranean karst regions. Among these are [kocjan Caves, which were added to the UNESCO list of world­wide cultural and natural heritage sites in 1986 and are known for the world's largest underground canyon (2.5 km long and 130 m high), and the world famous Postojna Cave, which has been visited by several mil­lion people. The karst underground is also renowned for its fauna, which has adapted to life without light. The best known species is the olm or cave salamander (Proteus anguinus), which is endemic to the Dinaric karst region and is the symbol of Slovenian natural science. To the southwest, the Dinaric landscapes join the Mediterranean landscapes, which occupy somewhat less than one-tenth of Slovenia. These are divided into the more densely populated flysch low hills with their vineyards and orchards and the less densely populated lower karst plateaus. Here are found typical Medite­rranean settlements with each building attached to the next. The houses are built of stone and have one or two IGOR MODIC floors. Every village has at least one square with a com- LANDSCAPES mon stone well, which due to modern water supply in­frastructure has only architectural value today. The set­tlements located on elevations are the most outstanding. One example is [tanjel, where houses built from local stone run along the contour lines of the sunny side of a hill. This compact village is surrounded by a wall and retains the appearance of a small medieval town. Today it is protected as a first-class architectural monument of Slovenian cultural heritage. The Mediterranean plateaus are composed almost entirely of limestone and are therefore pronouncedly karstified. A typical example is the Kras region, which gave its name to the science of karstology because it was here, on Slovenian territory, that the study of karst phe­nomena created through the dissolution of permeable limestone began. Many other Slovenian terms have also been incorporated into the international terminology for karst phenomena. Cave tourism began here as well. The oldest tourist cave in the world is Vilenica Cave near Diva~a, where entrance fees were collected as early as MILAN KLEMEN^I^ MARJAN GARBAJS Lenart in the Slovenian Hills (Slovenske A traditional wooden wind-rattle (klopotec) turns in the wind, driving birds away. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS gorice). White Carniola (Bela krajina) is a low corrosion plain. the first half of the 17th century. The grey-white color of the karst stone complements the white Lipizzaner horses at the Lipica stud farm and the intensely red ter­ra rossa soil. The Mediterranean plateaus have the high­est amount of sunshine in all of Slovenia, receiving on average almost 4,400 MJ/m2 yearly. The Mediterranean low hills receive almost as much solar energy. In the extreme southwest these hills extend to Slovenia's 47-km-long Adriatic coast, with its great concentration of population and variety of activities. Here are three towns with typical ancient Mediterranean town centers: Koper (23,726), Slovenia's largest port, which ships almost twenty millions tons of goods an­nually, the fishing town of Izola (10,381), and the tourist town of Piran (4,143). The Adriatic cuts most deeply in­land at the Bay of Piran. On its northern side is Portoro`, the largest Slovenian tourist center, and there were once vast salt works not far away at the delta of the Dragonja River on the border with Croatia. At present, salt is only extracted from a small portion of the saltpans. Due to their halophyte vegetation and numerous bird species, the abandoned areas of the saltpans are extraordinar­ily interesting from the point of view of the natural sciences. Another interesting feature is the nearby pre­cipice at Strunjan, the tallest flysch cliff on the Adriatic coast. The immediate coastal area of the Koper Low Hills with its vineyards and orchards – in some places the cul­tivated terraces are unfortunately greatly overgrown – rises rapidly to the high and imposing limestone wall of the Karst Rim, behind which the extensive karst cor­rosion plains of ^i~arija and Karst begin. The Karst plateau descends in the north to the Vipava hills (Vipavska brda) and the fertile Vipava Valley (Vipavska dolina), which is notorious for its violent bora winds. To the west, the Karst plateau extends to the So~a River and the bor-der city of Nova Gorica (13,491) and in the northwest rises again to the flysch winegrowing and fruit-grow­ing Gorica hills (Gori{ka brda), which in turn approach the Alpine mountains in the north, where this journey through Slovenia's regions began. Slovenia's cultural landscapes are distinguished by their incorporation into the natural environment, and their high ecological, cultural, and emotional value. The basic appearance of the cultural landscapes was creat­ed in the Middle Ages, and this legacy is still quite ev­ident. Economic and social developments in recent decades have triggered rapid changes in the appearance and function of these landscapes, especially the rural ones, which comprise the greater part of Slovenia be­cause built-up areas cover less than five percent of its surface and only the capital Ljubljana has a population over 100,000. Favorable natural conditions foster more rapid economic and social development and, with this, intensive shaping and changing of the cultural landscape; unfavorable natural conditions limit human activity, life, and leisure activities. Slovenia's location at the junction of the Germanic, Slavic, Romance, and Hungarian cultural areas and the millennia of human settlement in its territory have left deep traces on the landscape. The period of medieval colonization was particularly significant because dur­ing that time the landscape acquired its most basic fea­tures, which have been preserved to the present day with only minor changes. The legacy of this period is par­ticularly evident in the shape and arrangement of set­tlements and the distribution of cultivated fields.Various states (Habsburg Monarchy, Yugoslavia, etc.), the ad­ministrative measures linked with them, and the level of economic development reshaped natural landscapes into cultural landscapes. In recent years since inde­pendence, extremely rapid and profound changes have taken place due to the changed economic and social sit­uation (Perko & Urbanc 2004). The rural landscapes and their elements that are to­day the subject of the greatest admiration (isolated farm­ing settlements high in the mountains and the varied ANDREJ MIHEVC LANDSCAPES The subterranean world of Karst is also known for its animal life, which has adapted to life in darkness. The best-known species is the olm or cave salamander (Proteus anguinus). This amphibian is Europe's only cave vertebrate, is endemic to the Dinaric karst, and is a symbol of Slovenian natural science. Measuring 25 to 30 cm, it is the world's largest cave animal. Its long body has two small pairs of wide-set legs, with three toes on the front feet and two on the rear. Its vertically flattened tail is adapted for swimming, and its pear-shaped head terminates in a flattened snout. The small mouth opening contains tiny teeth. It has simple lungs, but primarily uses external gills for respiration; these are bright red because of the blood in them. It is a predator and feeds on various water creatures. It is able to survive without food for several years and can live for 100 years. It lays eggs in captivity, but cases of live birth (of two well-developed young at a time) are also known. Sexually maturity occurs in the larval stage after 14 years. Its eyes and skin pigmentation were lost through adaptation to living in caves. Its blood can be seen though the skin, giving it a rosy tinge reminiscent of human skin. This is also the origin of its Slovenian name ~love{ka ribica (literally, šlittle human fish’). forms of minute land division) are often the result of (Gorenjska) because the climate grew colder. Today, only poverty or economic stagnation. The farmhouses char-local site names and place names testify to its existence. acteristic of individual landscapes were constructed ac-The Kras region is a typical example of the dilemmas cording to the existing level of technological development linked to a cultural landscape. The Austrian authorities and were adapted to the different needs of different peo-encouraged the reforestation of the Kras region in the ple. Climate conditions also influenced the development 18th and 19th centuries, an archetypal devaluation of of the landscape. At the end of the Middle Ages, wine-a natural environment when the marvelous forests were growing disappeared completely in Upper Carniola replaced by the barren karst landscape. However, it was SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES Part of the village of [tanjel is a protected monument. Piran. MARJAN GARBAJS JO@E HANC precisely this barren karst landscape that not only car­ried the glories of karst phenomena into the world, but was also was the foundation for the formation of a unique cultural landscape. Reforestation in this case would mean the loss of natural and cultural values (Perko & Urbanc 2004). The visual appearance of and changes to the cultural landscape are decisively dependent on the characteris­tics and development of agricultural production. This means that concern for the cultural landscape is first and foremost connected with the government's agricultur­al policy. From this viewpoint, the period following World War II must be mentioned in particular because it was marked by a negative attitude toward farmers as private producers and by measures regarding maximum land ownership, due to which the average size of farms decreased. Only a small proportion of farmers were able to carry out modernization, not to mention that the pro­portion of the rural population began to decrease rap­idly. Simultaneously, a special class of people emerged: part-time farmers that sought extra income working in nearby factories. These people deserve credit for the fact that the countryside lived on and developed. These fac­tors, however, prevented the normal development of Slovenian agriculture, which – as a positive conse­quence – is reflected in the preservation of the partic­ular cultural landscapes that Slovenians are identified with. Thus, administrative and political measures helped preserve Slovenia's cultural landscapes. The neg­ative side of agriculture lagging behind other econom­ic and social progress is evident in the abandonment of farmland, the aging of the rural population, the further fragmentation of land, the small size of farms, and out­dated farming methods. In recent decades, a laissez-faire approach began to appear, particularly after inclusion in the European Union. Free-market policies will further accelerate the differ­entiation of the countryside, which is already acquiring clear outlines. In naturally more advantageous regions, intensive farming with large-scale cultivation is devel­oping that requires large consolidated surface areas with- Koper, known to the Romans as Capris, lies on the northwest coast of Istria. The town's old medieval core stands on a former island and the newer parts of the city extend along the nearby hills. Despite Koper's age, its port was not built until 1957 because the port in Trieste was used during Italian rule. The growth of the port, which has terminals for containers, wood, and general and bulk cargo, was followed by the growth of other industries. This has strengthened Koper's role as Slovenia's third regional center alongside Ljubljana and Maribor. out interfering elements (e. g., hedges, free-standing trees, and the traditional hayrack or kozolec). At the same time, the valleys and basins are centers of civilization where numerous activities intertwine and various users of the space compete with each other. First-class agricultural land is disappearing due to freeway con­struction and the growth of cities. Rural settlements are acquiring the status of suburbs, and the countryside as a whole is acquiring a different role because it is be­coming a place of residence and recreation for the non-farming population. The boundaries between cities and the countryside are already quite indistinct in Slovenia (Perko & Urbanc 2004). At the same time, the cultural landscape in the greater part of Slovenia is disintegrating, primarily in the low-hill and hill regions (Gabrovec & Kladnik 1997). A largely aging population remains on the farms; these people are emotionally bound to the land and for the moment still maintain the appearance and function of the landscape through their work. However, further abandonment of agricul­tural areas is to be expected in the future because there are no young people except in areas closer to cities, and these no longer cultivate the land because their educa­tion allows them to work at better-paid non-farming jobs. The complete liberalization of the agricultural mar­ket would cause a considerable decrease in the number of farms and the gradual emptying of low hilly and re­mote regions, and thus the loss of the identity of the countryside. DRAGO PERKO MARJAN GARBAJS MATEV@ LENAR^I^ LANDSCAPES The marina in Portoro` is one of the largest on the Adriatic Sea. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES AUSTRIAN PROVINCES 1914 Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart v Slovenskih goricah Dravograd Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica HUNGARY Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje ITALY La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Austrian provinces Carinthia (Koro{ka) @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Styria ([tajerska) Sevnica Idrija Nova Gorica Kr{ko Carniola Vrhnika Grosuplje Logatec Bre`ice Upper Carniola (Gorenjska) Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Lower Carniola (Dolenjska) Inner Carniola (Notranjska) Cerknica Novo mesto Postojna Gorizia (Gorica) Ribnica Trieste (Trst) Se`ana Istria (Istra) Metlika Ko~evje Border between Austria-Hungary and Italy ^rnomelj Border between Austria and Hungary Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Vincenc Raj{p © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 1 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS HODO[ KOBILJE DOBROVNIK LANDSCAPES [ALOVCI KUZMA MUNICIPALITIES OF SLOVENIA GORNJI PETROVCI ROGA[OVCI GRAD SVETA TROJICA V SLOVENSKIH Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 SVETI JURIJ GORICAH CANKOVA PUCONCI V SLOVENSKIH GORICAH MORAVSKE TOPLICE APA^E [ENTILJ GORNJA RADGONA TI[INA MURSKA SVETA BENEDIKT SOBOTA ANA KUNGOTA MUTA RADLJE PESNICA TURNI[^E RADENCI VELIKA BELTINCI ODRANCI OB PODVELKA DRAVI SELNICA DRAVOGRAD MARIBOR VR@EJ VUZENICA OB DRAVI SVETI POLANA CERKVENJAK JURIJ KRI@EVCI PREVALJE LENDAVA LENART ^REN[OVCI MIKLAV@ NA RIBNICA DRAVSKEM POLJU RAVNE LOVRENC NA TRNOVSKA NA NA ME@ICA POHORJU RU[E DUPLEK VAS LJUTOMER KORO[KEM RAZKRI@JE POHORJU SLOVENJ GRADEC JUR[INCI HO^E - SLIVNICA KRANJSKA GORA DESTRNIK SVETI SVETI ANDRA@ TOMA@ V SLOVENSKIH STAR[E GORICAH DORNAVA JESENICE RA^E ­ ^RNA NA KORO[KEM ORMO@ FRAM MISLINJA PTUJ HAJDINA ZRE^E GORI[NICA MARKOVCI @IROVNICA [O[TANJ SOL^AVA SLOVENSKA SREDI[^EOB DRAVI LJUBNO VITANJE GORJE BISTRICA KIDRI^EVO TR@I^ JEZERSKO VELENJE OPLOTNICA RE^ICA VIDEM BOVEC ZAVR^ OB SAVINJI MOZIRJE PREDDVOR [MARTNO DOBRNA LU^E OB PAKI CIRKULANE BLED RADOVLJICA SLOVENSKE MAJ[PERK VOJNIK KONJICE PODLEHNIK BOHINJ POLZELA MAKOLE POLJ^ANE NAKLO GORNJI GRAD BRASLOV^E @ETALE NAZARJE CERKLJE NA @ALEC ROGA[KA KOBARID GORENJSKEM CELJE SLATINA KAMNIK VRANSKO [ENTJUR ROGATEC KRANJ [MARJE @ELEZNIKI [EN^UR TABOR PREBOLD PRI [TORE JEL[AH KOMENDA TOLMIN LUKOVICA [KOFJA LOKA VODICE TRBOVLJE ZAGORJE MENGE[ OB CERKNO POD^ETRTEK MEDVODE MORAV^E SAVI DOBJE DOM@ALE HRASTNIK LA[KO TRZIN GORENJA VAS ­POLJANE DOL PRI KANAL LJUBLJANI KOZJE DOBROVA ­POLHOV GRADEC LITIJA RADE^E LJUBLJANA BISTRICA OB SOTLI @IRI HORJUL [MARTNO PRI LITIJI BRDA IDRIJA SEVNICA LOG ­ NOVA GORICA [KOFLJICA [ENTRUPERT DRAGOMER BREZOVICA [EMPETER ­KR[KO VRHNIKA VRTOJBA BRE@ICE IG GROSUPLJE IVAN^NA LOGATEC BOROVNICA [KOCJAN GORICA TREBNJE AJDOV[^INA MOKRONOG ­REN^E ­ VOGRSKO MIREN ­ TREBELNO DOBREPOLJE MIRNA KOSTANJEVICA VELIKE LA[^E PE^ [ENTJERNEJ VIPAVA KOMEN @U@EMBERK POSTOJNA CERKNICA NOVO MESTO BLOKE KOSTANJEVICA NA KRKI STRA@A SODRA@ICA [MARJE[KE SE@ANA TOPLICE DOLENJSKE RIBNICA TOPLICE DIVA^A PIVKA LO[KA DOLINA LO[KI METLIKA SEMI^ POTOK KO^EVJE HRPELJE - KOZINA ILIRSKA BISTRICA OSILNICA IZOLA KOPER KOSTEL ^RNOMELJ PIRAN Source: Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 2 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Landscape types Alpine mountains @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Alpine hills Idrija Alpine plains Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Pannonian low hills Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Pannonian plains Dinaric plateaus Novo mesto Cerknica Dinaric valley systems and corrosion plains Postojna Mediterranean low hills Ribnica Mediterranean plateaus Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Drago Perko © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 3 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS LANDSCAPES PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONALIZATION 4.1 Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 4.3 4.2 1.8 4.4 1.6 4.5 1.4 1.7 4.6 1.5 1.1 4.7 1.9 1.10 4.8 4.9 1.3 Alpine macroregion 3.7 Ljubljansko barje 1.1 Julijske Alpe 3.8 Krimsko hribovje and Meni{ija 4.10 1.2 1.11 1.2 Cerkljansko, [kofjelo{ko, Polho-3.9 Bloke 3.1 grajsko, and Rovtarsko hribovje 3.10 Velika gora, Stojna, and 3.4 1.3 Savska ravan Goteni{ka gora 1.4 Zahodne Karavanke 3.11 Ribni{ko-Ko~evsko podolje 3.7 2.1 1.5 Kamni{ko-Savinjske Alpe 3.12 Mala gora, Ko~evski rog, and 1.6 Vzhodne Karavanke Poljanska gora 4.11 1.7 Velenjsko and Konji{ko hribovje 3.13 Velikola{~anska pokrajina 1.8 Strojna, Kozjak, and Pohorje 3.14 Dolenjsko podolje 3.14 1.9 Lo`ni{ko and Hudinjsko gri~evje 3.15 Suha krajina and Dobrepolje 3.8 4.12 1.10 Savinjska ravan 3.16 Bela krajina 3.18 3.2 1.11 Posavsko hribovje 3.17 Gorjanci 3.18 Raduljsko hribovje 2.2 Mediterranean macroregion 3.19 Novome{ka pokrajina 3.15 3.17 2.1 Gori{ka brda 2.2 Vipavska dolina Pannonian macroregion 3.5 2.3 3.9 3.13 2.3 Kras 4.1 Gori~ko 3.19 2.4 Brkini and dolina Reke 4.2 Lendavske gorice 3.6 2.5 Podgorski kras, ^i~arija, 4.3 Murska ravan and Podgrajsko podolje 4.4 Slovenske gorice 2.6 Koprska brda 4.5 Dravska ravan 2.7 Tr`a{ki zaliv 4.6 Dravinjske gorice 3.11 4.7 Haloze Dinaric macroregion 4.8 Bo~ and Macelj 3.1 Kambre{ko and Banj{ice 4.9 Voglajnsko and Zgornjesotelsko 3.3 3.10 3.12 2.4 3.2 Trnovski gozd, Nanos, and Hru{ica gri~evje 3.3 Javorniki and Sne`nik 4.10 Srednjesotelsko gri~evje 2.7 2.5 3.4 Idrijsko hribovje 4.11 Kr{ko, Senovsko, and Bizeljsko 3.16 3.5 Notranjsko podolje gri~evje 2.6 3.6 Piv{ko podolje and Vrem{~ica 4.12 Kr{ka ravan SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Macroregion border Mezzoregion border Source: Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 4 Slovenia lies in the narrow transitional region between the Alps, the Pannonian Basin, the Dinaric Mountains, and the Mediterranean, so in spite of its small size, it is famous for its great natural diversity, variability, and transitional characteristics. Many geographers have ob­served that Slovenia is a natural geographical laboratory (Perko 2004, 11). The chief natural factors influencing the regional dif­ferences within Slovenia are rocks, relief, climate, and vegetation (Perko 1998, 23). Rocks are classified by their origin as igneous, meta­morphic, or sedimentary. Igneous rocks created by the hardening of magma constitute only 3% of Slovenia's surface, while metamorphic rocks created by the trans­formation of any type of stone in the Earth's interior due to increased pressure and higher temperatures con­stitute 4%. These two types are found primarily in the Pohorje mountains and in the eastern Karavanke moun­tains. Some 93% of Slovenia's surface is composed of sedimentary rocks created from whichever pre-existing rock particles that have been broken down by weath­ering and erosion. Clay, silt, sand, rubble, gravel, and till (morainic material) cover a good quarter of Slovenia's surface. The greatest amounts of these are found on the flatlands along Slovenia's largest rivers: the Mura, Drava, Krka, Savinja, Sava, and So~a. Through the cementing of grains, claystone is created from clay, siltstone from silt, sandstone from sand, breccia from rubble, con­glomerate from gravel, and tillite from till. These ce­mented rocks cover a tenth of Slovenia's surface. Marl, which constitutes the majority of the Pannonian low hills, and flysch, which constitutes the Mediterranean low hills, comprise a good tenth of the surface. The same proportion is composed of dolomite, which constitutes primarily the Alpine hills. The greatest part of Slovenia's surface, almost one third, is composed of limestone, par­ticularly the Alpine mountains and the Dinaric plateaus. The oldest rock in Slovenia is the metamorphic rock in the Pohorje and Kozjak mountains, which is believed to originate in the Precambrian, while the oldest sediment is the Devonian limestone found in the central Karavan­ke mountains (Hrvatin, Komac, Perko&Zorn 2006, 297). Events during the Pliocene and Pleistocene were of major significance for the relief of present-day Slovenia. In the middle of the Pliocene, the surface was largely lev­elled due to strong corrosion and denudation in the then moderately warm and wet temperate climate. Numerous planated areas remain from this period. As the climate became cooler at the end of the Pliocene, mechanical weathering increased and areas primarily composed of mechanically less resistant impermeable rocks, which were considerably more widespread at the time than they are today, consequently became smaller. Through deepening and lateral erosion, the rivers carved deep val­leys, above which the remnants of former terraces have survived. During the Ice Ages of the Quaternary, the tem­perature dropped by more than 10 °C. In the Alps and the Dinaric Mountains, extensive glaciers developed whose creeping widened valleys and created enormous quantities of rubble. Water flowing from under the gla­ciers carried it away and deposited it on lower areas. Periods of accumulation were followed by periods of erosion and the deepening of valleys. The erosion was so strong that none of the later accumulations reached IGOR MAHER MIHA PAV[EK . Alternating ridges and valleys in the Alpine northern part of Slovenia. A view through the »window« in the Alpine region. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE Slovenia with Istria and the Adriatic Sea. 2000 to 3000 m 1600 to 1999 m 1200 to 1599 m 1100 to 1199 m 1000 to 1099 m 900 to 999 m 800 to 899 m 700 to 799 m 600 to 699 m 500 to 599 m 400 to 499 m 300 to 399 m 200 to 299 m 100 to 199 m 0 to 99 m Proportion of surface by elevation belts. the heights of the preceding ones. In the course of the many alternations of these processes, the valleys were deepened by 100 to 300 m, and five to seven lev­els of terraces, increasingly younger toward the bottoms of the valleys, remain visible on the valley sides (Perko 2001b, 43). Today in Slovenia we can find six basic genetic types of relief: destructive fluvio-denudatial, accumulative flu-vial-denudatial, glacial, limestone karst, dolomite karst, and coastal. In some areas, these genetic relief types are interwoven (Gabrovec & Hrvatin 2004, 27). Some 44% of Slovenia is covered by limestone and dolomite karst. In Slovene, the word »karst« (»kras«) means »bare rocky terrain«. The basic reasons for the creation of karst are the fissure permeability and the solubility of the rocks. Pure water can dissolve only a little lime­stone, but when CO2 from the air and soil combines with water, a weak carbonic acid is created that accelerates the dissolution (corrosion). The karst surface thus slow­ly and imperceptibly dissolves and lowers. Added up, the quantity of dissolved limestone carried away by the Lju­bljanica River lowers its karst hinterland by 6 mm every hundred years (Perko 2001b, 43). NASA NATURE 50.0 to 89.9° 45.0 to 49.9° 40.0 to 44.9° 35.0 to 39.9° 30.0 to 34.9° 25.0 to 29.9° 20.0 to 24.9° 16.0 to 19.9° 12.0 to 15.9° 10.0 to 11.9° 8.0 to 9.9° 6.0 to 7.9° 4.0 to 5.9° 2.0 to 3.9° 0.0 to 1.9° Proportion of surface by inclination classes. The Triglav The characteristic surface of the limestone karst re- Glacier in September 1957. gion is composed of karst depressions and rounded peaks. The most frequently occurring karst depressions are sinkholes. In places their density is extraordinarily high, exceeding 200 sinkholes per km2. Uvalas and pol-jes rank among the larger karst depressions. In Inner Carniola, the best known poljes are Cerkni{ko polje and Planinsko polje, and in Lower Carniola, Ribni{ko pol-je and Ko~evsko polje. Slovenia's largest corrosion plain, which is several kilometers long and wide with nu­merous sinkholes, is in White Carniola. Where surface rivers and streams flowed from impermeable rocks onto limestone, blind valleys were created, for example, on the southwestern rim of the flysch Brkini low hills. Around the karst sources of the Ljubljanica, Unica, and Krka rivers, pocket valleys were formed that typically end in an unusually steep hillslope or even a vertical wall. The flowing of karst rivers underground created nu­merous caves and potholes (shafts). Slovenia's largest caves were created near the swallowholes of larger rivers. The remains The Postojna and Planina caves were formed by the of the Triglav Pivka River, and the [kocjan and Ka~na caves by the Reka Glacier in River.The deepest shafts exploredsofar,over1000m deep, September 2007. MIHA PAV[EK UNKNOWN AUTHOR SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE Coastal relief with flysch cliffs and alluvial flood plains between Izola and Piran. Clay and silt Sand Silicate gravel Carbonate gravel, rubble, till Claystone and siltstone Sandstone Quartz sandstone and conglomerate Sandstone and marl (flysch) Marl Limestone Dolomite Metamorphic rock Plutonic rock Younger volcanic rocks with tuffs Older volcanic rocks with tuffs Proportion of rock types. are on Mount Rombon and on Dleskov{ka planota. With a depth of 1502 m, the ^ehi 2 shaft at Rombonski podi is one of the deepest shafts in the world. Due to the sink­ing of the roofs of karst caves, deep collapse dolines called »koli{evka« or »kukava« in Slovene formed on the surface. The 124-meter deep Un{ka koli{evka and La{ka kukava, which has a volume of 2.75 million m3 and is the largest collapse doline in Slovenia, were created above the un­derground streams in the karst catchment of the Ljub­ljanica River. Although underground streams dominate in the limestone karst region, individual rivers such as the Kolpa and the Krka flow on the surface. Among Slovenia's dry river valleys, ^epovanska dolina between Banj{ice and Trnovski gozd is the most distinctive. Along with the chemical dissolution of rock, erosion and denudation are significant in the dolomite karst re­gion, and the dolomite karst relief is therefore less dis­tinctive than the limestone relief and in many places resembles fluviodenudative relief. Surface karst forms are rarer, and small and shallow dry valleys called »dol­ci« are characteristic. This relief type is frequently called »fluviokarstic« and is typical of the Temenica River catchment (Gabrovec & Hrvatin 2004, 30). MARJAN GARBAJS Downy oak, European hophornbeam Downy oak Durmast E. hornbeam, oak, black alder, willow Oak, elm European hornbeam, fir, birch European hornbeam Beech Beech, fir Beech, E. hophornbeam Beech, chesnut, oak Fir Spruce Red pine Dwarf pine, other highland vegetation 0% 10% 20% 30% Proportion of real vegetation types. Six relief types are used to categorize surface struc­ture: flatlands, low hills, hills, mountains, and low and high plateaus (Gabrovec & Hrvatin 2004, 30). Flatlands were created by accumulation processes. Today the dep­osition process is occurring only on the youngest flood plains of rivers and streams. Older conglomerate ter­races are already karstified. In the low hills, where the altitude difference between the valleys and ridges is less than 300 m and in the hills where it is more than 300 m, denudative and erosion processes dominate. In the mountains, the peaks and ridges extend above the tree line, which is around 1700 m in Slovenia. Numerous gla­cial forms have survived from the Pleistocene, and flu-viodenudative and karst processes dominate here today. The low hills, hills, and mountains are dissected by nu­merous valleys, but valleys are rare on the plateaus due to the prevailing karst processes. On the plateaus, round­ed peaks and various karst depressions alternate. Low plateaus extend to 700 m above sea level, while the peaks on the high plateaus exceed 1000 m. Slovenia's average inclination is 14°, and the aver­age altitude is 557 m, two thirds of the world's average. Its highest point is the peak of Mount Triglav (2864 m), NATURE Glacial relief below the Skuta Glacier. MIHA PAV[EK SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE Kredarica (1961–1990) 40 200 30 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 –10 Month High mountain climate. Ljubljana (1961–1990) 40 200 30 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 –10 III II IV V VI VIIVIII IX X XI XII Month Continental climate of central Slovenia and its lowest is the coastline (0 m). The altitude belt Glacial and from 0 to 200m, which includes the Pannonian and Medi- destructive terranean plains, altogether encompasses less than one fluvial-denuda- tenth of Slovenia's surface; the belt from 200 to 400 m tial relief in the that includes mainly the Pannonian and Mediterranean Lo{ka Koritnica low hill areas and the Alpine plains encompasses almost Valley with one third; the belt from 400 to 800 m that includes the Mount Rombon (2,208 m) in the majority of the Alpine and Dinaric hills encompasses Julian Alps. almost two fifths; the belt from 800 to 1200 m that in­ MIHA PAV[EK Murska Sobota (1961–1990) 40 200 30 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 –10 III II IV V VI VIIVIII IX X XI XII Month Continental climate of eastern Slovenia. Portoro` (1961–1990) 40 200 30 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 –10 III II IV V VI VIIVIII IX X XI XII Month Submediterranean littoral climate. cludes mainly high Dinaric plateaus and the highest Alpine hills encompasses one eighth; and the belt above 1200 m encompasses only 6%. Due to the influence of altitude, various altitude borders have been formed. The snow line in Slovenia is around 2700 m, and the forest line lies between 1600 and 1900 m in the Julian Alps, be­tween 1700 and 1800 m in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, be­tween 1800 and 1900 m in the Karavanke mountains, and only a little above 1500 m in the Sne`nik mountains. NATURE Accumulative fluvial-denuda­tial relief along the lower course of the Krka River before its conflu­ence with the Sava River. MARJAN GARBAJS SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE Dell »dolec«, small and shallow dry valley, is a char­acteristic form of dolomite karst relief. The average altitude border of human settlement runs about 500 m below the tree line. The highest farmsteads are found at 1300 m in the eastern Karavanke moun­tains. The altitude border for corn is 800 m, and for vine­yards, 500 to 600 m (Perko 2001b, 45). Slovenia is rich with water. It has access to the sea, rich reserves of underground water, and a dense network of surface waters. Due to the great diversity of relief and rock types, the watercourses are short. While the total length of all watercourses adds up to 26,989 km, as many as two fifths of them are torrential streams and only 46 are longer than 25 km. Only the Sava, Drava, Kolpa, and Savinja rivers are longer than 100 km. Some four fifths of Slovenia falls in the Black Sea catchment, and the rest belongs to the Adriatic catchment (Hrvatin 2004, 31). The soils are also distinctly linked with relief and rock types. In the Alpine mountains the prevailing soil is Rendzina; in the Alpine hills, Cambisol; on the Dinaric and the Mediterranean plateaus, Chromic Cambisol; in the Pannonian low hills, Cambisol and Planosol; and in the Mediterranean low hills, Cambisol (Perko 2001b, 45; Repe 2004a, 54). According to precipitation regimes, the average tem­peratures of the warmest and coldest months, and the ratio between October and April temperatures, Slovenia has three climate types with nine subtypes. It has two precipitation regimes: continental and submediter­ranean. The continental precipitation regime has its peak rainfall in summer and its low point in winter. The pri­mary peak of the submediterranean precipitation regime is in autumn and its primary low point occurs between winter and spring with a secondary peak falling between spring and summer and a secondary low point occur­ring in summer, which indicates the intermingling of the continental regime with the Mediterranean precipita­tion regime that has its precipitation peak in winter and its low point in summer (Perko 2004, 45). Due to the global warming these characteristics are changing. The submediterranean climate (the average tem­perature of its coldest month is over 0 °C and in its warmest month exceeds 20 °C; the average temperature BLA@ KOMAC is higher in October than in April; submediterranean precipitation regime) has two subtypes: the littoral sub­type or olive tree climate (the average temperature of its coldest month is over 4 °C and in its warmest month exceeds 22°C;average annual precipitation between1000 and 1200 mm) and the littoral hinterland subtype (the average temperature of the coldest month ranges be­tween 0 and 4 °C, and of the warmest month between 20 and 22 °C; average annual precipitation between 1200 and 1700 mm). The latter subtype extends up the So~a Valley to Tolmin and to the high Dinaric plateaus. The temperate continental climate (the average tem­perature in the coldest month is between –3 and 0 °C and in the warmest month between 15 and 20 °C; con­tinental precipitation regime) has four subtypes: the temperate continental climate of western and southern Slovenia (average April temperature lower than that of October; submediterranean precipitation regime; av­erage annual precipitation between 1300 and 2800 mm), the temperate continental climate of central Slovenia (average April temperature lower than that October; continental precipitation regime; average annual pre­cipitation between 1000 and 1300 mm), the temperate continental or subpannonian climate of eastern Slovenia (average April temperature equal to or higher than that of October; continental precipitation regime; average annual precipitation between 800 and 1000 mm), and the temperate continental or subpannonian climate of southeastern Slovenia in White Carniola (average April temperature approximately equal to that of October; submediterranean precipitation regime; average annual precipitation between 1200 and 1300 mm). The regions where April temperatures are higher than those of Octo­ber correspond to the winegrowing regions of north­eastern and eastern Slovenia. The montane climate (average temperature of the coldest month below –3 °C) has three subtypes: the cli­mate of higher mountain regions lying above the tree line (average temperature of the warmest month below 10 °C; submediterranean precipitation regime; average annual precipitation between 1600 and 3500 mm); the NATURE Limestone karst relief with peri­odically flooded uvala near the picturesque village of Retje in southern Slovenia. IGOR MAHER SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE The intermittent Lake Cerknica is located in the Notranjska valley system (Notranjsko podolje). climate of lower mountain regions and intermediate val­leys in western Slovenia (average temperature of the warmest month above 10 °C; submediterranean pre­cipitation regime); and the climate of lower mountain regions and intermediate valleys in northern Slovenia (average temperature of the warmest month above 10°C; continental precipitation regime, average annual pre­cipitation between 1100 and 1700 mm). The most important visible indicator of natural con­ditions is vegetation. After the retreat of the Pleistocene glaciers, forests covered the entire territory of pres-ent-day Slovenia except for the highest and steepest lo­cations. Over many centuries, human activity cleared more than a half of all the forest. However, forest over­growth has been so intense in recent decades that ac­cording to the latest data the proportion of forest cover is approaching 60%, thus ranking Slovenia among the most densely forested countries in the world. Most wide­spread are various beech forests, which comprise almost three quarters of all forests and cover two fifths of Slo­venia's surface. In the Alpine mountains and hills and on the Dinaric plateaus, the predominant species are beech, fir, and spruce; on the Alpine plains, red pine, beech, and European hornbeam; in the Dinaric valley systems, European hornbeam, beech, chestnut, and oak; on the Pannonian plains, English oak, red pine, and European hornbeam; on the Mediterranean plateaus, European hop hornbeam and downy oak; and on the Mediterranean low hills, durmast oak, downy oak, and European hop hornbeam (Perko2001,47;Repe2004b, 59). Due to the pronounced diversity of Slovenia, the most varied natural disasters are characteristic of Slo­venia. Although the material damage caused by natural disasters is relatively high, human casualties are relatively low. The greatest number of deaths are caused by ava­lanches (37%), followed by earthquakes (30%), light­ning strikes (13%), floods (12%), storms (6%), and other natural disasters (2%) (Oro`en Adami~ 2001a, 173). The areas most threatened by earthquakes are Tolmin and Idrija, where earthquake magnitudes of 9° MCS and a 500-year recurrence cycle can be expected. These ar- JO@E HANC eas cover 1.8% of Slovenia's surface where 0.5% of the population lives. Part of the Ljubljana region, which overall ranks in the 8° MCS category, is a microregion where earthquakes with a magnitude of 9° MCS can oc­cur. Some 21.4% of Slovene territory on which 32.6% of the population lives is situated in 8° MCS regions where substantial earthquake damage can be expected. The MCS scale used in Slovenia's civil defense legisla­tion is gradually being replaced by the very similar EMS European earthquake scale (Oro`en Adami~ 2004, 67). Flooding threatens almost three thousand square kilometers of Slovenia. The greatest threat is to valley regions (237,000 ha) where there are some thirty larg­er flood areas. Less extensive flooding occurs along the sea and on karst poljes (70,403 ha). The most frequent causes of floods are torrential downpours and rapidly melting snow. Approximately 7% of Slovenia's popu­lation lives in areas vulnerable to regular flooding. More than a quarter of the population, valuable farmland, in­dustrial sites, and other facilities are located in areas where major floods occur every fifty years (Oro`en Adami~ 2004, 69). Hail causes the greatest damage in northeastern Slovenia, although Gori{ka brda is also quite threatened. Although there are regions of Slovenia that receive al­most the greatest rainfall in Europe and although the greater part of the country records more than 1,200 mm of precipitation every year, longer periods of minimal precipitation occur every year. The main reason for pe­riodical drought in Slovenia is the serious lack of rain, the consequence of oscillations in annual precipitation and its varied distribution during the year. Strong winds regularly accompany heavy downpours and storms, but hurricane winds and tornadoes are rare in Slovenia. During catastrophic periods of freezing rain, great dam­age is caused to the electricity grid when layers of ice more than 50 mm thick coat the power lines (Oro`en Adami~ 2004, 70). DRAGO PERKO NATURE Columns in Postojna Cave (Postojnska jama), best-known Slovenia's cave. FRANC GOLOB SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE ROCKS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Rock types Clay and silt @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Sand Idrija Silicate gravel Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Logatec Bre`ice Carbonate gravel, rubble, till, conglomerate, breccia, tillite Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Claystone and siltstone Sandstone and conglomerate Novo mesto Cerknica Sandstone and marl (flysch) Postojna Marl Ribnica Se`ana Limestone Dolomite Metlika Ko~evje Metamorphic rock ^rnomelj Plutonic rock Ilirska Bistrica Koper Younger volcanic rocks with tuffs Piran Izola Older volcanic rocks with tuffs Author: Toma` Verbi~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 5 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE AGE OF ROCKS Scale:1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Geologic periods @iri Quaternary Middle and Lower Jurassic Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Idrija Quaternary and Pliocene Upper Triassic Pliocene Upper and Middle Triassic Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Miocene Middle Triassic Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Oligocene Lower Triassic Eocene Permian Novo mesto Cerknica Eocene and Palaeocene Permian and Carboniferous Postojna Palaeocene Carboniferous Ribnica Se`ana Upper Cretaceous Devonian Ko~evje Metlika Lower Cretaceous Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian Upper Jurassic Cambrian and Precambrian ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Toma` Verbi~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 6 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE 404 MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS AND LANDFORMS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota 1522 Radlje ob Dravi Lenart v Dravograd Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ru{e MARIBOR Ravne na Slovenj Gradec 352 Koro{kem Ljutomer 2143 2125 1699 ^rni vrh Kranjska Gora 1543 ^rna na Koro{kem Stol 2679 2236 2133 Ptuj 2740 Jesenice 2062 2547 Ormo` 1577 1272 Triglav Slovenska Bistrica Velenje 2864 2587 Bled Tr`i~ 2350 Bovec 2558 Mozirje Radovljica 2132 Grintovec Slovenske Konjice 1012 1557 979 2244 Bohinjska Bistrica 882 @alec Roga{kaSlatina 1678 Celje Kranj 1642 1922 [entjur @elezniki Kamnik 1204 Porezen 1122 1630 [kofja Loka Trbovlje Tolmin La{ko 1025 Dom`ale Cerkno 1562 686 Morphological units Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Flat lands Mountains Kum 1021 1220 1029 812 948 Low hills Corrosion plains @iri Litija Sevnica LJUBLJANA Hills Alpine corrosion plains Idrija Nova Gorica Vrhnika 1495 Landforms Kr{ko Krim Polygenetic landforms Karst landforms Grosuplje 1107 Logatec Trebnje Bre`ice Sharp, rounded peak Collapse doline Ajdov{~ina Mountain ridge Uvala, polje Hill ridge Pocket, blind valley Low hill ridge Dry valley 643 Cerknica Escarpment Corrosion plain 1114 Novo mesto Alpine corrosion plain 1262 Postojna 1268 Glacial landforms Trdinov vrh Cave, pothole Ribnica 1178 Cirque Se`ana Trough Fuvial-denudational landforms 1027 Reka 1099 Metlika Terminal moraine Narrow, wide river valley Ko~evje 1047 Coastal landforms Alluvial fan Piran Izola Koper Slavnik 1028 Ilirska Bistrica Veliki Sne`nik 1796 1289 ^rnomelj Sea cliff Antropogenic landforms Cultivation terraces Mining subsidence Floodplain River terrace Scree Slumps area Landslide, rockfall Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Mauro Hrvatin © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 7 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE 404 RELIEF TYPES Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota 1522 Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer 352 2143 Slovenj Gradec 2125 ^rni vrh 1699 Kranjska Gora 1543 ^rna na Koro{kem 2740 2679 2547 Jesenice Stol 2133 Ptuj 2236 1577 Ormo` 2062 Triglav 1272 Slovenska Bistrica 2864 Grintovec Bled 2558 Velenje Tr`i~ 2350 2587 Bovec 2132 Slovenske Konjice Mozirje 1012 1557 Radovljica 979 Bohinjska Bistrica 882 2244 @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina 1922 1678 @elezniki Kranj 1642 Kamnik [entjur Tolmin Porezen 1204 1122 1630 1562 1025 [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko 686 Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Genetic relief types Kum 1021 1029 1220 812 948 Destructive fluvial-denudational @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Accumulative fluvial-denudational Sevnica Idrija Glacial 1495 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Krim Limestone karst Dolomite karst 1107 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 643 Coastal Cerknica Novo mesto 1262 Postojna 1268 1114 Trdinov vrh 1178 Ribnica Se`ana 1027 1099 Ko~evje 1047 Metlika Veliki Sne`nik 1796 Ilirska Bistrica 1289 ^rnomelj Koper Slavnik 1028 Piran Izola Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Mauro Hrvatin © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 8 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE RELIEF IN THE QUATERNARY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Relief development in the Quaternary Area transformed by Pleistocene glaciers @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Mountain peaks and ridges above the glaciers Idrija Valley and basin bottoms filled with glacio-fluvial gravel Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Area transformed by periglacial processes Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Valley and basin bottoms filled with periglacial gravel Cerknica Novo mesto Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Milan [ifrer © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 9 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE SURFACE ELEVATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Surface height (m) 2000  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 1600  < 2000 Idrija 1200  < 1600 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 1000  < 1200 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 800  < 1000 600  < 800 Novo mesto 400  < 600 Cerknica Postojna 200  < 400 Ribnica 0  < 200 Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Drago Perko © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 10 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE SURFACE INCLINATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Surface slope in degrees 45  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 30  <45 Idrija 20  <30 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje <20 Logatec Bre`ice 12  Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 6  <12 2  <6 Novo mesto Cerknica 0  <2 Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Drago Perko © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 11 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE SURFACE ASPECT Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Azimuth in degrees North @iri Litija 0.0  < 22.5 LJUBLJANA 337.5  < 360.0 Sevnica Idrija Northeast Nova Gorica Kr{ko 22.5  < 67.5 Vrhnika Grosuplje Logatec Bre`ice East Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 67.5  < 112.5 Southeast 112.5  < 157.5 Novo mesto Cerknica Postojna South Ribnica 157.5  < 202.5 Se`ana Southwest 202.5  < 247.5 Metlika Ko~evje West ^rnomelj 247.5  < 292.5 Ilirska Bistrica Koper Northwest Piran Izola 292.5  < 337.5 Author: Drago Perko © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 12 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE KARST SURFACE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Karst types Cerkno Alpine karst @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Subalpine karst Idrija Sevnica High Dinaric karst (mainly higher karst plateaus) Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Low Dinaric karst (mainly lower karst plateaus and corrosion plains) Logatec Bre`ice Ajdov{~ina Trebnje Karst landforms Alpine karst plateau Corrosion plain Novo mesto Cerknica Rounded peak Karst river canyon Postojna Ribnica Dry valley Polje Metlika Uvala Ko~evje Collapse doline ^rnomelj Blind valley Se`ana Ilirska Bistrica Koper Cave, pothole Piran Izola Author: Andrej Mihevc © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 13 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE KARST WATERS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Ptuj Jesenice Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Tr`i~ Velenje Bovec Mozirje Slovenske Konjice Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Karst types Cerkno LJUBLJANA Limestone karst @iri Litija Dolomite karst Idrija Sevnica Karst water features Nova Gorica Vrhnika Grosuplje Kr{ko Flood area Bre`ice Logatec Trebnje Karst spring Ajdov{~ina Swallow hole Water cave Cerknica Novo mesto Underground water flow Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Metlika Ko~evje Ilirska Bistrica ^rnomelj Koper Piran Izola Author: Andrej Kranjc © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 14 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE Ledava Polana 2 INLAND WATERS 1 Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 0 Gornja Radgona Mura Gornja Radgona 2 Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart 1 Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Me`a Oti{ki Vrh Lendava 0 2 Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Pesnica 1 Slovenj Gradec Zamu{ani 2 0 Kranjska Gora Jesenice Pohorje marshes Sava ^rna na Koro{kem 1 Radovljica Kokra 2 Kokra 2 Ptuj 0 So~a 1 Ormo{ko jezero Savinja Kr{ovec Ptujsko jezero 1 Ormo` Nazarje Triglav 2 2 Bled Velenje Slovenska Bistrica glacier 0 0 Skuta glacier Tr`i~ Drava Blejsko jezero 1 Bovec 1 Borl Pokljuka marshes Mozirje Radovljica 2 0 Slovenske Konjice 0 Dravinja 1 Videm Kamni{ka Bistrica Kamnik 2 Bohinjsko jezero Bohinjska Bistrica Idrijca 2 0 @alec Hote{k Roga{ka Slatina 1 Kranj Kamnik 2 1 Celje @elezniki [entjur 0 Tolmin 1 0 Trbovlje Savinja Sava 0 [kofja Loka La{ko La{ko Litija Zagorje 2 2 Cerkno ob Savi Sora Hrastnik Dom`ale Black Sea catchment Divide types Suha 1 2 1 So~a Distinct divide Solkan 0 1 Sotla Mura River catchment 2 0 Sava Rakovec 2 Indeterminate divide Rade~e @iri Litija 2 0 1 Drava River catchment 1 LJUBLJANA Idrija Ljubljana marsh 1 Sevnica 0 Sava River catchment 0 0 Discharge regime Vrhnika Grosuplje Kr{ko Nova Gorica River Kolpa River catchment Gauging station 2 Bre`ice Ljubljanica Logatec Vrhnika Trebnje Vipava Ajdov{~ina 1 2 Adriatic Sea catchment Miren Sava 2 ^ate` 0 1 2 Krka months Krka So~a River catchment Podbukovje Discharge coefficient = 2 0 1 monthly average/annual average Podbo~je Novo mesto 2 Cerknica Other Adriatic river catchments 1 0 Postojna Cerkni{ko jezero 1 0 Rain regime Ribnica 0 Water features Se`ana Rain–snow regime Reka Cerkvenikov mlin 2 Groundwater area Snow–rain regime Metlika 1 Ko~evje Karst spring Ri`ana Snow regime Kubed 0 2 Marsh ^rnomelj 1 Ilirska Bistrica Koper Kolpa Glacier Radeni~i 0 2 Piran Izola 1 0 Authors: Marko Kolbezen, Mauro Hrvatin © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 15 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Quantity of precipitation (mm) Cerkno 3000 < @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 2500 < < 3000 Idrija 2000 < < 2500 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 1800 < < 2000 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje < 1800 Ajdov{~ina 1600 < 1500 < < 1600 1400 < < 1500 Novo mesto Cerknica Postojna 1300 < < 1400 Ribnica 1200 < < 1300 Se`ana 1100 < < 1200 Ko~evje Metlika 1000 < < 1100 900 < < 1000 ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica 800 < < 900 Koper Piran Izola < 800 Author: Boris Zupan~i~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 16 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE SOLAR RADIATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Average annual quantity of quasi-global 2 solar radiation (MJ/m ) @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 4800  Idrija 4600  < 4800 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 4400  < 4600 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 4200  < 4400 4000  < 4200 Novo mesto Cerknica 3800  < 4000 Postojna 3600  < 3800 Ribnica Se`ana 3400  < 3600 Ko~evje Metlika 3200  < 3400 < 3200 ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Damijana Kastelec © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 17 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE AVERAGE ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Average annual air temperature (° C) @iri 12  Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 10  < 12 Idrija 8  < 10 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje < 8 Logatec Bre`ice 6  Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 4  < 6 2  < 4 Novo mesto Cerknica 0  < 2 Postojna –2  < 0 Ribnica Se`ana < –2 Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Tanja Cegnar © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 18 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE AVERAGE JANUARY AIR TEMPERATURE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Average January air temperature (° C) @iri 4  Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 2  < 4 Idrija 0  < 2 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje < 0 Logatec Bre`ice –2  Trebnje Ajdov{~ina –4  < –2 –6  < –4 Novo mesto Cerknica –8  < –6 Postojna < –8 Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Tanja Cegnar © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 19 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE AVERAGE JULY AIR TEMPERATURE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Average July air temperature (° C) 22  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 20  < 22 Idrija 18  < 20 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Logatec Bre`ice 16  < 18 Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 14  < 16 12  < 14 Novo mesto Cerknica 10  < 12 Postojna 8  < 10 Ribnica 6  < 8 Se`ana < 6 Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Tanja Cegnar © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 20 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE CLIMATE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Submediterranean climate Cerkno Coastal submediterranean climate @iri Litija Inland submediterranean climate LJUBLJANA Sevnica Idrija Temperate continental climate Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Temperate continental climate of western and southern Slovenia Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Temperate continental climate of central Slovenia Ajdov{~ina Novo mesto Cerknica Postojna Temperate continental climate of eastern Slovenia Temperate continental climate of southeastern Slovenia Mountain climate Ribnica Climate of higher mountain area Se`ana Climate of lower mountain area in western Slovenia Metlika Ko~evje Climate of lower mountain area in northern Slovenia ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Darko Ogrin © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 21 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE SOILS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Soil types according to relief Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Soils of plains and wider valleys Rendzina, Cambisol and Luvisol on carbonate gravel and sand @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Ranker, Cambisol and Luvisol on silicate gravel and sand Idrija Fluvisol and Gleysol on gravel and sand Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje Gleysol and Fluvisol on clay and sand Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Planosol on clay and sand Ajdov{~ina Novo mesto Cerknica Histosol and Humic Glaysol on clay Soils of hills and mountains Lithosol on carbonate rocks Postojna Ribnica Rendzina on carbonate rocks Se`ana Eutric Cambisol on carbonate rocks, marl and flysch Metlika Dystric Cambisol on silicate rocks and flysch Ko~evje Soils of karst plains and plateaus ^rnomelj Chromic Cambisol and Rendzina Ilirska Bistrica Koper Acrisol Piran Izola SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Chromic Cambisol, Chromic Luvisol (Terra Rossa) Author: Franc Lovren~ak © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 22 NATURE VEGETATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Real vegetation types Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Downy oak, European hophornbeam Downy oak @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Durmast Idrija European hornbeam, oak, occasional black alder or willow Nova Gorica Vrhnika Grosuplje Kr{ko Oak, occasional elm Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina European hornbeam, fir, partly birch European hornbeam Beech Novo mesto Cerknica Postojna Beech, fir Ribnica Beech, European hophornbeam, occasional European hophornbeam Se`ana Beech, chesnut, oak Metlika Ko~evje Fir Spruce ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Red pine Piran Izola Dwarf pine and other highland vegetation Settlements, cultivated surface and pasture Authors: Mauro Hrvatin, Drago Perko © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 23 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE NATURAL DISASTER THREAT Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Flooding Cerkno Potential flood area @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Avalanches and landslides Sevnica Idrija Potential avalanche area Nova Gorica Vrhnika Grosuplje Kr{ko Potential landslide area Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Freezing rain Area of major freezing rain Novo mesto Cerknica Anticipated strength of earthquakes Postojna Ribnica Area of 9 degrees MCS Area of 8 degrees MCS Metlika Area of 7 degrees MCS Ko~evje Area of 6 degrees MCS ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Major fault lines Se`ana Koper Piran Izola Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Milan Oro`en Adami~, Miha Pav{ek © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 24 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE NATURAL RESOURCES # # Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 # Murska Sobota Gornja Radgona # # # # # # # Radlje ob Dravi # # # Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah # # Lendava # # # Ru{e # # # Ravne na Koro{kem MARIBOR # # Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec # # # ^rna na # Kranjska Gora # Jesenice Koro{kem # # Ptuj ## # # Ormo` # # # # # # # # Slovenska Bistrica # # # # ## # # Bled Tr`i~ # Bovec ## # # Mozirje Velenje # # Slovenske Konjice # # Radovljica # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # @alec # # ### # Bohinjska Bistrica # # # Roga{ka Slatina @elezniki Kranj Celje [entjur Kamnik [kofja # # Tolmin Loka # # Trbovlje # # # ## # La{ko # # # # Hrastnik # # # # # Licensed use Dom`ale # # # # Zagorje ob Savi # Cerkno # # # # # # # Litija # Nonmetallic mineral resources # @iri # # # # # # # # # LJUBLJANA # # Mineral energy resources # # # # Sevnica # Idrija # # ## # # # d Hydroelectric plant, over 10 MW # # # Nova Gorica # Kr{ko # # Mirna # Vrhnika # # # # Grosuplje Hydroelectric plant, under 10 MW # " Bre`ice # # # Logatec # # # Trebnje Other water use # # # Ajdov{~ina # # # # # # Novo mesto # Cerknica # # # # # # # # Postojna # # # # # # Ribnica # # # Se`ana # # # # # # Ko~evje # # Metlika # # ^rnomelj ## Koper # # # # # Ilirska Bistrica Piran # Izola # # # # Source: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 25 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS NATURE NATURAL HERITAGE KRAJINSKI PARK GORI^KO Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart v Slovenskih goricah Dravograd Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem MARIBOR Ru{e Slovenj Gradec Ljutomer Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Tr`i~ Bovec Velenje TRIGLAVSKI Mozirje Slovenske Konjice Radovljica NARODNI PARK Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Roga{ka Slatina Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Protected natural areas POLHOGRAJSKI DOLOMITI @iri Large protected areas KOZJANSKI Litija LJUBLJANA Idrija Vrhnika Sevnica PARK National park Regional park Kr{ko Grosuplje Nova Gorica Nature park Logatec Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Bre`ice Small protected areas Strict nature reserve Novo mesto Cerknica Nature reserve Postojna NOTRANJSK I Ribnica Natural monument REGIJSKI PARK Se`ana Protected sites Metlika Ko~evje Nature reserve REGIJSKI PARK [KOCJANSKE JAME ^rnomelj Natural monument Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola KRAJINSKI PARK KOLPA Source: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 26 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS The territory of what is now Slovenia was sparsely settled during the Stone Age and Copper Age. One can speak of the appearance of a cultural landscape only at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. When the Romans occupied what is now Slovenia, they brought with them a more developed civilization and established the first towns. These were adminis­trative, commercial, and religious centers and at the same time focal points of Romanization. Major changes in the settlement structure were later caused by the Migration Period in the early first millennium AD and were a con­sequence of Slovenia's exposed position in a transit location. The indigenous population took refuge in out­lying hilly regions and settled in fortified towns. The appearance of the Slovenian landscape was rad­ically altered by medieval and early modern coloniza­tion, which left its mark on the field division systems and the shape of settlements, as well as in the density of settlement and the distribution of languages and di­alects. Colonization took place in four phases. The old­est Slovenian colonization occurred following the arrival of the ancestors of the present-day Slovenians in the eastern Alps and lasted from the second half of the 6th century to the 9th century. The second phase, termed »internal colonization,« followed between the 10th and 13th centuries. The third phase stretches from the 13th cen­tury to the 15th century, and is called »highland colo­nization« after the predominant areas of settlement. The fourth or »additional colonization« phase, which oc­curred from the 16th century onwards, was a consequence of social changes experienced by the rural population and simultaneously the impact of refugees from the Balkan interior fleeing before the Turkish invasion. During this period of colonization, new individual settlements were formed, sometimes next to older settlements and ap­pearing here and there in the vast and previously un­inhabited forested areas. The majority of Slovenian settlements developed when agriculture was the basic activity, and this is re­flected in their locations and development patterns. Characteristic forms of rural settlement, which depend mainly on the natural conditions and the period of col­onization, include isolated farmsteads, tiny hamlets, and dispersed and compact settlements; these latter are divided into nucleated and roadside types. Suburbanized settlements form a special group and include the ex­tremely transformed villages found throughout the country. The process of urbanization has been marked by the physical growth of cities and the spread of the urban lifestyle. This is most simply expressed as the proportion of the population living in cities, but it is preferable to employ several indexes linked by their contents. One Slovenian characteristic is the great dispersion of set­tlements because only just over half of the population lives in cities. Just over two million people are distributed across almost 6,000 settlements, and only the capital Ljubljana has more than 100,000 residents. Although al­most one-half of the population lives in rural areas, less than 5% survive on farming alone; the rest commute daily to centers of employment. Under the influence of the concept of polycentrism, the original concentration of the population in the center of the country was fol­lowed first by the growth of regional centers, and later MILAN ORO@EN ADAMI^ MARJAN GARBAJS . The Se~ovlje saltpans. Nucleate settlemet of [martno in Gori{ka brda. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY especially by municipal centers, where the seats of ad­ministrative units are now located as a rule. Urbanization is based on the uniformity of the city and country lifestyles. Urbanized areas have created breaks in the fabric of rural settlement due to the construction of residential buildings inappropriate for these areas. Developments in transportation, primarily the auto­mobile, ultimately led to the population becoming dis­tributed around the cities in the form of »orbiting bodies«. A wide spectrum of interaction between the cities and their suburbs, and the transformation of settlements' appear­ances – a consequence of the social layers within the pop­ulation – are characteristic of Slovenia's urbanization. The construction of private housing and heavy daily com­muting of the workforce due to dispersion of workplaces play an important role in this. One-third of Slovenia's sur­face area is occupied by areas of very strong urbanization, where four-fifths of the population lives. Most Slovenian towns are small, even though some of them are several centuries old. In addition to the his­tory of their construction, their layouts indirectly reflect Degustation economic power, adaptation to the topographical sit-of new wine. uation, and concepts of the arrangement of human habi­ tation. The heritage of most Slovenian cities originated in the Middle Ages; this also applies to the urban sys­tem, the location of towns and boroughs, and their con­struction plan. Their most intense construction and spatial development only began with industrialization and the rise of the middle class. The prevalence of the classical layout is typical of the 18th and 19th centuries, whereas the modernist layout gained ground in the sec­ond half of the 20th century. Velenje, Nova Gorica, and Kidri~evo are Slovenia's youngest towns, based on the city-planning concept of a garden city prevalent when they were developed. The size of towns increased most after 1950, large­ly due to the construction of apartment buildings de­manded by large-scale immigration. The layouts of the new cities are much less compact, adapted to automo­bile traffic, and in many places contrast brutally with the scale of a medieval center. The new layouts include neighborhoods of apartment buildings, areas of sin-gle-family houses, shopping centers, and industrial areas. Central settlements are basic centers in the spatial organization of human society. Service activities are con­centrated in them, and economic and other contact be­tween regions and settlements take place through them. They are arranged in a hierarchy, so that central settle­ments at a higher level also have various more advanced functions along with basic ones. The formation of cen­ters depends on the number of consumers in the coun­tryside around them and the number of the consumers in the centers themselves. The Slovenian network of cen­tral settlements – numbering more than 600 centers, di­vided into six levels and the capital city – has primarily been influenced by the uneven distribution and density of the population, surface relief, historical development, and political and administrative territorial divisions. Only Ljubljana and Maribor rank in the highest – sixth and seventh – levels as distinct macroregional centers (Kladnik 2001a, 83–85). With the attainment of independence, Slovenia ori­ented itself towards the world's most highly developed economies. It has managed to join all the important in­ternational and regional economic associations. In the course of a century, the Slovenian economy (and con­sequently, Slovenian society) has transformed itself from a traditional agricultural society, via an industrial so­ciety, to a post-industrial society, in which services play the primary role. Nonetheless, agriculture has preserved its role as the mainstay of a regulated, attractive, and di­verse cultural landscape. Land use today is the result of rapid postwar de­velopment characterized by dispersed industrialization that stimulated urbanization. Both processes caused peo­ple to move out of the countryside and abandon farm­ing. All of this resulted in specialized production and market-orientated agriculture. During the period of pre­dominantly subsistence farming, modernization of pro­duction techniques and mass introduction of agricultural machinery caused extensive abandonment of farming on land where the use of machinery was not possible or economical (Kladnik & Gabrovec 1998, 181). According to the amount of agricultural land per in­habitant (0.31 ha), Slovenia almost matches the Euro­pean average; however, Slovenia has only 0.09 hectares of cultivated fields per inhabitant, the critical level for ensuring self-sufficiency in food production. At the same time, there is 0.66 hectare of forest per inhabitant (Sta-tististi~ni letopis 2006). As much as 72% of agricultur­al land is in areas affected by various factors that hinder farming. Since World War II, an average of 1,700 hectares of agricultural land has been permanently lost every year (Kladnik 2001b, 133). Relative to land use, complicated relationships be­tween natural and socioeconomic factors can be ob­served that are mirrored in the distribution of individual land categories. For a graphic illustration, six main land categories that form the basis of agricultural and forestry activity have been selected: cultivated fields, vineyards, orchards, meadows, pastures, and forests. The basic source for the study of land use is data from the land register (Kladnik 2001b, 133). In terms of land use, there are important differences among individual elements of the natural landscape. ZVONE [ERUGA/AGCO These are primarily due to natural factors, although the role of social and economic circumstances must not be overlooked. By far the largest extent of arable land is lo­cated on the gravelly and loamy plains of eastern and northeast Slovenia. Vineyards are especially common in the Mediterranean regions of southwest Slovenia and in the sub-Pannonian hills. Similarly, orchards are also most widespread across the hills of sub-Pannonian Slo­venia, but a considerable number of them can also be found in the Ljubljana and Celje basins. There are more meadows in the eastern than the western part of the country, whereas the most pastures can be found in the Mediterranean region and the alpine high mountains, where the zone of alpine pastures spreads along and above the timber line. The pre-alpine region has the most forests, which also spread across more than half of the alpine region and the predominantly karstified land of the Inner and Lower Carniola. Most of the unproduc­tive land can be found in the alpine high mountains due to the rocky surface above the timber line, but both of the great basins and plains in the east and northeast of Slovenia have come very close to this as well. A large share of unproductive land in this area is the result of rapid construction on the fertile land. The area of arable land has decreased the most in the alpine region and the least in the plains of eastern and northeast Slovenia. Similarly, the vineyard area has shrunk in all the natural landscape units, by far to the greatest extent in the alpine region (the Tolmin area), where the conditions for growing grapes are extreme­ly unfavorable, and the least in Lower Carniola. In con­trast, the orchard area has increased everywhere, and in the Mediterranean region to the greatest extent. Due to the effect of two counter-processes, changes in the area of meadows appear to be statistically negligible (the greatest increase was recorded in the sub-Pannonian hills and the greatest decrease in the alpine region), where­as the area of pastures has decreased everywhere – most evidently in the plains of eastern and northeast Slovenia, and in Lower and Inner Carniola, and the least in the Mediterranean region. Forests are spreading everywhere except in the Ljubljana and Celje basins, where they have even slightly shrunk. They have grown most notably in the predominantly karstified regions of Lower and Inner Carniola. The area of non-productive land has also in­creased everywhere. In the alpine regions this has hap­pened only slightly, in the pre-alpine and sub-Pannonian regions it has increased by more than one-third, in the plains of eastern and northeast Slovenia by more than half, and in both great basins by even more than two-thirds. The strong predominance of forests and arable land is evident on the map of predominant land use. A glance at the map of land use changes reveals that, despite the increasing importance of intensification and urban­ization, afforestation and grassing over still predominate. The most frequent afforestation is intensive afforesta­tion, which predominates in the karstified areas of Lower and Inner Carniola. Among the other two types of af­forestation, the shares of notable and significant changes are balanced, but considerably larger in all areas than the share of weak changes (Kladnik & Gabrovec 1998, 182). One of the main barriers to the more economical use of agricultural land is land fragmentation. The most significant reasons for land fragmentation in Slovenia are the varied relief of the land and the inheritance sys­tem. Recently, the fragmentation of land has been ag­gravated by the rampant spread of the infrastructure network and urbanization. The amalgamation of land is proceeding too slowly and on too small a scale to suc­cessfully eliminate the consequences of many years of land fragmentation.As aresult of the economic crisis,land ownership has become a guarantee of social security and consequently a large proportion of agricultural land is owned by the non-farming population (Kladnik 2001b, 133). Following a long period of decrease in the average size of property, this began gradually increasing again after Slovenia's independence. Even in 1991, the aver­age Slovenian farm measured only 5.9 hectares (Kladnik 2001b, 133), whereas in 2005 the average Slovenian farm measured 6.3 hectares, of which agricultural land rep- SOCIETY resented 3.6 hectares and arable land only 2.2 hectares. The smallest farms are located where the natural con­ditions for agriculture are most favorable and in the countryside surrounding some larger towns. The num­ber of farms has been decreasing for quite some time now. Between 1981 and 1991, the number of farms dropped from 192,090 to 156,549, and by 2005 their number had dropped to 77,042. This means that after Slovenia's in­dependence the number has decreased by more than half. Because this decrease was not followed by a rela­tive increase in average farm size, this also shows that it was primarily the smallest farms that disappeared. Over 75% of farms are located in areas with limited agri­cultural factors; almost three quarters of these are lo­cated in hilly or mountainous areas, and the remaining quarter in karst areas. Nearly 2% of farms are involved in organic farming (Statisti~ne informacije 88/2006). One of the indicators of the socioeconomic im­portance of agriculture is the percentage of food-pro­ducing households. Food production covers production for one's own needs and for sale regardless of the area and ownership of the property that the household is us­ing for this purpose. This therefore also includes those Mountain pasturing continues to be practiced in Slovenia's alpine region. JERNEJA FRIDL SLOVENIA IN FOCUS In Roga{ka Slatina, a modern glass industry developed on the foundations of the former glassworks. SOCIETY using small garden plots. Slovenian farms are too small for a large-scale market-oriented agricultural produc­tion; this is why the people living and working on these farms have always sought additional sources of income in other, non-agricultural activities. Numerous farms have a labor force that is insufficient or too old; many farmers are unmarried and so these farms are left with­out any heirs. In 2002, 292,786 or nearly 43% of house­holds produced food in Slovenia, of which 213,200 or just under 73% only produced crops, and 79,586 or just over 27% of households only raised animals or had a com­bination of animals and crops. On average, the percentage DRAGAN ARRIGLER, ROGA[KA SLATINA ARCHIVES of households is smaller in the western than the east­ern part of the country and, logically, is the smallest in all the major towns (Kladnik & Ravbar 2007, 105). The sowing structure of cultivated fields is increasingly less varied, and thus the crop rotation cycle is becoming narrower. Influenced by the relatively rapid development of livestock production, the proportion of fields devot­ed to growing fodder has increased greatly in recent years, primarily due to increased production of silage corn. The most important branch of farming in Slovenia is livestock production. In the Julian Alps, the Kamnik-Sa­vinja Alps, and the Karavanke Mountains, this is tradi­tionally linked to mountain pasturing. In 1994, around 150 alpine pastures were registered, considerably few­er than before World War II. The most important branch of livestock production is raising cattle. According to the 1991 census, more than half of Slovenia's farms raised livestock, of which almost 90% was cows. More than ten head of cattle were bred on only about 10% of farms. In overall importance and equal distribution, raising cattle is followed by pig breed­ing. Pig breeding has developed primarily for the mar­ket on former state-owned farms, whereas its extent on private farms has steadily decreased. The illustrations of raising cattle and pig breeding only cover livestock in the private sector. According to the value of increase, poultry breeding ranks ahead of pig breeding but is concentrated on large farms with diverse activities. Production is based on a cooperative system in which 650 farmers participate. Other branches of livestock pro­duction such as raising sheep and horses are relatively insignificant (Kladnik 2001b, 133–134). Winegrowing and wine production have a thou-sand-year history in Slovenia and have given a special stamp to Slovenia and Slovenian culture. Even today, Slovenia is a winegrowing country renowned for its var­ied and high quality wines. Among these are several that are characteristic only of Slovenia; for example, Teran, Zelen, Rebula, and Cvi~ek (Kladnik 2001b, 134). On the basis of natural conditions, varieties of grape grown, and the characteristics of the wines, Slovenia is divided into three major winegrowing regions: the Drava Valley (Po-dravje), the Lower Sava Valley (Posavje), and the Littoral region (Primorska). The winegrowing districts are small­er, more homogenous units with relatively uniform nat­ural conditions that identify the specific origin of the wines. There are nine of these altogether. The Drava Valley winegrowing region includes the Styria ([tajerska Slo­venija) and Prekmurje winegrowing districts, the Sava Valley winegrowing region includes the Bizeljsko-Sremi~, Lower Carniola (Dolenjska), and White Carniola (Bela Krajina) winegrowing districts, and the Littoral wine-growing region includes Gori{ka brda, Vipava Valley (Vipavsk dolina), Karst (Kras), and Istria (Slovenska Istra) winegrowing districts. The individual winegrowing districts are divided into winegrowing sub-districts (25 altogether), these into local winegrowing districts (83 altogether), and these into winegrowing locations (450 altogether) (Pravilnik o seznamu geografskih ozna~b za vina in trsnem izboru 2007). In discussing agriculture, the question arises how to present its main spatial characteristics most clearly. Complex production conditions and specific regional circumstances combine to create characteristic rural sys­tems that are further divided into subsystems. The most widespread fodder system is characteristic of 56% of agricultural land use in Slovenia. At 18%, the root-crop system is second in importance, followed by the cere­al system (10%), Slovenia's most intensive and most pro­ductive system. At one time the mixed system was much more widespread and it still occupies about 12% of agri­cultural land. The remaining 4% falls under the special system and includes the winegrowing, fruit-growing, and hop-growing subsystems (Kladnik 2001b, 134). In spite of modern development trends, industry re­mains one of the most important economic activities. It employs a third of the working population and con­tributes more than a quarter of the GDP (26.8% in 2001, rising to 33.0% in 1990) (Kladnik 2004, 125). Slovenia already had several important mines and manufacturing workshops before the beginning of the industrial period. Along with metallurgy, glassmaking was of great importance, based on rich forests and de­posits of silicate sand. The heralds of the industrial pe­riod were the coal mines, which went into operation from the middle of the 18th century until the beginning of the 19th century; the first coal mine opened in 1752 in Zagorje ob Savi (Kladnik 2004, 122). Factories began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, at first in the textile industry and later in the iron, paper, and metalworking industries. Slovenia expe­rienced three waves of industrialization: the first at the be­ginning of the 20th century, the second in the 1920s before the Great Depression,and a third, particularly pronounced, wave following World War II. In June 1993, industry em­ployed roughly 260,000 people,around 120,000 fewer than in the 1980s because companies were struggling with the loss of the major part of the former Yugoslav mar­ket, the restructuring of production, lack of investment funds, and privatization. Industrial companies were lo­cated in 515 towns and cities. Three-quarters of these were single-industry towns or had at most two industrial branches. Only seven major cities (Ljubljana, Maribor, Velenje, Kranj, Novo mesto, Celje, and Murska Sobota) had more than 5,000 people employed in industry (Kladnik 2001b, 134–135). With the Slovenia's independence in 1991 and the introduction of the market economy, the majority of in­dustrial companies found themselves in difficulty due to the loss of the major part of their extensive market in the former Yugoslavia, the restructuring of production, the lack of investment funds, and privatization, but many companies have gradually managed to overcome these problems. Some went bankrupt, many were sold off plant by plant, and others were partly or entirely bought by foreign entrepreneurs or simply ceased operation. Simu­ltaneously, some Slovenian companies reoriented pro­duction to the Balkans or eastern European countries offering cheaper labor. In spite of distinct restructuring and individual suc­cessful companies, Slovenian industry is still prevailingly characterized by too many employees, insufficient ori­entation toward foreign markets, technological backward­ness in many areas, and insufficient capital for investment, in some cases even for ensuring uninterrupted produc­tion. In general, low productivity and lack of innovation still characterize Slovenian industry (Vri{er 1998). The nuclear power plant at Kr{ko contributes the most (nearly 40%) to the total production of electrical energy,followed by coal-fired power plants (just over 36%), and hydroelectric power plants (24%) (Statisti~ni leto-pis 2006). The largest consumers of energy are industry (34%) and transportation (30%) (Kladnik 2001b, 134). At the juncture of four European macroregions, Slovenia is crossed by the shortest land routes between SOCIETY Central Europe, the Balkans, southeast Europe, and the Middle East on the one hand, and northern Italy and the Mediterranean area of western Europe on the other. The majority of passenger and goods traffic runs on the road network. The most burdened roads are those that simultaneously carry major local, intercity, and tran­sit traffic. The most important transit route runs north­east to southwest. The Slovenian freeway network will be nearly fully completed by 2010. A very extensive net­work of bus lines is a characteristic feature of Slovenia. Until 1960, bus traffic only supplemented railway traffic, but during the 1960s it surpassed rail in the number of Koper harbour, Slovenia's gateway to the world. MATEV@ LENAR^I^ SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY passengers carried and today buses carry ten times more passengers than trains. In the last decade, however, bus­es have competed increasingly less successfully with per­sonal transport. Some thirty years after the birth of the railway, the European rail network reached Slovenia. In 1861, Slo­venia had 380 kilometers of rail lines, just under one third of their current length. In recent decades, rail has lost its importance, and its competitiveness is increas­ingly weaker, limited to long-distance transport of goods. The completion of the railway line to the port of Koper in 1967 was economically very important. The port of Koper is extremely important for Slovenia and for neigh­boring Austria and Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Air traffic is modest by European standards, and the majority goes through the central airport at Brnik near Ljubljana (Letali{~e Jo`eta Pu~nika).Some European budget airlines have also started serving the Maribor airport. Small industry has always been an im­portant and vigorous economic activity and includes both production and services. In general, the distribu­tion of small industry matches the distribution of the Traditional pottery still population. In the second half of 19th century, the con-lives today. cept of domestic crafts developed and became firmly es­ tablished. Today, domestic crafts encompass a varied range of jobs and the production of items at home or in home workshops either for personal use or the mar­ket. The lack of formal training in individual branches of domestic arts and crafts is a matter of concern. There is a lace-making school in Idrija, and some extracur­ricular educational programs are being introduced at agricultural schools (Kladnik 2001b, 135). Because the network of retail stores in Slovenia has been shaped relative to the distribution and density of the population, it is closely connected with the network of central settlements. Almost one out of three Slovenian settlements has a store. The smaller centers are domi­nated by stores selling mixed goods or foods where con­sumers shop frequently. Medium-term and long-term commodities in particular are provided by the largest centers because consumers buy such items less frequently. With the transition to a market economy, the retail store network has expanded and multiplied; the quality and diversity of their selection and the accessibility of stores are improving. Modern shopping centers have sprung up on the outskirts of all large towns. Tourism is one of the most important and most promising economic branches in Slovenia. The map shows only the ninety most important tourist areas in which more than 450 overnight stays were recorded in 1995. The majority of tourist traffic (82% of overnight stays) was recorded in the group of 32 largest tourist cen­ters. The highest proportions of overnight stays by in­ternational tourists were in Ljubljana, Nova Gorica, Postojna, Bled, Portoro`, Bovec, and Roga{ka Slatina. In monofunctional tourist areas, everything is subor­dinate to tourist activity, which is reflected in their ap­pearance. In polyfunctional tourist areas, tourism is interwoven with industrial, supply, and other activities (Kladnik 2001b, 136). In recent years, Slovenia has near­ly reached the number of international tourists from the period before its independence, which peaked in 1990. Following Slovenia's entry into the European Union, there has been a strong increase in the number of vis­itors from abroad to Ljubljana. In the last census of 2002, 777,772 residences were recorded in Slovenia. In 1991, only 70% of residences were privately owned, but by 2002 this share had in­creased to more than 92% (@nidar{i~ 2007, 131). There are vacation residences in nearly 59% of Slovenian set­tlements. Especially due to a large number of vacation residences, the number of inhabited residences in non-ur­ban areas is smaller than in urban areas. The largest share of vacation residences is in southeast Slovenia (10%); an above-average share is also typical of the Lower Sava, Coastal-Karst, Mura, and Upper Carniola statistical re­gions (Jer{i~ 1998, 248). Residences in independent or individual houses pre­dominate, accounting for nearly 58% of the total resi­dences. On average, a little less than a third of Slovenian residences are located in apartment buildings, although apartment buildings account for only 4% of the resi­dential buildings in Slovenia. The share of residences lo­cated in apartment buildings, which started increasing after 1946, has been decreasing again since 1985. Of course, the share of residences located in apartment buildings is much greater in urban areas, with almost 60% of such residences, whereas in non-urban areas the share falls below 5%. The highest percentage of resi­dences located in apartment buildings is recorded in the Sava and Central Slovenia statistical regions, and the low­est percentage is recorded in the Mura region. The av­erage size of residences located in individual houses is 83.4 m2, whereas the average size of a residence in an apartment building is only 55.8 m2 (@nidar{i~ 2007, 133) The greatest part of Slovenian healthcare is organ­ized at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels and is carried out at healthcare centers, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, social welfare institutions, and health re­sorts. Hospitals are the centers of medical knowledge and technology, and a central role is played by the Medical Center in Ljubljana. Statistically, every resident of Slo­venia visits a general outpatient clinic 2.5 times a year and a specialized clinic once a year. There are around 780 preschools,860 primary schools, and 150 secondary schools in Slovenia. The oldest form JO@E POJBI^ of secondary school is the upper secondary school (Sln.gim­nazija), which has existed in Slovenia since the 16th cen­tury. College and university education began developing only in the 20th century. Higher education is provided at the universities in Ljubljana, Maribor, Koper, and Nova Gorica and at individual faculties located in Kranj and Portoro`. Slovenia is considerably behind the more de­veloped countries of Europe in providing adult educa­tion facilities and programs. Culture is an important aspect of a nation's existence; in the past, culture played a decisive role in the devel­opment of Slovenians' national identity. Slovenia has long been part of the cultural space of Central Europe and Europe as a whole. Cultural and artistic activity in­cludes all forms of creation and the propagation and protection of cultural values. The majority of cultural activities take place in professional institutions; how­ever, the role of amateur and independent groups with specialized, experimental, and avant-garde orientations is also significant. The concentration of major institu­tions in Ljubljana, and to a lesser extent in Maribor, is characteristic of the organization of cultural activities (Kladnik 2001b, 156–157). Cultural heritage encompasses the work of men and women in earlier periods that has historical, scholarly, or esthetic value. The map indicates 1,174 selected sites where some 12% of Slovenia's registered cultural her­itage is protected. This reflects the extraordinary fre­quency of places where traces of Slovenia's rich history can be encountered (Oro`en Adami~ 2001a, 174). In spite of the hostile attitude of the state toward re­ligion between 1945 and 1990, religion did not vanish; on the contrary, old religious institutions were joined by numerous new ones, primarily those of the major world religions. In Slovenia, Roman Catholic church­es are visible everywhere, mostly on prominent eleva­tions, in the middle of settlements, or at their edges (Kladnik 2001b, 157). The Roman Catholic Church has five dioceses in Slovenia with seats in Celje, Koper, Murska Sobota, Novo mesto, and Maribor, as well as one arch­diocese with its seat in Ljubljana. The population is all the people that live in a partic­ular region. In 2002, census takers recorded 1,964,036 peo­ple living in Slovenia. The census followed international guidelines, according to which the population of a coun­try only consists of the people actually living in its ter­ritory; in contrast with other censuses carried out after World War II, this census thus did not take into account people with permanent or temporary residence regis­tered in Slovenia but that had lived abroad for over a year. In addition, for the first time the census took into account the duration of stay in Slovenia and only con­sidered those immigrants as Slovenian inhabitants that had lived in Slovenia for at least a year regardless of whether they had had a registered residence there or not (Perko 2007, 13). The birth rate (the number of living newborn chil­dren per thousand people per year) was high in Slove­nia in the second half of the 19th century, around 35‰. In the 1960s and 1970s it was stable, between 18.5‰ and 15.9‰, and then it began to drop quickly. After World War II, the greatest number of children were born in 1950 (35,992), and in 1979 the number was still over 30,000. In 1991, however, when there were 21,583 new­born children, the birth rate was only 10.8‰ (Klad­nik 2001c, 101). In 2003, the number of newborns reached its minimum (17,321), but then started increasing again, reaching 18,157 in 2005 (Statisti~ni letopis 2006). Since 1981, the total birth rate has not been sufficient to reach re­placement rate. In recent years, the fertility rate has been approximately 1.2 children per woman, which is only three-quarters of the annual number of newborns re­quired for replacement rate (Josipovi~ & Repolusk 2007, 24). Women born around 1875 gave birth to almost five children on average, their daughters only three, their granddaughters two, and their great-granddaughters fewer than two (1.8). Infant mortality in Slovenia is among the lowest in the world (Kladnik 2001c, 101). The main areas of relatively high birth rate stretch in the shape of an arc to the west, south, and east of the Ljubljana urban area. These are mainly the areas of the [kofja Loka, Idrija, and Rovte Hills, Bloke, Suha SOCIETY krajina, and central Lower Carniola (Josipovi~ & Repo­lusk 2007, 26). The term mortality refers to the frequency of deaths in the population or the length of life. Due to improve­ments in healthcare, mortality (the number of dead per thousand people) in Slovenia decreased substantially be­tween the two world wars. In 1991, when 19,324 peo­ple died, the death rate was 9.7‰. Life expectancy is increasing (Kladnik 2001c, 101). In the mid-19th cen­tury, life expectancy was only about 40 years whereas in 2005 it was 74.1 for men and 81.3 for women (Statis­ti~ni letopis 2006). Natural increase is the difference between the num­ber of newborn children and the number of deaths in a calendar year. The gap between the start of regression in mortality and fertility in a period of demographic transformation contributes to a large increase in nat­ural increase. In Slovenia, the general level of mortali­ty began to drop considerably in the mid-19th century, and the birth rate at the beginning of the 20th century. For the mortality drop, some sixty years were needed and, for the birth rate drop, about forty years. This de­mographic transformation ended in the 1960s. Its par­ticular feature was a high rate of emigration, and therefore 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 Period Men Women Life expectancy according to sex structure between 1958 and 2004. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Natural chang­ings of popula­tion number between 1921 and 2004. 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 –10,000 SOCIETY the population only increased by around 80% during this period. The degree of natural increase (the differ­ence between newborn and dead per thousand people) was about 8‰ in the 1960s and about 6‰ in the 1970s. After 1980, it began to drop rapidly and reached an av­erage of only 0.3‰ between 1991 and 1995 (Kladnik 2001c, 101); in the first years of the 21st century, it be­came negative because the number of the deceased ex­ceeds the number of newborns. The movement or migration of populations reflects economic, political, national, religious, and cultural con­ditions. The spatial distribution of the population of Slovenia has been influenced more by internal migra­tion between settlements and municipalities than by cross-border migration, accounting for more than 80% of migration (Kladnik 2001c, 101). Nearly half of the Slovenian population does not live in the settlement where they were born or the place of their first residence. Settlements with the highest per­centage of population that has been living there since birth are usually small with weak population dynamics, but they also include towns, which, due to their larger population, are less »sensitive« to the numerical impact of immigration flows. Among the large towns, Ljubljana and Trbovlje are typical examples; Trbovlje (in the Sava Valley) primarily because it no longer attracts a sub­stantial number of immigrants. All other large towns have a »native« population of less than 50%. A share of immigrants exceeding 50% is the result of recent im­migration, which is especially typical of settlements in the suburbs of large towns. Because the migrating pop­ulation is usually relatively young, it holds the »status« of immigrant population for a longer time and thus has a longer effect on the total share of immigrant popu­lation. The highest percentage of inter-regional migration is evident in the border areas between individual regions. Ljubljana must be highlighted here because its inter-re­gional immigrants account for more than 40% of all its immigrants in terms of their last migration. Because of its high level of development, Slovenia attracted immigrants from the poorer regions of the for­mer Yugoslavia after World War II. At first, they came mainly for jobs and higher wages, and later due to bet­ter living conditions. Of Slovenia's total of 169,605 for­eign immigrants, 151,432 or 89.3% come from elsewhere in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; they account for 7.7% of Slovenian population. The ma­jority of people that moved to Slovenia from abroad live in large towns, but their share among the total number of immigrants only rarely exceeds 16%. The largest shares are in Ljubljana,Velenje, Koper, Jesenice, and Izola. From the regional point of view, the largest shares of immi­grant population are found in central Slovenia in the Ljubljana urban area, along the coastal belt of the Medi­terranean region, in Upper Carniola, and to some ex­tent also along the Slovenian-Croatian border (Dolenc & Josipovi~ 2007, 55–56). Over some one hundred years, half a million peo-in the 1980s. In 1991, when 9,060 people left due large­ly to the political events leading to Slovenia's inde­pendence, this increased to 4.5‰ and then dropped again to less than 2‰ (Kladnik 2001c, 104). The sum of natural and migration changes in the pop­ulation equals the total change in the population. During the first census, which took place in 1857, 1,101,854 peo­ple were recorded, and during the 1869 census the pop­ulation recorded was 1,128,768. Until World War I, the population increased steadily by approximately 3 to 4‰ a year. Due to the consequences of war and massive em­igration, the population decreased between 1910 and 1921, but continued to increase by an average of 6‰ a year until 1931. World War II caused a similar halt in the population growth, but a new increase followed again after the war. The population increased by nearly one percent a year on average up to the 1981 census, by near­ly point five percent on average up to the 1991 census, and only by a quarter percent up to the 2002 census (Perko 2007, 13–14). The population density in Slovenia recorded in the 2002 census was 97 people per square kilometer. Due to great diversity of Slovenia's relief, its population is distributed unevenly and the differences continue to in­crease. The most densely populated were the alpine plains with 582 people per km2, and the most scarcely popu­lated were the Dinaric plateaus with only 18 people per km2. During the 20th century, population density increased the most in the alpine plains, where it nearly tripled, and the Pannonian plains, where it doubled; it decreased the most in the Dinaric plateaus (by a good third), and the Mediterranean plateaus (by a good fifth). At the be­ginning of the 20th century, two-thirds of today's Slove­nia had a below-average population. Due to the constant increase in population density, three-quarters of Slove­nia's territory had a below-average population in the ple emigrated from what is now Slovenia. This ranks middle of the century, while the proportion reached Slovenia among the nations that were most greatly af-four-fifths by the end of the century (Perko 2007, 14–15). Year fected by emigration. The level of emigration (the num-In 2002, there were 685,023 households in Slovenia, Live births Deaths Natural increase ber of emigrants per one thousand people) was between of which just over 76% were family households – that 3‰ and 5‰ in the 1960s and between 2‰ and 4‰ is, composed of one or several families. The average Slo- 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Year Inner migration between 1961 and 2002. venian household had 2.8 members. Every fifth house­hold only had one member, every sixteenth combined several families, and in every eighteenth household, in addition to the family members, included an individ­ual that was not a member of the family. Children un­der 15 lived in nearly every third household; these had 1.5 children on average. Households with members 65 or older were even more frequent, but only 1.3 older in­dividuals lived in them on average. Urban households were smaller by 0.4 people than non-urban ones (Urbanc & @nidar{i~ 2007, 39). In 2002, 555,945 families were recorded in Slovenia. 77% of the families had at least one child. The total num­ber of children was approximately 695,000. An average family with children comprised 3.4 family members. Most frequent were families in which the parents were married (3.7 family members); followed by the fami­lies comprised of cohabiting couples (3.5 family mem­bers); the average single-parent family comprises 2.3 family members. Approximately half (49%) of families have one child, 42% of families have two children, and the percentage of large families (i. e., with at least three chil­dren) is 9%. The largest families included in the cen­sus had 11 children. In the eleven years between the last two censuses, only the number of single-child families increased. The number of families with two children decreased the most. Among large families, the number of families with three children decreased only slightly, especially in towns. Nonetheless, large families remain typical of non-ur­ban areas where families with four children are twice as frequent, and families with five or more children even three times as frequent as in urban areas. Families with the largest number of family members are found in southeast Slovenia, in the [kofja Loka and Sava hills, and in the Vipava Valley – that is, in areas with the highest birth rate. In terms of children, the smallest families are found in the Drava Plain, the Central Sava Valley, and Slovenian Istria (Urbanc & @nidar{i~ 2007, 38). With regard to the relation between the number of women and men, Slovenia is a relatively balanced coun­try. Although there are slightly more women, 6 to 7% more boys than girls are born each year. A higher age-spe­cific death rate in men, especially in younger generations, causes the number of women to exceed the number of men at a certain age. In Slovenia, this happens around the age of 50. A disproportion in the representation of the sexes can exert important influences on other aspects of the population. It has an especially important effect on the opportunity to establish relationships. Areas of notable disproportion between the sexes in favor of men include primarily the traditional emigrant areas with a more notable emigration of women that married across the state border or into larger urban centers. One of the most well-known areas in this regard is Brkini, from which many women went to Trieste in Italy or the coastal towns in Slovenia. In 2005, the average Slovenian man was 38.7 years old and the average woman was 42.0 years old. In the last thirty years, the average age has increased by 6.6 years. The ratio between the proportion of the older and younger population is indicated by the age index. Between the 1991 and 2002 censuses, the age index increased considerably, SOCIETY from 53.6 to 96.3. It varies between individual Slovenian regions and reflects their demographic »health«. It is fa­vorable primarily in areas with higher population re­production and in recently suburbanized areas. It is less favorable in large urban centers and the peripheral and bordering countryside; in many places one could speak of demographically endangered areas (Josipovi~ & Re-polusk 2007, 22–23). The census information on the structure of the Slovenian population is based on the interviewees' re­sponses regarding their affiliation to a specific religion. Due to political and ideological reasons, religious af­filiation was not recorded in the Yugoslav censuses of 1948, 1961, 1971, and 1981. In the 2002 census, 1,248,988 peo­ple or 63.6% of the Slovenian population declared af­filiation to a specific religion. Slovenia is a country with a strong Roman Catholic tradition both in the organization of the Church and from the demographic point of view. 1,135,626 people (or nearly 58% of the total population, or almost 91% of all the people that declared affiliation to a specific re­ligion) declared their affiliation to Catholicism. In ad-Age pyramid dition to the majority of Slovenians, other ethnic groups for 2002. 85 + 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 Number Men Women SLOVENIA IN FOCUS Ethnical struc­ture of Slovenia's population (without Slovenians) in 2002. 1.6% 1.9% 2.3% 2.8% 4.3% 4.3% SOCIETY in Slovenia – Italians, the majority of Hungarians and Roma, and Croatians – are also Catholic. The Catholics also include a small number of members of the Eastern Catholic Church, locally represented in White Carniola and in certain large towns. Lutheranism is also a religion with a long historical tradition in Slovenia; 14,736 people declared themselves Lutheran. Protestantism began spreading in Slovenia in the 16th century, but persisted only in Carinthia and Prek­murje, to which it is primarily limited today. Currently, the second largest religious group in Slo­venia is the Muslim community, which ranked third (behind members of the Orthodox Church) in the 1991 census. According to the 2002 data, the Muslim com­munity has 47,488 members. The Orthodox Church (primarily the Serbian Orthodox Church) is now in third place (Josipovi~ & Repolusk 2007, 85–87). In the 2002 census, the majority of the Slovenian population – that is 1,723,434 or nearly 88% of the pop­ulation – identified Slovenian as their native language. Regional differences in the share of the population us­ing Slovenian as a native language are similar to the share of the population declared as Slovenian. For all other Bosniacs (including Muslims and Bosnians) 3.1% Croats Serbs Hungarians Albanians Macedonians Romany Italians Montenegrins Others languages, the number of those so declared is larger than the number of those declared per individual ethnic group. Thus, there are 153,760 Serbo-Croatian speakers (this term is less appropriate today and is only used for sim­plification; it includes the Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin languages and the census combina­tions Croato-Serbian and Serbo-Croatian), 3,762 Italian speakers, 7,713 Hungarian speakers, 7,177 Albanian speakers, 3,834 Romany speakers, and 4,760 Macedonian speakers (Josipovi~ & Repolusk 2007, 84). With around forty dialects and numerous subdi­alects, Slovenian is the most dialectally diversified Slavic language, especially taking into account that it has rel­atively few speakers in a small territory.The splitting of Slo­venian into dialects or dialect groups has been a long-term historical process, affected by numerous factors. Along with historical and ethnic influences, natural and ad­ministrative borders were very significant in the for­mation of Slovenian dialects (Repolusk 1998, 160). Slovenia is an ethnically homogenous country with a predominance of Slovenians (just over 92%) and three officially recognized indigenous ethnic minorities: Italian (0.1%), Hungarian (0.3%) and Romany (0.2%). Following World War II, the majority of the Italian and German populations emigrated. Immigration from the poorer regions of the former Yugoslavia after World War II part­ly changed the ethnic structure. Currently, Serbs make up 2.0%, Bosnians 2.0%, and Croats 1.8% of Slovenia's population, along with several thousand Macedonians, Montenegrins, and Albanians. With the exception of the Croats, all of these immigrants are densely settled in larg­er towns and industrial centers (Kladnik 2001, 105). Compared to 1991, the numbers of people declared as Italians, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and Croatians de­creased the most. Due to strengthening ethnic aware­ness among young people and thus a larger share of declared ethnicity, an increase in the number of the Roma is notable. In addition, the total number of Albani­ans increased; since 1991, they have been among the most frequent immigrants to Slovenia (Josipovi~ & Repo­lusk 2007, 84). In modern societies the educational structure is the key element characteristic of a development-oriented sociopolitical community. It denotes not only the pro­fessional qualifications required for performing jobs, but indirectly the innovational ability of an environment to adapt to the modern challenges of a post-industrial so­ciety as well. The main characteristic of the Slovenian educational structure is that it has not been developed completely in harmony with the strongly diversified network of educational institutions, nor with the dy­namic social progress after World War II (e. g., indus­trialization). Thus in 2002, just under 7% of adults had not even completed elementary school, 25% had com­pleted elementary school, just over 50% had completed secondary school, and fewer than 13% had a universi­ty degree. Notably, the lowest level of education is char­acteristic of the Lower Sava, Lower and Inner Carniola statistical regions; areas with a high percentage of the pop­ulation with a university degree are located in the Central Slovenia, Coastal-Karst, and Upper Carniola statistical regions. An above-average level of education is typical of towns and larger settlements with a population above 1,000, where on average more than 20% of the popu­lation has a university degree and around 40% of the population has completed at least the secondary level of education (Kladnik & Ravbar 2007, 105–106). In 2002, Slovenia had a labor force of 949,079 peo­ple or just over 48% of the population: 518,068 men and 431,010 women. There were 818,304 active working per­sons; the level of active working men was just over 56%, compared to just under 43% for women. The largest share among the active working popu­lation is represented by employed persons, accounting for 738,055 or 90.2% of all active working persons. The remainder is composed of self-employed persons ac­counting for 80,249 persons, of whom 56,111 were sole proprietors and persons performing a professional ac­tivity, and 24,138 were farmers. The educational structure of the population and its changes are one of the socioeconomic indicators that best reflect the changes in the regional and economic structure of certain areas. By far the most – that is, 240,404 active working inhabitants – were employed in the processing industry. This was followed by a group of activities composed of trade and repair of motor ve­hicles accounting for 104,617 employees. In addition, over 50,000 people were employed in construction, real estate, rental, business services, and education; activi­ties such as traffic, storage and communications, pub­lic administration, defense, social insurance, healthcare, and social security were also close to this figure (Klad­nik & Ravbar 2007, 101–102). For greater transparency and easier comparability, individual activities are combined into three main groups of activities. The formerly-used division into primary, secondary, and tertiary (and also quaternary) sector ac­tivities has been replaced by a conceptually similar di­vision into agricultural activities,non-agricultural activities (excluding services), and service industries. Agricultural activities include farming, hunting, forestry, and fish­ery; non-agricultural activities (excluding services) in­clude mining, processing industries, electricity, gas and water supply, and construction; and service industries include trade, motor vehicle repairs, catering, traffic, stor­age, communications, financial intermediation, real es­tate, rentals, business services, public administration, defense, social insurance, education, healthcare, social security, and other public, group, and personal services. In 2002, 32,649 people or 4% of the active working population was involved in agricultural activities. The highest percentages were found in the hilly regions of northeast Slovenia (Gori~ko, Slovenske gorice) and in the Sotla region, whereas in western Slovenia they were traditionally found only in Gori{ka brda. A high per­centage is also found in the mountainous villages with predominantly isolated farms in the Upper Savinja Valley and on the slopes of Mount Ur{lja gora, Pohorje, and Kozjak. High percentages are also present in small re­mote villages (Bloke, the Velike La{~e region, Suha kra­jina, the countryside of the Mirna Valley, the Kozje region), where people still make their living predominantly through farming (partly subsistence farming). 311,180 people or 38% of the active working pop­ulation was involved in non-agricultural activities (ex­cluding services). The highest percentages were found in rural areas with a monostructural industrial orien­tation and daily commuting to larger industrial centers in the vicinity, which, apart from rare exceptions (Velenje, Ravne na Koro{kem, Hrastnik, @iri, Senovo, and Metlika), are already undergoing tertiarization and therefore the shares are significantly smaller there. Larger concen- SOCIETY trations of settlements with high percentages of active working population in industry are located in the [kofja Loka and Cerkno hills, in the Lo` Valley, White Carniola, the Velenje Basin, the Me`ica Valley, and the Dravinja Hills. A rapid increase of employment in service indus­tries is typical of all of Slovenia, and especially in larg­er towns and areas with notable communications, tourism, and border roles, as well as in suburbanized areas. In 2002, 431,494 people or 52.7% of the active working population was involved in service industries. The high­est percentages were found in large towns; Ljubljana and Koper with their broad adjacent countryside, and to a smaller extent Nova Gorica, Se`ana, Radovljica, Mari-bor, Celje, and Bre`ice, in which the tertiary support area is limited to a small number of less distinctly oriented support areas, whereas Ptuj, Murska Sobota, and Novo mesto represent islands of a sort amid surrounding agri­cultural and industrial activities (Kladnik & Ravbar 2007, 102–103). Extensive daily commuting began in the 1960s and 1970s and replaced the mass migration from the coun­tryside to the towns. Daily commuters account for 60% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Year 1991 Year 2002 Changings in educational structure between 1991 and 2002. Short-term tertiary SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY of employees (a total of 445,000) or full-time students (a total of 213,000). The transfer from public transport to personal transport has been typical of the last decade. Today, a typical Slovenian daily commuter drives to work from a smaller settlement in the vicinity of one of the major employment centers in his or her own car, and a single journey takes him or her less than half an hour. The major flows of daily commuting in the morn­ing are oriented toward the larger centers and clearly in­dicate the extent to which people are attracted to these centers. There are 127 settlements to which at least 500 dai­ly commuters travel to work, accounting for 78% of all daily commuters (Dolenc & Josipovi~ 2007, 56–59). Coal miners Since the 1980s, unemployment has been a great from Velenje. Slovenian developmental problem. Due to socialist em­ployment policy principles, unemployment was long concealed, and was not significantly evident in the la­bor market. The number of unemployed started in­creasing more noticeably after 1988. In 1993, there were already 137,142 unemployed people, or more than 13% of individuals capable of working. Thanks to an active employment policy, their number has decreased consid­erably in recent years, and in 2002 this dropped below 100,000 (92,575 in 2005; Statisti~ni letopis 2006).According to census information, the general unemployment rate in 2002 was nearly 14%; almost 3% among men and al­most 15% among women. The percentage of unemployed is highest among individuals with poorer professional qualifications. The number of older people that have lost their jobs and are regarded as extremely difficult to em­ploy is increasing (Kladnik & Ravbar, 2007, 104). In studying migration in Slovenia, one cannot over­look those working abroad long-term (i. e., »guest-work­ers«), which often represents the final mode of leaving one's homeland. Life and work abroad arose as a po­litical solution to the economic problems in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was extremely widespread at the end of the 1960s, when around 60,000 Slovenians worked and lived abroad. It is still widely practiced because the 2002 census recorded 18,512 peo­ple, of whom 17,635 were citizens of Slovenia, that had been living abroad uninterruptedly for more than a year. Considering the simultaneous intense industrialization and the labor need in Slovenia, this seems to be a kind of paradox. Therefore, one cannot ascribe mere econom­ic reasons to this foreign workforce because at that time the potential emigrants could have found employment almost anywhere in Slovenia. One proof of the extremely important role of political and geographical factors is the simultaneous immigration of the first foreign work­ers from other former Yugoslav republics to central Slo­venia. Generally, the foreign workforce is most prevalent in Prekmurje, Haloze, Drava Plain, Slovenske Gorice, and the Sotla region. Working abroad has produced visible effects on the appearance and function of the Slovenian landscape. The majority of Slovenians working abroad 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 15 to 25 to 50 and 24 years 40 years more years No education Upper secondary Incomplete basic Short-term tertiary Basic Higher Unemployed persons according to age and educational structure. long term live in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy (Dolenc & Josipovi~ 2007, 56). Foreigners with permanent or temporary residence in Slovenia follow the settlement pattern of immigrants from the area of former Yugoslavia, which is not at all surprising considering that the majority of immigrants from abroad still come from the traditional emigrant areas of the successor countries to the former Yugoslavia. However, increasing numbers of current immigrants are coming from other European Union countries. In ad­dition to Ljubljana, the Karst and Gori~ko regions ap­pear to attract these the most. Almost one third of the approximately 2.5 million Slo­venians and persons of Slovenian ethnic background live outside Slovenia. Indigenous Slovenian minorities live in the border regions of all the neighboring countries. The Slovenian minorities in Italy and Austria play an im­portant role in the promotion of cross-border cooper­ation and contribute significantly to the development of the border regions. The Slovenian minority in Italy occupies approxi­mately 1,500 km2 of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, where according to Slovenian estimates there are between MILAN ORO@EN ADAMI^ 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Year Number of unemployed people between 1957 in 2003. 83,000 and 100,000 Slovenians and, according to offi­cial Italian estimates, 52,000. Around 10,000 Slovenians also live in the Friuli lowlands outside the area of in­digenous settlements. For several centuries, this region belonged to the Patriarchate of Aquileia and the Counts of Gorizia, mainly to the Habsburg Austrian Empire from the 15th century until 1918, and after 1918 to Italy. The Slovenian minority in Austria occupies some 2,600 km2 of southern Carinthia and Styria, where ac­cording to official Austrian data (1991 census) there are some 15,100 Slovenians and, according to Slovenian es­timates, between 45,000 and 50,000. More than 5,000 Slo­venians live outside indigenous territory, mostly in Vienna and Graz. After the collapse of the Slovenian principality of Karantania, the region fell under Frankish domination and then under the Habsburg Empire for almost a millennium until its disintegration in 1918. The current Slovenian-Austrian border was established by the October 1920 plebiscite. The Slovenian minority in Hungary occupies around 100km2 along the Rába River in Hungary.Accor­ding to the official Hungarian census, 2,252 Slovenians lived in this region in 1990, although Slovenian estimates placed the figure at up to 5,000. A further 2,000 Slo­venians live dispersed throughout Hungary. The Slo­venian area between the Rába and Mura rivers has been under Hungarian rule since the 11th century. The 1920 Treaty of Trianon established the current border. Bet­ween 1948 and 1990, Hungary was cut off from Yugo­slavia and, with the border closed, contact with other Slovenian regions was practically non-existent. The indigenous Slovenian minority in Croatia numbers a few hundred individuals altogether that live in five small and separate areas. The vast majority of Slovenians in Croatia are emigrants and their descen­dants (Zupan~i~ 2001). Slovenian emigrant communities, which include more than one-fifth of all Slovenians, were created in SOCIETY five phases: economic emigration prior to World War I, largely political emigration between the world wars, de­portation during World War II, exiles and refugees im­mediately following World War II, and economic migration after 1960. According to estimates, the largest populations of Slovenian ethnic origin live in the United States (300,000), Germany (50,000), Canada (30,000), Argentina (30,000), Australia (25,000), Croatia (25,000), Serbia (10,000), Austria, Italy, France, Sweden, and Brazil (Zupan~i~ 2001, 127–128). DRAGO KLADNIK Emigrants in Trieste wait for departure to overseas destinations (around 1905). Emigration from Slovene territories was strongest at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY PALEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC PERIODS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Poto~ka zijalka [pehovka Polj{i{ka cerkev Dele` gospodinjstev (%) Archeological Sites Divje babe I Open site Cave Breg pri Borovnici Srednje Pijav{ko Lukenjska jama Betalov spodmol Jama v Lozi @upanov spodmol Mala Triglavca Parska golobina Ciganska jama Pod ^rmukljo Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geog r aphical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 27 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY NEOLITHIC PERIOD AND COPPER AGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Bukovnica Andrenci [afarsko Strjanci Ptuj Golnik Zbelovo Drulovka Rifnik Breznica pod Lubnikom Archeological Sites Settlement Tomb Blatna Notranje Gorice Srednje Pijav{ko Cave Brezovica Ig Mirna Nem{ka vas Gradi~ek [utna Predjama Sela pri Zaj~jem Vrhu Vinomer [kocjan Ciganska jama Lokev Moverna vas Kastelec Petrinje Brezovica pri Predgradu Zorenci Pusti Gradac Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 28 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY BRONZE AGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Kri`evci Dolnji Lako{ pri Ljutomeru Maribor Ru{e Spodnje Radvanje Ho~ko Pohorje Ormo` Ptuj Zre~e Bled ^reta ^ermo`i{e Rifnik Tolmin Archeological Sites Settlement Ljubljana Notranje Tomb Grgar Gorice Deposit find Ostro`nik Vrhnika [empeter Ig pri Gorici Goja~e Prevaljepod Krimom Udje Cave Slep{ek Dobova Branik Lukovec Predjama Novo mesto ^rmo{njice pri Stopi~ah Mali Podljuben Gri`e [kocjan Bre`ec Metlika Vrhpolje Jelarji DolenjaPodgora Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA Se~je selo © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 29 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY IRON AGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Benedikt v Slovenskih goricah Limbu{ Zgornje Radvanje Legen Pivola Hardek Formin Spodnje Zre~e Bled Podlo`e Savinsko Bovec Jereka Lepence Slatina Bitnje v Ro`ni dolini Kobarid Kranj Bohinjska Nevlje Bistrica [e{~e pri Preboldu Rifnik Koritnica Gode{i~ Idrija pri Ba~i Menge{ Zagorje ob Savi Most na Archeological Sites So~i Va~e Settlement Ljubljana Bo{tanj Tomb Podmolnik Godovi~ [marje -Sap Vir priSti~ni Beli Gri~ Libna Vinji Vrh Sajevce Dobova Velike Malence Sveto Brezje priVol~jiTrebelnem Vali~na vas Grad [mihel Korita pod Nanosom Mihovo Dolenja vas Gri`e Vinkov Novo Vrh mesto Podlo` Meni{ka Stari trgvas pri Lo`u Slavina [kocjan Podzemelj Rodik Jelarji Trnovo ^rnomelj Veliki Nerajec Golek Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 30 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY ROMAN PERIOD Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 COLATIO Stari trg POETOVIO Ptuj LOTODOS Stranice CARNIUM Kranj CELEIA Celje ATRANS Trojane Archeological sites, roads, administrative division, and toponomy EMONA Ljubljana Roman archeological site NAUPORTUS Town Vrhnika PRAETORIUM Military fort CASTRA/FLUVIUSFRIGIDUS LATOBICORUM NEVIODUNUM Defence wall Trebnje Drnovo Ajdov{~ina State road AD PIRUM Provincial border Hru{ica OCRA Roman name Razdrto Slovenian name AQUILEIA Oglej OCRA Razdrto TERGESTE Trst PIRANUM Piran Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 31 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MIDDLE AGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Stari trg Zgornji Duplek Potoki Ptuj Juri{na vas Sebenje Zasip Bled Radegunda Ba{elj Bode{~e Srednja vasv Bohinju Poto~e Zbelovska Gora Kobarid Kranj Kamnik Loka priRifnik @usmu Sora Archeological Sites Prapretno Dravlje Polhov Gradec Late Roman settlement Vranje Roje Late Roman graveyard Solkan Early Middle Age settlement Vrtovin Veliki Korinj Goja~e Trbinc Early Middle Age graveyard Dobova Batuje Early Middle Age deposit site Mihovo Veliki Orehek Rodik Podzemelj ^rnomelj Predloka Source: Institute of Archaeology of SRC SASA © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 32 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY COLONIZATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Radgona Maribor Slovenj Gradec Ptuj Slovenska Bistrica Ormo` Radovljica Kamnik Celje Kranj [kofja Loka Colonization characteristics Older Slovene colonization area Ljubljana Internal Slovene colonization area Highland Slovene colonization area Vi{nja Gora Kr{ko Additional Slovene colonization area Gorica Bre`ice Carinthian colonization area in Upper Carniola German colonization area, regardless of settlement period Kostanjevica na Krki Roman colonization area; also area of Slovene colonization from 12th century Novo mesto Hungarian colonization area Lo` Towns Roman town Ko~evje Settlement with city rights from 13th century Metlika Settlement with city rights from 14th century Settlement with city rights from 15th century Koper Izola ^rnomelj Piran Major roads Authors: Milko Kos, Darja Miheli~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 33 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY SETTLEMENT FORMS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Murska Sobota Gornja Radgona Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ljutomer Ravne na Koro{kem MARIBOR Slovenj Gradec Ptuj Jesenice Ormo` [o{tanj Slovenska Bistrica Tr`i~ Bled Velenje Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica @alec Roga{ka Slatina Celje [entjur Kranj Kamnik [marje pri Jel{ah Tolmin ZZZZ Z Trbovlje Z [kofja Loka ZZ Z Z La{ko Dom`ale Z Zagorje ob Savi Hrastnik Predominant settlement forms Z Z Isolated farmstead LJUBLJANA Z Z Z Hamlet Sevnica Idrija ZZ Z Z Dispersed settlement Z Nova Gorica Z Kr{ko Z ZZ Vrhnika Grosuplje Compact settlement Nucleate settlement Z Bre`ice Logatec Z Trebnje ZZ Ajdov{~ina Z ZZ Alpine type Z Z Z Z Vipava Z Prealpine type ZZ ZZ Novo mesto Cerknica Karstic type Postojna Z Mediterranean type Z Ribnica Z Roadside settlement Se`ana Pannonian type Ko~evje Metlika Subpannonian type Ilirska Bistrica ^rnomelj Suburbanized type Koper Town or city Piran Izola Unpopulated area Author: Vladimir Drozg © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 34 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY Tolmin Author: Marjan Ravbar © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 35 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY CENTRAL SETTLEMENTS AND GRAVITATION ZONES Roga{evci/Sveti Jurij Gornji Petrovci OF MOST IMPORTANT CENTERS Grad Prosenjakovci Cankova Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Moravske Toplice/Martjanci Apa~e Sladki Vrh Gornja Radgona Dobrovnik [entilj vSlovenskih goricah Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Muta Zgornja Kungota/Plintovec Spodnji Jakobski Dol Radenci Turni{~e Beltinci Podvelka/Brezno Lenart v Slovenskih goricah Kamnica Pernica Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Selnica ob Vuzenica Dravograd Dravi Videm ob ^ren{ovci Lovrenc na Kri`evci priLjutomeru Prevalje Pohorju [~avnici Cerkvenjak MARIBOR Ravne na Koro{kem Limbu{/Pekre Ribnica na Pohorju Me`ica Ru{e Ljutomer Kranjska Gora Spodnji Duplek Slovenj Gradec Spodnje Ho~e Miklav` na Dravskem polju Jur{inci Mojstrana/Dovje ^rna na Koro{kem Ivanjkovci Fram Mislinja Star{e Ra~e Jesenice Ormo` Sredi{~e ob Dravi Pragersko Kidri~evo Ptuj @irovnica/Zabreznica Gori{nica Topol{ica Oplotnica Zgornje Jezersko Vitanje Zavr~ Cirkulane Slovenska Bistrica Bled [o{tanj Tr`i~ Ljubno ob Zre~e Velenje Savinji Lu~e Mozirje Bovec Slovenske Dobrna Konjice Maj{perk Radovljica Golnik/Srednja vas Polj~ane [martno ob Paki Podlehnik Makole Preddvor Nazarje Gornji Grad Vojnik Lo~e pri Polj~anah Polzela Bohinjska Bistrica Cerklje na @alec Kobarid Gorenjskem Vransko Ponikva Roga{ka Slatina Prebold Celje @elezniki Kranj Rogatec Zgornji Tuhinj/Kamnik Laze v Tuhinju [entjur [marje pri Podbrdo [tore Duplica Lukovica pri Dom`alah/Brdo pri Lukovici Jel{ah Tolmin Vodice Trbovlje [kofja Loka Pod~etrtek Hrastnik Menge{ Izlake La{ko Trzin Most na So~i Dom`ale Rank of central settlement Facilities and services Cerkno Zagorje ob Savi Dol priHrastniku Morav~e Medvode of central settlement Rimske Toplice Seventh level Gorenja vas Planina priSevnici Kanal Kozje Polhov Gradec Bistrica ob Sotli Above average Anhovo/Deskle ^epovan @iri Litija Dobrova LJUBLJANA Sixth level Rade~e Senovo Kojsko Dole pri Litiji Horjul Sevnica Bizeljsko Dobrovo Average Fifth level Notranje Gorice/ Idrija Vnanje Gorice [kofljica Gabrovka Brestanica Rovte Krmelj Solkan Below average Fourth level Kr{ko Vrhnika Preserje/Podpe~ Ig Grosuplje Nova Gorica Mirna Mokronog Bre`ice Logatec Third level Raka [empeter pri Gorici Borovnica Ivan~na Gorica Trebnje [kocjan Dornberk Ajdov{~ina Second level Miren Dobova Zagradec Vipava Kostanjevicana Krasu Komen Branik Videm Rakek @u`emberk Velike La{~e Kostanjevica na Krki First level [entjernej Pri Cerkvi-Struge/Lipa Gravitation zone Cerknica Novo mesto Nova vas Stra`a/Vavta vas Sodra`ica Postojna Dutovlje Of a seventh level center Ribnica Dolenjske Toplice Stari trgpri Lo`u Seno`e~e Se`ana Of a sixth level center Of a fifth level center Diva~a Hrib-Lo{ki Potok Draga/Podpreska Metlika Pivka Semi~ Ko~evje Kozina/Hrpelje Kne`ak Of a fourth level center Ankaran/Hrvatini Izola Ilirska Bistrica Ko~evska Reka ^rnomelj Dekani Shared roles as equally important regional centers Osilnica Piran Koper Podgrad Portoro` Kozina/Hrpelje Settlements that share roles as central settlements Lucija [marje Stari trg Se~ovlje Vas/Fara ob Kolpi Vinica Author: Igor Vri{er © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 36 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY PREVAILING LAND USE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Economically most important land category in cadastral municipality according to arability equivalents Cultivated field Vineyard Orchard Meadow Pasture Forest Infertile Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Drago Kladnik © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY TYPOLOGY OF CHANGES IN LAND USE BETWEEN 1961 AND 1994 Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Types and proportions of changes in land use by cadastral municipalities Proportion of changes according to cadastral municipality area 1.1 to 20.0% More than 20.0% Afforestation Distinct Moderate Weak Grassing over Distinct Moderate Weak Intensification of Distinct agricultural use Moderate Weak Urbanization Distinct Moderate Weak No changes (less than 1%) Authors: Matej Gabrovec, Drago Kladnik © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 38 SOCIETY SHARE OF HOUSEHOLDS THAT PRODUCE FOOD Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of households (%) LJUBLJANA D 90 = ! 80 = < 90 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D D! 70 = < 80 60 = < 70 ! 50 = < 60 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 40 = < 50 ! D ! < 40 ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart v Slovenskih goricah Dravograd Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e Ljutomer MARIBOR Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Mozirje Slovenske Konjice Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Agricultural systems Cerkno Fodder system Pronounced fodder subsystem @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Moderate fodder subsystem Sevnica Idrija Vegetables system Vegetables-fodder subsystem Kr{ko Nova Gorica Vrhnika Grosuplje Vegetables-cereals subsystem Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Cereals system Cereals-fodder subsystem Ajdov{~ina Novo mesto Cereals-vegetables subsystem Mixed system Cereals-vegetables-fodder system Cerknica Postojna Specialized system Fruit-growing subsystem Ribnica Supplementary fruit-growing subsystem Se`ana Winegrowing subsystem Metlika Ko~evje Supplementary winegrowing subsystem Hop-growing subsystem ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica 92 Supplementary hop-growing subsystem Izola Koper Piran Forested or infertile area Author: Igor Vri{er © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 40 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Bela `lahtnina Chardonnay Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) La{ki rizling Chardonnay Renski rizling Di{e~i traminec WINEGROWING REGIONS AND DISTRICTS Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc) Gamay Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Kerner [ipon Kraljevina Zeleni silvanec Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 La{ki rizling Modra frankinja Modri pinot (Pinot Noir) Mu{kat Ottonel Portugalka Gornja Radgona Ranfol Murska Sobota Ranina Rde~a `lahtnina Renski rizling Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Rizvanec Lendava Rumeni mu{kat Ravne na Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc) Ru{e MARIBOR Koro{kem Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Ljutomer [ipon Traminec Kranjska Gora Zeleni silvanec ^rna na Koro{kem Zweigelt Jesenice @ametovka Ormo` Ptuj Slovenska Bistrica Bled Tr`i~ Bovec Velenje Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Cabernet franc Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Bohinjska Bistrica Cabernet sauvignon Chardonnay Malvazija Chardonnay @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Barbera @elezniki Kranj La{ki rizling Kamnik Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Modra frankinja [entjur Merlot Pikolit Cabernet sauvignon Rumeni plavec Tolmin Chardonnay Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc) Trbovlje Rebula Klarnica Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) La{ko (Sauvignon Blanc) Sauvignon Hrastnik Dom`ale La{ki rizling @ametovka Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Winegrowing region: Podravje Malvazija Verduc Zagorje ob Savi Merlot (Sauvignon Vert) Zeleni sauvignon Modri pinot (Pinot Noir) Winegrowing district: Prekmurje Pinela Rebula @iri Litija Winegrowing district: [tajerska Slovenija Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc) Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Vitovska grganja Idrija LJUBLJANA Sevnica Winegrowing region: Posavje Zelen Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Nova Gorica Kr{ko Zeleni sauvignon (Sauvignon Vert) Chardonnay Grosuplje Winegrowing district: Bizeljsko-Sremi~ Kraljevina Bre`ice La{ki rizling Trebnje Logatec Ajdov{~ina Modra frankinja Winegrowing district: Dolenjska Barbera Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Cabernet sauvignon Portugalka Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) @ametovka Novo mesto Chardonnay Winegrowing district: Bela krajina Winegrowing region: Primorska La{ki rizling Postojna Malvazija Ribnica Winegrowing district: Gori{ka brda Merlot Se`ana Pinela Beli pinot (Pinot Blanc) Chardonnay Rebula Refo{k Winegrowing district: Vipavska dolina La{ki rizling (Sauvignon Blanc) Sauvignon Winegrowing district: Kras Modra frankinja Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Ko~evje Metlika Rumeni mu{kat Zelen Winegrowing district: Slovenska Istra Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc) Sivi pinot (Pinot Gris) Ilirska Bistrica @ametovka La{ki rizling Koper ^rnomelj Main vine varieties grown Cabernet sauvignon Beli pinot Piran Izola ... Chardonnay Malvazija Merlot Refo{k Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of the Republic of Slovenia Rumeni mu{kat Syrah © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 41 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY HANDICRAFTS AND DESIGNED-LED CRAFTS Pe~arovci Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Filovci Te{anovci Bukovnica Sve~ina Lipovci Dobrovnik Beltinci Genterovci Boreci Turni{~e Lendava Muta Vinarje Videm ob [~avnici Ravne na Koro{kem Krapje Slovenj Gradec Selnica ob Dravi Maribor Grabe pri Ljutomerju Bu~kovci [alinci Gornji Lako{ Ljutomer [martno pri Slovenj Gradcu Ivanjkovci Gomila pri Kogu Resnik Ptuj Miklav` pri Ormo`u Gozd -Martuljek Jesenice Spodnja Hajdina Radovljica Tr`i~ [o{tanj Ormo` Bohinjska Bela Velenje Bovec Mozirje Mo{nje Gorca Gorju{e Srednja Bela @aga Kropa Vojnik Stahovica Polzela ^e{njicaKokrica Nem{ki Rovt Dra`go{e Komenda Lo~ica priRogatec pri Kropi Vranskem Kamnik Celje @alec Zgornje Danje Kranj Roga{ka Slatina Zali Log @elezniki Smlednik Moste [marca Pro`inska vas Tolmin ^e{njice Menge{ Gorenja @etina [tore Zbilje Vir Hrastnik Pe~e Cerkno Poljane nad Trbovlje Type of handicraft and designed-led craft Dom`ale Vrenska Gorca [kofjo Loko Medvode Zagorje ob Savi [kofja Loka Dolsko Gorenja vas Vejice Dol pri Ljubljani Horjul Basketweaving, Handmade paper making wickerwork @iri Podlipa Vnajnarje Senovo Bizeljsko Apnenik priDrenov Bo{tanju Idrija Ljubljana Brestanica Pottery Woodenware and wood crafts Gri~ Trnovo Lavrovec [marje -Sap Zdole Cooperage Migolica Vrhnika Glassmaking and glass painting Nova Gorica Blatna Brezovica Mokronog Raka Bre`ice Production of Miren musical instruments Honey productionand candle making Trebnje Opatje selo Weaving Mirna Pe~ Reva Veliki Podlog Laze Ivanji Grad Decorative baked goodsand bread making Velike La{~e Gru~a [tanjel Embroidery Sela pri [entjerneju Cerknica Brestovica @imarice Sodra`ica Lacemaking Pliskovica Novo mesto Pipe making pri Komnu Ribnica Production of gift sets of domestichandicrafts and replicas from Zamostec Brestovica pri Povirju Blacksmithing, Lo` Prigorica wrought-iron work the national heritage Dolenja vas Metlika Trava Brce Ko~evska Reka Ilirska Bistrica Koper ^rnomelj Piran Pomjan [marje Adle{i~i Author: Janez Bogataj © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 42 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY TOURISM AND RECREATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000  Moravske Toplice Gornja Radgona  Radenci Murska Sobota Pesnica Radlje ob Dravi pri Mariboru Dravograd Brestrnica Banovci  Lendava Maribor Ravne na Koro{kem Kranjska Gora Me`ica Slovenj Gradec  Ljutomer Podkoren Peti{ovci Kotlje Gozd - Martuljek Rate~e  Kope Dovje, Mojstrana Mariborsko Pohorje Rogla Log pod Mangartom Jesenice Topol{ica Podljubelj Sol~ava, Zre~e Ptuj Ormo` Logarska Dolina Slovenska Bistrica Trenta  Bled Velenje Lesce  Jezersko Mozirje So~a Pokljuka Mo{nje Kamni{ka Bistrica Podlehnik  Dobrna Slovenske Konjice Radovljica Preddvor  Bovec  Roga{ka Slatina  Kobarid Bohinjska Bistrica @alec  Bohinj Krvavec Krn Kranj Celje [entjur Vopovlje Tolmin Spodnja Sorica  Mo{e Trojane [kofja Loka  Trbovlje Pod~etrtek Number of overnight stays by settlement Tourist intensity Most na So~i Kandr{e La{ko Cerkno Medno Izlake number of overnight stays 100,000  in settlement = population of settlement 50,000  < 100,000 100  10,000  < 50,000 5,000  < 10,000 10  < 100 < 5,000 <10 Ljubljana Bre`ice Vrhnika Lokve Nova Gorica ^rni Vrh Sevnica Kr{ko Type of tourist area, proportion Ski centers by length of domestic and foreign tourists of ski trails (in kilometers) Foreign Domestic Grosuplje Logatec [empeter pri Gorici ^ate` ob Savi Trebnje [marje{ke Toplice Rakitna Seaside tourist area Ajdov{~ina 10  3  < 10 Health tourist area Mokrice < 3 Oto~ec Novo mesto Mountain tourist area Veliki Otok Dolenjske Toplice Other tourist area Postojna Seno`e~e Se`ana Popular areas for outdoor recreation Diva~a Gornje Lo`ine Very popular for mountaineering, hiking, and excursions Lipica  Metlika Kozina Valley very popular for observing and enjoying nature Strunjan Ko~evje Piran Ankaran Koper Ilirska Bistrica ^rnomelj Attractive winegrowing landscape Guiding wine road River section very popular for kayaking and canoeing Portoro` Se~a Izola Vinica  Organized swimming area on lake Author: Matja` Jer{i~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 43 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY NUMBER OF DWELLINGS FOR LEISURE AND RECREATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Number of dwellings LJUBLJANA D 100 = ! 50 = < 100 NOVA GORICA KRŠKO ! D! D 20 = < 50 10 = < 20 ! 5 = < 10 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 1 = < 5 ! D ! Settlement with no dwellings ! for leisure and recreation Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 44 SOCIETY SHARE OF OCCUPIED DWELLINGS, LOCATED IN DETACHED OR SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of dwellings (%) LJUBLJANA D 90 = ! 80 = < 90 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D! D 70 = < 80 60 = < 70 ! 50 = < 60 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D < 50 ! D ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY CULTURAL HERITAGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Dravograd Lenart v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Slovenj Gradec Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Bovec Jesenice Bled Radovljica Tr`i~ Mozirje Velenje Slovenska Bistrica Slovenske Konjice Ptuj Ormo` @alec Bohinjska Bistrica Roga{ka Slatina Celje @elezniki Kamnik Kranj [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Cerkno Zagorje ob Savi Number of cultural heritage sites Litija 15  @iri LJUBLJANA Sevnica Idrija 10  <15 Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 5  <10 Nova Gorica Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 2  <5 =1 Cerknica Novo mesto Types of cultural heritage sites Postojna Ribnica Archeology Se`ana Ethnology Metlika Landscape architecture Ko~evje Urban history Piran Koper Izola Ilirska Bistrica ^rnomelj Art history History Technological history Source: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 46 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY LIVE BIRTHS BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants 13  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 12  <13 Idrija 11  <12 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 10  <11 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 9  <10 8  <9 Novo mesto 7  <8 Cerknica Postojna <7 Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 47 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY DEATHS BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Number of deaths per 1,000 inhabitants 13  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 12  <13 Idrija 11  <12 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 10  <11 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 9  <10 8  <9 Novo mesto 7  <8 Cerknica Postojna <7 Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 48 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY IN-MIGRATION BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Number of in-migrants per 1,000 inhabitants 30  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 25  <30 Idrija 20  <25 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 15  <20 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 10  <15 5  <10 Cerknica Novo mesto <5 Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 49 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY OUT-MIGRANTS BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Number of out-migrants per 1,000 inhabitants 25  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 20  <25 Idrija 15  <20 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 10  <15 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 5  <10 <5 Cerknica Novo mesto Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 50 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY NATURAL POPULATION GROWTH BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Increase per 1,000 inhabitants 6  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 4  <6 Idrija 2  <4 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 0  <2 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Decrease per 1,000 inhabitants Novo mesto Cerknica –2  <0 Postojna –4  <–2 Ribnica –6  <–4 Se`ana <–6 Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 51 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY NET MIGRATION BY MUNICIPALITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Increase per 1,000 inhabitants 6  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 4  <6 Idrija 2  <4 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 0  <2 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina Decrease per 1,000 inhabitants Novo mesto Cerknica –2  <0 Postojna –4  <–2 Ribnica –6  <–4 Se`ana <–6 Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 52 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY POPULATION GROWTH BETWEEN CENSUS YEARS 1991 AND 2002 Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Population increase (%) 20 = ! LJUBLJANA D! 15 = < 20 NOVA GORICA KR[KO 10 = < 15 ! D D 5 = ! < 10 0 = < 5 ! NOVO MESTO Population decrease (%) POSTOJNA D D 0 < ! = 5 5 < = 10 ! 10 < = 15 ! 15 < = 20 ! KOPER 20 < ! D Confidential data ! (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY POPULATION DENSITY Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Radlje ob Dravi Lenart Dravograd v Slovenskih goricah Lendava Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e MARIBOR Ljutomer Slovenj Gradec Kranjska Gora ^rna na Koro{kem Jesenice Ptuj Ormo` Slovenska Bistrica Bled Velenje Tr`i~ Bovec Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Radovljica Bohinjska Bistrica @alec Celje Roga{ka Slatina Kranj @elezniki Kamnik [entjur Tolmin [kofja Loka Trbovlje La{ko Dom`ale Hrastnik Zagorje ob Savi Cerkno Number of people per square kilometre 500  @iri Litija LJUBLJANA Sevnica 100  < 500 Idrija 50  < 100 Nova Gorica Kr{ko Vrhnika Grosuplje 10  <50 Logatec Bre`ice Trebnje Ajdov{~ina 5  <10 1  <5 Cerknica Novo mesto 0  <1 Postojna Ribnica Se`ana Ko~evje Metlika ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica Koper Piran Izola Author: Drago Perko, Jerneja Fridl © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 54 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY AVERAGE SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE PTUJ D D VELENJE D KRANJ CELJE D D D TRBOVLJE Average number of members LJUBLJANA 3.8 = !! D D < 3.8 3.6 = NOVA GORICA KR[KO D !!!!!! < 3.6 < 3.4 < 3.2 < 3.0 < 2.8 < 2.6 Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) 3.4 = 3.2 = 3.0 = NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 2.8 = D 2.6 = ! D KOPER Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 55 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE PTUJ D D VELENJE D KRANJ CELJE D D D TRBOVLJE Average number of children LJUBLJANA 2.1 = !! D D 2.0 = NOVA GORICA KR[KO < 2.1 D !!!!!! 1.9 = 1.8 = 1.7 = NOVO MESTO < 2.0 < 1.9 < 1.8 < 1.7 < 1.6 POSTOJNA D 1.6 = D 1.5 = < 1.5 Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) ! SLOVENIA IN FOCUS D KOPER Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 56 SOCIETY SEX STRUCTURE OF POPULATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of females (%) LJUBLJANA D 56 < ! NOVA GORICA D KRŠKO D 54 < 52 < ! ! = 56 = 54 50 < ! = 52 NOVO MESTO Share of males (%) POSTOJNA D D 56 = ! 54 = ! < 56 52 = ! < 54 50 = ! < 52 KOPER D ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY AGEING INDEX Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE PTUJ D D VELENJE D KRANJ CELJE D D D TRBOVLJE older than 64 Index ( ) younger than 15 LJUBLJANA 180 = D !! NOVA GORICA KR[KO < 180 160 = D D !!!!!!! < 160 < 140 < 120 < 100 < 80 < 60 < 40 140 = 120 = 100 = NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D D 80 = 60 = 40 = KOPER ! D Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 58 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS DECLARED AS CATHOLIC BY RELIGION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of inhabitants (%) LJUBLJANA D 90 = ! 80 = < 90 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D! D 70 = < 80 60 = < 70 ! 50 = < 60 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D < 50 ! D ! Confidential data (fewer than 30 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY NUMBER OF INHABITANTS DECLARED AS LUTHERAN OR OTHER PROTESTANT BY RELIGION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Number of Lutherans or other protestants LJUBLJANA D 1000 = ! 500 = < 1000 ! NOVA GORICA KR[KO D D 200 = < 500 ! 100 = < 200 ! 50 = < 100 ! NOVO MESTO 20 = < 50 POSTOJNA D! D 10 = < 20 ! 1 = < 10 ! ! Settlement with no Lutherans or other protestants Confidential data KOPER D! (fewer than 30 inhabitants in the settlement) Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 60 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS WITH SLOVENIAN AS NATIVE LANGUAGE Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of inhabitants (%) LJUBLJANA D 90 = ! 80 = < 90 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D! D 70 = < 80 60 = < 70 ! 50 = < 60 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D < 50 ! D ! Confidential data (fewer than 30 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY Szentgotthárd Mono{ter Felsõszölnök Gornji Senik SLOVENIAN DIALECTS 010 20 30 40 50 km St. Veit [t. Vid Diex Djek{e Radkersburg Soboth Radgona Sobote Eibiswald Völkermarkt Ivnik Gornja Radgona Murska Sobota Leutschach Velikovec Lu~ane [entiljv Slovenskih goricah Klagenfurt HermagorCelovec [mohor Villach Beljak Rem{nik Bleiburg Pliberk Radlje ob Dravi a Arnoldstein Lenart Strojna Dravograd Podklo{ter Lendava/Lendva v Slovenskih goricah Videm St. Jakob in Rosental [entjakob v Ro`u Ravne na Koro{kem Ru{e Ferlach MARIBOR Pontebba Borovlje Lovrenc na Pohorju Tablja Me`ica Tarvisio Ljutomer Rate~e EisenkappelSlovenj Gradec @elezna Kapla Trbi` [trigova Mojstrana Ebriach Obirsko ^rna na Koro{kem Kranjska Gora Cave del Predil Rabelj a Mislinja Jesenice Sol~ava Ptuj Ormo` Pragersko a Slovenska Bistrica Trenta Zgornje Jezersko Bled ^akovec Stolvizza Velenje Solbica Tr`i~ Bovec Radovljica Slovenske Konjice Mozirje Podlehnik Gemona Gumin Vara`din Gornji Grad TaipanaBreginj Tipana Bohinjska Bistrica Celje Kobarid Vransko @alec Tarcento Roga{ka Slatina @elezniki Kranj ^enta [tore Podbrdo Kamnik [entjur Selca a Tolmin [kofja Loka Dialects and pronunciations Trbovlje a Izlake S. Pietro al Natisone [peter Slovenov Cividale del Friuli Kanal La{ko Pod~etrtek Cerkno Poljanenad [kofjo Loko Dom`ale Morav~e Hrastnik Prekmurje dialect Me`ica dialect Prlekija dialect Obir (Hochobir) dialect Kozje Haloze dialect Ro` (Rosental) dialect Northern Slovenske gorice dialect Zilja (Gailtal) dialect Zagorje ob Savi b a ^edad a Banj{ice Udine ^epovan Videm @iri Litija Rade~e LJUBLJANA Horjul Southern Pohorje dialect a Kranjska Gora pronunciation c Bizeljsko Dobrovo Idrija Cormons Krmin Vrhnika Sevnica a Kozjak pronunciation Rezija (Resia) dialect Krmelj Upper Savinja dialect So~a dialect Nova Gorica Kr{ko Grosuplje Gorizia a Sol~ava pronunciation Ter (Torre) dialect Ig Gorica Logatec ^rni Vrh Borovnica Bre`ice Central Savinja dialect Nadi`a (Natisone) dialect Trebnje Ajdov{~ina a Central [tajerska dialect Brda dialect Doberdo Doberdob Kostanjevica na Krki Kozjansko-Bizeljsko dialect Karst dialect Posavje dialect a Banj{ice pronunciation Vipava @u`emberk [tanjel Planina Velike La{~e Novo mesto a Zagorje-Trbovlje pronunciation Monfalcone Notranjska dialect Komen Tr`i~ Cerknica b ^i~arija dialect La{ko pronunciation Postojna c Sevnica-Kr{ko pronunciation Istria dialect Aurisina Ribnica Nabre`ina Dolenjska dialect a Ri`ana pronunciation Se`ana a Eastern Dolenjska pronunciation b [avrini pronunciation Pivka Trieste Trst Northern Bela krajina dialect Tolmin dialect Babno Polje Metlika Southern Bela krajina dialect a Ba~a pronunciation Ko~evje Prezid Kostel dialect Cerkno dialect MuggiaMilje Kozina ^abar Gorenjska dialect Poljanska Sora dialect ^rnomelj Ilirska Bistrica a Eastern Gorenjska pronunciation [kofja Loka dialect Izola/Isola Koper/Capodistria Osilnica Piran/Pirano Sel{ka Sora dialect ^rni Vrh dialect a b Podgrad Gerovo Northern Pohorje-Rem{nik dialect Horjul dialect Savudrija Kostel Predgrad Mixed Ko~evje pronunciations Podjuna (Jauntal) dialect Vinica Dialect border Pronunciation border Rupa Umag Ka{tel ^rnica Buzet Authors: Tine Logar, Jakob Rigler © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 62 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS ETHNICALLY DECLARED AS SLOVENIAN Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of inhabitants (%) LJUBLJANA D 90 = ! 80 = < 90 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D! D 70 = < 80 60 = < 70 ! 50 = < 60 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D < 50 ! D ! Confidential data (fewer than 30 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY POPULATION ETHNICALLY DECLARED AS ITALIAN, HUNGARIAN, OR ROMA Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Number of Italians, Hungarians, or Roma LJUBLJANA D 500 = Italians ! NOVA GORICA KR[KO D D Hungarians ! ! Roma 200 = < 500 Confidential data NOVO MESTO ! (fewer than 30 inhabitants 100 = < 200 POSTOJNA D in the settlement) D 50 = < 100 20 = < 50 10 = < 20 1 = < 10 KOPER D Settlement with no persons declared as Italian, Hungarian, or Roma Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 64 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS WITH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EQUAL TO SHORT-TERM TERTIARY OR HIGHER OUT OF TOTAL POPULATION, OLDER THAN 25 YEARS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of inhabitants (%) LJUBLJANA D 20 = ! NOVA GORICA KR[KO 15 = ! < 20 D D 10 = ! < 15 5 = ! < 10 NOVO MESTO ! < 5 POSTOJNA D D Confidential data ! (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURE OUT OF TOTAL EMPLOYED POPULATION Merilo: 1 : 1.000.000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of employed (%) LJUBLJANA D 30 = ! 25 = < 30 NOVA GORICA KR[KO ! D! D 20 = < 25 15 = < 20 ! 10 = < 15 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 5 = < 10 ! D ! < 5 ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 66 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS EMPLOYED IN INDUSTRY OUT OF TOTAL EMPLOYED POPULATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of employed (%) LJUBLJANA D 70 = ! 60 = < 70 NOVA GORICA KRŠKO ! D D! 50 = < 60 40 = < 50 ! 30 = < 40 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 20 = < 30 ! D ! < 20 ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY SHARE OF INHABITANTS EMPLOYED IN SERVICES OUT OF TOTAL EMPLOYED POPULATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of employed (%) LJUBLJANA D 70 = ! 60 = < 70 NOVA GORICA KRŠKO ! D! D 50 = < 60 40 = < 50 ! 30 = < 40 ! NOVO MESTO POSTOJNA D 20 = < 30 ! D ! < 20 ! Confidential data (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 68 SOCIETY SHARE OF TEMPORARILY ABSENT PERSONS (GUEST WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS LIVING ABROAD) IN TOTAL POPULATION Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Share of temporarily absent persons (%) LJUBLJANA D 10 = ! NOVA GORICA KR[KO 5 = ! < 10 D D 2 = ! < 5 1 = ! < 2 NOVO MESTO 0 < ! < 1 POSTOJNA D D ! Settlement with no temporarily absent persons Confidential data ! (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) KOPER D Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SOCIETY NUMBER OF FOREIGN CITIZENS WITH PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY RESIDENCE PERMITS Scale: 1 : 1,000,000 MURSKA SOBOTA D MARIBOR D SLOVENJ GRADEC D JESENICE D PTUJ D VELENJE D KRANJ D CELJE D TRBOVLJE D Number of foreign citizens NOVA GORICA D POSTOJNA D LJUBLJANA D NOVO MESTO D KR[KO D 2000 = 1000 = 500 = 200 = 100 = 50 = 20 = 10 = 5 = 1 = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! < 2000 < 1000 < 500 < 200 < 100 < 50 < 20 < 10 < 5 KOPER D Settlement with no foreign citizens ! Confidential data ! (fewer than 20 inhabitants in the settlement) Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 70 SOCIETY Szentgotth árd Kuzma Hodo{ Leibnitz Lipnica A54 A52 16 25 Trate A50 7 [entilj Jurij Radlje Gru{kovje Dobovec Bistrica ob Sotli Dobova Obre`je Metlika Gederovci Dolga vas Peti{ovci Razkri`je Sredi{~e Zavr~ ob Dravi Percentages of Slovenes in neighbouring countries (%) 50.0  20.0  10.0  5.0  1.0  0.2  0.1  206 A44, I8 H3, M2 < 50.0 < 20.0 < 10.0 <5.0 <1.0 <0.2 No specific data Number of Slovenes Municipalities in Austria and Italy Areas of settlement in Croatia and Hungary International border crossing Vinica Author: Jernej Zupan~i~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 MAP 71 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SOCIETY 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 SLOVENIAN EMIGRANTS ABROAD km Number of Slovenes 50,000  2,000  < 5,000 International border 20,000  < 50,000 1,000  < 2,000 Border of federal state, province, or district 10,000  5,000  < 20,000 < 10,000 500  < 1,000 < 500 Author: Jernej Zupan~i~ © Anton Melik Geographical Institute of SRC SASA 2008 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS MAP 72 Name index for map on page 31 Glossary of Abbreviations G1 Bájansenye p. HU A2 Breginj p. SI E3 ^rmo{njice p. SI B4 Dragonja s. SI F1 Gamlitz p. AT G1 Banovci p. SI E3 Brestanica p. SI D2 ^rna na Koro{kem p. SI E2 Dramlje p. SI E1 Gams ob Frauental p. AT p. – place, settlement F4 Barilovi} p. HR C2 Brezovica pri Ljubljani p. SI B2 ^rna prst t. SI A1 Drau s. AT D3 Gerovo p. HR s. – stream, river E1 Bärofen t. AT F3 Bre`ice p. SI C3 ^rni Vrh p. SI E1 Drava s. SI C1 Glan s. AT l. t. r. – lake – top, peak –region B2 G2 B1 Bav{ki Grintavec t. SI Bednja s. HR Bek{tanj .Finkenstein C3 D4 D4 Brkini r. SI Brod na Kolpi .Brod na Kupi Brod na Kupi p. HR E2 E3 ^rni vrh t. SI ^rnomelj p. SI F2 E1 C2 Dravinja s. SI Dravograd p. SI Dra`go{e p. SI E1 C1 D1 Gleinstätten p. AT Glina .Glan Globasnica .Globasnitz AT – Austria HR – Croatia E3 F3 Bela krajina r. SI Beli Gri~ t. HR B4 D1 Brtonigla p. HR Brückl p. AT D C4 E4 Dra`ice p. HR Dubravci p. HR D1 F3 Globasnitz p. AT Globoko p. SI HU – Hungary IT – Italy SI – Slovenia .see A E3 Adle{i~i p. SI A2 Ahten .Áttimis A3 Aiello del Friuli p. IT B3 Ajdov{~ina p. SI A2 Alpi Giulie r. IT C2 Altemaver t. SI C1 Althofen p. AT D3 Ambrus p. SI B2 Anhovo p. SI B3 Ankaran p. SI F1 Apa~e p. SI A3 Aquiléia p. IT B1 Arnoldstein p. AT A2 Áttimis p. IT B3 Aurisina p. IT B C2 Babji zob t. SI D3 Babno Polje p. SI B2 Ba~a s. SI B2 Ba~a pri Modreju p. SI F1 Bad Gleichenberg p. AT H2 B1 A1 G1 F1 G2 C1 F2 C1 F2 D2 C2 C2 B1 D1 C2 C3 F2 D2 B1 C2 B2 B2 A1 C1 C3 E4 D2 B2 Belica p. HR Beljak .Villach Belo jezero .Weißensee Beltinci p. SI Benedikt v Slovenskih goricah p. SI Beretinec p. HR Bil~ovs .Ludmannsdorf Bistrica ob Sotli p. SI Bistrica v Ro`u .Feistritz im Rosental Bizeljsko p. SI Blagovica p. SI Bled p. SI Blego{ t. SI Bleiberg-Kreuth p. AT Bleiburg p. AT Blejsko jezero l. SI Blo{ka Polica p. SI Bo~ t. SI Bo~na p. SI Bodensdorf p. AT Bohinjska Bela p. SI Bohinjska Bistrica p. SI Bohinjsko jezero l. SI Borlje .Förolach Borovlje .Ferlach Borovnica p. SI Bosiljevo p. HR Boskovec t. SI Bovec p. SI E1 B3 B4 D3 B4 B1 G1 E2 C1 C2 C3 C3 B2 A3 A2 A2 F1 C3 A3 D4 H1 F2 D3 G2 Brunn p. AT Budanje p. SI Buje p. HR Bukova Gora t. HR Buzet p. HR C Camporosso in Valcanale p. IT Cankova p. SI Celje p. SI Celovec .Klagenfurt Cerklje na Gorenjskem p. SI Cerknica p. SI Cerkni{ko jezero l. SI Cerkno p. SI Cervignano del Friuli p. IT Chiusaforte p. IT Cividale del Friuli p. IT Cmurek .Mureck Col p. SI Cormons p. IT Crni Lug p. HR Csesztreg p. HU Cvetlin p. HR ^ ^abar p. HR ^akovec p. HR C4 B2 B3 D4 F2 B2 F2 E1 B3 D2 E4 B1 B1 B1 D1 E2 D3 G1 B3 E2 B2 C2 D3 E2 E3 F2 G2 F2 G2 H2 Dane p. HR Debela pe~ t. SI Dekani p. SI Delnice p. HR Desini} p. HR Deskle p. SI Destrnik p. SI Deutschlandsberg p. AT Diva~a p. SI Dob p. SI Dobra s. HR Dobra~ .Dobratsch Dobratsch t. AT Döbriach p. AT Dobrla vas .Eberndorf Dobrna p. SI Dobrni~ p. SI Dobrovnik p. SI Dobrovo p. SI Dol pri Hrastniku p. SI Dolenja Trebu{a p. SI Dolenja vas p. SI Dolenja vas p. SI Dolenji Bo{tanj p. SI Dolenjske Toplice p. SI Dolga Gora p. SI Dolnja Vo}a p. HR Dolnje Jesenje p. HR Dolnje Ladanje p. HR Doma{inec p. HR F4 H2 B3 D3 B1 D1 D2 E1 D2 A2 D4 B1 C1 C1 G1 C1 B1 A2 A1 F2 E1 Duga Resa p. HR Duga Rijeka p. HR Dutovlje p. SI Dvor p. SI E Ebene Reichenau p. AT Eberndorf p. AT Ebriach p. AT Eibiswald p. AT Eisenkappel p. AT F Faédis p. IT Fara p. SI Feistritz an der Drau p. AT Feistritz im Rosental p. AT Feldkirchen p. AT Felso´´szölnök p. HU Ferlach p. AT Finkenstein p. AT Fojda .Faédis Förolach p. AT Fram p. SI Freidorf an der Laßnitz p. AT G C1 B1 F1 B1 C3 D1 C2 D1 C2 F1 F1 B2 C2 B3 E2 G1 B3 E3 F1 E3 E3 G2 E2 D2 G1 G1 D4 D1 C1 D3 Glödnitz p. AT Gmünd p. AT Gnas p. AT Gnesau p. AT Godovi~ p. SI Golica .Koralpe Golica t. SI Golica .Großer Speikkogel Golnik p. SI Gomila t. SI Gomilica .Gamlitz Gorenja Trebu{a p. SI Gorenja vas p. SI Gorica .Gorizia Gorica pri Slivnici p. SI Gori~ko r. SI Gorizia p. IT Gorjanci r. SI Gornja Radgona p. SI Gornja Vas p. HR Gornje Stative p. HR Gornje Vratno p. HR Gornji Doli~ p. SI Gornji Grad p. SI Gornji Petrovci p. SI Gornji Senik .Felso´´szölnök Gorski Kotar r. HR Görtschitz s. AT Gospa Sveta .Maria Saal Gotenica p. SI B1 F1 Bad Kleinkirchheim p. AT Bad Radkersburg p. AT B3 F3 Branik p. SI Bratina p. HR F3 A2 ^ate` ob Savi p. SI ^edad .Cividale del Friuli D2 F3 Dom`ale p. SI Donji Desinac p. HR D2 Gabrovka p. SI D3 D3 Goteni{ka gora r. SI Goteni{ki Sne`nik t. SI D1 Bad Weißenbach p. AT F3 Bregana p. HR B2 B4 ^epovan p. SI ^i~arija r. SI F2 B3 Dornava p. SI Dornberk p. SI A1 D1 Gail s. AT Galicija .Gallizien E2 A3 Gotovlje p. SI Grade` .Grado Sunset above the Ljubljana moor. G1 ^ren{ovci p. SI D3 Draga p. SI D1 Gallizien p. AT B3 Gradisca d'Isonzo p. IT SLOVENIA IN FOCUS 151 MIHA PAV[EK . INDEX B3 Gradi{~e .Gradisca d'Isonzo F3 Jastrebarsko p. HR D3 Kostel p. SI A1 Lieserhofen p. AT E2 Mislinja p. SI B3 Op~ine .Villa Opicina A3 Grado p. IT C3 Javorniki r. SI E1 Ko{enjak t. SI F1 Lipnica .Leibnitz E2 Mislinja s. SI E2 Oplotnica p. SI F1 Gralla p. AT C3 Jel{ane p. SI C2 Ko{utnikov turn t. SI C4 Lisac p. HR E2 Mislinjska Dobrava p. SI H2 Orehovica p. HR D1 Grebinj .Griffen C2 Jesenice p. SI C2 Kovor p. SI E2 Lisca t. SI B1 Mittagskogel t. AT G1 O´´riszentpéter p. HU D1 Griffen p. AT B2 Julijske Alpe r. SI B3 Kozina p. SI D2 Litija p. SI B2 Mojstrana p. SI G2 Ormo` p. SI D2 Grintovec t. SI E2 Jurklo{ter p. SI F2 Kozje p. SI B2 Livek p. SI E3 Mokronog p. SI A2 Orsária p. IT E2 Grobelno p. SI E3 Jurovski Brod p. HR C2 Kranj p. SI D3 Livold p. SI A1 Möllbrücke p. AT A2 Orzano p. IT B1 Großer Rosennock t. AT B2 Kranjska Gora p. SI D2 Ljubljana p. SI B4 Momjan p. HR D3 Osilnica p. SI D1 Großer Speikkogel t. AT B3 Kras r. SI C3 Ljubljanica s. SI B3 Monfalcone p. IT B1 Osojsko jezero .Ossiacher K D3 Grosuplje p. SI F3 Kra{i} p. HR D2 Ljubno ob Savinji p. SI A2 Monta` .Iôf di Montásio See B4 Gro`njan p. HR D2 Kresnice p. SI G1 Ljutomer p. SI A2 Monte Canin t. IT B1 Ossiacher See l. AT C2 Kahlkogel t. AT C1 Gurk p. AT C3 Krim t. SI B2 Log pod Mangartom p. SI B2 Monte Mangart t. IT C2 Otale` p. SI F1 Kaindorf p. AT G1 Kri`evci p. SI D2 Logarska Dolina p. SI A2 Monte Musi t. IT E1 Oti{ki Vrh p. SI C1 Gurk s. AT B2 Kal nad Kanalom p. SI C3 Logatec p. SI B1 Monte Oisternig t. IT B1 Gurktaler Alpen r. AT D3 Krka p. SI B3 Otlica p. SI C3 Kalce p. SI D3 Krka s. SI F2 Loka pri @usmu p. SI C1 Moosburg p. AT E3 Oto~ec p. SI B2 Kal - Koritnica p. SI G1 Krka s. SI B2 Lokve p. SI D2 Morav~e p. SI E3 Ozalj p. HR F1 Kamnica p. SI H C1 Krka .Gurk H1 Lovászi p. HU E4 Moravice p. HR D2 Kamnik p. SI G1 Krka .Kerka E1 Lovrenc na Pohorju p. SI G1 Moravske Toplice p. SI F2 Haloze r. SI C2 Kamni{ko-Savinjske Alpe r. SI P E3 Krmelj p. SI C3 Lo` p. SI B2 Most na So~i p. SI C3 Harije p. SI B2 Kanal p. SI A3 Krmin .Cormons B3 Lucija p. SI D1 Mosti~ .Brückl E2 Paka s. SI A1 Hermagor p. AT F3 Kanal Kupa–Kupa s. HR B2 Krn t. SI E1 Lu~ane .Leutschach D2 Mozirje p. SI A3 Palmanova p. IT G1 Hodo{ p. SI E3 Kani`arica p. SI C2 Kropa p. SI D2 Lu~e p. SI C1 Mo`berk .Moosburg C2 Horjul p. SI G1 Kapelski Vrh p. SI E1 Pame~e p. SI F3 Kr{ka vas p. SI H2 Ludbreg p. HR E2 Mrzlica t. SI F3 Horvati p. HR C2 Karavanke r. SI B1 Paternion p. AT F3 Kr{ko p. SI C1 Ludmannsdorf p. AT B3 Múggia p. IT F4 Karlovac p. HR G1 Peklenica p. HR D1 Kühnsdorf p. AT A1 Mühldorf p. AT C3 Hotedr{ica p. SI E2 Hrastnik p. SI F4 Karlovec .Karlovac G1 Perto~a p. SI E2 Kum t. SI G1 Mura s. SI B1 Kepa t. SI F1 Pesnica s. SI F2 Kumrovec p. HR F1 Mureck p. AT B3 Hrastovlje p. SI M F1 Pesnica pri Mariboru p. SI D3 Hrib – Lo{ki potok p. SI G1 Kerka s. HU E3 Kupa s. HR G1 Murska Sobota p. SI F2 Kidri~evo p. SI G2 Ma~kovec p. HR G2 Petrijanec p. HR F3 Hru{evec p. HR C3 Kute`evo p. SI G1 Mursko Sredi{}e p. HR C2 Hru{ica p. SI D2 Kisovec p. SI C1 Magdalensberg t. AT H1 Pince p. SI G1 Kuzma p. SI E1 Muta p. SI H2 Hr`enica p. HR C1 Klagenfurt p. AT B2 Mahav{~ek t. SI B3 Piran p. SI A2 Mu`ci .Monte Musi F2 Hum na Sutli p. HR C4 Klana p. HR F3 Mahi~no p. HR C3 Pivka p. SI F2 Klanjec p. HR F2 Maj{perk p. SI C3 Pivka s. SI L D1 Klein Sankt Paul p. AT H2 Mala Subotica p. HRN C3 Planina p. SI I F1 Klek .Klöch D1 Ladinger Spitze t. AT B3 Mali Golak t. SI E2 Planina pri Sevnici p. SI G2 Klenovnik p. HR F4 Ladvenjaki p. HR A3 Manzano p. IT B3 Nabre`ina .Aurisina B2 Plave p. SI C2 Idrija p. SI E3 Lahinja s. SI A2 Nadi`a .Natisone Ple{a t. SI F1 Klöch p. AT C1 Maria Saal p. AT C3 A2 Idrija .Iudrio C2 Naklo p. SI A2 Klu`e .Chiusaforte G2 Lahonci p. SI F1 Maribor p. SI D1 Pliberk .Bleiburg B2 Idrijca s. SI A2 Natisone s. IT D3 Ig p. SI B2 Kobarid p. SI E2 La{ko p. SI C2 Medvode p. SI D2 Nazarje p. SI B2 Podbrdo p. SI C3 Ilirska Bistrica p. SI C3 Kne`ak p. SI E1 Laßnitz s. AT B2 Matajur t. SI B2 Podbonesec .Púlfero G1 Kobilje p. SI A1 Latschur t. AT D2 Mekinje p. SI G2 Nedeli{}e p. HR F2 Pod~etrtek p. SI A2 Iôf di Montásio t. IT D3 Ko~evje p. SI C1 Launsdorf p. AT D2 Menge{ p. SI E3 Netreti} p. HR C3 Podgrad p. SI A3 Isonzo s. IT D3 Ko~evska Reka p. SI D1 Lavant s. AT E3 Metlika p. SI C3 Notranje Gorice p. SI B1 Podklo{ter .Arnoldstein B4 Istarske Toplice p. HR B3 Nova Gorica p. SI D3 Ko~evski rog r. SI D2 Laze p. SI D2 Me`a s. SI C3 Podkraj p. SI C3 I{ka s. SI D3 Nova vas p. SI G2 Kog p. SI F3 Lazina p. HR D1 Me`ica p. SI E2 Podkum p. SI C2 Kokra s. SI G1 Ledava s. SI F1 Miklav` na Dravskem F2 Podlehnik p. SI A2 Iudrio s. IT E3 Novo mesto p. SI D3 Ivan~na Gorica p. SI D3 Kolpa s. SI F1 Leibnitz p. AT polju p. SI C2 Podljubelj p. SI G2 Ivanec p. HR B3 Komen p. SI F1 Lenart v Slovenskih B3 Milje .Múggia B3 Podnanos p. SI O E1 Ivnik .Eibiswald D2 Komenda p. SI goricah p. SI B1 Millstatt p. AT C3 Podpe~ p. SI D2 Izlake p. SI B3 Koper p. SI G1 Lendava p. SI B1 Millstätter See l. AT C1 Oberboden p. AT F2 Podsreda p. SI B3 Izola p. SI D2 Koprivna p. SI H1 Lenti p. HU B1 Mil{tatsko jezero .Millstätter F1 Obervogau p. AT H2 Podturen p. HR B2 Korada t. SI G2 Lepoglava p. HR See D2 Obirsko .Ebriach E3 Podturn pri Dolenjskih D1 Koralpe r. AT C2 Lesce p. SI B3 Miren p. SI C3 Obrov p. SI Toplicah p. SI J D1 Korde`eva glava t. SI F2 Lesi~no p. SI E3 Mirna p. SI G1 Odranci p. SI E1 Podvelka p. SI B3 Jagodje p. SI B2 Koritnica p. SI E3 Leskovec pri Kr{kem p. SI E3 Mirna s. SI A3 Oglej .Aquiléia E2 Pohorje r. SI D1 Jakling p. AT E3 Kostanjevac p. HR E1 Leutschach p. AT E3 Mirna gora t. SI B1 Oisternig t. AT C2 Polhov Gradec p. SI B2 Jalovec t. SI E3 Kostanjevica na Krki p. SI B1 Lieser s. AT E3 Mirna Pe~ p. SI D2 Ojstrica t. SI C2 Poljanska Sora s. SI INDEX F2 Polj~ane p. SI D3 Ribnica p. SI F1 Slovenske gorice r. SI E3 [entvid ob Glini .Sankt U W E2 Polzela p. SI E1 Ribnica na Pohorju p. SI E2 Slovenske Konjice p. SI Veit an der Glan A1 Pontebba p. IT E3 Ribnik p. HR B2 So~a s. SI D3 [entvid pri Sti~ni p. SI B4 Umag p. HR A1 Weißensee l. AT C1 Pore~e .Pörtschach am E2 Rimske Toplice p. SI D3 Sodra`ica p. SI F3 [i{ljavi} p. HR A1 Unterkolbnitz p. AT B1 Weißenstein p. AT Wörther See D3 Rin`a s. SI D2 Sol~ava p. SI C4 [kalnica p. HR D2 Ur{lja gora t. SI C1 Weitensfeld p. AT E3 Ur{na sela p. SI E1 Wies p. AT F1 Wildon p. AT B2 Porezen t. SI B2 Robi~ p. SI B3 Solkan p. SI E3 [kocjan p. SI B3 Portoro` p. SI C4 Ro~ p. HR C2 Sora s. SI C2 [kofja Loka p. SI D1 Wolfsberg p. AT C1 Pörtschach am Wörther See B2 Ro~inj p. SI E3 So{ice p. HR C3 [koflje p. SI V F1 Wolfsberg im Schwarzautal p. AT B2 Rodica t. SI F3 Sotla s. SI D3 [kofljica p. SI p. AT D2 Posavsko hribovje r. SI F2 Roga{ka Slatina p. SI C2 Sovodenj p. SI B2 [krlatica t. SI G2 Vara`din p. HR B1 Wöllaner Nock t. AT C3 Postojna p. SI F2 Rogatec p. SI A1 Spittal an der Drau p. AT G2 Vara`dinske Toplice p. HR F2 [marje pri Jel{ah p. SI C1 Wörther See l. AT F2 Pragersko p. SI B3 Ronchi p. IT F2 Spodnja Hajdina p. SI G2 Vara`dinsko jezero l. HR D3 [marje - Sap p. SI E2 Prebold p. SI B3 Ronke .Ronchi C2 Spodnja Idrija p. SI C1 Velden am Wörther See p. AT E3 [marje{ke Toplice p. SI C2 Preddvor p. SI C3 Rovte p. SI F1 Spodnja [~avnica p. SI C4 Vele Mune p. HR E2 [martno ob Paki p. SI Z C3 Predjama p. SI F3 Rude p. HR F1 Spodnje Ho~e p. SI E2 Velenje p. SI D2 [martno pri Litiji p. SI B4 Pregara p. SI C4 Rupa p. HR B3 Spodnje [kofije p. SI D2 Velika Raduha t. SI D2 Zagorje ob Savi p. SI A1 [mohor .Hermagor F2 Pregrada p. HR F1 Ru{e p. SI G2 Sra~inec p. HR D1 Velika Svinja .Ladinger D3 Zagradec p. SI E2 [o{tanj p. SI H2 Prelog p. HR G1 Srebrni breg t. SI Spitze H1 Zala s. HU C1 [talenska gora C3 Prem p. SI G2 Sredi{~e ob Dravi p. SI D3 Velike La{~e p. SI H1 Zalabaksa p. HU .Magdalensberg S C3 Prestranek p. SI E1 Stainz p. AT C3 Veliki Javornik t. SI H1 Zalaháshágy p. HU B3 [tanjel p. SI D1 Prevalje p. SI B2 Stara Fu`ina p. SI E2 Veliki Javornik t. SI H1 Zalalövö p. HU A1 Sachsenburg p. AT E2 [tore p. SI G2 Pribislavec p. HR F3 Samobor p. HR E3 Stari trg ob Kolpi p. SI B2 Veliki Mangart t. SI C2 Zasip p. SI G1 Prosenjakovci p. SI C3 Stari trg pri Lo`u p. SI D4 Veliki Risnjak t. HR G2 Zavr~ p. SI D1 Sankt Andrä p. AT B3 Prva~ina p. SI C3 Starod p. SIT E1 Zgornja Kapla p. SI D1 Sankt Gertraud p. AT C3 Veliki Sne`nik t. SI F2 Ptuj p. SI D3 Sti~na p. SI D1 Velikovec .Völkermarkt F1 Zgornja Kungota p. SI E1 Sankt Oswald ob Eibiswald F2 Ptujska Gora p. SI A2 Stol t. SI C3 Verd p. SI A1 Tablja .Pontebba C2 Zgornje Bitnje p. SI p. AT F2 Ptujsko jezero l. SI D1 Sankt Paul im Lavanttal p. AT C2 Stol t. SI B1 Tarvisio p. IT G1 Ver`ej p. SI D2 Zgornje Jezersko p. SI B1 Puch p. AT F2 Stoperce p. SI D3 Temenica p. SI D3 Videm p. SI C2 Zgornje Pirni~e p. SI F1 Sankt Peter am Ottersbach G1 Puconci p. SI p. AT C2 Stor`i~ t. SI E2 Tepanje p. SI F2 Videm pri Ptuju p. SI D2 Zgornji Tuhinj p. SI B2 Púlfero p. IT F1 Straden p. AT B3 Villa Opicina p. IT A2 Ter .Torre E2 Zidani Most p. SI C1 Sankt Veit an der Glan p. AT H1 Puszta Szatta t. HU F1 Straß p. AT G1 Ti{ina p. SI A1 Zilja .Gail D1 Saualpe r. AT B1 Villach p. AT C2 Sava s. SI C1 Straßburg p. AT E4 Vinica p. SI B2 Tolmin p. SI F1 Ziprein p. AT B3 Tomaj p. SI F2 Zlatoli~je p. SI E3 Stra`a p. SI G2 Vinica p. HR R D3 Suha krajina r. SI E2 Topol{ica p. SI E2 Zre~e p. SI B2 Sava Bohinjka s. SI B2 Sava Dolinka s. SI B3 Vipava p. SI A3 Torre s. IT A2 Zuc dal Bôr t. IT F2 Ra~e p. SI D2 Savinja s. SI E1 Sulm s. AT B3 Vipava s. SI E1 Zwaring p. AT D3 Sveta Ana t. SI C2 To{~ t. SI C4 Ra~ja Vas p. HR B4 Savudrija p. HR A2 Visoki Kanin t. SI E2 Rade~e p. SI E1 Schwanberg p. AT B2 Sveta gora t. SI F2 Trako{}an p. HR C4 Vi{kovo p. HR G1 Radenci p. SI B4 Se~ovlje p. SI D3 Vi{nja Gora p. SI @ D1 Svinja .Saualpe B1 Trbi` .Tarvisio E2 Trbovlje p. SI B1 Radenthein p. AT B1 Seeboden p. AT E2 Vitanje p. SI E3 Trdinov vrh t. SI B1 @abnice .Camporosso F1 Radgona .Bad Radkersburg E1 Selnica ob Dravi p. SI C2 Vodice p. SI [ E3 Trebelno p. SI in Valcanale F2 Radizel p. SI C2 Sel{ka Sora s. SI B2 Vogel t. SI E3 Trebnje p. SI A2 @aga p. SI E1 Radlje ob Dravi p. SI E3 Semi~ p. SI F1 [~avnica s. SI E2 Vojnik p. SI E3 Radovica p. SI E2 Senovo p. SI B3 [empas p. SI B2 Vojsko p. SI B2 Trenta p. SI E2 @alec p. SI C1 Trg .Feldkirchen G2 @arovnica p. HR B3 Trieste p. IT D2 @elezna Kapla .Eisenkappel C2 Radovljica p. SI C3 Seno`e~e p. SI B3 [empeter pri Gorici p. SI D1 Völkermarkt p. AT D3 Rajndol p. SI E4 Severin na Kupi p. HR E2 [empeter v Savinjski dolini D2 Vransko p. SI C2 @elezniki p. SI C3 Rakek p. SI E2 Sevnica p. SI p. SI B2 Triglav t. SI G2 Vrati{inec p. HR D3 @elimlje p. SI C3 Rakitna p. SI B3 Se`ana p. SI C2 [en~ur p. SI G2 Trnovec p. HR C1 Vrba .Velden am Wörther F2 @etale p. SI D3 Ra{ica p. SI D1 Sin~a vas .Kühnsdorf D1 [entandra` .Sankt Andrä D2 Trojane p. SI See E2 @i~e p. SI E2 Ravne p. SI E4 Sinji Vrh p. SI D1 [entpavel v Labotski dolini B3 Trst .Trieste E4 Vrbovsko p. HR C2 @iri p. SI D1 Ravne na Koro{kem p. SI C1 Sirnitz p. AT .Sankt Paul im Lavanttal B3 Trstelj t. SI C1 Vrbsko jezero .Wörther See C2 @irovnica p. SI C3 Razdrto p. SI D4 Skrad p. HR F1 [entilj v Slovenskih goricah D2 Trzin p. SI C3 Vrem{~ica t. SI D3 @u`emberk p. SI G1 Razkri`je p. SI F1 Sladki Vrh p. SI p. SI C2 Tr`i~ p. SI C3 Vrhnika p. SI G1 Rédics p. HU B3 Slavnik t. SI E3 [entjernej p. SI B3 Tr`i~ .Monfalcone B2 Vrsno p. SI E1 Reinischkogel t. AT C3 Slivnica t. SI C2 [entjo{t nad Horjulom p. SI D3 Turjak p. SI B3 Vrtojba p. SI C3 Reka s. SI E1 Slovenj Gradec p. SI E2 [entjur p. SI G1 Turni{~e p. SI E4 Vukova Gorica p. HR G1 Resznek p. HU F2 Slovenska Bistrica p. SI E3 [entrupert p. SI G2 Tu`no p. HR E1 Vuzenica p. SI SLOVENIA IN FOCUS SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL barje marsh Sumpf marais pantano gaj grove, hurst Hain forêt bosque bel white weiss blanc blanco globok deep tief profond profundo bistrica stream Stromschnelle cours d'eau corriente de agua gol treeless kahl dénudé arido bor{t forest Wald forêt selva gora mountain, hill Berg, Hügel montagne, colline montaña, colina brda hills Hügelland collines colinas gorenji upper ober, hoch supérieur superior brdo hill Hügel colline colina gorica hill Hügel colline colina breg bank, slope Ufer, Hang rive, pente orilla, pendiente gorice hills Hügelland collines colinas brod ford Furt gué vado gornji upper ober, hoch supérieur superior cerkev church Kirche église iglesia gorovje mountain range Gebirge montagne montaña cesta road Strasse route calle gozd forest Wald forêt bosque ~ret wet meadow feuchte Wiese pré humide prado húmedo grad castle Burg, Schloss château castillo ~rn black schwarz noir negro gradi{~e fortified settlement feste Siedlung unité d'habitat fortifié nucleo habidado fuerte de`ela land Land terre tierra gri~ hill Hügel colline colina dobrava rolling lowland gewellte Ebene plaine vallonée llanura ondulada gri~evje hills Hügelland collines colinas dol valley Tal vallée valle grm bush Busch buisson arbusto dolenji lower nieder, unter inférieur inferior hi{a house Haus maison casa dolg long lang long largo hom hill Hügel colline colina doli~ small valley kleines Tal petit vallée vallejo hosta forest Wald forêt bosque dolina valley Tal vallée valle hrbet mountain range Gebirgskette chaîne de montagnes cordillera dolnji lower nieder, unter inférieur inferior hrib hill, mountain Hügel, Berg colline, montagne colina, montaña doma~ija home Haim maison casa hribovje highlands Bergland montagne bas montaña baja draga small valley kleines Tal petit vallée vallejo hudournik torrent Wildbach torrent torrente dvor hall, court Palast, Hof palais, cour palacio, corte izvir spring Quelle source fuente fara parish Pfarre parroise parroquia jama cave, grotto Höhle, Grotte caverne, grotte caverna, gruta MIHA PAV[EK . fu`ina foundry Eisenwerk forge herrería jez dam Damm barrage presa Sunset above the Vrsnik valley in the Julian Alps. SLOVENIA IN FOCUS GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL jezero lake See lac lago most bridge Brücke pont puente jug south Süd sud sur mrzel cold kalt froid frío ju`en southern südlich méridional meridional na on an sur del kal pond Teich étang estanque nad on, over, above über, ober sur del kamen stone Stein pierre piedra nizek low nieder bas bajo kanal canal Kanal canal canal ni`ina, ni`avje lowland Niederung basse terre tierra baja klanec ascent Steigung montée pendiente njiva field Acker champ campo korito river-bed Flussbett lit lecho nov new neu nouveau nuevo kot closed valley geschlossenes Tal vallée fermée rincón ob at an, bei le long de, près cerca kotlina basin Becken bassin cuenca obala coast Küste côte costa kraj settlement Siedlung habitat colonia ob~ina municipality Gemeinde commune municipio krajina land Land pays tierra, país obrh karstic spring Karstquelle source karstique fuente cársico kras karst area Karstlandschaft paysage karstique paisaje kársico ocean ocean Ozean océan océano kri` cross Kreuz croix cruz okraj district Bezirk district distrito krnica cirque Kesseltal cirque valle cerrado oto~je islands Inseln îles islas laz clearing Gereut clarière clara, calvero otok island Insel île isla ledenik glacier Gletscher glacier glaciar park park Park parc parque lep beautiful schön beau hermoso pas zone Zone zone zona letali{~e airport Flughafen aéroport aeropuerto pe~ rock Fels roc roca log swamp meadow Hain bocage prado floresta planina mountain, mountain pasture Berg, Gebirge Alm montagne, alpage montaña, pastos alpinos loka wet meadow feuchte Wiese pré humide prado húmedo planota plateau Hochebene plateau meseta lokev pond Teich étang estanque pod under, below unter, unterhalb déssous debajo luka port Hafen port puerto pogorje mountains Gebirge montagnes montañas mali, majhen little klein petit pequeño pojezerje lake area Seenplate zone lacustre zona lacustre meja frontier Grenze frontière frontera poljana clearence Feld champ campo mesto city, town Stadt ville ciudad polje field, karst hollow, plain Feld, Karstbecken, Ebene champ, champ karstique, plaine campo, campo cársico mlaka pool, puddle Pfütze flaque lodazal polotok peninsula Halbinsel péninsule península mlin mill Mühle moulin molino ponikva swallet Sickergrube rivière à perte perdida da agua subterránea mo~virje marsh Sumpf marais pantano potok stream Wildbach torrent terrente moder blue blau azur azul prag rise Schwelle seuil umbral moker wet, moist feucht mouillé, humide húmedo predor tunnel Tunnel tunnel túnel morje sea Meer mer mar prekop canal Kanal canal canal 156 SLOVENIA IN FOCUS GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL SLOVENE ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANÇAIS ESPAÑOL prelaz pass Pass col passo stra`a guard Wache garde guardia preval pass Pass col passo strm steep steil abrupt pendiente pri by bei près cerca de, a studenec source Quelle source fuente pristani{~e port Hafen port puerto suh dry trocken sec árido pristava farm-buiding Meierhof métairie alquería sveti, sv. saint sankt, heilig saint san, santo pu{~ava desert Wüste désert desierto {pik peak Spitze pic pico ravan plain Ebene plaine llanura tabor stronghold Feldlager camp bien fortifié campo fortificado ravnik tableland Taffelland guyot bancal topel warm warm chaud caliente ravnina plain Ebene plaine llanura toplice thermal springs, spa Thermalquelle, Thermalbad source thermale, thermes fuente termal, termas rde~ red rot rouge rojo trata meadow Wiese pré prado reka river Fluss fleuve río travnik meadow Wiese pré prado retje karstic spring Karstquelle source karstique fuente cársico trg market Markt marché mercado ribnik pond Teich étang estanque tunel tunnel Tunnel tunnel túnel rjav brown braun brun bruno ustje mouth Mündung embouchure desembocadura rt cape Kap cap cabo v in, at in dans, en en, de rudnik mine Bergwerk mine mina vas village Dorf village pueblo, aldea rumen yellow gelb jaune amarillo velik great, big gross grand gran, grande samostan convent, monastery Kloster couvent, monastère convento, monasterio vir spring Quelle source fuente sedlo pass Sattel col paso visok high hoch haut alto selo village Dorf village pueblo, aldea vi{avje highlands Hochland plateau meseta sever north Nord nord norte voda water Wasser eau agua severen northern nördlich septentrional septentrional vrata pass, strait Pass, Meeresstrasse col, détroit paso, estrecho skala rock Fels roc roca vrh peak Gipfel cime cima slap waterfall Wasserfall chute d'eau cascada vrta~a doline Karstdoline doline dolina slatina mineral water Mineralwasser eau minerale agua mineral vzhod east Ost est este sne`nik snowcaped mountain schneebedecter Berg mont enneigé pico nevado vzhoden eastern östlich oriental oriental soteska gorge Schlucht gorge garganta zahod west West ouest oeste spodnji lower nieder inférieur inferior zahoden western westlich occidental occidental spomenik memorial, monument Denkmal monument 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