ADIOLOGY 11111 NCOLOGY December 1999 ol. 33 No. 4 Ljubljana ISSN 1318-2099 ADIOLOGY AND NCOLOGY .TI. Editorial office Radiologij and Oncologtj December 1999 Institute of Oncology Vol. 33 No. 4 Vrazov trg 4 ,Pages 257-329 SI-1000 Ljubljana ISSN 1318-2099 Slovenia UDC 616-006 Phone: +386 61 1320 068 CODEN: RONCEM Phone/Fax: +386 61 1337 410 E-111ail: gsersa@onko-i.si Aims and scope Radiology and Oncology is a journal devoted to publication of original contributions in diagnostic and interventional radiology, computerized to111ography, ultrasozmd, magnetic resonance, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, clinical and experi111ental oncology, radiobiologi;, radiophysics and radiation protection. Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief Emeritus Gregor Serša Tomaž Benulic Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Executive Editor Editor Viljem Kovac Uroš Smrdel Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Editorial board Marija Auersperg Be1a Fornet MajaOsmak Ljubljana, Slovenia Budapest, Hungary Zagreb, Croatia Nada Bešenski Tullio Giraldi Branko Palcic Zagreb, Croatia Trieste, Italy Vancouve1; Canada Karl H. Bohuslavizki Andrija Hebrang Jurica Papa Ha111burg, Germany Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb, Croatia Haris Boko Laszl6 Horvath Dušan Pavcnik Zagreb, Croatia Pecs, Hungary Portland, USA Nataša V. Budihna Berta Jereb Stojan Plesnicar Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Marjan Budihna Vladimir Jevtic Ervin B. Podgoršak Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Montreal, Canada Malte Clausen H. Dieter Kogelnik Jan C. Roos Hamburg, Germany Salzburg, Austria A111sterdam, Netherlands Christoph Clemm Jurij Lindtner Slavko Šimunic Miinchen, Gennany Ljubljana, Slovenia Zagreb, Croatia Mario Corsi Ivan Lovasic Lojze Šmid Udine, Italy Rijeka, Croatia Ljubljan a,Slovenia Christian Dittrich Marijan Lovrencic Borut Stabuc Vienna, Austria Zagreb, Croatia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ivan Drinkovic Luka Mi/as Andrea Veronesi Zagreb, Croatia Houston, USA Aviano, Italy Gillian Duchesne Metka Milcinski Živa Zupancic Melbourne, Australia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Publishers Slovenian Medica/ Association -Slovenian Association oj Radiologi;, Nuclear Medicine Society, Slovenian Society far Radiotherapy and Oncology, and Slovenian Cancer Society Croatian Medica/ Association -Croatian Society oj Radiologi; Affiliated with Societas Radiologorum Hungarorum Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional groups oj S.I.R.M. (Italian Society oj Medica/ Radiologi;) Copyright © Radiology and Oncology. Ali rights reserved. Reader for English Olga Shrestha Mojca Cakš Key words Eva Klemencic Secretaries Milica Harisc/1 Betka Savski Design Monika Fink-Serša Printed by Imprint d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia Published quarterly in 750 copies Bank account number 50101 679 901608 Foreign currency account number 50100-620-133-900-27620-978-5152 66/ 6 NLB -Ljubljanska banka d.d. -Ljubljana Subscription jee far institutions $ 100 (16000 SIT), individuals $ 50 (5000 SIT) The publication of this journal is subsidized by the Ministry oj Science and Technology oj the Republic of Slovenia. Indexed and abstracted by: BIOMEDICINA SLOVENICA CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS EMBASE / Excerpta Medica This journal is printed on acid-free paper Radiology and Oncology is available on the internet at: http://www.onko-i.si/radiolog/rno.htm Ljubljana December 1999 Vol. 33 No. 4 CONTENTS RADIOLOGY .TI. ISSN 1318-2099 UDC 616-006 CODEN: RONCEM How reliable is classic chest radiography in the diagnosis of small pleural effusions Kocijancic I, Vidmar K 257 Computer system for determination of hip joint contact stress distribution from antero-posterior pelvic radiograph Iglic A, Kralj-Iglic V 263 ULTRASOUND Ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of anal fistulas Košorok P 267 COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY Acute subarahnoid haemorrhage: detection of aneurysms of intracranial arteries by computed tomographic angiography Miloševic Z NUCLEAR MEDICINE Indium-111-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumor Težak S, Ostojic R, Perkovic Z, Rustemovic N, Car N, Papa B, Poropat M, Dodig D ONCOLOGY Adenocarcinoma skin metastases treated by electrochemotherapy with cisplatin combined with radiation Serša G, Cemažar M, Rudolf Z, Fras AP 291 Reorganization of microtubules in V-79 cells after treatment with cytohalasin B Iglic A, Batista U, Veranic P 297 Comparison of colorimetric MTT and clonogenic assays for irradiation and cisplatin treatment on murine fibrosarcoma SA-1 cells Cemažar M, Marolt D, Lavric M, Serša G 303 RADIOPHYSICS Comparison of four models for calculation of collimator scatter factors of linac photon beams Faj D, Bistrovic M 309 SLOVENIAN ABSTRACTS 315 NOTICES 321 REVIEWERS IN 1999 325 AUTHOR INDEX 1999 325 SUBJECT INDEX 1999 328 Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 257-61. How reliable is classic chest radiography in the diagnosis of small pleural effusions Igor Kocijancic1 , Ksenija Vidmar2 1 Department oj Radiology, Institute oj Oncologtj Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Institute oj Radiology, Clinical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia Purpose. To evaluate the usefulness oj expirium lateral decubitus views in the radiological diagnosis oj small pleural effusions. Materials and methods. Patients referred to abdominal sonography far different reasons were routinely checked far possible pleural effusion. Fram November 1994 till May 1996, 36 such patients were found to have pleural effusion not exceeding 15 mm and were included in the study. Patients were examined radio­logically in erect PA and lateral projections and, after 5 min. in decubitus position, in inspiratory -expirato­ry lateral decubitus projections with 10 ° hip elevation and central beam on the lateral chest wall. Results. In 22 out oj 36 patients (61 %), the pleural fluid was not visible on erect PA and lateral chest radi­ogram. Howeve1; the fluid was visible in 35/36 patients (97%) in expirium from lateral decubitus view. The average thickness oj fluid from lateral decubitus views in inspirium and expirium was 4.3 and 7.9 mm, respectively. In 31 out oj 36 patients (86%), the thickness oj the fluid layer as measured in expirium and inspirium was different. In 16%, the fluid was not visible on inspirium lateral decubitus projections. Conclusions. Radiography turned out to be almost as sensitive as sonography in detection oj small pleural effusions. Lateral decubitus views taken in expirium contributed essentially to the diagnostic sensitivity in our study. Key words: pleural effusion-radiology; thoracic radiography-methods; diagnosis Introduction A small pleural effusion may be an impor­tant finding, sometimes leading, via thoraco­ Received 19 October 1999 Accepted 18 November 1999 Correspondence to: Igor Kocijancic, MD, MSc, Department of Radiology, Institute of Oncology, Zaloška 2, SI -1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Phone: + 386 61 13 21 195, Fax: + 386 61 13 14 180, E-mail: rtg@onko-i.si centesis, to a definitive diagnosis of pleural carcinomatosis, infection or transudate. The data on the smallest detectable amount of pleural fluid vary considerably, but they are essentially within the same range whether CT, sonography or X-ray examination are used.1-13 Rigler14 was the first to use lateral decubi­tus views for radiological diagnosis of small pleural effusions. Others1 , 3 , 15 , who further Kocijancic I et al. / Diagnosis oj small pleural effusions developed the technique, detected, working on cadavers,1 as small amounts as 5 ml of pleural fluid. No valid comparison has been made between the thickness of the pleural effusion, as seen on X-ray or sonography, and the amount of aspirated fluid. A small amount of fluid (5-10 ml) is often present in the pleural space of a healthy person.2 There is probably some residual fluid after thoracocentesis. These two circumstances would, in our view, severely limit the reliability of „exact" quanti­tative studies of small pleural effusions. We have therefore tried to assess the clinical use­fulness of the method. The aim of our study was to assess: -whether lateral decubitus views are really more effective in detecting small pleural effusions than erect PA and lateral projec­ tions only; -and, more important, whether the use of inspiratory-expiratory views can further improve the results. Patients and methods Patients, referred to abdominal sonography for different reasons, were routinely checked for possible unsuspected pleural effusion. From November 1994 till May 1996 thirty­six such patients, in whom the thickness of the pleural effusion in sonography did not exceed 15 mm, were included into the study. Of these 36 patients, 27 were males and 9 females, their age ranging between 28 -80 years, with a mean age of 54.8 years. Their condition was clinically diagnosed as: Lung cancer 14 Metastasis to the lung 6 Pulmonary TB 5 Cardiac failure 4 Systernic connective tissue disease 4 Liver cirrhosis 2 Chest trauma 1 Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 257-61. Abdominal sonography was performed first. The patient was then put for 5 minutes into lateral decubitus position. Then the sonography of the lower pleural space, fol­lowed, first, with the patient leaning on his/her elbow, and second, in a sitting posi­tion. It was performed by a Toshiba SAL 38-B ultrasound unit with a 5 MHz large radius convex transducer. The findings were record­ed on Polaroid films. Radiological examination was performed only if sonography had shown any small pleural effusion. Erect PA and lateral projec­tions were obtained for other indications. Written consent was obtained from the patients for additional, simultaneous lateral decubitus views. A 140 kV Siemens unit was used, with 2 m F-F distance for the erect views of the chest, and 1.5 m F-F distance for lateral decubitus views. For these, the patient was put into lat­eral decubitus position for 5 minutes, with 10 deg. hip elevation. Exposures were taken in both, inspirium and expirium, with the cen­tral beam aimed at the lateral chest wall and the patient slightly rotated onto his/her back. An experienced radiologist was always pre­sent at the examination. The films were eval­uated independently by two experienced radiologists with no previous knowledge of findings. The criteria for determining the presence of pleural fluid were: SonographyS,16-18 -a non-echogenic zone between the parietal and the visceral pleura, changing between expirium and inspirium as well as chang­ing with different positions of the patient, -fluttering of the pulmonary edge during respiration, -moving hyperechogenic particles within the fluid. X ray3,19 from a lateral decubitus view, the mini­mum thickness of the horizontal fluid layer should be 3 mm, Kocijancic I et a/. / Diagnosis of small pleural effusions -costophrenic angle density with meniscus sign on erect views. Matching pairs T-test was used far the analysis of differences in measurements on the same individual. Results In 22 out of 36 patients (61 %) the pleural fluid was not visible on erect PA and lateral chest radiogram. The average thickness of the visible fluid on lateral decubitus views was 4.3 mm in inspirium and 7.9 mm in expirium, the differ­ence of 3.6 mm being statistically significant (p<0,005). In 6 out of 36 patients (16%), the fluid was not visible from lateral decubitus views in inspirium. In 5 of these, the fluid level was visible in expirium, its thickness being 4 -8 mm (Table 1). In one patient, the fluid was only visible on sonography, proved by thora­cocentesis. In 31 out of 36 patients (86%), there was a difference in the thickness of the fluid layer as measured in expirium and inspirium from lateral decubitus views. In 5 patients (14%), the layer was unchanged in inspirium and expirium. Discussion and conclusions Rigler14 was the first to use lateral decubitus views far the demonstration of pleural fluid. He did not use exposure in expirium, nor did he aim the central beam at the lateral chest wall, parallel to the expected fluid level. The latter technical improvement was introduced by Hessen3 together with the elevation of the patient's hip, while the exposure in expirium is mentioned in the work of Miiller and Lofst­edt15 but apparently without gaining wider acceptance. Table l. Thickness of pleural fluid layer on lateral decubitis views Thickness of Number of patients in fluid inspirium expirium 0mm 6 (16%) 1 (3%) 3-Smm 17 (48%) 8 (22%) 6-10 mm 12 (33%) 18 (50%) 11-15 mm 1 (3%) 9 (25%) The amounts of pleural fluid detectable this way were assessed in cadaver experi­ments 1 and were as little as 5 ml in experi­mental conditions. This is probably less reli­able in practice due to the unaccurate results of thoracocentesis. With the advent of sonography it was shown that very small amounts of pleural 8 fluid can be demonstrated this way.4­ In the literature, we couldn't find any exact quantitative definition of small pleural effu­sions. So, our term of small pleural effusions includes clinically silent effusions which are usually unexpected findings on X-ray and/or sonography examinations far different rea­sons. In the course of our study we have achie­ved comparable results using sonography and radiography. Interestingly, the main sign, allowing the demonstration of the smallest effusions, was similar in both modalities: the changing of the fluid layer during inspirium -expirium. Obviously, a thicker fluid level, as is more often seen in expiratory views, would tend to facilitate the diagnosis (Figure 1, 2). Another advantage of using this criterion was our increased ability to recognise artefacts such as skin falds, sheets, subcutaneous fat and the like. Since both sonography and „classical" radiography seem to be sensitive methods far demonstrating small pleural effusions, there should not be any overwhelming reason to use CT as the first choice far this purpose, especially since the results of CT do not seem superior in this respect.9,13,20 Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 257-61. Kocijancic I et al. / Diagnosis of small pleural effusions Figure l. lnspiratory lateral decubitus projection showing about 5 mm wide layer of pleural fluid in 30 years old male patient with TBC pleuritis. Figure 2. Expiratory lateral decubitus projection in the same patient showing much thicker f!uid leve! (about one cm), which tends to facilitate the diagnosis. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 257-61. Kocijancic I et a/. / Diagnosis of smal/ pleura/ effusions For satisfactory results, meticulous adher­ence to the technique described may be an advantage. Lateral decubitus views taken in expirium contributed essentially to the diag­nostic sensitivity of radiological examination in our study. Reference 1. Moskowitz H, Platt RT, Schachar R, Mellus H. Roentgen visualization of minute pleural effusion. Radiologij 1973;109: 33-5. 2. Felson B. Chest rentgenologij. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1973. p. 352. 3. Hessen I. Roentgen examination of pleural fluid. A study of the localisation of free effusions, the potentialities of diagnosing minimal quantities of fluid and its existence under physiological condi­tions. Acta Radiol 1951; 86 Suppl 1: 1-80. 4. Gryminski J, Krakowa P, Lypacewicz G. The diag­nosis of pleural effusion by ultrasonic and radio­logic techniques. Chest 1976; 70: 33-7. 5. Lipscomb DJ, Flower CDR. Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pleural disease. Br J Dis Chest 1980; 74: 353-61. 6. Von Eibenberger K, Dock W, Metz V, Weinstabl C, Haslinger B. Grabenwi:iger F. Wertigkeit der tho­rax bettaufnahmen zur diagnostik und quan­tifizierung von pleuraergiissen -iiberpriifung mit­tels sonographie. RiiFo 1991; 155: 323-6. 7. Lorenz J, Bi:irner N, Nikolaus HP. Sonographische volumetrie von pleuraergiissen. Ultraschall 1988; 9: 212-5. 8. Mathis G. Lungen und pleurasonographie. Berlin: Springer -Verlag; 1992. p. 11. 9. Me Loud TC, Flower CDR. Imaging of the pleura: Sonography, CT and MR imaging. A]R 1991;156: 1145 -53. 10. Mikloweit P, Zachgo W, Li:ircher U, Meier-Sydow J. Pleuranage lungenprozesse: diagnostische wer­tigkeit sonographie versus CT. Bildgebung 1991; 58: 127-31. 11. Leung AN, Muller NL, Miller RR. CT in the differ­ential diagnosis of pleural disease. AJR 1990; 154: 487-92. 12. Maffesanti M, Tommasi M, Pellegrini P. Computed tomography of free pleural effusions. Eur J Radio/ 1987; 7: 87-90. 13. Flower CDR. CT and ultrasound in the manage­ment of pleural disease. In: The Fleischner Soci­ety, editor. 21st annual symposium on chest dis­ease, 1991 May 23-25; Interlaken, Switzerland, 1991. p. 445-8. 14. Rigler LG. Roentgen diagnosis of small pleural effusions. JAMA 1931; 96: 104-8. 15. Miiller R, Li:ifstedt S. Reaction of pleura in prima­ry tuberculosis of the lungs. Acta Med Scand 1945; 122: 105-33. 16. Targhetta R, Bourgeois JM, Marty-Double C, et al. Vers une autre approche du diagnostic des masses pulmonaires peripheriques. J Radiol 1992; 73: 159­64. 17. Marks WM, Filly RA, Callen PW. Real-tirne evalu­ation of pleural lesions: New observations regard­ing the probability of obtaining free fluid. Radio/o­gy 1982; 142: 163-4. 18. Brant WE. US of the thorax. In: Rumack CM, Wil­son SR, Charboneau JW, editors. Diagnostic ultra­sound. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1991. p. 413­28. 19. Raasch BN, Carsky EW, Lane EJ, O'Callaghan JP, Heitzman ER. Pleural effusion: Explanation of some typical appearances. AJR 1982; 139: 889-904. 20. Stark P. The pleura. In: Taveras JM, Ferrucci JT, editors. Radiologij, diagnosis, imaging, intervention. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott comp.; 1995. Chapter 80. p. 3. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 263-6. Computer system for determination of hip joint contact stress distribution from antero-posterior pelvic radiograph Aleš Iglic1 and Veronika Kralj-Iglic2 1 Laboratory oj Applied Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Institute oj Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia Background. A computer system HIPSTRESS is described. The system can be used far the determination of the contact stress distribution in the hip joint for a known body weight and some characteristic pelvic and hip geometrical parameters which can be determined directly from the standard antero-posterior radiograph. Conclusions. The system can be applied in clinical practice to predict an optimal stress distribution in dif­ferent operative interventions in the hip. Key words: antero-posterior radiograph, hip joint contact stress, pelvis Introduction The studies of the distribution of the contact stress1-4 in the hip joint are important to explore the pathomechanics of the degenera­tive joint diseases4-6 as well as to predict an optimal stress distribution after certain oper­ative interventions in order to improve their 26•7 efficiency. · In this work, we describe the computer sys­tem HIPSTRESS which can be used for the determination of the hip joint contact stress 3 89 distribution for individual patients2-,, . The system needs, as the input . The effect of the microtubule rod on the vesicle shape was also theoretically described by taking into account the elastic properties of the vesicle membrane.5-8 We observed that after addition of the cytochalasin B the shape of the body of the V­79 cells transformed from elongated to more globular while the celi took the shape. On the basis of the similarity with the observed morphology of the phospholipid vesicles with enttapped microtubule rods we assumed that the shape transformation of the V-79 cells is due to physical mechanisms similar to the ones taking place in phospholipid vesicles. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether the microtubules would get organized into a rod-like structure within the celi. The aim of this work was to study the con­ation of the microtubules in the cytocha­ figurlasin B treated V-79 cells in connection to the celi shape and to see whether there are any similarities to the phenomena taking place in phospholipid vesicles. Materials and methods Cells The V-79-379 A (diploid lung fibroblasts of Chinese hamster) were grown in Eagle MEM Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 297-301. (minimal essential medium -GIBCO) supple­mented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS ­FLOW), penicillin (lO0U/ml) and strepto­mycin (100 µglml) at 37 ° C in a COincubator. 2 Cytohalasin B treatment The cells (2.105) were seeded in 50mm plastic Petri dishes. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with cytochalasin B (SIGMA) (final concentration of 2µglml) for one hour. At first, the cells were observed with a phase contrast microscope and then prepared for tubulin staining. The cells were simultaneous­ly fixed and permeabilized with a mixture of 4% formaldehyde, microtubule stabilizing buffer9 and 0.5% Triton at 37 ° C for 30 min. After washing in PBS and blocking an unspe­cific labelling with 1 % BSA, the cells were immunolabelled with monoclonal anti !3-tubu­lin (SIGMA) over night. The FITC-labelled sec­ondary antibodies (SIGMA) were applied for 2 hours at 37 ° C. After washing the cells were mounted in vectashield with DAPI (VECTOR) and examined in fluorescent microscope (LEITZ Laborlux S). Results and discussion The morphological appearance of control V79 fibroblasts in celi culture was fiat and mainly spread over the substrate while the micro­tubules were radially oriented within the celi body (Figure 1). After cytochalasin B treat­ment, the celi body became globular and the area of contact with the substrate diminished while the celi exhibited long cylindrical pro­trusions (Figure 2). With tirne, the cells more and more resembled the shape. The fluores­cence microscope image showed that the microtubules were organized into rod-like structures emanating from the nuclear area (Figure 2). While observing the shape of the celi in the phase contrast microscope, our assump­ Figure l. Control V-79 cells observed in fluorescence microscope showing the microtubules labelled with FITC (green) and nucleus with DAPI (blue). Bar -lOµm. tion that there is a rod-like structure acting upon the membrane was therefore confirmed. A sirnilarity can be drawn from the shape of V-79 cell with long tubular protrusions con­taining rnicrotubule rod, and the shape of the phospholipid vesicle with a long entrapped rnicrotubule rod. 6 There is however a major difference in interpreting the origin of the sta­bility of the shape in phospholipid vesicles and in V-79 cells. In the deterrnination of the shape of the phospholipid vesicles, the mem­brane bending energy is rninirnized at rele­vant geometrical constraints.10 On the other hand, the fibroblasts are modelled as fluid drops bounded by actin cortex under persis­tent tension and possessing area elasticity.11 The plasma membrane usually exhibits wrin­kling, in contrast to the surface of the phos­pholipid vesicles where it is smooth. There could be many possible reasons responsible for the rnicrotubule reorganiza­tion after disaggregation of the actin fila­ments. In the experiments with phospholipid vesicles, the microtubules spontaneously associated into rodlike structure indicating that such configuration is energetically favourable. These processes could also be pre­sent in the cytochalasin B treated cells. However, in intact cells, the rnicrotubules in the cell body have radial orientation that is maintained by the integrity of the whole cytoskeleton. After the disaggregation of the actin filaments, the radial orientation of the tubules may become unfavourable as the sur­face structure would impose a force on the rnicrotubules leading to the bending of the rnicrotubules. The rnicrotubules may redis­tribute as to avoid energetically unfavourable bending. In order to explain the observed shape of V-79 cells treated by cytochalasin B in more detail, additional experimental evidence Figure 2. V-79 cells after treatment with cytochalasin B far 60 min in fluorescence rnicroscope. Bar -10 µm. should first be collected. It should be estab­lished to what extent the membrane cortex has been preserved. Also, it would be of inter­est to see whether the wrinkling of the plas­ma membrane is increased with respect to untreated cells. A related effect has been observed also in the erythrocytes of the patients with the sick­le-cell disorder. These cells in the deoxygenat­ed blood develop long protrusions of the membrane which apparently are caused by polymerized hemoglobin S in the cell interi­or.12 Conclusion Based on the similarity of the shape of the cytochalasin B treated cells and phospholipid vesicles with entrapped rod-like structure, we suggest that the elastic properties of the sur­face structure determine the shape of the cytochalasin B treated cells as well as of the phospholipid vesicles subject to tension. Our results also support the hypothesis13 that the shape of the intact cells is mainly determined by the configuration of the actin filaments. Reference s l. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JO. Molecular Biologi; of the Celi (1994) Garland Publishing Inc., New York & London; p. 787-846. 2. Gupta PD, Nandini R, Rao KS. Hormone-induced changes in cell shape: role of cytoskeletal proteins. Cytobios 1996; 86: 75-111. 3. Keller HU, Zimmermann A. Shape changes and chemokinesis of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells in response to colchicine, vinblastine, nocodazole and taxol. Invasion Metastasis 1986; 6: 33-43. 4. Ostlund RE, Leung JT jr, Hajek SV.Regulation of rnicrotubule assembly in cultured fibroblasts. J Celi Biol 1980; 85: 386-91. 5. Fygenson DK, Marko JF, Libchaber A. Mechanics of rnicrotubule-based membrane extension. Phys Rev Leti 1997; 79: 4497-50. 6. Emsellem V, Cardoso O, Tabeling P. Vesicle defor­mation by microtubules: A phase diagram. Phys Rev E 1998; 58: 4807-10. 7. Božic B, Svetina S, Žekš B. Theoretical analysis of the formation of membrane microtubes on axially strained vesicles. Phys Rev E 1997; 55: 5834-42. 8. Umeda T, Nakajima H, Hotani H. Theoretical analysis of shape transformations of liposomes caused by microtubule assembly. J Phys Soc ]apan 1998; 67:682-8. 9. Bell PB, Safiejko-Mroczka B. Improved methods for preserving macromolecular structures and visualizing them by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Scan Micro 1995; 9: 834-60. 10. Deuling HL, Helfrich W. The curvature elasticity of fluid membranes: A catalogue of vesicle shapes. J Phys (Paris) 1976; 37: 1335-45. 11. Thoumine O, Cardoso O, Meister J. Changes in the mechanical properties of fibroblasts during spreading: a micromanipulation study. Eur Biophys ] 1999; 28: 222-34. 12. Bunn HF, Forget BG. Hemoglobin: molecular, genetic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Saunders Company; 1995. 13. Tsai MA, Waugh RE, Keng PC. Passive mechanical behavior of human neutrophiles: Effects of colchicine and paclitaxel. Biophys] 1998; 74: 3282­91. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 303-8. Comparison of colorimetric MTT and clonogenic assays for irradiation and cisplatin treatment on murine fibrosarcoma SA-1 cells Maja Cemažar, Darja Marolt, Mira Lavric and Gregor Serša Department o f Tumor Biology, Institute of Oncologrj Ljubljana, Slovenia Background. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between cell survival of SA-1 tumor cells measured by clonogenic assay and MIT assay after irradiation and cisplatin treatment. Materials and methods. Survival of SA-1 cells was measured after irradiation (2-8 Gy) and cisplatin treat­ment (0.05-0.5 µ g/ml) by clonogenic assay performed 7 days after treatment, and by MIT assay performed on day 3, 4, 5, and 7 after the treatment. Results. The results showed good correlation between MIT assay and clonogenic assay for irradiation doses below 4 Gy. Far higher doses good correlation between MIT and clonogenic assay was determined only when MIT assay was performed on day 5 and 7 after the treatment. In the case of cisplatin treatment, similar pattern was observed, good correlation between IC50 values for MIT and clonogenic assay was found when MIT assay was performed on day 5 and 7 after the treatment. Conclusion. Results of our study confirmed the results of previous studies addressing this topic and fur­ther support the use of MIT test as an alternative test for clonogenic test as a predictive assay of tumour response to the radio or chemotherapy. Key words: sarcoma, experimental-radiotherapy-drug therapy; colony forming units assay; cisplatin; col­orimetry-methods; triazoles Received 25 August 1999 Accepted 4 October 1999 Correspondence to: Maja Cemažar, Ph.D., Institute of Oncology, Department of Tumor Biology, Zaloška 2, SI­1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Tei: +386 61 323 063 ext. 2933; Fax: +386 61 133 74 10; E-mail: mcemazar@onko-i.si Introduction The use of predictive assays in radio and chemotherapy is getting more and more atten­tion in the last years, especially, because some clinical studies demonstrated good correlation between a predictive assays and clinical 8 response to therapy.1-Numerous different approaches, such as measurement of either survival or growth of cells, tumour cell kinet­ics, determination of chromosomal or DNA damage following gene expression and mea­ surement of tumour hypoxia, were tested in order to predict tumour or normal tissue response of particular patient to radio or 11 chemotherapy.9-The rationale of predictive assays is to identify patients before the com­mencement of therapy, in whom the 0.5 µg/ml and 0.4 µg/ml, respectively), but good correlation was found between res o val­ues of MTT assay performed un days 5, and 7 and clonogenic assay (Ies0 0.25, 0.22, and = 0.28 µg/ml, respectively). Discussion This study shows good correlation between MTT assay and clonogenic assay for irradia­tion for doses below 4 Gy. For higher irradia­tion doses the good correlation between MTT and clonogenic assay was determined only when MTT assay was performed on day 5 and 7 after the treatment. In the case of cisplatin treatment, similar pattern was observed, good correlation between res o values between MTT and clonogenic assay was determined, when MTT assay was performed on day 5 and 7 after the treatment. The use of MTT assay to measure the num­ber of viable cells depends on the assumption protocol enabled us to calculate the surviving fraction and thus direct comparison of MTT test with clonogenic assay. In our experiments on SA-1 tumour cells we found a very good correlation of MTT assay and clonogenic assay when celi were irradiated at 2 Gy. For higher doses, results between both assays correlated well only for longer incuba­tion times in MTT assay. Similar results were published previously testing correlation between MTT and clonogenic assay on differ­ 13 18 ent cell lines.12, , , 19 In these studies, some of the tested cell lines did not show good correla­tion at 2 Gy, but at higher doses, indicating that use of MTT assay can sometimes be restricted by radiation dose ranges. Use of MTT assay in determining chemo­sensitivity of tumours was already established.s-7 In a study of earmichel et al. four chemotherapeutic drugs were tested in three celi lines to determine the correlation between MTT and clonogenic assay.17 They found excel­lent agreement between the reo values for mel­ sphalan, adriamycin and cisplatin, whereas for vinblastine, MTT assay appeared more sensi­tive.17 In this study MTT assay was performed 4 days after the treatment. In our study, good agreement between MTT and clonogenic assay was obtained only when at least 5 days incuba­tion was used in MTT assay, demonstrating that for reliable results incubation tirne for MTT assay should be adjusted with regard to the doubling tirne of tested cells. It should be long enough to allow chemotherapeutic drugs to exert their cytotoxic potential. In conclusion, results of our study con­firmed the results of previous studies addressing this topic and further support the use of MTT test as an alternative test to clono­genic test as a predictive assay of tumour response to the radio or chemotherapy. Ack.nowledgement This work was supported by research grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia. Reference s 1. West CM, Davidson SE, Roberts SA, Hunter RD. The independence of intrinsic radiosensitivity as a prognostic factor for patient response to radiother­apy of carcinoma of the cervix. Br J Cancer 1997; 76: 1184-90. 2. Eschwege F, Bourhis J, Girinski T, Lartigau E, Guichard M, Deble D, et al. Predictive assays of radiation response in patients with head and neck squamous celi carcinoma: A review of the Institute Gustave Roussy experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 39: 849-53. 3. Brock WA, Baker FL, Peters LJ. Radiosensitivity of human head and neck squamous celi carcinomas in primary culture and its potential as a predictive assay of tumor radiocurability. Int J Radiat Biol 1989; 56: 751-60. 4. Brock WA, Baker FL, Wike JL, Sivon SL, Peters LJ. Cellular radiosensitivity of primary head and neck squamous celi carcinomas and local tumor con­trol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 18: 1283-6. 5. Shaw GL, Gazdar AF, Phelps R, Steinberg SM, Linnoila RI, Johnson BE, et al. Correlation of the in vitro drug sensitivity testing results with response to chemotherapy and survival: Comparison of non-small celi lung cancer and small celi lung can­cer. J Celi Biochem Suppl 1996; 24: 173-85. 6. Elledge RM, Clark GM, Hon J, Thant M, Belt R, Maguire YP, et al. Rapid in vitro assay for predict­ing response to fluorouracil in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Ciin Oncol 1995; 13: 419-23. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 303-8. 7. Klumper E, Pieters R, Kaspers GJ, Huismans DR, Loonen AH, Rottier MM, et al. In vitro chemosen­sitivity assessed with the MTT assay in childhood acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1864-9. 8. Strausbol-Gron B, Overgaard J. Relationship between tumour celi in vitro radiosensitivity and clinical outcome after curative for suamous celi carcinoma of the head and neck. Radiother Oncol 1999; 50: 47-55. 9. Peters LJ, Brock WA, Chapman JD Wilson G. Predictive assay of tumor radiocurability. Am J Ciin Oncol; 1988; 11: 275-87. 10. West CML: Invited review: Intrinsic radiosensitiv­ity as a predictor of patient response to radiother­apy. Br J Radiol 1995; 68: 827-37. 11. Begg AC. Individualization of radiotherapy. In: Steel GG, editor. Basic Clinical Radiobiologtj. New York: Arnold , London & Oxford University Press; 1997. p. 234-45. 12. Carmichael J, DeGraff WG, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Mitchell JB. Evaluation of a tetrazolium-based semiautomated colorimetric assay: Assessment of radiosensitivity. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 943-6. 13. Wasserman TH, Twentyman P. Use of colorimetric microtiter (MTT) assay in determining the radiosensitivity of the cells from a murine tumours. Int J Radia/ Oncol 1988; 15: 699-702. 14. Plumb JA, Milroy R, Kaye SB. Effects of the pH dependence of 3-(4,5-dimehylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5­diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide-formazan absorp­tion on chemosensitivity determined by a novel tetrazolium-based assay. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4435-40. 15. Price P, McMillan TJ. The use of non-clonogenic assays in measuring the response of cells in vitro to ionising radiation. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30: 838-41. 16. Watts ME, Roberts IJ, Woodcock M. A comparison of colorimetric and clonogenic assay for hypoxic­specific toxins with hamster and human cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989; 16: 939-42. 17. Carmichael J, DeGraff WG, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Mitchell JB. Evaluation of a tetrazolium-based semiautomated colorimetric assay: Assessment of chemosensitivity testing. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 936­42. 18. Price P, McMillan TJ. Use of the tetrazolium assay in measuring the response of human tumor cells to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 1392-6. 19. Slavotinek A, McMillan TJ, Steel CM. Measu­rement of radiation survival using the MTT assay. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30: 1376-82. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 309-13. Comparison of four models for cakulation of collimator scatter factors of linac photon beams Dario Faj1, Matija Bistrovic".2 1 Department oj Oncology, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek 2 University Hospital far Tumors, !lica 197, Zagreb, Croatia. Background. Two approaches far approximation of collimator scatter correction factors oj rectangular fields can be found in recent publications. One is based on empirical equations ar some more sophisticated physical mode/s using certain parameters which have to be adjusted far a specific machine. The other is based on an earlier proposed idea of decomposition of collimator scatter correction factor Junction of two variables -into the product of two Junctions of one variable. In this worlc four models, based on the decom­position, are compared. Ali these models are based on the measurement of the output variation while open­ing one of the two collimator bloclcs, the other being opened at some fixed value. Material and methods. The measurements were carried out using nominal 6 MV and 15 MV X-ray beams of a Siemens linac and nominal 6 MV and 18 MV X-ray beams of a Varian linac. Results and conclusions. It was shown that better approximation can be achieved with a suitable choice of basic measurements and normalisation of data. Key words: radiotherapy dosage; scattering radiation; photons; collimator scatter, rectangular fields lntroduction From a review of tumor control dose-response curves a standard requirement of 3.5% has been proposed for the accuraey of the dosimetry of radiotehrapy units.1 In order to provide this level of aeeuraey it was reeom­mended to separate eollimator (head) and phantom seatter. Namely, as shown by sever- Received 4 October 1999 Accepted 14 October 1999 Corressponding author: Dario Faj, Physicist, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; Phone:+385 31511 496; Fax: +385 31 512 222; E-mail: dario_faj@hot­mail.com al authors,2-5 the eollimator scatter eorreetion faetor Se for reetangular fields and, therefore, the total seatter eorrection faetor Sep will dif­fer if the upper and lower eollimator jaws are interehanged. The magnitude of this, so ealled eollimator exehange effeet (CEE), depends on the eonstruetion of the treatment unit head and will be defined as CEE=Se(x,y)-Se(y,x). Then the maximum differenee is expeeted as where indiees min and max indieate the largest and the smallest openings, and x is the opening of the upper, y of the lower eollima­tor jaw. Se is usually normalised so that when two decomposing functions are nor­malised so that they are a unity at y=yf or rex=x ref' respectively. This model requires mea­ surements for various y ' s at x ax' thus signif­ m icantly reducing the number of measure­ments. Using this model we also obtained deviations up to 3% from the actually mea­sured Sc(x,y). In this work we shall compare three vari­ous models also based on the idea of the decomposition of Sc(x,y) into the product of two one-variable functions, trying to get a bet­ter approximation using various types of nor­malisation and limitation. Materials and methods The measurements were carried out using nom­inal 6 MV and 15 MV X-ray beams of a Siemens linac (Mevatron MD installed in Osijek) and nominal 6 MV and 18 MV X-ray beams of a Varian linac (Clinac 1800 installed in Zagreb). The total scatter correction factor (Scp) is defined as the ratio of the doses at an arbi­trary collimator opening and at the reference opening, in the precisely defined reference point at the reference source scin distance (SSD). The reference y: for x=y: It is easy are valid: = = Se(i,j)calc Sel Se(min,j) • Se(i,max) /Se(min,max), = Se(i,j)Se2 = Se(max,j) cak • Se(i,min) /Se(max,min), Se(i,j)(Sel + Se2)/2. cak = to see = = Se(min,j)calc Se(i,max)calc = Se(max,j)calc = Se(i,min)calc that following equations Se(min,j) for j=l..8, Se(i,max) for i=l..8, Se(max,j) for j=l..8, Se(i,min) for i=l..8. These equations express the faet that all ealculated values on the border of the table are identieal to the measured y: for x=y: = Se(i,j)ca l c = Sel Se(min,j) • Se(i,max) / [Se(min,ref) • Se(ref,max)], = Se(i,j)calc Se2 = Se(max,j) • Se(i,min) /[Se(max,ref) • Se(ref,min)], = Se(i,j)calc (Sel + Se2)/2 . The possibility to ealculate other Se values by linear interpolation is implied for all four models. Results and discussion A sample of measured . Mikrotubuli so se uredili v palico v simetrijski osi celice. Zakljucek. Ker so podobne oblike pred tem opazili tudi pri fosfolipidnih mehurckih, ki so vse­bovali palicasto strukturo iz mikrotubulov, prikazani rezultati podpirajo hipotezo, da so podob­ni fizikalni mehanizmi prisotni v preprostih sistemih kot tudi v živih celicah. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 303-8. Primerjava kolorimetricnega testa MIT in testa klonogenosti na mišjih fibrosarkomskih SA-1 celicah po obsevanju in zdravljenju s cisplatinom Cemažar M, Marolt D, Lavric M, Serša G Izhodišce. Namen naše raziskave je bil dolociti povezavo med testom MTT in testom klonogenos­ti z merjenjem preživetja SA-1 tumorskih celic po obsevanju in po terapiji s cisplatinom. Materiali in metode. Preživetje SA-1 celic smo dolocali po obsevanju celic (2-8 Gy) ali po terapi­ji s cisplatinom (0.05 -0.5 µg/ml) s testom klonogenosti, ki smo ga izvedli 7 dan po terapiji, ter testom MTT, ki smo ga izvedli 3., 4., 5., in 7. po terapiji. Rezultati. Ugotovili smo, da testa dobro korelirata, ko smo celice obsevali z dozami pod 4 Gy. Pri višjih dozah obsevanja sta test MTT in test klonogenosti dobro korelirala samo v primeru, ko smo merili preživetje celic z testom MTT 5. in 7. dan po obsevanju. Po terapiji s cisplatinom smo dobili podobne rezultate; korelacija med testom MTT in testom klonogenosti je bila dobra v primeru, ko smo izvedli test MTT 5. in 7. dan po terapiji. Zakljucki. Rezultati naše raziskave so potrdili ugotovitve predhodnih študij, ter podpirajo uporabo testa MTT kot alternativo testu klonogenosti pri napovedovanju izida zdravljenja tumor­jev z radio-in kemoterapijo. Radio! Oncol 1999; 33(4): 309-13. Primerjava štirih modelov izracunavanja kolimatorskih sipalnih faktorjev pri fotonskih žarkih linearnega pospeševalnika Faj D, Bistrovic M Izhodišca. V novejši literaturi najdemo dva pristopa za približno dolocanje korekcijskih faktor­jev za pravokotna polja zaradi sipanja na kolimatorjih. Prvi temelji na empiricnih enacbah ali na nekoliko zapletenejših fizikalnih modelih, pri katerih se uporabljajo parametri, ki so specificni za dolocen obsevalni aparat. Drugi temelji na že predlagani zamisli o razstavitvi korekcijskega faktorja zaradi sipanja na kolimatorjih, ki je funkcija dveh spremeljivk, v zmnožek dveh funcij ene same spremenljivke. V clanku primerjamo štiri modele, ki temeljijo na takšni razstavitvi. Vsak od teh modelov temelji na meritvah osnovnih izhodnih karakteristikah žarka, pri cemer je en par kolimatorjev stalno odprt do dolocene mere, položaj drugega para pa spreminjamo. Material in metode. Meritve so bile opravljene na Siemensovem linearnem pospeševalniku z energijama žarkov X 6 MV in 15 MV ter na Varianovem linearnem pospeševalniku z nominalni­ma energijama žarkov X 6 MV in 18 MV. Rezultati in zakljucki. Pokazali smo, da lahko s primernim izborom osnovnih meritev in z nor­malizacijo podatkov dosežemo boljši približek. Radio! Oncol 1999; 33(4): 315-20. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 321-4. Notices Notices Notices submitted Jor publication should contain a mailing address, phone and/ or Jax: number and/ or e-mail of a Contact person or department. Breast cancer December, 1999 The ESO training course "Breast Reconstructive and Cancer Surgery" will take place in Paris, France. Contact ESO Office, Viale Beatrice d'Este 37, 20122 Milan, Italy; or call +39 0258317850; or fax +39 0258321266: or e-mail esomi@tin.it Cancer and genetics December 2-4, 1999 The ESO training course will take place in Athens, Greece. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Department of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Lungcancer December 3-4, 1999 International Symposium on Staging of Lung Cancer: New Perspectives for the New Century will take place in Madrid, Spain. Contact Dr. A L6pez Encuenerta, Servicio Neumologia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Carretera Andalucia 5.4, 284041 Madrid, Spain; or call +3491 3908335; or fax +34 91 39083558 Radiotherapy February 13-17, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: Principles and Practice" will take place in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Contact Mieke Akkers, ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759347; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail Lungcancer March, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Nicosia, Cyprus. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Depart­ment of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Liver tumours March 12-14, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Cairo, Egypt. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Depart­ment of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) March 16, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Athens, Greece. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Depart­ment of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 As a service to our readers, notices of meetings or courses will be inserted free of charge. Please sent information to the Editorial office, mieke.akkers@estro.be; or see internet http:// Radiology and Oncology, Vrazov trg 4, 1000 Ljubljana, www.estro.be Slovenia. 322 Notices Brachytherapy March 26-30, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Modem Brachytherapy Techniques" will take place in Venezia­Mestre, Italy. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759344; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail gemaine.heeren@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Thoracic tumours April, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Nicosia, Cyprus. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Department of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Radiation oncology April 2-6, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Clinical Research in Radiation Oncology" will take place in York, United Kingdom. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759344; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail martine.dansercoer@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Radiotherapy April 9-13, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Imaging for Target Volume Determination in Radiotherapy" will take place in Como, Italy. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Head and neck May, 2000 The ESO training course "Head and Neck Pathology -Oncology" will take place in Ioannina, Greece. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Department of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Radiophysics May 7-11, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Dose and Monitor Unit Calculations for High Energy Photon Beams. Basic Principles and Application to Modem Techniques" will take place in Santorini, Greece. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Clinical oncology May 20-23, 2000 The 36th ASCO Annual Meeting will take place in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Contact ASCO Office, 225 Reinekers Lane, Suite 650, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA; or call +1 703 299 0150; or fax +1 703 299 1044; or e-mail asco@asco.org; or see internet http://www.asco.org Radiation therapy May 22-25, 2000 The 13th International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy will take place in Heidelberg, Germany. Contact Ms. Karin Beinert, call +49 6621 422551; or fax +49 6621 422561; or e-mail iccr@dkfz­heidelberg.de; or see internet http://www.dkfz-heidel­berg.de/iccr/ Imaging, oncology and science May 22-25, 2000 The congress "Imaging, Oncology and Science 2000 (IOS 2000) will take place in Birmingham, UK. Contact IOS Secretariat, PO Box 2895; London, UK; or call +44 (0)20 7307 1410/20; or fax +44 (0)20 7307 1414; or e-mail ios@dial.pipex.com; or see internet http://www.ios.org.uk Breast cancer ]une, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in New York, USA. Contact ESO US Office, R. Boschi-Belgin, American-Italian Cancer Foundation (AICF), 872 Madison Avenue -2B, New York -NY 10021, USA; or call +1 212 6289090; or fax +1 212 5176089; or e-mail aicfnyc@aol.com Notices 323 Urological cancer June, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Athens, Greece. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Department of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Oncology June 4-8, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Molecular Oncology for Radiotherapy" will take place in Innsbruck, Austria. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Radiotherapy June 4-8, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "IMRT and Other Conformal Techniques in Practice" will take place in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Radiophysics August 27-31, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Physics for Clinical Radiotherapy" will take place in Leuven, Belgium. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Myelodysplastic syndromes September, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Patras, Greece. Contact ESO office for Balkans and Middle East, N. Pavlidis, E. Andreopoulou Medica! School, Depart­ ment of Medica! Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; or call +30 651 99394 or +30 953 91083; or fax +30 651 97505 Lung cancer September 11-15, 2000. The "9th World Conference on Lung Cancer" will be offered in Tokyo, Japan. Contact Dr. Yoshihiro Hayata, The 9th World Conference on Lung Cancer, Tokyo Medica! College Cancer Center, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; or fax +81 3 3342 0893 Radiation therapy September 19-23, 2000 The 19th Annual ESTRO Meeting will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; web: http:// www.estro.be Colorectal cancer October, 2000 The ESO training course will take place in Milan, Italy. Contact ESO Office, Viale Beatrice d'Este 37, 20122 Milan, Italy; or call +39 0258317850; or fax +39 0258321266: or e-mail esomi@tin.it Radiation oncology October8-12, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology: Principles and Methods" will be offered in Lleida, Spain. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Radiobiology October8-12, 2000 The ESTRO teaching course on "Basic Clinical Radiobiology" will be offered in Bratislava, Slovakia. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgium; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-mail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be 324 Notices Radiation therapy October 21-25, 2001 The ESTRO 20 / ECCO 11 Meeting will take place in Lisbon, Portugal. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgiurn; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-rnail info@estro.be; web: http://www.estro.be Radiation therapy October 22-25, 2000 ASTRO Annual rneeting will be held in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Contact Arnerican Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Office, 1891 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191, USA. Paediatric oncology November 12-18, 2000 The training course under the auspices of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology will be held in Chandigahr, India. Contact P.A. Voute, call +31 20 5665655; or fax +31 20 6912231 Paediatric oncology November 16-20, 2000 The training course under the auspices of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology will be held in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Contact P.A. Voute, call +31 20 5665655; or fax +31 20 6912231 Radiation rnorbidity December 10-12, 2000 The ESTRO workshop on radiation rnorbidity will be held in Brussels, Belgiurn. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgiurn; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-rnail info@estro.be; or see internet http://www.estro.be Radiation therapy November 4-7, 2001 ASTRO Annual rneeting will be held in San Francisco, California, USA. Contact Arnerican Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Office, 1891 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191, USA. Radiation therapy May 15-19, 2002 The 7th International Meeting on Progress in Radio­Oncology ICRO/c-GRO 7 will take place in Salzburg, Austria. Contact Prof. D.H. Kogelnik, Salzburg, Austria; call +43 662 44823900; or fax +43 662 4482887; or e-rnail d.kogelnik@lkasbg.gv.at Radiation therapy September 15-19, 2002 The 21st Annual ESTRO Meeting will take place in Prague, Czech Republic. Contact ESTRO office, Av. E. Mounierlaan, 83/4, B­1200 Brussels, Belgiurn; or call +32 7759340; or fax +32 2 7795494; or e-rnail info@estro.be; web: http:// www.estro.be Radiation therapy October 6-9, 2002 ASTRO Annual rneeting will be held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Contact Arnerican Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Office, 1891 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191, USA. Radio/ Onco/ 1999; 33(4): 325. Reviewers in 1999 Bartenjev I, Ljubljana -Berden P, Ljubljana -Brencic E, Ljubljana -Brkljacic B, Zagreb, Budihna M, Ljubljana -Budihna N, Ljubljana -Budja M, Murska Sobota -Casar B, Ljubljana -Cvitkovic Kuzmic A, Zagreb -Cufer T, Ljubljana -Fidler V, Ljubljana -Golouh R, Ljubljana -Grmek M, Ljubljana -Jevtic V, Ljubljana -Kadivec M, Ljubljana -Knific J, Ljubljana -Kocijancic I, Ljubljana -Kotnik V, Ljubljana -Kovac V, Ljubljana -Kozak P, Ljubljana -Kragelj B, Ljubljana -Lešnicar H, Ljubljana -Lindtner J, Ljubljana -Miklavcic D, Ljubljana -Novakovic S, Ljubljana -Osmak M, Zagreb -Pirnat E, Ljubljana -Rener M, Ljubljana -Robar V, Ljubljana -Roic G, Zagreb -Rudolf Z, Ljubljana -Sterle M, Ljubljana -Strojan P, Ljubljana -Škrk J, Ljubljana -Šuštaršic J, Ljubljana -Umek B, Ljubljana -Vargazon T, Ljubljana -Vidmar D, Ljubljana -Vidmar K, Ljubljana -Volavšek C, Ljubljana -Zwitter M, Ljubljana Editors greatly appreciate the work of the reviewers who significantly contributed to the improved quality of our journal. Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 325-7. Author Index 1999 Ahcan U: Suppl 1/86-91 Argenziano G: Suppl 1/27-34 Arnež ZM: Suppl 1/40-4, Suppl 1/86-91 Balatoni Zs: 2/159-62 Barsnick P: 1/55..S Bartenjev I: Suppl 1/Foreword I, Suppl 1/24-6, Suppl 1/35-7, Suppl 1/38-9, Suppl 1/80-5 Batista U: 4/297-301 Beeke E: 1/55-8 Benedicic-Pilih A: Suppl 1/80-5 Benk U: 3/189-92 Benulic T: 1/87, 2/181, 3/257, 4/329 Bistrovic M: 4/309-13 Bleckmann Ch: 2/111-7 Buhoslavizki KH: 1/15-21; 2/111-7; 3/207-13 Borštnar S: 1/43-53 Božikov V: 3/179-87 Boyomo A-B: 2/153-7 Brenner W: 2/111-7 Brkljacic B: 2/87-94; 3/179-87 Bubic-Filipi Lj: 3/215-20 Buchert R: 1/15-21; 3/207-13 Budihna M: 2/143-51 Bumci I: 3/189-92 Car N: 4/283-90 Carli P: Suppl 1/27-34 Cindro V: 3/237-44 Cizej TE: 2/119-26 Chimenti S: Suppl 1/106-11 Clausen M: 1/15-21; 2/111-7;3/207-13 Crnkovic S: 3/215-20 Curtin-Savard AJ: 2/163-8 Cvitkovic-Kuzmic A: 2/87-94 Czembirek H: 2/101-9 Cemažar M: 2/127-36; 3/221-5; 4/291-6, 4/303-8; Suppl 1/55-63 Cop S: 3/189-92 Cufer T: 1/43-53; Suppl 1/55-63 De Giorgi V: Suppl 1/27-34 Delfino M: Suppl 1/27-34 Dodig D: 3/215-20; 4/283-90 El6 J: 2/159-62 Ercegovic S: 3/189-92 Evans MDC: 3/227-35 Fabbrocini G: Suppl 1/27-34 Kurbel S: 1/9-14 Faj D: 4/309-13 Kusic' Z: 1/35-41 Fickert P: 3/199-205 Fras AP: 3/221-5; 4/291-6 Lavric M: 4/303-8 Freeman C: 3/227-35 Lee RJ: 1/59-61, 1/63-8, 2/137-42 Fuchshuber PR: 1/59-61 Mali T: 3/237-44 Galešic' K: 2/87-94 Marolt D: 4/303-8 Garaj-Vrhovac V: 1/35-41 Maucec M: 1/69-75 Garbe C: Suppl 1/1-13 McGarath B: 1/59-61 Gibbs JF: 1/59-61, 1/63-8 Mester J: 1/15-21; 2/111-7; 3/207-13 De Giorgi V: Suppl 1/27-34 Mez6fi B: 1/1-8 Glamocanin S: 1/23-6 Middleton AW Jr: 2/137-42 Glavina K: 1/9-14 Middleton GW: 2/137-42 Glumac B: 1/69-75 Miklavcic D: Suppl 1/55-63 Gornik T: Suppl 1/35-7 Miklavcic L: Suppl 2/24-9 Gosselin M: 3/227-35 Mikuž M: 3/237-44 McGrath B: 1/59-61 Miloševic D: 4/275-82 Groell R: 3/199-205 Grošev D: 3/215-20 Nestle FO: 1/64-8 Hadjiev J: 1/1-8 Olivares M: 3/227-35 Hajdinjak T: 2/119-26 Orel A: Suppl 1/35-7 Hebrang A: 3/179-87 Ostojic' A: 4/283-90 Henze E: 2/111-7 Hertl H: Suppl 2/13-23, Suppl 2/30-8 Papa B: 4/283-90 Hitzelhammer H: 2/101-9 Parker W: 2/163-8 Hod! S: Suppl 1/103-5 Perkovic' Z: 4/283-90 Horvath L: 1/1-8 Planinšek F: Suppl 1/40-4 Huben R: 1/63-8 Plesnicar A: 1/87; 2/181; 3/257; 4/329 Huic' D: 3/215-20 Podgoršak EB: 2/163-8; 3/227-35 Pompe-Kirn V: Supl 1/14-9 Iglic A: 4/263-6, 4/297-301 Popovic' B: Suppl 1/24-6, Suppl 1/75-9 Ihan A: 1/27-33 Poropat M: 3/215-20: 4/283-90 Ilic' D: 1/23-6 Preidler KW: 2/101-9 Proulx GM: 1/59-61, 1/63-8 Jancar Boris: Suppl 1/55-63 Puretic' Z: 3/215-20 Jancar Breda: 3/237-44 Janevska V: 1/23-6 Radmard A: 2/153-7 Rainer S: Suppl 2/39-41, Suppl 2/42-6 Kadivec M: Suppl 2/Foreword II Rant J: 1/69-75 Kansky A: Suppl 1/69-74 Rener M: Suppl 2/13-23, Suppl 2/30-8 Kansky AA Jr: Suppl 1/96-102 Repše S: 2/95-9 Kašuba V: 1/35-41 Rienmiiller R: 3/199-205 Klutmann S: 2/111-7; 3/207-13 Roic' G: 3/189-92 Kocijancic I: 4/257-61 Rudolf Z: 1/43-53; 4/291-6; Suppl 1/Foreword I, Koren A: 3/193-89 Suppl 1/50-4, Suppl 1/55-63 Kos J: 2/143-51 Rustemovic' N: 4/283-90 Košorok P: 467-74 K6tai ZS: 2/159-62 Samardžinski M: 1/23-6 Kovacic D: 1/9-14 Sammarco E: Suppl 1/27-34 Kralj-Iglic V: 4/263-6 Sause WT: 2/137-41 Kranjc S: 3/221-5 Schaeffer CS: 2/137-41 Kraybill WS: 1/59-61 Serša G: 3/221-5; 4/291-6, 4/303-8; Suppl 1/55-63 Kristek B: 1/9-14 Simova N: 1/23-6 Krištof E: 1/69-75 Snoj M: Suppl 1/45-9 Kriiger S: 2/111-7 Sotošek B: Suppl 1/96-102 Kugler CH: 3/199-205 Soyer PH: Suppl 1/24-6, Suppl 1/35-7, Suppl 1/75-9 Stauber RE: 3/199-205 Steiner E: 2/101-9 Stiskal M: 2/101-9 Stolz W: Suppl 1/20-3 Strojan P: 2/143-51 Sucic M: 3/179-87 Svetic B: 2/143-51 Szalai G: 1/1-8 Szolar D: 2/101-9 Škrk J: 2/143-51 Šmid L: 2/143-51 Štabuc B: 2/119-26; Suppl 1/55-63; 1/87, 2/181, 3/257, 4/329 Težak S: 4/283-90 Tolevska C: 1/23-6 Uggowitzer MM: 3/199-205 Vaskova O: 1/23-6 Velagapudi S: 1/63-8 Veranic P: 4/297-301 Vidmar D: 2/95-9 Vidmar K: 4/257-61 Višnar-Perovic A: 3/193-8 Višnjic S: 3/189-92 Vlahovic T: 3/189-92 Vrhovec I: 1/43-53; 2/143-51 Vuong T: 2/163-8 Wagner W: 1/55-8; 2/153-7 Werner JA: 3/207-13 Worret W: Suppl 1/38-9 Zafirovski G: 1/23-6 Zagoricnik B: Suppl 1/92-5 Zdešar U: 3/237-44; Suppl 2/1-8, Suppl 2/9-12 Zizovski N: 1/23-6 Žgavec B: Suppl 1/24-6, Suppl 1/75-9 Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(4): 328-9. Subject Index 1999 absces: 4/267-74 adenocarcinoma: 4/291-6 adjuvants, immunologic: Suppl 1/50-4 amifostine: 2/153-7 antero -posterior radiograph: 4/263-6 arterial occlusive diseases -drug therapy: 1/1-8 autonomous adenoma: 3/179-87 bladder neoplasms -drug therapy -radiotherapy ­ surgery: 1/ 63-8 bleomycin: Suppl 1/55-63 bone neoplasms -radionuclide imaging: 1/23-6 baron neutron capture therapy: 1/69-75 breast neoplasms: 1/43-53; Suppl 2/1-8 -breast neoplasms -diagnosis: Suppl 2/30-8 -breast neoplasms -radiotherapy: 3/227-35 cancer: Suppl 1/64-8 carcinoid tumor -radionuclide imaging: 4/283-90 carcinoma: Suppl 1/86-91; Suppl 1/92-102 -carcinoma basal celi -diagnosis: suppl 1/92-5 -carcinoma, squamous cell -diagnosis -pathology: Suppl 1/75-9 -carcinoma, verrucous -surgery: Suppl 1/103-5 cathepsins, cathepsins H: 2/143-51 cerebral aneurysm -diagnosis: 4/275-82 cisplatin: 4/291-6; 4/303-8 chemotherapy, cisplatin: 2/119-26 child: 2/87-94; 3/189-92; Suppl 1/38-9 cholelithiasis, intestinal obstruction -ultrasound, gallstone ileus: 2/95-9 collimator scatter, rectangular fields: 4/309-13 colony forming units assay: 4/303-8 color Doppler imaging: 2/87-94 colorimetry -methods: 4/303-8 computed tomographic angiography, digital subtraction angiography: 4/275-82 computer communication networks: Suppl 1/35-7 cryosurgery: 3/221-5 cytochalasin B: 4/297-301 dendritic cells: Suppl 1/64-8 diagnosis: 4/257-61 -diagnosis differential: Suppl 1/92-5 diagnostic imaging: 1/15-21 economics, cost-effectiveness: 2/111-7 electric stimulation therapy: 4/291-6 electrochemotherapy: 4/291-6 electroporation: Suppl 1/55-63 ethanol: 3/179-87 exocytosis, cell degranulation: 1/27-33 family practice: Suppl 1/35-7 foreign bodies -ultrasonography: 3/189-92 glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, renal function: 2/119-26 graft rejection: 3/215-20 head and neck neoplasms, carcinoma, squamous cell: 2/143-51 head and neck neoplasms -radiotherapy: 2/153-7 hip joint contact stress: 4/263-6 111In -octreotide scintigraphy, diagnosis: 4/283-90 hyperthyroidism -radiotherapy: 1/35-41 immunohistochemistry: Suppl 1/75-9 incidence: Suppl 1/14-9 indium radioisotopes, octreotide, DTPA: 4/283-90 interferon -alpha: Suppl 1/50-4 interstitial obstruction -ultrasonography: 3/193-8 intestinal obstruction -ultrasound, gallstone ileus: 2/95-9 iodine radioisotopes -adverse effects: 1/35-41 iron overload: 1/9-14 kidney transplantation: 3/215-20 kidney tubular necrosis, acute, kidney -blood supply -radionuclide imaging: 3/215-20 killer cells, natura!: 1/27-33 larynx -surgery: 2/159-62 !iver cirrhosis: 1/9-14 !iver diseases: 1/9-14 luminiscence: Suppl 1/20-3; Suppl 1/24-6; Suppl 1/27-34 lymphatic metastasis: 1/23-6 -lymphatic metastasis, CUP-syndrome: 3/207-13 lymph node excision: Suppl 1/40-4; Suppl 1/45-9 lymphocytes: 1/35-41 lymphoma -classification: Suppl 1/106-11 macular degeneration -radiotherapy, visual acuity: 1/55-8 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, image enhancement, paramagnetic contrast media, morphology: 2/101-9 mammography: 3/237-44; Suppl 2/1-8; Suppl 2/13-23; Suppl 2/24-9 -mammography -instrumentation: Suppl 2/30-8 -mammography -methods: Suppl 2/30-8 Meckel's diverticulum -complications: 3/193-21 medica! records -standards: 1/15-21 melanoma: Suppl 1/45-9 -melanoma -diagnosis: Suppl 1/38-9 Radio/ Oncol 1999; 33(3): 328-9. -melanoma -diagnosis -pathology: Suppl 1/20-3; risk factors: Suppl 1/1-13 Suppl 1/27-34 rotating half -block, CT simulation, beam matching: -melanoma -drug therapy: Suppl 1/50-4 3/227-35 -melanoma -epidemiology -mortality: Suppl 1/1-13 -melanoma -surgery: Suppl 1/40-4 -melanoma -therapy: Suppl 1/55-63 -melanoma -therapy-immunology: Suppl 1/64-8 mice: 3/221-5 micronucleus test: 1/35-41 microtubules -drug effects: 4/297-301 minimal requirements:.1/15-21 mouth neoplasms: Suppl 1/96-102 multileaf collimator: 2/163-8 neoplasms -drug therapy -radiotherapy: 2/127-36 neoplasms -radiotherapy: 1/69-75 neoplasms, second primary: 1/59-61 neoplasms staging: 2/137-42 neoplasm, unknown primary: 3/207-13 nerve sheath tumor: 1/59-61 nevus, pigmented: Suppl 1/24-6; Suppl 1/38-9 -nevus pigmented -diagnosis: Suppl 1/35-7 non-specific bowel accumulation: 4/283-90 nuclear medicine: 1/15-21 nuclear reactors: 1/69-75 organ sparing -methods: 2/159-62 oropharyngeal neoplasms -surgery: 2/159-62 osteosarcoma: 1/23-6 pelvis: 4/263-6 photons: 4/309-13 plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: 1/43-53 plasminogen activator inhibitor 2: 1/43-53 pleural effusion -radiology: 4/257-61 positron emission tomography, F-18-FDG: 2/111-7 prognosis: 1/43-53; 2/143-51; Suppl 1/40-4; Suppl 1/102-5 prostatectomy: 2/137-42 prostate -specific antigen: 2/137-42 prostatic neoplasms -radiotherapy, oncology: 2/137-42 quality assurance: Suppl 2/24-9 quality control: Suppl 2/13-23 quantitative analysis: 3/215-20 radiation -adverse effects: 2/153-7 radiation dosage: Suppl 2/1-8 radiation injuries: 2/127-36 radiographic image enhancement: 3/237-44 radioisotope renography, iodohippuric acid, 131! hippuran renography: 2/119-26 radiotherapy -adverse effects: 1/59-61; 2/153-7 radiotherapy dosage: 2/163-8; 3/227-35; 4/309-13 radiotherapy -methods: 2/163-8 radiotherapy planning, computer assisted: 2/163-8 rectal diseases -ultrasonography: 4/267-74 rectal fistula -ultrasonography: 4/267-74 registries: Suppl 1/1-13 renal artery -ultrasonography: 2/87-94 sarcoma: 1/63-8 -sarcoma, experimental -radiotherapy -drug therapy: 4/303-8 -sarcoma, experimental -surgery -radiotherapy: 3/221-5 scattering radiation: 4/309-13 seminoma -radiotherapy: 1/59-61 silicon: 3/237-44 Sjogren(s syndrome, parotid diseases: 2/101-9 skin melanoma: Suppl 1/14-19 skin neoplasms: Suppl 1/20-3; Suppl 1/27-34; Suppl 1/92-5; Suppl 1/103-5; Suppl 1/106-11 -skin neoplasms -diagnosis: Suppl 1/24-6 -skin neoplasms -diagnosis surgery: Suppl 1/86-91 -skin neoplasms -epidemiology -mortality: Suppl 1/1-13 -skin neoplasms -etiology: Suppl 1/69-74 -skin neoplasms -preventive and control: Suppl 1/80-5 -skin neoplasms -secondary -therapy: 4/291-6 Slovenia: Suppl 1/14-9 soft tissue sarcoma: 1/59-61 splenomegaly, !iver cirrhosis: 3/199-205 squamous cell -diagnosis -therapy: Suppl 1/96-102 subarachnoid haemorrhage -diagnosis: 4/275-82 survival: Suppl 1/14-9 technetium Te 99m medronate: 1/23-6 technology, radiologic: Suppl 2/13-23; Suppl 2/24-9; Suppl 2/30-8 thoracic radiography -methods: 4/257-61 thrombolytic therapy -methods: 1/1-8 thyroid neoplasms -radiotherapy: 1/35-41 thyroid neoplasms -ultrasonography: 3/179-87 thyroid nodule -drug therapy: 3/179-87 T -lyrn phocytes, cytotoxic: Suppl 1/64-8 tomography, emission -computed: 2/111-7 -tomography, emission -computed, fluorine radioisotopes, F-18-FDG PET: 3/207-13 tomography, x-ray computed: 4/275-82 -tomography, x-ray computed, electron -beam, enhancement: 3/199-205 -tomography, x-ray computed, Fourier analysis: 1/9-14 treatment outcome: 2/127-36 triazoles: 4/303-8 tumor cells cultured -drug effects: 4/297-301 ultrasound, quality assurance: Suppl 2/42-6 ultrasound systems, technical requirements: Suppl 2/39-41 ultraviolet rays -adverse effects: Suppl 1/69-74 urokinase: 1/43-53 utilization, cardiology, neurology, oncology: 2/111-7 visual acuity: 1/55-8 FONDACIJA "DOCENT DR. J. CHOLEWA" JE NEPROFITNO, NEINSTITUCIONALNO IN NESTRANKARSKO ZDRUŽENJE POSAMEZNIKOV, USTANOV IN ORGANIZACIJ, KI ŽELIJO MATERIALNO SPODBUJATI IN POGLABLJATI RAZISKOVALNO DEJAVNOST V ONKOLOGIJI. MESESNELOVA 9 1000 LJUBLJANA TEL 061 15 91 277 FAKS 061 2 1 8 1 1 3 :ŽR: 501 00-620-1 33-05-1 0331 1 5-2 14 779 FONDACIJA DR. J. CHOLEWA Activity of "Dr. J. Cholewa" Foundation for Cancer Research and Education -A Report for the Second Quarter of 1999 In the second quarter of 1999 the „Dr. J. Cholewa" Foundation for cancer research and education con­tinued with its activities, as already outlined in previous reports. The activity of the Foundation is slowly adapting itself to the summer recess. World-wide financial crisis left its impact on the will­ingness of the donors to contribute to the Foundation, and the need for the reassessment of the strate­gies concerning financial contributions from private and constitutional donors is therefore obvious, making the summer recess even more welcome. Despite the problems mentioned in the first paragraph, the Foundation continues to support the regular publication of „Radiology and Oncology" international scientific journal, and the regular pub­lication of the „Challenge ESO Newsletter", the newsletter of the European School of Oncology from Milan, Italy. Both medica! journals mentioned are edited and published in Ljubljana, Slovenia. It is also worth mentioning the educational grants awarded to three oncologists for their training in for­eign countries, as well as the support the Foundation granted to the Organising Committee of the 1st. Slovenian Congress of Surgery, held in the city of Maribor. Ali of this in addition to the grants and support mentioned before in the previous reports in „Radiology and Oncology" journal. In the plan for the activity of the Foundation submitted to the members of its Executive board seven major points were presented. As such, the proposal also constitutes a viable framework for the activity of the Foundation for years to come. Besides editorial activity mentioned above, the Foundation will additionally concentrate on bestowing educational and study grants for the research work in oncology. Some of this research and educational work will probably be carried out in the clin­ical and research facilities in Ljubljana. Contrary to the research and education performed abroad that will continue to be financed by the Foundation, this grants will be of shorter duration of one or two months, thus benefiting a larger number of applicants in a shorter period of tirne. The Foundation will also try to sponsor a larger number of educational meetings and congresses in Slovenia than until recently, especially those with oncology as the main subject. In addition to those mentioned above, special attention will continue to be given to the requests coming from the regions of Slovenia outside Ljubljana, and the Foundation will especially try to help in the process of choos­ing and financing the visits of renowned lecturers on such meetings. The Foundation will also con­tinue to provide grants for the participation of Slovenian oncologists and others interested in this sub­ject on various educational meetings organised by the European School of Oncology from Milan, ltaly, thus enhancing the collaboration with this internationally recognised educational and research organisation. The Foundation continues to pursue its stated goals, as outlined at the meetings of its Executive and Advisory Boards. Borut Štabuc, MD, PhD Andrej Plesnicar, MD Tomaž Benulic, MD Former Institute of Radiology faculty member wins CIRSE award Dr. Dušan Pavcnik, research professor at Dotter Interventional Institute, won First Prize in the 1999 Scientific Poster Competition during the Annual Meeting and post graduate Course of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. The meeting was held last September in Prague. Dr. Pavcnik received the first prize for his research on Square Stent, A New Intravascular Device with Many Applications for Minimally Invasive Therapy, which basic idea was developed in Ljubljana in 1992. Prof. Dušan Pavcnik served as interventional radiologist in the Institute of radiology at the Clinical Center Ljubljana until 1995, when he moved to Portland to continue contribution to the field of research in minimally in v asi ve therapy. Sporocamo, da je pri Tehniški založbi Slovenije izšel NUKLEARNO MEDICINSKI SLOVAR avtorja prim. Janeza Šuštaršica, dr. med. Cena: 3990 SIT Narocite ga lahko: • po telefonu: 061 17 902 11 • po faksu: 061 17 902 30 • po pošti: TZS, Lepi pot 6, 1000 Ljubljana Vec informacij o naših publikacijah boste našli na internet knjigami: http://www.tehniska-zalozba.si Sporocamo, da je pri Tehniški založbi Slovenije izšla knjiga avtorja: prim. Janeza Šuštaršica, dr.med NUKLEARNA MEDICINA Cena: 3560 SIT Narocite jo lahko: „ po telefonu: 06 l 17 902 11 „ po faksu: 06 l 17 902 30 „ po pošti: TZS, Lepi pot 6, 1000 Ljubljana „ po elektronski pošti: tzs-lj@siol.net Vec informacij o naših publikacijah boste našli na internet knjigarni: http://www.tehniska-zalozba.si (J'J s E\ecsys, Reaching New Heights Roche and Boehringer Mannheirn, two of the most experienced innovators in diagnostics, have joined forces to create a new, fully­ integrated approach to health management worldwide. There are no lirnits to innovation at Roche Diagnostics. Roche Diagnostics Parmova53 tel.:* 386 61 133 60 24 lnfo Office Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana * 386 61 133 63 31 Slovenia fax: * 386 61 130 92 02 KE F IJ Lekarne, bolnišnice, zdravstveni domovi in veterinarske ustanove vecino svojih nakupov opravijo pri nas. Uspeh našega poslovanja temelji na kakovostni ponudbi, ki pokriva vsa podrocja humane medicine in veterine, pa tudi na hitrem in natancnem odzivu na zahteve naših kupcev. KEMOFARMACIJA -VAŠ ZANESLJIVI DOBAVITELJ! KEMOFARMACIJA Veletrgovina za oskrbo zdravstva, d.d. / 1000 Ljubljana, Cesta na Brdo 100 Telefon: 061 12-32-145 / Telefax: 271-588, 271-362 Zdravljenje pome11opav;;alnih bolnic z napredovalo ali ponovljeno obliko. raka dojk je bolj uspešno z novim, selektivnim zaviralcem aromataz: - 1 . III 1 1 anastrozol bolnica vzame:eno,t.bleto enkrat dnevno ;, '''!,':' "i' hit.to zm ... .a. n.J..J'a. n.rje••kJ.c.ntraci.j · . .es. tradiola ' , ' ',' ', povecanj. tele.snet.že nUzrazito na,domešcanje steroidpv.ni potrebno dobr6