GEOLOGIJA
GEOLOGICAL	RAZPRAVE IN POROČILA
TRANSACTIONS AND REPORTS
Ljubljana • Letnik 1975 • 18. knjiga • Volume 18.
UDK 563.1&+ 561.21:551.781(497.12)
Eocene microfossils from Podgrad
Mujibur R. Khan, Rajko Pavlovec and Jernej Pavšič Katedra za geologijo in paleontologijo Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12
From the flysch of Podgrad (Brkini, W Yugoslavia) 19 species and subspecies of nannoplankton, 10 of planktonic foraminifers and 9 of nummulitins were found. Among the new species and subspecies Rhab-dosphaera piriformis, Operculina marinellii similis, Nummulites brkini-ensis and Nummulites postbearnensis were determined. The fossiliferous strata belong to the Middle Cuisian and appear to be of the same strati-graphic level and fossil content as the Cuisian flysch of Ustje in Vipava valley.
Contents
1.	Introduction..........................9
2.	Locality............................10
3.	Nannoplankton.........................11
4.	Planktonic foraminifers......................24
5.	Nummulitinae..........................28
6.	Conclusions ..........................52
Eocenski mikrofosili iz okolice Podgrada................53
References............................58
1. Introduction
The flysch of south-western Slovenia is in some places rich with microfossils while in others it is poor. Some of the sections have been studied at Goriška Brda (C i m e r m a n and others, 1974), Ustje in Vipava valley (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967), and at Postojna (Gospodaric and others, 1967). As the flysch from different basins is not of the same age and of the same lithological development each new section is of interest. The Podgrad locality rich in nummulitins, planktonic foraminifers and nannoplankton resembles somewhat the fossil contents of Ustje section in Vipava walley. New species and subspecies have also been determined.
2. Locality
Figs. 1 and 2 Mujibur R. Khan
An outcrop of the flysch occurs approximately one kilometre to the NNE of Podgrad in south-western Slovenija (45° 31' 45": 13® 09' 21"; fig. 1). The flysch forms gentle slopes or small hillocks in the topography and is often covered with vegetations. The flysch overlies the Alveolina and Nummulites bearing limestone of Early Paleogene (Paleocene-Lower Eocene) age. The contact between the limestone and flysch is covered and so is also the top of the flysch (fig. 2).
The flysch consists mostly of shale and claystone in alternation with sandstone and minor marl, conglomerate and breccia.
The shale is greenish gray to gray, soft, splintery or friable at places, bedding is thin to very thin. The claystone is also greenish gray to gray, nodular and soft. The sandstone is gray, greenish gray and brown in colour which weathers
@ Locality - Nahajališče
Fig. 1. Map representing the surroundings of Podgrad SI. 1. Zemljevid okolice Podgrada
Fig. 2. Profile across the locality Podgrad SI. 2. Profil skozi nahajališče Podgrad 1 Limestone with nummulites and assilinas — Apnenec z numulitl in asilinami
2	Claystone — Glinovec
3	Sandstone — Peščenjak
4 Marl — Lapor 5 Conglomerate and breccia — Konglomerat in breča F Flysch, Lower (?) and Middle Cuisian — FliS, spodnji (?) in srednji culsij L Limestone, Lower Cuisian — Apnenec, spodnji cuislj C Covered (Alluvium) — Prekrito s holocenskim nanosom • Fossil locality — Nahajališče fosilov
to rusty brown. It is generally medium to thinly bedded, fine to medium grained and at places quite hard. The marl is a minor component having discontinuous thin beds. The conglomerate and breccia are of intraformational type having the form of lenses or boulders and being composed of argillaceous limestone. The formation, in general, is fossiliferous and particularly the marl, conglomerate and breccia are rich in Nummulites, Operculina, Assilina, Alveolina, bivalves, echinoderms, corals etc.
Nummulites, Operculina and other fossils have been collected from the outcrop and the shale and marl samples were taken for the determination of the biozone of the flysch outcrop at Podgrad.
3. Nannoplankton
J erne) Pavšič
Introduction
The significant achievements in the studies of nannoplankton along with the other branches of the micropaleontology have been progressed parallely with the developments of the optical and electronic devices. At the present day this group of fossil plays an important role in the field of biostratigraphic studies of the younger Mesozoic and Tertiary beds; when beside the normal optical microscope electronic microscopes are available.
Owing to the shorter ranges of the different species the nannoplankton is useful for the classification of biozones. These biozones have effectively been used for the regional and interregional correlations due to the wide geographical distribution of the nannoplankton. Moreover, lately it has become very important in the interpretations of the paleogeography, because these tiny organisms are very susceptible to the changes of the environments.
Preparation of samples for observation
Standard method has been used for the preparation of the samples to be observed under the optical microscope. Particles dispersed in water were previously treated by the ultrasonic. The slides have been studied under the optical microscope Leitz-Ortholux.
Systematic part
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Plate 1, fig. 8 a, b
1967 Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) — Bramlette and Wilcoxon, 102,
pi. 3, figs. 13 to 15. 1971 Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) — Baldi-Beke,26. 1974 Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) — Scherwood, 13, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4, pl. 2, fig. 2.
Elliptic placolith with the thin and elliptic central part. A very common form in the Tertiary beds without an exact stratigraphic importance.
Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette et Riedel) Plate 1, fig. 9 a, b
1954 Coccolithus grandis Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Riedel, 391, pl. 38, fig. 1.
1961 Coccolithus grandis Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Sullivan, 140, pl. 2. figs. 1, 2 and 3.
1966	Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette et Riedel) — Hay and others, 388.
1971	Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette et Riedel) — Scherwood, 19, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2.
Quite common among our samples. Even under the optical microscope all characteristics of the coccolithus can be observed. Remarkable is a fine net in the central part and the segmentation of both cycles.
Cyclococcolithus neogammation Bramlette et Wilcoxon Plate 1. fig. 4
1967	Cyclococcolithus neogammation Bramlette et Wilcoxon — Bramlette and Wilcoxon, 104, pl. 1, figs. 1 to 3, pl. 4. figs. 3 to 5.
1972	Cyclococcolithus neogammation Bramlette et Wilcoxon — Baldi-Beke,
pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. Very common species in all the samples.
Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner) Plate 1, fig. 5 a, b
1961 Discolithus distinctus Bramlette et Sullivan — Bramlette and Sullivan, 141, pl. 2, fig. 9. 1971 Discolithina multipora (Kamptner) — Baldi-Beke, 26.
1971 Discolithina multipora (Kamptner) — Perch-Nielsen, 34, pi. 26
figs. 15, 16, 19, 20, pi. 4, figs. 2 and 9. 1974 Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner) — Scherwood, 30, pi 3 figs 15 16, 19, 20.
Elliptical discolith with numerous perforations in the central part. The perforations are usually wider in the central part and more or less round.
Pontosphaera plana (Bramlette et Sullivan) Plate 1, figs. 10 and 11
1961 Discolithus planus Bramlette et Sullivan — Bramlette and Sullivan, 143, pi. 3, fig. 7.
1973	Discolithina plana (Bramlette et Sullivan) — Perch-Nielsen 35 pi 29, fig. 4.
1974	Pontosphaera plana (Bramlette et Sullivan) — Scherwood, 31 pi 3 fig. 24, pi. 5, figs. 3, 4.
Elliptical discolith with a uniform plate bearing two oblong perforations. Only some specimens appear in the pattern.
Blackites scabrosus (Deflandre) Plate 1, figs. 6 and 7
1961 Rhabdosphaera scabrosa (Deflandre) — Bramlette and Sullivan 147, pi. 5, fig. 11.
1974 Blackites scabrosus (Deflandre) — Scherwood, 41, pi. 5, fig. 23.
The rugose surface, characteristic for this species, can be very well observed. The species occurs rather frequently.
Rhabdosphaera piriformis n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1 to 3
Derivatio nominis: After the pear-shaped form of the rhabdolyte. Locus typicus: Podgrad.
Stratum typicum: Lower part of the Middle Cuisian, lower part of the biozone Discoaster sublodoensis.
H o 1 o t yp u s : In the »Podgrad 6« (pl. 1, fig. 3), in the collection of the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Ljubljana University.
Paratypi : In the »Podgrad 3 and 4« (pl. 1, figs, 1 and 2), in the same collection as holotypus.
Diagnosis : Rhabdosphaera piriformis is a cone-shaped rhabdolyte with considerably inflated process, which starts to get thicher just above the basal plate and soon acquires its largest diameter.
Description and comparison : The rhabdolyte has a small basal plate with central perforation. The process is spherically thickened just above the basal plate. In this it differs from the similar species Rhabdosphaera inflata which gets thick only at the end of a short or long neck. After the thickening, the process becomes more and more narrow and ends acutely pointed. In exterior the rugose surface is obvious.
Distribution: The new species appears to be very abundant in the Cuisian flysch of Podgrad (biozones Discoaster sublodoensis).
Micrantholithus flos Deflandre Plate 2, figs. 5, 8
1961 Micrantholithus flos Deflandre — Bramlette and Sullivan, 155, pi. 9, fig. 8.
1973	Micrantholithus flos Deflandre — K a p e 11 o s , 104, pi. 20, fig. 4. Pentaloid with triangle segments which are slightly concave on the distal
side. The species occurs frequently in the samples.
Sphenolithus radians Deflandre
Plate 2, fig. 11
1961 SphenoZitJius radians Deflandre— Bramlette and Sullivan, 166, pi. 14, figs. 6, 7, 8.
1974	Sphenolithus radians Deflandre — S c h e r w o o d, 55, pi. 9, figs. 3, 4. The species occurs frequently in the samples.
Discoaster barbadiensis Tan Plate 2, figs. 3, 6, 9
1954 Discoaster barbadiensis Tan— Bramlette and Riedel, 398, pi. 38, fig. 5.
1961 Discoaster barbadiensis Tan Sin Hok — Bramlette and Sullivan, 158, pi. 11, fig. 2.
1973	Discoaster barbadiensis Tan Sin Hok — Kapellos and Schaub, pi. 4, figs. 2, 3.
1974	Discoaster barbadiensis Tan — Scherwood, 59, pi. 9, fig. 12, pi. 10, fig. 1.
The species has 12 to 14 rays which have blunt ends. The sutures between the rays are very distinct. On the surface tiny hollows are scattered and they can be noticed under phase contrast. In the centre there is a distinct central elevation — knob.
The species is abundant in Eocene beds. Often considerable variations of the species have been observed in our samples.
Discoaster distinctus Martini Plate 2, figs. 1, 4, 7
1958 Discoaster distinctus Martini — Martini, 363, pi. 4, fig. 7. 1961 Discoaster distinctus Martini — Martini, 14, pi. 3. fig. 28.
1973	Discoaster distinctus Martini — Kapellos, 111, pi. 9, fig. 12, pi. 13. fig. 9, pi. 14, figs. 7 to 9, pi. 18, fig. 7.
1974	Discoaster distinctus Martini — S c h e r w o o d, 61, pi. 11, figs. 6—8. Discoaster with 6 or 7 rays which elongate and bifurcate at the end. Each
branch has a node on it. Characteristic is the central area made of the central knob and the rays reaching out to the legs. Authors state considerable variations for this species, especially in the aspect of the rays, Kapellos (1973, 111) for
instance records even 5 to 10 rays. Martini (1958, 363) on the other hand, reports in his original description the presence of 5 to 7 rays. Our specimens have 6 to 8 rays.
Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel Plate 2, figs. 10, 12, plate 3, fig. 9
2954 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Riedel 398, pi. 39, fig. 3.
1958 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel — Martini, 366, pi. 6, fig. 28. 1961 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Sullivan, 161, pi. 12, figs. 4 and 5. 1973 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel — Scherwood, 64 pi 9 fig. 10, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2.
The species is very common in flysch of Podgrad. It has 6 to 7 pointed rays which have on their distal sides distinct ridges running radially from the central knob. The rays are slightly twisted counter-clockwise.
Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan Plate 2, fig. 2, plate 3, figs. 4 and 7
1961 Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan — Bramlette and Sullivan, 162, pi. 12, fig. 6.
1973	Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan — K a p e 11 o s , 113, pi. 15, fig. 4, pi. 17, figs. 1 to 4 and 8.
1974	Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan — Scherwood, 65, pi. 9 fig. 14.
The species has five or six sharply pointed rays. From a wide central area they quickly transform into points. In the middle of the central area there is a distinct knob.
Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel Plate 3, fig. 1
1954 Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Riedel, 398, pi. 39, fig. 4. 1958 Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel — Martini, 367, pi 6 fig. 29.
1973	Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel — Kapellos, 113, pi. 19, figs. 10, 11, pi. 20, figs. 2 to 3, pi. 21, figs. 4, 7, pi. 23, fig. 4.
1974	Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel — Scherwood, 65, pi. 9 fig. 16, pi. 12, fig. 4.
The Discoaster has seven legs and a big central plate. Strong sutures between the legs can be observed running from the central knob.
Marthasterites tribrachiatus (Bramlette et Riedel) Plate 3, fig. 8
1954 Discoaster tribrachiatus Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and R i -edel, 396, pi. 38, fig. 11.
1961 Discoaster tribrachiatus Bramlette et Riedel — Bramlette and Sullivan, 162, pi. 13, figs. 6 to 13.
1973	Marthasterites tribrachiatus (Bramlette et Riedel) — Kapellos, 104, pi. 6, fig. 8, pi. 7, fig. 12, pi. 9, figs. 4 and 6, pi. 10, figs. 1 to 4, 6, pi. 11, fig. 10.
The species appears in the typical form and corresponds completely with the samples described in the literature.
Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre Plate 3, figs. 10 and 11 1959 Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre — Deflandre, 140, pi. 4, figs. 1 to 5.
1964 Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre— Bramlette and Martini, 314, pi. 6, figs. 1 and 2.
1974	Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre — Cimerman and others, 27, pi. 3. fig- 8.
The rhabdulus appears in samples reworked from the Upper Cretaceous.
Neococcolithes dubius (Deflandre) Plate 3, figs. 2 and 3
1961 Zygolithus dubius Deflandre — Bramlette and Sillivan, 150,
pi. 6, figs. 12 to 13, 14. 1969 Neococcolithes dubius (Deflandre) — Stradner, 418, pi. 87, figs. 1 to 3. 1974 Neococcolithes dubius (Deflandre) — Scherwood, 70, pi. 11, fig. 20.
Characteristic elliptic coccolithes with the central part in the shape of the letter H.
Ellipsolithus distichus (Bramlette et Sullivan) Plate 3, fig. 6
1961 Coccolithes distichus Bramlette et Sullivan — Bramlette and Sullivan 152, pi. 7, fig. 8. 1967 Ellipsolithus distichus (Bramlette et Sullivan) — Hay and Mohler 1530, pi. 201, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, pi. 202, figs. 6 to 8. The species has an elliptical form showing perforations on both sides of the ridge running along the longer axis. The species is referred to the biozo-ne Discoaster multiradiatus and Marthasterites tribrachiatus. It is assumed that the present species is reworked.
Clathrolithus cf. ellipticus Deflandre Plate 3, fig. 5
Very badly preserved samples have been determinated after Bramlette and Sullivan (1961, 157), and Stradner (1969,421).
Elliptic calcareous body with a network of pores similar to honeycombs. The hexagonal pores are rounded by a comparatively frail circumference and that is probably the reason for the bad preservation of the species.
The form appears from Paleocene to the Upper Eocene. The species has originally been described from the Lower Lutetian.
Table 1 — Tabela 1 Nannoplanktonic species from Podgrad with the corresponding blozones Nanoplanktonske vrste iz Podgrada in ustrezne biocone
ZONATION AFTER MARTINI 1971 BIOCONE PO MARTINIJU 1971 SPECIES	\ ! i M 1 C 8 ? 1 ? ž £ £ S * b o o § § g .s < o O -o	1 3 i ! 8 -S f 5 i i	A * » Vi 9 c o 4, ^ o .«2 *6 Cj -9	i 5 * ? n o o T3 P 5 *i Q 3	S | o li ■C 5 O ta
Coccolithus pelagicus					
					
Chiasmdithus grandis					
					
tyctococcotithus neogammation					
					
Pontosphaera muitipora					
					
Pontosphaera plana					
					
Blackites scabrosus					
					
Rhabdosphaera piriformis n. sp.	-				
Micrantholithus flos					
					
Sphenolithus radians					
					
Discoaster barbadiensis					
Discoaster lodoensis					
Discoaster sublodoensis					
Oiscoaster saipanensis					
Discoaster distinctus					
Marthasterites tribrachiatus					
e Microrhabdulus decoratus					
					
					
o Ellipsolithus distichus					
Ctathrolithus cf. etlipticus					
					
o Reworked species - presedimentirane vrste
2 — Geologija 18
Plate 1 — Tabla 1
1, 2, 3 Rhabdosphaera piriformis n. sp. 1, 2 between crossed nicols, 3 phase contrast 1, 2 pri navzkrižnih nikolih, 3 pri faznem kontrastu
4 Cyclococcolithus neogammation Bramlette et Wilcoxon crossed nicols pri navzkrižnih nikolih
5 a, b Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner) a crossed nicols, b phase contrast a pri navzkrižnih nikolih, b pri faznem kontrastu
6, 7 Blackites scabrosus (Deflandre) between crossed nicols pri navzkrižnih nikolih
8 a, b Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) a phase contrast, b crossed nicols a pri faznem kontrastu, b pri navzkrižnih nikolih
9 a, b Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette et Riedel)
a crossed nicols, b phase contrast a pri navzkrižnih nikolih, b pri faznem kontrastu
10, 11 Pontosphaera plana (Bramlette et Sullivan) 10 phase contrast, 11 crossed nicols 10 fazni kontrast, 11 pri navzkrižnih nikolih 1800 X enlarged — 1800 X povečano
The photographs of the nannoplankton made by J. Pavšič. Nanoplankton je fotografiral J. Pavšič.
Plate 1 — Tabla 1
O
Plate 2 — Tabla 2
1, 4, 7 Discoaster distinctus Martini phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
2 Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
3, 6, 9 Discoaster barbadiensis Tan phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
5, 8 Micrantholithus flos Deflandre 5 phase contrast, 8 crossed nicols 5 pri faznem kontrastu, 8 pri navzkrižnih nikolih
10, 12 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
11 Sphenolithus radians Deflandre crossed nicols pri navzkrižnih nikolih
1800 X enlarged — 1800 X povečano

Plate 3 — Tabla 3
1 Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
2, 3 Neococcolithes dubius (Deflandre) 2 crossed nicols, 3 phase contrast 2 pri navzkrižnih nikolih, 3 pri faznem kontrastu
4, 7 Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
5 Clathrolithus ct ellipticus Deflandre phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
6 a, b Ellipsolithus distichus (Bramlette et Sullivan) a crossed nicols, b phase contrast a pri navzkrižnih nikolih, b pri faznem kontrastu
8 Marthasterites tribrachiatus (Bramlette et Riedel) phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
9 Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel phase contrast pri faznem kontrastu
10, 11 Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre crossed nicols pri navzkrižnih nikolih 1800 X enlarged — 1800 X povečano

4. Planktonic f oraminifers
Mujibur R. Khan Table 2
Globigerina linaperta Finlay
1975 a Globigerina linaperta Finlay — B o 11 i, 70, pi. 15, figs. 15 to 17. 1962 Globigerina linaperta Finlay — Hillebrandt, 120, pi. 11, figs. 2 and 3. 1965 Globigerina linaperta Finlay — Proto Decima and Z o r z i, 14, pl. 1, fig. 3.
The species is common in the samples taken from the flysch. According to the various authors the species ranges from the Late Paleocene to the Early Eocene. It has also been recorded from the Cuisian flysch of Ustje (De Z a n -che, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 8) and from the Eocene rocks exposed near Postojna (Gospodaric, Kolosvary, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 12). After Pavšič (1973, 143) it occurs also in the Paleocene part of the Podsabotin strata in SW Slovenia.
Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann
1957 a Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann — B o 11 i, 72, pl. 15, figs. 1—2. 1965 Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann — Proto Decima and Zorzi, 17, pl. 1, fig. 11. The species is fairly common and resembles the forms described by B o 11 i (1957 a, 72), Proto Decima and Zorzi (1965, 17) from the zone of Globorotalia aragonensis from Trinidad and northern Italy, respectively.
Globigerina triangularis White
1957 a Globigerina triangularis White — B o 11 i, 71, pl. 15, figs. 12 to 14. 1965 Globigerina triangularis White — Proto Decima and Zorzi, 17, pl- 1, fig. 4.
The species ranges from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene. It has also been found in the Cuisian flysch of Ustje (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 8) as well as at Postojna (Gospodaric, Kolosvary, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 12).
Globigerina turgida Finlay
1957 a Globigerina turgida Finlay — B o 11 i, 73, pl. 15, figs. 19—23. 1965 Globigerina turgida Finlay — Proto Decima and Zorzi, 18, pl. 1, figs. 9—10.
1968 Globigerina turgida Finlay — Samuel and S a 1 a j, 134, fig. 33.
The specimens from Podgrad resemble the forms of Boll i (1957 a, 73), Samuel and S a 1 a j (1968, 34). The species is very similar in looks with the Globigerina taroubaensis but differs in being larger in size and somewhat more trochoid. Bolli (1957 a, 73), Proto Decima and Zorzi (1965, 18) described the species from the Globorotalia aragonensis zone of Trinidad and northern Italy. In the West Carpathians Globigerina turgida occurs in the Globorotalia aragonensis crater zone and in the basal part of Turborotalia (Acari-
nina) crassata densa zone of Samuel and Sala j (1968, 134). The species has also been reported from the flysch exposed at Postojna (Gospodaril; Kolosvžry, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967,12).
Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal
1957 a Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal — Bo lli, 75, pl. 18, figs. 7—9.
1957 b Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal — B o 11 i, 167, pl. 38, figs. 1.
1965 Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal — Proto Decima and Z o r z i, 22,
pl. 3, fig. 8, pl. 5, fig. 16. 1968 Globorotalia aragonensis aragonensis Nuttal — Samuel and Sal a.j, 148, pl. 11, fig. 5.
1971 Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal — Subbotina, 274, pl. 18, fig. 6 and 7.
The species is well preserved but not common in the area. The vertical range of the species is generally mentioned in the literature as Early Eocene to Middle Eocene. After Bo 11 i (1957a, 75; 1957b, 167) and Postuma (1971, 172) the species ranges from the Globorotalia formosa aragonensis zone to the Globige-rapsis kugleri zone. In the West Carpathians the species has been reported (Samuel and S a 1 a j, 1968, 149) from the Early and Middle Eocene, representing the Globorotalia aragonensis to Turborotalia (Acarinina) crassata densa zones. Proto Decima and Z o r z i (1965, 23) described the species from the Globorotalia formosa formosa zone and Globorotalia aragonensis zone. In NW Caucasia the species occurs in the Early to Middle Eocene beds (Subbotina, 1971, 275). Globorotalia aragonensis has also been found in the Cuisian flysch of Ustje (De Zanche, and Proto Decima, 1967,212) and at Postojna (Gospodarič, Kolosvary, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 40).
Globorotalia convexa Subbotina
1957 Globorotalia convexa Subbotina — Loeblich and Tappan, 183, pl. 48, fig. 4, pl. 50, fig. 7, pl. 53, figs. 6—8, pl. 57, figs. 5—6, pl. 61, fig. 4, pl. 63, fig. 4.
1965 Globorotalia convexa Subbotina— Proto Decima and Zorzi, 24, pl. 1, fig. 13.
1968 Turborotalia (Acarinina) convexa (Subbotina) — Samuel and S a 1 a j,
163, pl. 16, figs. 5 and 6. 1971 Globorotalia convexa Subbotina — Subbotina, 263, pl. 17, figs. 4 to 6.
The species resembles the forms determined by Subbotina (1971, 263) with variable dimensions of the tests. The number of chambers in the last whorl is generally five but there are also specimens with six chambers.
The type species has been described from the zone with the conical Globorotalia (Subbotina, 1971, 263). Loeblich and Tappan (1957, 188) mentioned the species from the formations representing the biozones from Glo-borotalia velascoensis-acuta-spiralis subzone to Globorotalia rex zone. In northern Italy (Proto Decima and Zorzi, 1965, 24) the species is present from the zone of Globorotalia pseudomenardii to the Globorotalia aragonensis zone. Samuel and S a la j (1968, 164) described the species from the Late Pale-ocene to Middle Eocene in West Carpathians and have placed the species in
their zone of Globorotalia aequo, to the zone of Turborotalia (Acarinina) crassata densa. In western Yugoslavia the species appears in the Eocene flysch at Postojna (Gospodarič, Kolosv£ry, Pavlovec and Proto Deci-m a , 1967, 44).
Globorotalia crassaformis (Galloway et Wissler)
1968 Turborotalia (Acarinina) crassata densa (Cushman, 1925) — Samuel and
S a 1 a j , 164, pi. 17, figs. 3 and 4. 1971 Acarinina crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler) — Subbotina, 290. pi. 21, figs. 1 to 7.
The species is common in the flysch at Podgrad. The dimensions of the test and the sizes of the chambers in different specimens are somewhat variable. These variations were also mentioned by Subbotina (1971, 291) while describing the Acarinina crassaformis from the Caucasia.
The range of the species may be disputed. It appears to be long for the planktonic species as has been mentioned by various authors from different areas.
The holotype has been described from the Late Cretaceous and Cushman (Subbotina 1971, 293) reported the species from the present sea as well. After Samuel and S a 1 aj (1968, 165) it occurs in Early Eocene beds with the maximum development in the early part of the Middle Eocene layers; some have also been found in the lowermost part of the Late Eocene beds in the Carpathian region. According to them the species belongs to the biozones Turborotalia (Acarinina) crassata densa to Truncorotalia rohri.
In Caucasia (Subbotina, 1971, 292) the species occurs mainly in the zone with the conical Globorotalia and in the zone of Acarinina (Early Eocene to early part of the Late Eocene).
Globorotalia interposita (Subbotina)
1971 Acarinina interposita Subbotina — Subbotina, 303, pi. 23, figs. 6
to 7.
The species is common in the flysch. The Globorotalia interposita from Podgrad shows variability in the convexity on the spiral side. There are some specimens with almost flat spiral side whereas others are markedly convex. The ultimate chamber of some forms is smaller than the penultimate one and often contains a suplementary small vesicular chamber as has been pointed out by Subbotina (1971, 304).
The species has been mentioned from the Caucasia in the USSR and ranges from Paleocene to Middle Eocene representing the zone of compressed Globorotalia to the same of conical Globorotalia (Subbotina, 1971, 304).
Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina)
1957 Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina)— Loeblich and Tap pan, 194, pi. 60, fig. 2.
1962 Globorotalia (Acarinina) pseudotopilensis (Subbotina) — Hillebrandt, 143, pi. 14, fig. 1.
1965 Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina) — Proto Decima and
Z o r z i, 28, pi. 4, fig. 8. 1968 Turborotalia (Acarinina) pseudotopilensis (Subbotina) — Samuel and
S a 1 a j , 172, pi. 14, fig. 2. 1971 Acarinina pseudotopilensis Subbotina — Subbotina, 294, pi. 21, figs. 8—9, pi. 22, figs. 1—3.
The species is rare in the flysch of Podgrad but resembles the type species from the Caucasia of the USSR (Subbotina, 1971, 294).
According to Subbotina (1971, 295) the species occurs in the Caucasia from the compressed Globorotalia to conical Globorotalia zone of Paleocene to Middle Eocene. In the Central Carpathians it occurs in the same age from the Globorotalia aequa to Globorotalia aragonensis crater zones (Samuel and S a la j, 1968, 172). According to Proto Decima and Zorzi (1965, 28) the species ranges in northern Italy from the Globorotalia rex zone to the G. aragonensis zone. This species has also been reported from the Nana-falia formation (Early Eocene) of Alabama, U.S.A. (L o e b 1 i c h and Tap-
Table 2 — Tabela 2 Planktonic species from Podgrad and the corresponding biozones Planktonske vrste iz Podgrada in ustrezne biocone
ZONATION AFTER POSTUMA 1971 \BIOCONE PO POSTUMI 1971 SPECIES Nv		k. -s 2 2 g 8 o o •Q 2 o • a M o a	o a 0 C 0» o o }- u S 3 5	H * L. .o o o v. o ■O o	Gtoborotatia formosa-aragonensis	Globorotatia buttbrooki	.2 a a h. II II O *
o c 'C * -Q O O o o o o •o o o	lina per ta						
							
	taroubaensis					--	
							
	turgida						
							
	triangularis						
							
	aragonensis						
							
	convexa						
							
	crassaformis	---					
							
	interposita						
							
	pseu dotopitensis						
							
	rotundimarginata						
							
pan, 1957, 194). In western Yugoslavia, at Postojna, it has been found in the Eocene flysch (Gospodarič, Kolosv^ry, Pavlovec and P r o t o Decima, 1967, 12).
Globorotalia rotundimarginata (Subbotina)
1965 Globorotalia rotundimarginata (Subbotina) — Proto Decima and
Z o r z i, 30, pl. 2, fig. 7. 1968 Turborotalia (Acarinina) rotundimarginata (Subbotina) — Samuel and
S a 1 a j, 172, pl. 19, figs. 1 and 2. 1971 Acarinina rotundimarginata Subbotina — Subbotina 308, pl. 25. figs. 1—3.
The species is common and closely similar to the forms of Subboti-n a (1971, 308) and others.
According to Subbotina (1971, 309) the species occurs in the Early. Middle and Late Eocene. It is most abundant in the early part of the Late Eocene.
In the Carpathians the species occurs in the early part of the Late Eocene (Samuel and Sala j, 1968, 172). Proto Decima and Z or z i (1965, 30) described this species from the zone of Globorotalia aragonensis in northern Italy. It has also been reported from the Eocene flysch of Postojna (Gospodaric, Kolosvary, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 13).
5. Nummulitinae
Mujibur R. Khan and Rajko Pavlovec
Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp.
Plate 4, figs, 1 to 6, plate 5, fig. 1
1967 Operculina cf. marinellii — De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 40.
Derivatio nominis: The new subspecies resembles the Operculina marinellii marinellii.
Holotypus: B form in the collection of the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Ljubljana University, inv. no. 3838.
Paratypi: B forms in the same collection as the holotypus.
Locus typicus: 1 km north northwest of Podgrad, SW Slovenia, western Yugoslavia.
Stratum typicum: Lower part of the Middle Cuisian.
Diagnosis : Operculina with the larger test and somewhat slower increasing of the whorls as Operculina marinellii marinellii.
B form. The test is about 1mm thick with a maximum diameter of 13 mm, often with slightly elevated area at the centre which is covered by slightly projecting bosses, almost circular in outline with somewhat undulated outer margin.
The septa and the marginal cord are remarkable and occasionally the marginal cord forms a distinct relief from the test surface. The number of the whorls
Fig. 3. Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp., B form. Podgrad No. 3838 Si. 3. Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp., oblika B. Podgrad, inv. št. 3838
in usually 6 to 6 >/« and they increase rapidly; the septa are numerous, in the final whorl 33 to 35 and are usually perpendicular to the marginal cord and nearly straight. The septa are thin and thickened in their upper parts (fig. 3). Well preserved tests show granulation between the septa.
Table 3 — Tabela 3 Numerical data for the subspecies Operculina marinellii similis, B form Številčni podatki za podvrsto Operculina marinellii similis, oblika B
Sample Primerek	S3	S*	Ss	Se	L2	Ls	L4	Ls	Lo
1	17	23	27	33	0,3—Lt	0,3	0,6	0,6	0,4
2	17	22	28	34	0,3—Li	0,1	0,4	0,7	0,8
3	16	23	29	34	0,3—Li	0,2	0,7	0,6	0,6
4			29	35		0,6—Ls	0,4	0,6	0,6
5			29	33		0,8—L*	0,3	0,6	0,8
1 Holotypus
2—5 Paratypi	•
Sa, S4... Number of septa in the third, fourth,... whorl
Število sept v tretjem, četrtem ... zavoju Ls, Ls... Height increase in the second, third ... whorl Prirastek višine v drugem, tretjem ... zavoju
Remarks. The new Operculina belongs to the granulated operculinas which have granules between the septa. Hottinger (1964, 1019) put into this group the species Operculina marinellii marinellii from Cuisian and Operculina praespira from Lower Lutetian. Between the two species transitional forms exist (O. aff. praespira). To the same group belongs also the Operculina exili-formis (Pavlovec, 1966) from the Middle Ilerdian.
All the forms mentioned above are similar regarding the course of the whorls, the shape of the septa and chambers, and the marginal cord. The
mm 6
2
O	1 ^ 2
□	3
•	4
+	5
w
°	12	3	4	5	6	7
Fig. 4. Diagram of the whorls at the Operculina marinellii similis and O. marinellii
marinellii, B forms
SI. 4. Diagram zavojev pri podvrstah Operculina marinellii similis in O. marinellii
marinellii, oblike B
1 Operculina marinellii similis (holotypus) 2 Operculina aff. marinellii (Drobne & Pavlovec, unpublished) 3 Operculina marinellii mtyinellii (D a 1 n e 11 i, 1915)
4	Operculina marinellii marinellii (Hottinger, 1964)
5	Operculina marinellii marinellii (Montanari, 1974) it Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, izražen v milimetrih
W Number of whorls — Število zavojev
Operculina exiliformis has the smallest test among all of them, while the O. praespira has the largest. In between are the Operculina marinellii marinellii and O. marinellii similis. The maximum diameter of the type belonging to the form Operculina marinellii marinellii described by D a i n e 11 i (1915, 170) is 11 mm but most common occurrences are 5 to 6 mm. The maximum diameter of the Operculina marinellii similis is 13 mm, common being 10 to 12 mm. The whorls (W/R, fig. 4) increase slower than those of the form described by Dainelli (1915, 170), Hottinger (1964, 1020, and Montanari (1964, 59).
The type species as well as the species mentioned by Hottinger (1964, 1020) usually have five whorls whereas the present subspecies generally has six.
To the subspecies Operculina marinellii similis the Operculina aff. marinellii is to be assigned. This form has been found at Smrčun near Slovenj Gradec, northern Slovenia (Drobne and Pavlovec, unpublished). Its test has 6 xj\ whorls, the diameter of 12,6 mm and the same rate of the whorls increase as the holotypus.
In the Ustje series of Vipava valley the Operculina cf. marinellii (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 40) occurs. After having studied the original material it is evident that the Operculina from Ustje belongs to the subspecies Operculina marinellii similis.
The new subspecies is similar to the older Operculina exiliformis, which has somewhat thinner marginal cord, and to the O. praespira which is larger.
Table 4 — Tabela 4
Number of septa in Operculina marinellii similis and in some similar B forms Število sept pri podvrsti Operculina marinellii similis in pri nekaterih sorodnih
oblikah B
Species or subspecies Vrsta ali podvrsta	Ss	S4	Ss	Se S? Se
Operculina marinellii similis, Smrčun (Drobne and Pavlovec, unpublished)	18	22	27	33
Operculina marinellii marinellii Friuli (Dainelli, 1915, pl. 18, fig. 28)	19	23	31	
Operculina marinellii marinellii (Hottinger, 1964, pl. 3, fig. 10a)	23	26	31	
Operculina marinellii marinellii (Montanari, 1964, pl. 16, fig. 15)	15	20	28	
Operculina exiliformis (Pavlovec, 1966, pl. 2, fig. 3)		20	31	38
Operculina aff. praespira (Črni Kal, north Istria)	20	25	31	36
Operculina praespira (Pavlovec, 1969, pl. 10)			23	28 40 55
Ss, S4... Number of septa in the third, fourth... whorl Število sept v tretjem, četrtem... zavoju
Stratigraphic remarks. In the locality of Podgrad Operculina marinellii similis appears in the biozone Globorotalia formosa and Discoaster sublodoensis, that is in the lower part of the Middle Cuisian. To the Middle Cuisian belongs also Operculina marinellii similis from Smrčun near Slovenj Gradec and the one from Ustje in Vipava valley. Operculina marinellii marinellii occurs in Friuli together with the species Nummulites irregularis Deshayes ( D a i n e 11 i, 1915). As the associated fauna is not precisely determined, the stratigraphic level of Friuli locality is not clear. Hottinger (1964, 1020) too does not state the exact stratigraphic horizon for Operculina marinellii marinellii, while Kecske-meti (1970, 154) attributes this form to the Lower Lutetian, and Montanari (1964, 59) even to the Upper Lutetian.
Assilina laxispira De la Harpe et Rozlozsnik
1926 Assilina placentula Deshayes sp. vel Assilina granulosa D'Archiac var.
laxispira n. var. — Dela Harpe and Rozlozsnik, 92. 1951 Assilina douvilUi Abrard & Fabre 1944 — S c h a u b , 212—214, figs. 323,
325—328, pi. 9, figs. 12—16. 1963 Assilina laxispira De la Harpe — S c h a u b , 293—294, fig. 5. 1966 b Assilina laxispira De la Harpe, 1926 — S c h a u b , 376, pi. 2, fig. 19. Only one test of the microsphaeric form has been found. The whorls grow regularly with the exception of the first three, which increase more slowly than the others. The thin septa are flat or slightly bending back, only in the upper part they are bent strongly. The chambers are higher than broad and only a few chambers approach the isometric form. The marginal cord increases proportionally.
The species Assilina laxispira belongs to the Middle Cuisian.
Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist Plate 5, figs. 2 and 3
1951 Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist 1888 — Schaub, 182—185 figs 257 _
266, pi. 7, figs. 1—13. 1966 Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist, 1889 — Schaub, 371, fig. 6, pi. 3, figs. 16—22.
1973 Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist, 1889 — Kapellos, 68—70 figs 111— 118, pi. 44, figs. 3—9. B form. The test is thin and flat showing eight whorls. Its diameter is 8,5 mm. In the centre there are several irregular and clear granules which disappear somewhere near the half of the test. From there on only a little sinuous septal lines occur. At the septal lines trabecules transverses can be noticed.
The whorls in the inner part of the test increase regularly. The marginal cord is thick and comprises in some whorls almost one half of the whorl's height.
The septa in the inner whorls are slightly bent and inclined. In the outer whorls they are bent much more. Some of the septa are bent back strongly. All septa are coarse, the thickest being near the marginal cord.
Table 5 — Tabela 5 The number of septa in the species Nummulites aquitanicus, B form Število sept pri vrsti Nummulites aquitanicus, oblika B
Locality Nahajališče	Se	Ss	S4	Ss	S«	S?
Podgrad	18	22	26	25	33	34*
Rossboden (Schaub,						
1951, fig. 265)		19	24*	24*	30*	32*
Rottenbach (Kapellos,						
1973, fig. 113b)		19	24	29	30	
Hoi lbach- Schwyberg						
(Kapellos, 1973, fig. 112)	14	17	22*	28*	30*	30*
* The number of the septa has been calculated from one half of the whorls. — Število sept je bilo preračunano iz polovice zavojev.
R
Fig. 5. Diagram of the whorls at the Nummulites aquitanicus and N. jacquoti, B forms SI. 5. Diagram zavojev pri vrstah Nummulites aquitanicus in N. jacquoti, oblike B 1 Nummulites jacquoti ( K a p e 11 o s , 1973, fig. 118) 2 Nummulites aquitanicus ( K a p e 11 o s , 1973, fig. 118)
3 Nummulites aquitanicus, Podgrad R Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, izražen v milimetrih W Number of whorls — Število zavojev
In the early whorls the chambers are heigher than broad. In the outer whorls they become longer so that they are nearly isometric. The upper parts of the chambers are slightly arched.
Remarks. At Ustje Nummulites jacquioti De la Harpe (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Dec ima, 1967, 230), has been found. It resembles somewhat Nummulites aquitanicus, but the former has numerous distinct granules on the surface. The septal lines are smoother. The whorls increase also in the outer part (fig. 5) where the septa are slightly straighter and the chambers shorter.
The interesting morphological particularities have been pointed out already by Schaub (1951, 182—184). The tests of the Nummulites aquitanicus from the younger strata (from the biozone Nummulites praelaevigatus) resemble much more the species N. laevigatus than the typical form of N. aquitanicus. First of all they have somewhat lower whorls and longer chambers, even longer than the form from Podgrad. The sample on the figure 264 (Schaub, 1951) still resembles a little the species Nummulites planulatus if we compare the course of the whorls and the shape of the chambers. The Nummulites from Podgrad does not resemble this specimen. This means that the development from the species Nummulites planulatus towards N. aquitanicus and further on to N. laevigatus proceeded in the direction of lowering the whorls and lengthening the septa. There is no doubt that all these nummulites are not on the same evolutionary line. Anyway, the species Nummulites praelaevigatus does not show the normal continuation of the development as its exterior is closer to the species Nummulites aquitanicus while its septa and chambers resemble more those of the species N. laevigatus. It is also difficult to place Nummulites buxtorfi Schaub into this evolutionary line.
3 — Geologija \v
Into this group belongs also the specimen from Campo, Spain (S c h a u b , 1966b, pl. 3 and 4), determined as Nummulites aff. aquitanicus.
Age. Schaub (Hottinger, Lehmann and S c h a u b, 1964) ranges the species Nummulites aquitanicus in the transitional period from Lower to Middle Cuisian, or into the Lower and Middle Cuisian, respectively (Schaub, 1951). He establishes this species in the Middle Cuisian also later on (S c h a u b , 1965,129), while in the Campo profile he does not decide clearly upon the age of this species. His similar form, the Nummulites aff. aquitanicus, has been reported from the Middle Cuisian (Schaub, 1966b, 358). Lately it was K a pel los (1973, 69—70) who made most interesting conclusions about the age. He has found a lot of Nummulites aquitanictis in the Lower and Middle Cuisian. Specimens on plates 112 and 113 show the characteristics mentioned already by Schaub. The Lower-Cuisian nummulites still has narrower chambers and somewhat higher whorls, while the Middle-Cuisian one has somewhat longer chambers and lower whorls.
Considering the equatorial section, the specimen from Podgrad could probably be attributed to another species, but its exterior is characteristic for the Nummulites aquitanicus. Anyway, it is by no means identical with Schaub's (1966b) Middle-Cuisian specimens N. aff. aquitanicus.
The conclusion arising from all this is that the Nummulites aquitanicus lived in the Lower and Middle Cuisian, and that it lived even a little longer than we thought up to now.
Nummulites ustjensis De Zanche et Pavlovec Plate 6, figs. 1 to 3
1929 Nummulina striata (B) Bruguiere — Rozlozsnik, 128, pl. 6, fig. 6. 1967 Nummulites ustjensis n. sp. oblika B — De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 232—233, pl. 8, fig. 3, pl. 9, figs. 1—2, pl. 10, figs. 1-2, pl. 11, fig. 1.
B form. In the flysch of Podgrad only the microisphaeric form has been found, so that we still do not know the megalosphaeric one. The test of the B form is very thin and has a rather sharp margin. On the surface there are numerous septal lines which are slightly bent. There are granules and also in the intermediate skeleton there are no bosses.
The whorls increase normally up to the fifth one, then they increase more quickly up to the tenth whorl. After that they remain of the same height or even decrease (fig. 6). The marginal cord is rather strong and sometimes comprises even more than one third of the whorl. It grows up to the ninth whorl then it remains unchanged till the end, or even gets thinner.
The septa are coarse. At the bases they have indistinct feet. In the first three or four whorls the septa are nearly flat. In the later whorls they are curved and thickened and strongly bent back close to the marginal cord.
The chambers in the early whorls are higher than broad but some of them are also rather isometric. In the later whorls the chambers are isometric and in some of them the length considerably exceeds the height.
In two best preserved samples the number of septa is as shown in the table 6.
R
mm 6
5
4
3-
2
1
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO U 12	W
Fig. 6. Diagram of the whorls at the Nummulites ustjensis, B form.
Podgrad
SI. 6. Diagram zavojev pri vrsti Nummulites ustjensis, oblika B.
Podgrad
R Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, izražen v milimetrih W Number of whorls — Število zavojev
Table 6 — Tabela 6 The number of septa in the species Nummulites ustjensis, B form Število sept pri vrsti Nummulites ustjensis, oblika B
Locality Nahajališče	Si &	Ss	Si	Ss	S«	St	So	So	Sio	Sn	Sl2
Podgrad	6 14	19	26	28	36	46	43	53	51	52	66
Podgrad		20	25	36	34	34	41	53	60	60	68
Ustje — holotypus	16	20	24	36	36	40	46	54	50	64	68
Remarks. Podgrad is the second locality of the species Nummulites ustjensis in Slovenia. But it has been found also in the locality of Brusaferri near the village Bolca (D e Zanche.Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967,233).
From Podgrad a form has been determined which shows a more quick increasing of the younger whorls (fig. 6). Somewhat similar course of the whorls occurs in Nummulites striatus Bruguiere and N. aff. ustjensis from Ustje (D e Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 230—231, fig. 6) which we describe now as Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp.
Age. The flysch at Ustje with the species Nummulites ustjensis has been placed in the period of transition between the Lower and Middle Cuisian (D e Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967,232)
Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp.
Plate 6, figs. 4 to 6, plate 7, figs. 1 and 2
1967 Nummulites aff. ustjensis n. sp. — De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 233, pi. 11, fig. 2.
Derivatio nominis : After the region of Brkini where the locality of the holotypus is situated.
Holotypus : Inv. no. 3844, B form, Institute for Geology and Paleontology, University of Ljubljana.
Par a t yp i : Inv. no. 3845, 3846, 3847, 3848, all the B forms, in the same collection as the holotypus.
Locus typicus: The locality with nummulitins at Podgrad, Brkini, SW Slovenia.
Stratum typicum: Flysch, Middle Cuisian.
Diagnosis : Nummulites with a larger test, denser and highly bent septa as in the very similar species Nummulites ustjensis.
B form. The test is thin getting slightly thicker only at the centre. The margin is slightly rounded. On the surface there are thin, dense and rather sinuous septal lines which often split. Some samples show distinct trabecules trans verses.
All whorls increase regularly, the older ones somewhat slowly, though the middle ones rather quickly and the younger ones much more slowly than the middle ones. The marginal cord is regular and strongest in the middle, that is at the highest whorls.
The septa in the early seven or eight whorls are nearly flat, slightly inclined and only at the top highly bent. In the following whorls they are more inclined and often regularly bent along the whole height. The chambers are usually higher than broad, only some chambers of the early whorls are nearly isometric. Where the chambers are longer their roof is only slightly arched while in the narrow and high chambers it is strongly arched.
The characteristic data of the new species are shown in table 7.
Table 7 — Tabela 7
Measurements of the species Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp., B form, from the locality
Podgrad
Merit veni podatki za vrsto Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp., oblika B, iz nahajališča
Podgrad
Sample — Primerek
Dm W Se Ss S4 Ss Se S7 Se S® Si« Sn S12 Sis
Holotypus
inv. no. 3844 17 16 12 20 28 44 36 52 56 64 60 58 84 106 inv. no. 3845 11,4 11	36 36 40 52 60 60 60
Dm Diameter, in millimetres — Premer, izražen v milimetrih W Whorls number — Število zavojev
Si, Ss... Number of septa in the first, second ... whorls — Število sept v prvem, drugem ... zavoju
Remarks. It is sometimes difficult to tell apart the species Nummulites brkiniensis from the species N. ustjensis. At Ustje it has been already distinguished the form Nummulites aff. ustjensis (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967, 233, pl. 11, fig. 2), which was larger than the original N.
ustjensis. There is no doubt that this form belongs to the species Nummulites brkiniensis.
The species Nummulites brkiniensis differs from N. ustjensis mostly by its larger test. Furthermore Nummulites ustjensis has less bent septa, longer chambers and whorls increasing more regularly than in N. brkiniensis.
Age. Nummulites brkiniensis has been up to now found only in the flysch at Podgrad in the lower part of the Middle Cuisian beds and at Ustje in the period of transition between the Lower and Middle Cuisian (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967).
Nummulites postbearnensis n. sp.
Plate 8, figs. 1 and 2
1967 Nummulites ex gr. planulatus — Gospodaric, Kolosvary, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 45, fig. 4.
Derivatio nominis : The new species is similar to the species Nummulites bearnensis Shaub et Schweighauser but it is younger than N. bearnensis.
Holotypus : Inv. no 3850, B form, Institute for Geology and Paleontology, University of Ljubljana.
R
Fig. 7. Diagram of the whorls at the Nummulites postbearnensis and
some similar B forms SI. 7. Diagram zavojev pri vrsti Nummulites postbearnensis in nekaterih podobnih B oblikah 1 Nummulites aquitanictis ( S c h a u b , 1951, fig. 2S7) 2 Nummulttes jacquoti (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Dedni a , 1967, pl. 7, fig. 1) 3 Nummulites postbearnensis (holotypus). Podgrad R Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, Izražen v milimetrih W Number of whorls — Število zavojev
Locus typicus: The locality of the nummulitins at Podgrad, Brkini, SW Slovenia.
Stratum typicum: Flysch, Middle Cuisian.
Diagnosis : Nummulites postbearnensis has a larger test and the septa are more bent than in N. bearnensis. The test is completely involute.
B form. The test is thin and it thickens a little only at the centre. The margin is rounded. The septal lines are somewhat sinuous and sometimes they break up sharply or even split.
The whorls increase quickly and regularly (fig. 7). The marginal cord is strong and proportionally thick. The septa are slightly but regularly bent along the whole length. Their lower parts are very thin and they get thicker in the upper parts. At their bases there are indistinct feet. The chambers are higher than broad and somewhat slightly arched.
The characteristics: Dm/W (test diameter: number of whorls) = 9/9, 11/11; D (test thickness) = 2 to 3 mm; number of septa S4 = 18, Ss = 22, Su = 28, Si= 30, Ss = 40 and Sn = 42.
Remarks. Nummulites postbearnensis has been determined from different localities in Slovenia. It has been found at Podgrad and Potok (both in Brkini, SW Slovenia). The Nummulites ex gr. planulatus (Gospodarič and others, 1967, 45, fig. 4) occurring in the breccia near the railway station of Postojna is actually N. postbearnensis. There it appears together with the Nummulites prae-lucasi Douwile which lived according to Kapellos (1973, 55) from the Lower to the Upper Cuisian.
The new species got its name from the species Nummulites bearnensis, previously described as N. planulatus bearnensis (S c h a u b and Schweig-hauser, 1951, 237—239, figs. 1—3, 6—7) and later as N. bearnensis (Scha-u b, 1060, 446). Our forms differ from this Upper-Ilerdian species by their size (test diameter of the N. bearnensis is Dm = up to 6 mm), by the septa (in the new species the septa are more bent than in N. bearnensis), and by the involution. According to S c h a u b (1960, 446) Nummulites bearnensis has evolute younger whorls, while N. postbearnensis has a quite involute test. Considering the involute test the new species is closer to the species Nummulites planulatus Lamarck which has similarly shaped test and similar course of the septal lines. But the typical Nummulites planulatus has a thinner marginal cord, higher whorls and the septa are more bent. Nummulites postbearnensis differs also from the subspecies of the species Nummulites planulatus described by S ch a u b (1951) by the size of the test, the marginal cord and most frequently also by the whorls'height.
Nummulites postbearnensis is larger than N. jacquoti De la Harpe, has higher whorls, more bent septa and thinner septal lines. It differs from the Nummulites aquitanicus by its exterior where no granules have been developed, by its shorter chambers and by the septa which are thickened at their upper parts. Nummulites postbearnensis has lower whorls and denser, more bent septa than N. exilis Douville.
Close to the new species is also the form from Friuli, determined by D a i -n ell i (1951, pl. 22, fig. 17) as Nummulites pulchellus Hantken. It differs from the species Nummulites postbearnensis mostly by the more bent and denser
septa. The D a i n e 11 i' s form could most probably be attributed to the species Nummulites planulatus.
S c h a u b engaged himself in studying the nummulites cognated with the species Nummulites postbeamensis. He described the transitional form as Nummulites exilis-planulatus (Schaub, 1951, 170—171, figs. 231—232). This form resembles very much the species Nummulites exilis by its quickly increasing whorls, and by its appearance it resembles the species N. planulatus. It differs from the N. postbearnensis by the smaller test and above all by the less bent septa. Later on Schaub (1960, 444—446) described the Middle-Ilerd i an species as Nummulites cuisensis D'Archiac which is very close to the species Nummulites bearnensis. Both have tests in which the younger whorl is not involute. As the Nummulites postbearnensis has a completely involute test it is closer to the species N. planulatus.
Schaub (1950, 244) places the subspecies Nummulites planulatus cussacensis Schaub phylogenetically after the type N. planulatus planulatus. In such a way it represents a transitional form towards the granulated species N. jacquoti and N. buxtorfi Schaub. It has otherwise higher whorls then the type-form (Schaub, 1951, 178) but the decreasing of the whorls is a regular appearance in the evolution (cf. Schaub, 1962b, 288—289). The transitional form Nummulites exilis-planulatus has lower whorls than N. exilis. Therefore it is not probable that the N. planulatus cussacensis were a successor of the N. planulatus planulatus. We probably have here a special evolutionary line which might be a continuation of the one with the Nummulites exilis-planulatus. In this case, of course, the Nummulites planulatus cussacensis loses its meaning of the subspecies and becomes an independent species Nummulites cussacensis Schaub.
Nummulites rotularius Deshayes Plate 9, figs. 1 and 2
1929 Nummulina rotularia Deshayes — Rozlozsnik, 103—106, 180—182
(partim), pl. 3, fig. 14, 19, 28. 1929 Nummulina rotularia (B) Deshayes paucicamerata n. var. — Rozlozsnik, 181, pl. 3, fig. 12. 1951 Nummulites rotularius Deshayes 1838 —Schaub, 125, fig. 111. 1961 Nummulites rotularius Deshayes — Nemk o v and Barhatova,
69—72, pl. 6, figs. 12, 15—19. 1967 Nummulites rotularius Deshayes, oblika B — De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 221—223, pl. 2, figs. 1—2, pl. 3, fig. 1, pl. 4, fig. 2.
1973 Nummulites rotularius Deshayes, 1838 — Kapellos, 82, figs. 178—185. pl. 43. fig. 8, pl. 45, figs. 1—2.
B form. At Podgrad only the microsphaeric form of the species Nummulites rotularius has been found up to now. The test thickens quickly from the margin towards the centre so that it is not lenticular but somewhat globular. In the exterior there are slightly undulated or nearly flat septal lines and rather distinct trabecules transverses.
The whorls slowly and regularly increase (fig. 8), but several anomalies can be noticed. Some parts of the whorls are higher or lower than the normal ones.
The marginal cord is often very strong and comprises nearly one half of the whorl (plate 9, fig. 1).
The septa are highly bent, especially in the first whorls, so that they are nearly sickle-shaped. They are less curved in the later whorls. Everywhere they are inclined. The septa are thick along the whole length but they get thickest in the upper part.
The chombers are always longer than high but also some isometric ones appear. In longer chambers the roof is nearly flat while in the shorter ones it is slightly arched.
Remarks. The problem of the subspecies Nummulites rotularius paucicame-ratus has already been discussed (De Zanche, Pavlovec and P r o t o D e c i m a , 1967, 223). Not long ago K a p e H o s (1973) described the species Nummulites rotularius from the Gurnigelflysch and showed some of these forms in figures 178 to 182. We are convinced that all presented forms do not belong to the species Nummulites rotularius. The variations of the characteristics are too obvious, though even Kapellos himself mentions anomalies in the whorls. The form of the figure 180 with its narrower chambers and quite regularly bent septa perhaps is closer to the Nummulites from the group of Nummulites planulatus or even N. praelaevigatus. Kapellos further mentions the lenticular forms but does not state the dimensions and the Nummulites rotularius has a comparatively thick test. The specimen in the figure 180 (Kapellos, 1973) comes from the bed Ho 26 of the Gurnigelflysch, which belongs, according to K a p e 11 o s , to the Upper Cuisian, while the characteristic samples of the species Nummulites rotularius are older.
Age. According to H o 11 i n g e r, Lehmann and Schaub (1964, pl. 2) the species Nummulites rotularius lived sometime in the period of transition from the Lower to Middle Cuisian. In the Schlierenflysch it has been determined
R
Fig. 8. Diagram of the whorls at the Nummulites rotularius, B form. Podgrad SI. 8. Diagram zavojev pri vrsti Nummulites rotularius, oblika B. Podgrad R Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, izraZen v milimetrih W Number oi whorls — Število zavojev
in the lower part of the Middle Cuisian, that is in the lower part of the biozone, together with the species Discoaster lodoensis (S c h a u b , 1965). K a -p e 11 o s (1973, 82), on the other hand, found this nummulites in the Gurnigel-flysch in the layers from the Lower to the Upper Cuisian. We already have given our remarks to these Upper-Cuisian specimens. At Ustje in the Vipava valley the beds with the species Nummulites rotularius belongs to the period of transition between the Lower and Middle Cuisian (De Zanche, Pavlo-vec and Proto D e c i m a , 1967).
Nummulites aff. partschi tauricus De la Harpe Plate 8, fig. 3
At Podgrad we found only one sample of the microsphaeric form with a thin, lenticular test, which has a depressed margin. On its surface there are sinuous septal lines on which granules appear scatteredly.
The whorls increase rather regularly. The marginal cord is extremely thin. In the older whorls are the thin septa slightly inclined in the lower part while in the upper half or third they are more apparently bent backwards. In the younger whorls the septa are higher drawn backwards in the upper part, so that they are often sickle-shaped. These septa are rather irregular. The chambers depend on the shape of the septa; in the older whorls are higher than broad, and in the younger whorls they are longer.
If we consider the described characteristics, the Nummulites from Podgrad partly resembles the species Nummulites bactchisaraiensis Rozlozsnik, and partly the subspecies N. partschi tauricus (fig. 9). These transitional characteristics are the following:
1.	Considering the coiling of the whorls the Nummulites of Podgrad comes between the species Nummulites bactchisaraiensis and the subspecies N. partschi tauricus.
2.	On the surface the granules are not placed spirally and that is the reason for its closer similarity to the species N. bactchisaraiensis.
3.	The marginal cord is thin, which makes it closer to the species N. partschi tauricus.
4.	The older whorls are a little higher than in N. bactchisaraiensis.
5.	The chambers are longer and the septa are more drawn back, which are more characteristics for the subspecies N. partschi tauricus.
6.	The septa are often irregular, which can be noticed also in the subspecies N. partschi tauricus.
Owing to the mentioned characteristics the Nummulites of Podgrad is closer to the subspecies Nummulites partschi tauricus than to the species N. bactchisaraiensis. In our opinion the subspecies Nummulites partschi tauricus differs so much from the N. partschi partschi De la Harpe that it should be made an independent species N. tauricus, as has already been made by Rozlozsnik (1929, 115).
Both forms, Nummulites bactchisaraiensis and N. partschi tauricus, appear in the Upper Cuisian in the biozone N. manfredi, that is in a younger horizon than at Podgrad.
mm 6
3-
-1-1-1-1-1-1 i-1-1-1-1 1 ■	W
" J 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /O 11 12
Fig. 9. Diagram of the whorls at the Nummulites partschi tauricus and some similar
B forms
SI. 9. Diagram zavojev pri podvrsti Nummulites partschi tauricus in pri nekaterih
podobnih B oblikah
1	Nummulites bactchisaraiensis ( K a p e 11 o s , 1973, fig. 222)
2	Nummulites partschi tauricus (Kapellos, 1973, fig. 222)
3 Nummulites aff. partschi tauricus, Podgrad R Radius, in millimetres — Polmer, izražen v milimetrih W Number o£ whorls — število zavojev
Nummulites subdistans De la Harpe et Rozlozsnik Plate 9, figs. 3 and 4
1926 Nummulina subdistans n. sp. — De la Harpe and Rozlozsnik, 21.
1929 Nummulina subdistans De la Harpe — Rozlozsnik, 212, 215—216,
pl. 2, figs. 16, 23, pl. 3, fig. 7, pl. 8, fig. 8. 1951 Nummulites subdistans De la Harpe (—Rozlozsnik) 1926, A-Form —
Schaub, 197, figs. 291—293. 1973 Nummulites subdistans De la Harpe (—Rozlozsnik), 1926 — Kapellos, 91—92, figs. 224—229, pl. 42, fig. 14. A form. The small nummulites has a lenticular test which slowly thickens towards the centre. The margin is rounded and rather wide. On the surface there are nearly straight, thin septal lines. In the centre of the test the septal lines unite in the indistinct boss.
Test diameter is 4,5 mm, the test has four whorls so that the relation W/R = 4/2,2mm. This matches completely with Rozlozsnik's data (1929, 211) for the typical representatives of this species which have
Dm/R = 4	5 A_
2,2 to 2,8 2,6 to 2,9 3,2
The specimens described by Kapellos (1973, 91) have somewhat lower whorls i.e. W/R = 4/1,6 to 1,8; 3/1,3.
The protoconch is round and big, M = 0,45 mm. According toRozlozsnik (1929, 211) the protoconch diameter is 0,3 to 0,4mm, while Kapellos (1973, 91) refers sizes 0,25 to 0,45 mm. In that case the sample from Podgrad comes among those with the biggest protoconch.
The first whorl is the highest. The rest increase quite slowly and the youngest is sometimes the lowest (fig. 10). The septa in the lower part are thin, slightly inclined to the marginal cord and a little bent or nearly straight. In the upper part they are strongly bent and thick. This rather remarkable thickening has been brought to attention also by Rozlozsnik (1929, 216). But there are considerable transitions from the less inclined and drawn back septa to such which are much more inclined and curved back. The number of septa is the following: Si - 10, S* - 26, Ss = 30, Si = 40.
The chambers are higher than broad. Where the septa are strongly sickle-shaped the chambers are much longer in their upper parts. The marginal cord is strong and comprises from one quarter to one fifth of the whorl's height.
Remarks. The species Nummulites subdistans was first described by Rozlozsnik in 1926 after unpublished work of P . De 1 a H a r p e . In the publication both are cited as authors, though with the notes »d'apres les manuscrits inedits de + Prof. Philippe De la Harpe«, and »redige par Paul Rozlozsnik«. Therefore we consider both as the authors of the species Nummulites subdistans.
To the species Nummulites subdistans certain nummulites are attributed which sometimes differ from the typical form. S c h a u b (1951) described two similar forms, Nummulites subdistans and N. aff. subdistans. The latter differs from the typical form of the species Nummulites subdistans by the smaller test,
R
3-
1 S c h a u b , 1951, fig. 293 2 Podgrad 3 Kapellos, 1973, fig. 226 a R Radius, in millimetres — Premer, izražen v milimetrih W Number of whorls — Število zavojev
1-

w
12	3	4
Fig. 10. Diagram of the whorls at the species Nummulites subdistans, A form SI. 10. Diagram zavojev pri vrsti Nummulites subdistans, oblika A
not granulated surface, lower whorls, thinner septa and smaller protoconch. The mentioned characteristics give reason that a new species would be introduced.
Kapellos (1973) also found some samples in the Gurnigelflysch in Switzerland which he partly described as N. aff. subdistans. But this Nummulites aff. subdistans (Kapellos, 1973, fig. 223) is not identical with the equally described Schaub's form (1951, figs. 294—296). The sample from the locality of La Bi GIte (Kapellos, 1973, fig. 223) corresponds by its size with the typical forms of the species Nummulites subdistans, but its septa are too much sickle-shaped and not enough broken in the middle, which is a characteristic of the Nummulites subdistans. Its whorls increase more quickly than in the typical N. subdistans. There is another point that all forms described by Kapellos as the Nummulites subdistans does not show characteristic features of this species. Such are the forms originating from the Hollbach-Schwyberg section (figs. 227 and 228), and from the Rottenbach profile (fig. 229). All these forms appear in the Lower Cuisian beds, or in the Upper Cuisian (= N. aff. sub-distans) respectively. In our opinion the typical samples of the species Nummulites subdistans occur in the Middle Cuisian beds of the Gurnigelflysch.
Nummulites subdistans is similar to the species N. archiaci Schaub. It can be distinguished from it by the lower whorls, smaller protoconch and less sickle-shaped septa.
Age. The Nummulites subdistans appears in the Schlierenflysch (Schaub, 1965, 129) in the upper part of the Lower Cuisian and in the lower part of the Middle Cuisian i. e. in the zone Discoaster lodoensis. Kapellos (1973, 92) mentioned this species from the Lower and Middle Cuisian beds.
Plate 4 — Tabla 4
Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp., B form — oblika B 1 inv. No. 3838, holotypus, Podgrad
2	inv. No. 3841, Podgrad
3	inv. No. 3842, Podgrad
4	inv. No. 3840, Podgrad (surface — površina)
5	inv. No. 3839, Podgrad (surface — površina)
6 inv. No. 840, Ustje 5 X enlarged — 5 X povečano The photographs of the nummulitins made by M. Grm Numulitine je fotografiral M. Grm
Plate 5 — Tabla 5
1 Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp., B form — oblika B SmrČun near Slovenj Gradec (Slovenia, W Yugoslavia) 2, 3 Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist, B form — oblika B Podgrad, inv. No. 3843 10 X enlarged — 10 X povečano
Plate 6 — Tabla 6
1, 2, 3 Nummulites ustjensis De Zanche et Pavlovec, B form — oblika B. Podgrad
1	inv. No. 3845
2	inv. No. 3849
3	inv. No. 3837
4, 5, 6 Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp., B form — oblika B. Podgrad
4	inv. No 3845
5	inv. No. 3846
6	inv. No. 3847
5 X enlarged — 5 X povečano
Plate 7 — Tabla 7
Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp., B form — oblika B, Podgrad 1 inv. No. 3848 2 inv. No. 3844 (holotypus) 5 X enlarged — 5 X povečano
Plate 8 — Tabla 8
1	Nummulites postbearnensis n. sp., B form — oblika B. Podgrad,
inv. No. 3850 (holotypus)
2	Nummulites postbearnensis n. sp., B form — oblika B. Podgrad,
inv. No. 3851
3	Nummulites aff. partschi tauricus, B form — oblika B. Podgrad,
inv. No. 3855 fig. 1. 10 X enlarged, figs. 2. and 3. 5 X enlarged si. 1. 10 X povečana, sliki 2. in 3. 5 X povečani
Plate 9 — Tabla 9
1, 2 Nummulites rotularius Deshayes, B form — oblika B. Podgrad 1 inv. No. 3852, specimen with the thick marginal cord —
primerek z debelim zavojnim robom 2 inv. No. 3853, specimen with the thin marginal cord — primerek s tankim zavojnim robom 3, 4 Nummulites subdistans De la Harpe, A form — oblika A. Podgrad
inv. No. 3854 10 X enlarged — 10 X povečano



4 — Geologija 18


6. Conclusions
The flysch as well as the underlying calcareous beds in western Yugoslavia are of different age (cf. P a v 1 o v e c , 1963). At the same time there are only few group of beds recognized in detail or even ranged into biozones. This is, however, required for stratigraphic correlation of rock sequences from different basins. In our studies an attempt is made to demonstrate such a correlation of Podgrad and Ustje flysch from western Yugoslavia and of the corresponding biozones from Pyrenees (Kapellos and Schaub, 1973) and from Switzerland (KapeUos, 1973).
In the flysch of Podgrad the Discoaster lodoensis is abundant but D. sublo-doensis can also be found. As the former species originates from the Middle Cuisian and the later appears in the lower part of the Middle Cuisian, reaching also into the Upper Cuisian, it is possible to say — owing to the nannoplankton — that the flysch of Podgrad is of Middle Cuisian age.
The determined planktonic foraminifers (see table 2) come mostly from the biozone Globorotalia jormosa (or G. formosa-aragonensis). A small number come also from the biozone Globorotalia bullbrooki overlying the biozone mentioned above and even less from the bizone Globorotalia rex, underlying the mentioned zone. Consequently the Middle Cuisian age of the beds from Podgrad is proved also by the planktonic foraminifers.
The determined macro foraminifers indicate the following: Assilina laxispira belongs to the Middle Cuisian. Nummulites aquitanicus is a Lower and Middle-Cuisian species, of the same age is also N. subdistans while N. rotularius belongs, according to Kapellos (1973, 82) to the Lower, Middle und Upper Cuisian. Among the determined nummulitins the only Upper-Cuisian form is Nummulites partschi tauricus, but at Podgrad this one has not been determined with certainty. Nummulites ustjensis appears at Ustje in the transitional beds from the Lower to the Middle Cuisian (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967,232).
The nummulitins thus undoubtedly indicate the Middle-Cuisian age of the beds at Podgrad, i. e. the biozone with the species Nummulites praelaevigatus and Assilina laxispira. Some of them (Nummulites aquitanicus, N. subdistans and N. ustjensis) indicate more the older part of the Middle Cuisian than its younger part.
All these facts lead us to the conclusion that the flysch of Podgrad belongs to the older part of the Middle Cuisian, i. e. to the lower part of the biozone with the species Discoaster sublodoensis. This age has been proved also by Alveolina fornasinii Checchia-Rispoli and A. aff. canavarii Checchia-Rispoli. We would like to take this opportunity and thank our colleague Dr. Katica Drobne for having determined these species.
The flysch of Ustje has been, by means of nannoplankton, planktonic foraminifers and macroforaminifers, ranged into the period of transition between the Lower and the Middle Cuisian (De Zanche, Pavlovec and Proto Decima, 1967). At Ustje and Podgrad there appear five identical species of nannoplankton, four common species of planktonic foraminifers and three species of nummulitins. Therefore the question arises, either there really two fossiliferous horizons of different age occur in the flysch of Yugoslavia or
Discoaster sublodoensis at Ustje has not been found. Consequently it is very probable that at Ustje and at Podgrad in Brkini the same Middle-Cuisian flysch horizon occurs, which might become an important stratigraphic level of western Yugoslavia.
While studing the microfossils from the neighbourhood of Podgrad we faced again the problem of correlation of the biozones of different fossil groups. During the study of Goriška Brda (Ci m e r m a n and others, 1974) the biozones were ranged somewhat differently as regards their age. This classification proved one self less satisfactory for the work of the neighbourhood of Podgrad, therefore we followed the mentioned Kapellos-Schaub (1973) classification for the present study.
These differences in the age classification of nannoplanktonic biozones arise mostly from different strati graphical ranging of the nannoplankton biozones. Todesco (Cimerman and others, 1974, 23) believes that Discoaster ci. sublodoensis occurs in the younger part of profile of Goriška Brda. But this form does not indicate the biozone Discoaster sublodoensis. On the other hand the nummulitins from this profile point to the youngest Cuisian i. e. biozones Assilina major and Nummulites manfredi, which is a younger horizon than the biozone Discoaster sublodoensis. Furthermore in Goriška Brda as well as in Brkini several reworked nannoplanktonic forms could be found and therefore the biozones determination is rather a difficult work.
The result of the present study of the flysch from Podgrad agree in respect of age with the biozones of Kap ell o s and Schaub (1973). At Podgrad the nummulitins biozones correspond with the nannoplanktonic ones and also with the biozones of planktonic foraminifers.
Eocenski mikrofosili iz okolice Podgrada
Mujibur R. Khan, Rajko Pavlovec in Jernej Pavšič Katedra za geologijo in paleontologijo Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12
Iz starejših flišnih plasti pri Podgradu v Brkinih je bilo določenih 19 vrst in podvrst nanoplanktona, 10 planktonskih foraminifer in 9 nu-mulitin. Najdene so bile nove vrste in podvrste Rhabdosphaera piriformis, Operculina marinellii similis, Nummulites brkiniensis in Nummulites postbearnensis. Plasti z opisanimi mikrofosili pripadajo srednjemu cuisiju in se stratigrafsko ujemajo s flišnimi plastmi pri Ustju v Vipavski dolini.
Nahajališče
SI. 1 in 2
Približno kilometer NNE od Podgrada na južnem robu Brkinov (si. 1) je razgaljen spodnji del fliša. V njem prevladujeta lapor in glinovec, ki se menjavata s peščenjakom ter mnogo redkeje s konglomeratom in brečo.
Nannoplankton Uvod
Preučevanje nanofosilov se je skupaj z drugimi mikropaleontološkimi skupinami razvijalo vzporedno z razvojem optičnih in elektronskih pripomočkov. Ta skupina postaja vedno pomembnejša v biostratigrafiji mlajšega mezozoika in terciarja zlasti po uvedbi rastrskega elektronskega mikroskopa v raziskovalno tehniko. Zaradi kratke življenjske dobe posameznih vrst uporabljamo nano-plankton za razčlenitev stopenj in podstopenj na biocone. Te biocone imajo široko horizontalno razprostranjenost. V zadnjem času pripisujejo nanoplankto-nu tudi velik pomen pri preučevanju paleogeografije, ker so drobni organizmi zelo občutljivi za spremembe okolja.
Priprava vzorcev za opazovanje
Kokoliti so najlepše ohranjeni v glini in laporju, medtem ko so v apnencu diagenetsko spremenjeni in jih je poleg tega težko izluščiti iz kamenine. Za pripravo vzorca potrebujemo le nekaj drobcev kamenin, ki jih raztopimo v destilirani vodi. Kalni raztopini dodamo nato nekaj kapljic vodikovega prekisa H2O2, da se kameninski delci med seboj ločijo. Vzorce smo obdelali tudi z ultrazvokom (pet minut). Z usedanjem in večkratnim prelivanjem raztopine dobimo delce željene velikosti. Pri pripravi vzorcev moramo biti zelo pazljivi, da jih ne okužimo z nanoplanktonom iz drugih vzorcev. Zato uporabljamo plastične cevke (slamice) kot pipete, ki jih po uporabi zavržemo, Z njimi odpipetiramo del pripravljene kalne raztopine in damo kapljico na krovno stekelce, ki jo nato posušimo na vroči plošči. Pri serijskih izdelavah preparatov moramo paziti, da plošča ni prevroča in da tekočina na stekelcu ne kipi, ker bi v tem primeru lahko nanoplankton preskočil iz enega na drug preparat. Če želimo izdelati trajni preparat, zalijemo prah na krovnem stekelcu s kanadskim balzamom. Pri orientacijskem opazovanju kapljico pokrijemo z objektnim stekelcem in preparat je pripravljen za opazovanje. Za nanašanje kanadskega balzama na objektno stekelce uporabljamo za vsak vzorec posebno leseno paličico, da se tako zavarujemo pred okužbo vzorca.
Pripravljen preparat opazujemo od 500-kratne povečave dalje. Z optičnim mikroskopom opazujemo navadno v polarizirani svetlobi ali pri faznem kontrastu, redkeje v navadni svetlobi. Naše vzorce smo opazovali z mikroskopom Leitz-Ortholux.
Sistematski del
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich)
Tabla 1, si. 8 a, b
Chiasmolithus grandis (Bramlette et Riedel)
Tabla 1, si. 9 a, b
Cyclococcolithus neogammation Bramlette et Wilcoxon
Tabla 1, si. 4
Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner)
Tabla 1, si. 5 a, b
Pontosphaera plana (Bramlette et Sullivan)
Tabla 1, si. 10 in 11
Blackites scabrosus (Deflandre) Tabla 1, si. 6 in 7 Rhabdosphaera piriformis n. sp. Tabla 1, si. 1 do 3 Micrantholithus flos Deflandre Tabla 2, si. 5 in 8 Sphenolithus radians Deflandre Tabla 2, si. 11
Discoaster barbadiensis Tan
Tabla 2, si. 3, 6 in 9
Discoaster distinctus Martini
Tabla 2, si. 1, 4 in 7
Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette et Riedel
Tabla 2, si. 10 in 12, tabla 3, si. 9
Discoaster sublodoensis Bramlette et Sullivan
Tabla 2, si. 2, tabla 3, si. 4 in 7
Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette et Riedel
Tabla 3, si. 1
Marthasterites tribrachiatus (Bramlette et Riedel) Tabla 3, si. 8
Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre Tabla 3, si. 10 in 11 Neococcolithes dubius (Deflandre) Tabla 3, si. 2 in 3
Ellipsolithus distichus (Bramlette et Sullivan) Tabla 3, si. 6 a, b
Clathrolithus cf. ellipticus Deflandre Tabla 3, si. 5
Rhabdosphaera piriformis n. sp.
Derivatio nominis: Po hruškasti obliki rabdolita. Locus typicus: Podgrad.
Stratum typicum: Spodnji del srednjega cuisija, spodnji del biocone Discoaster sublodoensis.
Holotypus: V preparatu »Podgrad 6« (tabla 1, si. 3), v zbirki Katedre za geologijo in paleontologijo univerze v Ljubljani.
Paratypi: V preparatih »Podgrad 3 in 4« (tabla 1, si. 1 in 2), v isti zbirki kot holotip.
Diagnosis: Rhabdosphaera piriformis je koničasti rabdolit s precej napihnjenim podaljškom, ki se odebeli takoj nad bazalno ploščo in kmalu doseže svoj največji premer.
Opis in primerjava: Rabdolit ima majhno bazalno ploščo s centralno perforacijo. Podaljšek (konica) je sferično odebeljen takoj nad osnovno ploščo. Po tem se nova vrsta loči od podobne vrste Rhabdosphaera inflata, ki se odebeli šele na koncu krajšega ali daljšega vratu. Po odebelitvi se podaljšek hitro zoži in konča z ostro konico. Na zunanji strani so stene razločno rugozne.
Planktonske foraminifere
V	fliSu pri Podgradu je bilo najdenih deset vrst planktonskih foraminifer. Njihova stratigrafska razširjenost je prikazana na tabeli 2. Določene so bile naslednje vrste:
Globigerina linaperta Finlay Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann Globigerina triangularis White Globigerina turgida Finlay Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttal Globorotalia convexa Subbotina Globorotalia crassaformis (Galloway et Wissler) Globorotalia interposita Subbotina Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina) Globorotalia rotundimarginata (Subbotina).
Numulitine
V	nahajališču pri Podgradu nastopa zanimiva numulitinska favna. Določenih je bilo devet vrst in podvrst. Med njimi so kar tri nove, vse tri pa nastopajo tudi drugod v Sloveniji. Našli smo naslednje numulitine:
Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp. Tabla 4, si. 1 do 6, tabla 5, si. 1 Assilina laxispira De la Harpe et Rozlozsnik Nummulites aquitanicus Benoist Tabla 5, si. 2 in 3
Nummulites ustjensis De Zanche et Pavlovec
Tabla 6, si. 1 do 3
Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp.
Tabla 6, si. 4 do 6, tabla 7, si. 1 in 2
Nummulites postbearnensis n. sp.
Tabla 8, si. 1 in 2
Nummulites rotularius Deshayes
Tabla 9, si. 1 in 2
Nummulites aff. partschi tauricus De la Harpe Tabla 8, si. 3
Nummulites subdistans De la Harpe et Rozlozsnik Tabla 9, si. 3 in 4.
Operculina marinellii similis n. ssp.
Derivatio nominis: Nova podvrsta je podobna obliki Operculina marinellii marinellii.
Holotypus: Oblika B v zbirki Katedre za geologijo in paleontologijo univerze v Ljubljani, inv. št. 3838.
P a r a t y p i : Oblike B v isti zbirki kot holotip. Locus typicus: lkm NNW od Podgrada, Brkini. Stratum typicum: Spodnji del srednjega cuisija. Diagnosis: Od podvrste Operculina marinellii marinellii se loči po večji hišici s 6 do 6 '/< zavoji, ki nekoliko hitreje naraščajo.
Hišica mikrosferične oblike je okrog 1 mm debela in ima premer 13 mm. Na površju se odraža notranja struktura. Med grebeni, ki slede septam, so granule. Zavojni rob se na površju hišice kaže kot majhen greben.
Zavoji se hitro višajo. Septa so gosta, v zadnjem zavoju jih je 33 do 35. Navadno so pravokotna na zavojni rob in skoraj ravna. So tanka in se odebelijo v zgornjem delu.
Število sept in prirastki zavojev so navedeni v tabeli 3, diagram zavojev pa na si. 3.
Nummulites brkiniensis n. sp.
Derivatio nominis: Po pokrajini Brkini, kjer je nahajališče holotipa.
Holotypus : Oblika B v zbirki Katedre za geologijo in paleontologijo univerze v Ljubljani, inv. št. 3844.
P a r a t y p i : Oblike B v isti zbirki kot holotip.
Locus typicus: 1 km NNW od Podgrada, Brkini.
Stratum typicum : Spodnji del srednjega cuisija.
Diagnosis : Numulit, ki se loči od vrste Nummulites ustjensis po večji hišici ter gostejših in bolj usločenih septah.
Tanka hišica se le v sredini nekoliko odebeli. Zunanji rob hišice je rahlo zaokrožen. Na površju so tanki in gosti septalni podaljški, ki so nekoliko valoviti. Večkrat se cepijo. Na nekaterih primerkih so jasne »-trabecules trans verses«.
Vsi zavoji se enakomerno višajo, vendar notranji nekoliko počasneje, srednji precej hitreje, zunanji pa znatno manj kot srednji. Zavojni rob je pravilen, najmočnejši je v srednjih zavojih.
Septa so v notranjih sedmih ali osmih zavojih skoraj ravna, malo nagnjena in močneje upognjena šele neposredno ob vrhu. V naslednjih zavojih so bolj nagnjena in usločena. Kamrice so večinoma bolj visoke kot dolge, samo v notranjih zavojih so pri nekaterih primerkih skoraj izometrične. Tam, kjer so kamrice daljše, je njihova streha samo malo usločena, medtem ko je pri ozkih in visokih kamricah streha močno usločena.
Nummulites brkiniensis je bil doslej najden samo v flišu pri Podgradu in Ustju v Vipavski dolini, torej v plasteh, ki so nastajale v spodnjem delu srednjega cuisija.
Nummulites postbearnensis n. sp.
Derivatio nominis: Nova vrsta je podobna vrsti Nummulites bear-nensis, vendar je mlajša od nje.
Holotypus : Oblika B v zbirki Katedre za geologijo in paleontologijo univerze v Ljubljani, inv. št .3850.
Locus typicus: 1 km NNW od Podgrada, Brkini.
Stratum typicum: Spodnji del srednjega cuisija.
Diagnosis : Nummulites postbearnensis ima večjo hišico in bolj upognjena septa kot N. bearnensis. Hišica je popolnoma involutna.
Tanka hišica mikrosferične oblike se proti sredini malo odebeli. Zunanji rob je zaokrožen. Septalni podaljški so rahlo srpasto zaviti, včasih se ostro lomijo ali celo cepijo.
Zavoji naraščajo hitro in precej enakomerno. Zavojni rob je močno in precej enakomerno debel.
Septa so rahlo upognjena po vsej dolžini. V zgornjem delu se odebelijo, nekako v sredini se stanjšajo, tako da je njihov spodnji del zelo tanek. Na bazi imajo neizrazito nogo.
Kamrice so bolj visoke kot dolge in imajo rahlo usločen ali skoraj raven strop.
Razmerje med premerom hišice (Dm) in številom zavojev (W) je 9/9 in 11/11. Debelina hišice je 2 do 3 mm. Število sept od četrtega zavoja naprej je naslednje: S4 = 18, Ss = 22, Se = 28, S: - 30, Sb = 40 in Ss = 42.
Povzetek
Fliš pri Podgradu vsebuje vrsti Discoaster lodoensis in D. sublodoensis. Prva sega iz spodnjega v srednji cuisij, druga pa nastopi v srednjem cuisiju in sega v zgornjega. Zato sklepamo po nanoplanktonu na srednjecuisijsko starost fliša pri Podgradu.
Vse planktonske vrste iz Podgrada pripadajo bioconi Globorotalia formosa (oziroma G. formosa-aragonensis), manj jih je znanih pod to biocono in po njej. Zato tudi planktonske foraminifere kažejo na srednji cuisij. Assilina laxispira je srednjecuisijska, Nummulites aquitanicus in N. subdistans pa sta spodnje in srednjecuisijski vrsti. N. rotularius sega še v zgornji cuisij. Med numulitinami pri Podgradu je tudi zgornjecuisijski Nummulites partschi tauricus, vendar ta podvrsta pri Podgradu ni zanesljivo določena. Nummulites ustjensis nastopa v flišu pri Ustju na meji med spodnjim in srednjim cuisijem. Numulitine torej kažejo na srednji cuisij, to je na biocono Assilina laxispira oziroma Nummulites praelaevigatus.
Iz vsega tega sledi, da so flišne plasti blizu Podgrada nastajale v starejšem delu srednjega cuisija.
Primerjava mikrofosilov iz Podgrada in iz Ustja kaže pet skupnih nano-plaraktonskih vrst, štiri skupne vrste planktonskih foraminifer in tri iste vrste oziroma podvrste numulitin. Zato je vprašanje, ali sta obe nahajališči res nekoliko različno stari (Podgrad spodnji del srednjega cuisija, Ustje prehod med spodnjim in srednjim cuisijem), ali pa gre za isti fosiliferni flišni horizont.
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