S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
99–106
SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER:
A RESEARCH ON LOADING, PERSEVERANCE AND
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF UNBURNT FLY-ASH-BASED
MASONRY UNITS
SINERGIJA ODPADNEGA STEKLENEGA PRAHU IN ODPADNE
GUME: RAZISKAVA OBREMENITEV, OBSTOJNOSTI IN
MORFOLO[KIH ZNA^ILNOSTI ZIDNIH ENOT NA OSNOVI
NEZGORELEGA DIMNI[KEGA PEPELA
Selvaraj Praburanganathan
*
, Sarangapani Chithra
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 614013, India
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2019-07-15; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2019-08-18
doi:10.17222/mit.2019.142
In the current context of the construction sector, the prospect and promotion of diverse industry and municipal waste-based
materials are affianced to advance eco-friendly and more sustainable products. With this motto, the study aimed to investigate
the synergistic effects of utilizing the crumb rubber from discarded waste tyres and finely ground glass powder from municipal
waste glass in the production of unburnt bricks engaging a uniaxial pressing technique. The experiments conducted by mixing
the rubber aggregates at 0–25 % with the stone dust and glass powders were blended with 0–25 % with the fly ash. The fly ash
and stone dust volumes were fixed as 60 % and 25 %. The elemental composition of the raw materials and the morphology were
studied using EDS and SEM. The physio-mechanical properties such as dry density, compressive strength, split tensile, modulus
of rupture and perseverance studies such as water absorption, initial rate of absorption, capillary water-absorption coefficients
using sorptivity study, efflorescence and direct UPV measurements evaluated and the results presented. In contrast to the earlier
studies reported in the literature for the usage of rubber aggregates, the results of the current study reveal that the usage of
rubber aggregates synergistic with glass powder enhance the compressive strength, split tensile and modulus of rupture of 2
%,11 % and 16 % for the substitute level of 10 % of both the waste materials. The better correlation observed in direct UPV
Measurements with compressive strength. The density of the final developed products shows an 11 % reduced density for the
optimum addition of both the materials leads to lightweight brick production. Saturated water absorption of the developed mixes
were within the limits prescribed by Indian thresholds. The developed materials fulfill the requirement of Indian specifications
to use as masonry units.
Keywords: brick, fly ash, glass powder, rubber
Glede na trenutne trende v gradbeni{tvu, pospe{evanje ostale industrije in obilico odpadnih materialov, ki nastajajo v mestih, je
potrebno najti in razvijati nove ekolo{ko napredne in bolj trajnostno naravnane proizvode. Avtorji so s tem ciljem izvedli {tudijo
in raziskavo sinergijskih u~inkov uporabe zdrobljene gume iz odpadnih gum in fino mletega steklenega prahu iz odpadnega
mestnega stekla v proizvodnji ne`gane opeke z uporabo tehnike enoosnega stiskanja. Preizkuse so izvajali z me{anjem od 0 %
do 25 % gumijastih agregatov, kamnitega in steklenega prahu ter od0%do25%dimni{kega pepela. Dele` dimni{kega pepela
in kamnitega prahu sta bila fiksna na 60 % oz. 25 %. Elementarno sestavo vhodnih surovin in njihovo morfologijo so {tudirali z
uporabo energijske disperzijske spektroskopije (EDS) in vrsti~nega elektronskega mikroskopa (SEM). V ~lanku avtorji
predstavljajo oceno in rezultate fizikalno-mehanskih lastnosti, kot so: suha gostota, tla~na in cepilno-natezna trdnost, modul
poru{itve in {tudijo obstojnosti – absorpcija vode, za~etna hitrost absorpcije, koeficienti kapilarne absorpcije vode, kristalizacije
in direktnih meritev na osnovi ultra pulznih hitrosti (UPV). V primerjavi s predhodno objavljenimi raziskavami glede uporabe
gumijastih agregatov, rezultati te {tudije ka`ejo, da njihova uporaba v sinergiji s steklenim prahom izbolj{uje tla~no trdnost,
cepilno-natezno trdnost, ter modul poru{itve za 2 %, 11 % oz. 16 % pri uporabi obeh odpadnih materialov v dodatkih po 10 %.
Bolj{o korelacijo pri tla~ni trdnosti so dokazali z UPV-meritvami. Novo razviti, kon~ni izdelki so la`ji in njihova gostota je
zmanj{ana za 11 % pri optimalnem dodatku obeh surovin, kar pomeni novo proizvodnjo lahkih opek. Absorpcija vode pri
nasi~enju razvitih me{anic je znotraj meja predpisanih z indijskimi standardi. Razviti materiali izpolnjujejo pogoje navedene v
indijskih standardih za njihovo uporabo kot zidarske enote.
Klju~ne besede: opeka, dimni{ki pepel, stekleni prah, guma
1 INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is suffering from numerous
threatening effects, which includes energy-intensive pro-
duction process, cost escalation of materials, non-stan-
dardization of newer products and more predominantly
of scarce raw materials, which leads to sustainable
issues.
1
In addition, solid waste management is a societal
problem that needs immediate attention.
2,3
The wastes
produced from various industries and society needs a
viable alternate disposal solution not to pollute the
environment.
Glass waste that derived from the metropolitan region
has the potential to be utilized as a brick additive.
4
The
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106 99
UDK 67.017:621.039.76 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 54(1)99(2020)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
praburanganathan@yahoo.com (Selvaraj Praburanganathan)

raw wastes obtained from society are finely ground to a
particle size of 38–45μm, and it contains higher silica
content (70 % and above), the waste glass powder
(WGP) can be used as alternative supplementary cemen-
titious materials, and it is pozzolanic and even cemen-
titious.
5,6,7
Most of the earlier investigations reported in
the literature were utilizing the glass powder in concrete
products. In this attempt, Glass powder blended with
potential supplementary cementitious material such as
fly ash was tried in the production of bricks.
All over the world, the problem of discarding waste
tyres is increasing day by day due to the increase in the
number of vehicles on the road. The direct landfilling
strategies, burning of tyres leads to environmental de-
gradation.
8–11
Due to non-biodegradable nature, the
decomposition of wastes in the natural environment
takes much time.
11
Waste tyres after a cryogenic grind -
ing
12
process making crumb rubber were utilized in the
study as rubberized aggregate blended with stone dust in
place of fine aggregate.
Conventional brick production leads to the emission
of larger amounts of CO
2
,
13
due to firing the bricks and
use clay as the predominant raw material, which leads to
sustainable issues. In order to take out these issues, in
this attempt fly ash-based masonry units utilizing lime
binder were manufactured, incorporating waste materials
engaging uniaxial pressing techniques for the produc-
tion. The compaction pressure has a very distinctive
influence on the reaction between fly ash and lime.
Based on an earlier study, a sharp reduction in free CaO
took place at a compaction pressure of 200 kg/cm
2
.
14
The focus of the earlier studies has been on the
utilization of rubberized aggregate (RA) self-reliantly in
concrete products and less in masonry units. Until now,
no research has been reported, to the best knowledge of
the authors, on the combined effect of RA and WGP in
the production of fly-ash-based masonry units, and hence
the available literature is also scarce. This research inves-
tigated the synergistic effects of utilizing Waste glass
powder and rubberized aggregate in the production of
unburnt bricks. The physio-mechanical perseverance
studies and microstructure characterization were inves-
tigated as per the American standards (ASTM C67-02)
to understand the synergistic effect of waste products
such as waste glass powder (WGP) and rubberized
aggregates (RAs).
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1 Materials
Fly ash of type Class F obtained from Metter Ther-
mal Power Plant, Tamil Nadu, India was used for the
study. It was of the siliceous type and fulfilled the
requirement of American Standard (ASTM C 618)
15
and
Indian Standard (IS 3812:2013)
16
for Class F Pozzolana.
Hydrated lime as per Indian Standard (IS 712:1984)
17
was used. Waste glass powder (WGP) of size 40 μm
(WGP) obtained from one of the glass recyclers from the
southern part of Tamil Nadu, India was used. Rubberized
aggregate (RA) of size 1 mm (20 mesh size) obtained
from M/s.Thatchina Rubber Industries, paramakudi,
Tamilnadu, India. The specific gravity of the obtained
crumb rubber is 1.09, and the fineness modulus is 2.9.
Locally sourced gypsum of minimum purity 80 % was
used for the current study. Stone dust obtained from the
local quarry was used. Energy-dispersive x-ray spec-
troscopy (EDS) was used to distinguish the components
in the WGP and RA and are provided in Table 1. Fig-
ure 1 depicts the N
2
adsorption plot of the ingredients
used in the current study. It implies that the adsorption of
WGP and RA comparatively lower than fly ash (FA) and
stone dust (SD) due to the lower porosity of the waste
materials.
2.2 Mixture proportion and production
A series of brick mixes with various amounts of
WGP blended with fly ash, and various amounts of RA
blended with stone dust (SD) were produced for testing.
When the WGP was added, the volume of fly ash with
WGP was reduced by the WGP volume (volume of
WGP, expressed as a percentage of the volume of the
mix) so that the fly-ash volume and WGP volume remain
unchanged. In this series of brick mixes, the sum of the
fly-ash volume and WGP volume was fixed at 60 %, and
the WGP volume was varied among (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and
25) %. Therefore, at WGP volumes of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20
and 25) %, the respective fly-ash volumes were fixed at
(60, 55, 50, 45, 40 and 35) %. On the other hand, the fine
aggregate volume was fixed at 25 % of the volume of the
mix. The RA volumes were replaced with stone dust at a
ratio of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) %. Hence at the RA
volumes of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) % the corresponding
stone-dust volumes were (25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and 0) %.The
volumes of gypsum and lime were fixed constant for all
the mixes as 12 % and 3 %, respectively. Details of the
brick formulations are presented in Table 2. Each brick
S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
100 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106
Figure 1: Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm of ingredients

type was assigned a mix number A-B-C, in which A
denotes the brick type with the names of brick type CB
(control brick with no WGP and/or RA added) or
BWGPRA (brick type of waste glass powder and
rubberized aggregate were added as fly ash and
stone-dust replacement). B denotes the blended volume
of WGP with FA and C denotes the substitution volume
of stone dust.
Bricks were prepared in a factory-controlled en-
vironment of size 230 mm × 110 mm × 75 mm. The
inter-granular contact was improved by the compaction
pressure and thus easing the development of reaction by
growing the creation of extra interfacial contact areas
between the reactants. Nonetheless, a critical inter-part-
icle gap or space is mandatory for the creation of diverse
boundaries and the passage of the lime-bearing hydrated
phases formed in the matrix. In the case of the higher
magnitude of the compaction pressure, the gap is mini-
mized, and it diminished the reaction rate. Hence the
optimum formation pressure of 200 kg/cm
2
was main-
tained for the production of bricks. Initially, bricks were
cured under a covered roof for 4 d and water sprinkled
for 21 d and finally under dry curing for 3 d.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study WGP and RA incorporated bricks were
examined in terms of their physio-mechanical, durability,
and morphological properties.
3.1 Physio-mechanical properties
3.1.1 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on dry
density:
Figure 2 provides the test results for the dry density
of developed brick specimens. It is noted that due to the
incorporation of rubberized aggregates, the dry density
of the specimens gradually decreased. All the developed
brick types exhibit a dry density lower than the control
mix. The maximum unit weight reduction of 11 %
occurs in the mix BWGPRA-25-25. The dry density of
the developed bricks in the range 1480–1602 kg/m
3
was
observed. These conclusions are in satisfactory
agreement with earlier findings.
18,19
It is noted that the
incorporation of WGP and RA more than 10 % provides
a reduction in dry density values.
3.1.2 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on saturated
water absorption:
The addition of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregates improves the water absorption of the deve-
loped brick specimens. It was observed that 15 % of
WGP and RA provides comparatively lesser saturated
water absorption values than other combinations. The
developed bricks absorb 2–5 % more water than the
control mix. The maximum absorption occurs at the
25 % replacement of RA, which is the complete replace-
ment of stone dust. Due to the softer nature of the rubber
particles and the very fine powder particles of glass
powder, it absorbs significantly more water than the
control mix. As per Indian standards IS 13757:1993 and
the ASTM-C67 standards, all the developed bricks
shows water-absorption values lower than the stipulated
values set out in the standards. Figure 2. shows the test
values of the saturated water absorption of brick speci-
mens immersed for 24 h.
S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106 101
Table 1: Elemental composition of waste glass powder and rubberized aggregate
Compounds Si Na Mg Al S Cl K Ca Fe Cu Zn PdL AuM
WGP 77.12 8.59 1.88 0.36 – – – 5.09 – 0.51 – 1.13 5.32
RA 34.95 – 1.34 0.98 6.79 3.94 0.27 14.17 1.43 – 12.98 4.86 18.29
Table 2: Details of brick formulations
No Mix ID
Ingredients (%)
Fly ash Lime Gypsum Stone dust
Rubberized
aggregate
Waste glass
powder
1C B6 01 232 5––
2 BWGPRA-5-5 55 12 3 20 5 5
3 BWGPRA-10-10 50 12 3 15 10 10
4 BWGPRA-15-15 45 12 3 10 15 15
5 BWGPRA-20-20 40 12 3 5 20 20
6 BWGPRA-25-25 35 12 3 - 25 25
Figure 2: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on saturated water absorption and dry density

3.1.3 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on the
compressive strength:
Figure 3 provides the test results for compressive
strength at the ages of (3, 7,14, and 28) d. It is observed
that the combined addition of 10 % of WGP and 10 % of
RA provides an enhanced compressive strength over the
control mix at the ages of 14 and 28 d. The increase of
WGP and RA gradually reduces the compressive
strength values at all the ages. Up to the replacement
level of 15 % of GWP and RA provides the compressive
strength that satisfies the minimum requirement set out
in Indian Standards (IS3812:2013) to qualify as masonry
units. It was noted that the complete replacement of
25 % of RA with stone dust provides an extreme
reduction in strength of 66 % at the age of 28 d. The
reason was due to the generation of voids, which may be
developed due to the fine nature of rubber particles
20
and
was verified using a morphology study.
3.1.4. Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on split
tensile strength
Figure 4 Provides the Split tensile strength of deve-
loped brick specimens at the age of 7 d and 14 d. The
split tensile strength of 0.176–0.489 MPa reported at the
age of 28 d. At the age of 14 d, 50–69 % of the 28 d
strength obtained by the developed brick specimens. At
the age of 28 days the mixes BWGPRA-5-5,
BWGPRA-15-15 BWGPRA-20-20 BWGPRA-25-25
obtained 16 %, 8 %, 25 % and 60 % reductions in
strength compared to the control mix. The replacement
of 10 % of both the waste products shows enhanced split
tensile strength at both the ages observed. All other
combinations show a lower strength than the control mix
without waste materials. The addition of WGP and RA
of 10 % provides 11 % more strength than the control
mix. Due to the lack of adhesion between the smooth
rubberized aggregate and other ingredients may be the
reason for the reduction in strength.
3.1.5 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on the
modulus of rupture
Unlike compressive and split tensile strength, the
increased addition of WGP and RA provides the higher
modulus of rupture than the control mix. The maximum
flexural strength of a 16 % higher value than the control
mix was observed at the age of 28 d for the mix
BWGPRA-10-10. The reason is that due to finely ground
waste glass powder it exhibits a high pozzolanic
reactivity.
21
It is noted that the ingredients present in the
brick facilitate the finer particles like waste glass powder
to enter into the interstitial zones. The filling effect of the
WGP occurs up to a certain extent of replacement only.
20
This may be the reason for the rupture of the bond and
the reduction in strength. Also, the development of
cracks during the loading around the rubberized aggre-
gate results in the rapid rupture of the brick specimens.
Figure 4 provides the observation of the modulus of rup-
ture. The variation of the modulus of rupture at both the
ages when compared to the optimum mix provided in
Figure 5.
3.1.6. Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on direct
UPV measurements
The quality of the developed brick specimens
evaluated using one of the popular non-destructive test
methods such as ultrasonic pulse velocity. It was found
that the incorporation of 10 % of waste materials tends to
increase the pulse velocity. For instance, for the 10 %
addition of WGP and RA increases the UPV from
1971 m/s to 1993 m/s. For the complete replacement of
stone dust for mix BWGPRA-25-25 by RA, the UPV
values decreased from 1971 m/s to 1675 m/s. In all the
tested brick specimens the values were consistent with
S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
102 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106
Figure 5: Variation of split tensile strength f
t
and modulus of rupture
f
cr
when compared to optimum mix BWGPRA-10-10
Figure 3: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on Compressive strength at various ages
Figure 4: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on split tensile and rupture modulus at various ages

the corresponding compressive strength observations. In
general, the UPV and compressive strengths are directly
proportional to each other. Figures 6 and 7 provide the
direct UPV measurements and the correlation of the
UPV and the compressive strength. In general, it is con-
sidered that if the UPV values are less than 1000 m/s the
bricks are not durable.
22
In the current study, all the
observations of UPV show values higher than 1000 m/s.
3.2 Perseverance studies
3.2.1 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on initial rate
of absorption
It is noted that there is no change in the initial rate of
absorption for the 5 % replacement of WGP and RA as
the absorption is the same as that of the control mix. Up
to 15 % of the addition of WGP and RA minimizes the
initial absorption values. Further additions from 20 % to
25 % tend to increase the initial rate of absorption
characteristics of the developed brick specimens. Due to
the soft nature of rubber and very fine particles of glass
powder, the initial absorption may be increased after the
addition of 15 % of WGP and RA. The similar trend
observed for the IRA-2 min for all the combinations. The
IRA 1 min-values in the range of 0.80–2.83 kg m
–2
min
–1
and for IRA-2 min 1.23–3.36 kg m
–2
min
–1
.I tw a s
reported that the absorption of clay bricks is in the range
of 1.31 kg m
–2
min
–1
to 3.53 kg m
–2
min
–1
.
23
Also, in the
case of fly ash bricks, the absorption was reported as
6.3 kg m
–2
min
–1
.
24
When compared to other studies, the
rubber and glass ash bricks and the slag ash bricks
absorbed less water. The IRA test setup and stacked
specimens provided in Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide
the test set up and observation of the initial rate of ab-
sorption test results for the developed brick specimens.
3.2.2 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on sorptivity
The sorptivity study was undertaken to evaluate the
synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on the transport of water in bricks by
capillarity, which is an indicator of the durability of the
material. The sorptivity of brick specimens is presented
in Figure 10. It was noted that the increased addition of
WGP and RA tends to increase the sorptivity values con-
siderably more than the contol mix. The addition of
WGP and RA up to 15 % produced a significant
difference with the control mix. The addition of 5 % and
15 % of WGP and RA reduces the sorptivity by 20 %
and 31 %, respectively. This behaviour is due to the
decrease of the porosity of the brick specimens up to
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106 103
Figure 7: Correlation of compressive strength vs direct UPV measure-
ments
Figure 8: Specimens stacked after bitumen coating and test setup for IRA, sorptivity and efflorescence study
Figure 6: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on direct UPV measurements

15 % addition, and any further increase tends to increase
the porosity. The observation of the density matches with
these findings. The sorptivity relates to the pore struc-
ture, which in turn influences the durability of the brick
specimens.
3.2.3 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on
efflorescence
Efflorescence is an aesthetic problem due to the
formation of foggy white deposits of salts on the brick
specimen surfaces. It was observed after 7 d. No efflores-
cence was observed both in control, and waste materials
added specimens. Figure 8 depicts the specimen
immersed in water for the efflorescence study. In gene-
ral, calcium oxide plays a vital role in causing efflores-
cence.
25
Comparatively, the fly ash has more CaO than
WGP, and hence when it both blended, the calcium oxide
gets reduced, which improves the efflorescence be-
haviour. Also, the Fe content in the WGP and RA as per
chemical analysis shows 0 % and 1.43 %, which are very
minimal values and hence the possibility of efflorescence
was a minimum when incorporating the waste materials.
3.3 Microstructural studies
3.3.1 Particle morphology of WGP and RA
Figure 11a and 11b provide FESEM micrographs of
the rubberized aggregate and the waste glass powder.
The waste glass powder particles with their morphology
shape show angular, clastic, and granular particles
7
. Due
to finer particles, it provides a higher packing density
and reduces the porosity of the hardened brick speci-
mens. The rubber particles show weak compactness and
a soft morphology. Due to the cryogenic process, the
particles are not entirely round, and this shows as a loose
feathered appearance.
3.3.2 Synergistic effects of WGP and RA on the
morphology of the optimum developed product
Figure 11c to 11e provides the morphology of the
Mix BWGPRA-10-10. Figure 11c clearly shows the fly
ash particles and coated glass powder particles. The
formation of C-S-H Gel as white patches was present. In
some places the void spaces are visible. This may be due
to the incompetent surface attraction of the rubberized
particles with other ingredients. Figure 11d provides a
micrograph that shows clearly the glass particles coated
with rubber particles and shows a less dense matrix.
Figure 11e depicts the open cell structure in the foam
cross-section. Due to very fine powdery particles of glass
S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
104 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106
Figure 9: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on the initial rate of absorption
Figure 10: Synergistic effects of waste glass powder and rubberized
aggregate on the capillary water absorption (sorptivity)
Figure 11: Morphology of: a) rubberized aggregate b) waste glass
powder

powder, it can fill the pores, and it shows a relatively
denser matrix, which may be the reason attributed for the
enhanced strength at the optimum addition of WGP.
4 CONCLUSIONS
This assignment intended to study the synergistic
effects of using rubberized aggregate and waste glass
powder for the manufacturing of fly-ash-based bricks.
For this purpose, the effects of the combined utilization
of WGP and RA on physio-mechanical and microstruc-
tural properties have been investigated. The main result
showed that:
Modifications of bricks with rubberized aggregate
significantly reduce the compressive strength of the spe-
cimens. The test result showed that the complete replace-
ment of 25 % of stoned dust by RA causes the
compressive strength to drop by 66 %.
The synergistic effect of incorporation of glass
powder together with Rubberized aggregate are advant-
ageous in terms of increased compressive, split tensile
and modulus of rupture of 2 %, 11 % and 16 % for the
addition of 10 % of WGP. A higher contact was observed
due to the higher surface area of fine particles of WGP,
which facilitates the faster pozzolanic reaction. This may
be the reason for the enhanced mechanical strength at the
optimum WGP addition. This takes out the negative
impact of using rubberized aggregate, which tends to
minimize the strength values at all increments than the
control mix, as stipulated in earlier literature of using
rubberized aggregates independently.
The direct UPV measurements provide a consistent
correlation with the corresponding compressive strength
of the developed brick specimens.
The test result revealed that the saturated water
absorption of the developed specimens is higher due to
the addition of waste materials. However, this satisfies
the Indian thresholds of maximum water absorption
limits.
The modulus of rupture shows a 16 % enhanced
value compared to the control mix for the optimum mix
BWGPRA-10-10 at the age of 28 d.
The coefficient of capillary water absorption through
the sorptivity study reveals that the increased addition of
WGP and RA tends to increase the sorptivity, this
sorptivity is related to the pore structure in turn. This
relates to the durability performance of the bricks. Hence
the optimum addition of WGP and RA relates to the
durability performance, and is recommended to be not
more than 15 %.
The limitations for the incorporation of the rubber-
ized aggregate into bricks results from the increase of
water absorption and also from the reduction of the
mechanical strength. However, the result also suggests
that the use of high concentration (above 10 %) of such
waste into the brick body is not recommended, as it tends
to decrease the mechanical strength.
The morphology of the waste glass particles shows
an angular and dense structure compared to the rubber-
ized aggregate, which provides a spongy and soft
morphology and due to the fine particles of WGP it can
fill up the pores and improves densification, which in
turn is the reason for the enhanced mechanical strength
at the optimum addition.
S. PRABURANGANATHAN, S. CHITHRA: SYNERGY OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE RUBBER ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106 105
Figure 11: (C-E) Morphology of 10 % of waste glass powder and
10 % rubberized aggregate

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106 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 1, 99–106