ApxaMnecKMM o6pflg - ^M6a^Mfl y gpeBHux 6anTOB b conocTaBneHMM c gaHHWMM enaBHHeKOM penurMM
^nbeupa ycaneeaume
The Archaic Custom of Libation and the Slavic Religion/ According to written sources, ancient Balts and Slavs practiced libation, a ritual pouring out of mead, beer, animal blood or other sacral liquids in order to honor and make an offering to a god, goddesses, or ancestral soul. An important integral part of a religious cult, libation could signify ritual supplication or express gratitude for some kind of help. There were also instances of human sacrifice. A symbolic relic of libation is the pouring of a liquid on the floor, a custom that had been preserved in rural parts of Lithuania to the 20th century.
flpeBHue Hapogbi, :«enafl o6paTUTbca k 6oraM, coBepmanu ^epTBonpuHomeHua. B 3aBMCMMOCTM ot xapaKTepa :«epTBbi mo^ho BbigenuTb cnegyro^ue ^opMbi ^epTBon-puHomeHuft: npocb6bi, 6narogapHocTu, u3BUHeHua, KpoBaBbie u 6ecKpoBHbie :»epTBbi. ^epTBa 6bina He3aMeHUMoft ^opMoft penuruo3Horo KynbTa. no MHeHuro u3BecTHoro 6anTucra BnaguMupa TonopoBa, npo6neMa ^epTBonpuHomeHua Heo6binaftHo Ba^Ha: ee nocTaHoBKa noMoraeT nynme noHHTb u caM puTyan, u ero o6pagbi1.
PuTyan npuHeceHua b ^epTBy y 6anToB xopomo goKyMeHTupoBaH b nucbMeHHbix ucTopunecKux ucTorauKax. B HameM uccnegoBaHuu mm 6ygeM onupaTbca, b ochobhom, Ha HeTbipexToMHbiM cBog ucTopunecKux uctohhukob no penuruu u Mu^onoruu 6anToB, cocTaBneHHHM nuToBckum Mu^onoroM Hop6epTacoM BenrocoM. B cBoge ^uTupyroTCfl opuruHanbHbie TeKcTbi c napannenbHbiM nepeBogoM Ha autobckuM H3biK2. KonunecTBo u pa3Hoo6pa3ue BugoB ^epTBonpuHomeHuft, onucaHHbix b ucTopunecKux ucTo^HUKax3, cBugeTenbcTByeT o tom, hto 6anTuftcKue Hapogbi pacnonaranu cunbHbiMu H3braecKUMu KynbTaMu u, cnegoBaTenbHo, mo^hom, ganeKo He npuMuraBHoft, KaK gyManu paHee4, fl3braecKoft penurueft.
CoxpaHunocb MHoro uctohhukob, npegocraBnaro^ux gaHHbie o ^epTBonpuHo-meHuax y gpeBHux 6anToB; oxBaTuTb ux MHoroo6pa3ue b ogHoft cTaTbe HeBo3Mo^Ho. ^0^T0My ^Abro gaHHoft pa6ora flBnaeTca aHanu3 ogHoft u3 ^opM ^epTBonpuHome-hmh, uMeHyeMoft nu6a^eu, T.e. :«epTBonpuHomeHueM b Buge Bo3nuflHua. Mm npocne-
1	M3 KoHcynM^uu aBTopa c BnaguMupoM HuKonaeBuneM TonopoBbiM. B. H. TonopoB 6bin gonroneTHUM qneHoM pegKoneruu khm^hom cepuu «KynbTypa gpeBHux 6anToB» (Ha nuT. a3.), BbinycKaeMoM BunbHroc-ckum MHcTMTyToM KynbTypbi, ^unoco^uu u ucKyccTBa. Bygynu cocTaBUTeneM u pegaKTopoM stux u3ga-hmm, aBTop gaHHoM cTaTbu o6^anacb c yneHbiM. BocbMaa KHura c6opHUKa «KynbTypa gpeBHux 6anToB: npupoga u penurua», u3gaHHaa b BunbHroce b 2006 r., nocBa^eHa naMaTu B. H. TonopoBa.
2	Baltty religijos ir mitologijos saltiniai, sud. N. Velius, t. 1-4, Vilnius, 1996-2006 (ganbme - BRMS).
3	Bonee nogpo6Ho o ^epTBonpuHomeHuax y 6anToB cm.: Usaciovaite E., Augimo samprata senojoje lietuvity kulturoje, Vilnius, 2005, p. 45.
4	Bruckner A., Mitologia slowianska i polska, Warszawa, 1980, s. 358.
ApxaM^ecKMM oöpHg - flM6a^MH y gpeBHux öanToB b conocTaB^eHMM c gaHHWMM cnaBHHCKofi pe^MrMM
guM 3a ^opMaMM caKpanbHoro bo3huhhuh b apxaunecKux oöbinaHx öanToB, onupaHCb Ha nucbMeHHHe uctohhuku, a TaKKe cpaBHMM nuöa^ro öanToB co cxo^mmm oöpHgaMu b KynbTe gpeBHux cnaBHH.
M3BecTHHM cne^anucT ^mtbh no gpeBHeöanTCKon penuruu ruHTapac BepecHH-bmhmc b nocnegHen CBoen KHure cpaBHun goxpMCTMaHCKMe penuruu öanToB co cnaBHH-ckmmm5. Oh ycraHoBun cxogcTBo KynbroBbix MecT u CTpyKTyp naHTeoHoB y 3anagHocna-bhhckmx nonaöoB (HacenHBmux TeppuTopuu y peKM ^aöa) u npyccoB. OgHaKo cxogcTBo MeKgy puTyanaMu KepTBonpuHomeHuM y öanToB u cnaBHH aBTop He aHanu3upoBan.
^epTBonpuHomeHMH b Buge bo3huhhuh BegyT CBoro ucropuro u3 ganeKoro npo-mnoro öanToB. O nogoÖHHx KepTBax numyT uctohhuku, KoTopbie KacaroTCH npyccoB: HanpuMep, b XpucTÖyprcKoM goroBope 1249 r. cooö^aeTCH, hto npyccbi oöe^aroT He oöpa^aTbCH öonbme k 6ory KypKa u k gpyruM cboum öoraM u He coBepmaTb um bo3huh-hum6. M3 no3gHeMmux uctohhukob u3BecTHo, hto KypKa öbin öoroM egbi u nuTbH, koto-poMy oceHbro KepTBoBanu nepBbie oöMonoHeHHbie xneöa, öoöbi, HHMeHb, ropox, MyKy, Meg, nuBo, mohoko u Booö^e Bce, hto mo^ho ecTb u nuTb7. B XpucTÖyprcKoM goroBope o KepTBe roBopuTCH HeMHoro. B goKyMeHTe, HanucaHHoM Ha naTuHCKoM H3biKe, CKa3a-ho: non libabunt - He Bo3nuBaK>T, nepeg ^TMM ctout gpyroe BbipaKeHue: non appellentur
-	He oöpa^aroTCH, He annenupyroT8. M3 TeKCTa goroBopa cnegyeT, hto KaKgoe oöpa^e-Hue k 6ory KypKa u gpyruM öoraM conpoBoKganocb noKnoHeHueM b ^opMe Bo3nuHHuM. O^u^anbHbiö xapaKTep goKyMeHTa He no3BonHeT CoMHeBaTbCH b uctuhhoctu npu-BegeHHHx gaHHbx. n^ToMy mo^ho npegnonoKuTb, hto b XIII b. b npyccKux 3eMHHx bo3huhhuh HBnHnucb BaKHon HacTbro KynbTa. TaKaH ^opMa noHuTaHuH öoroB öbina u3BecTHa u gpyruM öanTaM: ohu coBepmanu bo3huhhuh öoraM, öoruHHM u gyxaM.
O cxoKeM HBneHuu b KynbTe cnaBHH b XVI b. CBugeTenbCTBoBan nonbCKun ucto-puK MapTuH KpoMep b coHuHeHuu «O npoucxo^geHuu nonHKoB u ux ucTopuu», HanucaHHoM Ha naTuHCKoM H3biKe. nepenucnuB öoroB - Meca (Jessam), ^aga unu ^agoHa (Ladum, Ladonem), Huh (Niam), Map3aHa (Marzanam), 3u3unuH (Ziziliam), 3ueBaHa unu 3eBoHuH (Zieuanam, Zieuoniam), yKa3biBaroT, hto b ux HecTb cnaBHHe coBepmanu oöpHg bo3huhhuh bo BpeMH nupoB, TaH^yH u ucnonHHH necHu9. TaKue oöpHgbi, KaK yTBepKgaeT flnyrom, coxpaHunucb u cnycTH HecKonbKo CToneTun nocne Kpe^eHun cnaBHH10. He npuxoguTCH CoMHeBaTbCH b tom, hto M. KpoMep u flnyrom roBopHT o nuöa^Hx y 3anagHbix cnaBHH (nonHKoB). Hto KoHKpeTHo öbino npegMeToM Bo3nuHHuH
-	He CKa3aHo. Mokkho npegnonoKuTb, hto ^T0 öbinu Meg unu nuBo. CnaBHHe Bepunu, hto nyHme Bcero öoroB ycnoKauBaeT nuöa^H uMeHHo ^TMx HanuTKoB11.
B XII-HaH. XIII b. gaTHaHuH CaKC rpaMMaTuK onucan b CBoeM coHuHeHuu, KaK nonaöcKue cnaBHHe npuHocHT KepTBy öory CBeHToBuTy b CBHTunu^e ApKoHa Ha oct-poBe ProreH. B cne^anbHo orpaKgeHHoe MecTo b necy, rge HaxoguncH ugon, öbin bxok TonbKo Kpe^ Oh npuxogun Tyga nocne cöopa ypoKaH u npuBogun b nopHgoK xpaM. Ha
5	Beresnevičius G., Lietuvty religija ir mitologija, Vilnius, 2004, p. 53.
6	BRMŠ, t.1, p. 238.
7	Praetorius M., Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schubühne. Rankraštis, Lietuvos MA bibliotekos Ret^ spaudini^ skyrius, f. 129-1338, p. 643; Hartknoch H., Alt - und Neues Preussen, Frankfurt- Leipzig, 1684, S. 161.
8	BRMŠ, t.1, p. 238.
9	BRMŠ, t.1, p. 415.
10	TaM >Ke.
11	Brückner A., Mitologia slowianska, s. 262.
ffpeeuenpyccKoe cexmunuw,e PoMoee. Hartknoch Ch. Alt-und Neues Preussen, Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1684.
cnegyro^un gern Bo3ne ugona bhh uBancH Meg u3 Ky6Ka, KoTopbin 6bin nocraBneH 3gecb 3apaHee. nocne ^T0^0 Ky6oK BHOBb HanonHHncH, u xpe^ 6bicrpo BbmuBaH Meg KaK 6h 3a 3gopoBbe 6oxecTBa, TopxecTBeHHo o6pa^ancH k HeMy, npocH 6narononynuH gnH ce6a u cBoero KpaH. 3aTeM Ky6oK cHOBa HanonHHncH HanuTKoM u BxuMancH b npaByro pyKy ugona12.
Meg u nuBO b KanecTBe xugKon xepTBbi 6oraM npuHocunu He TonbKo cnaBHHe, ho u 6anTbi. B np0T0K0ne Bu3m^uu ^uBOHcKoro KocTena b Hakane XVII b. 3a^uKcu-poBaHO ny6nuHHoe xepTBonpuHomeHue, coBepmeHHoe naTHmaMu Bo3ne gepeBbeB, ko-Topbie nowranucb cbh^hhhmu. Banu 3ape3aHH HepHbin 6hk u neTyx, noMHMo ^T0^0 6oraM 6binu npegHa3HaneHbi 6ohku nuBa13. B ucro^HuKe He yKa3HBaeTcH KonunecTBo nuBa u cnoco6 xepTBonpuHomeHuH, ho u3 gpyrux coxpaHuBmuxcH aHanoru^Hbix onu-caHun moxho 3aKnronuTb, hto nuBo b necrb 6ora nponuBanu, a HacTb ero, bo3moxho, BHnuBanu Te, kto coBepman xepTBonpuHomeHue. «KpaTKoe u3noxeHue ^ubohckom ucTopuu» fluoHucuH ®a6pu^uyca, ony6nuKoBaHHoe npu6nu3uTenbHo b to xe BpeMH,
12	Saxonis Grammatici, Gesta Danorum, Hrg. A. Holder, Strassburg, 1886, s. 6 (187).
13	BRMŠ, t. 3, p. 560.
Apxau^ecKuM o6pag - flM6a^MS y gpeBHux 6aHT0B b conocTaBneHuu c gaHHWMu cflaBSHcKOM penuruu
[ÇPart-I
npyccKUü Mpeu, co MepmseHHUM KO3noM u KoemoM dna nu6au,uü, XVI e., no KHme X. rapmKHOxa.
cBugeTenbCTByeT, hto npu 3acyxe naTHmu npuHocuHu b »epTBy cBoeMy 6ory nepKyHcy HëpHyro TeHKy, K03Ha u neTyxa. ^ubothhx pe3aHu, totobuhu u3 hux nu^y u enu. Ho HanuHanu nup o6pagoM Hu6a^u: Tpu pa3a KOBmoM, HanoHHeHHHM nuBOM, o6hocuhu oroHb, Ha KOTopHM nuBo nponuBanu14.
Oco6eHH0 MHoro cBugeTenbCTB puTyaHbHoro bo3huhhuh y hutob^b b XVII b. ocTaBun MaTac npeTopuyc. Oh numeT, hto Bce npa3gHuKu y hutob^b Toro BpeMeHu, Bce caMbie TpygoëMKue pa6oTbi HanuHanucb c npuHeceHua b »epTBy nuBa 6oruHe 3eM-hu ^eMuHe15. ^ha ^T0^0 cHy»uH 3apaHee ocBH^eHHbiñ KOBm, KOTopHM n0Hb30BaHucb bo BpeMA puTyana. MHTepecHo, hto b Hakane XX b. b hutobckom gepeBHe Tpagu^oHHo u3roTaBHuBaHu TaKue opHaMeHTupoBaHHbie KOBmbi u3 gepeBa, ho caKpaHbHoe 3Hane-Hue um y»e He npugaBaHocb. ^epTBonpuHomeHua c0np0B0»gaHucb cne^aHbHbiMu ^peMOHuaMu: B03HuHHueM u mohutbom. Xo3auh (uhu npurnamëHHbiM gHa ^T0M ^hu »pe^) HanoHHHH 6oHbmoM KOBm nuBOM u nepeg TeM, KaK BbinuTb ero, npoHuBaH nuBo Ha 3eMHro. npu ^T0M oh npou3HocuH MOHuTBy: «^eMuHOHKa, ^eTeHue nogHuMaro^aa,
14	TaM »e, c. 570.
15	Praetorius M., Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schubühne. Rankraštis, Lietuvos MA bibliotekos Ret^ spaudini^ skyrius, f. 129-1338, S. 756-757 u gp.
^eTM poKbro, nmeHM^ö, aHMeHëM u BceMM xne6HHMM 3naKaMM. Bygb gna Hac Becënoô, 6oruHa, m, hto6h y HamHX pa6oT cToan cBaToö aHren, a 3noro HenoBeKa cropoHoö npo-Begu, hto6h Hac He ocMean»16. nocne ^T0^0 HanuTOK ocBa^anu. 3aTeM coBepmaro^uö KepTBonpuHomeHue caM OTnuBan He6onbmoö rnoTOK nuBa u, gepKa KOBm b pyKe, npo-M3HOcun cnegyro^ue cnoBa: «BnarogapuM Bora 3a to, hto oh coxpaHun HaM 3gopoBbe m ogapun Hac cbommm nogapKaMu. A TaKKe 6narogapuM xo3auHa, xo3aÖKy u Bcex gpy-rux 3a to, hto ohm Bcë TaK xopomo BbmonHunu u 3acnyKunu gapbi. M ganbme M3Bonb, BoKe, gapoBaTb ycnex xo3auHy u ero 6nuKHMM. BnarocnoBu Ham HanuToK, hto6h mh pa3omnucb goBonbHHMM. M b 6ygy^eM gaö HaM 6onbme, a He MeHbme»17. nocne ^T0^0 Bce HaHMHanu nuTb u3 ogHoro KoBma, ny^eHHoro no Kpyry, no3gpaBnaa gpyr gpyra; 3aTeM npucyTcTByro^ue nenu u cagunucb ecTb. nocne Toro, KaK KoBm o6omën cTon no Kpyry u Bce npury6unu u3 Hero, xo3auH unu ®pe^ HMTan MonuTBy ^eMMHe; nopoö co6paBmuxca oKponnanu ocTaTKaMM nuBa18.
T.o., mokkho BbigenuTb cnegyro^ue HecKonbKo ^a3 KepTBonpuHomeHua: 1) npo-nuTue nuBa gna 6oruHM 3eMnu, 2) ocBa^eHue nuTba MonuTBoö, 3) nuTbë, 4) pa36pH3-ruBaHue ocTaTKoB nuBa.
B 3aBucuMocTM ot npa3gHMKa TaKue o6pagbi Mornu BKnroHaTb b ce6a u MHbie geTa-nu. HanpuMep, no3gHo oceHbro, Korga ckot 3aKpHBanu Ha 3MMy, 0praHM30BHBanu yro-^eHue: neKnu nmeHMHHbiö nupor, ecnu 6bina B03M0KH0cTb, roToBunu gpyrue 6nroga u, o6a3aTenbHo, - nuBo. Korga HaKpHBanu cTon, xo3auH unu ero chh npuHocunu ceHo, nonyo6MonoHeHHyro conoMy, a TaKKe 3ëpHa (oBca, aHMeHa) u Bogy. Bcë ^T0 Knanu Ha cTon pagoM c xne6oM. npa3gHMK HaHMHanu B03nuaHueM u MonuTBoö. TonbKo MonuTBa, Ha ceö pa3, 6bina gpyroö, HeM Bbime npegcraBneHHaa. Xo3auH roBopun: «Munbiö BoKe, a roBopro Te6e cnacu6o 3a to, hto th MeHa, momx 6nuKHux u moö ckot xpaHumb b mm-nocTM, o6eperaemb ot 6one3Heö u 3Bepeö. Cb. Teopruß, a 6narogapro Te6a 3a to, hto th cbomx co6aK (MegBegeö, BonKoB) Ha moö ckot He cnycTun. M Tenepb, Munbiö BoKe, mh KenaeM 3anepeTb Ham ckot b xneB; 6narocnoBM ero, hto6h 6bino eMy b gocTaTKe ceHa, 3epHa m BogH, HacHTu ero b xneBy, roToBa k Tpygy. XpaHM ero ot KongyHoB u BopoB»19. nocne MonuTBH nenu, coBepmanu Bo3nuaHue ^eMMHe, xo3auH nun 3a cBoro KeHy, a ganee nunu Bce ocTanbHHe (KoBm Tpu pa3a o6xogun cTon). noToM Bce pacxogunucb, ocTaBanucb TonbKo xo3auH c chhom. Ohm onaTb Monunucb, cToa Ha KoneHax, nunu u ocTaTKaMM nuTua o6nuBanu ceHo, 3epHo u Bogy, HaxoguBmueca Ha cTone. OKponnëH-Hbie ceHo, 3epHo u Bogy BHHocunu b xneB u cKapMnuBanu cKoTy20.
KaK BugHo u3 ^po^MTMpoBaHHHX Bbime MonuTB, c0np0B0KgaBmux KepTBonpu-HomeHua b XVII b., nuT0B^i Hapagy c a3HHecKoö ^eMMHoö yKe noHMTanu xpucTuaH-cKoro Bora u cb. Teoprua. ^T0 - aBHHö penuruo3HHö cuHKpeTM3M.
MHTepecHo to, hto b cTapuHy nuT0B^i u naTHmu coBepmanu puTyan B03nuaHua He TonbKo b oTHomeHuu 6oroB, ho m gpeBHux npegKoB. flnyrom (XV b.) nucan, hto bo BpeMeHa a3HHecTBa b Tex MecTax neca, rge KpeMupoBanucb Tena MëpTBHx, nuT0B^i ocTaBnanu gymaM nenemKM u3 TecTa m nponuBanu Mëg Ha orau^e, Bepa b to, hto gymu yconmux, Tena kotophx 6binu coKKeHH b gaHH0M MecTe, npugyT HoHbro HanuTbca
16	TaM )Ke.
17	TaM Ke, c. 757-758.
18	TaM Ke, c. 763, 795.
19	TaM Ke, c. 776.
20	BRMŠ, t. 1, p. 560.
ApxaMHecKMM o6pag - nM6a^Ma y gpeBHux 6anToB b conocTaBneHMM c gaHHHMM cnaBaHcKon penuraM
nponuToro HanuTKa u HacHTUTbca numen21. B XVII b. b npyccMM Ka«gbin yHacTHUK noMMHöK nponuBan nog cronoM HanuTOK gna gym yMepmux u 6pocan um KycKu egbi22.
nyTemecTBeHHUK MoraH flaBug ByHgepep (XVI b.) ynoMUHan nogo6Hbie o6pagbi y naTHmen. ^Tu o6pagbi ucnonHanucb nepeg norpe6eHueM: Ha yMepmero nponuBanu ocTaTKu nuBa unu gpo««eByro rymy23. ^epTBaMu pa3Horo poga noHUTanu naMaTb yMepmux u cnaBaHe24.
CuMBonuHecKyro «epTBy yMepmuM, Korga nponuBanu HecKonbKo Kanenb HanuT-Ka unu «ugKon numu, b nuToBCKoü gepeBHe mo^ho 6bino HaÜTu eme b XIX-HaH. XX b., o HeM eBugeTenbeTByKT MHorue ^THO^pa^uHecKue gaHHbie. B geHb noMUHoBeHua yconmux, Ha coHenbHUK, nog cTon nponuBanu no«Ky BapeBa gna yromeHua gym. flymu yromanucb u bo BpeMa gpyrux gepeBeHCKux npa3gHuKoB, noToMy hto cymecTBoBano noBepbe, hto bo BpeMa 6onbmux npa3gHuKoB - Ha KpecTuHax, cBagb6ax, noMuHKax -BMecTe c «hbhmu co6uparoTca u gymu yMepmux. PenuKTH nu6a^u b HecTb yMepmux npaKTuKoBanucb eme b koh^ XIX b. u b cocegHen Benopyccuu25.
Hago oTMeTuTb, hto gpeBHue cnaBaHe u 6anTH npuHocunu b «epTBy 6oraM He TonbKo nuBo, Meg u gpyryro «ugKyro numy, ho u KpoBb «epTByeMoro cKoTa. TaKux «h-bothhx 3aKanHBanu, ux cBapeHHoe Maco coBepmaromue «epTBonpuHomeHue cbeganu, a KpoBb npuHocunu b «epTBy, u6o cnaBHHe, HanpuMep, Bepunu, hto 6oraM 6onbme Bcero HpaBUTca 3anax KpoBu26.
Ho b cTapuHy KpoBaBHMu «epTBaMu cTaHoBunucb He TonbKo «uBoTHbie: b oco-6bix cnyHaax npuHocunu b «epTBy u cbohx cooTeHecTBeHUKoB27. PyccKun KHH3b Bnagu-Mup, HanpuMep, npuHec b KaHecTBe «epTBH 6narogapHocTu cBoero HenoBeKa28. ^utob-^i, Kypmu, npyccbi, co6upaacb b BoeHHHÜ noxog, 6biBano, HaHocunu nneHHoMy paHy u cMoTpenu, KaK u3 Hee TeHeT KpoBb. Ecnu cunbHon cTpyen - noxog 6ygeT ycnemHHM, ecnu cna6on - «gu nopa«eHua29.
flpeBHue npyccH npuHocunu KpoBaBbie «epTBH b cBHTunume Pomobh. 3gecb poc pegKon BenuHUHH gy6, KoTopHÜ, hko6h, 3eneHen u 3umom, u neToM. B Tpex hu-max cTBona cToanu ugonH rnaBHHx 6oroB naTynaca, napKyHaca u naTpuMnaca. y ux nogHo«bH ropen BeHHHn oroHb, u 6binu pa3no«eHH gpyrue cbhthhu. B Tpex marax ot gy6a 6binu pacTHHyTH xoncTH, oKpy«aBmue gepeBo co Bcex cTopoH u cKpHBaromue cBHTunume ot nocTopoHHero B3rnaga. Korga Bepyromue coBepmanu «epTBonpuHo-meHue, xoncTH oTogBuranucb. KpoBb «epTBH nunu b cTopoHy Toro ugona, KoTopoMy npuHocunu «epTBy30.
KaK cBugeTenbcTByroT onucaHua o6pagoB y htbhtob XVI b., ecnu puTyan cBep-manca He b necy Bo3ne gy6a, a b pure unu b capae, KpoBb «hbothoto gon«Ha 6bina 6biTb
21	Praetorius M., Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schubühne. Rankrastis, Lietuvos MA bibliotekos Ret^ spaudini^ skyrius, f. 129-1338, S. 860.
22	BRMS, t. 2, p. 639.
23	Mannhardt W., Letto-preussische Götterlehre, Riga, 1936, S. 419.
24	Brückner A., Mitologia stowianska i polska, Warszawa, 1980, s. 261.
25	ffleMH n.B. MaTepuanH gna M3yHeHMa 6biTa h a3HKa pyccKoro HaceneHua CeBepo-3anagHoro Kpaa. CaHKT-neTep6ypr, 1887, t. 1, h. 1, c. 150.
26	Brückner A., Mitologia stowianska i polska, Warszawa, 1980, s. 53.
27	nonoBMH M. B., Mup0B033peHue dpeBHUx cnaBXH, KueB, 1985, c. 48-50.
28	Brückner A., Mitologia stowianska i polska, Warszawa, 1980, s. 553, 262.
29	BRMS, t. 1.
30	Praetorius M., Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schubühne. Rankrastis, Lietuvos MA bibliotekos Ret^ spaudini^ skyrius, f. 129-1338, S. 562.
Tpadu^oHHbiü npa3dHUHHUü kobm numoscKux Kpecmurn Han. XX e., no KHUse: Ikikrikscioniskosios Lietu-vos kultüra, Senoves baltty kultüra, t. 1, Vilnius, 1992, p. 112.
cny^eHa b 6Hrogo, M3 KOToporo OKponHHHM Bcex co6paBmuxcH mhm npoHMBaHM KpoBb Ha 3eMHro, HecHM b XHeB m ero CMa3biBaHM xmbothhx, hto6h 6hhm 3gopoBbiMM. YnoMM-HaeTCH M O TOM, HTO M3 XepTBeHHOM KpOBM BapMHM M eHM C^e^MaHbHbIM Cyn31.
B rogoBbix OTHeTax ue3yuTOB b BeHgeHe ynoMMHaroTCH xepTBeHHbie KaMHM, ko-Topbie b HaH. XVII b. ue3yuTbi 3aMeTMHM b xo3HMCTBe y HaTbimeö: KaMHM ctohhm Ha Kyx-He mhm b aM6ape. Ha TaKOM KaMeHb npoHMBaHM KpoBb y6uBaeMoro xmbothoto, 6pocaHM KycoHKM egbi32. TaKue KaMHM ue3yuTH o6HapyxuHM u b gepeBHHX ^mtbh: Hrogu npu-KpblBaHM MX He6oHbmMM KOHMHeCTBOM CeHa, BepMHM, HTO KaMHM npMHOCHT CHaCTbe.
noHeMy npaKTMKOBaHMCb nogo6Hbie xecTOKue, KpoBaBbie xepTBonpuHomeHMH? ^enaa OTBeTMTb Ha ^T0T Bonpoc, npuBegeM gpyrMe ^aKTbi.
BaHTbi, KaK m gpyrMe Hapogbi, noHaraHM, hto b KpoBM HOKaHM3OBaHa XM3Hb. Bbrno 3aMeneHO, hto no MCTeHeHuro KpoBM M3 TeHa, HeHOBeK u XMBOTHoe yMuparoT. BeHHO xu-BHMM 6biHM TOHbKO 6orM, KOTOpbie yCTaHaBHMBaHM nOpHgOK KOCMOCa, nog MX BHaCTbK) HaxoguHMCb npupogHHe npo^ccbi, pacTMTeHbHoe u XMBOTHoe M3o6uHue, cy^ecTBO-BaHue HeHOBeKa.
^epTBa 6ory - HBHeHue, MMero^ee MHoroBeKOByro MCTopuro u MHOxecTBO acneK-TOB. OcHOBHOM M3 HMX - BbipaXeHMe nOCpegCTBOM XepTBH CBH3M Mexgy HeHOBeKOM M 6oroM. ^epTBa coeguHHeT He6o c 3eMHero, 6ora c HeHOBeKOM. Dohhtho, hto caMaH HyH-maH CBH3b C BeHHO XMBbM 6orOM MOXeT 6bITb OCy^eCTBHeHa Hepe3 KpoBb - XMgKOCTb, BonHO^aro^yro XM3Hb. Mhhmm CHOBaMM, c 6oroM, KaK c npuHMHOM XM3HM, roBopHT, npOHMBaH KpOBb - CaMyK) Cy^HOCTb XM3HM. B TaKOM KOHTeKCTe CTaHOBMTCH HCHO, noHeMy HyXHO 6bIHO OKpOnHHTb CBH^eHHblM gy6 B PoMOBe. ^TOT gy6 HBHHHCH ^HTpOM CBHTMHM^a, T.e. MecTOM, k KOTopoMy 6biHO HanpaBHeHO Bce noHMTaHue, npegHa3HaHeH-Hoe naTyHacy, nHpKyHacy, naTpuMnacy.
Moxho onpegeHMTb m gpyroe BaxHoe cbomctbo xepTBbi. ^ro6aH xepTBa 6ory, 6ygb to Be^b mhm XMBOTHoe, yxe CTaHOBMTCH Heo6biHHbiM o6^eKTOM. B npo^cce xepTBonpuHomeHMH ^TOT o6^eKT geHaeTCH CBH^eHHbiM (oh npunogHMMaeTCH k 6ory, m TaKMM o6pa3OM BonHO^aeTCH CBH3b HeHOBeKa c 6oxecTBOM). ^0^T0My xepTBa CHy-xmt HeHOBeKy opygueM ocBH^eHMH, OHM^eHMH m 3a^MTbi ot 3Ha. OgHOBpeMeHHO OHa
31	Maletius H., Wahrhaftige Beschreibung der Sudawen auf Samland sambt ihren Bockheiligen und Ceremonien, 1563.
32	BRMS, t. 3, p. 565.
ApxaM^ecKMM o6psg - flH6a^HS y gpeBHux 6anToB b conocTaBneHuu c gaHHbiMu cnaBSHcKoñ penurau
cTaHOBMTCH cBoeo6pa3HHM opaKynoM, KOTopHM gaeT otbcth Ha 3agaBaeMbie Bonpocbi. Otbct 6ora, cornacHo BepoBaHMHM, Bbipa^anca nocpegcTBoM onpegeneHHbix 3HaKoB, mOToMy bo BpeMH ^epTBonpMHomeHMH 3a ^epTBoñ 3opKo cnegunu. B cnynae KpoBa-bom ^epTBH o6pa^anu BHMMaHMe u Ha to, KaK BbiTeKana KpoBb. T.o., KpoBb ^epTBeH-Horo ^ubothoto Morna cnoco6cTBoBaTb u 6narononyHuro xo3flñcTBa, mOToMy ero ok-ponnanucb nrogu, a TaK^e cMa3biBanu goMamHux ^mbothhx.
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CornacHo nucbMeHHbiM ucToHHuKaM, gpeBHue 6anra u cnaBHHe npaKTuKoBanu o6pagoBbie ^epTBonpuHomeHua - nu6a^ro.	HBnanacb Ba^Hoñ cocTaBnaro-
^eñ penuruo3Horo KynbTa.
Bo3nuHHua 6oraM, 6oruHAM u gymaM npegKoB coBepmanucb Torga, Korga BbicKa-3HBanucb npocb6bi unu BHpa^anacb 6narogapHocTb 3a noMo^b.
Bo BpeMH o6paga nponuBanu Meg, nuBo u gpyrue ^ugKue npogyKTbi. ^epTBoBa-nu u KpoBb ^ubothhx. B oco6bix cnynaax npuHocunu b ^epTBy nrogeñ.
PenuKTbi nu6a^u, BbinonHeHHoñ b cuMBonunecKoñ ^opMe - nponuTue HanuTKa unu ^ugKoñ nu^H Ha 3eMnro bo BpeMH egbi, coxpaHunucb b KoHcepBaTuBHoñ gepeBeH-ckom KynbType ^utbh go XX b.
Arhaični obred libacije pri starih Baltih v primerjavi s podatki slovanske religije
Elvyra Usačiovaite
Na podlagi pisnih virov je ugotovljeno, da so imeli stari Balti in Slovani obredne žrtve - libacijo. Libacija je bila važen del verskega obreda. Žrtvovanja bogovom, boginjam in dušam umrlih prednikov so bila vezana na različne prošnje ali na zahvalo za pomoč. Med obredom so izlivali med, pivo in druge sakralne tekočine. Žrtvovali so tudi kri živine, v nekaterih primerih pa so prinašali celo človeške žrtve. Relikti libacije v simbolični obliki - izlivanje pijače na tla - so se ohranili v vaški kulturi Litve do 20. stoletja.