^^Xv;#;:::X-^^X;:;*^x-'a'^x^ *-:^>X^X -:WX%3 x*fc§* ^^^%^%x^?x;;^: SURVEY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. Tot am licet animis, tanquam oculis, luftraic tcrram mariaque omnia. CiCt SURVEY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, ACCORDING TO ITS PRESENT NEWLY REGULATED STATE, DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTS I SHEW! N ti Their Situation and Boundaries, the Capital and Diftrift Towns of each Government j Manners, and Religion of the various Nations that conipofe thatextenhve Empire; Seas, Lakes, and Rivers 5 Climates; Commerce, Agriculture and Manufactures; Population andRevenues; Mountains, Minerals, Metals, and other Natural Productions. The whole illuftrated with a correct Map of Ruflia, and an Engraving, exhibiting the Arms arid Uniforms of the fcvcral Governments of that Empire.^ By Capt. SERGEY P L ES CH E EF. / \: v K- \ UflBLIOTHEK THE THIRD EDITION, PUBLISHED AT ST. PETER.' MK G ■ 71 ^ ^\ A Tranflated from the Ruffian, with confiderable Additions, By JAMES SMIRNOVE, CHAPLAIN TOTHE LEGATION OF H. I. M. OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, AT THE COURT OK GREAT BRITAIN, LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. DEBRETT, OPPOSITE BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY. MDCCXCII. TO HER. IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUTCHESS MARY THEODOROVNA. MOST illustrious and most gracious PRINCESS ! In obedience to the Will of Your Imperial Highness, and in conformity to the Plan prefcribed by You, I have given a concife De-fcription of the Empire of Russia according to its latelt Divifion ; introducing into this Ihort Sketch a 3 every vi DEDICATION. every Proof and Evidence that could be collected for the Purpofe; which, with the profoundeft Refpe£l3 I lay at your facred Feet: and have the Honour to be, MOST ILLUSTRIOUS, MOST GRACIOUS princess, Of Your Imperial Highness, The moft faithful And moft dutiful Servant, SERGEY PLESCHEEP. PREFACE. THE preceding Dedicatory Letter, to Her Imperial Highnefs the Grand Dutchefs of Ruflia, by Capt. S. Plefcheef, plainly (hews with what view this work originally was compofed. It may therefore reafonably be fuppofed, that neither trouble nor expcnce was fpared to get every poflible information in order to make this concife defcription as complete and faithful as poflible; and to render it ufeful and worthy of the perufal of that mod excellent Princefs. My motive for tranflating it was at firft °f a private nature. Having examined ibme books upon Ruflia in the Englifh language, and finding none lit to put a 4 into vlii PREFACE, into the hands of my own young family, I undertook this translation with that view. But as I did not wifh entirely to rely upon myfelf in point of the grammatical conftrucrion and correctnefs of the Eng-lifh language, I requefted the favour of a learned and worthy friend to look over it. He not only very readily and obligingly undertook that trouble himfelf, but even engaged another perfon of diftin-guifhed abilities and eminent merit in the literary world, to give it a fecond perufal. Were I permitted to mention the names of thefe gentlemen, it would be greatly to the advantage of the work; but fince their modeft generofity has denied me that plcafure, I nuift reft fatisfied with only thus publicly offering them my fin-cere acknowledgment. After perufing the tranflation, my friend ftrongly advifed me to publifh it, faying, PREFACE. ix faying, that as there was no correct geographical account of Ruflia in the Eng-liih language, it would be an agreeable offer to the public. AdiHilit ergo calcaria fponte current!. I yielded to his advice without much he-fitation; and the work is fubmittcd to the public. It only remains for me now to wifh, that it may prove acceptable and ufeful; and to hope, that neither my friend will repent of his advice, nor I of my compliance. It is necefTary further to obferve, that, in fpelling of the Ruffian names, I have greatly differed from the orthography hitherto nfed, endeavouring thereby to render the Engliili pronunciation fimilar to the Ruffian, as nearly as poflible. In the proper nouns the vowels are 3 generally x PREFACE. generally meant to be pronounced as fol* lows: A, with a clear found, as in far, grand, command; for inftance, Saratov, Narva, Volga, &c. £, with a clear fhort found, as in lent, bent, blend j for inftance, Revel, Smo-lenfk, Orel, &c«. E, with an accent upon it, muft be pro* nounced, as it makes a fyllable ; for inftance. Mo-re, Ta-ta-re, Zy-ria-ne\ E, final, without an accent upon it, is added to feveral names of towns, rivers, &c. by which it is not meant either to lengthen the found of the preceding vowel, or to add a fyllable to the word, but merely to foften the found of the laft confonant j for inftance, Ka-zane, A-ftra-khane, &c. I, in PREFACE, xi I, in general, even in the laft fyllable, is pronounced with a fimple fhort found, as in pin, tittle; for inftance, Vladimir, Sinbirfk, Dvina, Pinega, Bronnitzi, Oftiaki, &c. J, before a, e, i, o, u, is pronounced like French j, in jour, jeu, &c. for inftance, Jabna, Torjok, &c. Oo & ou are ufed promifcuoufly, and are pronounced in the fame manner as in good, poor? tour, tournament; for inftance, Toola, Kalouga, Oufa, &c. Y, placed between confonants, is pro*-nounced with a fhort hard found, as in fyntax, fymptom; for inftance, Pyfhma, Vyborg, Vhytegra, &c. The diphthongs are pronounced in their ufual manner. Kb is pronounced like the Scotch ch, in loch ; *ii PREFACE, loch ; for inftance, Pakhra, Lokhvit-* za, &c. 2, with two dots upon it, is pronounced like the French j; for inftance, Voronez, Sebez, &c. Several nouns, particularly thofe of the wandering tribes of Tartars and other nations, I have put in the plural number, according to the Ruffian manner of pronunciation, thinking that, as there are but few of them perhaps that have been known hitherto to the Englifh reader, it might be equally as agreeable to him to pronounce them at once in the manner intelligible at leaft in the country to which thofe nations are fujbjecc: for inftance, Votiaki I have written in-ftead of Votiaks; Kirghiftzi, or Kirghis-kaifaki, inftead of Kirghis-kaifaks; O-ftiaki, inftead of Oftiaks, &c. THE MAP, ACCORDING TO IS Firft, Into three divifions, viz. into the northern, middle, and fouthern, which are marked on the map by ftronger dots. Secondly, Into governments ; each government being divided by dots one from another. And, Thirdly, Whenever a government is fubdivided into provinces, they are then diftinguifhed by a double row of dot3. THE PLAN OF THE BOOK, DIVIDED t CONTENTS. PART 1. Fthe Borders, Situation, Extent, and SECTION II. Of the Products and Commerce of Ruffia 10 SECTION III. Of the Mountains within Ruflia, as well as thofe which come near its Frontiers, (hewing their Situation, Origin, and Minerals, as SECTION I. Page I xvi CONTENT S. as well as the Rivers originating from them - - - 19 SECTION IV. Of the Seas forming the Border of the Ruffian Empire m - 27 SECTION V. Of the chief Lakes of RufHa - 31 SECTION VI. Of the chief navigable Rivers - 35 I. The Dvina and the Neva, falling into the Baltic Sea - - 35 II. The Dniepr, Boug and Kubane, falling into the Black Sea - 36 III. The Don, falling into the Azov Sea 38 IV. The Volga, Oural, Kouma, and Terek, falling into the Cafpian Sea - 40 V. The Dvina Sievernaya, Onega, Bol-fhaya, viz. the Great Petchora, Obe, EniiTey, Enifley, Lena, Yana, Indighirka, and Kolhyma, falling into the Frozen Sea 43 VI. The Anadir, Amour, Kamchatka, Penjina, and Okhota, falling into the Eaftern Ocean 47 SECTION VII. The Nations inhabiting RuJJia. I. The Slavonic Nations - 49 The Ruffians - - 49 The Poles 49 II. The Germanic Nations - 50 The Germans - - 50 The Swedes * 50 The Danes 50 III. The Lettonian, or Livonian Nations 51 Lettonians, or Latyfhi 51 Lithuanians - - 51 IV. The Finns, or Tchude Nations Finns, Tchukhontzi, or Maimifti 51 Ejfthonians * 52 Livonians - 52 b The The Nations which are fuppofed to dcicend from the Finns : The Laplanders, or Lopari - 52 ThePcrmiaki, orPermians - 53 The Zhyriane - 53 The Votiaki * - 53 The Tcheremhyfy - 54 The Tchouvalhi - 54 The Mordva - - 55 The Vogoulitchi • 55 The Odiaks of the Obe - 56 V. The Tartarian Nations The Tartare, or Tartars - 56 The Nagaitzi, or Nagay Tartars 58 The Crim-Tartars - 58 The Mefcheriaki - - 59 The Bafhkirtzi, or Bafhkirs 59 The Kirghiftzi, or Kirghis-kaifaks 60 The Yakouty - 60 The Teleouty,or the White Kalmuks 61 VI. The Caucafian Nations - 61 The Abkhazi, or Abafa - 61 4 The The Tchcrkcfli, or C'ncaflians 62 The Ofletintzi, or Ofli . 62 The Kiftcntzi, or Kitti - 62 The Lefghintzi, or Lefghis 63 The Tartare of different Tribes 63 VII. The Nations of Semoyads, or Sa-moyedy . - • 64 The Morazi, or the Oiliaki of Na rim, and other Tribes of Sa- moyedy - - 65 VIII. The Mungalian Nations The Mungalhy, or Mungals 65 The Kalmuks of different Tribes 66 The Boureti, or Bratikie - 67 IX. The Toungoofi - - 67 X. The Kamtchadals - 68 XI. The Koriaki - - 6*9 XII. TheKouriltzi - - 69 XIII. The Aleouti - * 70 XIV. The Arintzi - 71 XV. The Yukaghiri - - 71 XVI. The Tchiuktchi 71 b 2 XVII. Colonifts XVII. Colonifts, or Settlers from foreign Nations - - r 72 The Bukharians - - 72 The Khivintzi, the Ta(hkentzi,the Turkiftantzi; or the Tartars of Khieva, Tafhkent, and Turkman 71 The Perfians - - 73 The Georgians - 73 The Indians - - 73 The Greeks - - 73 The Servians - - 73 The Albanians 73 The Bulgarians - 73 The Moldavians - - 73 The Valakhians - 73 The Arnaouts - - 73 The Armenians 73 The Jews - 73 PART PART II. DIVISION OF RUSSIA INTO The Northern Region or Diviiion 78 The Middle Region or Divifion 79 The Southern Region or Divifion 79 SECTION I. In the Northern Region or Divijton. I. The Government of St. Peterfbnrg 80 II. The Government of Archangel 87 III. The Government of Olonetz 94 IV. The Government of Vyborg 99 V. The Government of Revel - 104 VI. The VI. The Government of Riga 2 iQf VII. The Government of Pfcov ^15 VIII. The Government of Tver 11S IX. The Government of Novgorod \%$ X. The Government of Vologda 128 XI. The Government of Yaroflavl 134 XII. The Government of Koftroma 138 XIII. The Government of Viatka 144 XIV. The Government of Permc 149 XV. The Government of Tobolfk 1$$ SECTION II. The Middle Region or Divifion, XVI. The Government of Mofcov 165 XVII. The Government of Smolenfk 370 XVIII. The Government of Polotfk 175 XIX. The Government of Moghilev 180 XX. The Government of Tchernigov i36 > XI- The Government of Novgorod-Sie- verfltoy - - - 19° QI, The Government of Kharkov 195 XXIII. The XXIII. The Government of Kourflc 199 XXIV. The Government of Orel 205 XXV. The Government of Kalouga 2l0 XXVI. The Government of Toola 214 XXVII. The Government of Riazane a 18 XXVIII. The Government of Vladimir 223 XXIX. The Government of Nizney-Nov-gorod - 227 XXX. The Government of Kazane 232 XXXI. The Government of Sinbirfk $37 XXXII. The Government of Penza 243 XXXIII. The Government of Tambov 247 XXXIV. The Government of Voronez 252 XXXV. The Government of Saratov 257 XXXVI. The Government of Oufa 265 The Hordes of Kirghis-kaifaks 271 XXXVII. The Government of Kolhyvane 275 XXXVIII. The Government of Irkoutfk 278 The Kourilfkic Iflands 290 The Aleoutfkie Iflands 291 SEC- CONTENTS. SECTION III. The Southern Region or Divifion. XXXIX. The Government of Kiev 293 XL. The Government of Ekatherinoflav 299 XLI. The Province of Tavrida 308 XLII. Habitations of the Don Kozaks 318 XLIII. The Government of Caucafus 324 SURVEY of the RUSSIAN EMPI RE. PART I. SECTION I. Of the Borders, Situation, Extent, and Climate of Rujfa, USSIA is bounded on the north by the Northern Ocean, or the Frozen sea; on the eafl it is wafhed by the Eaftern Ocean, and is divided from America by Bearing s (ancicndy called Anian) Straits, B which which are about 73 verfts * wide. From thence, towards the fouth, the Ruffian empire extends along the chain of the Aleout-fkie iflands, which approach the north-weft coaft of America ; and from Kamchatka, towards the fouth-weft, it extends, by a chain of other iflands, called Kourilfkie iflands, as far as Japan; on the fouth it borders on the Black Sea, on the nations inhabiting at the foot of the Caucafian Mountains, on a part of Pcrfia, the Cafpian Sea, the hordes of Kirghifkailacki, on Zi-ungoria, Chincfe Mungalia and Daouria t; and on the weft, on the Danifh andSwc-difli Lapland, the Baltic Sea, Courland, Li- * Vcrfla is the ufual ineafure of roads in Ruflia, one thouf.md one hundred and fixty-fix yards and two feet. \ Daouria is that extent of land which is travcrfed hy the river Amour. It is fo called on account of the Daouri, its ancient inhabitants, who were a race of the Toungooli or Manjouri. vonia, vonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Turkey in Europe. Ruflia occupies more than the feventh part of the known continent, and almoft the twenty-fixth part of the whole globe. The greatefl extent of Ruflia, from weft to caft, viz. from the 39; to 207j degree of longitude, contains 168 degrees; and if the iflands of the Eaftern Ocean be included, it will then contain 185 degrees; fo that the continental length of Ruflia, viz. from Riga to Tchoukotikoy Nofs, that is the caftern-moft promontory, will conftitute about 8500 verfts. The greateft extent of this empire from north to fouth, that is, from the 78th to 50+ degree of latitude, contains 27! degrees. Hence the breadth of Ruflia, reckon-lng it from the Cape Taymour, which is the north-eaftern promontory, to Kiakhta, •will conftitute about 3200 verfts, B 2 The The greater part of Ruflia lies in the temperate zone, and fome part of it, namely, ■whatever extends beyond the 66^ degree of latitude, lies in the frigid zone; and the whole furface contains above 2,150,000 fquare verfts. Hence it is clear, that there is not at prefent, and never has been in ancient times, an empire, the extent of which might be compared to .that of Ruflia *. * Obferv. The 1'ength and the breadth of the Ruffian empire, taken in a- (Iraight line, may be known fvom what follows : viz. that the furthcrmofl point or the (pot of the Ruffian empire on the north, is the Tay-mour Cape, which is the mod north-eaflcrn promontory in the government of Tobolfk, lying in the 78th degree of latitude its furthcfl point on the fouth is the mouth of the river Souhi'k, falling into the Cafpian Sea, in the government of Caucafus, lying in the 43d degree of latitude ; its wefternmoft point is the illand «h Oezel in the government of Riga, in the 59A degree of longitude ; and the furthermofl point of it on the rail, is the Tchoukotfkoy Nofs, which is the moft. eallern cape in the government of Irkoutfk, lying in fchc 20*7' decree of longitude. Rum j, Ruffia, by nature, is divided into two great parts by a range of mountains called Oural, which, through the whole breadth of it, form one continual uninterrupted barrier, dividing Siberia from the remaining Ruflia, That part of Ruflia which lies on this iide of the Oural Mountains, prefents a very extenfive plain verging weftward by an eafy defcent. The vaft extent of this plain has a great variety of different climates, foils and produces. The northern part of it is very woody, marfhy, and but little fit for cultivation, and has a fenfiblc declivity towards the White and the Frozen Seas. The other part of this vaft plain includes the whole extent along the river Volga, as far as the deferts extending by the Cafpian and the Azov Seas, and confti-tutes the fined part of Ruffia, which in ge~ B 3 neral neral is very rich and fruitful, having more arable and meadow land than wood, marines, or barren dcferts. The moft remarkable for fuperior quality and tafte of every kind of fruit and produce is that part which extends towards Voronez, Tambov, Penza, and Sinbirfk, as far as the dcferts. It has every where a moft admirable rich foil, confifting of black earth, richly impregnated with faltpetre. But that part which begins between the Azov and the Cafpian Seas, and extends near the fliores of the latter, and between the Volga and Oural, and as far as the river Emba, is nothing but a defert, level, dry, high, barren, and full of fait lakes. The part lying on the other fide of the Oural Mountains, known by the name of Siberia, is a flat trad of land of confiderable hie extent, declining imperceptibly towards the Glacial Sea, and equally by imperceptible degrees riling towards the fouth, where at lafh it forms a great range of mountains, conftituting the borders of Ruflia on the fide of China. Between the rivers Irtifh, Obe, and the Altay Mountains, there is a very extenfive plain, known by the name of Barabinflcaya Stepe, viz. the Deferts of Baraba, the northern part of which is excellent for agriculture ; hut the fouth cm part, on the contrary, is a defert, full of fands and marines, and very unfit for cultivation. Between the rivers Obe and Eniffey there is more woodland than open ground; and the other fide of the Eniffey is entirely covered with impervious woods, as far as the lake Baical; but the foil is fruitful every where ; and wherever the trouble has been taken of clearing it of the wood, B 4 and and of draining it from unneceffary water, it proves to be very rich, and fit for cultivation ; and the country beyond the Baical is furrounded by ridges of high, flony mountains. Proceeding on farther towards the eaft, the climate of Siberia becomes by degrees more and more fevere, the fummer grows fhorter, the winter longer, and the frofts prove more fevere. In fuch temperature of climate, the great-eft part of Siberia (that is, the middle and the fouthern latitudes of it, as far as the river Lena) is exceedingly fertile and fit for every kind of produce ; but the woody northern, and the eaftern parts of it are deprived of this bleffed advantage, being unfit both for cultivation of grain and for grazing pf cattle. This whole part, as far as the 6otfy flegrce of latitude, and to the Glacial Sea? is is full of fwamps and bogs, covered with mofs, which would be totally impaflable, had not the ice, which never thaws deeper than feven inches, remained entire Under it. SEC- SECTION II. Of the Products cmd Commerce of Ruffnu W 7TTH refpedt to the variety of climates as well as the produce of the earth, Ruflia naturally may be divided into three regions or divifions, viz. into the northern, middle, and fouthern divifions. The northern divifion, beginning from the 57th degree of latitude, extends to the end of the Ruffian dominions on the north, and includes the governments of St. Peterf-burg, Riga, Revel, Vyborg, Pfcov, Novgorod, Tver, Olonetz, Archangel, Vologda, Yaroflavl, Koftroma, Viatka, Perme, and Tobolik. The The middle divifion is reckoned from the 57 th to the 5 othdegree of latitude, and includes the governments of Mofcov, Smo«> lenfk, Polotfk, Moghilev, Tchernigov, Novgorod-Sieverfkoy, Kharkov, Voronez, Kourfk, Orel, Kalouga, Toola, Rlazane, Vladimir, Niznei-Novgorod, Tambov, Saratov, Penza, Sinbirfk, Kazane, Oufa, Kolhivane, and Irkoutfk. The fouthcrn divifion begins at the $oth degree of latitude, and extends to the end of Ruffia on the fouth, including the governments of Kiev, Ekatherinoflav, Cauca-fus, and the province of Taurida. To this may be added, the habitations of the Kcv* faks of the Don, The northern divifion, though deficient in grain, fruit, and garden vegetables, has the preference before the other two in the abundance abundance of animals, rare and valuable for their ilcins ; in fifties of particular forts, very ufeful for different purpofes of life; in cattle, and metals of inferior kinds, &c. The middle divifion of Ruflia abounds in different kinds of grain, hemp, flax, cattle, fifti, bees, timber proper for every ufc, different kinds of wild beafts, metals, both of fuperior as well as of inferior kind, different precious ftones, &c. This divifion is likewife moft convenient for the habitation of mankind, on account of the tenir perature and pleafantnefs of the air, The fouth divifion has not that abun^ dance of grain, but has the preference in different delicate kinds of fruit, quantity of fifh> cattle, and wild animals, amongft which there are fevcral fpecies different from thofe which are found m the middle divifion. It It exceeds greatly both the other divifions in plants and roots lit for dying and for medical purpofes, as well as for the table ; neither is it deprived of precious (tones, as well as different metals. The products of thofe three divifions conftitute permanent and inexhauftible riches of Ruflia ; for, befidcs what is necef-fary for home confumption, there is a great quantity of thofe products exported yearly into foreign countries, to the amount of feveral millions of roubles*« Thefe productions are brought from different places * A rouble is the current money of Ruflia, the in-trinfic value of which, as tried in the mint of London, is about 3s. 2d. with very little variation •, but in commerce the exchange of it with foreign countries, owing to different eventual ctrcumftances, varies very much, and from fo low as is. 4'd. it rife* to 4s. and upwards. to ii survey or the to fairs, eftablifhed in different parts of Ruffia, where the merchants buy them up, and forward them to different ports, and other trading town3, for exportation into foreign kingdoms. Thefe fairs like wife are the places where a confiderable quantity of goods, imported from foreign kingdoms, is difpofed of. The principal yarmankas, that is fairs, are the yarmanka Makarievf-kaya, Korennaya, and Irbitfkaya, The external commerce of Ruflia may be divided into two different branches ; i ft. the commerce with the European nations, which is carried on by buying and felling goods either for ready money or upon credit ; for which purpofe there are bills of exchange eftablifhed between Ruflia and other kingdoms, the courfe of which is cither higher or lower, according to different accidental circurnilunces. 2d, The commerce mcrce with the Afiatic nations, which is concluded by barter or exchange of goods* without any credit, thefaith of the Afiatic merchants being not well eftablifhed. The principal ports belonging to the firft: part of Ruflia, are, on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg, Riga, Vyborg, Revel, Narva, Frcderickiham, and the Baltic port; Archangel on the White Sea, and Kola on the Northern Ocean ; Taganrog on the Sea of Azov; Kherfon, Scvaftopole, Balaklava, Soudak, Theodofia, Kerche, and Phanago-ria on the Black Sea, befides others of 1 mailer note. In thefe ports commerce is carried on, as well as in feveral trading towns fituated on the frontiers of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey. The produds of Ruflia exported into the different European kingdoms, conftft chiefly 3 in In hemp, flax, different kinds of grainy tallow, hides., fail-cloth, iron, timber, linfeed,. butter, hemp-oil, train-oil, wax, pot-allies, tar, tobacco, briftles, linens, peltry and other goods, the greater! part of which is exported chiefly by way of St. Peterlburg, Riga, and Archangel; and in return from the European kingdoms we receive woollen cloths, different kinds of goods made of worried, filk, cotton, and thread; wines and beer, white and moift fugars, filks, cotton imwrought, and yarn $ Trench brandy, liquors, arrack, fhrub, different iron-tools, and toys ; gold and (ilver in bars, in foreign money and in other things; brilliants, pearls, galantcric goods, coffee, colours; peltry, viz. beaver and otter fkins ; herrings, flock-liih, fait, tobacco, different trees, oil, horfes, china and earthen ware, &c. The grcateil part of thcfe goods is imported through the ports of St. Peterfburg and Ri-t S*t ga, but a confiderable quantity is likewife admitted by land through different frontier cuflom-houfes. The Afiatic commerce is carried on chiefly at Aftrakhane, the ports on the Cafpian Sea, and the cuftom-houfes of Kiakhta, Orenburg and Troitfk, and in feveral forts eftablifhed on the frontiers of China, Kirg-his-kaifaks, and other nations. The principal goods exported into Alia are partly the products of Ruflia, and partly imported from other European kingdoms, and confift of peltry and hides. The other goods are woollen cloths, bays, borax, bottles, printed linens, iron, and different kinds of iron-ware, calamancos, kerfeys, glue, ifiuglafs, cochineal, indigo, laura, tinfel, gold and filver lace, foap; all kinds of arms, as piflols, guns, fabres; different kinds of C linens', linens, printed and glazed, flriped linen, ticking, pallock, cram, &c. From the Afiatic kingdoms we import different filk goods, raw filk, cotton, filk-wove fluffs, gold and filver in bars and in coin, cattle, horfes, &c. SEC- SECTION III. Of the Mountains within Ruffia, as well as thofe which come near its Frontiers, J,hewing their Situation, Origin, and Minerals, as well as the Rivers originating front them. ' I ^HE Sieverniya Gori, that is the northern mountains extending between the Baltic and the White Seas. They are a continuation of the Scandinavian range of mountains which originate in Sweden, and are joined to the mountains of Olonetz; they confift of granite, trappe, and potter's Hone. Specimens of gold, fil-yer, copper and iron-ore, are found in them. There 'rs likewife an abundance of iron-ore, marble, a kind of porphyry ftone, and C 1 Maria Maria or Mofcovy glafs, of remarkable fize and clearnefs, to be found in them, 2. The mountains called Vhifokaya Ploftchade, that is high rifing ground, lying in the middle of Ruffia, known to the ancient geographers by the name of Mons Alaunus. It is fituated between Mofcov, Toropetz, Smolenfk and Toola; it is nothing but an high rifing furface fpreading into different branches, called hills or mountains of Valday, and joining to the mountains of Olonetz. This rifing ground has none but iron-ore, and in fome places coal-pits have been difcovered. It gives birth to celebrated Ruffian rivers, the Dniepr, Volga, Dvina, Don, and others. 3. The mountains of Taurida extend on the fouthern fide of the province of Taurida (or Crimea) ; to a confiderable extent in breadth. breadth. They confift chiefly of felenite, flate or fchiftus, chalky and fandy marl. Thefe mountains being but lately added to the Ruflian dominion, we are not certain as yet what ores may be difcovered in them. The rivers Alma, Katcha, Kabarta, Salghir, Karafou,and others, take their origin from them. 4. The Caucafian Mountains begin from the Cafpian, and extend as far as the Black Sea. They confift chiefly of granite, flate, lime-ftone, and bafaltes. Lead-ore, containing filver, and copper-ore are found in them. The rivers Terek, Kubane, Kouma, and others, originate in them. 5. The Oural* Mountains begin from the White Sea and the iflands of Novaya Zem- * Oural i3 a Tartarian word it fignifics a girdle, Or a belt. C 3 lia, Ha, and extend fouthward through the whole breadth of Ruflia, making a boundary between the governments of Archangel and Tobolfk, and dividing into almoft two equal parts the government of Perme ; then they enter the government of Oufa,and thence extend towards the deferts of the Kirghis-kai-faks. The length of thefe mountains exceeds 2000 verfts, and on both fides they branch out into different mountains, fuch as the mountains Oktokaragay, and the continuation of the fame called the Alghinfkoy Sirt; into the Gouberlinfkie mountains, or the mountains of Gouberlya; the mountains called Obflchey (common) Sirt, and others. The Oural Mountains confift chiefly of granite, flate or fchiftus, and lime-ftonc, and partly of fandy hillocks full of talc, wherein copper-ore and malachites fometimes are to be met with ; and near Ekathcrinburg gold-ore has been difcovered. Iron-ore there is to be found in great plenty, wherein wherein fometimes very powerful load-(tones are to be met with. Befides, thefe mountains abound in mountain-cryftal, amethyft, topaz of different forts, agates, carnelion, beryl, chalcedony, and marble of different colours. From thefe mountains defcend the rivers Bolfhaya (the great), Petchora, Kama, Oural, Bielaya (White River) and others which run into the river Tobol. 6. Poroobezniya Sibirfkiya Gori, that is, the mountains bordering upon Siberia, are the northern branches of the Afiatic mountains, which extend along the river Irtifh on the eaft, and on the fouth along the borders of Siberia. That part of them which extends between the rivers Obe ar*d Irtifh, is called the Altay mountains, and the part furrounding the lake Teletfk, is called the Teletfk mountains. The C 4 range range of mountains extending farther to the eaft, between the fources of Eniffey and Selenga rivers, and furrounding the Baical lake, is called the Sayanfk Mountains. Thefe mountains, from Baical verging towards the fouth-eaft, approach other mountains which are called Yablonniya Mountains : they ftretch out to a very great extent by different branches, which, following the courfe of different rivers, reach as far as the Frozen Sea. The principal range of thefe mountains lies near the coafts of the fea of Okhotfk, and is called Stanovoy Khre-bet. From this originates another ridge of mountains called Kamchatfkoy Khrebet (ridge of Kamchatka mountains), which extends through Kourilfkie and the Japan iflands. It is likewife the branches of thcfe very mountains which form the Tchoukot-ikoy Nofs, as well as that duller of iflands which is fituated between Siberia and America, rlca, and is known by the name of the Aleoutfkie and Fox iflands. As the mountains contiguous to Siberia occupy a vaft extent of ground, fo their different conftituent parts are likewife various, and contain great variety of metals, minerals, and ftones. The rich mines of Kolhivane are found in the Altay mountains. Thefe mines exceed all others in abundance of gold, filver, and copper, as well as in porphyry and aquamarine. The Sayanlk mountains abound in copper and iron-ore, as well as in ochre, which appears like gold. The mines of Nerchinfk, lying in the Daourian mountains, which join to the Ya-blonnoy Khrebet, contain great quantities of lead-ore of every kind, as well as calamines, abounding with gold and filver, quickfilver, antimony, pyrites, aquamarines, chryfo-lytes, amethyfts, carnelions, onyxes, chalcedonies, cedonies, porphyries, ophites, lapis lazuli, and a great deal of native alkaline mineral fait is found in lakes and fait marines. The mountains lying to the north of the fea of Okhotfk are as yet unexplored, except that lately fome quickfilver and copper-ore have been difcovered in them. But almoft in every part of Siberia, and particularly in the plains of it, there are found bones of uncommon large animals, mammont's teeth, and other foffils. In this range of mountains originate the rivers Irtifh, Obe, Eniffey, the two Toungoolkas, as well as the Baical Lake, and rivers which fall into it: likewife the rivers Lena, Yana, Indighirka, Alazeya, Kolhima, Anadir, Ouda, Shilka, and Argounya, which two laft form the river Amour. SEC- SECTION IV. Of the Seas forming the Border of the Ruffian Empire. I, ' I ^HE Northern Ocean fin-rounds the northern parts of Ruffia. Its bay, in the vicinity of the government of Archangel, is called the White Sea. That part of it which, beginning from the Novaya Zemlia, wafhes the coafls of the Ruffian empire as far as the eaftern promontory, or Tchoukotfkoy Nofs, is called particularly the Icy or Glacial Sea. 2. The Eaftern Ocean wafhes the eaftern part of the Ruffian empire, and, from the differ.-it places it joins, has different denominations; for inftance, from the place -where where the river Anadir falls into it, it is called the fea of Anadir; about Kamchatka it is called the fea of Kamchatka; and the bay between the diftricls of Okhotfk and Kamchatka is called the Sea of Okhotfk, the upper part of which is called Penjinfkove More, that is the Penjinfkoye Sea, as it approaches the mouth of the river Pen-jina. 3. The Baltic Sea, anciently called Vary azfkoye More, that is, the fea of Varyaghi, lies weftward of Ruffia. That part of it which wTafhes the coafts of the governments of St. Peterfburg, Revel and Vyborg is called the Gulf of Finland, which is about 400 verfts long, and 100 verfts broad; and the part extending between the government of Riga and the ifland Oezel is called the Bay of Riga. 4. The 4. The Black Sea belongs to the province of Taurida and to a part of the government of Caucafus: the length of this fea from weft to eaft is about 1000, and the breadth from north to fouth is above 500 verfts. 5. The fea of Azov is included entirely within the dominions of Ruffia, and by means of the Straits of the Bofphorus, or Ycnical, forms a communication with the Black Sea. It is furrounded on one fide by the government of Ecatherinoflav,and on the other by that of Caucafus and the habitations of the Don Kozaks. The greateft length of this fea from weft to eaft (not including the bay of Taganrog) is about 200 verfts, and the breadth about 160 verfts. At the vveftern end of it, within the province of Taurida, there is a very large pool called Sivaflr or the Putrid Sea, which is about 140 verfts long and 14 broad. 3 6. The 6. The Cafpian Sea (alias Khvalinfkoye More) lies to the fouth of Ruflia, and on that part of it conftitutes the frontiers of the governments of Caucafus and Oufa. The length of it from north to fouth is about i ooo verfts, and the breadth, in its wideft extent, does not exceed 400 verfts. 7. The Baical Sea. [See the defcription ef it amongji the lakes.] SEC- SECTION V. Of the chief Lakes of Ruffia. i. rT^HE Ladoga lake, anciently called Nevo, is the largeft of all the European lakes, extending in length 175, and in breadth 105 verfts, and lies between the governments of St. Peterfburg, Olonetz and Vyborg. It communicates with the Baltic fea by the river Neva, with the Onega lake by the river Svir, and with the llmen lake by the river Volkhov. Several confiderable rivers fall into it, as the Paiha, Sias, Oyat and others. The Ladoga canal is made near this lake* 2. The Onega lake is fituated in the government of Olonetz. It is above 200 4 verfts 32 survey of the verfts long, and the greateft width of it does not exceed 80 verfts. 3. The Tchtide lake, or Peipus, lies between the governments of St. Peterfburg, Pfcov, Revel and Riga. It is near 80 verfts long and 60 broad. It joins to the lake of Pfcov by a large neck of water. The length of this lake is 50, and the width about 40 verfts. The river Velikaya Hows into it. The river Narova comes out of the lake Peipus, which by the river Em-bakha communicates with the lake Wirtz-Ervc, and from this latter flows the river Fellin, and runs into the bay of Riga. 4. The Ilmen lake, anciently called Moiflv, lies in the government of Novgorod. Its length is 40, and width 30 verfts. The rivers Mfta, Lovate, Shelone, and others, fall into it; and only one river, Volkhov, Volkhov runs out of it, by which it is joined with the Ladoga lake. 5. The Bielo-Ozero, that is, the White Lake, lies in the government of Novgorod. It extends 50 verfts in length, and about 30 in width. There are many fmall rivers which run into it j but only one river, Shekf-na, comes out of it, and falls into the river Volga. 6. The Altin or Altay Lake, otherwife called the Teletfk Lake, is fituated in the government of Kolhivane. It extends in length 126, and in width about 84 verfts. The river Biya comes out of it, which being joined to the river Katounya, conftitute the river Obe. 7* The Baical Lake, otherwife called the Baical Sea, and the Holy Sea, lies in the go-D vernment vernment of Irkoutfk. Its extent in length is 600, and in width from 30 to 50 verfts, and in the wideft places, as far as 70 verfts. 8. The Tchani Lake lies in the deferts of Baraba, between the rivers Obe and Irtifh. It joins with a great many fmaller lakes, occupies a vaft tracl: of land; and abounds very much in fifth. 9. Between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea there are feveral lakes which extend from 50 to 70 verfts in length; and befides thofe there are many other fait lakes in different parts of Ruflia, fuch as the Ozero, that is, the lake Eltonfkoye, Bogdo, Inderfkoye, Ebelc, Koryakovfkoye, Ya-mifticvfkoye, Borovye, and others, and the fait which Is got from them ferves for the life of the greateft part of the empire. SEC- SECTION VI. Of the Chief Navigable Rivers. I. the Dvina and the Neva, falling into the Baltic Sea. I- ^JpHE Dvina. This river, for the fake of diftin&ion from the other of the fame name, which runs into the White Sea, is called the Weftern Dvina, and by foreigners it is named Dina. It rifes in the government of Tver, out of a bog, and after running through the governments of Tver, Pfcov, Polotik and Riga, falls into the Bay of Riga. In its courfe it receives the rivers Toropa, Meja and Kafplya. . 2. The 2. The Neva, a fufficiently wide and rapid river, or rather a ftrait rifing in the Ladoga Lake, and, after a couTfe of 60 verfts in the government of St. Peterfburg, falling into the Gulf of Finland by different, mouths. It receives in its courfe the Ijora and Tofna. The rivers Pernava, Narova, Looga and Kumen fall into the Baltic Sea. II. 7%e Dmepr, Bong end Kulane, falling into the Black Sea. i. The Dniepr, anciently Boryfthenes, rifes in the government of Smolenfk, runs through the government of Moghilev, a part of that of Tchernigov, the governments of Kiev, Ecatherinoflav and a part of the Crimean territory, extending its courfe to 1500 verfts, and having formed the Gulf of Liman, falls into the Black Sea. On •On this river there are thirteen poroghi, that . is, cataracts, which are fcattered about on a diflance of 60 verfts, and which in the fummer time entirely prevent veffels from coming down the river, fo that the navigation cannot be performed with fafety, but when the river is full. According to the laft treaty with the Ottoman Porte and the lateft conventions with Poland, the whole pofleftion of this river belongs to the empire of Ruflia, and only a ftnali part of its right fhore conftitutes the frontier between Ruflia and Poland, dividing from the laft, the governments of Kiev, Tchernigov and a part of that of Moghilev. The confiderable rivers which fall into it are the Soja, Defna, Soola, Pfiol, Vorfkla, Samara, Orel, Konikiya, Vodi (that is the horfe waters), the Dructz and Ingulf, D 3 2. The 2. The Boug, a confiderable river rifing in Poland. It directs its courfe to the fouth-eaft dividing the government of Ecatherinoflav from the Otchakovikaya Stepe, that is the deferts of Otchakov now belonging to Ruffia, and falls into the Liman, which communicates with the Black Sea. 3. The Kubane confirms of many fprings or rivulets running out of the Caucafian mountains, and divides itfelf into two branches, the one of which falls into the Azov Sea, and the other into the Black Sea. This river from its fource to the end of it conftitutes the Frontier of Ruffia. III. The Ben, falling into the Azov Sea. The Don, anciently Tanais, has its rife in the Ivan Ozero, that is, John's Lake, in in the government of Toola. It runs through the governments of Toola, Riazane, Tambov, Voronez, and the habitations of the Don Kozaks, extending its courfe about iooo verfts, and at laft it falls into the Azov Sea. The principal rivers which fall into the Don are, the Donetz, Sofna, Voronez, Khoper, Med-veditza, Ilavlia, Sail and Manhitch. In the territory of Taurida there are fome rivers, the chief of which are the Salghir, and the great and the fmall Karafou, all rifing out of the mountains, and falling into the Sivafh or Putrid Sea. The rivers Alma, Katcha and Kabarta fall into the Black Sea. D 4 IV. and Mokfha. 2. The Oural, formerly Yaik, takes its rife in the Oural mountains, in the government of Oufa, which it divides from that of Caucafus, and extends its courfe about 3000 3000 verfts. It receives many rivers, the principal of which are the Or, Sakmara, Yleck, and Terkool. 3. The Kouma rifes in the Caucafian mountains, and runs through the plains between Terek and Volga, and at laft lofes itfelf in the fands, before it comes to the Cafpian Sea. 4. The Terek originates in the Caucafian mountains, runs between them, and then coming out, extends its courfe to the Cafpian Sea, and receives feveral rivers, as the Malka, Soonja, Bakfan, and Ackfay. V. The Dvina Sievernaya, Onega, BoIJhaya PeU chora, Obe, Eniffey, Lena, Tana, Indigbirga, and Kolbima, falling into the Frozen Sea. 1. The Dvina Sievernaya, that is the Northern Dvina, is formed of two rivers, the 1 Sookhona Sookhona and the Yuga, which rife in tiu. government of Vologda. It runs through the government of Archangel, and there it falls into the White Sea. The principal rivers falling into it are the Pinega, Vaga, and Vhichegda. 2. The Onega comes out of the lake Latchi, in the government of Olonetz, and falls into the White Sea, in the government of Archangel. 3. The Bolfhaya Petchora, that is, the great Petchora, rifes in the Oural mountains, in the government of Vologda, runs acrofs the whole breadth of the government of Archangel, and falls into the Icy Sea. It receives in its courfe feveral rivers, the principal of which are the Outcha and the El ma. 4, The 4. The Obe rifes out of the Altay or Teletfk lake, under the name of Biy, and, after a jun&ion with the river Katoonya, it takes the name of Obe J and after traverfing the governments of Kolhivane and Tobollk, it falls into the Icy Sea. The courfe of this river extends about ^ooo verfts. The principal rivers it receives are the Tom, Tchoulhim, Kett, Vakh, Yugan, Irtifh, Sofva, Polooy, and Kazhim. 5. The Eniffey is formed by the junction of two rivers, the Oulookema and the Bay-kema, which rife in the Altay mountains in Mungalia. It runs through the whole extent of Siberia, and falls into the Icy Sea. The extent of the Eniffey is about 2500 verfts. It receives in its courfe fcveral rivers, the principal of which are the Abakan, Elogooy, Podkamennaya Tungoulka, Niznyaya Tungoufka, and Tourookhan. 5 6. The 6. The Lena, with refpecl: to its courfe, is the greater! river not only in Siberia, but perhaps in the whole known world. It rifes in the mountains furrounding the Baical lake. Its courfe extends above 5000 verfts. It receives the rivers Vitim, Olemka, Kirenga, Aldan, Viliuy, and Moona, and at laft falls into the Icy Sea by five principal mouths. 7. The Yana; 8. the Indighirka ; and, 9. the Kolhima, are likewife no incon-fiderable rivers in the government of Irkoutfk. The firft rifes in the mountains which overfliadow the banks of the river Lena on the right hand, and extends its courfe 800 verfts. The two laft take their fources in the mountains which extend on the coafts of the Eaftern Sea. The length of the Indighirka is 1200, and that of Kolhima 1500 verfts. The laft, near its mouth, mouth, is divided into two branches, and receives the rivers Omolon and Onooy. VI. The Anadir, Amour, Kamchatka, Penjina, and Okhotak falling into the Eaftern Ocean. 1. The Anadir is the eafternmoft of all the rivers in Siberia. It rifes out of the lake Ioanko, in the diflrict of Okhotfk, and runs through the eaftern part of it, and then falls into the Eaftern Ocean. 2. The Amour is formed by the junction of two confiderable rivers, the Shilka and Argoonya, which are joined juft by the frontiers of China. It runs through the Chinefe dominions, and at laft falls into the Eaftern Ocean. 3. The 3. The Kamchatka runs through the peninfula of the fame name, extending its courfe from the Verkhney to Nizney Oftrog, that is, from the upper to the lower fort, and falls into the Eaftern Ocean. 4. The Penjina rifes in the Yablonnoy ridge of mountains, and falls into the Pen-jinikaya Gooba, that is, the Gulf, or the Sea of Penjina. 5. The Okhota, an inconfiderable river; it falls into the Sea of Okhotfk, to which h gives the name. SEC- SECTION VII. The Nations inhabiting Rujjm. i The Slavonic Nations. I. ' | ^HE Ruffians are the prcdoml--■■ nant inhabitants of the whole empire, and arc of the orthodox Greek religion. 1. The Poles live in the governments of Polotlk and Moghilev, as well as in the diftri£t of Selcnghinfk, and along the river Irtifh, and are of the Greek, Roman Catholic, and the united* confeffions. II. The * Thofe are called united, who being of the Greek religion, but having their refidence in Hungary, Dalmatia and Poland (whilfr. the governments of E Smolenil; II. The Germanic Nations. 1. The Germans inhabit Efthonia and Livonia. There are likcwife colonifts, who came from different parts of Germany, and \ live in the governments of St. Petersburg* Saratov, Voronez, and Tchernigov, and are of the Lutheran confeffion. 2. The Swedes inhabit the Ruffian Finland, as well as fome of the iflands on the Baltic Sea, and are chiefly of the Lutheran* confeflion. 3. The Danes inhabit the iflands of the Baltic Sea, the Worms, and Grofs or Great Rogc, and are Lutherans. Smolensk t'.nd of Moghikv remained under the dominion of Poland), acknowledged the Pope as the fupreme heiid of the churcru 111. The III. The Lettonian or Livonian Nations* 1. The original or real Lettonians or Latifhi inhabit Livonia. 2. The Lithuanians live in the governments of Polotfk and Moghilev ; they, as well as the Lettonians, are intermixed with Slavonians and Finns, but chiefly with the latter, and are of the fame confeflion with the Poles. IV. The Finns, or Tchude Nations* I. The original Finns (Tchukhontfi, or Maimifti) inhabit the governments of Vi-borg and St. Petersburg, wh ere fometimes E i they they are called Ijorians, or Ingrians. They live likewife in the neighbourhood of Val-day and Bejetfk, and are chiefly of the Lutheran confeffion. 2. The Efthonians inhabit the government of Revel, and a part of Livonia, and are Lutherans. 3. The Livonians are the inhabitants of the diftricf, of Riga, about the river Salis, as well as of the ifland Runo, and are Lutherans. The Nations, which, from the Similarity of their Languages, art fuppofed to defcend from the Finns. 1. The Laplanders, or Lopari. They inhabit the diitricl; of Kola, as well as the government of Archangel; are an unfet- tled tied people, moving from one place to another, and fubfifting by hunting and fifhing. The greateft part of them are Chriftians, but the reft Idolaters. 2. The Permiaki, Permians, live in the government of Permc, and about the northern parts of the river Obe, 3. The Zhiryane are found in the government of Perme, and, like the Permiaki, can hardly be diftinguifhed from the Ruffians : fome of them have gone over to the river Obe. 4. The Votiaki inhabit the governments of Kazane and Viatka, and other neighbouring diftri&s. They employ themfelves in hufbandry and breeding of cattle. Some of them are Chriftians, but the greateft part E 3 are are Idolaters, and governed by their Shamans*. 5. The Tcheremhifi inhabit the governments of Kazane, Nizney-Novgorod, and Orenburg. Some of them are Chriftians, others Idolaters. 6. The Tchuvafhi are in every refpect like the Tcheremhifi, and live in the fame * The Shamans are wizards or conjurers, in high repute amongft fcveral idolatrous nations inhabiting different parts of Ruffia. By their enchantments they pretend to cure difeafes, to divert misfortunes, and to foretel futurity. They are great obfervcrs of dreams, by the interpretation of which they judge of their good or bad fortune. They pretend likewife to chiromancy, and to fortel a man's good or ill fuccefs by the lines of his hand. And by thefe and fuch like means they have a very great afcendancy over the underftandings, and a great influence on the conduct, of thofe people. places places with the Mordva: they are almoft all Chriftians. The defendants from the intermixture of Tchuvafhi, Tcheremhifi, and Votiaki, in Baftikiria, are known by the name of Tepteri. 7. The Mordva, Thefe people are divided into two tribes, viz, the Mokihan and the Erzian. They inhabit the go-vernments of Nizney-Novgorod, Kazane, Sinbirfk, Oufa, and Penza: their manner of living is entirely fimilar to that of the preceding people, and almoft all are Chriftians. 3. The Vogoulitchi dwell in the north-cm parts of the Oural Mountains. Part of them lead a wandering life, and fome are fettled. They fubfift chiefly by hunting and fifhing. Some of them arc Chriftians j the reft are Idolaters. E 4 t> The 9. The Obfkie . Oftiaki, that is, the Oftiaks of the Obe, are the inhabitants of the country between Tomfk and Narim. The fame people, further to the north, are called the Berezovfkie Oftiaki: they arc the moft numerous people in Siberia, and fubfift by fiihing. Thofe who have not received the light of Chriftianity are Idolaters, governed by Shamans. V. The Tartarian Nations. 1, The real Tartars, commonly called by the Ruffians Tatare, as thofe of Kazane, dwell in different parts of the Ruffian dominions, namely, in Kazane and the places adjacent; at Kafimov, and through the whole diftricl of it; at Oufa, and along the river Sakmara, in the government of Oufa; on the the river Itchka, in the government of Perme; at Tomfk and its neighbourhood. This race in general are a generous, fober, induftrious, and cleanly people. Such of them as dwell in towns carry on traffick and feveral kinds of handicrafts, and thofe who live in the country employ themfelves in husbandry, and breeding of cattle. They are all Mahometans. The other Tartars inhabit different parts of Siberia, fome of whom are intermixed with flill different races, and are called after the towns, rivers, and other places they live neareft to ; as the Tartars of Tobolfk, of Tomfk, the Melefii, the Tartars of Toolibert, of Kiftin, the Abintfi, the Tartars of Obe, of Baraba, or the Barabintli, the Tartars of Tourinfk, of Ayalhi, the Katchintfi, or the Tartars of Katcha, of Tchulhim, of Ouda, of Yarinfk, the Bi- riuffi, riufli, the Kobintfi, the Bieltiri, and the Zagaifkie Tartars. All thefe tribes in their fpeech have more or lefs fimilarity to the general language of Tartars, according to their intercourfe with one tribe or another : likewife their manner of living, their ceremonies and cuftoms, vary according to the faid intercourfe. The greateft part of them are idolaters, governed by Shamans. 1. The Nagaitzi, or Nagay Tatars, are formed of the four following hordes, viz. the horde of Elizan, of Djambulook, of Edifhkoole, and of Akkermen, all fcattered about the Azov Sea. 3. The Crim-Tartars, the inhabitants of Crimea. This tribe, together with all the land belonging to them, in the year 1783 came came under the fubjecVion of Ruflia, and are at prefent the chief inhabitants of the Crimean territories, as well as the horde of Budjacks, fcattered in thedeferts of Crimea, They are all of the Mahometan religion. 4. The Mefchcriaki live partly amongft the fedentary Tartars of Oufa, and partly amongft the Baftakirs. 5. The Baftikirtzi, Baftikirs, that is the bee-rearing people, are called fo becaufe they take great pains to rear their bees. They dwell in the fouthern Oural Mountains, and a part of the government of Oufa. They are divided into different villages, which elecl: their chiefs, and ferve as Ko-zaks. Their language and laws are nearly the fame with thofe of the Tartars of Kazane. In the fummer they lead a wandering lite, moving with their yurts, that is, tents tents and cattle, from one place to another, and in the winter they remain in their villages. 6. The Kirghiftzi, or Kirghis-kaifaks, arc divided into three hordes, the greateft of which is not fubject to Ruflia ; but the middle and the little hordes, which refide between the rivers Oural and Emba, take the oath of allegiance to Ruflia, lead a wandering life, and fublitl partly by breeding of cattle, and partly by hunting and fifliing. They are all very much addicted to robberies, and are of the Mahometan religion. 7. The Yakouti dwell near the rivers Lena, Aldan, Yana, and Indighirka. Their outward appearance, language, cuftoms and fafhions, fhew that this race defcends from the mixture of Tartars and Mungals. In the the fummer they live in tents, and in the winter in fmall huts, and fubfiil by hunting and fifhing. They are generally Mahometans, governed by Shamans. 8. The Teleouti, or the White Kalmuks, live in villages about Kuznetlk: their employment in the fummer is hufbandry, and hunting in the winter : fome of them are Chriftians, and the reft Mahometans and Idolaters. VI. The Caucafian Nation*. I. The Abkhazi, or Abafa, arc divided into three different tribes : I. The Abkhazi Zagornhie, that is, the Ultramontane Abkhazi: 2. The Weftern Abkhazi; and, 3. The Eaftern Abkhazi, called by the Cir-caflians the Altekezek Abkhazi. They live 3 on on the eaftern coaft of the Black Sea and in the mountains near the fource of the river Kuban e. 2. The Tchcrkefli, or Circaffians, are divided into the great and the little Kabarda, and into different other fettlements lying weftward, and bordering on the river Kubane. 3. The Offetintzi, or Offi, probably the ancient Uzi, or Polovtzi, are divided into different fettlements fubject to Ruflia, Georgia, and Circaflia: they live in the middle parts of the Caucafian Mountains. 4. The Kiftentzi, or Kifti, are divided into different fettlements, the principal of which are thofe of the Ingufhevtzi, the Tchechentzi, and the Karabulaki: they live on the river Sunja and in the middle of the mountains of Caucafus, 5. The 5. The Lefghintzi, or Lefghis, are divided into twenty-feven tribes; the principal of which are the Avari, or Khunzatchi: they inhabit the plain between Kakhetia and Dageftan. 6. The Tatars 1. The Kumik Tartars are divided into fix principal tribes, and inhabit the northern part of the mountains of Caucafus extending towards the Cafpian Sea. 2. The Nagaytzi, or Nagay Tartars, fubject to the Koytouks and the Shamfhak of Tarku. 3. The Nagaytzi of Kubane are divided into two tribes, viz. the Kafaytzi and Ouroufovtzi, with whom are now joined the above-mentioned hordes of the Nagays. 4. The Trukhmentzi, or the Tartars of Terekhemen, are difperfed in the fouthcrn parts of the Caucafian Mountains. Seven diftrifts of thefe Tartars are fubjed to the Khan of Derbcnt, and four to the Khan of Nookhu. 5 The The employment of thefe people confifts in the rearing of cattle: fome of them are very much inclined to rapine and robbing their neighbours : and though all of them have different languages, yet their manner of living and their laws are nearly alike, and they are governed by their own chiefs. VII. The Nations of the Semoyads, or the Samocds. 1. The original Semoyads, commonly called by the Ruffians Samoyedi, inhabit the northernmoft part of Ruflia along the coafls of the Icy Sea, from the river Petchora as far as the Lena, and are divided into European and Siberian Semoyads: the former are, 1. the IVlczcnfkie; 2. the Kanenfkie; and, 3. the Yugorfkie: that is, the Semoyads of Mezene, of Kana, and of Yugoria : and the latter are, 1. the Taziy-fkie : and, 2. the Mangazeykie Semoyads: that that is, the Semoyads of the Tafa and Man-gafeya. They lead a wandering life> and fubfift on deers flefh : they are all idolaters, governed by Shamans. 2. The Morazi, or the Ofliaks of Narim, the Kaimafhi, the Ofliaks of the Eniffey, the Kyfhtimtzi, the Yuraki, the Khotovtzi, the Kaybalhi, the Karagaffi, the Moutori, the Offanni, and the Soyoti, are all of the lame race with the Semoyads. All thefe. tribes are difperfed in different parts of Siberia, as on the river Obe, the Eniffey, K.ett, Tom, Kan, Touba, and Ouffolka; they are chiefly Mahometans, governed by Shamans. VIII. The Muwalian Nations. 1. The original Mungalhi, cr Mungal?, are chiefly difperfed in the deferts of Gobey yti C* and partly in the diftrid of Selenghinfk. They are all of the religion of Lama. F The 2. TheKalmuks are called by the Ruffians Kalmhyki, and confift of the four following tribes: i. The Khofhoti, remaining at Tibet. 2. The Ziungori, or Ziungorians, who lived in the dcferts of Ziungoria, and in the year 1746 had become dangerous even to China. 3. The Derbeti, who feparated themfelves from the Ziungorians, and moved towards the river Oural, and in 1723 came into the interior parts of Ruffia as far as the Volga. And, 4. The Torgaouti, who always remained fubjedts to Ruflia. The manner of living of all thefe hordes is tolerably well regulated; they fpeak the Mungalian language, obferve the religion of Lama, get their livelihood chiefly by the breeding of cattle, and live in large kibitki, a kind of tents. Some cf them have carried their habitations into the circuit of Stavropol in the government of Siberia, and are Chriftians, 3. The 3. The Boureti, called by the Ruffians Bratfkie, live on the banks of the Baical and other places in the government of Irkoutfk : they differ from the Toungoofi only by their language, which is compounded of the Mungalian : they fubfift by the breeding of cattle and hunting, and are all idolaters, governed by Shamans. IX. The Toungorft. Thcfe arc a very populous tribe, of the fame race with the Manjouri: they are difperfed from the river Eniffey as far as the fea of Okhotfk, and from the Pcn-jinfkaya Gooba, beyond the Chinefe frontier : they Uve by hunting and fifhing ; their tongue is a dialect of the Manjour, They are all idolaters, under the government of Shamans. F2 X. The X. The Kamtchadals Live chiefly in the fouthern part of the peninfula of Kamtchatka. This race, before their fubje&ion to the Ruffian empire, were in the groffefl ignorance, and had no rulers nor fuperiors; but fmce they have embraced the Chriftian religion, their manner of living is altered confiderably for the better: they get their livelihood chiefly by hunting and lifhing. In winter they live in fubterraneous yurts, or huts, and in the fummer in balagans, a kind of building raifed on pillars in the manner of a pigeon-houfe. See Lliftory of Kamtchatka, tranflatcd from the Ruffian by Grieve, page 181. XL Ths XI. The Koriaki Live in the northern part of Kamtchatka, in the vicinity of the Penjinfkaya Gooba, and on the coaft of the Eaftern Ocean, almoft as far as the Anadir. They are divided into the fedentary or fixed, and the wandering or the rein-deer Koriaki: the former fubfift by hunting and fifhing, and the latter by rearing reindeer. Their mode of living, their manners and cuftoms, are very fimilar to thofe of the Kamtchadals. XII. The Kouriltzi Inhabit the fouthern part of Kamtchatka and the Kourilfkie Iflands, fituated between Kamtchatka and Japan. Thefe people, though in many refpe&s they refemble the Kamtchadals, differ from them, as well as from other favage nations of Siberia, in F 3 this this circumftance, that they wear large black beards, are of a milder difpofition, more cautious, conftant, and more civilized. XIII. The Aleouti Dwell in the iflands between Siberia and America. Of thefe iflands, thofe lying neareft to Kamtchatka are called Aleoutfkie Iflands; the next in diftancc are called Andrcanovfkic, or the Iflands of Andrean ; and the farthernioft of all are called Lifye or l;ox Iflands. Of thefe people hitherto we have a very imperfect knowledge. What we know of them is, that in their outward form, language, and manner of living, they referable very much the Efquimeaux and the inhabitants of Greenland, whofe defendants they are to all appearance. They live in large huts, and feem to he idolaters governed by Shamans. XIV. ; The Arintzi. A very numerous people fcattcrcd in the government of Kolhivane. XV. The Tukaghlri Are difperfed on the coafts of the Glacial Sea about the rivers Yana, Kolhima and Lena, and as far as the fource of the Anadir. In their outward fhape and in their manners they refemble the Yakouti; but their method of living is like that of the Semoyads. They have their own dialect, but with a great mixture of Yakoutian words. XVI. The Tchouktchi Occupy the north-eaftern part of Siberia, between the rivers Kolhima and Anadir,, F 4 and and are diftinguifhed by the names of Fixed and Rein-deer Tchuktchi: they are very rude and favage, and inclined to fuicide. By rcfemblance they feem to be of the fame race with the Koriaki. XVII. Colonics or Settlers from Foreign Nations. 1. From the Tartars, or Tatare. The Bukharians, difperfed in the government of Oufa, at Tobolfk and other places. The Khivintzi, Talhkentzi and Turk-iflantzi, inhabiting the governments of Oufa and Kazane, and the province of Aflrakhane. 2. The Pcrfians and Georgians, fettled in the province of Aflrakhane. 3. The Indians, refiding at Aflrakhane and Kizliar. Thefe all came over from the province of Multaou, in the dominions of the the Grand Mogol. They fpcak a dialed totally different from the Kalmuk, and obferve the religion of the Bramins; 4, The Greeks refide at Nejin and other towns of Little Ruffia, but chiefly in the government of Ecatherinoflav in the diftricl: of Marioupole, and in the province of Taurida. 5. The Servians. 6. The Albanians. 7. The Bulgarians. 8. The Moldavians. 0. The Valakhians. And, 10. The Ar-naouts, fituated at different places in the government of Ecatherinoflav. 1 it The Armenians, fituated at Aftra-kl;ane and in the governments of Ecatherinoflav and Caucafus. 12. The Jews refide in the governments ofPolotfk and Moghilev, and in the province of Taurida. 7 PART PART II. A DESCRIPTION OP THE GOVERNMENTS, Shewing their Situation and Limits; and of the Towns, pointing out the refpec~live Diflances of the capital Towns of each Government, from the two Capitals of the Empire; viz. from St, Petersburg and Mofqua ; as well as the Diilances of the Provincial jor the Diilrict Towns, from the Capital of each Government: mewing likewife the moft remarkable Places, Waters and Rivers; the Number of Inhabitants of both Sexes; the Names of Nations and ..Settlers; the Products and Commerce; the Arm$ and the Uniform of each Government. DIVISION OF RUSSIA. IT TITH refpecl to the different climates, • ™ as Hated before, Ruffia is divided into three regions, or divifions; the northern, the middle, and the fouthern ; and thefe again are divided into governments, the internal order of which was regulated in the year 1775 ; and, in purfuance of this regulation, fome are divided into circuits or districts ; and others, namely, thofe of larger extent, into provinces or territories, and they are named after thofe towns in which courts of judicature are eftabliihed. Ruffia Ruflia at prefent contains forty-one governments, and one feparate territory, or province. Befidcs thefe there are tracts of land, the habitations of the Don Kozaks, which are not yet annexed to any of the governments. All the above governments ftand in the following order; In the Northern Region, or Divifion, Gov. of St. Peterfburg Novgorod Archangel Vologda Olonetz Yaroflavl Vyborg Koflroma Revel Viatka Riga Permc Pfcov Tobolfk Tver hi In the Middle Region. Gov. of Mofcov* Smolenfk Polotfk Moghilev Tchernigov Vladimer Nizney-Novgorod Kazane Sinbirfk Penza Novgorod I Sieverfkoy J Kharkov Kourfk Orel Kalouga Toola Riazane Tambov Voronez Saratov Oufa Kolhivane Irkoutfk In the Southern Region. Gov. of Kiev Ecatherinoflav J The province or ter-\ ritory of Taurida CHabitations of the 1 Bon Kozaks Caucafus * The town of Mofcov is generally called by the Uuflians, Mofqua. SEC- SECTION I. The Northern Region, or Divifion. I. ' | ''HE government of St. Peterfburg -** is fituated in the northern region, or divifion, and is under the direction of the High Court of Juftice* of this govern- * The duty of the High Court of Juftice is to fee that the laws be ftridHy executed *, that the difobcdient, the diforderly, the lazy, and fuch like perfons, be punifhed or fined; that the regulations of the police and of trade be obferved. This court takes care to prevent irregularities in every thing that is contrary to law. It watches over the behaviour of the inhabitants, and takes cognizance of fuch cafes as are clear, and require quick execution as for inftance, the accounts, or the notes of hand, which are properly ligned, and are not difputable \ but die payment of which is not performed in due time. ment, f T//£ A L\7J iThe Gffl3& S rPETICK S BURG. ,7' «^//"ttf pscov: 15- GOV<£ viatka. 19 ts&Tu£ MOGLIILEV. 25. GGK"of kalooga. 30. &&fu£ s INBBiKK. 37 2. CYVJ '.'of ARCHANGEL. Ofi' THE __________ 3. o'0V.T<£ olonetz. 14 • . of PERME. 20. /a^rSf tci i k hxTgo\ 26. CGVoi toola. v. * -"^—^^T-'l ,1, l.lNI>..... Ji/ 1 32. G0Kof pen za 3b- GOffo? IIIKOotsjc, £, GOir^ N0\ g or 01). 15. GOl^of tobolsk, 27. ^^fRIAZANE. 33. G&ffo? TAMBOV 7 39. rfS^r^of KIF.V. GOVERNMENTS ^ 4. GOPToi VYUORG. 10, GOi:^ VOLOGDA* 1 ff 16. G0V*o? M 0 S C 0\" 22. kharkov. 1H\ ft 28. ^/rbfVlJA])IMIi1J^. 34. {?£?Kof T0E0NE2! RUSSIAN EMH!IM>;. tf<9^of revel. (7^ of RIGA. .111 U. GOl.oi YAROSLAVL 1*. 6z^ofK0STR0MA. A.N \L - 1m ^2: 17. &&V. of SMOLENSK. 18. GGVofpolotsk. 23. GGl.o?KOUl%\v U ■ G0Kc£ orel. I/ 2^^^'ofMZJVEY NOVGOROD. .30. ^/^of KAZANE. ff0K<£ SARATOV 36. (K^of OUFA. m/7GP:'o\" KCATl fKRINOSLAV. 41 <5*?/^CAUCAS US. russian empire. 8l merit, of which the governor of St. Peterf-burg is the prefident during the refidence of the imperial court in this government; but when the court is abfent, then the commander in chief of St. Peterfburg is appointed to prefide. It is bounded on the north fide by the Gulf of Finland, and the governments of Vyborg and Olonetz ; on the eaft, by the government of Novgorod and the lake Ladoga ; on the fouth, by the government of Pfcov; and on the weft, by the lake Tchude, the government of Revel, and the Gulf of Finland. Of the lakes in this government, the moft remarkable is that of Ladoga ; and of the rivers, the river Neva, and its branches, fuch as the Little Neva, the Little Nevka, the Moika, and the Fontanka; the river Volkhov, the Sias, Pafha, Svir, Tofna, Yjora, Looga, and Narova. This government is divided into ten circuits, or diftricts, each G °£ of which is called after the name of its capital town, in which the adminiftration of the police and the courts of juftice for the diftrid are eftablifhed. The towns are the following: i. St. Peterfburg, The capital of the government, as well as of the empire. It has an harbour, a fortrefs, an admiralty, and a dock; lies on the river Neva, which falls into the Gulf of Finland, in 50/ 56' 23" latitude, and 470 59' 30" longitude, and is diftant from Mofqua 728 verfts. Z. Shliffelburg, A fortrefs on the river Neva, exactly at its confluence with the Ladoga 6 Lake, Lake, 58 verfts from St. Peterlburg. 3. Sophia, On the canal made from the Taitfkie fprings, 22 verfts from St. Peterf-burg. 4. Oranienbaum, On the Gulf of Fin- land, and the river Ko-rofta, 39 verfts from St. Petersburg, 5. Rojeftvcn, On the river Oredifti, 79 verfts from St. Peterlburg. 6. Yamburg, On the river Looga, 121 verfts from St. Peterlburg. A fortified town, and an harbour, on the river Narova, which runs into the Gulf of Finland, G 2 145 verfts 7. Nar va. 145 verfts from St. Pe-terfburg. S. Gdov, On the river Gdovka, 220 verfts from St. Pe-terfburg. 9. Looga, On the river Looga, 133 verfts from St. Peterf-burg. 10. Novaya Ladoga, On the river Vol- khov, and the canal of Ladoga, 150 verfts from St. Peteriburg. Befides thefe diftricT: towns, there are other places worth notice, fuch as Cronftadr, on the Kotlin ifle, in the Gulf of Finland. It is a fea-port town, in which there is a fort, a court of admiralty, and a dock, and an haven, both for men of war and merchant fhips, Likewife, palaces and country-feats, as Peterhof, Tzarfkoye Selo, Pella, Tchefma, Tchefma, Gatchina, and Pavlovfkoye j the China manufactory ; Kolpina, Saratovka, and Siflerbeck. The commerce of St. Peterfburg is very confiderable. The internal products of the country are brought to it by water from a very great diftance; for the greater certainty of which the famous canal of Ladoga was made, on the fouth fide of the Ladoga lake, which begins from the river Volkhov, at the town of Novaya Ladoga, and extends to the river Neva, The length of this canal is 104 verfts. It is ten fajena* wide, and \\ deep. The canal of Sias is a continuation of the Ladoga canal, made for the communication of the rivers Volkhov and Sias. This government, formerly called Ingria, was conquered from * Sajene is a meafure equal to 7 feet Englifh- G 3 Sweden Sweden in 1702, and, by the treaty concluded at Neuftat, confirmed to Ruflia in 1721. The inhabitants of it, befides Ruffians, are Finns and Ingrians, whofe occupation, though not very induftrioufly followed, is husbandry, and breeding of cattle, in which they are imitated by other colonics fettled there. The land here in general is level, low, fandy, and in fome places boggy, and in others, a flrong wet clay, in the prefent Hate little fit for cultivation; and the produce of it at prefent is hy no means fufficicnt for the annual maintenance of the inhabitants. The clergy are under the jurifdicYion of the metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Peterfburg. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to 367,200. The The arms of St. Petersburg. Gules, two anchors faltierwife argent, furmounted by a fceptre having at the top of it an eagle difplayed with two heads or. The uniform. A light blue cloth coat, with a black velvet collar, lappels and cuffs, black lining, white waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. II. The Government of Archangel Lies in the northern region or divifion. This as well as the government of Olonetz are under the direction of one governor general. It is encompaffed on the north by the Northern Ocean and the White Sea j on the eaft it borders on the government of Tobolfk; on the fouth, on the governments of Vologda and Olonetz; and on the weft, again on the government of Olonetz, and the Swedilh and Danifh Lapland. G 4 The Theprincipal rivers here are,the Sievernaya, that is, the northern Dvina, the Vaga, the Onega, the Mezene, the Oudor, the Bolfhaya, that is, the great Petchora, the Pinega, the Outcha, and the Elma. It is divided into feven circuits or diftricts, the chief towns of which are the following. I. Archangel, commonly f The capital of ment. It is a port-town, and there are in it a court of admiralty and a dock. It lies in the latitude of 640 33' 40", and the longitude of 56" 39' 15", on the Sievernaya Dvina, at 30 verfts diftant from the mouth of this river, which falls into the White Sea. It 4 IS. is diftant from St. Pe-teriburg 1145, and from Mofqua 1236 verfts. 2. Kholmogori, On the Sievernaya Dvi, na, 84 verfts from Arch-anghelfk. ■0 9* Shenkourfk, On the river Vaga, 388 verfts from Arch. 4. Pinega, On the river Pinega, 230 verfts from Arch. £. Onega, An harbour on the One- ga, which runs into the White Sea, 232 verfts from Arch. 6*. Kola, An harbour in the mouth of the river Kola, which falls into the Northern Ocean, 1021 verfts from Arch. 7- Mezene, On the river Mezene, 517 verfts from Arch. Befides Befides thefe, the moft remarkable places here are, Kevrole, Pouftozerfk, Solovki or Solovetfkoy Monaftery, on the ifland So-lovetikoy, and the new Dvina fort, with a cuftom-houfc. In this government, befides Ruffians, there are two other forts of inhabitants, i. The Laplanders, or Lopari, in the diftrict of Kola. They are called the Ruffian Laplanders ; fome of them have received the Chriftian religion. They live in huts, have very large herds of rein-deer, whofe fleih and milk ferve for their fuftenance. 2. The Semoyads, a ftraggling numerous people ; they are idolaters. This race begins at Mezene, and extends to Enilfeifk, or even as far as the river Lena. They dwell in huts, live on rein-deer flefti, but chiefly on falmon ; which laft circumftance probably gave them the name of Semoyads, or Samoyeds, Samoyeds, which in the Ruffian language means fahn on-eaters. They pay yafak, that is a tribute, which is collected at Pouf-tozerfk. Novaya Zemlia, a barren, rocky, inhofpi-table ifland on the Northern Ocean. It is divided from the continent by the Straits of Vygat, and belongs to the government of Archangel; the inhabitants of which frequent this ifland for the fake of killing fea calves, mountain foxes, and white bears, the traffick of which brings them a very confiderable profit. The northern part of this government is very mountainous, but the fouthern abounds with very excellent meadow lands, fit for breeding of cattle. The horned cattle of Kholmogor is very famous for its extraordinary fize. There is a great quantity of larch 92 survey of the larch growing about the river Pinega, which is ufed to great advantage for ftiip-building. In the diftrict of Kholmogor there is a private dock-yard, and in that of Onega there is a great number of falt-pans. In confequence of the badnefs of the foil, which is not fit for cultivation, and the fe-verity of the climate, the inhabitants of this place are obliged to import corn for their maintenance, and to employ thcmfelves in killing of whales, fiflving, hunting, and gathering of eider down, for which purpofes they go to the White Sea and the Northern Ocean, as far as Spitsbergen. The goods exported from Archanghelfk into foreign countries are, corn,hemp, flax, hemp and linfeed oil ; Ruffia leather, peltry, fea-calves teeth and fkins j feal-fkins, tar, pitch, train train oil, and tallow; and from Onega there is a very confiderable exportation of marl and other timber. The inhabitants of Archanghcllk are famous for turning in bones, of different forts, feveral curious playthings, &c. which they difpofe of in different cities to very confiderable advantage. In the Solovetfkoy ifland they get clean talc, or Mofcovy glafs, which is difpofed of in the neighbouring places. The clergy are under the jurifdi&ion of the Bifhop of Archangel and Olonetz. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to 170,300. The arms of Archangel are, Or, a flying angel proper habited in azure, holding in one arm a fwordj and in the other a ihield gu^es, 94 SURVEY or THE gules, and Unking at a proftrate dseraon fable. The uniform. A light blue coat, lined with rafpberry colour, lappcls, collar and cuffs of the fame, with five buttons on the cuffs. Waiftcoat likewife rafpberry colour, and yellow buttons. Ill, The Government of Olonetz Lies in the northern region, and, together with that of Archangel, is under the direction of one governor general. It borders on the north, on the government of Archangel; on the eaft, on the fame government, and on that of Vologda, and on the White Sea ; on the fouth, on the governments of Novgorod, St. Peterfburg, and the Ladoga Lake; on the weft, on the government of Vyborg and and Sweden. The principal lakes in this government are, the Onega, Koonto, Sig,Vod-lo, and Latcha. The rivers, the Onega, Svir, and Vaga. It is divided into eight diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Petrozavodfk, The capital of the go- vernment, in 610 43' lat. and 51*51' long, fituated on the lake Onega, and the river Lofofin-ka, diftant 430 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 1024 verfts from Mofqua. 2. Olonetz, On the rivers Megrega, Verkhovka, and Olon-ka, 151 verfts from Petrozavodsk. 3. Vhytegra, An harbour and a dock- yard on the river Vhytegra, tegra, 217 verfts from Petroz. 4. Povienetz, An harbour on the lake Onega, 136 verfts from Petroz. 5. Kargapole, On the river Onega, 342 verfts from Petroz. G, Poodoga, or Poodoz, near the river Vodla, 240 verfts from Petroz. 7. Kern, or Kemy, At the mouth of the river Kem, which falls into the White Sea, 455 verfts from Petroz. 8. Ladeynoyc Pole, A dock-yard on the river Svir, 215 verfts from Petroz. The mountains between the lakes Ladoga and Onega contain marble of variegated colours, as well as fpecimens of lead and and gold ore; like wife iron and copper ore, which is brought into fufion in the ironworks on the fpot. At Petrozavodfk alfo there are iron-works, where fmall arms, cannons of call iron, and other articles requisite for arming Ships of war, are made ; all of which, as well as marble in large flabs, or worked into pillars, are conveyed by the lake Onega, the river Svir, the Ladoga canal, and the river Neva, to St. Pe-teriburg. To the north of Petrozavodsk, they have difcovercd medicinal waters. At Vhytegra there are warehoufes for flowing iron and corn, which are brought from the Volga by the river Sheklha, and Bielo-Oze-ro, that is, the White Lake, from whence part of it is conveyed to different towns fituate near the Onega, and part to St. Pe-terfburg. There are likewife fabricks for making raven ducks, and for refining Silt. rr Jut The The foil in this government is extremely barren, on account of the rocky bottom, the mountains, and its northern fituation. It is likewife very woody, and full of bogs, fo much fo, that the inhabitants cannot fub-fift by its produce longer than fix months. Its rivers and lakes abound with various forts of iifli, and its woods are full of wild animals of different kinds. The inhabitants get their livelihood chiefly by fifhing, carpenter's work, and cutting of ftone ; and, for the fake of procuring this kind of work, they go into the neighbouring governments, and particularly to St. Pcterfburg. As thole places abound with mails and other timber fit for building, which is exported to St. Pcterfburg in round and fquare balks and in deals, the people living near the river Svir, and other rivers which run into the Onega lake, arc employed in building different veflels for fea and river fervice. The The clergy are under the jurifdicYton of the bilhop of Archangel and Olonetz. The number of inhabitants in this government is reckoned to be 206,100. The arms of Olonetz are, or, an arm if-fuing from the clouds proper, holding a fhield azure, in bafe a chain fhot fable. The uniform ; a light blue coat, draw colour velvet collar, lappels and cuffs, with four buttons on the flit of the cuffs; white lining, waiflcoat and buttons. IV. The Government of Vyborg Lieiin the northern region, and is under the direction of a governor general. Its limits on the north are Sweden and the government of Olonetz ; on the eaft, the faid government of Olonetz and the Ladoga lake i on the fouth, the government of St. H % Peterfburg, Peterfburg and the Gulf of Finland ; and on the weft Sweden, from which it is divided by the river Kumcn. The moft remarkable lakes here are the Ladoga, Saima, Yaneih, Outrus and Kivi; the rivers, the Kumen and Vokfa. It is divided into fix diftricts or circuits, wherein the chief towns arc the following: 1. Vyborg, The capital of the government. It has an harbour and a fortrefs, and lies in the Gulf of Finland in 6o° 41' latitude, and46° 29'longitude ; diftant 140 verfts from St. Peterfburg and 868 verfts from Mofqua. 2. Fridricks-ham, A fortified town and an harbour on the Gulf of Finland, 136 verfts from Vyborg. 3. Vilman- 3. Vilmanflrand, A fortified town on the Vokfa river and the lake Saima, 50 verfts from Vyborg. 4. Keks-holm, A fortified town near the river Vokfa and the lake Ladoga, 130 verfts from Vyborg. 5. Neyflilot, A fortified town on the lake Outrus, 250 verfts from Vyborg. » 6. Serdobole, On the Ladoga lake, 238 verfts from Vyborg, This government confifts of a part of Carelia, anciently belonging to Ruflia, but which was pofteffed by the predeceftbrs of Charles XII. king of Sweden, in the time of the falfe Dcmetrius's, but reftorcd again by the conqueft in 1710, and by the treaties concluded at Neuftadt in 1721, and H3 at at Abo in 1743, finally confirmed to Ruffia. The inhabitants of this place arc Finns (which means inhabitants of boggy places). They are likewife called Tchu-khontzi and Maimifli; they fpcak a particular language, which differs from all known original languages: they write in Gothick letters, and are of the Lutheran confefTion. They build their villages and houfcs on hills or mountains, at a confiderable diftance from one another, fo that every one might have his corn-fields and meadow-lands near his own houfe. Befides the Finns, there are other nations inhabiting this country, fuch as Swedes and Germans, and fince the conqueft, many Ruffians. The foil in this government is very little fit for cultivation, on account of a great many bogs, lakes, flony bottoms, and the feveriry of the northern climate; fo much fo, that the the inhabitants cannot polTibly fubfift by the produce of their own lands. They are frequently brought by neceflity to prepare their corn for bread without feparating it from the chaff, or even to mix with it the bark of the fir tree. The fir and pine grow here in great plenty; and a very confiderable trade is carried on at Vyborg for timber, but chiefly for deal boards and tar. There is likewife a f ufficiently profitable traflick for fifh. Near Serdobole and Roufkolfk there are quarries of grey marble, which is fome-times variegated with yellow ftreaks. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif-diction of the metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Peterfburg, and the Finnifh are fub-je& to the direction of the confiftory of Vyborg and Fridriks-ham. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to 186,500. H 4 The The arms cf Vyborg are, azure, a fefs, in chief three crowns, in bafe a text W or; a bordure gules, the fhield held up by two angels proper habited in gules. The uniform; a light blue coat, with black velvet collar, and cuffs with flits, two buttons on the flits, pockets lengthwife, and yellow buttons on both the flaps, fet in cluf-ters, lining and waiftcoat of a flraw colour. V. The Government of Revel Lies in the northern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government cf Riga. Its limits are, on the north, the Gulf of Finland; on the eaft, the government of St. Peterfburg; on the weft, the Baltic Sea; and on the fouth, the Lake Tchude and the government of Riga. The moft remarkable rivers in it are, the the Pernova, Paida, and Padis. It is divided into five diftrids or circuits; the principal towns of which are the following: 1. Revel, The capital of the go- vernment. There is an harbour and a fort in it. It lies on the Gulf of Finland, in the 590 26' 22" of lat. and 420 27' 30" long, diflant 340 verfls from St. Peterfburg, and j 070 verfls from Mof-qua. 2. Veyfenfhtein, On the river Paida, 84 verfls from Revel. 3. Gabfal, An harbour on the Bal- tic Sea, 95 verfls from Revel. 4. Veyfcnberg, or Vezenberg, on a river which runs into the Gulf Gulf of Finland, So verfts from Revel. 5. Baltic fort, formerly called Roghervik, an harbour at the mouth of the river Padis, which falls into the Baltic Sea, 44 verfts from Revel. Befides thefe, the following places are likewife worth notice: viz. Tolcburg, a line harbour in the Gulf of Finland ; Dager-Ort and Paden on the ifle of Dago ; and the iflands of Vorms, Vulf, Nargcn, Vrangcl, and Rog, which are inhabited by the Swedes, who have brought both their corn and meadow-lands to a very tolerable degree of perfection. This government was formerly the dutchy of Efthonia, part of which anciently belonged to Ruffia. The predeceffors of Charles Charles XII. king of Sweden, took poffef-fion of it in the tumultuous times of the falfe Demetrius's; but in the year 1710 this whole dutchy was recovered from the Swedes, and by the treaty concluded at Neuftadt,in 1721,confirmed to Ruflia. The ancient inhabitants of this country were called Tchude. The Germans, Swedes, and Danes came and fettled there afterwards: thcfe, as well as the native Efthonians, arc of the Lutheran confeffion ; the latter have a language very fimilar to that of the Finns* The foil in this government is chiefly level, low, and damp, which however, when drained, is very proper for cultivation ; fo much fo, that, befides what is ne-ceffary for home confuinption, there is a great quantity of corn exported beyond the frontiers. The breeding of cattle like-wife makes a very profitable part of their economy. survey of the economy. The (lone which is found on the fea-coafl is burnt into lime, wherewith the neighbouring places are fupplied. The exportation from Revel into foreign kingdoms confifts in corn, hemp, flax, linfecd and hemp oil, wax, fail-cloth, and hides. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Peterfburg, and the Lutheran are under the direction of their own confiftory. The number of inhabitants in this government amounts to 202,300. The arms of Revel are, or, three lions paffant gardant azure, crowned of the field, creft on a helmet crowned, a demi-virgin proper, arrayed in white with a crown on her head, or. The uniform; a light blue coat, collar and cuffs of the fame, two buttons on the 5 *H*s Hits of the cuffs, with yellow lining, waift-coat, and buttons. VI. The Government of Riga Lies in the northern region or divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Revel. Its limits on the north are, the government of Revel; on the eaft it approaches the Tchude Lake, and the government of Pfcov; on the fouth, the government of Polotfk and the dutchy of Courland ; and on the weft it is .furrounded by a bay of the Baltic Sea, called the bay of Riga. The principal lakes in it are, the lake Virtz-erve, the lake of Marienburg, and the Burtneck; and the chief rivers are, the Weftern Dvina, the Embakh, the Pernova, the Fellin, the Aa or the Treider-aa, the Eveft, the Ogher, and the Salis. It is divided into into nine diflri&s or circuits, in which are the following towns: 1. Riga, The capital of the go- vernment, a port town and a fortrefs, fituated on the Weffern Dvina, at a diftance of 14 verfls from its mouth, which diiembogues itfelf into tbs Baltic Sea in 56* 56' latitude and 410 40' longitude, 545 verfls from St. Peterfburg, and 957 verfls from Mofqua. 2. Venden, On the river Aa, 80 verfls from Riga. 3. Volmar, On the river Aa, 112 verfls from Riga. 4. Pernov, A fortrefs and an har- bour at the mouth of the river Pernova, which falls falls into the Baltic Sea, 72 verfts from Riga. 5. Valk, On the river Feddel, 149 verfts from Riga. 6. Derpt, otherwife -j On the river Em-called by the kuf- >bakh, 226 verfts nans Yurievetz 1 I from Riga. Livonfko y, J 7. Fellin, On the lake Fellin, 241 verfts from Riga, 8. Verro, On the Tchudc lake, 230 verfts from Riga. 9. Arenfburg, An harbour on the ifland of Oezcl in the Baltic Sea, 238 verfts from Riga. Befides thefe, the fort of Dinamind is worth notice, as the duty of the fhips failing by is collected there. The circuit of Arenfburg confifts of the ifland of Oezel, and the frnaller iflands, the Moon, A Runo Runo and others : the laft of thefe two iflands is inhabited by Swedilh peafants, who fpeak the Swedifh language. The ifland of Oezel is about 80 verfts long, and 40 broad : the foil, though ftrong, is tolerably good for cultivation. This government includes the whole of what formerly conftituted the dutchy of Livonia, which was conquered from the Swedes in 1710, and, by the treaty concluded at Ncuftadt in 1721, entirely confirmed to Ruflia. The ancient inhabitants here arc, the Livonians, Efthonians, and Lettonians. The diftri&s of Derpt, Fellin, Pcrnov, and Arenfburg are inhabited almoft entirely by Efthonians, who to this day fpeak the Efthonian language. The Lettonians live in the diftricts of Riga, Venden, Volmar and Valk: they are of the fame race with the Lithuanians and Courlandcrs, and fpeak the fame language. RtfSSlAN EMPIRE. n$ language. The Livonians live on the river Salis. The natural ftate of the ground in this government is fimilar to that of the government of Revel; but the agriculture is upon a more extenfive fcale and in a much more improved ftate, and the exportation of corn from the ports of this government, but particularly from that of Riga, is'very confiderable ; they export likewife flax, hemp, and linfced, and oil, wax, mafts, timber in balks, deals, cloths, potafhes and hides. In the neighbourhood of Riga there are feveral quarries of lime-ftone and gypfum. But the moft profitable trade here is that of making brandy and other fpirits. The fifhery of the Baltic Sea and of the lakes and rivers is likewife very advantageous ; and a great number of horned cattle and horfes are fent from hence into the interior parts of Ruflia. I The The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the archbifhop of Pfcov and Riga, and the Lutheran under that of their own confiftory. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to The arms of Riga are azure, a fortrefs in a pyramidal form, being a gate with a portcullis between two towers, all gules ; at the entrance of the gate, a lion's head gardant proper, the fortrefs fupported by an eagle, difplayed with two heads, fable crowned or; in chief two keys placed faltierwife, argent, and over them, a crofs ©f the fame ; above all a crown or. The uniform ; a light blue coat, with a collar and cuffs of the fame colour, two buttons buttons on the flits at the bottom of the cuffs, white waiftcoat, lining and buttons. VII. The Government of Pfcov Lies in the northern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Smolenfk. It borders on the north on the government of St. Peterfburg; on the eaft, on the governments of Novgorod, of Tver and Smolenfk; on the fouth, on the government of Polotfk ; and on the weft, on the government of Polotfk and Riga. The moft confiderable lakes here are, the Podzo, the Khvat and Polifta; and the rivers, the Velikaya, the Lovate, Shelone and Toropa. It is divided into nine diftricts or circuits, which contain the following towns: I. Pfcov, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers I 2 Velikaya Velikaya and Pfcov, iri 570 40' latitude and 460 09'longitude, 346 verfts from St. Peterfburg and 717 from Mofqua. 2. Oftrov, On an ifland in the river Velikaya, and near the river Linenka, 50 verfts from Pfcov. 3. Opotchka, or Opotchki, on an ifland in the river Velikaya, 137 verfts from Pfcov. 4. Novorjev, Near the lakes Podzo, Arfho and Reffo, 132 verfts from Pfcov. 5. Velikiya Looki, On the rivers Lovate and Koiomenka, 230 verfts from Pfcov. 6. Toropetz, On the river Toropa, 347 verfts from Pfcov. 7. Kholm, On the rivers Lovate and and Kounya, 420 verfts from Pfcov. 8. Porkhov, On the river Shelone, 80 verfts from Pfcov. 9. Petchora, or Petcheri, on the river Pimja, 54 verfts from Pfcov. Befide thefe there is a village, Izborfk, which is worth notice, as it has been a confiderable town in ancient times. The foil in this government in general is low and level, with clay or fandy bottom, which however, when drained and manured properly, becomes very fit for cultivation. Flax and hemp grow here particularly well. There is a great plenty of meadow-lands; likewife a great abundance of timber for building. The lakes and rivers abound with fifh. The inhabitants export their products in great quanti-I 3 ties, ties, and particularly flax, hemp, tar, wax, Ruflia leather, hides and timber, both to Narva and St. Peterfburg, and to other places. The clergy are Subject to the jurifdi&ion of the archbifhop of Pfcov and Riga. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to 578,100. The arms of Pfcov are azure, a tiger cat paffant or, in chief a hand iffuing from the clouds proper. The uniform; a light blue coat, with collar, cuffs, and lining of the rafpberry colour ; three buttons on the cuffs, flraw co-. loured waiflcoat, and white buttons. VIII. The Government of Tver Lies in the northern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the the government of Novgorod. Its limits are, on the north, the governments of Novgorod and Yaroflavl; on the eaft, the governments of Yaroflavl, Vladimir, and Mofcov ; on the fouth, the government of Smolenfk ; and on the weft, the governments of Pfcov and Novgorod. The principal lakes in this government are the Seligher, Volgo, and Dvinetz; and the rivers, the Volga, Dvina, Mfta, Tvertza, Mologa, Medveditza, and Vazouza. It is divided into 13 diftriiSts, or circuits, containing the following towns: f, Tver, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers Volga, Tvertza, and Tmak, in the 56° 50' of latitude, and 530 53' of longitude, 568 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 162 from Mofcov. I 4 2. Koliazin, 5, Krafnoy Kholm, 2. Koliazin, On the rivers Volga and Jabna, 168 verfts from Tver. 3. Kafhin, On the river Kafhinka, 121 verfts from Tver. 4. Vefiyegonik, On the rivers Mologa and Rena, 141 verfts from Tver. On the rivers Mogotcha and Neledina, 161 verfts from Tver. 6. Vhifhney 1 On the rivers Mfta and Volotchok, J Tvertza, 134 verfts from Tver. 7. Biejetfk, On the river Mologa, 107 verfts from Tver. 8. Rjev Vladi- 1 Near the rivers Volga mirov, land Khaloonka, 137 verfts from Tver. Near the lake Seligher, 183 verfts from Tver. 10. Zoubtzov, } 11 9. Oftafhkov, sro. Zoubtzov, 11. Torjok, 12. Staritza, 13. Kortcheva, On the rivers Volga and Vazouza, 116 verfls from Tver. On the river Tvertza, 63 verfls from Tver. On the rivers Volga and Staritza, 67 verfls from Tver. On the rivers Volga and Kortchevka, 65 verfts from Tver. Befides Ruffians, there are fome Finns in this government, fettled about Biejetfk, who are of the Greek religion. The ground here mofl generally is rich and fruitful, producing corn and hemp in plenty. The inhabitants carry on a very confiderable trade in thefe articles, which is greatly facilitated by the water-communication extending from hence to feveral parts of Ruflia. The town of Vhifhney Volotchok is much crowded crowded with people every fpring, on account of the great number of barges that frequent it at this fcafon. There is a very great commerce carried on here for corn, flax, hemp, and timber. The towns of Biejetfk, Torjok, and Rjev Vladimerov, likewife carry on traflick to a very confiderable amount, particularly the laft mentioned town, from whence there is a great quantity of corn, hemp and tallow exported yearly to St. Peterfburg. The canal of Vhiftmey Volotchok is in this government ; it forms the communication between the rivers Tvertza and Mfta. The canals of the Tvertza and the Tzna do not extend above 4^ verfts, and are made only to facilitate the communication of thefe two rivers. There are feveral refervoirs made near to fupply the canals with water. The rivers Volga and Dvina take their rife in this government. The The clergy are under the direction of the archbifhop of Tver and Kafhin. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 903,600. The arms of Tver are gules, on a fland with four feet or, a cufhion vert, on which is a ducal coronet of the 2d. The uniform ; a light blue coat, with a collar and cuffs of rafpberry colour, and fix buttons; two of which are on the cuff, and four on the flit of it: the lining and waifl-coat of the fame rafpberry colour, and white buttons, which on both fides of the coat are put in clutters. IX. The Government of Novgorod Lies in the northern divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Tver, Its limits are, on the the north, the governments of Olonetz and St. Peterfburg; on the eaft, the governments of Vologda and Yaroflavl; and on the weft, the governments of St. Peterfburg and Pfcov. Its principal lakes are the Ilmen, Bielo-Ozero Voz, and the lake of Valday ; and its rivers, the Volkhov, Shekfna, Mfta, Mologa, Atchagoda, Shelone, Lovate, Sias, Pafha, Svid, and Oyat. It is divided into 10 diftridts, or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Novgorod, The capital of the go- vernment, on the river Volkhov, in the 580 22' of latitude, and 490 15' of longitude, 180 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 548 from Mofqua. 2. Kreftzi, On the river Kholova,- 93 verftsfromNovgorod, 3. Staraya Ruffa, On the rivers Polifta, Tcxud] re, and Percri-titza, titza, 120 verfts from Novgorod. 4. Valday, On the lake of Valday, 150 verfts from Novgorod. 5. Borovltchi, On the river Mfta, 183 verfts from Novgorod. 6. Tikhvin, On the river Tikhvinka, 210 verfts from Novgorod. 7. Ouftiuzna, called the JeliczopoHkaya, On the river Mologa, 357 verfts from Novgorod. 8. Bielozerfk, On the lake Bielo- OzerOj 624 verfts from Novgorod. 9. Tcherepovetz, On the rivers Shekfna and Yagorba, 476 verfts from Novgorod. 10. Kirilov, Between the lakes Dol- g°yc> goye, Sieverfkoye, and Louyfkoye, 533 verfls from Novgorod. In this government, befides Ruffians, there are fome Finns fettled, but chiefly in the northern part of it, where the ground is low, marfhy, and full of bogs, covered with mofs. To the fouthward the ground is upon a rife, more fit for vegetation, and produces corn, flax and hemp in abundance : the ground here being chiefly clay, loam, light, fandy, and frequently black earth, produces plenty of fine wood, and abounds in meadows. The principal commerce of this place confifls in corn, flax, hemp, and timber. In feveral places about the rivers Shelone and Polifla, but chiefly about the town of Staraya Ruffa, there are very rich fait fprings, and on that account the manufactories for making fait are efla-blifhed there. About.the river Shelone there there are Several quarries of lime-ftonc and gypfum. There is likewife iron-ore to be found in fome places, but particularly in the circuit of Oufliuzna, the inhabitants of which are chiefly employed in making of iron and carrying on the blackfmith's bufi-nefs. The famous Borovitfkie Poroghi, that is, the cataracts of Borovitchi, on the river Mfta, fcattered on a diftance of 30 verfts, are in this government. The navigation, however, which formerly was very hazardous, is now conducted with great fafety, owing to the experience of the pilots, and to fome of the ftones being cleared out of the way. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Peterfburg. The number of inhabitants of both fexe* amounts to 577,500. n The The arms of Novgorod are argent, in a pond azure, four fifh.es natant, of the field* above which a chair of ftate, adorned with candlefticks or, on a cufhion gules, a fcep-tre and crozier, placed faltierwife or, the chair fupported by two bears rampant fable. The uniform; a light blue coat, with black velvet collar and cuffs, four buttons; on the flits; white lining, waiftcoat and buttons. X. The Government of Vologda Is fituate in the northern divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Yaroflavl. Its borders are, on the north, the government of Archangel; on the eaft, the government of Tobolfk ; on the fouth, the governments of of Permc, Viatka, Koftroma, and Yaroflavl; and on the weft, the governments of Novgorod and Olonetz. The moft remarkable lake here is Koubinfkoye; and the chief rivers are the Northern Dvina, the Great Petchora, the Soukhona, Vhit-chegda,, Vaga, Yug, Siflbla and Mezene. This government is divided into two provinces, viz. the province of Vologda, and the province of Velikoy Ouftiug, or the Great Ouftiug, which are again fubdivided into 12 circuits,'or diftri&s, containing the following towns: In the Province of Vologda* i. Vologda, The capital of the go- vernment, on the river Vologda, in 590 20' latitude, and 570 30' longitude, 689 verfts from x St. Peterfburg, and 420 from Mofqua. K 2. Vellk, < 2. Velfk, Between the rivers Vaga and Veliya, 280 verfts from Vologda. On the river Soukhona, 200 verfts from Vologda. On the rivers Griazov-ka and ftjavka, 24 verfts from Vologda. On the river Sadima, 42 verfts from Vologda* 3. Totma, 4. Griazovitz, 5. Kadnikov, In tl*e Province of Velikoy Oufliug. 6. Ouftiug Velikoy, The capital of the province, on the river Soukhona, 47 4 verfts from Vologda. 7. Solvhitchegodlk, On the river Vhit- chegda, 558 verfts from Vologda. 8. Lalik, On the river Lale, 649 verfts from Vologda. 9. Nikolfk, 9. Nikolfk, °n the rivcr Yug, 632 verfls from Vologda. 10. Krafnoborfk, On the Northern Dvi- na, 576 verfls from Vologda. 11. Oufle Siffolfk, On the river Siffola, 868 verfls from Vologda. 12. Yarenfk, On the rivers Vhitchcg- da and Yarenga, 722 verfls from Vologda. The province of Vologda is much better peopled than that of Velikoy Ouftiug, and the foil in it likewife is much better, though in general it is low, marfliy, fandy, and of clay mixed with fand, and frequently with pebble Hones,producing but indifferent crops of corn. The inhabitants employ them-felvcs in fifhing, and other common country works, in turning wood, making all forts of wooden u.tenfils, and in making can-K 2 dies, dies, which they export to different places, but chiefly to St. Peterfburg and Archangel, in great quantities. They prepare here a particular kind of fmall mufhrooms, famous for their delicate tafte, which they export in confiderable quantities to different places. On account of the convenient Situation of Vologda, it ferves as a repofitory both for the Ruffian goods, which are forwarded by water to the port of Archangel, and for thofe which are imported from foreign countries, and are conveyed into the interior parts of Ruflia. Some of the merchants of this town have formed their mercantile connections on the frontiers of China, and as far as the Aleoutfkie Iflands, and have acquired thereby very confiderable capitals. There is likewife a very great trade carried from Ouftiug Velikoy to the port of Archangel, by the rivers Soukhona, Yug, an&Dvina. In the province of Velikoy koy Ouftiug, befides Ruffians, there are fome Zhiryane fettled on the rivers Vhicheg-da, Siffola, and Vhym : this race are de-fcendants from the Tchude or Finns. They embraced the Chriftian religion in the fourteenth century, and, having forgot their own dialect, fpeak now the Ruffian language, fn their mode of living, they differ very little from the Ruffians: their chief employment is hufbandry and hunting, and fome go to feek for work in the iron works of the Oural Mountains. There are feveral fait works erected in this government, on account of the great abundance of fait-pits found in it. The clergy are under the direction of the bifhop of Vologda and Velikoy Ouftiug. The number of inhabitants' of both fexe^ amounts to 556,200. K. 3 The The arms of Vologda are gules, a fmifter arm itfuing from the clouds proper, holding a mound or, and a fword hilt argent, pommel or. The uniform; a light blue coat, with round black velvet cuffs, lappels and collar ; white lining and waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. XI. The Government of Tar ofav I Lies in the northern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Vologda. Its limits are, on the north, the governments of Novgorod and Vologda; on the eaft, the government of Koftroma ; on the fouth, the government of Vladimir; and on the weft, the governments of Tver and Novgorod. The principal lake here is the Nero, or the lake of Roftov; and the rivers, the Volga, Volga, Shekfna, and Mologa. It Is divided into 12 diftricts, or circuits, containing the following t owns: 1. Yaroflavl, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers Volga and Kotrolle, in 57° 37 36" latitude, and 57° 43' longitude, 830 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 240 from Mofqua. 2. Roftov, On the lake Nero, 55 verfts from Yaroflavl. 3. Pctrovfk, On the rivers Sara and Petchora, 77 verfts from Yaroflavl. 4. Borifoglebfk, On the river Volga, 32 verfts from Yaroflavl. 5. Mhyftikin, On the river Volga, 126 verfts from Yaroflavl. K 4 6. Ouglitch, 6. Ouglitch, On the river Volga, 101 verfts from Yaroflavl. 7. Pofhekhoniye, On the rivers Sogoja and Soga, 112 verfts from Yaroflavl. 8. Rhybnhiy, or Rhybinik, on the ri- vers Volga and Tche-remka, 73 verfts from Yaroflavl. On the rivers Obnora and Outcha, 100 verfts from Yaroflavl. On the rivers Volga and Mologa, 110 verfts from Yaroflavl. On the river Pelenda, 63 verfts from Yaroflavl. On the river Volga, 34 verfts from Yaroflavl. 0. Liubim, 10. Mologa, 11. Danilov, 1 2. Romanov, The The foil in this government is chiefly clayey and fandy, and the hufbandry in a very indifferent ftate; the furface of the ground in general is level. The inhabitants employ thcmfclves in different handicrafts, but chiefly in maibn's and plafterer's works, and in making earthen ware : they are famous likewife for cultivating, to a very great perfection, all kinds of garden vegetables, with which they fupply the neighbouring places. There are here fe-Veral famous fabrics of all kinds of linens, woollens, cottons and filks; but the principal is that of Zatrapeznoy, where they make table-cloths and napkins of fuperior quality, fo much fo, that they are in no wife inferior to any made abroad, and there is a great quantity of them exported to foreign kingdoms. In the town g,f Romanov there are likewife linen, filk and tanning fabrics. The river Volga, which runs .runs through this government, Supplies; it abundantly with very fine fifh, and particularly with the Sterliade and Biclaya Rybitza, which laft is a kind of white falmon, and which are exported to feveral parts of the empire in great quantities. The clergy are under the direction of the archbiftiop of Roftov and Yaroflavl. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 740,900. The arms of Yaroflavl are argent, a bear erect proper, bearing a halbert, or. The uniform ; a light blue coat, with black velvet round cuffs, lappels and collar, white lining, waiftcoat and buttons. XII. *fhe Government of Kofroma Is fituated in the northern region, and is under under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Vladimir : its limits are, on the north, the government of Vologda ; on the eaft, the government of Viatka j on the fouth, the governments of Nizney-Novgorod and Vladimir; and on the weft, the governments of Yaroflavl and Vologda. The principal lakes here are, the lake of Galitch and the lake of Tchoukhloma; and the rivers, the Volga, Vetlooga, Ounja, and Koftroma. It is divided into two provinces: viz. the province of Koftroma and'that of Ounja, confiding of 15 diftri&s or circuits, which contain the following towns : The Province of Koftroma. I. Koftroma, The capital of the government, on the rivers Volga and Koftroma, in 57° 57° 25' latitude, and 590 15' longitude, 802 verfts from St. Peterfburg and 306 from Mofqua. 2. Ncrekhta, On the river Nerekhta, 42 verfts from Koftroma. 3. PlefTa or Plefs, On the river Pleffa, 54 verfts from Koftroma. 4. Loukh, On the river Loukha, in verfts from Koftroma. 5. Kincfhma, Qn the river Volga, 81 verfts from Koftroma. 6. Bouy, On the rivers Vekfa and Koftroma, 126 verfts from Koftroma. 7. Sol Galitikaya, On the river Koftroma, 206 verfts from Koftroma. 8. Yurycvetz 8. Yuryevetz Povolgfluy, on the river Volga, 121 verfts from Koftroma* 9. Galitch, - On the lake of Galitch, 114 verfts from Koftroma. 10. Kadhiy, On the r)vers Kadhi- yevka and Votgata, 148 verfts from, Koftroma. 11. Tchoukhloma, On the lake of Tchou- khloma, 167 verfts from Koftroirra. The Province of Ounja. 12. Makariyev 1 The capital of the pro-on the Ounja, J vince, on the river Ounja, ,192 verfts. fu m Koftroma. 13 Vetlooga, On the river Vetlooga, 332 verfts from Koftroma. 14. Kologriv, f 14. Kologriv, On the river Ounja, 254 verfts from Koftroma. 15. Varnavin, On the river Vetlooga, 339 verfts from Koftroma. Befides thefe there are fome villages, which are worth notice, fuch as Ounja, Souday, Parpheniyev and Soudiflavl. This government is very wrell peopled; but the hufbandry and the breeding of cattle are in a very indifferent ftate. Flax and hemp are cultivated here in abundance, and a very confiderable quantity of cloth of feveral kinds is made. Great numbers of the inhabitants of this government go into the neighbouring places to feek for work, and are employed chiefly as fail-ors, watermen, carpenters and joiners. At home their commerce conlifts chiefly 7 in in tallow, tar, mats and wooden utcnfils. The town of Yuryevetz Povolgfkiy exports a very confiderable quantity of corn by the river Volga to Koftroma and Yaroflavl. Iron-ore has been difcovered in fome places. The clergy are under the jurifdicYio.n of the bifhop of Koftroma and Galitch. The number of inhabitants of botli fexes amounts to 815,400. The arms of Koftroma are azure, a galley rigged with the imperial ftandard proper. d'a&hflib £i clni I ,hWlh gfllimoUM The uniform j a light blue coat, lappels, collar, and round cuffs of a pale light blue velvet; lining and waiftcoat of the fame colour, and yellow buttons. XIIL 7%* XIII. The Government of Viatka Lies in the northern region or divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Kazane. It is bounded on the north, by the government of Vologda ; on the eaft, by the government of Perme; on the fouth, by the governments of Oufa and Kazane ; and on the weft, by the governments of Vologda and Koftroma. The moft remarkable rivers here are, the Kama, Viatka, Vetlooga, Si (Tola, Kokftiaga, Tcheptza and Moloma. It is divided into 13 diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns : I. Viatka (formerly called Khlinov), the capital of the government on the rivers Viatka Viatka and Khlinovitza, in 5 8° 30' of latitude, and68°22' of longitude, 1714 verfls from Peterfburg, and 984 from Mofqua. 2. Kay or Kaygorod, on the river Kama, 246 verfls from Viatka. 3. Kotelnitch, On the rivers Viatka and Veflka, 98 verfts from Viatka. 4. Slobodfkiy, On the river Viatka, 28 verfls from Viatka. 5. Ourjoum, On the river Ourjoumka, 163 verfls from Viatka. 6. Orlov on the Viatka, On the rivers Viatka, Vorobyekha and Pleflikha, 51 verfls from Viatka. 7. Yaranfk, On the river Yaran, 202 verfls from Viatka. 8. Tzarevo- 8. Tzarevofantchourfk, On the rivers Kok- fhaga and Staritfa, 253 verfis from Viatka. 9. Glazov, On the river Tcheptza, 214 verfts from Viatka. 10. Elabouga, On the river Kama, 373 verfts from Viatka. 11. Malmhifh, On the river Shofhma, •249 verfts from Viatka. 12. Sarapoole, On the river Kama, 510 verfts from Viatka. 13. Noli or Nolinfk, On the rivers Voya and Dubrovka, 112 verfts from Viatka. Befides thefe, the village of Sheftakov is worth notice. Befides the Ruffians there are in this government the Votiaki or Votti, the Tchouvafhi and the TchercmifTi, fettled from the ancient times about the rivers Viatka and Kama. Thefe people defcend defcend from the Finns, and in their mode of living they are very much like them. Great numbers of them are Chriftians, the reft Idolaters. The condition of this government is chiefly boggy and mountainous, and the foil in general is clayey, except one part called the Meadow Bank of the river Kama, where the foil is black earth ; and on that account the husbandry and the breeding of cattle here are brought to a very tolerable ftate of perfection. The principal produce of this government is corn, honey, wax, linfeed, Ruflia leather, and tallow, which are exported every year in great quantities to the port of Archangel. In the diftrict of Slobodf-kiy, there are fome iron and brandy works. In the circuits of Kotelnitch and Kaygorod, there are two fwamps extend-L 1 ing extending to feveral hundred verfts. The rivers Kama, Viatka, and Vetlooga take their rife in them. There is a great quantity of wood growing in thefe fwamps, which is made ufe of for building. The Ruffian clergy are under the direction of the bifhop of Viatka and Velikaya Perme, and the Idolaters are under the government of their own forcerers. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 817,100. The arms of Viatka are or, a finifter arm ifluing from the clouds, holding a bow and arrow drawn proper, in chief a fmall crofs gules. The uniform. A light blue coat, with cloth collar, and cuffs of the fame colour; on on the cuffs four buttons on the flits; the lining and waiftcoat of a ftraw colour, and yellow buttons, which are fet in cluflers on the flaps of the coat. XIV. The Government of Perme Lies in the northern divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor-general as the government of Tobolfk. Its limits are, on the north, the government of Vologda ; on the eaft, the government of Tobolfk ; on the fouth, the government of Oufa; and on the weft, the government of Viatka. The principal rivers here are, the Kama, Vhi-fhera, Toura, Tchoufovaya, Kolva Sylva, Pyfhma, and Oufa. It is divided into two provinces ; the province of Perme, and the province of Ecatherinburg, confifting of fifteen circuits or diftricts, which contain the following towns : L 3 The The Province of Perme. . Perme, The capital town of the government, on the river Kama, in 570 50' of latitude, and 740 10' longitude, 1949 verfts from St. Peterfburg, 1219 verfts from Mof-qua. 1. Koungour, On the rivers Sylva and Yrcna, 90 verfts from Perme. 3. Obv, or Obvinfk, On the rivers Obva and Yazva, 50 verfts from Perme. 4. Okhane, or Okhanfk, On the river Kama, 67 verfts from Perme. 5. Solikamfk, Near the river OufTolka, 263 verfts from Perme. 6. Offa, Near the rivers Kama and and OfTenka, 113 verfts from Perme. 7. Krafno-Oufimik, On the river Bif- ferta, 188 verfts from Perme. 8. Tcherdyne, On the river Kolva, 364 verfts from Perme. The Province of Ecatherinburg* 9. Ecatherinburg, The capital of the pro- vince, on the river If-fete, 358 verfts from Perme. 10. Shadrin, Near the rivers Iffete and Tetcha, 556 verfts from Perme. 11. Dalmatov, On the river Iffete, 510 verfts from Perme. 12. Kamifhlov, On the river Pyllima, 483 verfts from Perme. L 4 13. Irbit, 13. Irbit, On the rivers libit and Nitza, 572 verfts from Perme. 14. Verkhotouriye, On the river Toura, 540 verfts from Perme. 15. Alapayev, On the river Neyva, 501 verfts from Perme. Befides the Ruffians, Pcrmians, and Zhiriane refiding in this government, there are fome Vogoulitchi fettled on both fides of the Oural Mountains. They fubiill chiefly by hunting and fifhing, and pay their tribute in elks' fkins. The Permians and the Zhiriane have a particular dialect:, though all of them fpeak the Ruffian language, and otherwife differ very little from the Ruffians. This government, from north to fouth, is divided by a ridge of the Oural Mountains, The fprings and rivulets which russian empire. 153 which rife on the eaftern fide of thefe mountains, form feveral rivers, falling into the Obe, which diiembogues itfelf into the Glacial Sea ; and thofe waters which rife on the weftern fide of thefe mountains, by different ftreams, collect themfelves into the river Kama, which joins with the Volga, and this laft falls into the Cafpian Sea. This government abounds in rich ores of gold, coper, and iron ; likewife in quarries of marble of different colours, and in other kinds of hard ftones; befides, there are feveral fait works erected here. The huf-bandry and the breeding of cattle are in a very good ftate, and the rivers produce fifth in abundance. This government at prefent contains eighty-eight different copper and iron works belonging to government, as well as to private people, and three gold works, 154 survey of the works, for feparating gold ore. The metals extracted in thefe works are chiefly conveyed to St. Peterfburg by water carriage on the river Tchufovaya, which falls into the Kama. In the circuit of Solikamfk there are fome fait works belonging to government, as well as to private people. The fait which is made here is known by the name of Permyanka, and is carried from hence, by the river Kama, into different parts of Ruffia. The copper got at Eca-therinburg is made into coin; and the iron into anchors, and other tools. The mountain of Goomifhevfk, which is fituate in this government, produces plenty of marble, jafper, feveral other hard flones and malachites, which are dug here and polifhed. In the town of Irbit there is a fair held every year, which is frequented by merchants from the whole empire : here they fell fell or exchange the Ruffian as well as foreign products, for thofe of Siberia, hut chiefly for peltry. The clergy are under the jurifdi&ion of the bifhop of Viatka and the great Permia. The number of inhabitants amounts to 798,950. The arms of Perme are gules, a bear paf-fant argent bearing the Bible or, furmounted by a fmall crofs of the 2d. The uniform. A light blue coat, with collar, lappels, cuffs and lining of rafpberry colour, five buttons on the flits, white waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. XV. The Government of Tibolfh Is fituate in the northern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor-general general as the government of Perme. It is bounded on the north by the Glacial Sea; on the eaft, by the government of Irkoutfk; on the fouth,by the government of Irkoutfk and that of Kolhivane, as well as by the deferts of Kirghis-kaifaks; and on the weft, by the governments of Archangel, Perme, and Oufa. The moft remarkable lakes here are, the Tchani, Pelhim, Indrey, and Tay-mour; the rivers, the Obe, Eniffey, Tobol, Irtifh, Tom, Tchulim, Kettc, Vakh, Yugan, Taz, Touroukhan, the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower Toungoufka, Ifhim, Kha-tanga, Tavda, Toura, and Iffete. This government is divided into two provinces, viz. the province of Tobolfk, and the province of Tomfk, both together confifting of fixteen diftri&s, or circuits, in which are the following towns : In In the Province of Tobolfk, Tobolfk, The capital town of the government, on the rivers Irtifh and Tobol, in, 580 12' 22" of latitude, and 85°56' 15" of longitude, diftant 2881 verfls from St. Peterfburg, and 2153 from Mofqua. Tara, On the rivers Irtifh and Arkarka, 560 verfls from Tobolfk. Yaloutorovfk, On the river Tobol, 350 verfls from Tobolfk. Tiumene, On the Toura and Tiu-menka, 254 verfls from Tobolfk. Tourinfk, On the Toura, 40 5 verfts from Tobolfk, 6. Berezov, 6. Berezov, On the river Vogoulka, 897 verfts fromTobolfk. 7. Sourgout, On the Obe, 783 verfts from Tobolfk. 8. Omfk, On the Ome and Irtifh, 712 verfts from Tobolfk. 9. Ifhim, On the Ifhim, 380 verfts from Tobolfk. 10. Kourgan, On the Tobol, 414 verfts from Tobolfk. In the Province of Tomfk. 11. Tomfk, The capital town of the province, fituate on the river Tom, 1424 verfts from Tobolfk. 12. Atchinfk, On the Tchoulhim, 820 verfts from Tobolfk. 13. Eniffeiik, On the river Eniffey, 6 1924 1924 verfts from Tobolfk. 14. Touroukhanfk, formerly Mangazea, On the rivers Eniffey and Touroukhan, 2972 verfts from Tobolfk. 15. Kainfk, Upon the Ome, in the deferts of Baraba, 897 verfts from Tobolfk. 16. Narim, On the Obe, Kette, and Narimka, 1834 verfts from Tobolfk. Befides thefe, the village Pelhim is not undeferving notice. The line of Ifhim, which has been made to protect the country againft the inroads of the Kirghis-Kaifaks, paffes here. It extends eaftward from the river Tobol as far as Omfk, and contains eleven forts. In In this government, befides Ruffians, there are the Ziriane, the Vogoulitchi, the Bukharians, the Tatars' of different tribes, the Tchouvafhi, the Semoyadi, and the Oftiaki and Toungoufi of different tribes. Some of thefe people are of the Mahometan religion > and fome Idolaters. Part of them are fixed, and employ themfelves in hufbandry and the breeding of cattle ; the reft lead a wandering life, and fubfift by hunting and fifhing. All of them pay their tribute chiefly in furs. This government, which conftitutes a part of Siberia, was conquered and annexed to Ruffia in 1584. The northern part of it is covered with impervious woods and moraffes, except the part extending along the Icy Sea, which produces no kind of wood on account of the ice, which, as it remains from one year to another without thawing, deftroys the vegetation, and only incrcafes increafes the number of moraffes j and, by reafon of this inconvenience, the northern part of this government is much more thinly peopled than the fouthern; From the river Obe eaftward, and as far as the Altay Mountains, there is a plain of a very confiderable extent, known by the name of the Barabinlkaya Stepe, viz. the Deferts of Baraba, the northern part of which, being rich and fit for cultivation, is accordingly inhabited by colonifts, which came thither from different places: but the fouthern part of it, being only a fandy de-fert full of fait lakes, and unfit for cultivation, is therefore hardly inhabited, but by a few roving tribes. The chief produce of this government is corn and flax ; but as it abounds likewife in wild beafts, birds, and fifh.es, it attracts a great number of huntf-M men, men, &c. who carry on a very confiderable trade in furs, and other articles. The rivers Obe and Eniffey receive a great number of other rivers, which are large and convenient for navigation, fo much fo, that goods of any weight may be conveyed for a trifling expence from the frontiers of China as far as Peterfburg. This navigation is conducted in the following manner; viz. The river Selenga originates in the Chinefe dominions, and runs into the Baikal Lake -3 out of this lake rifes the Angara, which communicates with the Oka, where it receives the name of Toungoofka; this falls into the Eniffey, by which goods are conveyed to Eniffeifk; from Eniffeifk the goods are tranfported by land to Makovfkoy Oftrog, which is a dif-tancc of 89 verfts ; there they are again reloaded, reloaded, and by the river Kette carried down as far as Narim, near which this river falls into the Obe; by the Obe they are conveyed to the mouth of the Irtifh, where they are carried againft the ftream as far as the Tobol, and by this laft to Tobolfk, and thence to the mouth of the Toura, by which they continue their route to Irbitt, where the water communication is interrupted by the Oural Mountains : here they are conveyed again through a fmall diftance by land, where the water communication re-commences by the rivers Silva and Tchoufovaya, both running into the Kama, which communicatee with the Volga, and by this laft they are carried to thofe canals which form the communication with the port of St. Pcterfburg. But the water communication, from Irbitt back to Siberia, is very difficult, as M 2 the the vefTels are obliged to go againft the rapid dreams of the Obe, Kette and Angara, as far as Irkoutfk. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif-di&ion of the bifhop of Tobolfk and Siberia ; and thofe of a different perfuafion under that of their own paftors. The number of inhabitants amounts to 514,700. The arms of Tobolfk are azure, a pyramid within a ftandard, or, having on each fide an halbert argent and flandards of colours gules. The uniform; a light blue coat, with a Ilraw colour velvet collar, lappels and cuffs, five buttons on the flits of the cuffs, lining and waiflcoat of the fame draw colour, and white buttons. SEC- SECTION II. 7 he Middle Region or Divifion. XVI. The Government of Mofcov, commonly called Mofqua, T I E S in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the chief commander of Mofcma, as well as of the high court of juftice of this government. It is bounded, on the north, by the government of Tver ; on the eaft, by the governments of Vladimir and Riazane ; on the fouth, by the governments of Riazane, Toola and Kalouga; and on the weft, by the government of Smolenfk. The moft remarkable rivers here are, the Oka, Mofqua, Kliafma and Pakhra. It is divided into 15 diftri&s or circuits, which contain the following towns: M 3 i. Mofcov, I. Mofcov, ge-nerally called by the Ruffians, Mofqua, %< Vofkrefenfk, 3. Bogorodfk, 4. Bronnitzi, 5. Rouza, 6. Kolomna, The capital of the government, as well as of >the empire, upon the rivers Mofqua, Yaouza and Neglinnaya, in 550 45' 45" of latitude, and 550 12' 43" of longitude, 728 verfts from St. Peterfburg. On the river Iftra, 42 verfts from Mofqua. On the Kliafma, 48 verfts from Mofqua. On the Mofqua, 51 verfts from Mofqua. On the Rouza, 88 verfts from Mofqua. On the Mofqua and Kolomenka, 100 verfts from Mofqua. 7, Serpoukhov, 7. Serpoukhov, Upon the Oka and Nara, 88 verfts from Mofqua. 9. Podoll, or Podolfk, Upon the Pakhra, 33 verfts from Mofqua. 10. Zvenigorod, On the Mofqua, 45 .verfts from Mofqua, 11. Mojayik, Upon the Mofqua and Mojayka, 99 verfts from 12. Volokolamfk, On the Lama, 101 verfts 8. Nikitfk, Upon the Pakhra, 31 verfts from Mofqua. from Mofqua. 13. Klin, Upon the Seftra, 82 verfts from Mofqua. 14. Dmitrov, Upon the Yakhroma and Berezovka, 62 verfts from Mofqua. 15. Vereya, Upon the Protva, 98 verfts from Mofqua. M4 Befides Befides thefe, the imperial country palaces are worth notice; fuch as Kolomenfkoye Selo, the Preobrazenfkoye, Semenov-fkoye, and Ifmailovfkoye Selo, as well as the Monaflery of the Holy Trinity and St. Sergius. The agriculture and the breeding of cattle in this government are generally in a tolerable ftate, affording great profits to the inhabitants, who, befides the cultivation of the land, employ thcmfclvcs indifferent fahricks and handicrafts, by thetraflick whereof they procure themfelves a very comfortable livelihood, and acquire confiderable property. The commerce of Mofqua is very confiderable on account of the water communication between the rivers Mofqua, Oka, Volga, Gjate, Vazouza and Shoflia, which affords an opportunity to the inhabitants of Mofqua to form their connections with the ■russian empire. 1 69 the principal towns in the empire. The inhabitants of the town of Colomna employ themfelves chiefly in the breeding and grazing of cattle, which they buy up from the downs along the river Volga and others, and difpofe of to a confiderable profit. The (tone for building is got from the villages Matchkova and Doubrovitzi. The town of Mojayfk trade chiefly to the port of Gjute. The diftricl: of this town abounds with wood, and in the diftricl: of Dmitrov there is a china manufactory, The clergy are fubject to the jurifdiction of the metropolitan of Mofqua and Kalouga, The number of inhabitants amounts to 883,400, The arms of Mofqua are gules, St, George on horfeback combating the dragon all proper. 7 The The uniform ; a red coat, with collar and cutis of iron colour, white lining and waift-coat, yellow buttons, button-holes of the coat embroidered with gold, two buttons on the cuffs, on the fkirts of the flaps mock button-holes embroidered with gold, two buttons of the fame, and likewife two mock button-holes embroidered on the feam near the cuffs. XVII. The Government of Smolenjk Is fituate in the middle region, and is under the government of the fame governor general with that of Pfcov. It is bounded on the north by the governments of Pfcov and Tver; on the eaft, by the governments of Mofqua and Kalouga ; on the fouth, by thofe of Orel and Novgorod-Sieverfkoy and Mhoghilev ; and on the weft, by the government government of Polotfk. The moft remarkable rivers here are, the Dniepr, the Weftern Dvina, the Defna, Soz, Meja, Kafplia, Ougra, Viafma, Gjate and Va-zouza. It is divided into twelve diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Smolenfk, 2. Roflavte, 3. Dorogobouz, The capital of the government, fituate on the Dniepr and the fmaller rivers Ratchevka, Gout-rilovka and Gorodenka, in 540 45' latitude and 500 32' longitude, 777 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 364 from Mofqua. Between the rivers Stam-bovka and Glafomoyka, 16 verfts from Smolenfk. On the Dniepr, 87 verfts from Smolenfk. Porietchye, survey of the 4. Porietchye, On the Kafplia and Gob-za, 78 verfls from Smolenfk. On the Viafma and Bebri, 163 verfls from Smolenfk. On the Vazouza, 229 verfls from Smolenfk. On the Oblba, 110 verfls from Smolenfk. On the Defna, Gorod-tchanka and Bielomoy-ka, 89 verfls from Smolenfk. 9. Gjate, or Gjatfk, a port town on the river Gjate, 224 verfls from Smolenfk. 10. Doukhovflchina, on the Khvoftetz, and Tzarevitch, 50 verfls from Smolenfk. XX. Krafnoy, 5. Viafma, 6. Sitchevfk, 7. Bieloy, 8. Elnya, 11. Krafnoy, On the Svinaya and Mereyka, 46 verfts from Smolenfk. 12. Yukhnov, , On the Ougra and Ka- nava, 224 verfts from Smolenfk. Befides thefe, the village Androuffovo is remarkable on account of the peace which was concluded here for thirteen years, between Ruflia and Poland, in the year 1667. This government was recovered from the great dutchy of Lithuania in 1654, and, in confequence of the treaties concluded at Androuffovo and Mofqua, it is ceded to Ruffia for ever. The foil in this government is generally very rich, producing corn, flax and hemp in abundance, and is very fit for the breeding and grazing of cattle; the ftratum of it chiefly chiefly clay, and in fome places fandy and rich mould. The principal produce is corn, the different forts of which are made into different kinds of grits*; likewife flax, hemp, honey, wax, hides, tallow, bridles, and carpets of remarkable goodnefs, wood for building, as well as mails, which are conveyed to different commercial towns, but particularly to Riga, by the river Kafplia, which falls into the Dvina; and to St. Peterfburg by the Gjate and Vazouza, which run into the Volga. There are fome copper and iron ores found here, and works have been erected for fmelting them. The clergy are under the direction of the bifhop of Smolenfk and Dorogobouz. * Grits are made by taking off the hulks of corn uiuler a mill-ftone ; they are ufed for different kinds of puddings and other Ruffian diihes. The The number of inhabitants amounts to 892,300. The arms of Smolenfk are argent, on a cannon mounted upon the ground, proper, the bird of Paradife. The uniform ; a red coat with lappels, collar, cuffs, lining and waiftcoat of fandy colour, five buttons on the flits, and the buttons white. XVIII. The Government of Polotfk Lies in the middle region, and, together with the government of Moghilev, confti-tutes White Ruffia, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with that of Moghilev. Its boundaries are, on the north, the governments of Riga and Pfcov; on the eaft, the government of Smolenfk ; on the fouth, Poland and the government of of Moghilev ; and on the weft, Courland and the government of Riga, from both which it is divided by the Dvina. Out of the great number of lakes, the moft remarkable are, the Liuban, Oufvyat, Sebez, and Nevel; and of rivers, the Wefte rn Dvi na, Driffa, Kafplia, Meja, Eveft, and To-ropa. It is divided into eleven diftriets, or circuits, containing the following towns : The capital of the government, on the rivers the Weftern Dvina and Polota, in 55* 29' lat. and 460 19' long. 650 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 670 from Mofqua. On the Dvina and Dri-za, 71 verfts from Polotfk, 3. Sebez, 1. Polotfk, 2. Driza, or 1 Drizin, J On the lake Sebez, 96 verfls from Polotfk. On the lake Nevel and the river Emenka, 100 verfls from Polotfk. On the Dvina and Shou-nitza, 173 verfls from Polotfk. Upon the Riefitza, i8z verfls from Polotfk. Upon the Looja and Lootza, 156 verfls from Polotfk. Upon the Dvina and Vitba, 109 verfls from Polotfk. Upon the Dvina and Velizka, 189 verfls from Polotfk. 10. Gorodetz,or 7 Upon the Gorodetz, Gorodok, J 144 verfls from Polotfk. N 11. Souraz, 3. Sebez, 4. Nevel, 5. Dinaburg, 6. Riefitzi, 7. Liutzin, Z. Vitebfk, 9. Veliz, 11. Souraz, Upon the Dvina, Kaf-plia and Sourazka, 149 verfls from Polotfk. This government, conflituting a part of White Ruflia, and anciently belonging to Ruflia, was reflored from Poland to Ruffia by the treaty concluded in 1772. The inhabitants of it are Poles and Lithuanians, chiefly of the Roman Catholic religion ; fome few are of the Greek church, the reft of the United ; and there are fome Jews likewife. The fituation of this government in general is level; the foil chiefly fandy, loam and clay, which when properly cultivated produces in abundance hemp and flax, which are of the firft quality, and, together with honey, wax, pot-afh, and cattle, conftitute the principal produce of this government. There are flue forefts, chiefly of lime- lime-trees, in which there are great numbers of wild boars, wild goats and beavers; fome iron-ore likewife has been difcovered in it. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif-dicfion of the archbifhop of Pfcov and Riga; the Roman Catholic under that of the archbifhop of White Ruffia, who has the care of all the Roman Catholic churches in Ruffia, and has his refidence at Moghilev ; and the United are fubjeel: to their own archbifhop, who refides at Polotfk; and the Jews are governed by their own rabbins; they refide in different parts of White Ruffia, and are permitted to have their fyna-gogues. The number of inhabitants amounts to 620,600. N % The The arms of Polotfk are argent, a champion mounted on horfeback, with a drawn fcymitar proper, on a chief or, the dcmi-eagle of Ruflia fable, crowned or, and having over it another crown of the fame. The uniform ; a red coat, with ftraw-colour velvet collar, lappels and round cuffs ; lining of the fame draw colour, white waift-coat and buttons. XIX. The Government of Moghilev Lies in the middle region, and, as together with that of Polotfk, it conflitutcs White Ruflia, it is with it fubjecr. to the direction of one governor general. On the north it is bounded by the government of Polotfk ; on the eaft, by the governments of Smolenfk and Novgorod-Sieverfkoy ; on the fouth, by the government of Tcherni-gov; and on the weft, by Poland, from which which it is divided by the rivers Dniepr and Druitz. The principal lake here is Sien-noye. The moft remarkable livers are, the Weftern Dvim1., Dniepr, Druitz, Soz, Befet, Ypoote and Lootchofla. It is divided into twelve diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Moghilev, The capital of the go- vernment, fituate upon the Dniepr, in the lat. of 53°54>andlonS- 48° 4'* diftant from St. Peterfburg 751, and from Mofqua 504 verfts. 2. Tchaoufti, On the river Bafs, 43 verfts from Moghilev. 3. StaroyBhykhov, Upon the Dniepr, 38 verfts from Moghilev. 4. Orftia, Upon the Dniepr and N 3 Orfliitza, Orftutza, 69 verfts from Moghilev. 5. Babinovitchi, On the river Lootchofa, 111 verfts from Moghilev. 6. Kopyfs, On the river Dniepr, 49 verfts from Moghilev. 7. Siennoy, Near the lake Siennoyc, and the river Krivina, 111 verfts from Moghilev. 8. Mftiflavl, On the river Vekhra, 94 verfts from Moghilev. 9. Tchericov, Upon the river Soz, 82 verfts from Moghilev. 10. Klimovitchi, On the river Ofter and Tapka, 128 verfts from Moghilev. 11. Rogatchev, On the rivers Dniepr and Druitz, Druitz, 102 verfts from Moghilev. 12. Bielitzi, On the river Bielitza, 194 verfts from Moghilev. Befides thefc, there are other confiderable places, fuch as Shklov, Doubrovna, Krit-chev, Tchetcherfk, Gomel, and Tolotchin. This government, which conftitutes a part of White Ruflia, and anciently belonged to Ruflia, was reftored to it from Poland by the treaty concluded in 1772. It is inhabited by Poles and Lithuanians, who are of the Roman Catholic, the Greek, and the United confeftions. There are fome Jews likewife. The fituation of this government in general is level. Its foil confifts of clay, oam, andfand in fome places, and is richer* N 4 and survey of the and better for corn than that of Polotfk. Hemp and flax of the firfl quality grow here in abundance. The breeding of cattle is very profitable. On the borders of the rivers Beffct, Ypoute, Soz, Dniepr, and Druitz, there are fine forefls of wood, which, in the fpring, is floated to Riga in great quantities ; and by the river Dniepr it is conveyed to feveral other ports of Ruffia. At Orflia there are quarries of lime-ftone ; and in the diflricl: of Bielitzi they have erected fome iron and glafs works. The town of Moghilev carries on a very confiderable trade with Riga, Memel, Konigf-berg, and Danzig, whither it fends a great quantity of cattle, timber, corn, hemp, flax, hemp-oil, honey, pot-afh, wax, Ruflia leather, hides, and tallow; and in return it receives wines, Spanifli fait, filks, and galan-terie wares; Shklov likewife is a mercantile place, where fairs are held that are much frequented. The The Ruffian clergy are under the jurifdic-tion of the archbiihop of Moghilev, Mfti-fiavl, and Orfha. The Roman Catholics are under that of the archbiihop of White Ruflia, who has the care of all the Catholic churches in Ruflia, and refides at Moghilev ; and the United are under the infpec-tion of their own archbiihop, who refides at Folotik. The Jews are fubjecl: to their own rabbins, who refide in different places of White Ruffia, and have their fyna- gpgues. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 662,500. The arms of Moghilev are gules, a champion mounted on horfeback, with a drawn fcymitar proper, on a chief or, the demi-cagle of Ruffia fable crowned or, and having over it another crown of the fame. The 186 SURVEY OF THJB The uniform; a red coat with ilraw colour velvet lappcls, round cuffs and collar; lining and waiilcoat of the fame colour, and white buttons. XX. The Government of Tchcrnigov Lies in the middle region. This and the government of Kiev and Novgorod-Siever-fkoy conftitute Little Ruffia, and are all under the fame governor general. It is bounded on the north by the government of Moghilev; on the eaft, by the governments of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy and Kharkov; on the fouth, by the governments of Ekatherinoflav and Kiev; and on the weft, by the governments of Kiev and Poland, from which it is divided by the river Dniepr. The chief rivers here are, the Dniepr, the Defna, the Snov, the Offer, the Pfiol, the Soula, and the Vorfcla. It is is divided into eleven di(lricT.s, or circuits, containing the following towns : 1. Tchernigov, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers Defna and Stnjen, in 51* 24' latitude, and 49° 13' longitude, diflant 1156 verfls from St, Peterfburg, and 837 verfls from Mofqua- 2. Gorodnia or Gorodnitfk, on the river Gorodnia, 50 verfts from Tchernigov, 3. Be.refin or Berefna, on the river Bercfa, 34 verfls froiu Teher-nigov. 4. Borfna, Upon the river Borfna, 121 verfls from Tch nigov. 5. Niejin, On the river Oder, 74 verfts from Tchernigov. 6. Prilooki. On the river Outlay, 140 verfts from Tchernigov. 7. Glinfk, On the river Soula, 210 verfts from Tchernigov. S. Romen, or Romny, on the rivers Soula and Romen, 234 verfts from Tchernigov. 9. Lokhvitza, On the rivers Lokhvitza and Soula, 270 verfts from Tchernigov. 10. Gadiatch, On the river Pfiol, 291 verfts from Tchernigov. 11. Zienkov, On the river Grounia, 323 verfts from Tchernigov. One half of this government abounds with very fine wood, of which they build veftels veflels upon the river Defna, where a confiderable trade is carried on, as well as upon the river Dniepr; and the other half is no lefs remarkable on account of the confiderable improvements they are making in the cultivation of their ground and the breeding of cattle. In the diftricTt of Romny they cultivate tobacco, a great quantity of which is exported; their gardens are well ftored with plum-trees, vines, apples and other kinds of fruit trees. In the town of Niejin, befides the merchants of Great and Little Ruflia, there are fome Greeks, who have been fettled there for a confiderable length of time, and who carry on their commerce to Turkey, Poland and Silefla; and near the Bielaya Veja there is a colony of other foreigners. The clergy are under the jurifdiclion of the biihop of Tchernigov and Niejin. 7 The The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 741,850. The arms of Tchernigov are argent, an ragle difplayed fable, armed and crowned or, bearing in its left talon a crozier of the laft. The uniform; a red coat with black velvet collar, pointed cuffs with four buttons on the flits, white lining and waift-coat, white buttons fet in clumps on both fides of the eoat, and long pockets. XXI, The Government of Novgorod-Skverfkoy Is fituate in the middle divifion, and, together with the governments of Tchernigov and Kiev, conflitutes Little Ruffia, which is all under the direction of one 4 governor governor general. Its boundaries are, on the north, the governments of Moghilev and Smolenfk ; on the eaft, thofe of Orel, Kourfk and Kharkov; on the fouth, the government of Tchernigov; and on the weft, this laft government and that of Moghilev. The chief rivers here are, the Defna, the Beffet, Ypoute, Soudoftc, Soula, Seym, and Snov. It is divided into eleven diftridts or circuits, and contains the following towns: 1. Novgorod-Sieverikoy, the capital of the government, fituated on the river Defna, in 510 54' latitude and 51* 3'longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1150 verfts, and from Mofqua 570 verfts. 2. Starodoub, On the river Babinetz, 73 verfts The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 741,850. The arms of Tchernigov are argent, an eagle difplaycd fable, armed and crowned or, bearing b its left talon a crozier of the laft. The uniform• a red coat with black velvet collar, pointed cuffs with four buttons on the flits, white lining and waift-coat, white buttons fet in clumps on both fides of the coat, and long pockets. XXI. The Government of Novgorod-Si'ever/hoy Is fituate in the middle divifion, and, together with the governments of Tchernigov and Kiev, conftitutcs Little Ruffia, which is all under the direction of one 4 governor governor general. Its boundaries are, on the north, the governments of Moghilev and Smolenik ; on the eaft, thofe of Orel, Kourfk and Kharkov; on the fouth, the government of Tchernigov; and on the weft, this laft government and that of Moghilev. The chief rivers here are, the Defna, the Beffet, Ypoute, Soudofte, Soula, Seym, and Snov. It is divided into eleven diftric~ts or circuits, and contains the following towns: 1. Novgorod-Sieverlkoy, the capital of the government, fituated on the river Defna, in 510 54' latitude and 51* 3' longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1150 verfts, and from Mofqua 570 verfts. 2. Starodoub, On the river Babinetz, 73 verfts 3. Pogar, 4. Mglin, 5» Gloukhov, 6. Krolevetz, 7. Korop, 8. Sofnitza, 73 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. On the river Soudofte, 64 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverlkoy. Qn the rivers Soudin-ka and Molotkovka, 153 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverlkoy. On the river Efmane, 66 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverikoy. On the river Dobray* Voda, 64 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. On the river Korop, 80 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. On the rivers Defna, Seym and Oubeda, 94 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. 9. Konotop, rCssian empire: 193 9. Konotop, On the rivet Ezoutcha, 115 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. to Novo-mefto, On the river Ypoute, 162 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. it. Sourajitchi, or Souraz, on trie river Ypoute, 140 verfts from Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. Befides thefe, Batourin alfo may be reckoned as a place not unworthy of note. This government lias very fine rich land, producing all kinds of grain abundantly: a very confiderable part of which is turned into pafture, as there is a vaft number of cattle bred here. It abounds with wood fit for building as well as for firing : they make and export from hence great quantities of charcoal, tar, lime, hides, linen cloth and O brandy; brandy; but the principal products confift of grain, hemp, flax, honey, wax, pot-afh and lime. Their gardens are well furnifh-ed with different kinds of fruit trees as well as of vegetables. The clergy are under the jurifdi&ion of the bilhop of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy and Gloukhov. The number of inhabitants confifts of 742,000. The arms of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy arc vert, the wall of a city argent, with a tower gules, ftanding on the ground proper j on the dexter fide a fpear, and on the finifter a fabre, or, in chief an eftoil of the laft, The uniform ; a red coat, with pale green velvet lappels, collar and cuffs, four buttons on n the flits, lining and waiftcoat of the fame colour, and yellow buttons. XXIl. The Government of Kharkov Lies in the middle region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Ecatherinoflav and the province of Taurida. It is bounded on the north by the government of Kourfk ; on the eaft, by the government of Voronez 3 on the fotitfy by the government of Ecatherinoflav; and on the weft, by the governments of Kiev, Tchernigov, and that of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. The principal rivers here are, the Donetz, the Ofkol, the Ouda, the Vorikla, the Pfiol, and Soula. It is divided into 15 diftri&s Or circuits, which contain the following town*; O Z 1. Kharkov, tg6 survey or the 3. Kharkov, The capital of the government, on the rivers Kharkov and Lopane, in 49* 59' 20" latitude, ancl 53° 55' longitude, diftant 1408 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 680 verfts from Mofqua. 2. Tchougouyev, On the river Donetz, 35 verfts from Kharkov. 3. Voltchanfk, On the river Voltchaya, 70 verfts from Kharkov. 4. Zolotchev, Upon the river Ouda, - 37 verfts from Kharkov. 5. Valki, On the river Mja, 52 verfts from Kharkov. 6. Akhtyrka, On the rivers Akhtyrka and Mofhenka, 110 verfts from Kharkov. 7. Krafnoy Kout, or Krafhokoutfk, on the river Merla, 85 verfts-from Kharkov. 8. Bohodoukhov, 8. Bohodoukhov, On the river Merla, 57 verfls from Kharkov. Souma, 180 verfls from Kharkov. 10. Miropolye, On the river Pfiol, 156' verfls from Kharkov. 11. Bielopolye, On the river Kryga, 212 verfls from Kharkov. 12. Lebedin, On the river Olfhanaya, 67 verfts from Kharkov. 13. Nedrigailov, On the rivers Soula and 14. Khotmhifhfk, On the river Vorfkla, 72 verfts from Kharkov. 9. Soumy, On the river Pfiol and Nedrigailovka,216 verfts from Kharkov. 15. Yzium, On the rivers Donetz and Yziumetz, 120 verfts from Kharkov. The country, peopled by the regiments fcf Cozaks (which were formerly called O 3 Slobod- Slobodfkie Polki, afterwardsGoufars, and are now the light horfe, that go under the name of regiments of Onrogozfk, of Akhtyrka, of Kharkov, of Soumy, of Ukrain and of Yzium), is now incorporated with this government. The ground of this government is chiefly level, low and very fit for cultivation as well as for the breeding of cattle. There arc no great woods; but on the banks of the Donetz there is fome fine oak, which is conveyed down by the river Don to the Black Sea, for building of ihips. There are likewife feveral fak-nctre works. The clergy are under the jurifdiction of the bifhop of Bielgorod and Kourfk. The number of inhabitants of both fcxes amounts to 782,800. 2 The arms of Kharkov are vert, a cornucopia and caduceus placed faltierwife proper. The uniform; a red coat, with light green round cuffs, collar, lining and waift-coat; and white buttons. XXIII. The Government of Kourjk Lies in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Orel. It is bounded on the north by the government of Orel; on the eaft, by that of Voronez; on the fouth, by the government of Kharkov ; and on the weft, by the government of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy. The moft confiderable rivers here are the Seym, the Pfiol, the Vorfkla, the Donetz, the Ofkol, and the Svopa. It is divided into fifteen O 4 diftrids diflricls or circuits, which contain the fol* lowing towns; 1. Kourfk, The capital of the go- vernment, upon the rivers Seym, Koura, and Toufkore, in 510 43' 30" lat. and 540 4' long, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1218 verfts, and from Mofqua 494verfts. 2. Bielgorod, Between the rivers Sie- vernoy Donetz and Viazelka, 132 verfts from Kourfk. 3. Oboyane, On the rivers Pftol and . Oboyanka, 59 verfts from Kourfk. 4. Staroy Olkol, On the river Oikol, 130 verfts from Kourfk, h Rhylfc, 5. Rhylfk, On the rivers Seym and Rhylo, 116 verfts from Kourfk. 6. Poutivle, On the rivers Seym and Poutivle, 180 verfts from Kourfk. 7. Novoy Ofkol, On the river Ofkol, 174. verfts from Kourfk. 8. Korotcha, On the river Korotcha, 130 verfts from Kourfk. 9. Soudja, On the river Souznia and Olefhnia, 91 verfts from Kourfk. 10. Bogatye, On the river Pena, 16 verfts from Kourfk. 11. Fatez, On the rivers Oufoja and Fatez, 45 verfts from Kourfk. 12. Stchigry, On the rivers Stchigry and Vefovaya Plote, 50 verfts from Kourfk. 13. Tim, 13. Tim, On the river Tim, 64 verfts from Kourfk. 14. Dmitriev -\ On the river Svopa, 99 upon Svopa, J verfts from Kourfk. 15. Lgov, On the river Seym, 7*. verfts from Kourfk. Befides thefe, the monaftery called Ko-rennaya Pouftyne is not unworthy of note, as there is every year a fair held at it, which is irequented by a very great concourfe of people, and merchants, Ruffian as well as foreign, who bring their different kinds of goods, the produce of Ruflia, Germany, and Afia. It is likewife a very great fair for horfcs. The fituation of this government in general is hilly, the foil chiefly black mould, very rich and excellent for cultivation, a* well as for pafture. It produces abundantly hemp. hemp, flax, and different kinds of fruit, as well as vegetables, fufHcient not only for home confumption,but alfo for exportation. A great quantity of thefe goods is difpofed of in the neighbouring places, as well as exported to Gjate and Kherfon. There are fine forefts of wood in different parts of this government, and many of the inhabitants are Odnodvortzi and Little Ruffians, whofe chief employment is agriculture. The * Odnodvortzi (which word ftgnifics owners of one habitation only) arc a certain fet of Ruffian peafants. They were originally noblemen, but being reduced to poverty by different circumflances, tthey were obliged, what little ground they had remaining, to till it themfelves for their maintenance. In the progrefs of time, people of different denominations, fuch chiefly .as filled low offices of government, came and fettled amongft them ; and in the reign of the emperor Peter the Great, when every nobleman was obliged to enlifl liimfelf into the military fervicc, feveral of diem, even thofe The clergy are under the jurifdldllon of the bifhop of Bielgorod and Kourfk. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 920,000. The arms of Kourfk are argent, on a bend azure ; three partridges, volant proper. The uniform ; a red coat, with a light blue collar and pointed cuffs, four button* thofeof confiderable property,.chofe this conditionof life, preferring rather to pay taxes to government along with thcfe peafants, than to go into theferyice. Thefe peafants have their own landed property, which they can difpofe of only to thofe of their own condition. They pay all taxes impofed by government; they have free liberty to trafhek to excrcife any trade, art, or handicraft; and to employ themfelvcs in every purfuit agreeable to their own difpofitionsj and the laws of the country : but they cannot change their condition, nor remove from one diftrict, and fettle in another, without having firft ob-. taincd a permiflion from the government, on on the flits, white lining, waiftcoat, and buttons. XXIV. The Government of Orel Is fituated in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Kourfk. It is bounded on the north by the governments of Kalouga and Toola ; on the eaft, by thofe of Tambov and Voronez; on the fouth, by the governments of Voronez and Kourfk ; and on the weft, by the governments of Novgorod-Sieverfkoy and Smolenfk The moft remarkable rivers here are, the Don, the Oka, the Defna, the Zou-fha, the Orel, and the Sofha. It is divided into thirteen diftricts, or circuits, containing the following towns: I. Orel, I. Orel, %. Sievfk, 3. Eletz, 4. Brianfk, 5. Karatchevj 6. Kromy, 7. 'Mtzenfk, The capital of the gc^ Vernment, on the rivers Oka and Orlick, in 52* 56' 40" lat. and 530 3/ long, diftant from St* Peterfburg 1095, and from Mofqua 367 verfls. On the river Siev and the lake Moritz, 145 verfls from Orel. On the river Sofna, 184 verfts from Orel. On the river Defna and Abolova, 138 verfts from Orel. On the river Sniejite, 84 verfts from Orel. On the rivers Kroma and Nedna, 36 verfts from Orel. On the rivers Zoufha and russian empire. * 20/ and Mentza, 53 verfts from Orel. S. Bolkhov, On the rivers Nougra and Bolkhovka, jAverfts from Orel. 9. Troubtchevfk, On the rivers Defna and Nerouffa, 169 verfta from Orel. 10. Livny, On the rivers Sofna and Livenka, 128 verfts from Orel. 11. Dmitrovfk, On the river Neroufla, 84 verfts from Orel. 12. Defhkin, On the river Oka, 58 verfts from Orel. 13. Malhye, that On the river Kouli-is, Little Arch- kova Rjavtza, 70 anghelhk, J verfts from Orel. Befides thefe, the village of Loogane like-wife is very confiderable. The The fituation of this government in general is level; the foil confifts of black mould, which produces abundantly all kinds of grain, hemp, flax, tallow, briftles, honey, and wax. Thefe articles conftitute a very great commerce, which is carried on to Mofqua, to the port of Gjate, and to Aflrakhane. In the vicinity of Brianfk there is a great abundance of mad wood, which is carried to Riga and to the Black Sea, by the rivers Defna and Dniepr : linens, ropes, cables, caft-iron, iron, mats, bark of lime trees, lime, alabafter, and tar are likewife brought from hence to the above ports. The diftricli of Troubtchevfk and Karatchev likewife abound with fine forefts. In the town of Brianfk an admiralty was formerly cftablifhed, and a dock for building of of veffels, on account of its convenient fituation : but at prefent there are only works for calling of guns, and making fmall arms. At Bolkhov there are feveral tanners Works. Iron-ore has been difcovered in fome places, and fabricks have been erected in confequence. There are likewife in feveral parts of this government diftillcrics and glafs-houfes: and it is alfo remarkable in feveral places for a good breed of horfes. The clergy are under the jurifdidtion of the bifhop of Orel and Sievik. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 968,300. The arms of Orel are azure, on a mount proper, a city argent, the roofs gules, on a tower of the third an eagle, fable, crowned or, P The The uniform; a red coat, with light blue lappels, round cuffs, collar and lining ; white waiflcoat and buttons. XXV. The Government of Kalouga Lies in the middle region, and is under the direction of one governor general with the government of Toola. Its boundaries are, on the north, the governments of Smolenfk and Mofqua ; on the eaft, the governments of Mofqua and Toola ; on the fouth, the governments of Toola and Orel; and on the weft, the government of Smolenfk. The chief lake is the Degon ; and the rivers, the Oka, the Bolva, the Jizdra, the Ougra, and the Protva. It is divided into twelve districts, or circuits, which contain the following towns : I. Kalouga, h Kalouga, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivet-Oka, in 540 30 lat. and 53° 47' l°nS* diitant from St. Peterfburg 888 verfts, and from Mofqua 160 verfls. 2. Kozelfk, On the rivers Jizdra and Dragounka, 60 verfls from Kalouga. 3. Percmyfhle, On the river Oka, 29 verfls from Kalouga. 4. Maloy Yaroilavetz, On the river Looja, 52 verfls from Kalouga. 5. Likhvin, On the rivers Oka and Likhvinka, 45 verfls from Kalouga. On the river Toureya, 64 verfls from Kalouga. On the river Serpeyka, 84 verfls from Kalouga. P 2 8. Moffalfk, 6*. Meflchovfk, 7« Serpeyfk, 8. Moffalfk, On the river Mojaika, 77 verfls from Kalouga. 9. Tarouffa, On the river Tarouffa* 60 verfls from Kalouga- 10. Medyne, On the river Medynka, 54 verfls from Kalouga. 11. Borovfk, On the river Protva, 72 verfls from Kalouga. 12. Jizdra, On the rivers Jizdra and Brednia, 156 verfls from Kalouga. Befides thefe, the village Vorotynfk de-ferves to be taken notice of. The hufbandry in this government is but in an inferior condition, and the produce oi the land is barely fufficicnt to fupply the wants of one year. Its fituation chiefly is level, and its foil of different qualities-There are feveral large forefls, which facilitate greatly the working of the iron-works- The The iron which is made here is exported down the rivers Defna and Dniepr into Little Ruflia, and other places. At Kalouga, as well as in other diftri&s, there arc feveral linen, woollen, and fail-cloth, filk, fugar, and paper manufactories, as well as fabricks for diftilling and tanning. But the principal trade conlifts in hemp, hemp-oil, corn, tallow, and cattle. The clergy are under the jurifdicTion ol different bifhops ; but the greateft part is fubjecT: to the biftiop of Kroutitzi, and thofe of the town of Kalouga to the metropolitan of Mofqua. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 784,500. The arms of Kalouga are azure, as a fefs, the river Oka, which runs near this town, argent, in chief the imperial crown, or. P 3 The The uniform ; a red coat, with light blue velvet lappels, round cuffs, and collar, the lining and waiflcoat of the fame colour, and white buttons. XXVI. The Government of Toola Lies in the middle region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Kalouga, It is bounded on the north by the government of Mofqua; on the eaft, by the governments of Riafane, Tambov, and Orel; on the fouth, by the government of Orel; and on the weft, by that of Kalouga. The principal lake here is the Ivan; and the rivers, the Oka, the Don, the Oupa, the Ofter, the Mctcha, and the Zoufha. It is divided into twelve diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns: l. Toola, 1. Toola, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers Oupa and Toolitza, in 540 11' latitude, 540 55' longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 912 verfts, and from Mofqua 182 verfts. 2. Alexin, On the river Oka, 52 verfts from Toola. 3. Kafhira, On the river Oka, 100 verfts from Toola. 4. Venev, On the river Vcnevka, 48 verfts from Toola. 5. Bogoroditzk, On the river Oupert, 49 verfts from Toola. On the river Don, 84 verfts from Toola. On the river Metcha, 127 verfts from Toola. P4 8. Novofil, 6. Epiphane, 7. Ephremov, S. NovofiJ, On the river Zoufha, 169 verfls from Toola. 9. Tcherne, On the river Tcherne, 107 verfls from Toola. 10. Kropivna, On the river Plava, 46 verfls from Toola. 11. Odoycv, On the river Oupa, 49 verfls from Toola. 12. Bielev, On the river Oka, 120 verfls from Toola. Befide thefe, the villages Dedelov and Greiniatchev are not undeferving of notice. The culture of corn and hemp, and the breeding of cattle, arc but in an indifferent flate in this government. Wood is fcarce, but there is plenty of paflure-ground and meadows. The inhabitants employ them-fclves in 'tilling the ground, in making carthen-ware, and in carpentry. Some of them them carry on trade with their own produce, fuch as corn and hemp, which they export to different parts of Ruffia. In Toola there is a very famous eftablim-ment of iron-works, which fupplies the whole Ruffian army with arms, and de~ lerves particular notice, the work executed here being not inferior to that done in foreign countries; and the merchants of this town carry on a confiderable commerce of all kinds of iron and fteel goods, which they export to St. Peterfburg and other ports, to Poland, and to the frontiers of China. The river Don rifes in this government from the lake Ivan. The clergy are under the jurifdidion of the biihop of Kolomna and Toola. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 876, 200. The arms of Toola are gules, two fword-blades placed faltierwife, furmounted by a gun-barrel in fefs, proper, in chief and in bafe a hammer or. The uniform ; a red coat, with lappels, collar and cuffs of iron colour, four buttons on the flits; the lining and waiflcoat of the fame colour, and fleel buttons. XXVII. The Government of Riazane Is fituated in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Tambov. Its boundaries are, on the north, the governments of Mofqua and Vladimir ; on the eaft and fouth, the government of Tambov ; and on the weft, the government of Toola. The principal lakes here are the Vemfkoye, the the Velikoye and the Stcheninfkoye; and the rivers, the Oka, the Tzna, Don, Ofctr, Pra, Pronia, Para, Liefhoy and Polnoy Voronez. It is divided into 12 diftri&s, or circuits, containing the following towns: I, Riazane, for- -j The capital of the merly Pereflavl [> government, on the Riazanfkoy, J rivers Lebede and Troubez, which is a branch of the river Oka, in 54* 55' latitude and 56° 15' longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 91 o, and from Mofqua 184 verfls. On the river Offer, 56 verfts from Riazane. On the river Pronia, 70 verfts from Riazane. 4. Pronfk, 2. Zaraifk, 3. Mikhailov, On the river Pronia, 58 verfts from Riazane. On the river Verda, 158 verfts from Riazane. On the river Don, 158 verfts from Riazane. On the river Khoupta, , 110 verfts from Riazane. On the river Mafhka, 120 verfts from Riazane. On the river Oka, 47 verfts from Riazane. On the rivers Oka, Babinka and Sieverka, 130 verfts from Riazane, EI. Raninburg, 1 A fort on the rivers rg, j Riafa and the Yagod-naya, 169 verfts from Riazane. On the river Gooflinka, 123 verfts from Riazane. Befides 4. Pronfk, 5. Skopin, 6. Dankov, 7. Riazik, 8. Sapojok, 9. Spasik, 10. Kaflimov, 01 Oranienbu 12. Egorievfk, Befides thefe, the village Pctchernikov may be numbered amongft the places worthy of notice. The fituation of this government in general is flat, and the northern part of it is full of woods and morafles. The borders of the rivers Don, Pronia and Ofetr, are mountainous and full of ftone. The foil chiefly confifts of black mould, and is confequently very fit for corn as well as for pafture. The inhabitants employ themfelves in the ufual country works ; they likewife grow quantities of fmall apples, known by the name of Riazane, of which they make a confiderable trafBck. There are feveral diftil-leries and glafs-houfes eftablifhed in this government. The inhabitants of Zaraifk carry on their trade chiefly by buying up a vaft quantity of cattle in Little Ruffia, and and by driving them for fale to Mofqua and St. Peterfburg. In the diflrict of Pronfk they have erect* cd fome iron-works. The Tartars who inhabit Kaffimov carry on a very confiderable commerce with Orenburg and Aflrakhane and feveral Afiatic nations; and the commodities which they get in exchange are difpofed of in different towns of Ruffia. The clergy are under the jurisdiction of the bifhop of Riazane and Shatfk. The number of inhabitants amounts to 869,400. The arms of Riazane are or, a prince habited in vert, cloak and belt gules, mantle proper, bearing in his right hand a fword, in his left the fheath proper. The uniform; a red coat, with long pockets, collar, and pointed cuffs of the pale green velvet, four buttons on the flits; the lining and waiftcoat of a draw colour, and yellow buttons. XXVIII. The Government of Vladimir Lies in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of one governor general with the government of Koftroma. It is bounded on the north by the governments of Yaroflavl and Koftroma; on the eaft, by the government of Nizney-Novgorod; on the fouth, by the governments of Tambov and Riazane ; and on the weft, by the governments of Mofqua and of Tver. The chief lakes here are, the Pleftcheyevo and the Sviato; and the rivers, the Oka, the Kliafma, the Bolfhaya Nerl, Soudogda, 6 Teza, Teza, Kolokfha and Troubez. It is divided into fourteen diftricls, or circuits, containing the following towns : I. Vladimir, The capital of the government, on the river Kliafma, in 55 55' latitude, and 5 8° 12' longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 902, and from Mofqua 175 verfts. On the river Kamenka, 34 verfts from Vladimir. On the river Troubez and lake Pleflcheyevo, 125 verfts from Vladimir. 4. YuryevPoHkiy, On the rivers Kolokfha and Snakfa, 64 verfts from Vladimir. 5, Shouya, 2. Soufdale, 3. Pereflavl Zalesfkiy, 1 5. Shouya, On the river Teza, 113 verfls from Vladimir. 6. Gorokhovetz, On the river Kliafma, 158 verfls from Vladimir. 7. Mourom, On the river Oka and Mouromka, 120 verfls from Vladimir* 8. Alexandrov, On the river Sieraya, 122 verfls from Vladi- mir. 9. Kirjatch, 10. Pocrov, 11. Soudogda, 12. Kovrov, 13. Viafniky, On the river Kirjatch, 112 verfls from Vladimir. On the river Shitka, 76 verfls from Vladimir. On the river Soudogda, 37 verfls from Vladimir. On the river Kliafma, 63 verfls from Vladimir. On the river Kliafma, Q_ 122 122 verfts from Vladimir. 14. Melenky, On the river Ounja and Mclenka, 138 verfts Vladimir. Hufbandry and the breeding of cattle are brought here to a tolerable ftate of improvement. The fttuation in general is level, the foil fandy, and in fome places mixed with black mould, and there are many bogs in feveral places. The inhabitants employ themselves a good deal in cultivating cherries, which article conftitutes a confiderable part of their traflick. They likewife make foap andpot-afh, and traflick in timber and wood for fuel, of which they have a great abundance. The clergy are under the jurifdiclion of the hifhop of Soufdale and Vladimir. The number of inhabitants amounts to 871,050. The arms of Vladimir are gules, a lion erect, crowned or, bearing in his paws a crozier argent. The uniform j a red coat, collar and cuffs of the fame colour, five buttons on the flits, the lining and waiflcoat of a ffraw colour, and white buttons. XXIX. The Government of Nizney- Novgorod Lies in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Penza. It is bounded on the north by the government of Koftroma; on the eaft, by the governments of Kazane and Sinbirfk; on the fouth, by the governments of Penza and Q^2 Tambov; Tambov; and on the weft, by the governments of Tambov and Vladimir. The principal rivers here are, the Volga, Oka, Vetlooga, Soura, Kerjenetz, Ouzola, Tefha, Piana, Sereja, and Alatyr. It is divided into thirteen diftri&s, or circuits, which contain the following towns : 1. Nizney-Nov- ^ The capital of the go- gorod, j vernment, on the ri- vers Volga and Oka, in the lat. of 5 6° 20' and the long, of 6i° 40', diftant from St. Peterfburg 1118, and from Mofqua 390 verfts. 2. Gorbatov, On the river Oka, 70 verfts fromNizney-Nov-gorod. 3. Arzamafs, On the rivers Tefha and Shalka, 107 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 4. Makariyev, 4. Makariyev, 5. Potchinki, 6. Ardatov, 229 On the river Volga, 80 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. On the river Roudnia, 212 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. On the river Lemeta, 152 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 7. Lookoyanov, On the rivers Tefha and Khvoftchovka, 16yverfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 8. Sergatch, On the river Sergatchka, 138 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 9. Perevoz, On the river Piana, 90 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod, 10. Kniaghinin, On the rivers Kniaghi- ninka andYmza,96 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. It. Balakhna, On the rivers Volga and Ouzola, 32 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 12. Vafil, On the rivers Volga and Soura, 144 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. 13. Semenov, On the river Sakhtanka, 60 verfts from Nizney-Novgorod. This government is inhabited, befides the Ruflians, by the Tchouvafhi and Mordva, of whom the greateft number are Chriftians. The foil here is exceedingly fruitful, producing all kinds of grain in abundance, which are exported to different places by the' rivers Oka and Volga, and therefore corn magazines are erected in this government, for fupplying the two capitals of the empire in cafe of need. On the borders of the rivers there are fine forefts of oak, which which is conveyed to different parts of the empire. In the neighbourhood of Arza-mafs there are quarries of very fine marble and lime-ftone, and near the river Soura gypfum has been discovered. At Arza-mafs they have eftablifhed fabricks for making foap, for tanning hides, and for dying; and at Nizney-Novgorod there are very famous works for making cables. Makariyev is much celebrated for the great fair which is held there every year, and which is much frequented by merchants from the whole empire, who refort thither, bringing their feveral commodities. The clergy are under the jurifdi&ion of the biihop of Nizney-Novgorod and Alatyr. The number of inhabitants amounts to 816,200. Q^4 The The arms of Nizney-Novgorod are, argent, a deer trippant gules, hoofed and horned fable. The uniform; a red coat, with a fandy or mixed colour round cuffs, collaj, lining and waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. XXX. The Government of Kazane Is fituate in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the lame governor general as the government of Viatka. It is bounded 011 the north by the government of Viatka ; on the eaft, by the governments of Viatka and Oufa ; on the fouth, by the government of Sinbirfk ; and on the weft, by the governments of Sinbirfk and Nizney-Novgorod. The principal rivers here are, the Volga, Kama, Soura, Kokfhaga, Sviaga, Bolfhiy Bolfhiy Tcheremfhan, and Bolfhaya Tzyvil. It is divided into thirteen diftri&s, or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Kazane, The capital of the go- vernment, on the river Kazanka, which falls into the Volga, in the lat. of 550 43' 58", and the long, of 670 02', distant from St. Peterfburg 1463, and from Mofqua 735 verfts, 2. Layfhev, On the river Kama, 57 verfts from Kazane. 3. Spasfk, On the river Befdna, 208 verfts from Kazane. 4. Tchiftopoliye, On the river Kama, 134 verfts from Kazane. 5. Mamadyfh, On the rivers Viatka and Ofhla, Ofhla, 177 verfts from Kazane* 6. Arfk, On the river Kazanka, 55 verfts from Kazane. 7. Tzarevokok- ~i On the river Kokfhaga, fhaiik, j 130 verfts from Kazane. #. Tchebokfary, On the rivers Volga and Tchebokfarka, 131 verfts from Kazane. 9. Kufmodemianfk, On the river Volga, 181 verfts from Kazane. 10. Yadrin, On the river Soura, 185 verfts from Kazane. 11. Tzyvillk, On the rivers the Great and the Little Tzyvil, 100 verfts from Kazane. 12. Tetiufhi, On the river Volga, 147 verfts from Kazane. 13. Sviazfk, On the river Sviaga, 30 verfts from Kazane. 2 Befides Befides the Ruffians, this government is inhabited by the Tartars, Tcheremifi, Tchuvafhi, and Mordva, of whom many employ themfelves in cultivating the ground, and rearing bees. In general the country people are very induftrious and fond of hufbandry. A great quantity of timber, fit for fhip-building, &c. is exported from hence ; likewife corn, Ruffia leather, honey, wax, foap, and hides. In feveral places they grow a great quantity of hemp, and prefs the oil both from the hemp-feed and from filberts. In the vicinity of Kufmodemianfk and Tetiufhi, along the river Volga they dig alabafter, and about Bolgary there are fome fait- petre works. At Kazane they prepare the Ruffia and Morocco leather. Likewife there are manufactories for making foap, woollen cloths, and for tanning, and lately the government has erected a magazine for keeping corn, and and upon the river Kazanka there is a dock-yard for building mips of war, which are conducted down the Volga into the Cafpian Sea. The merchants of this government carry on a very extenfive traf-jfick to Mofqua, St. Peterfburg, Archangel, Aflrakhane, Orenburg, Sibir, and Little Ruffia. In the diflrict of Tzarevokok-ihaifk there are very fine forefls of oak. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif-dicYion of the archbifhop of Kazane and Sviazfk ; the Tartars, who are of the Mahometan religion, under that of their own mully or abyzi; and thofe who are flill addicted to idolatry have their own facri-ficers. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 763,300. The arms of Kazane are argent, a dragon fable, winged gules, crowned or. The uniform; a red coat, with a black velvet collar and cuffs; four buttons on the flits, the lining black, white waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. XXXI. The Government of Sinbirfk Lies in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general with the government of Oufa. It is bounded on the north by the government of Kazane ; on the eaft, by the government of Oufa ; on the fouth, by the governments of Oufa and Saratov; and on the weft, by the governments of Nizney-Novgorod and Penza. The principal rivers in this government are, the Volga, Soura, Sviaga, Alatyr, Piana, Bolfliiy-Teremfhan, Baryfli, Sok, Sok, Samara, and Kind. It is divided into thirteen diftricts, or circuits, containing the following towns: i. Sinbirfk, 2. Senghileyev, 3. Samara, 4. Stavropole, The capital of the government, on the river Volga, in the lat. of 54°24' and long. 66°2i', diftant from St. Peterfburg 1492, and from Mofqua 764 verfls. On the rivers Volga, Senghileyka, and Tou-fhevka, 55 verfls from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Volga and Samara; 204 verfls from Sinbirfk. A fort on the river Kounya-Volofhka (a branch of the Volga), 5. Kanadey, 6. Syzranc, 7. Tagay, 8. Karfoune, 9. Kotiakov, 10. Alatvre, 239 131 verfts from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Syzranc and Kanadeyevka, 207 verfts from Sinbirfk. A port-town, on the rivers Syzrane and Krym-fa, 209 verfts from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Panzyrka and Tagayka, co verfts from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Baryfh and Karfounka, 94 verfts from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Soura and Gorenka, 114 verfts from Sinbirfk. On the rivers Soura and Alatyre, 156 verfts from Sinbirfk. 11. Ardatov -i On the river Alatyre, upon Alatyre, J i 78 verfts from Sinbirfk. 12. Kourmyfh, On the rivers Soura and Kourmifhka, 315 verfts from Sinbirfk. 13. Bouinfk, On the river Karla, 89 verfts from Sinbirfk. To prevent the inroads of the Tartars, they began to fortify this government, by erecting fome forts on its frontiers. Befides Ruffians, Tartars, Tchouvafhi, Mordva, and Tcheremifli, there are fome Kalmyki, who are Chriftians, refiding in this government. They ferve in the army as Kofacks, and get their livelihood chiefly by the breeding of cattle. The cultivation of ground and fifhing are the principal employments ployments purfued by the inhabitants of this country. From SinbirfrV and Syzrane they export a confiderable quantity of corn of different kinds. About the river Samara the foil is very rich and fruitful, and produces grafs of particular good quality, which grows fometimes five or fix feet high. The Kozaks of Samara keep their country-houfes here, chiefly for the purpofe of grazing their cattle. They grow here likewife abundance of water-melons and Spanifh pepper. The fituation of this government is chiefly level, except thofe places where fome branches of the Oural Mountains have extended themfelves along the river Volga. Wood grows here in plenty. About Siernoy Gorodok (that is, the fulphurous village) there are works erected for preparing fulphur. They have likewife difcovered there an hard kind of gypfum like alabafler. Copper and iron R works, works, fabricks for tanning and diftilleries, are erected in feveral places. The clergy are under the jurifdiclion of the archbiihop of Kazane and Sviazfk. The Mahometans, as well as the Idolaters, have their own fpiritual guides. The number of inhabitants amounts to 731,000. The arms of Sinbirfk are azure, a pi liar argent furmounted by a crown, or. The uniform ; a red coat with a light blue collar and pointed cuffs, long pockets, white buttons on both fides, and white lining and waiftcoat. XXXII. The Government of Penza Is fituate in the middle region, and is under the direction of one governor general with the government of Nizney-Novgorod. It is bounded on the north by the government of Nizney-Novgorod ; on the eaft, by the government of Sinbirfk ; on the fouth, by the government of Saratov ; and on the weft, by the government of Tambov. The chief rivers here are, Soura, Mokfha and Vorona. It is divided into thirteen, diftricts, or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Penza, The capital of the go- vernment, on the rivers Penza, Moika and She-lakhovka, in the latitude R2 of of 53" 30', and the long, of 630 18', diflant from St. Pcteriburg 1394, and from Mofqua 660 verfls. %, Verkhney (viz. the Upper) Lomov, On the river Lomov, 106 verfls from Penza. 3. Nizney (viz. the Lower) Lomov, on the river Lomov, 96 verfls from Penza. 4. Kerenik, On the rivers Kerenda and Vada, 135 verfls from Penza, c. Narovtchat, On the rivers Sheldayfa and Lopyjevka, 125 verfls from Penza. • 6. Troitzk, On the rivers Mokfha and Sezemka, 135 verfls from Penza. 7. Kramoflohodfk, On the river Mokfha, 173 verfts from Penza. 8. Infara, 8. Infara, On the rivers Infara, Ida and Lapfhaika, 89 verfts from Penza. 9. Tchenbar oriOn the river Tchenbar, Tchembar, J 129 verfts from Penza. 10. Mokfhan, On the river Mokfha, 37 verfts from Penza. 11. Gorodiftche, OntheriversYiulovaand Kitchkelcyka, 46 verfts from Penza. 12. Saranfk, On the rivers Infara and Penza. 13. Sheihkeyev, On the rivers Shefhke- Befides Ruffians, there is a great number of Mordva fettled in this government: the greateft part of them are Chriftians; Saranga, 124 verfts from yevka and Kalma, 147 verfts from Penza. R3 their their employment is hufbandry and rearing of bees, and by thefe chiefly they get their maintenance. The foil here in general is black mould, very rich, and produces grain of all kinds plentifully. The fitua-tion of the country in general is level. On account of the great abundance of grain there are numerous diftilleries erected here, but chiefly in the villages belonging to the nobility. The river Soura abounds with excellent fifh; and at a fmall diftance from this river they get very good millftones. There are likewife feveral fabricks of woollen cloths, pot-afh, foap, dying, vitriol, iron and glafs works. And in the diftricts of Troitzk they find iron-ore in plenty. The clergy are under the direction of the bilhop of Tambov and Penza. The number of inhabitants of both fcxcs extends to 640,700. The arms of Penza are vert, three garbs of wheat, barley and millet, {landing upon the ground proper. The uniform ; a red coat, with pale green lappels, collar and cuffs, four buttons on the flits, the lining green, flraw colour waiflcoat and yellow buttons. XXXIII. The Government of Tambov Is fituate in the middle region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Riazane. It borders on the north upon the governments of Vladimir and Nizney-Novgorod; on the eafl, upon the governments of Nizney-Novgorod, Penza and Saratov; on the fouth, upon the governments of Saratov and Voronez ; and on the weft, upon the governments of Voronez, Orel, Toola and Riazane. The principal rivers here R 4 are, are, the Oka, Don, Mokfha, Vad, Tzna, Vhyfha, Vorona, Liefnoy and Polnoy Voronez, Bitiug and Khoper. It is divided into twelve diftridts, or circuits, which contain the following towns: i. Tambov, 2. Shatfk, 3. Kozlov, 4. Temnikov, The capital of the government, on the river Tzna, in 520 43' 44" latitude, andjo,0 27' 15'' longitude; diftant from St. Peterfburg 1306, and from Mofqua 576 verfls. On the river Shat, 130 verfls from Tambov. On the river Liefnoy Voronez, 72 verfls from Tambov. On the river Mokfha, 291 verfts from Tambov. 5. Lebedyan, On the river Don, 177 verfts from Tambov. 6. Ouflmane, On the river Ouffmane, 138 verfts from Tambov. 7. Borifogliebfk, On the rivers Vorona and Khoper, 152 verfts from Tambov. $ Elatma, On the river Oka, 264 verfts from Tambov. O. Kirfanov, On the river Pourfovka, 88 verfts from Tambov. 10. Morfha, or i A port on the river Morfhanfk J Tzna, 99 verfts from Tambov. 11. Spasfk, On the river Stoodenetz, 207 verfts from Tambov. 12. Lipetzk, On the river Voronez, 149 verfts from Tambov. Befides Befides thefe, the villages of Demfliinfk and Dobroy are not unworthy of notice. The furface of the ground in this government is] chiefly flat and open, and the foil confifts of black mould, fit both for corn and paflure: the northern part of this government, along the rivers Mokfha and Tzna, is covered with wood; in feveral diftricts they have eftablifhed woollen cloth and paper manufactories, rope and cable works, diflilleries, vitriol and alum fabricks and iron works; and at Lipctzk the government has erected works for cafling cannon and making other warlike inflruments. In the town of Lebediane a fair is held yearly, famous for the fale of horfes. The Odnod-vortzi and the peafantry are employed chiefly in agriculture and the breeding of cattle, which bring them confiderable profits ; and the people of Little Ruffia, who are are fettled in this government, get their livelihood by exporting fait and other articles, and difpofing of them in the neigh-bouring places. The clergy are under the jurifdi&ion of the bifhop of Tambov and Penza. The number of inhabitants amounts to 887,000. The arms of Tambov are azure, a beehive (landing on the ground, in chief three bees volant proper. The uniform; a red coat with a light blue collar, pointed cuifs, the lining and waiflcoat of the fame colour; yellow buttons fet on both fides of the coat, and long pockets. * XXXIV. The Government of Voronez, Is fituate in the middle region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Saratov. It is bounded on the north by the governments of Orel and Tambov; on the eaft, by the governments of Tambov and Saratov, as well as by the habitations of the Don Kozaks ; on the fouth, by the government of Ecatherinoflav; and on the weft, by the governments of Kharkov and Kourfk. The principal rivers here are, the Don, Soiha, Bitiug, Ofkol, Liefnoy and Polnoy, Voronez and Ykoretz. It is divided into fifteen diftricts, or circuits, containing the following towns: i. Voronez, I. Voronez, The capital of the government, on the river Voronez, in 5 1° 40' 30" latitude, and 5 6° 55' 15" longitude; diftant 1212 verfts from St. Peterfburg, and 484 verfts from Mofqua. On the river Don, 90 verfts from Voronez. On the river Bitiug, 45 verfts from Voronez. On the river Zemlian-ka, 90 verfts from Voronez. 5. Niznedievitzk, On the river Dievitza, 54 verfts from Voronez. 6. Biriutch, On the river Sofna, 127 verfts from Voronez. 7. Livenfk, On the rivers Valouy and 2. Zadonfk, 3 Bobrov, 4. Zemlianfk, and Valouytchick, 173 verfls from Voronez. 8. Kalitva, On the rivers Don and Kalitva, 91 verfls from Voronez. 9. Volouyki, On the river Ofkol, 223 verfls from Voronez. 10. Bielovodfk, On the river Derkoul, 315 verfls from Voronez. 11. Koupcnfk, On the rivers Ofkol and Koupcnka, 293 verfls from Voronez. 12. Bogoutchar, On the riverBogoutchar, 245 verfls from Voronez. 13. Paulovfk,or"] On the rivers Don and 1 Novopaulov- [>Oufferda, 150 verfls 1 fkaya Fort, J from Voronez. 14. Oflrogozfk, On the rivers Oflrogoz- ka and Tikhaya-Sofna, 102 verfls 102 verfts from Voronez. 15. Korotoyak, On the rivers Don and Korotoyak, 80 verfts from Voronez. Befides thefe, there are other places worth notice, fuch as Tavrov, a fort, formerly the fite of an admiralty and a dock on the river Voronez, and the villages Ofhanfk, Koftianfk, Ouryv, Guazda, Verkhofo-fenfk, and the dockyard of Ykoretz. The furface of the ground in this government in general is level; the foil black mould, rich, producing all kinds of grain in abundance : the breeding of cattle is very much attended to; the cultivation of fruit, as well as kitchen gardens, is brought to a confiderable degree of perfection; grapes, water-melons, &c. grow remarkably well. The The inhabitants carry on a very confiderable traflick in their own products. They breed horfes and fheep in great numbers, and have eftablifhed feveral woollen manufactories. Amongft the inhabitants there are feveral Odnodvortzi as well as Little Ruffians, who live in feparate villages ; and in the vicinity of Oftrogozfk there are fome colonifts of the Augfburg confeftion. 'The clergy are under the jurisdiction of the bifhop of Voronez. The number of inhabitants extends to 809,600. The arms of Voronez are party per fefs or and gules, in chief the imperial eagle displayed fable, in bafe a vafe overturned, from whence iflues the river Voronez. The uniform ; a red coat with a black velvet collar and cuffs, four buttons on the flits, flraw colour Uning and waiftcoat, and yellow buttons. XXXV. The Government of Saratov Is fituate in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Voronez. Its borders are, on the north, the governments of Penza and Sinbirfk; on the calf, the governments of Oufa and Aflrakhane; on the fouth, the government of Aflrakhane; and on the weft, the habitations of the Don Kozaks, and the governments of Tambov and Voronez. The moll remarkable lakes in this go-S vernment ix. Tzaritzin, On the rivers Volga and Tzaritza, 155 verfts from Saratov. Befides thefe, Doubovfkoy Gorodok is worth notice, as it gives name to the Dou-bovfkie Kozaks who feparated themfelves from the Donlkie Kozaks in 1764, and are now inhabiting the government of Caucafus ; likewife the colony of Sarepta, near the river Sarpa, which is inhabited bythe Moravians, and is in a very flourifliing ftate. There are alfo between the rivers Medve-ditza and Ylavlya, and on both fides of the Volga, about 100 colonies peopled by the inhabitants of different nations, and the principal of them have their fchools as well as churches. The colonifts employ themfelves in agriculture, breeding of cattle, in different handicrafts as well as manufactories, and in the cultivation of tobacco from American feeds, which feems to thrive here very well. Upon the river Great Yrghis Yrghis there are feveral confiderable villages, peopled by the inhabitants who came to fettle here from the frontiers of Poland, amongft whom there are four monafteries for men, and two for women, who are permitted to exercife their own religion. Almoft in every diftridt of this government there are fome Tartars, who are fettled, and perform the military fervice. To the north-weft of the town of Tza-ritzin, as far as the river Don, as well as to the fouth-eaft of the fame town, along the Volga, feveral forts have been erected, which are called the Line of Tzaritzin. The weftern fide of the Volga, which is peopled, and is known by the name of the Mountainous or Hilly fide, is very fruitful; but the eaftern, which is called the Meadow fide of the Volga, though it be twice as large as the other, remains uncultivated S3 and and uninhabited except by fome fectaries and a few colonifts. "With regard to thofe vaft tracts of land, which on the fouth fide of the Yrghis extend 500 verfts, and include great numbers of bitter and fait lakes, bogs and rivers, they are very barren and unfit for cultivation. The chief produce of this government is corn, hemp, hemp-oil, hides, tallow and liquorice. The breeding of cattle and fifhing alfo occupy greatly the inhabitants of this place, and is attended with a confiderable profit. The Elton Lake produces vaft quantities of fait, which is depofitcd in the magazines at Saratov and Kamyfhin, and from thence diftributed through the whole empire. About the river Akhtouba there is a very great number of mulberry trees, on which account they have erected a filk manufactory, and for the working of it the government employs feveral hundred of thofe people people who could not give an account of their birth or pedigree, and swho on that account were planted about the river Akhtouba. The banks of the river Yrg-his are furniftied with fine forefts of oak, which cover 150 verfts. On the crown-lands near Tzaritzin there are Springs of mineral water known by the name of Sa-repta, which in the fummer feafon draw a vaft concourfe of people. In the time of the emperor Peter the Great there was a project: formed to cut a channel from the river Ylavlya to the fource of the river Kamyftnnka, for the fake of making a communication between the Don and the Volga. The work was begun and continued for three verfts, but the projecT: remained imfinifhed; becaufc the current of the Don in this place is found higher than that of the Volga by 50 fajens, fo that they would have been obliged to fill all the iluiees from S 4 the the river Don, which even without it is frequently found to be very fhallow. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the archbifhop of Aflrakhane and Stavropole; and thofe of a different religion under that of their own paftors. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 624,000. The arms of Saratov are azure, three fifhes called flerlyade, two in chief and one in bafe, with their heads to the nom-bril point or. The uniform; a red coat, with light blue cuffs, collar, lining and waiflcoat; and yellow buttons. XXXVI. The Government of Onfa Is fituate in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Sinbirfk, It is bounded on the north by the governments of Viatka and Perme ; on the eaft, by the government of Tobolfk and the deferts of Kirghis-kaifaks, from which it is divided by the rivers Oural and Ouy; on the fouth, alfo by the deferts of Kirghis-kaifaks and the government of Caucafus j and on the weft, by the governments of Saratov, Sinbirfk and Kazane. The principal lakes here are, the Kamennoye, the Tihernopad and theSarycoole j and the rivers, the Oural, Kama, Tobol, Bielaya, Sakmara, Oufa, Ouy, Samara, Kinel and Miyas. It is divided divided into two provinces, viz. the province of Oufa. and the 'province of Orenburg, which confift of thirteen diftridts, or circuits, containing the following towns: 1. Oufa, The capital of the go- vernment, fituate on the rivers Bidaya, Oufa and Soutolok, in 540 52' 45" latitude, and 73*33'30" longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1911, and from Mofqua 1183 verfts. 2. Birfk, On the river Bielaya, 105 verfts from Oufa. 3. Menzelinfk, On the river Menzel, 240 verfts from Oufa. 4. Bougoulma, On theriver Bougoulma, 219 verfts from Oufa. 5, Bou- 5. Bougourouflan, On the river Kind, 300 verfts from Oufa. 6. Tchelyabinfk, On the river M lyasj 400 verfts from Oufa. 7. Bielebeyc, On the river Bielebeya, 162 verfts from Oufa. 8. Sterlitamak, On the rivers Bielaya and Sterle, 111 verfts from Oufa. In the Province of Orenburg. 9. Orenburg, A fort and the capital . town of the province, on the river Oural, 319 verfts from Oufa. 10. Verkho-ouralfk, Near the fprings of the Oural, 213 verfts from Oufa. 11. Bouzoulook, A fort, on the rivers Samara and Domafhnya, 300 verfts from Oufa. 12. Serg- 12. Serghiyevfk, On the river Solca, 349 verfts from Oufa. 13. Troitzk, On the river Ouy, 353 verfts from Oufa. To prevent the inroads of the Kirghis-kaifaks, there are about fifty fortreffes and redoubts erected in different lines along the rivers Samara, Oural, Sakmara and Ouy, as well as in feveral other places within the government. The northern part of this government is inhabited, befides Ruffians, by the Tartars, Mordva, Tcheremhifi, Tchouvafhi, Votia-ki, Bafhkirtzi and Tepteri. They live chiefly in the neighbourhood of the rivers Bielaya, Miyas, Tetche and Sinora, and employ themfelves in agriculture, breeding of cattle and rearing of bees ; and the fouth-eaftern part is inhabited by Meftcheryaki Kalmhiki and Kirghis-kaifaki, who lead a wan- wandering life and arc of the Mahometan religion. The northern part of this government, which lies on the other fide of the Oural Mountains is very hilly ; the valleys are covered with wood, which in fome places are intcrfpcrfed with arable and meadow lands, and the mountains abound with iron and copper ore, for which purpofe there are feveral works erected, and the produce of them is conveyed to St. Peterfburg : the other part of this government, which extends from the Oural Mountains fouth ward as Far as the borders of the Kirg-his-kaifaki, is level and uninhabited. About the Ylek Fort, which is built upon the river Ylek, they get a vaft quantity of the native mountain fait, which lies in the earth difpofed into ftrata or layers of confiderable depth. At Orenburg and Troitzk they , ( carrv cany on a very confiderable commerce with the Bukharians, Khivi or Khivintzi, Kirghis-kaifaks and other tribes : the traf-fick is conducted chiefly by barter, and confifts of different forts of India filk and cotton-fluffs, gold-dufl, horfcs and other commodities ; and the. duties are collected in places eftablifhed there for that purpofe. The deferts or plains of the Kirghis-kaifaks arc bounded on the north by the governments of Oufa, Tobolfk and Kolhi-vane, and extend from the river Oural, between the Cafpian and the, Aral Seas, along the frontiers of Ruflia, as far as China. The furface of thefe cxtenfive plains is level, in feveral places interrupted by branches of the Oural Mountains: the foil is iimilar to that which lies between the Volga and the Oural, full of marines and and fait lakes. The intenfe heat burns up their paftures to that degree, that the Kirghis-kaifaks of the Little Horde are under the neceflity at that time to remove their cattle to the borders of the Oural. The principal lakes in thefe deferts are, the Khargaldjin, Akfakal, Naourzym, Tay-fotigan, Karakoul, and the Ingherfkoye; and the rivers, the Emba, Syr, Yrghis, Tourgay and Ifhim. The Kirghis-kaifaks are divided into three hordes. The great horde occupies the plains between the Great Bukharia and the habitations of Kalmuks, and is not fubjcct to the dominion of Ruflia; the middle horde is fituate near the Lines of Ifhim, and the little horde, which is now more populous than the reft, occupies the weftern end of the deferts bordering on the government of Oufa. Though both thefe laft 4 hordes hordes pay no tribute to Ruffia, and have their own Khans, yet thefe Khans take the oath of allegiance to Ruffia, are in her protection, receive a fmall pay, and fend hoflages to Ruffia as a pledge of their fidelity. Like the Kalmuks they live in kibitki, a kind of tents : their riches confift of camels, horfes and fheep, which, as well as their hides, lamb-fkins and tallow, they difpofe of to a very confiderable amount at Orenburgh, Troitzk and other places; and though in general they are not poor, yet from their youth they acquire fuch a propenfity for robbery that .they never ceafe committing it on their neighbours. They are all Mahometans, and labour under fuch ignorance that they fcarcely have an idea of their religion. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the bifhop of Viatka and the Great Great Pcrmia; the other people under that of their own fpiritual leaders. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 355*50,3* The arms of Oufa are argent, a marten paffant on the ground proper. The uniform ; a red eoat with a collar, and pointed cuffs of the fame, four buttons on the flits ; white lining, waiftcoat and buttons; long pockets to the coat, and buttons on both fides fet in cluflers. XXXVII. The Government of Kolbyvane Lies in the middle divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Irkoutfk. Its boundaries are, on the north, the government 1 T of of Tobolfk ; on the eaft, the government of Irkoutfk; on the fouth, China; and on the weft, the deferts of the Kirghis-kaifaks, from which it is divided by the river Irtifh. The principal lakes here are, the Tfchani, the Telctfkoye or Altyn, the Karafouk, the Madjar, and the Yamhifhevfkoye ; and the rivers, the Obe, Eniffey, Irtifh, Tom, Abakan, Touba, Biya, Katounia, Kan, Tchou-myfh and Aouley. It is divided into five diftricls, or circuits, containing the follow-towns; l. Kolhyvane, The capital of the go* vernment, on the Obe, in 54° 48' latitude, and 99/35' longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 4835, and from Mofqua 4107 verfts. 2. Semi- 2. Semipalatnye, A fort on the river Irtifh. 3. Biyfk, A fort on the rivers Biya and Katounia, 260 verfts from Kolhyvane. 4. Kouznetfk, On the river Tom and Kondoma. 5. Krafnoyarfk, On the rivers Eniffey and Katcha, 19S 1 verfls from Kolhyvane. In this government there is a line which is called the Line of Irtifh, as it extends along the river Irtifh. They have erected here four fortreffes, fome advanced pofls, and other fortifications. The fame line is continued within the government as far as Biyfk. It has three fortreffes and fome other ftrong places of defence, as well as fome light or mark houfes. In In this government, befides Ruffians, there are fome Teleouti, Arintzi and Tartars ; and as they are fcattcred in different places, villages and along the rivers, fo, on that account, they bear different names. Some of them lead a wandering life, and others are fixed to one fpot. Some few of them are Chriftians, the reft are of the Mahometan religion. There are few who cultivate their lands, the reft get their livelihood by breeding of cattle, hunting and fifliing. Almoft all of them pay a tribute. This government contains fome very rich gold and filver ore; and on that account they have erected feveral works for extracting thefe metals, which, by the particular attention of the infpe&or major general Soymonoff, are now brought to very great perfection. This government, which conllitutes the fouthern fouthern part of Siberia, abounds with wood, wherein cedars are to be met with. The agriculture and the breeding of cattle in feveral places are very confiderable. But the principal employment of the inhabitants conlifts in hunting and hilling, likewife in working and tranfporting of ores. The Yamhiflievfkoye Lake produces very fine and very clear fait, which is di fpofed of in different towns fituate on the Line of Irtifh. The Poles who are fettled in the neighbourhood of Semipalatnye follow the employment of agriculture. The Ruffian clergy are under the direction of the bifhop of Tobolfk and Siberia ; and thofe of other nations under that of their own fpiritual leaders. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 170,000. T j The 2J$ SURVEY OF TilE The arms of Kolhyvane arc not yet eftablifhed. The uniform; a red coat with light blue velvet lappels, collar, and cuffs; two buttons on the flits; the lining and waift-coat of a buff colour, and white buttons, XXXVIII. The Government of Irkoutfk Is fituate in the middle region or divifion, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the government of Kolhyvane. It is bounded on the north by the Icy Sea; on the eaft, by the Icy Sea and the Eaftern Ocean, and is Separated by the Straits of Behring from America ; on the fouth, it borders on China ; and on the weft, on the government of Tobolfk. and that of Kolhyvane. The principal lakes here are, the Baikal, which on account of its its extent is called Sea; the Tarey, the Eravna, the Kronotfkoye, and the Kouril-fkoye ; and the chief rivers are, the Lena, Kolhyma, Indighirka, Olenik, Aldan, Viliuy, Selenga, Shilka, Argounia, Angara, Yana, Khrona, Vitim, Alazeya, Olekma, the three Toungoofki, Oka, Ingoda, Onon, the Great Talha, Anadyr, Kamtchatka, Bolfhaya, Tigyl, and Avatcha. This government is divided into four provinces, viz. the province of Irkoutfk, the province of Nertchinfk, the province of Yakoutfk, and the province of Okhotfk; they confift of feventeen diftricls or circuits, containing the following towns : The Province of Irkoutfk. I. Irkoutfk, The capital of the government, on the rivers Angara and Irkout, in 52° 18' 15" latitude, and T4 122* 12 2° 13' 30" [longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 5821, and from Mofqua 5093 verfts. 2. Verkhncy (that is, the upper) Oudinfk, On the rivers Ouda and Selenga, 295 verfts from Irkoutfk. 3. Nizney (viz. the lower) Oudinfk, on the river Ouda, 475 verfts from Irkoutfk. 4. Kirenfk, On the rivers Lena and Kirena, 945 verfts from Irkoutfk. The Province of Nertchinfk. 5. Nertchinfk, The capital of the pro- vince, on the river Ner-tcha, which falls into the Shilka, 961 verfts from Irkoutfk. 6. Doroninfk 6. Doroninfk, On the river Ingoda,871 verfts from Irkoutfk. 7. Bargoozin, On the river Bargoozina, 5 24 verfts from Irkoutfk, 8. Strictinfk, On the river Shilka, 1043 verfts from Irkoutfk. 7 he Province of Takoutfk. 9. Yakoutik, 10. Olckminfk, 11. Olenfk, 12. Jiganfk, The capital of the province, on the river Lena, 2486 verfts from Irkoutfk. On the rivers Lena and Olekma, 1931 verfts from Irkoutfk. On the river Olenfk, 3486 verfts from Irkoutfk. On the river Lena, 3302 verfts from Irkoutfk. 13. Zafhiverfk, 13. Zafhiverfk, On the river Indighir- ka, 3369 verfts from Irkoutfk . The Province of Okhotfk. 14. Okhotfk, The capital of the pro- vince, and a port on the river Okhota, which falls into the fea of Okhotfk, 3436 verfts from Irkoutfk. 15. Yjighinfk, On the river Yjigna, 4484 verfts from. Irkoutfk, 16. Aklanfk, On the rivers Aklana and Penja, 4674 verfts from Irkoutfk. 17. Nizney,(that is, the lower)Kamtchatfk, On the peninfula of Kamtchatka, upon the river Kamtchatka, 5876 verfts from Irkoutfk. Befides Befide thcfe, in the province of Irkoutfk: the villages of Ylimfk and Selenghinfk are worth notice ; likewife Kiakhta, a commercial place; and Petropavlovfkaya Fortrefs, in which they load velfels for conveying goods from China to Ruffia, for which purpofe there is a cuftom-houfe eftablifhed in it. Both to the weft and to the eaft of Kiakhta they have made feveral fortreffes and guard-houfes, in which the duty is performed by the Kozaks and Mungals, who ferve as Kozaks. In the province of Nertchinfk alfo, on the rivers Onon and Argounia, they have eftabliihed forts and fome advanced pofts as well as guard and light-houfcs. In the province of Okhotfk, Avatcha, or the town and port of St. Peter and Paul, as well as the port and town of Bolfheretzk, deferve to be noticed; they are both on the peninfula of Kamtchatka. This This government, befides Ruffians, is inhabited by many other nations, fuch as Mungals, Toungooii, Boureti, Yakouti, Yiukaghiri,Tchouktchi, Koriaki and Kamtchadals. Some of thefe people lead a wandering life, and fome are fixed to one place. A fmall number of them have received the Christian religion, but the greateft number profefs that of Lama, or are governed by Shamans; and fome are itili remaining in the grofTefl: ignorance and fuperftition. They live in yurts, and fubfifl by hunting, fiGaing, catching feals, and eating different kinds of roots, graffes and wild animals, as well as infects. Their riches confift of deer, horfes, fhecp and dogs. They all acknowledge them-felvcs to be the fubjedts of Ruffia, but do not all pay tribute. This government confthutes the eaftern part of Siberia, but, conlidering its extent, is is thinner peopled than the reft. The province of Irkoutfk has very fine lands, which produce grain, fruit, and vegetables in abundance. The inhabitants of Irkoutfk acquire very confiderable property by means of commerce, which is carried on at Kiakhta by bartering the Ruffian products for thofe of China, Bucharia and Mungalia, to a very great amount. There are two villages fettled here for the purpofe of carrying on this traffick at a diftance of 1 20 fajens one from the other, and one of them is inhabited by the Ruffians, and the other by the Chinefe. At Irkoutfk there are fome tanneries and glafs-works. In the village' of Ouffolfk there are fome lalt-fprings belonging to government, producing a very great quantity of fait; and about Selenghinfk they cultivate rhubarb in great abundance. The Ruffians fell to the Chinefe and Bu-kharians, beavers, foxes, wolves, fables, martens, martens, ermins, and fquirrels ; they reap a very great benefit by this trade; bccaufe the Chinefe take all forts of peltry without diflinetion even as to their quality. They buy likewife all forts of woollen and linen cloths of Ruffian manufactory. From the Chinefe in return we take tea of different kinds, the heft fort of rhubarb, raw filk, different kinds of filk as well as cotton fluffs, china, and other produce of their manufactories. In the province of Nertchinfk, the Daourian* Mountains contain a great quantity of gold as well as filver ore; for extracting which the government has erected feveral works, in which the labourers are con- * Daouria is that extent of land which is traverfed by the river Amour: it is fo called on account of the Daouri, its ancient inhabitants, who were a race of the Toungoofi or Mangouri. 4 victs vi&s as well as free people for hire. The inhabitants who live at a diftance from thofe works employ themfelves in agriculture, and fupply the manufactories with the produce of their labour. They reckon here about ninety different mines. There are feveral fait lakes here, which fupply the neighbouring places with fait. The province of Yakoutfk is very thinly peopled, fo much fo, that there are hardly any other inhabitants except a few of the wild tribe who are fcattered about the woods and the fea-fhores. They cultivate no grain here, but depend upon their neighbours for the fupply of it. In the diftricvt of Yakoutfk, about the rivers Vitim, Olekma, Aldan, and Ouda, the beft and the moft valuable fables are to be found. This province in general is very abundant in horned cattle, wild beafts and fifties, which afford both both an employment as well as livelihood to the inhabitants. The province of Okhotfk, as well as the peninfula of Kamchatka belonging to it, are likewife very thin of inhabitants, who confift chiefly of the wandering tribes of the Koriaki, Tchouktchi and Kamtchadali. Merchants going to Kamtchatka generally take their departure from Okhotfk by fea, and land at the port of Bolfheretfk. The peninfula of Kamtchatka fupplics all kinds of animals valuable for the jgoodnefs of their furs, but particularly foxes and fables. At Kamtchatka, about the Verkhney and Nizney Oftrog, that is, about the upper and the lower forts, there are fome fpots which produce grain, fruits and vegetables. There are three volcanos at Kamtchatka, the greateft of which is called Gorelaya, the other Tolbotchiufkaya, and the third Avatchinfkaya Avatchinfkaya Sopka. In this peninfula, as well as about the Baikal and the Altay Mountains, there are frequent and fevere fhocks of earthquakes. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif* didion of the bifhop of Irkoutfk: and Nertchinfk, and the other nations under that of their own fpiritual leaders. The number of inhabitants of both fexea amounts to 375,150. The arms of Irkoutfk are not yet eUablifhed. The uniform; a red coat with light blue lappels, collar and cuffs, five buttons on the flits; lining and waiftcoat of buff colour, and white buttons. U The KourilJJue JJlands, Thefe iflands, which may he reckoned as belonging to the government of Irkoutfk, lie on the Eaftern Ocean, extending 1300 verfts from the fouthern point of Kamtchatka to the fouth-weft as far as Japan. After the conqueft cf Kamtchatka they were difcovered, and by degrees brought under the dominion of Ruflia. At prefent their number is reckoned to be twenty-one. Some of them are inhabited by people greatly refem-bling the Kamtchadals, but differing from them, as well as from the other Siberian ravage tribes, in their having large black beards, and in being more civilized and cf better difpofitions. They have carried on a commercial intercourfe with the Japanefe for a long time. Their food confifts of fifh and flefh, andTat of the fea animals, whole fkins ferve them for clothing. Every other or ,2, third third year the Ruffians fend thither their veflels for collecting a tribute, which confifts of the fkins of otters, foxes and other animals. Some of thefe iflands have vol-canos, which are covered with allies: they are entirely barren, uninhabited, and totally deficient both in wood and water; but thofe iflands which are inhabited, are plentifully flored with all kinds of animals, and the rivers abound with fifh and water-fowl. The Aleoutjkie Iflands Are fcattered in the Eaftern Ocean, eaft-ward of Kamtchatka ; the neareft of them are called Behring's or Commodore's and Copper Iflands; they are about 200 verfts from the mouth of the river Kamtchatka. Thofe lying beyond thefe are called the middle Alcoutfkie or Andrean's Iflands, and extend to 210 degrees of longitude. Thofe ftill farther to the eaft arc called Fox Iflands: U 2 thefe thcfe laft are larger, better peopled, and of more confequencc to the Ruffians than all the reft. All thefe iflands lie between 510 and 5 70 of north latitude : all refemblc one another in the want of wood, and in being full of mountains, and having craggy fea-fhorcs. Some of them have volcanos, lakes, hot fprings and rapid rivers. The inhabitants of thefe iflands, in appearance, language,cuftoms, and the manner of living, referable very much the Americans, called the Efquimaux, and the Grcenlanders, and feem to be of the fame race with them. The number of inhabitants cannot be afcertaincd exactly j however the iflands in general appear *o be well peopled. They almoft all pay tribute. Several of them underftand the Ruffian language, having learned it from the Ruffian hunters, who frequently refide amongft them four years fucccflively. They are all Idolaters. SEC- SECTION III. The Southern Region or Divifion. XXXIX. The Government of Kiev LIES in the fouthern divifion, and, together with the governments of Tchernigov and Novgorod-Sieverfkoy, confti-tutes Little Ruffia, and is under the direction of the fame governor general. It is bounded on the north by Poland and the government of Tchernigov on the eaft, by the government of Tchernigov and that of Ekatheri-noflav ; on the fouth, by this laft government ; and on the weft, by Poland, from which it is divided by the river Dniepr, iand the Yrten and Stougna, which fall into U 3 it. it. The principal rivers here are, the Dniepr, Defna, Oftr, Soula, Pfiol, Troubez, and Khorol. It is divided into eleven diftric~ts or circuits, containing the following towns ; I. Kiev, 2. Oder, 3. Kozeletz, 4. Percyaflavl, The capital of the government, and a fortrefs on the river Dniepr, in 50* 27' latitude and 48° 47' 30" longitude, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1307, and from Mofqua 852 verfts. On the river Oftr, 90 verfts from Kiev. On the river Oftr, 72 verfts from Kiev. On the rivers Troubez and Alta, 78 verfts from Kiev. On the river Ouday, 162 verfts from Kiev. 6. Loubni, RUSSIAN EMFIRE. 295 6. Loubny, On the river Soula, 198 verfls from Kiev. 7. Mirgorod, On the river Khorol, 245 verfls from Kiev. 8. Khorol, On the river Khorol, 230 verfls from Kiev. 9. Zolotonofha, On the river Zolotono- fha, 13 8 verfls from Kiev. 10. Gorodiflche, On the river Dniepr, 239 verfls from Kiev, 11. Goltva, On the rivers Pfiol and Goltva, 302 verfls from Kiev, Befides thefe, the village Vafilkov is worth notice, a frontier cuftom-houfe being eftablifhed in it; and near Kiev and Ofler there are fome colonies of Germans, Out of the above mentioned three governments, as was faid before, is compofed Little Ruflia, which, in the year 1320, was U 4 ceded ceded to Poland, but in 1654 was reftored to Ruffia. It was formerly inhabited by the Kozaks of Little Ruffia, which at prefent are formed into regular regiments of carabiniers; viz. the regiment of Kiev, of Tchernigov, of Loubny, of Starodoub, of Pcreyaflavl, of Gloukhov, of Sophia, of Tver, and the Sicvcrfkoy, and likewife the regiment of grenadiers, which is to be raifed out of the peafants who formerly belonged to monafleries, but now arc called Economick Peafants *. * Economic!: peafants arc called thofe who formerly belonged to the monafleries: but fome time ago the government thought proper to inftkutc a different regulation for them ; and the taxes, which are annually collected from thefe peafants, inftead of fupporting the monafleries only, are ufed at prefent for the clergy in general, and far the fupport of different univcrfities, academies and fchools cflablifhed in different parts of the empire. RUSSIAN UMPIRE. 297 This government has a great extent of open land, plentifully itored withcattle, and produces abundance of corn of all forts. They have .very extenfive fruit-gardens, breed fine flocks of fheep, rear great quantities of bees, and have cftabliflied feveral filk, woollen, and tanning manufactories ; but feci greatly the want of wood, fo much fo, that the peafants are obliged to ufe for fuel wild weeds, ruflies, ilraw, and dried frefli dung. The principal produce of this government confi'fts in hemp, flax, pot-aih, hemp and lintfeed-oil; tobacco, honey, wax, wool, tallow, and brandy. They breed a great many horfes, and all other kinds of cattle, but particularly oxen, of which a great number is driven to St. Pcteriburg, but a much greater to Silefia, where there -is a very great market for them, The ao8 survey of the The clergy are under the jurifdiction of the metropolitan of Kiev: this metropolitan has a coadjutor, who lives in the town of Sloutfk, beyond the frontier, and has the direction, of the Greek clergy refiding in Poland. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 795,800. The arms of Kiev are azure, St. Michael the archangel arrayed in white, and bearing a fword; his head furrounded with rays, or. The uniform ; a dark cherry-colour coat, with light blue velvet lappcls, collar, and cuffs, four buttons on the flits, light blue lining, and white waiflcoat and buttons. XL. The Government of Ekatherinofav Is fituate in the fouthern region, and is under the direction of one governor general with the province of Tavrida and the government of Kharkov. It is bounded on the north by Poland and the governments of Kiev, Tchernigov Kharkov, and Voronez, as well as by the habitations of the Don Kozaks ; on the eaft, by the fame habitations of the Don Kozaks; on the fouth, by Tavrida, the Sea of Azov, and the government of Caucafus ; and on the weft, by Poland and the plains or deferts of Otchakov, from which it is divided by the river Boug and the river Siniukha, which falls into it. The principal rivers here are, the Dniepr, Don, Pfiol, Vorfkla, Orel, Donetz, Siniukha, Samara, Ingoul, Jngouletz, Atius and Kalmius. It is divided ed into fifteen diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns : f, Ekatherinoflav, The capital of the government, on the river firft of its cataracts, which is called Kaidak, in 480 4' lat. and 53* 20' long, diftant from St. Peterfburg 1596, and from Mofqua 868 verfts. 2. Gradiftche, 1 On the river Dniepr, 136 and Poltavka, 171 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. Dniepr, oppofite to the 3. Poltava, flav. On the rivers Vorfkla This town will remain celebrated in the annals annals of Ruffia for ever, on account of the fignal vi&ory gained by the emperor Peter the Great over Charles XII. king of Sweden, on the 27th of June 1709, when both thefe fovereigns commanded their armies in perfon. Charles XII. after his defeat, was obliged to fave himfelf by flying to Bender, under the protection of the Turks; the remainder of his army, under the command of general Levenhaupt, laid down their arms without any refillance, near Perevolotchna, on the 30th of June. The number of prifoners taken in confequence of this victory exceeded 36,000. 4. Slavyanik (formerly called Tor), On the rivers Toretz and Donetz, 225 verfls from Ekatherinoflav. 5. Mari- 5. Marioupoulc, At the mouth of thtf river Calmius, near the Sea of Azov, 321 verfls from Ekatherinoflav. 6. Kherfon, A port-town, a fortrefs, and an admiralty, on the Dniepr, 30 verils from the mouth of the faid river, and 290 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 7. Bakhmout, On the river Backhmout, 368 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 8. Pavlograd, On the river Voltchaya, 202 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 9. Novomirgorod, On the river Vifa, 28S verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 10. Elifabethgrad (formerly the fort of St. Eliza- Elizabeth), on the river Ingoul, 211 verfts from Ekatherinoflav, 11. Novomofkovfk (formerly the fort of Old Samara), on the river Samara, 18 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 12. Konftantinograd (formerly Bielevfkaya Fort), on the rivers Ore-lia and Bereftova, 227 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 13. Alcxopole, On the river Orelia, 115 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 14. Donctzk, On the river Donetz, 443 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. 15. Alexandria, On the river Ingouletz, 184 verfts from Ekatherinoflav. Befides Befides thefe, the following places ar«i alfo worth notice : viz. the town and fort of Azov ; Taganrog, having a port, a fortrefs, and an admiralty; the fort of St. Demetrius of Roftov ; the fort of Perevo-lotchna, and the towns of Nikopole, Olviopole, Beriflav, Nakhitchevan, and Krementchoug, as well as the village Vi-tovka, on the river Boug, where they build ycfTels. There are two lines formed in this government for the defence of the country; one is called the Line of the Dniepr, and the other the Line of Ukraina; there are twenty-two different forts built upon them. There is a certain part of this government allotted for quartering of fome troops, which are called the light-horfe of Ekatherinoflav : they are the regiments of Poltava, of Olviopole, of Alexandria, of Mari- oupole, oupole, of Pavlograd, of Voronez, and of Elifabethgrad. i This government is inhabited in feveral places by the Servians, Bolgarians, Moldavians, Valakhians, Greeks, Albanians, Ar-naouts, and Armenians. The fituation of this government is chiefly open and level; com of all kinds grows in abundance, but particularly fo in the diftrict. of Bakhmout. The breeding of cattle and horfes likewife is very confiderable. In feveral places there are diftiileries, linen, and thread manufactories, falt-works, tanneries, &c. The village of Refhetilovka is very famous for that very fine kind of curled lambfkin which makes a confiderable article of trade. The inhabitants likewife employ themfelves a great deal in fiihing, rearing bees, cultivating X fruit 306 survey or Tin fruit and kitchen gardens, and in growing melons and water-melons. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurif-diction of the archbiihop of Ekatherinoflav, Kherfon, and Taurida, who is the vicar of the exarchy of Moldavia and Va-lakhia ; and the other nations under that of their own pallors. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 744,550. The arms of Ekatherinoflav are not yet cftablifhed. The uniform; a dark cherry-colour coat, with green velvet lappels, collar, and cuffs ; green lining, white waiftcoat, and yellow buttons: the button-holes worked with gold; four buttons on the flits of the cuffs; the embroidery of the uniforms is required required only of the ftaff and other higher officers ; but the lower ranks are exempt from it. Otchakov is a town and a fortrefs of confiderable ftrength, fituate on the right fide of the Liman, which is the mouth of the river Dniepr, directly op-pofite to the fortrefs of Kinburn, in the province of Tavrida. In 1737, the 13th of July, this town was befiegcd and taken by the Ruffian army, under the command of field-marfhal Count Munich. The fame year, in the month of October, the Turks, in hopes of better fuccefs, undertook to retake Otchakov; but by the gallant behaviour of General Stoffeln, who remained as governor of the town, they wTere repulfed, and obliged to raife the fiege. After this it remained in the poffef-fion of Ruffia till the month of September X 2 1739, 1739, when, in confequence of the treaty of peace concluded at Belgrade, the town was rafed and abandoned to the Turks, who had it rebuilt and fortified. In the progrefs of the war which broke out with the Turks in 1787, it was befieged again by the Ruffian army under the command of PrincePotemkin,and taken on the 6th of December 1788,0. S.; and by the late negocia-tions and preliminaries, figned by the Vizir and Prince Repnin on the 11th of Augufl 1791, and afterwards by the treaty of peace concluded at Yaffy on the 29th of December 1791, O. S. it is ceded to Ruffia, with the whole diftrid belonging to it, which extends between the rivers Boug and Dnieftr ; and as this diftridr, is contiguous to the government of Ekatherinoflav, it is -probable they will be joined together. XLI. The XLI. The Province of Tavrida Lies in the fouthern region, and is under the direction of the fame governor general as the governments of Ekatherinoflav and Kharkov. Its boundaries are, on the north, the government of Ekatherinoflav ; on the eaft, the Sea of Azov, and the government of Caucafus ; and on the fouth and weft, it is furrounded by the Black Sea. The principal rivers here are the Alma, Katcha, Ka-barta, the three Indals, Salghir, Bouzouk-fou, and Karafou. It is divided into feven diftricts, containing the following towns; lf Sympheropole (formerly called Akh-metchet), the capital of the province, on the river fj 1 Salghir, in 450 12' lat. and 5 2° 47'long, diftant X 3 from 2. Theodofia 3. Evpatoria 4. Perekop, 5. Dnieprovfk, 6. Melitopolc, 7. Phanagoria from St. Peterfburg 2187, and from Mofqua 1459 verfts. (formerly Kefa), upon the Black Sea. (formerly Kozlove, or Gefleve), on the Black Sea, 60 verfts from Sym-phcropole. On the ifthmus between the Black Sea and the Putrid Sea, 140 verfts from Sympberopole. On the river Dniepr, 300 verfts from Sym-phcropole. On the river Molotch-niya Vodi(v:z. the milk-waters), 220 verfts from Sympheropole. (formerly Taman), on the ifland of Taman, 6 near near the ftraits of Ye-nicale, 240 verfts from Sympheropole. Befides thefe, the following places are worth notice: viz. the fort of Kinburn ; Sevaftopole (formerly Akhtiar), a principal haven, fort, and an admiralty ; Balaklava, a port; Inkerman, Baktchi Sarai, Karafou-hazar, Lcvcopole (formerly Elki-crim), Arabat, Aphiney (formerly Soudak), Vof-por, Kertch, and Yenicale. As this territory is but lately added to the dominions of Ruflia, I think it necef-fary briefly to mention its ancient ftate and changes, collected from different defcrip-tions of it. So long ago as the times of the Argonauts, that is, about 1400 years before the birth of our Saviour, this peninfula was not only known, but even famous. Its X 4 inhabitants inhabitants were called Cimmcrii, of whom thofe fettled in the mountains were called Tauri, who in procefs of time gave the name of Tavrica (now Tavrida) to the whole peninfula. The weflern and the fouthern fhores of it were peopled by Greek colonies from Miletus, who built the town of Kherfon, which was fome few miles diftant to the fouth-weft of the place where the town of Sevaftopole ftands at prefent, and which at that time was the richeft and moft populous town of the whole peninfula. The eaftern part of it, as far as the river Don, was fubject to the dominion of the kings of Bofphorus, who were fo called from the city of Bof-phorus, which is now called Ketchc, and anciently Panticapeum. The inland parts of the peninfula were inhabited by the Scythians, who, by their frequent inroads upon the Greek pofleflions, obliged the Greeks to apply for affiftancc to Mith- ridates, ridates, the king of Pontus ; who, having driven the Scythians out of the Cherfo-nefus Taurica, laid the foundation of the kingdom of Bofphorus, which included in it the eaftern part of the peninfula, as well as the territory oppofite to it, eaftward as far as tlie mountains of Caucafus. The weftern part of the peninfula belonged to the inhabitants of Cherfonefus, who had frequent quarrels with the Bofphorani. In the reign of Diocletian the Sarma-tians took poffefiion of thefe places; then the Allani, then the Goths, and afterwards the Grecian kings ; then the Hunns and Hungarians, and after them the Kozare, and, at laft, the Polovtfi had a fhare in the dominion of it. Towards the latter end of the 12th century, the Genoefe, having got poftcftion of the Pontus and all its harbours, fettled themfelves along the fhorcs of the Cherfonefus Taurica. In the 13th century century the Polovtfi were driven out of their dominions by the Mungals and Tartars ; and thefe laft changed the name of the town of Solgat into that of Crim, which, in the Tartarian language, means a fortrefs; but the whole peninfula of Crimea, as fome writers pretend, has got its name from the Greek word Cimmerium, which was the ancient name of this territory. The Genoefe at this time got fo very ftrong in their poffeffions, that the Mungals could not drive them out either of their fea-ports or fortreffes; and they continued in poffeftion of the town of Caffa to the year 1473, when the Turks took it, and afterwards conquered the whole peninfula. In the year 1774 the Crimean Tartars became independent by means of Ruftia; and in 1783 the whole peninfula came under the dominion of Ruflia, and recovered its ancient name of the the Cherfonefus Taurica. The open part of this territory has no wood, but a great number of fait lakes, and is tolerably good both for cultivation and for pafture; but in the mountainous part of it, fome of the hills are covered with wood; and in the valleys, which have a variety of fine rivers, fprings, and rivulets gliding through them, the foil is admirably rich, the greateft part of which is laid out into gardens, which are plentifully furnifhed by the hand of Nature with apricots,, peaches, plums, and cherries of different kinds; mulberries, almonds, prunes, granatcs, figs, walnuts, nuts, quinces, pears, apples, grapes of various forts, melons, and water-melons. There are few fpots on the globe that have fo many perfections joined together as the hilly parts of Tavrida, which, with regard to its climate, has by nature every good good quality, and none bad, except the places adjoining the Sivafli or the Putrid Sea. Beads in the woods arc chiefly of the fame kinds as in other fouthern parts of Ruffia, except bears, of which there are none in the province of Tavrida: its rivers abound with every kind of fifh. The ifland of Taman, which belongs to this province, is divided from it by the drafts of Yenicale, which are about 10 verfls wide. There are neither woods nor rivers in this ifland; the greated curiofities in it are fome caverns, which throw up a kind of fait mud, and fome fait fprings, containing a black petroleum. The chief produce of Tavrida confids in wheat, millet, barley, wine, tobacco, fait, honey, wax, wool, foap-earth, known by the name of keal, hides, ftieep-fkins, felts, grey and black lamb-fkins, yellow and red Spa-nilk leather, fall fifn, caviare and ifinglafs. The The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the archbiihop of Ekatherinoflav and Cherfonefus Taurica; and thofe of the Mahometan religion have their own fpiri-tual leaders. The number of inhabitants of both fexes amounts to 100,000. The arms of Tavrida are or, on the bread of the imperial eagle difplayed fable, bearing the mound and fceptre, an inefcutcheon azure charged with a crofs* of eight angles of the field. The uniform; a dark cherry-coloured coat, with green velvet lappels; collar with two buttons, and cuffs with four buttons on * In the arms of Tavrida the crofs is implanted, in order to (hew that Chriflianity was introduced into Ruflia by way of Tavrida, and that a crofs was fent to Ruflia by the Greek emperors, at the time when the grand dukes of Ruflia received the Chriiliau religion. the the flits ; green lining, white waiftcoat and buttons. The button-holes on the coat are bound with fmall plated filver loops and tafTels. XLII. The Habitations of the Kozaks of the Don* Befides the above defcribed governments, there arc fome lands occupied by the Kozaks of the Don, who are under the direction of their chief (called the Ataman) and the civil government, in which perpetual judges prefide; to thefe laft are fubject the chiefs or the Atamans of the different ftanitzi or ftations : but the fupreme government of the whole body of the Kozaks is committed to the care and direction of the general in chief of the irregular troops. The habitations of the Don Kozaks are bounded on the north by the government of Saratov ; on the eaft, by the fame government 'RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 319 vernment of Saratov and that of Caucafus; on the fouth, by the fame government of Caucafus ; and on the weft, by the governments of Voronez and Ekatherinoflav. The principal rivers here are, the Don, Donetz, Khoper, Medveditza, Ylavlia, Bouzoulook, Sal and Manhytch. The troops of the Don Kozaks are divided into 112 ftanitzi or ftations, which are difpofcd along the rivers, as follows; On the River Don. Tcherkafk, The capital town of the Don Kozaks in 470 13' 30" latitude, and 570 30' longitude. It conftfts of 11 ftanitzi or ftations. Its diftance from St. Peterfburg is 1936, and from Mofqua 1208 verfts. Befides the town of of Tcherkaik, there are 51 other ftanitzi dif-pofed on the river Don. On the Donetz There arc nine ftanitzi. On the Khoper There are twenty ftanitzi. On the Medveditza There are eleven ftanitzi. On the Bouzoulook There are ten ftanitzi. The Ataman of the troops, that is, the chief of the Kozaks, refides at Tcher-kafk ; which town is likewife the place of their fupremc court of judicature, as well as of their public meetings for difcufling or coniulting about their military preparations, as well as other internal matters. Their artillery and the military cheft are alfo de-poiitcd in the fame town. Befides Befides the ftanitzi, that is, the villages inhabited by the Kozaks, there are other fettlements upon their lands which are peopled by Little Ruffians as well as other peafantry, whofe number is very confiderable. Amongft the Kozaks there are fome Tartars and Kalmuks, of whom thofe that are chriftened are permitted to intermarry with the Kozaks. The ground occupied by the Kozaks.is exceedingly rich and fruitful, very proper for agiiculture, for the cultivation of vines, for gardening, and for pafture ; but the Kozaks, whofe fupinenefs is unpardonable, being totally given up to lazinefs, make not the leaft advantage of their fine fituation, and neglect: every advantage which would enable them to be happy themfelves as well as ufeful to their neighbours. They carry on a tolerable commerce with the Greeks Y and and the inhabitants of Cubanc, which con-lifts in filly, horfes, horned cattle and other products : they make fome wine, but in fo fmali a quantity that the whole of it is confumed at home. In the plains near the river Manhyteh there are fome fait lakes, About the Don, as well as in almoft every part of Ruflia, from time to time are found gipfies, a race well known every where by their cheating and pilfering. They have no fixed refidence, but wander continually from one place to another, and excrcifc the trades of blackfmiths and farriers and horfe-dealers, which laft they generally do by exchanging inftead of felling their horfes. In order to collect; the poll-tax with more certainty, the greateft part of them are put under the infpection of different maftcrs, of whom they are obliged to take their paff- ports before they can go upon their peregrinations. The The clergy are under the jurifdicHon of the bifhop of Voronez. The Kozaks always have 25,000 men ready for fervice ; in consideration of which they pay no taxes whatfoever, and befides that, whenever they are out of their habitations, and employed in actual fervice, the government furnifhes them with pay as well as provifions. Their number of both fexes is reckoned to be about 200,000. To the number of the Kozaks may be added the inhabitants newly planted in the neighbourhood of the Black Sea. Thefe laft are under the direction of the great Hetman of the Kozaks of Ekatherinoflav and the Black Sea, whofe number is not yet exactly afcertained. y 2 XLIir. The XLIII. The Government of Caucafus Is fituate in the fouthern divifion, and has its own governor general. It is bounded on the north by the governments of Saratov and Ekatherinoflav, and by the habitations of the Don Kozaks; on the eaft, by the Cafpian Sea, the government of Oufa and the deferts of Kirghis Kaifaks, from whom it is divided by the river Oural ; on the fouth, by the tribes of different nations fettled at the foot of the Caucafian Mountains, fuch as the Nagaitzi of Cubane, Tcherkefii, Offetintzi, Kiftentzi, Koumyki, and a part of Dagheftan belonging to Perfia ; and on the weft, by the fea of Azov and the province of Tavrida. The principal lakes here are, the Great Liman, and the Kam-hifh Samara; and the rivers, the Volga,, the Oural, Gafhoum, Ouzene, Sarpa, Kou- bane, bane, Terek, Manitch, Kouma, Malka, Sounja, Koyfou and Soulak. It is divided into two provinces, viz. the province of Caucafus, and the province of Aflrakhane, which confift of ten diftricts or circuits, containing the following towns : The Province of Caucafus. 1. Ecatherinograd (formerly ;he fort of St. Catherine), the capital town of the government,on the river Malka, m 43° 43' 34' latitude, and 640 40' longitude, diftant from St. Peterf-burg 2528, and from Mofqua 1800 verfts. 2. Kizliar, On the river Terek, 240 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 3. Mozdok, A fort on the river Y 3 Terek, Terek, 34 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 4. Georghiyevfk, Fort of St. George, on, the river Malaya Kou-ma, 60 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 5. Alexandrovfk, A fort on the river Ka- laoufs, 150 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 6. Stavropole, A fort on the river Afh- la, 220 verfts from Ecatherinograd. The Province of Aflrakhane. 7. Aflrakhane, The capital of the pro- vince, having a port, an admiralty and a dock, on the river Volga, which falls into the Cafpian Sea, 740 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 8. Enotayevfk, 8. Enotayevfk, A fort on the river Volga, 890 verfts from Ecatherinograd. 9. Tchernoyarfk, On the river Volga, 900 verfts from Ecatherinograd. xo. Krafnoyarfk, At the mouth of the Volga, 770 verfts from Ecatherinograd. Befides thefe, the following places are worth notice, viz. the Atchouyev, Tem-riuk, and Kopyl. On the rivers Cubanc and Terek there is a line formed of feveral fortreffes, redoubts and other fortified places, which are inhabited by the Kozaks and others from the neighbourhood of Mozdok ; from Aflrakhane up the Volga there are likewife feveral fortifications. Upon the river Oural there are the towns of Gouryev and Ouralfk, Y 4 which which laft is the principal place of the Kcn zaks of the Oural: between thefe two towns along the Oural there are feveral fmall forta and other fortifications erecte:!, in order to prevent the inroads of the Kirghis Kaifaks. They are guarded by the Oural Kozaks, who live chiefly in the neighbourhood of the river Oural. The principal employment of thcfe people is the rich fifhery in the river Oural, which abounds with moft excellent fifth, fuch as the ofctr (common fturgeon, accipenfer fturio), the bielouga (ifmglafs fturgeon, accipenfer hufo Linn.), and the fevriuga (red fturgeon, accipenfer ftellatus Pall.) Several hundred thoufand of thefe fih\ are caught every year, and tranfported into the interior parts of Ruflia, frefli as well as falted. They make alfo a very confiderable quantity of caviare and ifmglafs. Thefe Kozaks keep always about twelve thoufand men ready for fervice, amongft whom there are are feveral Tartars and Kalmyk!, who have embraced the Chriftian religion. The climate of this government is temperate in general, and even hot in fome places. The foil in the fouthern part of the province of Caucafus is very rich and fruitful, but particularly fo on the banks of the Terek, and in the vicinity of Mofdok. The downs, or flat places, have a great many marfhes and fait lakes, and are therefore net fo proper for cultivation. There are feveral fine forefls about the rivers Terek, Malka, Kouma and Malaya, that is, the Little Kou-ma, as well as in the neighbourhood of Stav-ropole. The province of Aflrakhane is almoft uninhabited, on account of the bar-rennefs of the foil, except the banks of the rivers Volga, Oural, and fuch other rivers as fall into them, which are thinly peopled by the Kazane and the Oural Kozaks and fifhermen, fiihermcn, as well as by different tribes of Tartars and Kalmyki, who in general are very bad hufbandmcn. In the neighbourhood of Kizliar and the river Manitch, as well as near Aflrakhane, there are a great many fait lakes, which produce a fufficicnt quantity of fait, not only for the life of the inhabitants, but even for exportation into other governments. On the other fide of the Terek there are hot fprings of mineral waters in feveral places, and near the river Sounja there arc fome fprings of petroleum. In the year 1783 the fouthern frontiers of the Ruffian empire extended as far as the Caucafian Mountains, which gave the name of a government to this part of the country, as well as to that which formerly was called the government, but now only the province of Aflrakhane. This government government was opened in 1785, and named the government of Caucafus. In it, befides Ruffians, there are feveral other inhabitants, fuch as the Kozaks of the Khoper, Volga, Don, and the Semeynie, Doubovfkie and Grebenfkie Kozaks. It is intended to form here a fettlcmcnt of people who have been in the military fervice, and have got their difeharge. On the mountains of Caucafus there are feveral tribes, which, though not populous, and for the moft part like one another in their mode of living, their drefs and religion, yet fpeak different languages, are indcpendant of one another, and are governed by their own chiefs. The principal of them are the Kabarda or Tcher-keffi, Lefguirftzi, the Nagaitzi of Koubane, the Abhazi, Kiftentzi, Offeuntzi and Kou-myki. The greateft number of them are Mahometans, but fo exceedingly ignorant that they hardly poifefs any idea of their religion. religion. A fmall number of them employ thcmfelves in hufbandry, but the greateft numl)er get their livelihood by the breeding of eattle ; in general they are very much addicted to thieving and robbery. The Kaharda acknowledge the fiiperiority of the Ruffian power over them, and have their corn-lands, as well as paftures, within the dominion of the Ruffian empire. The Lefguinlzi are the mofl reftlefa and faith-lefs tribe, making frequent incurfions into Georgia and Other neighbouring countries. The Offetintzi are the mod attached to Ruflia, and a confiderable number of them have received the Chriftian religion. Georgia and Imeretia are under the protection of Ruffia; and for this purpofe there are always fome Ruffian troops flationed in them. At Aflrakhane, befides Ruffians, there are are fome Indians, Khivians, Turkeftanians, Armenians, Georgians and Perfians. They carry on a very confiderable commerce with India, Khivi, Buckharia and Perfia, where they export a great variety of the Ruifian products, fuch as linens, wax, foap, gold, filver and copper wrought, tin, iron, ftcel, quickfilver, alum, copperas, fal ammoniac, and Ruffia leather. And the goods imported from Perfia and the port of Manghifhlak confift in filk-ftiuTs, raw filk, cotton raw and wrought, ottcr-fkins, frankincenfc, lamb-fkins, Circaflian tuloups or fur gowns, bed-gowns, tobacco, rice, Periian peas, and different kinds of fruits and other articles. The fifhery like-wife is very profitable here ; feals and fca-calvcs are caught in great numbers. In their gardens they have very fine grapes and other fruit, and water-melons of moft exquifite tafte. But the principal products ■ of the province of Caucafus are honey, wax ; fox, marten, otter and fheep fkins ; hides, wool, timber and fruit of different kinds, &c. The Ruffian clergy are under the jurisdiction of the archbiihop of Aflrakhane and Stavropole; and the nations of the Mahometan religion, as well as the Idolaters, under that of their own fpiritual leaders. The number of inhabitants of both fexes in this government amounts to 48,350; befides which, there are 400 families, and 12,250 kibitki, that is, tents of Kalmykt or Kalmuks. The arms of Caucafus are not yet efta-blifhed. The The uniform; a dark cherry-colour coat, with light blue velvet collar, and pointed culls, with four buttons on the flits; the lining and waiftcoat of the fame colour; white buttons fet in clufters on both fides of the coat, and long pockets. According to the laft revifion, the population of Ruflia amounts to 26 millions ; but it is to be obferved, that the nobility, clergy, land as well as fea forces, different officers, fervants belonging to the court, perfons employed under government in civil and other offices ; the ftudents of different univerfities, academics, feminaries, and other fchools; hofpitals of different denominations; likewife all the irregular troops, the roving hordes of different tribes, foreigners and colonifts, or fettlers of different nations, are not included in the above-mentioned number: but with the addition of 336 SURVEY OF, ScC* of all thefe, the population of Ruflia, of both fexes, may be fuppofed to come near to 30 millions. The revenue of Ruflia is effimated at upwards of 40,000,000 roubles. The ex-pences in time of peace never exceed 38,000,000 roubles: the remainder is not treafured up, but is employed by her Imperial Majefty in conftructing public edifices, making harbours, canals, roads, and other ufeful works, for the glory of the empire, and the benefit of her fubjefts. FINIS. general index. ABBREVIATIONS. C. Canal. C. E. Capital of the Empire. C. P. Capital of a Province. C. A. Capital of a Government. C. T. Capita] Town. 1). T. A Di Uriel Town. F. A Fort or Fortrefs. Gov. A Government. H. An Haven or Harbour. 111. An Ifland. L. Lake. M. Mountain or Mountains. N. Nation or a Tribe. R. River. 8tr. Straits. Vil. Village. A. AA, or Treidcr Aa, R. 109, no. Abakan, R. 45. Abaza, N. 61. Abazinui, or Abkhazi, N. 61. Abint/j, N. 57. Abolova, R. 206. Z Aklan, Arkfay, R. 43. Akhmetchet, 309. Akhtiar, 311. Aklitouba, R. 262. Akhtyrka, R. 196. Akhtyrka, D. T. I96. - Light Horfc Regiment of, 198. Akkermcn, Horde of, 58. Aklnn, R. 282. Aklanlk, D. T. 282. Akfakal, L. 271. Alapaycv, D. T. 152. Alatyre, R. 239. Alatyre, D. T. 239. Alaunus Mons, 20. Alazcya, R. 26. Albanians, N. 7*. Aldan, R. 46, 287. Aleouti, N. 70. Aleoutfitic Iflands, 25, 291. Alexandria, 13- T. 303. Alexandria, Regiment of, 304. Alexandre*. D. T. 225. Alexandrovfk, D. T. 326. Alexin, D. T. 215. Alcxopole, D. T. 303. A IgjiiaJkoy Sirt, M. 22. Alma, R. 21, 39. Alta, R. 294. i Altay Mountains, 7, 2j, 161, 289. Akin, Altay, or Tektlk, L. 33» 274-' Amour, R. 2, 26, 47. Anadir, Seaof, 28. Anadir, R. 26, 47. Andrean's Ifl. 70, 291. Androufovo, Vil. I 73. Angara, R. 162, 279. Anian,or Buhring's Straits, I, Aouley, R. 274. Aphiney, Vil. 311, Arnbat, Vtl. 311. Archang 1, Gov. 87. Archangel, or Avchangelfk, C. Q. 6& 147-. ,'htllk theLittkyD.T. 207. . AifLtov, D. T. 229. Ard *-iv upon the Alatyr, D. T. 240. Arenfb rg, D. T. 111. f ., riu, R. 26, 47, 283. Arintzi, N. 71, 276. Arkarka, R. 157. Armenians, N. 73. Arnaouts, N. 73. Arfho, L. tl6. Arlk, D. T. 234. Arzamafs, D. T. 228, 231, Aitrakhane, C. P. 326. Aflrakhane, Prov. 326. Afhla, R. 326. Atchagoda, R. 124. Atchinlk, D. t. 158. Atchouyev, Vil. 327. Atkar, R. 259. Atkarfk, D. T. 259. Atari, N. 63. Avatcba, R. 279. Avatcha, or the Town and, Port of St. Peter and Paul, 283-. Avatchinfkaya Sopka, 289. Azov Sea, 29. Azov, F. 304. Ayalhi, N. 57. B. Babinet/, R. 191. Babinka, R. 220. Babinovitchi, D. T. 182. Baikal Sea or Lake, 7, 26, 3°» 33. ?7&-Bakhmout, R. 302. Bakhniout, D. T. 302. Bakhtchifary, 311. Bakfan, R. 43. Balagans, 68. Balakhna, D. T. 230, Balaklava, H. 311. Baltic Port, D. T. 10G. Baltic Sea, 28. Balatov, D. T. 259. Baraba, Tartare of, 57. Barabinfkaya Stepe, viz. the Deferts of Baraba, 7, 34, 159, 161. Uargoiizina, Bargouzina, R. 281. Bargouzin, D. T. 281. Baryfli, R, 239. Baflikirtzi, N. 59. Bafya, R. 181. Bafkountchat, L. 258, Batourin, Vil. 193. Baykem, R. 45. Bebri, R. 172. Behring'a Ifl, 291. B eh ring's Straits, 278. Belebcye, D. T. 267. Bckbcy, R. 267. Berellovaya, R. 303. Bereza, R. 187. Bere/.in, or Berezna, D. T. 187. Bcrezovka, R. 167. Bcrezov, D. T. 158. Berezovikie OltJaki, N. 56. Bcriflav, Vil, 304. Befete, R. 181. Bezdna, R. 233. Biejetik, D. T. 120. Bielaya, R. If, 42, 266. Biclava Veja, Vil. 189. Bielev, D. T. 216. Bielcvfkaya, F. 303. Bielgorod, D. T. 200, Bidit/.a, R. 183. Bielitzi, D. T. 183. Bielomoyka, R. 172. Biclo-ozerq, vie. White take, L- 33» 97* l24» Bielopoliyc, D. T. 197. Bielo-Ruffia, viz. White Ruffia, 175. Bielovodlk, D. T. 254. Bieloy, D. T. 172. Bieloye More, viz. White Sea, 27. BiVlozcrfk, D, T. 125. Biekyri, N. 58. Bieliye Kolrayki, viz. White Kalmuke, 6i» Birfk, D. T. 266. Biriulli, N. 57. Biriutcne, D. T. 253, Biferta, R. 151. Bitiug, R. 253. Biya, R. 33, 275. Biyfk, D. E 275. Black Sea, 29. Bobrov. D. T. 253. Bogatiy, D. T. 20x. Bygdo, L. 34. Bogodoukhov, D. T. 197. Bogoutchar, R. 254. Bogoutchar, D. T. 254, Bogoroditzk, D. T. 21c. Bogorodfk, D. T. 166. Bolgarians, N. 73. Bolgary, Vil. 235. Bolkhov, D. T. 207. Bolkhovka, R. 207. Bolfhaya, R. 23. Boliherietzk, F. and H. 283, Bolva, R. 210. Borders of Ruffia, 1. Borifoglebfk, D.T. 135, 249, Borylthcncs, or Dniepr, R. 36, 294. Borovitchi, D.T. 125. Borovitchi, Catarada of, 127. Borovfk, D. T. 212. Boroviye, L. 34. Borzna, R. 187. Borzna, D. T. 187. Bofphorus, Straits of, 29. Boudjak, Horde of, 59. Boug, R. 36, 38. Bougoulma, R. 266. Bougoulma, D. T. 266. Bougouronllan, D. T. 2C7. Boukharians, N, 72, 160. Boureti, or Bratfkie Tartars, 67, 284. Bony, D. T. 140. Bouytnk, D. T. 240. Bouzoukfou, R. 309. 2 Bnu- Bouzoulook, R. 319, 320. Bouzoulook, D.T. 267. Bredna, R. 212. Breadth of Ruflia, 4. Brianfk, D. T. 206, 20S. Bronnitzi, D. T. 166. Burtnek, L. 109. C. Carelia, 101. Cafpian Sea, 30. Cataradb of the Dniepr, 37. Caucafus, Gov. of, 325. Caucafus, Prov. 325. Caucafian Mountains, 21,331. Caucahan Nations, 331. Cherfonncfus Taurica, 313, China mamifa&ory, 8 c,-Circaflians, or Kubarda, 61, 331- Climate of Rulfia, I, 77. Colonics, 72. Commodore's Ifl. 291. Contiucntal length of Rufija, 3* Copper Ifl 291. Cvrmfladt, 84. Crimea, 58. Crim Tartars, $8. D. Dagherort, Vil. ic6. Dago, 111. 106. Dalmatov, D. T. 151. Danes, N. 50, 106. Danilov, D. T. 136. Dankov, D. T. 220. Daouria, 2. Daouiian Mountains, 25, 286. Dedilov, Vil. 2 16. Degou, L. 210. St.'Demetrius of Roliov. F. . 7 Dcmfhinfk, Vil. 249. Derheti, N. 66. Derkool, R. 254. Derpt, D. T. in. Defhkin, D. T. 207. Defna, R. 37, 172, 187, I9I. Dicvitza, R. 253. Dinaburg, D. T. 177. Dinamind, F. 111. Divifion of Ruffia, 77. Djambulook Horde, 58. Dmitriev upon Svopa, D. T. 202. DmitroT, D. T. 167. Dmitrovflt, D. T. 207. Dniepr, R, 20, 36, 17 1, iSl, 294. Dnicprovfli, D.T. 310. Dobraya Voda, R. 192. Dobroy, Vil. 249. Dolgo^e, L. 125. Doiualhnia. R. 267. Don R. 20, 217. Don Kozaks, 318. Don Kozaks, Habitations of, Donetz, R. 39. 196' 3OI» Donetsk, £>. T. 303. Dorogobuz, D. T. 171. Doroninflc, D. T. 281. Douhovflue Kozaks, 260. Doubovlkoy Gorodok, 260. Doubrovka, R. 146. Doubrovna, Vil. 183. Doukhovllchina, D.T. 172. Dragounka, K. 2 11. Dri/.a, or Drill a, R. 176. Driaa, or Dii/.in, D.T. 176. Drouftz, or Drnetz, 37, 182. Dvina, the Northern, R. 43. 88. Dvina, the Wcltern, R. 35, 109, 176. Dviuctz, L. 1 19. E. Eaft- E. Eaftern Ocean, 27. Eafternmoft point of" Ruffia, 3. Ebele, L. 34. Ecatherinburg, C. P. 151. Ecatherinburg, Prov, 151. Ecatherinburg copper-works, 154. _ Ecatherinograd, C. G. 325. Ekatherinoflav, Gov. 299. Ekatherinoflav, C. G. 300. Economick Peafants, 296. Edifhkool Horde, 58. Edizan Horde, 58. Egoriyevfk, D. T. 2 20. EJabouga, D. T. 146* Elatma, D. T. 249. Eletz, D. T. 206. Elizabcthgrad, D. T. 302. ----Light Horfe, Regiment of, 305. Elma, R. 44, 88. Elnia, D. T. [72. Elogouy, R. 45. Elton, L. 34, 258, 262. Emba, R. 6, 271. EmbaJch, R. 109, III. Emenka, R. 177. Enioal, or Yemcale Straits, *9» 3U- Eniffey, R. 26, 45, 158, 162. Eniffeifk, D.T. t$8, '62. Enotayevfk, D.T. 3*7, Ephrtmov. D. T. 2i-,. Epiphane, D. T. 21 5. Eravna, L. 279. EroiifLui, R. 258. Erziane, N. 55. Efmane, R. 192. EfUionia, 50, 106 Efthonians, 52, 112. Eveff, R- 109. Evjmtoria, D. T. 310. Exoutehe, R. [93. F. Fanagoria, fee Phanagoria, Fate/,, R. 201. Fatez, D.T. 20T. Fellin, R. 32, 109. Fellin, L. 111. Fellin, D. T. Hi. Finland, Gulf of, 28, 82, Finns, or Tchude, N. 51,85. Fontanka, R. 81. Fox, Ifl. ie, 7°' 29T« Fridriks-ham, D. T. 100. Frozen Sea, 1. g. Gabfal, D. T. tor. Gadiatch, D. T. i85. Galitch, L. 141. Galitch, D. T. 139, 141. Gafhouin, R. 324. Gatchina, Vil. 85. Gdov, D. T. 84. Gdovka, R. 84. Georghievfk, D. T. 326. Georgia, 332. Georgians, N. 72. Germanic, N. eo. Giplies, N. 322. Gjate, R. 168, 172. Gjate, orGjatfk, D.T. l?2. Glacial Scat, 27, 156. Glazov, 1). T. t46. Gla/.omovka, R. 17I. Glinfk, D. T, |8J8. Gloukhov, D. T- 192. —— Regiment of Cut *• bineers, 296. Gob/.a, R. 172. Gok ,a, D. T. 29;. Goltva, R. :'95« (Some), Vil. 183. Goods exported into Afu, Co'.;dr Goods imported from Afia, 18. Goods exported into Europeau kingdoms, ic, 16. Goods imported from the European kingdoms, 16. Goomifhevfk, M. 154. Gorhatov, D. T. 228. Gorenka, R. 239. Gorelaya Sopka, 288. Gorodenka, R. 1,9 Gorodet/., or Gorodok, D. T. 177. Gorodiftche, D. T. 245,295. Gorodnya, R. 187. Gorodnya, or Gorodnitzk, 1). T. 187. Gorodtza, R. 177* Gorodtchanka, R. 172. Gorokhovetz, D.T. 22c. Gouberlia Mountains, 22. Gourilovka, R. 171. Gouriyev, Vil. 327. Gouflinka, R. 220.^ Gradiflche,orGradizlk, D.T. 300. Grebenfkie Kozaks, 331. Greeks, 73. Gremiatchev, Vil. 216. Groune, R. 188. Griazovitz, D. T. 130. Griazovka, R. 130. Gvazda, Vil. 255. H. Harbour of St. Peter and Paul, 283. Holy Sea, 33. Irk, R. 42. ley Sea, 27. Ijora, or Yjora, R. 36, 81. Ilavyla, or Ylavlia, R. 39, 263. Ikk, R. See Ileck. Jhncn, L.32, 124, Imeretia, 332; Indal, R. 309. Inderfkoye; L. 34• Indians, N, 72. Indighirka, R. 26, 46, 282* Indrey, L. 1 56. Ingerfkoye, L. 271. Ingoda, R. 281. • Ingoul, R. 299. Ingouletz, R. 37, 303* Ingouflievtzij N; Cz. Ingria, 85. Ingrians, Ni 52, 85; Inkerman, Vil. 311. Infara, R. 245. Infara, D. T. 2454 lrbit, R. 1 q2* libit, D. T. IJJ2; lrbit, fair of, 14, 154, Irkout, R. 279. Irkoutfk, Gov. 278. Irkoutfk, Prov, 279. Irkoutfk, Ci G. 279. Irtifh, R. 26, 4c, I 5*. Ifla, R. 245. Iflete, R. 15 n Ifmailovfkoye Selo, 168. Iftra, R, 166. Ifhim, R. 158, 271. Ifhim, D. T. 158. Ifhim, Line of, 159, 271# Itehka, R, 57. Ivan, L. 38, 214. Izborfk, Vil. 117. J- Tabna, R. 120. jigaiilk, D. T. 281. Jews, N. 73, 185. Jizdra, R. 211, 212. Jizdra, D. T. 212. K. Kabarda, or Circafiians, 332. Kabarta, R. 21, 39. Kadhiy, Kadhiy, D.T. 141. Kadhiyevka, R. 141. Kadnikov, D. T. 130. Kamfk, D. T. 159. Raima, R. 245. Kalaous, R. 326. Kalitva, R. 254. Kalitya, D. T. 254. Kalmius, R, 302. Kalmuks, N. 66, 240. Kalouga, Gov. 210. Kalouga, C. G. 211, 213* Kama, R. 23, 41, 144, 150. Kamenka, R. 224. Kamtnnoyc, L. 265. Kamtchadals, N. 68, 283. Kamtchatfk the Lower, 2S2. Kamtchatka, 282, 288. Kamtchatka, R. 48, 282. Kamtchatka Mountaio, 24. Kamtchatka Sea, 28. jvamyfhcnka, R. 259. Kamyflun, D. T. 259. KamyQilov, D.T. 151. Kamyfli Samara, L. 324. Kan, R. 274. Kanadey, D. T. 239. Kanadeyevka, R. 239. Kanava, R. 173.' Kaibalhi, N. 65. Kaimalhi, N. 65. Kainfk, D. T. 159. Karaboulaki, N. 62, Karakoole, L. 271. Karagafly, N. 65. Karafou, R. 2t, 39. Karafoubazar, R. 311. Karafouk, R. 274. Karatchev, D. T. 206. Kargapole, D. T. 96. Karla, R. 240. Kaifoune, D.T. 239. Karfounka, R. 239. Kafaitzi, N. 63. Kafliin, D. T. 120. Kafluuka, R. 120. Kafnira, D.T. 2 1 5. Kafimov, D. T. 220. Kafimov, Tartare of, 222. Kafplia, R. 35, 172. Katcha, R. 21, 39, 275, Katchintzi, N. 57. Katounya, R. $J, 45, 275. kaygurod, D. T. 145. Ki aue, Gov. 232. Kazane, C. G. 233. Kazane, Tartare of, 56. Kazanka, R. 233. Kazym, R. 45. Ktfa, 310. Keks-holm, D.T. loi. Kern, R. 96. Kem, or Kcmi, D. T. ^6. Kcrenda, R. 244. Kerenfk, D. T. 244. Kerjenetz, R. 229. Kertche, Vil. 311. Ket, R. 45» Kevrole, 90. Khalounka, R. 120. Khargaldjin, L. 271. Kharkov, Gov. 19c. Kharkov, D.T. 196. -.--Light Horfe, Regiment of, 198. Kharkov, R. 196. Khatanga, R. 156. Khcrfon, D. T. 302. Khivintzi, N. 72. Khlinov, 144, Khlinovitza, R. 14c. Kholm, D. T. 116. Kholmogor, D. T. 89, 91. Kholova, R, 124. Khoper, R, 39, 249. Khoper Kozaks, 331. Khoiol, R. 295. Khorol, D.T. 295. Khofhoti, N. 66. Khotmyfh/k, Khotmyfhfk, D. T, 197. Khotovtzi, N. 65. Khunzatclii, N. 63. Khoupta, R. 220. Khrona, R. Khvalynfk, I). T. 258. Khvalynikoye Sea, 30. Khvat, L'i 115. Khvoftchovka, R. 229. Khvoftetz, R. i72- Kiakhta, Vil. 3> 2i53- Kiev, Gov. 295- Kiev, C. G. 294. _ Regiment of Carabineers, 296. Kinburn, F. J11. Kuiel, R. 267. Kinefluna, D. T. 140. Kirenga, R. 46, 280. Kirenfk, D. T. 280. Kirghis kaifaks, Hordes of, 60, 270, 271. Kirilov, D. T. 125. Kirjatcb, D. T. 225. Kirjatcb, R. 225. Kirfanov, D.T. 249. Ktftcntzi, or Killi, N. 62. Kitcbkeleyka, R. 245. Kivi, L. IOO. Kizliar, D.T. 325. Klia/ma, R. 42, 166, 224. Klimovitcbi, D. T. 182. Klin, D.T. 167. Kniaghinin, D. T. 229. Kniagliininla, R. 229. Kobint/i, N. >8. Koyfou, R. 325- Kokfhaga, R. 144, 146. Kola, D. T. 89. "Koh, r. 89. Knlhyrna, r. 26, Kolhyvane, Gov. 173. Kolhyvane, C. G. 274. ■ — Mine*of, 25, Btolitzifff D. 'I. iiy« Kologriv, D. T. 142. Koluklha, R. 2J4. Kolometika, R. 116, |(5o. Kolomenlkoye Selo, V2. 168. Kolomna, D.T. 166. Kolpina manufactory, 85. Kolva, R. 42, 151. Kondoma, R. 275. Konotop, D. T. 193. Konikiya Vodi, R. 37. Ko;i;h\i:tinograd, D. T. 303. Kopyl, Vil. ^27. Kopyt's, D.T. 182. Kortnuaya Pouftync, 2C2. Kovennaya, fair of, 14. Koriaki, N. 69, 288. Koriaki, Sedentary and Rein- • deer, 69. Koriakovfkoyc, L. 34. Korop, R. 192. Korop, D. T. 192. Korofta, R. 83. Korotcha, R. 201. Korotcha, D.T. 20 r. Kovtcheva, D.T. 121. Kortcbevka, R. 121. Korotoyak, R. 295. Korotoyak, D. T. 255. Koftroma, Gov. 138. Koftroma, C. G. 139. Koftroma, Prov. 139. Koftroma, R. 41, 1 ^9. Koftyanfk, Vil. 255. Kotclnitch, D. T. 145. Kotyakov, D. T. 239. Kotlin, Ifl. 84. Kotrofl, r35-Koubfnfkoyc, L. 1 29. Koulikova Rjavtza, R. 207. Kouma, R. 2 1, 43. Kouma the Little, R. 326. Koumyk Tartare, 63, Kounava, R. 173. Koungoar, D. T. i 50. Kouulya, Kouniya, R, 117. Kouniya Volofhka, R. 238. Koonto, L. 95. Koupenka, R. 254. Koupenfk, D. T. 254. Kour, R. 200. Kourgan, D. T. 158. Kourilfkie, Ifl. 299. Kourilfkoye, L. 279. Kouriltzi, N. 69. Kourmyfhka, R. 240. Kourmyfh, D. T. 240. Kourfk, Gov. 199. Kourfk, C. G. 209. Koufmodemianfk, D. T. 234. Kouznetfk, D. T. 259, 275. Kovrov, D.T. 225. Kozektz, D. T. 294. Kozlov, D. T. 248. Kozlov, or Gezleve, 310. Kozelfk, D. T. 211. Krafnoborsk, D. T. 131. Krafnokoutsk, D. T. 196. Krafnoflobodsk, D. T. 244. Krafno-oufimsk, D. T. 157. Krafnoy, D. T. 172. Krafnoy Kholm, D. T. 120, Krafnoy Kout, D.T. 196. Krafnoyarsk, D. T. 275, 327- Krementchoug, Vil. 304. Kreftzi, D.T. 124. Kritchev, Vil. 183. Krivina, R. 182. Krolevetz, D. T. 192. Kromy, R. 206. Kromy, D. T. 206. Kronotskoye, L. 279. Kropivna, D. T. 216. Kryga, R. 197. Krymza, R. 239. Kubane, R. 21, 36, 38. Kubane, Nagaitzi of, 63. Kumen, R. 36, 100. Kvfhtimtzi, N, 65, A L. Ladeynoye Pole, D.T. 96. Ladoga, L. 31, 81, 100. Ladoga Canal, 31, 84, 85. Ladoga, New, D. T. 84. Lale, R. 130. Lalsk, D.T. 130. Lama, R. 167. Laplanders, or Lopari, N. Lapfthaika, R. 245. Latcha, L. 95. Latvfhi, N. 51. Layfhev, D.T. 233. Lebede, R. 219. Lebedin, D.T. 197. Lebedyan, D.T. 249. Lemeta, R. 229. Lena, R. 26, 46, 279. Lefghintzi, or Lefghis, N. 63» 332-Letti, or Lettonians, or La- tilhi, N. 51, 112. Levkopole, Vil. 311. Lgov, D. T. 202. Likhvin, D. T. 211. Likhvinka, R. 211. Liman the Great, L. 324. Linenka, R. 116. Livonia, 112. Livonians, ti2, U3. Lipetzk, D, T. 249. Lifye, or Fox Iflands, 291. Lithuanians, 51, 112. Little Ruflia, 186, 293, 29c. —— Regiment of Grenadier*, 296. Liuban, L. 176. Liubim, D. T. 136. Liutza, or Looja, R. 177. Liutzin, D.T. 177. Livenka, R. 207. Livny, D. T. 207. Livensk, D. T. 253. Livonians, 52. * Lokhvitza, Lokhvitza, R. 188. Lokhvitza, D.T. 188. Lomova, R, 244. Lomov the Lower, D.T. 244. Lomov the Upper, D.T. 244, Lopane, R. 196. Lopari, N. 52. Lopyjevka, R. 244. Loiofmka, R. 95. Loubny, D.T. 295. -Regiment of Carabineers, 296. .Looga, R. 36, 81, ,83, 84. Looga, D. T. 84. Lougane, Vil. 207. Louja, R. 211. Loukh, D. T. 140. Loukha, R. 140. Lookoyanov, D. T. 229. Lootchofa, R. 182. Louyfkoye, L. 126. Lovate, R. 32, 115, 116. M. Madjar, L. 274. Maimifti, N. 51, 102. Makaryiev, D.T, 229. Makanyev, fair of, 14, 231. Makariyev upon Ounja, C. P. 141. Makovfkoy Oftrog, 162. Malka, R. 43, 325. Makry Yaroflavetz.D.T. 211. Malmyfli, R. 146. Mamadyfh, R. 233. Mangazeya, 159. Manjouri, 2, 67. Manyth, R. 39. Malhka, R. 220. Marienburg, L. 109. Marioupole, D- T. 302. «--Light Horfe, Regiment of, 305, Medveditza, R. 39, 119. Medyne, D.T. 212. 7 Medynka, R. 212. Megrega, R. 95. Miednov, or Copper Ifl. 291. Meja, R. 35. Melenka, R. 226. Melenki, D. T. 226. Melefil, N. 57. Melitopole, 310. Mcntza, R. 207. Menaela, R. 266. MenzeKnfk, D. T. 266. Mereyka, R. 173. Merla, R. I96, 197. Meftcheriaki, N. 59. Meftchovllc, D. T. 2 11. Mctcha, R. 215. Mc/.ene, D. T. 89. Mezenc, R. 89. Mglin, D.T. 192. Mikhailov, D. T. 219. Mirgorod, D. T. 295. Miropolye, 197. Mius, R. 299. Miyas, R. 267. Mja, R. 196. Moghilev, Gov. 180. Moghilev, C. G. 181. Mogotcha, R. 120. Moika, R. 81, 243. Moifk, L. 32, Mojaika, R. 167, 212. Mojailk^D. T. 167. Mokfha, *R. 42, 244. Mokfhan, D. T. 245. Mokfhane, N. 55. Moldavians, N. 73. Mologa, R. 41, 120, 124, Mologa, D. T, 119, 120, 136. Moloma, R. 144. Molotcbniya Vodi, R. 310. Molotkovka, R. 192. Mon, Ifl. 111. Moona, R. 46. Mora/.i, Morazi, N. 65, Moravians, 260. Mordva, N. 55. Moritza, L. 206. Mofcovy, or Maria Glafs, 20, 93- Morfha, or Morfhansk, D. T. 249. Mofalflc, D.T. 212. Mofqua, or Mofcov, Gov, 165. Mofqua, C. E. and C. G. 166. Mofqua, R, 42, 166. Mofhenka, R. 196. Mourom, D. T. 225. Mouromka, R. 225. Moutori, N. 6 c. Mozdok, D. T. 325. Mfta, R, 32, 119, 120, 124. Mftifhvl, D.T. 182. Mtzenjk, D. T. 206. Mungals, N. 65. Myfhkin, D. T. 135. K. Nagaitzi,orNagay Tartars, 58. Nagaitzi of Kubane, 63. Nakhitchevan, Vil. 304. Nara, R. 167. Nara, D. T. 83. Nargen, Ifl. 106. Narova, R. 32, 36, 81, 83. Narovtcbat, 1). T. 244. Narim, D.T. 159, 163. Narimka, R. 159. Nations inhabiting Ruflia, 49. Naouroufovtzi, N. 63. Naourzym, L. 271. Navigable Rivers of Ruflia, 35. Nedna, R. 206. Nediigailov, D. T. 197. Nedrigailovka, R. I97. Neglinnaya, R. 166. Neledina, R. 120. A Nerekhta, D. T. I40. Nerekhta, R. 14.0. Nurel the Great, R- 223. Nero, or Roflov. L. 134. Nertcha, R. 2S0. NeroufTa, R. 207. Nertchinfk, Prov. 280. Nertchinfk, C. P. 280. , Nertchinfk, mires of, 25, 286. Neva, R. 31, 36, 81, 82. Neva the Little. R. 81. Nevka the Little, R. 81. Nevel, D.T. 177, Nevel, L. 176. Nevo, L. 31. New Land, Id. gr. Neyfhlot, D.T. ici. Ncyva, R. 152. Niejin, D. T. 188. Nik'itik, D. T. 167. Nikollk, D. T. 131. Nikopole, Vil, 304. Nit./.a, R. 152. Niznedievitzk, 253. Nizney Novgorod, Gov. 227. Nizney Novgorod, C, G. 228. Noli, orNohnfk, D.T. 146. Northern Ocean, 27. Novaya Zemlia, 91. Nougr, R. 207. Novgorod, Gov. 123. Novgorod, C. G. 124. Novgorod-Sieverfkoy, Gov. 190. Novgorod-Sieverfkoy, C. G. 191. Novokhopei fk, D. T. 259. Novomieito, D.T. 19^. Novomirgorod, D. T. 302. Novomofkovfk, D. T. 303. Novorjev, D.T. fl6. Novofil, D. T. 216. Novoy-Ofkol, D. T. 201. a 2 O. Obe, O. Obe, R. 26, 33, 45, 153, 274. Obnora, R. 136. Obflin, R. 172. ObftcliiySirt Mountains, 22. Oboyan, D. T. 200. Oboyanka, R. 200. Obva, R. 42, 150. Obv, or Obvinfk» D.T. 150. Odnodvortzi, 2°3' Odoyev, D. T. 216. Oezel, Ifl. 4» 11 T» II2-Ogher, R. 109. Oka, R. 41, 42, 167, 206, 211, 228. Okhaue, or Okhanfk, D. T. 150. Okhota, R. 48, 282. Okhotfk, Prov. 282. Okhotfk, C. P. 282. Okhotfk, Sea of, 28,48, 2S2. Oktckaragay, M. 22. Olekma, R. 46, 281. Olekminflc, D.T. 281. Olenfk, R. 28T. Olenfk, D- T. 28l. Oleiluia, R. 201. Olonetz, Gov. 94, 9?. Olonetz, 1). T. 95. Olonetz, Mountains of, 19. Olonka, R. 95. Olfhauaya, R. 197-Olihanfk, Vil. 255. Olviopole, Vil. 304. ——-Light Horfe, Regiment of, 304. Omolon, R. 47- Omfk, D. T. 158, 159. Ome, R. 158. Onega, R. 88, 89, 95. Onega, L. 31, 95* Onega, D. T. 44» 89- Onon, R. 283. Onooy, R. 47. Opotchka,or Opotchki, D.T. 116. Or, R. 43. Oranienbavm, D. T. 83. Oranienburg, or Raninburj, 220. Oredifh, R. 83. Orel, R. 37. Orel, Gov. 205. Orel, C. G. 206. Orele, R. 303. Orenburg, Prov. 267. Orenburg, C. P. 267. Orlik, R. 206. upon Viatka, 145. Orfha, D. T. i8r. Orfliitza, R. 182. Ofetr, R. 219, 221. Ofhla, R. 233. Ofkol, R. 254. Ofkol, New, D. T. 201. Ofkol, Old, D. T. 200. Offa, R. 150. Offani, N. 65. OfTenka, R. I CI. Oftetintzi, or Offi, N. 62. Oftafhkov, D. T. 120. Oiler, R. 182, 188, 219. Ofter, D.T. 294, Ofliaki, or Ofliaks, n. 56. Ofliaki of Berczov, 56. .-— of Eniffey, 6e. .-. of Nazim, 56, 65. -of Obe, 56. Oftr, R. 294. Oftrogozka, R. 254. Oftrogozfk, D. T. 254. Oilrov, D. T. 116. Otchakov, 307. Oubeda, R. 192. Ouda, R. 26, 196, 280. Ouday, R. 188, 294. Oudinfk the Upper, D.T. 280. Oudinfk theLowcr5D.T. 280. Ouder, Ouder, R. 88. Oufa, Gov. 265. Oufa, C. G. 266. Oufa, Prov. 266. Oufa, R. 266. Ouglitch, D. T. 136. Ougra, R. 42, 173. Oulookema, R. 45. Ounja, Prov. 141. Ounja, R. 41, 130, 141, 226. Ounja, Vil. 142. Oupa, R. 42, 215. Oupert, R. 215. Oural, R, 23, 42, 267. —— Kozaks of, 328. Oural Mountains, 5, 2 1, 133. CuraUk, Vil. 327. Ourjoum, D. T. 145. Ourjoumka, R. 145. Ouryv, Vil. 255. Ouferd, 254. Oufoja, R. 201. Oufmane, R. 249. Oufmane, D. T. 249. Ouflolka, R. ico. Oulle Syflblfk, D. T. 131. Ouftiug the Great, C. P. 130. Ouftiuzna Jcliezopolikaya, D. T. 125. Oufviat, L. 176, Outcha, R. 44, 88, 136. Outrus, L. 100, 101. Ouy, R. 268. Oyat, R. 31, 124. Ouzene, R. 258, 324. Ouzola, R. 230. P. Paden, Vil. 106. Padis, R. 105. Pakhra, R. 167. Panticapeum, 312. Panzyrka, R, 239. Para, R. 219. Parpheniyev, Vil. 142. Pallia, R. 31, 8t, 1:4. Paulograd, D. T. 302. --Light Horfe, Regiment of, 305. Pavlovfkoye, Seat, 8c. Pavlovfk, or Novopavlovlkaya, F. 254. Paida, R. I05. Peddtle, R. Hi. Peipus, or Feypus, L. 32, Pelcnda, R. 136, Pella, Seat, 84. Pelym, L. 156. Pelym, Vil. 159. Pena, R. 201. Penja, R. 282, Penjina, R. 4H. Penjina, Sea of, 28, 48. Penza, Gov. 243. Penza, C. G. 243. Penza, R. 243. Perekop, D. T. 3 ID. Peremyflile, D. T, 21 r. Pereflavl Zaliesfkiy, D. T. 224. Perevolotchna, F. 304. Perevoz, D. T. 229. Percyaflavl, D. T. 294. .---Regiment of Carabineers, 296. Pererytitza, R. 124. Peypus, or Tchude, L. 32. Perme, Gov. 149. Perme, C. G. 1 50. Perme, Prov. 150. Permiaki, or Pcrmians, N. 53. Peruova, R. 36, 105, 110. Pernor, D. T. no, Perfians, N. 72. Petcrhof, 84. St. Peterfburg, Gov. 80. St. Peterfburg, C. E. and C. G. 82. Petrovsk, D.T. 13^, 259. lVao-pavlovikaya, F. »8j. 3 Petro. Pctrozavodfk, C. G. 95, 96. Petcheri, 01 Petchora, D. T. Petchcrnikov, Vil. 221. Petchora, R. 13c. Petchora the Great, R. 23, 44, 88. Phanagoria, D.T. 310. Piana, R 229. Pimja, R. 117. Pinega, R. 44, 89. Pinega, D. T. 89. Pirvatin, D. T. 294. Plava, R. 216. Plefa, R. 14°-Plefa, or Fiefs, D.T. 140. Pleftcheyevp, L. 223. Pleitii1 '. R. 145. Podol, 0, Podolfk, D.T. 167. I\h1zo, L. 115, 116. Pogar, D. T. 192. Pokrov, D. T. 225. Poles, N. 49. Polifta, R. 124. Pofifta, L. 115. Polota, R. 176. Polotlk, Gov. 175. Polotfk, C. G. 176, Polovt/.i, or Uzi, N. 62. Poltava, D. T. 300. . Light Horfe Regi- ment, 304. Poltavka, R. 300. Polouy, R. 45. Poroobezniya Sibirlkiya Gori, Pofhckhoniye, D. T. 136. Potchinki, D. T. 229. Poodoga, or Poodoz, D. T. 96. Porietchiye, D. T. 172. Porkhov, D. T. 117. Porouiiye, R. 124. Ports 01 Ruflia, 15, 17. Pourfovka, R. 249. Pouiloztrfk, Vil. 90. Poutivle, R. 201. Pout;vie, D. T. 20r. Povlenetz, D. T. 9b. Pra, R. 219. Preubrajenfkoye, Vil. 168. Prilooki, D. T. 188. Products of" Ruflia, 10, II, 12, 13. Pronia, R. 219, 221. Pronflc, D.T. 220, 222, Protva, R. 167, 212. Pfiol, R. 37, 188, 197, 200. Pfcov, Gov. 115. Pfcov, C. G. 115. Pfcov, L. SI. Pfcova, R. 115. Putrid Sea, or Sivafh, 29, 310. Pyfhma, R. 151. R. Ranin&urg, or Oranienburg, D.T. 220. Ratcnevka, R. 171. Rena, R. 120. Reffo, L. 116, Reflietilovka, 305. Revel, Gov. 104. Revel, C. G. 105. Riafe, R. 220. Riazane, Gov. 218. Riazane, C, G. 219. Riazflc, D. T. 220. Riezitza, R. 177. Riezitzi, D. T. 177. Riga, Gov. 109. Riga, C. G. 110. Riga Bay, 28. Rha, or Volga, R. 40. Rjavtza, R. 130. Rjev Vladimerov, D. T. 120. Rogatchcv, D. T. 182. Rogge, Roggc, 111 co, 106. Roghevvik, D. T. «o6. RcnVftven, D. T. 83. Romanov, D.T. 136. Romen, R. .Romen, or Romny, D.T. 188. Roflav), D. T. 17T. Rollov, D.T. 135. Rollov, L. 134. Rouble, Ruffian money, 13. Roudnia, R. 229. Rouskolsk, 103. Rouza, R. 166. Rouza, D.T. 166. Runo, Ifl. 52, III. RufHans, N. 49. Rybniy, or Rybinsk, 136. Rylo, R. zoi. Ryhk, D.T. 201. S. Sadima, R. 130. Saima, L. 100, 101. Sajcnc, 85. Saklitanka, 230. Sakmara, R. 43. Salghir, R. 2 1, 39, 309. Sal, R. 39. Saliu, R. 52, 109. Samara, R. 37, 41, 238. Samara, D. T. 238. Samoyeds, or Semoyads, 64, 90. Sapojok, D. T. 220. Sara, R. 135. Saranga, R. 245. Saranfk, D. T. 245. Sarapoolc, D. T. 146. Saratovka, Vil. 85. Saratov, Gov. 257. Saratov, C. G. 258. Sarepta Colony, 260. Sarepta Waters, 263. Sarpa, R. 41, 260. A a Sarycoole, l. 265. S.j anlk "'fountains, 24, 25. Sch.z, D. T. 177. Si! z, L. 177. Selenga, R. 24. Sclenfbinfk, Vil. 49, 283, 28?. S«Kgher» L. 119, 120. Semenovfkoyc Selo, 168. Semenov, D. T. 230. Semipalatnoy, D.T. 27;. Senghileyev, D. T. 238. Sengilcyka, R. 238. Serdoba, R. 259. Serdob, R. 259. Serdobole, R. 101. Sergatch, D. T. 229. Sergatchka, R. 229. Sergbiyevflc, D. T. 268, Sereja, R. 228, Serpeyka, R. *IT. Serpcylk, D. T. 211. Serpoukkov, D.T. 167. Servians, N. 73. Scftra, R. 167. Sevaitopole, Harbour, 311. Seym, R. 192, 200, 201. Sezemka, R. 244. Shadrin, D. T. J 5 T. Shalka, R. 228. Shamans, 54. SI,at, R. 248. Shatlk, D.T. 248. Shekfna, R, ,33, 4T, 97 124. Sheluays, R. 244. Shelone, R. 32, 115, 117. Shelakhovka, R. 243. Shenkourfle, D. T. 89. Sheflikeyevka, R. 245. Shefhkeyev, D. T. 245. Sheflakov, Vil. 146. Shilka, R. 26, 47, 280. Shitka, R. 225. 4 Shklov, Shklov, Vil. 183. ShliiTelburg, D. T. 82. Shoflia, R. 41. Shofhma, R. 146. Shounitza, R. 177. Shouya, D. T. Z2J. Sias, R, 31, 81. -Canal of, 85. Siberia, 5, 6, 160, 277, 284. Siennoy, D. T. 182. Siennoye, L. 181« Sieraya, R. 225. Stev, R. 206. Sieverka, R. 220, Sieverniya Gori, M. 19. Sieverfkoy, Regiment of Ca- rabineers, 296. Sieverfkoye, L. 126, Sievfk, D. T. 206. Sig, L. 95. Sinbirfk, Gov. 237. Sinbirfk, C. G. 238. Sinora, 268. Siniukha, R. 299. Sifibla, R. 131, 144. Siflerbek, Vil. 85. Sitchcvlk, D. T. 172. SivalTh, or Putrid Sea, 29. Skopin, D. T, 220. Slaviansk, D. T. 301. Slavonians, N. 51. Slavonic Nations, 49. Slobodskiy, D. t. 14 c. Smolensk, Gov. 170, Smolensk, C. G. 171, Snakfa, R. 224. Sniejit, R. 2c6. Snov, R. 191. Soga, R. 136. Sogoja, R. 136, Sok, R. 41, 268. Sol-Vycbegodsk, D. t. 1 30. Sol-Galittkaya, D. T. 140. Solikamsk, D. T. 150, Solovki, or Solovetskoy Mo* nailery, 90. Soola, R. 37, 188, 197.' Soonja, R. 43, 62. Sophia, D. T, 83. ——— Regiment of Carabineers, 296. Sofna, R. 206, 253. Sofva, R. 39, 45, Sofnitza, R. 192. Soutoloka, R. 266. Soz, R. 37, 182. Spask, D. T. 220, 233, 249, Souday, R. 142, Koudinka, R. 192. Soudillavl, Vil. 142. Soudja, ]J. T. 201. Soudogda, R. 225. Soudogda, D.T. 225. Soiidofic, R. 192. Soukhona, R. 44, 130, Soulak, R. 4. Souma, R. 197. Soumy, D. T. 197. .-Light Horfe, Regiment of, 198. Soura, R. 41, 42, 230. Sourajitcht, or Souraz, D. T, "93- Souraz, D. T, 178. Sourazka, R. 178. Sourgout, D. T. 158. Souzdale, D. T. 224, Souzna, R. 20 r. Soyoti, N. 65. Stambovka, II. 171. Stanovoy Khrebet Mountain, 24. Staraya RufTa, D.T. I24,'i26, Staritza, R. 121, 146. Staritza, D. T. 121. Staroy Bhykhov, D.T. 181. Stariy OskoJ, D. T. 200. Starodoub, Starodoub, D.T. 191. Starodoub, Regiment of Carabineers, 296. Stations of Kozaks, 319. . — upontheBouzoulook, 320. 320. upon the Don, 320. upon the Donetz, ■ upon the Khoper, 3 20. .-upon the Medveditzu, 320. Stavropole, F. 238. Stavropole, D. T. 238, 326. Stcrlitamak, D T.267. Bterle, R. 267. Stcheninskoye, L. 219. Stchigry, R. 201. Stchigry, D. T. 201. Stoodenetz, R. 249. Suietinsk, D. T. 281. Stryjene, R. 187. Sviaga, R. 41, 234. Sviato, L. 223. Sviaz.sk, D. T. 234. Svid, R. 124. Svinaya, R. 173. Svir, R. 31, 81, 95, 96. Svopa, R. 202. Swedes, N. 50. Sylva, R. or Silva, 42, ico. Sympheropole, C. G. 309. Syr, R. 271. Syzranc, R. 239. Syzranc, D, T. 239. T. Taganrog, F. 304. Tagay, R. 239. Tagayka, R. 239. Taitskie Springs and Canal, 83 Talba the Great, R. 279. Taman, Ifl. 3 10. Tambov, Gov. 247. Tambov, C. G. 248. Tanais, R. 38. Tapka, R. 182. Tara, D. T. 157. Tarey, L. 279. Taroufa, R. 212. Taroufa, D. T. 212. Tafhkentzi, N. 72. Tatare*, or Tartars, N. 56. Tavda, R. 156. Tavrida, Prov. or Territory, 309. Tavrida, Mountains of, 20. Tavrov, F. 25 c. Taymour Cape, 34. Taymour, L. 156. Tay/bugan, L. 271. Taz, R. 156. Tchani, L. 34, 156, 274. Tchaoufi, D. T. 181. Tchebokfarka, R. 234. Tchebokfari, D. T. 234. Tchelyabinsk, D. T. 267. Tcherknslc, C T. 319. Tchcrkefli, orKabarda, N. 62. Tchenbar, or Tchembar, D. T. 245. Tchenbar, R. 245. Tcheptza, R. 144, 146. Tcherdyne, D. T. 151. Tcheremka, R. 136. Tcheremfhak the Great, R.41. Tcheremyfi, N. 54, 146. Tchcrepovetz, D. T. I2J. Tcherne, R. 216. Tcherne, D, T. 216. Tchernigov, Gov. 186. Tchernigov, C. G. 187. --Reg. of Carabineers, 296. Tcherikov, D. T.182. Tchernopad, L. 265. Tchernoyarsk, D. T. 327. Tchefma, a Seat, 85. Tchetchentzi, N. 62. Tchetche«k, Vil. 183. Tchiflo- T'. hidopoliye, D. T. 233. Tchiuktchl, N. 71. Tchougouyev, D. T. 196. Tchoukhloma, D. T. 139, 141. Tchoukhloma, L. 141. Tchoukotskoy Nofs, 3, 4. Tchoulym, R. 45. Tchoulym,Tartai-sof, 57,158. Tchoumyfh, R. 274. Tchoufovaya, R. 42, 154. Tchouvaflu, N. 54, *46-Tchude, or Peypus, L. 32, 111. Tchude Nations, 51, 107. Tclcouti, N. 61. Teletsk Akin, or Altay, L. 45, 274. Teletsk Mountains, 23. Temnikov, D. T. 248. Temriuk, Vil, 327. Tepteh, N. 55. Terek, R. 21, 43, 325. Terefhka, R. 258. Terkool, R. 43. Tenia, R. 228. Tetcha, R. 151, 268. Tetiulhi, D. T. 234. Teza, R. 225, 225. Theodofia, L>. T. 310. Ti;..hil, R. 279. Tikhviuka, R. 125. Tikhaya Sofna, R. 254. Tikhvin, D. T. 125. Tim, R. 202. Tim, D. T. 202. Tiumen, D. T. 157. Tiumenka, R. 157., Tmaka, R. 119. Tobolfk, Gov. 155. Tobolfk, Prov. 157, Tobolfk, C. G. 157. Tobol, R. 157. Tolcburg, Vil. ic6. Tolbotchinikaya Sopka, 288. Tolotchin, Vil. 183. Tom, R. 45, 158, 275. Tom&k, c. P. 158. Tomsk, Prov. 158. Toola, Gov. 214. Toola, C. G. 2 15. Toolitza, R. 215. Toura, R. 152, 157. TOUl eya, R. 211. Tooskore, R. 200. Torctz, R. 301. Torgaouti, N. 66. To'jok, D. T. 120. Toropa, 11. 35, 115, 116. Toropetz, D. T. I 16. Tofna| r. 36, 81. Totma, D. T. 130. Toungooska the Lower, R. 26. .--the Middle, R. 26, 45. .--the Upper, R. 45. Toungoofi, N. 67. Tourgay, R. 271. Tourinsk, D.T. 157. Touikellantzi, N. 72. Tourouklian, R 45, 159. Touroukhansfc, D. T. 159. Toulbevka, R. 238. Treider or Aa, R. 109. Troitzk, D. T. 244, 268. Troubez, R. 219, 224, 294. Troobtchevsk, D. T. 207. Troukhmentzi, or Tartars of Terekemcn, 63. Trooyeva, R. 259. Tver, c. G. 119. Tver, Gov. 118. Tver, Canal of, 12 2. -Reg. ofCar?.Lineers,296. Tvertza, R. 41, 119. Tzarevitch, R. 172. T/arevokokfhaisk, D. T. 234. Tzarevofantchoursk, D. T. 146. Tzaritza, Tzaritza, R. 260. Tzaritzin, IT. 260. ___Line 261. Tzarakoye, Sddj Vil. 84. Tzua, R. ' 2?, 219, 248. - C„aai .if, I :2. T/wi! he Great, R. 234. —----i!n Little, R. 234. Tryvilsk, D. T. 234. U. Ukraina, Light Horfe Regiment of, 198. ----Lint of, 304. --the United, 49. V. Vad, R. 244.. Vaga, R. 44,88,89,95, 130. Vakh, R. 45. Valakhiuns, 73. Valday, D. T. 125. —- fountains, 20. - Lake, 124, 125. Valk, D. T. 111. Valki, D. T. 196. Valouyki, D. T. 254. Valouy, R. 253. Valouytchik, R. 254. Varnavin, D. T. 142. Varyazskove More, 28. Vahl, D.T. 230. Valilkov, Vil. 295. Vazoiiza, R. 119, 120, 172. Vekhra, R. 182. Vekfa, R. 140. Velikaya, R. 32, 115. Velikic Looki, D. T. 116. Velikoy e, L. 2 19. Veliya, R, 130. Velizka, R. 177. Veliz, D. T. 177. Velsk, D.T. 130. Vcmskoye, L. 2 19. Venev, D. T. 215. Venevka, R. 215. Venden, D. T. 110. Vttda, R. 320. Vereya, D. T. 167. Verro, D. T. Hi. Verkhovka, R. 95. Verkhofofensk, 255. Verkhooursdsk, D. T. 267. Verkhotourye, D. T. 152. Verfta, V.Uyeronsk, 120. Vefovaya Plota, R. 201. Veltk i, R. 145. Vetlooga, D. T. T41. Vetlooga, R. 41, 139, 141. Veygat Straits, 91. V c j fenberg, or Vezenberg, D. T 105. Veyfcnlhtein, D. T. ioj. Vezenberg, or Veyzeubcrg, D.T. 105. Vhitchegda, R. 44, 130. Vhym, R. 133. Vhyfha, R. 248. VhyfokayaPloItchade, 20. Viatka, Gov. 144. Viatka, R. 42, i44> HS> *33-Viatka, C. G. 144. Viafma, R. 172. Viafma, D. T. 172. Viazniki, D. T. 225. Via/.elka, R. 200. Viliuy, R. 46. Vilmanfliand, D. T. tor. Virtz-Ervc, L. 32, 109. Vila, R. 302. Vitebsk, D. T. 177. Vitba, R. 177. Vitim, R. 46, 287. Vitovka, Vil. 304. Vladimir, C. G. 224. Vladimir, Gov. 223. Vodla, R. 96. Vodlo, L. 95. Vo- Vogoulitchi, N. cc, if2. Vogoolka, R. 157, 158. Vokfa, R. 100,101. Volga, R. 20, 40, 119, 122, 13c, 139, 163, 228. -- Kozaks of, 331. Volgo, L. 119. Vologda, R. 129. Vologda, C. G. 129. Vologda, Gov. 128. Vologda, Prov. 129. Volokolamsk, D. T. 167. Volouyki, D. T. 254* Volkhov, R. 31, 32181, 124, Volmar, D. T. no. Volsk, D. T. 2*8. Voltchansk, D. T. 196. Voltchaya, R. 196, 302. Vorms, 'ifl. 50, 106, Vorobyekha, R. 14c. Vorona, R. 249. Voronez, R. 39, 249, 253. Voronez, C. G. 253* Voronez, Gov. 252. - Light Horfe Reg. Voronez Liefnoy, R. 219,248. Voronez Polnoy, R. 219. Vofskla, R. 37» »97' Vorotynsk, Vil. 212. •Voskrefensk, D. T. 166. Vofpor, Vil. 31 t. Yotgata, R. 141. Votlaki, or Voti', N. 53, 146. Voya, R. 146. Voz, L. 124. Vrangel, Ifl. 106. Vulf, Ifl. 106. Vyborg, C. G. 100. Vyborg, Gov. 99. Vyfhera, R. 42. Vyflmey Volotchok, 120. Vytegra, R. 95. Vytegra, D. T. 95, 97. wi Water Communication 1--from China to St. Peterfburg, 162. Weflernmoll point of Ruflia, 4. White Ruflia, 178. Wirtz-Erve, See Vcrtz-Ervc. Y. Yablonnoy Khrcbet, Ms, 24, 25. 48« Yadrin, D. T. 234. Yagotlnaya, R. 220. Yagorba, R. X2r. Yaik, R. 42. Yakhroma, R. 167. Yakoutsk, C. P. 281. Yakoutsk, Prov, 281. Yakouti, N. 60. Yaloutorovsk, D. T. 157. Yamburg, D. T. 83. Yamhyfhevskoye, L. 34, 274, 277. Yana, R. 26, 46. Yaneik, L. 100. Yaouza, R. 166. Yarart, R. 145. Yaramk, D. T. 14^. Yarensk, 1). T. 131. Yarenga, R. 131. Yaroflavl, Gov. 134. Yaroflavl, C. G. 13c. Yaroflavetz the Little, D. T, 211. Yazva, R. ico. YjighinakJ D. T. 2S2. Yjigna, R. 282. Yjora, R. 36, 8r. Ykoretz, R. 255. Ylavlya, R. 39, 263. Yleck, R. 43, 269. Ylimsk, Vil. 283, Ymza, Ymza, R. 229. Ypoote, R. 181, 193. Yrena, R. 150. Yrghis, R. 262. Yrghis the Great, 260. Yug, R. 44, 129, 131. Yugan, R. 4J. Yukaghiri, N. 71. Yukhnov, D. T. 173. Yulova, R. 24c. Yuraki, N. 65. Yuxiyev Polskiy, D. T. 224. Yuriyevctz Povolgskiy, D. T. 141, 142. Yzium, D. T. 197. -Light Horfe Reg. of, 198. Yziumetz, R. 197. Z. Zadonsk, D. T. 253. Zagaiskie Tatare, 58. Zaraysk, D. T. 219. Zafhiversk, D. T. 282. Zemlianka, R. 253. Zemliansk, D. T. 253. Zienkove, D. T. 188. Ziungoria, 2. Ziungorians, N. 66. Zolotonofha, R. 295. Zolotonofha, D.T, 29C. Zolotchev, D. T. 196. Zoubtzov, D. T. 120. Zoufha, R. 206, 2 16. Zvenfgororl, D.T. 167. Zyriane, N. 53, 133, 152. FINIS. ERRATA. Page II, Line for 5 othdegree, read ^oth degree. - ir, - 5,/c Voronez, read Vorotie*. - 15, - 3> fr thefaith, read the faith. - 28, - 7. /or Morc> »W More. - 30, - 2, /or More, rr^rf Mori. .- 34, -15, for Ebele, read Ehele. -- 37» -18, for Konfkiya, Vodi, read Konfkiya Vodi, - 58, >-13, for Eliaan, read Edizan. - *>3> '-13( for Ouroufovtzi, read Naouroufovtzi. --■ 64, -19, for the Mangazcykie, mi/ the Mangazcyfkie. - 65, - it for the Tafa, read the Taz. --91, —— 18, ybr Kholmogor, rftirf Kholmogori. -- 92, - 4, for Kholvnogor, read Kholmogori. ——115, —— 12, f»r government of Polotik and Riga, read governments of Polotik and Riga. -124, - ■?, after Vologda and Yaroflavl, read On the fouth the governments of Pfcov and Tver. --6, for Bielo-Ozero Voz, read Bielo-Ozero, Voz. -14, for Kolva Sylva, read Kolva, SyUa. ■--16, for Stoodenetz, read Stoudenctz. - 5, for Ofhanfk, read Olfhanfk. -10, for Serboda, read Serdoba. ■--8, for Bucharia, read BoukharU. -10, for Atius, read Mius. -*7>fay Ketche, read Kertche. 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