SEMIOTIČNE INTERPRETACIJE LJUDSKEGA IZROČILA INTERPRETAZIONI SEMIOTICHE DELLA TRADIZIONE POPOLARE K MHTep^peTa^MM HeKOTOpbix motmbob ^ pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» Mn^a ^ (npnmKU, MmypKU, eopenKU, canKU-nnmnamKu) l-H Bnaduuup H. Tonopoe ^ unu 6onee nepcoHa»aMu). 06e ^TU cTopoHH no caMo-My ucxogHOMy ycnoBuro aHTaroHucTuHHH b tom oTHomeHuu, hto ux n;enu b gaHHOM cro»eTe - «ocHOBHoro» Mu^a nu unu geTcKOM urpH, ^TOT Mup oTpa»arom;eM u b KOHe^HOM cHeTe b Hau6onee cym;ecTBeHHOM ee HacTu u3 Hero npoucxogam;en u, cnegoBaTenbHo, k HeMy Bocxogam;en, - npoTHBonono«HH, xoTa, cTporo roBopa, ^Ta npoTuBonono^HocTb He othocutch b npuHn;une k HenpeMeHHHM ycnoBuaM sine qua non: npocTo b cnynae «chhtuh» ^TOM npoTuBonono»HocTu pymuTca (bo Bca-kom cnynae npu nepBOM B3rnage) cro»eT u «ocHOBHoro» Mu^a u cooTBeTcTByrom;eM geTcKOM urpH. npunuHOM ^T0^0 aBnaeTca ugea HepymuMocTu-HegenuMocTu HMeHHS-MMy^ecTBa, go6pa, go6HTKa: oho npuHagne>KuT unu cTopoHe A unu cTopoHe B u He Mo>eT 6HTb TaK, hto6h A (unu B) oho npuHagne>ano b 6onbmen cTeneHu, HeM B (unu A), u TeM 6onee, hto6h oho 6Hno pacnpegeneHo nopoBHy: nro6oe paBeHcTBo, nro6aa oguHaKOBocTb cHuMaroT Bcro cuTyan;uro, ucKnroHaa noBog gna KOH(nuKTa, ero npununy, ocHOBaHue gna Hero. M cro>eT Boo6m;e u KOHKpeTHo gaHHHM cro>eT b ^T0M cnynae numaroTca gBu»eHua u TornyTca Ha ogHOM u tom >e MecTe. BcTaeT ecTecTBeHHHM Bonpoc, HeM o6'tacHaeTca TaKaa KpaMHocTb u Henpu-MupuMocTb b pacnpegeneHuu uMeHua-go6pa Me>gy cTopoHaMu. Begb npeKpacHo u3BecTHo, hto Ham;e Bcero TaKoe pacnpegeneHue 6nar rpagyupoBaHo: y ogHoro 6onb-me, y gpyroro MeHbme, y ogHoro 6oraTcTBo pacTeT, y gpyroro yMeHbmaeTca; HaKOHen;, cy^ecTByroT u cuTyan;uu paBHOBecua unu ga>e HeKoero (uKcupoBaHHoro pac-npegeneHua 6nar (xoTa u HepaBHoro), npu kotophx o6e cTopoHH 3auHTepecoBaHH b status quo u genaroT Bce, hto6h He oTKnoHuTbca ot cuTyan;uu paBHOBecua unu ga>e HepaBHOBecHOM cTa6unbHocTu'. fleno b tom, hto «ochobhom» mu^ noTOMy TaK u Ha- 1 06^aa cuTya^uaJ onucHBaeMaa b «ochobhom» Mu^e u b rny6uHHo cBa3aHHHX c hum geTcKux urpax, Ka>eTca, BnonHe Mo>eT 6HTb paccMOTpeHa b paMKax Teopuu urp KaK TeopeTuKo-urpoBaa Mogenb HeKoeM cuTya^uuJ conocTaBuMaa c MaTeMaTuHecKuMu MogenaMu KOH^nuKTOB (b TeopeTuKo-urpo-bom noHuMaHuu aToro cnoBa), KOTopHe bo3mo>hh numb Me>gy yHacTHuKaMu c co3HaTenbHHM ^ene^o-naraHueM u cnoco6HHMu k cooTBeTcTByro^uM ^eneycTpeMneHHHM gencTBuaM. OnucHBaeMHe aBneHua npuHagne>>aT k Knaccy 6ecKoanuflHOHHHX, guHaMuHecKux (t. e. TaKux, rge UH(^opMa^ua 72 Bnadumup H. TonopoB 3biBaeTCa, HTO OH O MaBHOM B ÄU3HU HenOBeKa, O ÄU3HU U CMepTU, O B03p0»:ge-HMM M3 CMepTM K ÄU3HU BeHHOM, K ÖeCCMepTUKI, OÖ ^T0M K0H(nUKTe K0H(nUKT0B, B kotopom npegenbHO ^ecTKMM Bbiöop, coBepmaeMHM hic et nunc u npegnonararoguM MaKCUManbHyro np0TUB0n0CTaBneHH0CTb u, cneg0BaTenbH0, OTBeHarogyro eM guc-KpeTHOCTb, «CHUMaeTca» b rapMOHuu «öonbmoro» BpeMeHu, no-CBoeMy TpaHC-(opMupyrogero n0cneg0BaTenbH0CTb gucKpeTHbix 0Tpe3K0B b HenpepbiBHyro nuHuro. nepBOHananbHoe HenpuMupuMoe unu-unu npeo6pa3yeTca b pag u to, u g p y r o e, u hto-to eige t p e t b e, b kotopom pacTBopaeTca uCX0gH0 nonaraeMHM He-npeMupuMHM aHTaroHu3M, u Ha kotopom eTpouTea ^puH^u^ua^bH0 hobhm Cro^eT, HbH rnyöuHa yxoguT b TaMHy HenOBeKa u ero öhtuh. Tenepb mo^ho BepHyTbca k CxeMe n0cneg0BaTenbH0CTU motubob, onucbiBaro-gux u «ochobhom» mh^ u C00TBeTCTByrom;ue geTCKue urpbi. npegBapuTenbHO, ogHa-ko, BKpara;e cnegyeT HanoMHUTb ege o t p e x Ba^HHx nono^eHuax, OTHOcaguxca k oöoum TeKCTaM («ochobhom» mu( u geTCKaa urpa onpegeHHoro Tuna) u ycTaHOBneH-Hbix b npe^HUx uccnegoBaHuax. nepBoe - nepeg HaMU cuTya^ua KOH^nuKia Me^gy CTopoHaMU, goBegeHHoro go npegena u ucKnroHarogero KaKyro-nu6o go-r0B0peHH0CTb. Biopoe - npuHUHOM KOH^nuKTa 0Ka3HBaeTCH ge(u^UT, uc-nbiTbiBaeMbiM 0gH0M U3 CTopoH npu OTeyTeTBUu ero y gpyroM. TpeTbe - ge(rnj;uT BHpa^aeTCH b HexBaTKe, a b Hauöonee ocTpoM (opMe - b OTeyTeTBUu UMygecTBa, CKOTa, «eHguH, 3a oönagaHue K0T0pbiMU u ugeT CMepTenbHaa 6opb6a. yMecTHa ogHa oroBopKa: ecTb Bepcuu «ochobhoto» Mu(a, KaK u geTCKUx urp, b KOTOpbie BBegeH ^puH^u^ m e h bi ^03U^UM: to A ucnbiTbiBaeT ge(u^UT u, htoöh ero BoenonHUTb, npecnegyeT B c ^nbro np0U3BecTU npepacnpegeneHue öoraTCTB; to B, noTepneBmuM nopa^eHue (xoTa u BpeMeHHoe), coöpaB cunbi, npecnegyeT A, CTaBmero oönagaTeneM öoraTCTBa u cgenaBmero B «numeH^M». TaKue MeHbi MoryT noBTopaTbca ^UKnu-HecKU, ho b K0H^e-K0H^0B OKOHHaTenbHaa noöega 0Ka3biBaeTca Ha CTopoHe «nono-^UTenbHoro» nepcoHa^a, K0T0pbiM b cuny ^T0^0 u eTaHOBUTea BbicmuM o6pa3^M. Bonee Toro, caMa «nono^UTenbHOCTb» nnog OKOHHaTenbHOM noöegbi. MoTUBHaa cxeMa, o kotopom ganee noMgeT peHb, b ochobhom ee BapuaHTe npegnonaraeT nHTb mothbhhx y3noB, ecnu OTBneHbca ot HacTHOCTeM: nocTynaeT k «urpoKaM» HacTaMU, gucKpeTHO unu HenpepbiBHO b n0T0Ke BpeMeHu), aHTaroHUCTUHecKux, kohchhhx (t. e. c kohchhhm huchom xogoB u C00TBeTCTBeHH0 anbTepHaTUB) urp c HyneBOM c y m -m o m , cp. onpegeneHue urp c HyneBOM cyMMOM: «Mrpa Ha3biBaeTca urpoM c HyneBOM cyMMOM, ecnu gna BcaKoro n-MepHoro Haöopa x CTpaTeruM urpoKOB P1 ... Pn mh UMeeM n E M. (x) = 0, i = 1 ' rge M^ ..., Mn cyTb nnaTe^Hbie (yH^uu CTpaTeruu [MaK-KuHCu 1960, 148], cp. 16: «.Hcho, hto Bce ca-noHHHe urpbi, b KOTOpbix urpa BegeTca Ha genbru, ecTb urpbi c HyneBOM cyMMOM, TaK KaK b npo^cce urpbi cyMMa b3hocob Bcex urpoKOB He B03pacTaeT u He yMeHbmaeTca»; [Neumann, Morgenstern 1947]. npu HanuHUu onpegeneHHbix HeacHOCTeM, CBa3aHHbix c UHTep^peTa^ueM coöhtum u CTpaTeruu «urpo-kob» «0CH0BH0r0» Mu(a, Ka^eTca HecoMHeHHHM, hto nepeg HaMU Mu(onoaraHecKaa Bepcua urpH b Te0peTUK0-urp0B0M, MaTeMaTUHecKOM noHUMaHUu. B CBa3U c stum Kpyr aBneHUM, paccMaTpuBaeMHx b Teopuu urp MO^eT u gon^eH ÖHTb pacmupeH 3a CHeT MaTepuana, aHanu3upyeMoro b stom 3aMeTKe. Hto gaeT sto pacmupeHue Teopuu urp, cyguTb He aBTopy, ho caMa 3Ta Teopua, npuMeHeHHaa k aHanu3y «0CH0BH0r0» Mu(a, npugaeT eMy Ty yHUBepeanbHoeTb u to KnroHeBoe 3HaHeHue b rnaBHOM cuTya^uu - HenoBeK b Mupe, ®U3Hb-CMepTb-B03p0®geHue KaK aneMeHT ®U3HU BeHHOM, öeccMepTua, - KOTopHe OTMeHanucb ege paHee, ucxoga U3 0CH0BaHUM u apryMeHTOB gpyroro Kpyra. 73 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a 1. UCKaTb, BblUCKUBaTb, BblCMaTpUBaTb, BbiCne:UBaTb (A KaK Cy6'beKT) & 2. npecnegoBaTb, «goroHaTb» (A) & 3. npaTaTbca, yKpbiBaTbca b «goMe»-y6e:um;e (B) u oTbiCKUBaTb, noBUTb, «Me-TMTb»(A) & 4. «onum;aTb» npoCTpaHCTBo u ycBauBaTb-ocBauBaTb ero Ce6e (A) & 5. gocTuraTb n;enu - nonHoro nepepacnpegeneHua-npucBoeHua «UMeHua», 6o-raTCTBa (A). KaK BugHo u3 cxeMbi, A BbiCTynaeT b nogaBnarom;eM 6onbmuHCTBe cnynaeB KaK Cy6^eKT no npeuMym;ecTBy - aKTUBHbiM, UHun;uaTUBHbiM, HacTynaTenbHbin; B :e, HanpoTUB, nam;e BCero oKa3biBaeTca 06'beKTOM geMCTBUM Co CTopoHbi A u b ogHoM cnynae cy6,beKTOM geMCTBua, naCCuBHoro no CBoeM npupoge - ucne3HOBeHua u3 nona 3peHua A, yKpbiTua TaM, rge oh Mor 6b yKpbiTbca ot onacHoCTen, rpo3am;ux eMy Co CTopoHbi A. M3 ^TOM :e CxeMb goBonbHo eCTeCTBeHHo BoccTaHaBnuBaeTca CTpyKTy-pa aKTyanbHoro gna ^TOM n;enu motubob, C0CTaBnarom;ux cro:eT, npoCTpaHCTBa, paCnpegeneHue ero Me:gy A u B u ^Bonro^ua «BnagenbMecKux» npaB Ha pa3Hbie na-ctu ero u b KOHn;e kohu;ob Ha n;enoe ^T0^0 npoCTpaHCTBa. B ^TOM nepCneKTuBe u npoCTpaHCTBo oKa3biBaeTca b nucne Toro «UMeHua», Tex 6nar, 3a KOTopbie ugeT 6opb-6a. To :e oTHocuTca u k BpeMeHu, cym;ecTBeHHo «cnen;uanu3up0BaHH0My» b npeg-CTaBneHuu C03gaTeneM u nonb3OBaTenen TeM, mto o6o3HanaeTca KaK «ochobhom» mh^. Bo BcaKOM cnynae ^TUMono^ua o6o3HaneHUM BpeMeHu bo MHorux UHgoeBponeMCKux a3bKax oTCbnaeT k ugee npoCTpaHCTBa u/unu 3anonHeHua («UMeHue», 6nara), ero, u BpeMa, oco6eHHo oTMeneHHbie ero tohku, npa3gHUKU, o6pa3yeT To:e «UMeHue», 6na-roe gocToaHue. 06m;aa guHaMUKa U3MeHeHua npoCTpaHCTBa u BpeMeHu o6m;aa: y A u to u gpyroe BO3pacTaeT, y B - yMeHbmaeTca, y6biBaeT, noKa u to u gpyroe gna Hero He cxogaT Ha HeT, o6pbiBaroTca2. nocKonbKy u b «ochobhom» Mu^e u b coothocummx c hum geTCKux urpax npo-ucxogaT U3MeHeHua, to npegnonaraeTca HeKoe gBMseHue u b npocTpaHCTBe u bo BpeMeHu. B oTHomeHUu :e gBu:eHua nono:eHue ynacTHUKOB A u B pa3nuMHoe, no KpanHen Mepe b nacTU cuTyan;un u b HeKOTopbix Bepcuax o6oux pa3HOBugHoCTen «urpoBbix» TeKCTOB. A, «npecnegoBaTenb», b ogHux Bepcuax HenogBu:eH, ero no-Kyc - He6o, BBepxy, b HeKoeMn;empe, ho nogBUXHM HanpaBneHua ero «ToneHHbix» ygapoB (MonHUu rp0M0Bep:n;a) no nepeMem;arom;eMyca b noucKax yKpbiTua B, «npo-TUBHUKy» rp0M0Bep:n;a3. CooTBeTCTBue «npecnegoBaTenro» U3 «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a b geTCKux urpax, t. e. A, HanpoTUB, HenocpegcTBeHHo nogBu:Ho, nocKonbKy A 3gecb no caMOMy ycnoBuro urpbi gon:eH bmmth U3 CBoero ^UKCupoBaHHoro He-nogBU^Horo noKyca b n;eHTpe: ecnu A He noKUHeT ero, to oh He CMo:eT BbinonHUTb CBoen rnaBHOM (u npaKTU^ecKU eguHCTBeHHon) 3aganu - BbiCMOTpeTb, HanTU - o6Ha-py:uTb, noMMaTb B, «noMeTUB» ero npu ^T0M b 3HaK gocTu:eHua n;enu, BbinonHeHua CBoen 3aganu. y ^T0^0 A b geTCKux urpax CBoe oco6oe u oneHb xapaKTepHoe o6o3Ha-neHue, U3BecTHoe b n;enoM page BapuaHTOB u b onpegeneHHOM CMbicne ypaBHUBaro-m;ee ero c rp0M0Bep:n;eM U3 «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a (06 ^T0M o6o3HaneHUu cm. Hu:e). 2 npu 3TOM cyMMa npoCTpaHCTBa u cyMMa BpeMeHu b nro6oM TOMKe HappaTUBHOM ^nu ocTaroTca Heu3-MeHHblMU BenUMUHaMU. 3 XoTa, K0HeMH0, He MeHee U3BecTHbi u Bepcuu, Korga A geMCTBUTenbHo, BnonHe peanbHo npecnegyeT B, nepegBuraacb Bcneg 3a hum no TOMy :e npocTpaHCTBy. 74 Bnadumup H. TonopoB Cpegu geTcKux urp, oóHapy:*:MBarom;Mx Hauóonee oneBugHyro cBa3b c MoTMBa-mm (a ga»e ottoctm c cro»eToM) «ochobhoto» MH^a, - npaTKM, »MypKM, canKM-naT-HamKM, ropenKM u gp.4 Mrpa «npHTKH» (gpyrue ee Ha3BaHua - npaTanKM, npaTaHKM, xopoHKM, yxo-poHKa, rynroHKM, rynroKymKM, Kynro^KM, Konro^KM, »MypKM [cMoneHcK., b 3HaneHMM «npaTKM»] u gp.) go cux nop MMeeT mupoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHue cpegu geTeM, xoTa ceMnac no cpaBHeHuro c 20-30-mm rogaMM XX BeKa OHa, Ka»eTca, oÓHapy^MBaeT TeH-geH^Mro k cy»eHMro oó^eMa ee ynoTpeóneHua. Oóm^M cmhca urpbi onpegenaeTca npu6nu3MTenbHO oguHaKoBo - «ogHM npaqyTca,gpyrue u^yT» [flanb III4, 1399); «geTcKaa urpa, cocToam;aa b tom, hto Bce, KpoMe ogHoro (Bogam;ero), npaqyTcfl, a tot u^eT mx» [yrnaKoB 1939, 1058], cp. [CCP.T3, t. 10, s.v.],nogpoÓHee - [Mrpbi 1933, 434- 441]. ^opMynupoBKa cogep»aHMa urpbi, gaHHaa b cnoBape ymaKoBa, BnonHe oTBenaeT tom ^opMe urpbi, KoTopaa npaKTMKoBanacb b 30-e rogbi cpegbi geTeM b Mo-cKBe (no KpaMHeM Mepe), u oHa b óonbmeM cTeneHM oTpa»aeT ónu3ocTb k «ochobho-My» MM^y, He»enM tot BapuaHT urpbi, KoTopbiM onucbiBaeT flanb. Mm;ym;MM cnpaTaB-muxca onpegenaeTca ^MKnMHecKMM npuMeHeHueM cnuTanKM, noKa M3 ynacTHMKoB urpbi He ocTaeTca nocnegHMM (unu »peóueM, pe»e), KoTopbiM u oKa3biBaeTca bo-ga^MM, nocKonbKy MMeHHo oh BÓguT, um;a cnpaTaBmuxca. nocKonbKy cnpaTaTbca nerne, neM HaMTM cnpaTaBmuxca, u nocKonbKy um;ym;MM aKTMBeH, a cnpaTaBmueca naccuBHb, Bogam;eMy b urpe yroToBaHa Begym;aa ponb, hto nogTBep»gaeTca u onpegeneHueM flana - «BogÚTb b urpax, KoHoBoguTb, óbiTb Ha MaTKax, n p e g b o -guTb; BcTynaTb b Kpyr, BbixoguTb b onepegb, b oguHo^Ky, KaK urpa TpeóyeT» [flanb I4, 545] u óonee oóm;MM 3HaneHueM rnarona BogÚTb - «npoBo»aTb Ha xogy, nuóo Tam;a 3a coóoro cunoro, noHy»gaa, unu > noMoraa, noggep»MBaa, unu yKa3biBaa nyTb, unu npegBoguTenbcTBya, óygynu HananbHMKoM, unu npucTaBoM, nuóo b o > a k o m , BogbipeM, ynpaBnaTb» [TaM »e, 545]. TaM, rge ucxogHoe MecTo Bogam;ero, - ero goM (unu ropog), onpegenarom;MM coóoro aóconroTHbiM ^HTp, M3 KoToporo o t k p bi t oÓ3op bo Bce cTopoHH, ho Bce-TaKM yBugeTb cnpaTaBmuxca HeBo3Mo»Ho, Torga KaK ohm b 3aBucuMocTM ot KoHKpeTHoM cMTya^MM MoryT b ogHux cnynaax cneguTb 3a Boga^MM, a b gpyrux MoryT u He BugeTb ero. Bo BcaKoM cnynae Bogam;eMy, htoóm HaMTM cnpaTaBmeroca, Hago bmmtm M3 cBoero goMa-ropoga u 3aHaTbca noucKaMM. ^TO oh m genaeT, um;a cnpaTaBmuxca b ux goMax-yKpbiTuax, pacnono>KeHHbix Ha nepu^epuu, nam;e Bcero Bganu ot ^HTpa, KoTopbiM, ogHaKo, Ba>eH u gna hmx. fleno b tom, hto cnpaTaBmueca, óygynu y>e oóHapy>eHHHMM Bogam;uM u Ha3BaHHbiMM mm no MMeHM, coxpaHaroT em;e eguHcTBeHHbiM maHc He npourpaTb: gna ^T0^0 mm Hy>Ho gocTMHb ^HTpa paHee, neM Bogam;uM (cMTya^Ma cocTa3aHua, Korga unu Bogam;uM npecnegyeT oóHapy>eHHoro unu HaoóopoT, nocnegHMM nepBoro), b Hage>ge oóo-rHaTb Bogam;ero, 3axBaTMTb Haxogam;yroca b ^HTpe nanoHKy-BbipynanoHKy (peanb-ho cym;ecTByrom;yro unu TonbKo MbicnuMyro, cuMBonunecKyro) u ycneTb npou3HecTM 4 ÜT^acTM croga oTHocaTca u geTcKue (u He TonbKo geTcKue) urpbi, «pa3birpbiBaro^Me» oguH M3 motmbob «ocHoBHoro» MM^a u cunbHo TpaHc^opMupoBaHHMe u napogM3upoBaHHbie, KaK-To «noxopoHM Cugopa KapnoBma» unu ceBepHopyccKaa HapogHaa gpaMa «MaBpyx», cBoero poga KoMegua, ycBouBmaa ypoKM TaK Ha3MBaeMMx «^0K0MHM^KMx» urp, b MacTHocTM, cBaTo^HMx, He roBopa y> o óonee no3gHux 3anag-HoeBponeMcKux BnuaHuax (cp. MMa MaBpyx, ucnop^eHHoe ManbópyK, Manbóopo), u Hacbi^eHHaa, KaK u «noxopoHM Cugopa KapnoBM^a», oóc^HHbiM aneMeHToM, cm. [TonopoB 1987, 31-48]. 75 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a ^opMyny nanouKa BupyuanouKa, Bupyuu MeHa5 (ecTb BapuaHTH urpH b npaTKM, b KOTopHX Bogam;eMy Mano oÓHapy^MTb cnpaTaBmeroca, ho Hy^Ho em;e m noMMaTb, cm. [MrpH 1933, 435]; MHaHe roBopa, urpa b npaTKM b ^TOM ee ^parneHTe KaK 6h TpaHc^opMMpyeTca b urpy b canKM6). Earn oÓHapy:*:eHHoMy Bce ^TO ygaeTca, oh ocBo6o^gaeTca ot o6a3aHHocTM cTaTb Bogam;uM. yBugeHHHM, HaMgeHHHM, ho «o^m-n;uanbHo» He o^opMneHHHM KaK TaKoBoM no Bo3Bpam;eHMM Bogam;ero b cbom goM-ropog, oh oKa3HBaeTca noóegMTeneM Bogam;ero u b cnegyrom;eM n^MKne npogon^aeT npaTaTbca, Torga KaK Bogam;uM gon^eH cHoBa BoguTb. Ecnu ^e Bepx b cocTa3aHuu b gocTM^eHMM goMa-ropoga 3a Bogam;uM, to HaMgeHHHM u noMMaHHHM BHxoguT M3 urpH m ^geT ee oKoHHaHua u hobom ^epe6beBKM b oHepegHoM n^MKne urpH. M em;e gBa cym;ecTBeHHHX MoTMBa, oTMeHaeMHX b urpe b npaTKM, ho He Henpe-MeHHo b HeM npucyTcTByro^ux. n e p b h m m3 hmx - motmb 6uTba: «Ecnu oTHcKMBa-rom;Me yMgyT ganeKo ot ropoga, cnpaTaBmueca BHcKaKMBaroT, 6 b ro t mx manKaMM u 3aHMMaroT ropog. nocTpagaBmue gon^HH Be3TM mx Ha cnuHax b ropog c Toro Mecra, rge ohm ÓHnu ygapeHH» [neTpoB 1890, 6]. B HeKoTopHX Bepcuax urpH b npaTKM Bogam;uM, HacTurHyB cnpaTaBmeroca, ygapaeT ero no nneHy unu no cnMHe, oHeBug-ho, cnerKa, KaK 6h cana-MeTa ero. BecbMa nroóonbirao, hto cn;eHapuM urpH, KaK, oneBugHo, u «3puTenu» ee, 6onee 6naro^enaTenbHH k npaHym;uMca, npegcTaBnae-mhm KaK «npecnegyeMbie», HeM k Bogam;eMy-«npecnegoBaTenro»: nocnegHero 6broT, yHM^aroT, ucnonb3ya ero KaK cpegcTBo nepegBM^eHua; nepBHX ^e b nyHmeM cny-Hae «MeTaT» u ucKnroHaroT M3 urpH b gaHHoM KoHKpeTHoM n;MKne. B t o p o M motmb 5 MHrepecHo, hto ^parMeHT BbipynanoHKa, Bbipynu MeHa KaK 6h cogep^ur b nepeBepHyroM Buge aHa-rpaMMy cnoBa Hyp, ynorpeónaro^eroca b urpe b canKM b cMTya^MM, Korga Boga^uM bot-bot HacrurHer yóeraro^ero u tot BHHy^geH ocTaHoBMTbca, cTaB «cTonóoM» unu npuceB Ha koptohkm, cKpecTMB b o6o-mx cnyHaax pyKM Ha rpygu u npou3Hoca cnoBa Hyp mena! uyp mena! ^mo uyp mena! KaK pa3 u BHpyHaeT ot Boga^ero, kotophm He Mo^eT HapymuTb ogHo M3 npaBun-ycnoBMM urpH; MHTepecHo, hto m npu urpe b npaTKM Boga^uM, 3aMeTMB cnpaTaBmeroca, KpuHMT uyp moü, uyp! u óe^MT b ropog, cm. [MrpH 1933, 434]. KaK M3BecTHo, sto Me^goMeTMMHo ynoTpeónaro^eeca uyp! b ocTeperaro^e-3anpeTMTenbHoM cmhc-ne, yKa3HBaeT HeKMM npegen (3anpeT Ha nepexog HeKoeM HepTH, Ha npuKacaHue k HeMy-nuóo), unu ga^e KaK HeKMM ^K3op^M3M (cp. yKp. u,yp! 'npoHb!', 'boh!' m t. n.), cp. gp. -rpeH. e^-opiZ« 'nporoHaTb npoHb, 3a npegenH'; 'M3roHaTb'; 'nepecTynaTb npegenH', cBa3aHa c nonHo3HaHHHMM cnoBaMM Tuna uypdmbca 'ot-cTpaHaTbca', 'M3ÓeraTb', uepecuyp u t. n. 06 aTMMonorau cnoBa uyp, cm. pCCH 4, 1977, 134], xoTa o6 oKoHHaTenbHoM pemeHMM roBopuTb paHo. KpoMe Toro, cooTHomeHue Hyp: uypdmbca, HanoMMHaro^ee TaKoe ®e b naT. Terminus, puMcKMM 6or ^paHM^ u Me^eM (cp. terminus, b plur. termini '^paHM^H', 'npegenH, ho m KoHeHHaa ^nb'): termino 'oTgenaTb', 'pa3Me®eBaTbca', 'oTrpaHMHMBaTb' u t. n., gaeT ocHoBaHue npegnonaraTb b Hyp cxogHoe 3HaHeHue u ^yH^uro c naT. Terminus, Mo^eT ÓHTb, garo^ee Bo3Mo®HocTb cBa3HBaTb uyp c m,yp (:m,ypumbca'^MypuTbca' [cp. MMyypKu]) u - He ucKnroHeHo - c m,yp b npdm,yp u nog.; MHaHe - [TpyóaHeB 1959, 72-73]. 6 Cm.: «3agaHa napTMM u^y^ux - He TonbKo HaMTM nonpaTaBmuxca, ho m noMMaTb mx [...]» [noKpoB-ckmm 1895, 115]. B urpe Knacca «npaTKM», ho M3BecTHoM KaK «gaM, gegymKa, pyHKy», TaK^e npucyTcTByeT motmb noBnu-«nouMaHua» (ot ycnexa unu Heycnexa stom o^epa^MM 3aBucuT MHoroe), cp.: «npaHy^M-eca BHÓuparoT MaTb, KoTopaa npaHeT cbomx geTeM no pa3HHM yKpoMHHM MecTaM, ho no bo3mo®hoctm b ogHoM cTopoHe, HenoganeKy gpyr ot gpyra. CnpaTaBmu geTeM, MaTb ugeT k gegymKe m roBopuT eMy: "flegymKa, gaM pyHKy". flegymKa nogaeT pyKy, m MaTb BegeT ero c BHyHaTaMM coBepmeHHo b gpyryro cTopoHy ot cbomx geTeM. Ha nyTM gegymKa m BHyHaTa 3opKo cMoTpaT no cTopoHaM, BHrnagHBaa Me-cto, b KoTopoM cnpaTaHH geTM. KaK TonbKo ohm sto MecTo 3aMeTaT, ToTHac óeryT k cnpaTaBmuMca, htoóh c n o b m t b xoTb ogHoro M3 hmx. B cBoro oHepegb cnpaTaBmueca, 3aMeTa sto, ToTHac BHÓera-roT M3 cbomx 3acag HaBcTpeHy MaTepu, KoTopaa b sto BpeMa TaK^e óe^MT k hmm HaBcTpeHy, cTapaacb neperHaTb gegymKy c BHyHaTaMM, m ecnu sto eM ygaeTca, [...] to y^e hmkto M3 ee geTeM He Mo^eT ÓHTb n o M m a h . Ecnu napTua c gegymKoM ycneeT noMMaTb xoTb ogHoro M3 yHacTHMKoB napTMM MaTepu, to urparo^ue MeHaroTca ponaMM m urpa HaHMHaeTca cHoBa» [noKpoBcKMM 1895, 116]). 76 Bnadumup H. TonopoB MnM, CKOpee, KOHCTMTyTMBHblM ^neMeHT Mrpbl B npaTKM COCTOMT B TOM, HTO BOgam;MM oguH, a npaqym;uxca MHoro7, u b npaKTMKe urpbi ohm MoryT 0Ópa30BbiBaTb ko-anuqHK, Korga, :«epTBya ycnexoM ogHoM nacTM npaqym;uxca, mo^ho o6ecnenuTb ygany gpyroM nacTM u no3BonuTb en go6paTbca go goMa-ropoga u nanoHKM-Bbipy-nanoHKM paHbme Bogam;ero. B KoHTeKCTe «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a, b Tex ero Bepcuax, rge rpoMOBep^y (unu MHoMy rnaBHOMy u nono:«MTenbHOMy nepcoHa»:y ot BepxoBHoro 6ora go repoa par excellence) npoTMBonocraBneH «KonneKTMBHbiM», MHoronucneH-hhh npoTMBHMK, noaBnarom;MMca, ogHaKo, KaK npaBuno He b nonHOM cBoeM cocTaBe, a noonepegHo, b pa3Hbix npocTpaHCTBeHHo-BpeMeHHbíx y3nax (npu ^TOM npeg-nonararoTca gBe CMTya^MM - b Ka^goM ^^M3oge 3naa cuna npegcTaBneHa oco6hm, Ka^gHM pa3 hobhm «npoTMBHMKoM» unu ^e «npoTMBHMK» oguH, ho noaBnaeTca oh MHoroKpaTHo, u caM noeguHoK CTaHOBMTca npepbiBMCTbiM, gucKpeTHHM), BapuaHT urpbi b npaTKM c mho^cctbom npaqym;uxca mo^ho CHMTaTb oTpa»:eHMeM Tex BepcuM «ocHoBHoro» MM^a, b KoTopbix onnoHeHToM BbiCTynaeT «KonneKTMBHbiM» npoTMBHMK B gByX TonbKo HTO oTMeneHHHX pa3HoBMgHoCTaX8. HaKOHe^ Hy^Ho oTMeTMTb em;e ogHy TeMy, npegcTaBneHHyro u b «ochobhom» MM^e u b geTCKOM urpe b npaTKM u aBnaromyroca o6m;eM nepTOM, Ha KOTopyro, ogHaKo, He o6pam;anu gon^Horo BHMMaHua oTHacru, BuguMo, noToMy, hto ugea ^TOM TeMH o6hhho npucyTCTBOBana b MCTOHHMKax nam;e MM^nM^MTH0, neM b ^KC^nM^MpoBaH-hom Buge. Penb ugeT o cooTHomeHMU motmbob BuguMoCTM u HeBuguMoCTM, 3panecTM u cnenoTH u ux pacnpegeneHMM Me^gy A u B, TpoMOBep^eM, npecnego-BaTeneM, Bogam;uM, «oTKpbiTbiM» 3peHuro nepcoHa^eM, u npoTMBHMKoM, npecnegye-mhm, CKpHBaro^MMca u noToMy HeBuguMHM unu He cpa3y BuguMHM nepcoHa^eM, a MHorga u HeBugam;uM, TaK KaK, CKpbiBaacb ot gpyrux, oh TeM caMHM u ux CKpbiBaeT ot ce6a. fla u caMo ^TO coKpbiTue ce6a - nanKa o gByx koh^x: cy6^eKT TaKoro co-KpHTua HepegKo ynogo6naeTca ManeHbKOMy pe6eHKy, KOTopbiM, 3aKpbiB rna3a, no-naraeT, hto, ecnu oh Hulero He BuguT, to m ero hmkto He BuguT. TaK unu MHane, ho 3peHue nepcoHa^eM A u B b «ochobhom» MM^e u b urpe b npaTKM pa3Hoe - u no cune, u no MHTeHCMBHoCTM, u no aKTMBHoCTM, no ^neHanpaBneHHoCTM, no ^nocraocTM, no oeMHeneHHoeTM, HaKOHe^ no xapaKTepy CBa3M c gBM^eHueM b npocTpaHCTBe. B urpe b npaTKM CKpbiBarom;MMca B, CTporo roBopa, 3auHTepecoBaH b 3peHMM TonbKo b nocnegHMM MOMeHT nepeg TeM, KaK A pacKpoeT ero goM-yKpbiTue, hto6h ycneTb gocTMHb goM-ropog A paHbme, neM caM A. B ocTanbHoe ^e BpeMa npe6biBaHua b co-KpbTMM 3peHue eMy He Hy^Ho Boo6m;e. Ho u b «ochobhom» MM^e B, MMero^uñ (b ot-nuHue ot B b npaTKax) BO3Mo^HoCTb MeHaTb y6e^u^a no Mepe ero npecnegoBaHua co CTopoHbi A, genaeT ^T0 He noToMy, hto BuguT npu6nu^aro^yroca onacHoCTb, ho noToMy hto A (rpoMOBep»^) pa3pymaeT y6e^u^e B, BMHy^gaa ero MCKaTb HOBoe. A gocTaTOHHo gByx rna3, B, «npoTMBHMK» nacTo mhotoohmt (KaK u MHororonoB) 7 Bnpo^eM, Henb3a ynycKaTb M3 Buga u Te BapuaHTbi urpbi, rge Bce ee y^acTHMKM genaTca Ha gBe p a b -h h e ^acTM - Bogamux u npa^y^uxca, npecnegoBaTeneM u npecnegyeMbix, cp. [Mrpbi 1933, 434-435, 118-119, 1123]. B TaKOM cny^ae «KonneKTMBHoCTb» Boga^ux cnocoócTByeT pe3KOMy ycTpo^eHuro ycnoBMM gna npa^y^uxca u nepeBoguT stot BapuaHT urpH b npaTKM b Knacc urp c MaTpu^M gByx paBHHx nonoBMH y^acTHMKOB u nonapHoro MneHeHua Bcex y^acTHMKOB. 8 B 3TOM CBa3M egBa nu mo«ho c^ecTb cny^aMHbiM nogpoÓHo npoaHanu3upoBaHHHM b gpyrux paóoTax motmb pac^neHeHua npoTMBHMKa rpoMOBep^a u pa3ÓpacHBaHua ero noBcrogy, no MHoruM MecTaM (cp. Beg.purutra: TonbKo TaKMM o6pa3OM 3naa u pa3pymuTenbHaa cuna «npoTMBHMKa» npeo6-pa3yeTca b go6pyro cuny BO3po®geHua, ^po^BeTaHMa, hobom ®m3hm. 77 K uHxep^pexa^uu HeKOxopMx moxubob pyccKux gexcKux urp b cBexe «ocHOBHoro» MM^a unu ogHorna3 (cp. ogHorna3oe ^uxo b cKa3Kax). Mhokcctbo rna3 He yBenuMuBaeT 3peHua; HanpoTuB, oho BegeT k «^aceTOMHOMy» 3peHuro, k npuHD;unuanbH0 aTOMu-3up0BaHH0H u HecBa3aHH0H b cboux OTgenbHHX MacTax KapTuHe Mupe, oho numeHO CuHTeTuMHOCTu u D^ftbHOCTu, D;eHTpup0BaHH0CTu u 0CMMCnaK>m;eM CnOCOÓHOCTu, ycTaHOBKu Ha 3HaKonopoKgeHue u Ha KOHTponb9. TeMa BuguMoro u HeBuguMoro, 3peHua u cnenoTM npuMeHuTenbHO k paccMaTpbiBaeMbiM 3gecb TeKCTaM MOKeT ÓMTb nonHOcTbro ocMMcneHa b KOHTeKCTe Mu^a u puTyana unu Mu^onoru3upoBaHHMx xy-goKecTBeHHbix TeKCTOB - TaKux, KaK, HanpuMep, roroneBCKuM «Buh»10. 9 MHorga oguH rna3 3HaMux 6onbme, MeM ux MHOKecxBO. Cp. KOHxpacx MeKgy gHeBHMM okom ConH^a unu homhmm okom HyHbi, c ogHOM cxopoHM, u MHOKecxBOM 3Be3gHMx «rna3K0B» Ha HOMHOM He6e. 10 Tlumb oguH npuMep xaKoro poga, cBa3aHHMM c ^xoM xeMOM b roroneBCKOM «Bue», KOxopMM nog ^xuM yrnoM 3peHua aHanu3upoBanca b pa6oxax BaM. Bc. MBaHOBa. Ounoco^ XoMa Bpyx gonKeH npoBecxu xpu homu b ^pKBu, Muxaa 3ayn0K0MHyro MonuxBy Hag rpo6oM yMepmeM naHHOMKu. TeMa BuguMoro u HeBuguMoro b coMexaHuu c axMOc^epoM cxpaxa (cp. cnoBa cxpax, cmpamHuü, yxac, 6ox3Hb, 6oxmbcx u X. n., noBTopaeMbie Ha KopoxKOM oxpe3Ke xeKcxa gecaxKu pa3 c ucKnroMuxenbHO rycxoM, runepxpo^upo-BaHHOM HacM^eHHOcxbro) BMpaKaexca 3gecb c pe3K0M nonHOTOM u MHoroo6pa3ueM. B n e p b y ro HOMb XoMa npuxogux b ^pKOBb: [...j u HaK0He^ yKe 0 6cM0xpenca. nocepeguHe cxoan m e p h m m rpo6. CBeMu xennunucb nepeg t e m h m m u o6pa3aMu. C b e x ox hux ocBe^an xonbKO uKOHOcxac [...j OxganeHHMe yrnbi npuxBopa 6Mnu 3aKyxaHM m p a k o m [...j «Hxo k», cKa3an oh: «Mero xyx 6oaxbca?» [...j nogxoga k Kpbinocy, yBugen oh HecKonbKO cBa30K c b e m e m . <âxo xopomo», nogyMan ^unoco^: «HyKHO ocBexuxb Bcro ^pKOBb, xaK, mto6m Bug h o 6Mno KaK gHeM [...j M oh npuHanca npunennuBaxb BOcKOBMe CBeMu ko BceM KapHu3aM, HanoaM u o6pa3aM [...j u cKopo Bca ^pKOBb HanonHunacb c b e x o m . BBepxy xonbKO m p a k cgenanca KaK 6ygxo cunbHee, u m p a m h m e o6pa3a rnagenu yrproMeM [...j Oh nogomen k rpo6y, c po6ocxbro nocMOxpen b n^o yMepmeM u He Mor He 3aKMypuxb, HecKonbKO B3gporHyBmu, cboux r n a 3 : TaKaa cxpamHaa, cBepKaro^aa Kpacoxa! Oh oxBopoxunca u xoxen otomtu; ho no cxpaHHOMy nro6onbiTCTBy [...j, He ocxaBnaro^eMy MenoBeKa, 0C06eHH0 bo BpeMa cxpaxa, oh He yxep-nen, yxoga, He B3rnaHyxb Ha Hee u noxoM, o^yxuBmu xox Ke xpenex, B3rnaHyn e^e pa3. B caMOM gene, pe3Kaa Kpacoxa yconmeM Ka3anacb cxpamHoro. MoKex 6MXb, gaKe OHa He nopa3una 6m xaKuM naHuMecKuM yKacoM, ecnu 6m 6bna HecKonbKO 6e3o6pa3Hee [...j «Hero 6oaxbca?» gyMan oh MeKgy xeM caM npo ce6a [...j Ho xumuHa 6Mna MepxBaa. Tpo6 cxoan HenogBuKHO. CBeMu nunu ^nbiM noxon cBexa. CxpamHa ocBe^eHHaa ^pKOBb HOMbro, c MepxBMM xenoM u 6e3 gymu nrogeM. [...j Kenaa 3arnymuxb ocxaxKu 6 o a 3 h u. Ho Mepe3 KaKgyro MuHyxy o 6 p a ^ a n rna3a cBou Ha rpo6 [...j «Hy, ecnu nogMMexca?..» [...j Oh guKO B3rnaHyn u noxep rna3a. Ho OHa tomho yKe He neKux, a cugux b cBoeM rpo6e. Oh oxBen rna3a cBou u onaxb c yKacoM o6paxun Ha rpo6. OHa Bcxana... ugex no ^pKBu c 3aKpMXMMu rna3aMu, 6ecnpecxaHH0 pacnpaBnaa pyKu, KaK 6m Kenaa n o m m a x b Koro-Hu6ygb. [...j B c x p axe OMepxun oh OKono ce6a Kpyr [cBoero poga goM-yKpMxue, goM-ropog, ecnu npu6erHyxb k xepMuHonoruu urpM b npaxKu. - B. T.j [...j OHa cxana noMxu Ha caMOM Mepxe; ho b u g -ho 6bno, Mxo He uMena cun nepecxynuxb ee [...j XoMa He uMen gyxa B3rnaHyxb Ha Hee. OHa 6bina cxpamHa [...j u oxKpMna MepxBMe rna3a cBou. Ho He Bug a HuMero, [...j o6paxunacb b gpyryro cxopoHy u, pacnpocxepmu pyKu, o6xBaxuna umu KaKgMM cxonn u yron, cxapaacb n o m m a x b XoMy. [...j Ounoco^ [...j Bce e^e He Mor npuxxu b ce6a u co cxpaxoM nornagMBan Ha ^xo xecHoe Kunuqe BegbMM. HaK0He^ rpo6 Bgpyr copBanca c CBoero Mecxa u co cbuctom HaMan nexaxb no BceM ^pKBu [...j Ounoco^ Bugen ero noMxu Hag ronoBoro, ho BMecxe c xeM Bugen, mto oh He Mor 3a^nuxb k p y r a, um OMepMeHHoro. Bo b x o p y ro HOMb b ^pKBu npoucxogux xo Ke, ho axMOc^epa cxpaxa cry^aexca e^e 6onbme: «Oho c nepBoro pa3y xonbKO c x p a m h o. fla! oho xonbKO c nepBoro pa3y HeMHoro cxpamHO, a xaM oho yKe He cxpamHo; oho yKe coBceM He cxpamHO». [...j HaMan Muxaxb rpoMKO, pemaacb He nogMMaxb c KHuru cboux rna3 [...j yKe OKono Macy Muxan oh [...j po6K0 noBen rna3aMu Ha rpo6. Cepg^ ero 3axonoHyno. Tpyn yKe cxoan nepeg hum Ha caMOM Mepxe u Bnepun b Hero MepxBMe no3e-neHeBmue rna3a. BypcaK cogporHynca [...j noxynuB omu b KHury, cxan oh Muxaxb rpoMMe cBou MonuxBM [...j u cnMman, KaK xpyn onaxb ygapun 3y6aMu u 3aMaxan pyKaMu, Kenaa cxBaxuxb ero. Ho noKOcuBmu cnerKa ogHuM rna30M, yBugen oh, mto xpyn He xaM n o b u n ero, rge cxoan oh, u, KaK b u g h o, He Mor b u g e x b ero. Diyxo cxana BopMaxb OHa u HaMana BMroBapuBaxb MepxBMMu ycxaMu 78 Bnadumup H. TonopoB B ^TOM KOHTeKCTe ocoóoe BHMMaHMe gon«Ha npuBneMb k ce6e urpa b «MypKH (gpyrue ee Ha3BaHua - «MypKumKu, «MypKbimKu, «MypKymKu, «MypbimKu, «MáKaH^i, «áMKu c xapaKTepHbiM onpegeneHueM «urpa «MypKu, rge Bee XMyTCH b Kyqy» [CPHr 9, 1972, 87]; rna3á, 6ypKana, Tanb, 6aHbKM, cm. [flanb I4, 1357], cm. TaM «e KaK o6o3HaMeHue urpbi b npaTKu - «MyKanKu, «MypbimKu)11. KoHeMHO, OHa npu-Hagne«uT k TOMy «e Knaccy, mto m npaTKu, u TaK «e npegnonaraeT u cnpaTaBmuxca u um;ym;ero. Pa3Hu^ b gpyroM - b pacnpegeneHuu 3paMecTu u cnenoTbi. B OTnuMue CTpamHbie cnoBa [...] Hto 3HaMunu ohm, Toro He Mor 6m CKa3aTb oh, ho mto-to CTpamHoe b hmx 3aKnroManocb. Ounoco^ b CTpaxe noHan, mto oHa TBopuna 3aKnuHaHua. Tp e t b e Ä homm, npoBegeHHOÄ b ^pKBu, cy«geHO 6bino CTaTb poKOBOÄ: Bce CKa3aHHoe o nepBbix gByx HOMax crycTunocb go npegena, u TonbKo CMepTb Morna 6biTb ucxogoM. Bce 6bino TaK «e. Bce 6bino b tom «e caMoM rpo3Ho-3HaKoMoM Buge. [...] «H e n o 6 o ro c b, eÄ Bory h e no6orocb!» CKa3an oh m, OMepTMBmM nonpe«HeMy oKono ce6a Kpyr, HaMan npunoMUHaTb Bce cbom 3aKnuHaHua. TumuHa 6bina CTpamHaa: CBeiu TpeneTanu u o6nuBanu cbetom bck> ^pKOBb. Ounoco^ nepeBepHyn oguH nucT, noTOM nepeBepHyn gpyroÄ u 3aMeTun, mto oh MMTaeT coBceM He to, mto nucaHO b KHure. Co CTpaxoM nepeKpecTunca oh u HaManb neTb. [...] CTpamHbiÄ myM [...] HanonHun Bcro ^pKOBb [...] HeMMCTaa cuna MeTanacb BOKpyr ero. [...] He uMen gyxy pa3rnageTb oh mx; Bug en TonbKo, KaK bo Bcro CTeHy CToano KaKoe-TO orpoMHoe MygoBu^e [...] CKBO3b ceTb Bonoc rnagenu CTpamHO gBa rna3a [...] Bce rnagenu Ha Hero, ucKanu u He Mornu ybmgetb ero, OKpy«eHHoro TauHCTBeHHbiM KpyroM [...]; B3rnaHyB ucKOca, ybmgen oh, mto BegyT KaKoro-TO npu-3eMMCToro, gro«ero, Koconanoro MenoBeKa. Becb 6bin oh b MepHOÄ 3eMne [...] flnuHHbie b eKu ony^eHbi 6binu go caMOÄ 3eMnu. C y«acoM 3aMeTun XoMa, mto nM^o 6bino Ha HeM «ene3Hoe. Ero npuBenu nog pyKu u npaMO nocTaBunu k TOMy MecTy, rge CToan XoMa. «nogmmmte MHe beku: He Bu«y!» CKa3an nog3eMHbiM ronocoM Bum - u Bce coHMu^e KMHynocb nogMMaTb eMy b ekm .«He rnagu !» menHyn KaKOÄ-TO BHyTpeHHuÄ ronoc 4>unoco^>y. He BbiTepnen oh, u r n a h y n. «Bot oh!» 3aKpuMan BuÄ m ycTaBun Ha Hero «ene3HbiÄ nane^ M Bce, CKonbKO hm 6bino, KMHynMCb Ha 4>unoco^a. Be3gbixaHHbiÄ rpaHynca oh Ha 3eMnro, u TyT «e BbineTen u3 Hero gyx ot CTpaxa. 11 06^acHeHue cooTBeTCTByro^ero rnarona MMypumb(cn), otmmchhmm o6pa3OBaHueM ot KOToporo aB-naeTca cnoBO MMypKU u nog., KaK MeTaTe3bi ot npacnaB. *mbZuriti [OacMep II, 60] He aBnaeTca BepHbiM, xoTa caM ^aKT «MeTaTe3upoBaHua» rnarona MMypumb(cn) b OTgenbHbix cnyMaax He nogne«MT coMHeHuro (cp. MemcK. mzourati '«MypuTbca', '^ypuTbca', nonbCK. mruzyc, ho u pyccK. MMumb '«MypuTb, ^ypuTb rna3a', 'gpeMaTb', cp. MMa 'gpeMOTa', 'gpeMa'). rnaron MMypumb(cn) ecTecTBeHHO BbiBoguTb u3 npacnaB. *Zbm-ur-iti (: *Zbmq, *Zfti, cp. múhku: Mamb), t. e. c«MMaTb, co^ypuBaTb rna3a, BeKu. 06pa3OBaHua c OCHOBOÄ *Zbm-ur- (MM-yp-) goBonbHO MHoroMucneHHbi u pa3HOo6pa3Hbi no 3HaMeHuaM - MMyp, MMypa, MMypKa, MMypKÚ, MMypUK, MMypHÖK, MMypKOBblÜ, MMypblÜ 'menKOBblÄ' (t. e. ««áTblM»), cp. TaK«e MMblp, MMbipb (u3 *Zbm-ür-), cm. [CPHr 9, 1972, 206-208]. OMeHb noKa3aTenbHa u ceMaHTMKa 6onbmuHCTBa stmx cnoB, oco6eHHO rnaronoB, b KOHTeKCTe urp b npaTKu u «MypKu, cp. MMypumbcn '6biTb npuKpbiTbiM (cnpaTaHHMM) MamenMCTMKaMM (o arogax u nnogax): MopotuKa em,e MMypumcn [CPHr 9, 1972, 206]; MMypumbcn: «B urpe b nanoMKy-BbipyManoMKy OTbiCKMBaTb cnpaTaBmuxca» [TaM «e, 206207]; Máxamb, MáxHymb 'cunbHO, Heo«ugaHHO c pa3Maxy ygapuTb, npugaBUTb' [CPHr 9, 1972, 87], MMb'^amb, MMb^aHymb, MMÚKHymb, MMÚXHymb, MMÚxamb 'ygapuTb', CTyKHyTb' [TaM «e, 207-208], Máxamb(cn) 'nyraTb(ca), CTpamuTb(ca)' [TaM «e, 87], Bocxoga^ue k npacnaB. *z%ti 'y6uBaTb' (cp. guanor M3 cnoBecHOÄ napTuu urpbi b «MypKu: - A n ymeHy. - A n doMeHy [Mrpb 1933, 391]; u.-eBp. *guhen- 'go-roHaTb', 'rHaTb', 'y6uBaTb'), cp. TaK«e o6o3HaMeHua noKOÄHMKa, yMepmero, b MacTHOCTu, u y6uToro - MMypUK, MMypyK, MMypHÖK (b geTCKOÄ urpe b noxopoHbi, 6nu3KOÄ k «MaBpyxy», noKOÄHMK To«e Ha-3MBaeTca ««MypyKOM»; cp. coBMe^eHue b rnarone npnmamb, onpnmamb (*pr%tati) 3HaMeHuÄ 'cKpbBaTb' u 'y6upaTb noKOÄHMKa', 'o6paguTb k norpe6eHuro' u ga«e 'xopoHMTb'. TaKMM o6pa3OM, cnoBO MMypKU KaK Ha3BaHue urpb OKa3MBaeTca b KOHTeKCTe ogHOKopeHHMX cnoB, peanu3yro^ux TaKue 3HaMeHua, KaK «npaTaTbca», «npuKpbBaTbca», «OTbiCKMBaTb cnpaTaBmuxca», «ygapaTb», «6uTb», «noKOÄHMM», «MepT-bmä», «CTpax», «nyraTb(ca)», coBnagaro^ue c KnroMeBMMu MOTMBaMM urpb b «MypKu u - cy^ecTBeHHOÄ MacTbro - b npaTKu. - Cp. nTm. vistinas '«MypKu' (6yKB. KypoMKu', cp. pyccKyro urpy «Cnenaa KypM^a» «MypKu unu HeM. Blindekuh '«MypKu', 6yKB. - 'cnenaa KopoBa'), nuT. güzynés '«MypKu', güzinéjimas, to «e (:gúzti, guzeti, guzinéti), cm. [LEW 1962, I, 179-180]. 79 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a OT npaTOK b ux KaHOHUHecKOM BapuaHTe b «MypKax c n e n Bogamuñ, oh «e u umy-muñ, a 3 p a h u «npanymueca», KOTopbie «cnpaTaHbi» TonbKO gna He3panero um;y-m;ero, a Ha caMOM gene KpyTaTca BOKpyr Hero, OTnycKaroT myTKu-noggpa3HUBaHua, ga«e KacaroTca uHorga pyKOñ, 3ageBaroT umymero, 6broT ero no cnuHe12 u 6bicTpo yBepTHBaroTca ot ero nonbiTOK noMMaTb ux. Ecnu Bogamuñ cnenen; noMMaeT Koro-nu6o u yragaeT ero uMa, to MeHaeTca c noñMaHHbiM cboum MecTOM (o «MypKax cm. [noKpoBcKuñ 1895, 204-209; Mrpbi 1933, 391-400]). KnroneBbiMu cnoBaMu noKanbHoro cnoBapuKa cnoBecHoro TeKcTa urp Knac-ca «npaTKu-«MypKu» (KaK u cnucKa cooTBeTcTByromux motubob u/unu cnucKa «KUHéM») 0Ka3biBaroTca BoguTb u 3HaHUTenbHoe pa3H006pa3ue o6o3HaHeHuñ cy6^-eKTa ^T0^0 geñcTBua, noMUMO HeñTpanbHoro boôxw,uû cp. BOMaK, BOMaMaû(-uû), Bo-Menb^uK, Boôunb^uK, Bodunbw,uu,a, Bodupb u gp. [MrpH 1933, 363, 369, 375, 377, 379, 391, 435-438 u gp.]; Budemb-He Budemb, ^nx^emb, CMompemb, ucKamb, omucKUBamb, Haxodumb, npecnedoBamb, 6eMamb-^o^oHxmb, noBumb, noÛMamb, cxBamumb, Kacambcn (pyKoû), canumb, nxmHamb, Memumb, nauKamb, ydapxmb, 6umb, om^a^amb umh, MMy-pumbCH, ouepmumb, Bupyuamb; Kpy^, doM, ^opo^, uepma, nanouKa-BupyuanouKa, uyp; cnenoû13. M3 ^T0^0 noKanbHoro cnoBapuKa u, He MeHee, U3 go cux nop cKa3aHHoro cnegyeT, hto Becb cro«eT cTpouTca BOKpyr gByx cnapeHHbix motubob - ucKaTb-OT-bicKUBaTb (HaxoguTb) u npecnegoBaTb-goroHaTb u gByeguHOñ n;enu - no6e«gaTb-Bbi-urpMBaTb. npuBegeHHbiñ MaTepuan nerKO M0«eT 6biTb yBenuHeH, ho u Toro, hto npu-BegeHO BnonHe gocTaTOHHO, hto6h cgenaTb Hage«HbiM u ocMbicneHHbiM ero cono-cTaBneHue c cro«eT0M agpa «ochobhoto» Mu^a, rge peHb ugeT o noeguHKe rnaBHoro nono«uTenbHoro nepcoHa«a c ero npoTUBHUKOM, 6e3ycn0BH0 0Tpun;aTenbHbiM, ho urparomuM cBoro Heo6xoguMyro ponb b TBopeHuu - b B03HUKH0BneHuu Hepe3 cMepTb hobom, ycuneHHOñ MHoroKpaTHO «U3HU unu ga«e BeHHOñ «U3HU, 6eccMepTua. Ecnu B3aTb Te Bepcuu «ochobhoto» Mu^a, KOTopbie nyHme Bcero npegcTaBneHbi Ha 6en0pyccK0M, nuTOBcKOM u naTbimcKOM MaTepuane, to gocTaTOHHO orpaHUHUTbca numb HeKOTopbiMu npuMepaMu, hto6h y6eguTbca b ux cooTBeTcTBuu b OTHomeHuu OTgenbHbix ^neMeHT0B u b OTHomeHuu caMux cxeM nogo6HbiM «e ^neMeHTaM u cxe-MaM paccMOTpeHHMx Bame cnoBecHbix TeKcTOB geTcKux urp Tuna npaTOK u «MypoK. M3 6enopyccKux 0Tpa«eHuñ «ocHOBHoro» Mu^a gocTaTOHHO HanoMHUTb o npecnegoBaHuu rp0M0Bep«n;eM napyHOM cBoero npoTUBHUKa «HaHucTara» b 6eno-pyccKOñ cKa3Ke [PoMaHOB 1891, 155, N° 3], (cp. [TaM «e, 157-158, N° 1, 5, 8]), npoaHa-nu3upoBaHHbix b gpyroM MecTe. napyH npecnegyeT HeHucToro u rpo3UT eMy: «# Te6a y 6 b ro l». Tot B03pa«aeT: «KaK «e Tbl MeHa y 6 b e m b ? Begb a cnpanycbl». - «Kyga?» - «nog HenoBeKa!» - «# y 6 b ro HenoBeKa - u Te6a y6bro!» - «A a cnpaHycb nog k o h a !» - «Torga a u KOHa y 6 b ro - u Te6a y 6 b ro !» - «A a nog KopoBy cnpaHycb!» - «# u ko- 12 Cp. b cBa3u c 3TUM MOTUBOM OTHacTu urpy nog Ha3BaHueM «3anneyxu» [MBaHOB 1890, 51; Mrpbi 1933, 400] u cunbHO Bbipo«geHHbiñ ee BapuaHT, cocToamuñ b tom, hto Bogamuñ noBopaHUBaeTca cnuHoñ k ocTanbHbM yHacTHUKaM urpbi, npu«uMaeT neByro pyKy nagoHbro k meKe, a npaByro pyKy nogBoguT nog noKOTb neBoñ TaK, hto6h nagoHb Haxogunacb b BepTUKanbHOM nono«eHuu u 6bina oópameHa BOBHe; cToamue 3a cnuHoñ Bogamero nooHepegHO goBonbHO cunbHO 6broT cBoeñ nagoHbro no ero nagoHu, u bo-gamuñ gon«eH yragaTb, kto HaHec ygap; ecnu oh yragaeT, to ygapuBmuñ MeHaeTca c BogamuM MecTOM. 13 Cp. urpy «C n e n o m K03en» [CaxapoB 1885, 185; Mrpbi 1933, 393] b page OTHomeHuñ 6nu3Kyro k canKaM, u k npaTKaM. 80 Bnadumup H. TonopoB poBy y 6 b ro - u Te6a y 6 b ro!» - «A a nog gepeBO cnpaHycb: TaM th MeHa He y6bemb.» - gepeBO pa3o6bro - u Te6a y6bro!» - «A a nog KaMeHb cnpa-hycb!» - «# u KaMeHb p a 3 o 6 b ro, u Te6a y6bro!» - «Hy, Torga a cnpaHycb b Bogy.» - «TaM Te6e Mecro, TaM u Haxogucb!». TaKuM 06pa30M, npu npegnonoxeHuu, nogTBepxgaeMoM u gpyruMu ^aKTaMu, hto ^T0T c^HapuM npecnegoBaHua HeHu-cToro, nocnegoBaTenbHo npanym;eroca TaM, rge oh HageeTca yKpHTbca ot napyHa, cooTBeTCTByeT peanbHoMy pa3BepTbiBaHuro croxeTa, 0Ka3biBaeTca, hto nepeg HaMu CBoero poga «npaTKu» Mu^onorunecKoro croxeTa o rpoMoBepx^ u ero npoTuBHuKe, KoTopbiM, BepoaTHo, nepe6eran, cnacaacb ot npecnegoBaHua ot ogHoro yKpHTua k gpyroMy, hto b urpe b npaTKu Ha3biBaeTca «nepenpaTbiBaHueM», bo3mo«hhm npu HegocraToHHoH 6guTenbHocTu Bogam;ero. ^uToBcKue Bepcuu ^T0^0 xe BapuaHTa «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a 6onee mhotohuc-neHHHe u pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie, geMcTBuTenbHo npeBpam;aroT b u3BecTHoM cMbicne Bup-TyanbHHM croxeT 6enopyccKux cKa3oK b peanbHHM. B ^T0M croxeTe ^p0M0Bepxe^ nepKyHac npecnegyeT HepTa-BanHaca, cp.: Velnias nori virsyti Perkun^, o tas jj persekioja [Balys 1937, 154, N° 90] «BanHac (nepT) xoneT ogepxaTb Bepx Hag nepKyHacoM, a tot ero npecnegyeT»; - Mano tevas pasakodavo, jog persekiojanciam velni^ Perkunui ir zmogus turi padeti [Balys 1937, 154, N° 82] «Mom 0Te^ 6biBano, paccKa3biBan, hto, Korga nepKyHac npecnegyeT BanHaca, u HenoBeK gonxeH eMy [nepKyHacy. - B. T.] noMoHb»; - Ir dabar Perkunas velni^ persekioja uz sen^ skol^ [Balys 1937, 155, N° 91] «M Tenepb nepKyHac BanHaca npecnegyeT 3a cTapbiM gonr»; - Perkunas persekioja velni^, nes jis paskolin^s nuo Perkuno pinig^ ir neatidav^s, o patsai tapo turtingas [Balys 1937, 155, N° 92] «nepKyHac npecnegyeT BanHaca, noToMy hto oh, 3aHaB y nepKyHaca geHbru u He oTgaB (ux), caM cTan 6oraTbiM» u t. n14. Cnegyrom;uM motub, cooTBeTcTByrom;uM mutatis mutandi u nogo6H0My xe mo-TuBy b npaTKax, a oTHacTu u b canKax, - npaTaHue-yKpbiBaHue npecnegyeMoro, cp.: «Perkunas nori velnius uzmusti, ir jie slepias po medziais, akmenimis» [Balys 1937, 152, N° 53] «nepKyHac xoneT BanHacoB y6uTb, a ohu npanyTca nog gepeBbaMu, KaMHaMu»; - Kur tik velnias slepias, ten Perkunas trenkia [Balys 1937, 153, N° 6] «rge TonbKo BanHac cnpaHeTca, Tyga nepKyHac u 6^eT»; 14 CaMo npecnegoBaHue HepTa (BanHaca), ocy^ecTBnaeMoe nocnegoBaTenbHocTbro HaHocuMbix nepKyHacoM ygapoB MonHueM no npecnegyeMoMy, - 6bicTpoe, o HeM mo«ho cyguTb no ToMy, hto BanHac 6e«MT ot npecnegoBaTena, cp.: Kur velniukas bega, tai ten griausmas musa [Balys 1937, 152, 57] «rge BanHroKac 6e*ur, Tyga u 6bet rpoM»; - Bet kai Perkunas paprase, kad velnias gr^zintq suol% jis susijuoke ir pabego [Balys 1937, 154, 91] «Ho Korga nepKyHac nonpocun, hto6h BanHac BepHyn gonr, tot paccMeanca u no6exan» u gp. ^T0T motub 6era-y 6eraHua b Bepcuax «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a b 6anTocnaBaHcKoM Tpagu^uu oTcbinaeT k ToMy xe MoTuBy b geTcKoM urpe b canKu-naTHamKu (a TaKxe b ropenKu), rge Boga^uM npecnegyeT-noBuT gpyrux yHacTHuKoB urpbi, KoTopbie pa36eraroTca, u KaxgbiM cTapaeTca y 6 e x a t b, ecnu KoHKpeTHo ero npecnegyeT Boga^uM. Ecnu npu urpe b canKu Bce 6eraro^ue BugHH Boga^eMy u - u3-3a ux 6bicTpbix nepegBuxeHuM - oco6eHHo oTHeTnuBo, to npu urpe b npaTKu Bce npa^y^ueca cTaparoTca ucHe3HyTb u3 nona 3peHua Boga^ero, KaK 6h cbexuTbca, yMeHb-muTbca b o6T.eMe, gna Hero o6hhho cugaT Ha KopToHKax, uHorga npu stom hto-to Ha6pocuB Ha ronoBy (nnaToK, ogexKy u t. n.). TaKoe nonoxeHue npuHuMaeT u npoTuBHuK ^p0M0Bepx^a, cTapaacb yKpHTbca ot npecnegoBaHua u npe6biBaTb b HenogBuxHocTu, cp.: Jei kur griausmas musa, tai ten velnias tupi [Balys 1937, 152, 58] «Ecnu Kyga rpoM 6beT, to TaM BanHac cuguT Ha KopToHKax» (cp. nuT. namie tupi 'TopHaTb goMa', 'He BbixoguTb u3 goMa', cp. goM-yKpbiTue, rge npaHeTca ot Boga^ero tot, Koro u^yT); - Kur velnias tupi, ten Perkunas musa [Balys 1937, 153, 65], cp. [TaM xe 153, 60a; 157, 124] u gp.). 81 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a - Velnias, slep d a mas is nuo Perkuno, p as iverčia kate, ožiu šunim [Balys 1937, 157, N° 127] «Bhahac, npa^act ot nepKyHa, npeBpa^aeTCH (o6opaMu-BaeTca) B KomKy, K03na, co6aKy»; - Velnias, noredamas p a s i s l e p t i nuo Perkuno, lenda j vandenj, arba j nam^ kamin^ [Balys 1937, N° 133] «Bhhhhc,»:enaa cnpflTaTbca ot nepKyHaca, ne3eT B Bogy unu b g0M0Byro Tpy6y»; - Velnias nuo Perkuno trenkimo pasislepia po dideliu akmeniu, giliai v a n d e n y [Balys 1937, 157, N° 135] «BanHac ot ygapa nepKyHaca npa^eTCH nog 6ontmHM k a m h e m , rny60K0 b b o g e » u t. n. - Cym;ecTBeHH0 OTMeTMTb, mto oguH u3 paccMO-TpeHHbx BugoB npaTaHua - u3MeHeHue o6nuKa, o6opaMuBaHue KaKuM-nu6o «HBOTHHM. TaK^e CTOMT OTMeTMTb, MTO npaTaTbCa 3HaMuT CTaTb HeBugHbIM, HeBMgM-MbiM u n0T0My KaK 6b numuTb npecnegoBaTena 3peHua, genaTb ero xoTa 6b Ha BpeMa 15 Motmb npaTaHua b 6onee mupoKOM KOHTeKCTe 3peHua-cnenoTbi, KaK oh pacKpbiBaeTca u b geTCKOM urpe b npaTKu, u b C00TBeTCTByro^eM MOTUBe «ochobhoto» Mu^a no3BonaeT CHOBa nocTaBUTb Bonpoc 06 ^TUMonorau cnoBa cnenou < npacnaB. *slept(jb), ocTaro^eroca go cux nop 6e3 y6eguTenbHoro u Hage^HO-ro o6^acHeHua. BMecTe C TeM u nuT. slepti 'npaTaTb', 'cKpbiBaTb' u nTm. slept (slept), to TaK^e He uMeroT ygoBneTBopuTenbHoro o6i.acHeHua, cm. [Fraenkel 1962-1965, II, 829; Karulis 1992, II, 222-223]; Heygo-BneTBopuTenbHoe ®e ucxoguT u3 aHnayTa skl- < sl- u CBa3u C gp.-rpeM. KXenr«, naT. clepo, cp.-upn. cluain (*klop-ni-), roTCK. hlifan u t. n. CuTya^ua ocno^HaeTca u TeM, mto b cnoBape [Pokorny 1959] B006^e He ynoMuHaroTca hu npogon^eHua npacnaB. *slep-, hu npogon^eHue npa6anT. *slep- (He CMuTaa ynoMuHaHua o skl- < sl- b CBa3u c slepti [Pokorny 1959, 604]), u B006^e HeT KopHa *sle-p-, ho ecTb *k'lep- (*sk'lep-?), npegcTaBneHHMM yKa3aHHbiMu Bbime ero npogon^eHuaMu, BKnroMaa u npyccK. au-klipts yKpbiTbm, CKpHBmuMCa', KOHKpeTHO - 'cKpblTblM' [KaTeXM3uC III, 77, 4], K0T0p0My, HeCOMHeHHO, pOgCTBeHHM nuT. klipti, klypti 'ucKpuBnaTbca', 'cgBuraTbca', nTm. klipt 'npuxoguTb b ynagoK, 'nponagaTb', HuKHyTb'. ^Ta cu-Tya^ua, npu kotopom, ecnu npuHaTb KaK uctomhuk e.-eBp. *k'lep-, 0Ka3biBaeTca, mto b 0gH0M u tom ®e (BuguMo) KopHe k' TpaKTyeTca to «KeHTyMH0», to «caTeMHO», Mero nonHoeTbro, KOHeMHO, Henb3a ucKnro-MaTb, ho mto Bce-TaKu HecK0nbK0 HacTopa^uBaeT. Hau6onee peanbHbiMu B03M0®H0CTaMu Ha cerogHam-hum geHb MoryT 6biTb npu3HaHbi gBe: unu ucxoguTb b o6i.acHeHuu npa6anT. *slep- u npacnaB. *slep-, T.e. npaKTuMecKu 6anT0cnaB. *slep-, u3 u.-eBp. *k'lep-, unu gonycKaTb, mto ^T0T KopeHb *slep- B0Cx0guT k u.-eBp. *slep-, gpyrue ^unua^uu KOToporo (KopMe 6anTuMCKux u cnaBaHCKux) noKa (?) He BbiaBneHbi. Ho Ha mto cnegyeT o6paTuTb oco6oe BHuMaHue, TaK ^T0 Ha ucKnroMuTenbHyro 6nu30CTb Mop^OHonoruMecKoM KapTuHb ^T0^0 KopHa b 6anTuMCK0M u enaBaHeKOM, KOTopaa pe3K0 BbigenaeT ux u3 gpyrux pogcTBeH-Hbix a3MK0B nonHOTOM Bapua^UM, 0C06eHH0 b 6anTuMCKux a3biKax, He3aBucuM0 ot Toro, ucxoguTb nu u3 u.-eBp. *k'lep- unu *slep-. 3gecb, 0gHaK0, nopa o6paTuTbca k BonpocaM ceMaHTuKu u BbiCKa3aTb npegno-no^eHue, mto cnoBa ^T0^0 KopHa, no KpaMHeM Mepe, b 6anT0cnaBaHCKux npuMepax, garoT B03M0®H0CTb npegnonaraTb, mto npegcTaBneHHoe b hux 3HaMeHue «CKpbiBaTbca», «npaTaTbca» aBnaeTca He 6onee MeM npegenbHMM pe3ynbTaT0M HeKoero npo^cca nocTeneHHoro yMeHbmeHua, CHuKaHua BnnoTb go ucMe3-HOBeHua HeKoeM 4>u3uMecK0M (unu gyxoBHoM) cn0C06H0CTu, ^Hep^uu, cunbi. B gaHHOM cnyMae peMb ugeT o nocTeneHHOM ucto^huu, coKpbiBaHuu 3paMecTu-BuguM0CTu, CTpeMa^eMca k MaKcuMyMy - cneno-Te-HeBuguMOCTu, nonHOM cokpmtuu paHee BuguMoro u3 nona 3peHua u ero MuHuManu3upyro^uxca B03M0®H0CTeM. CTaguu ^T0^0 npo^cca nyMme npegcTaBneHbi b 6anTuMCKux npuMepax u b nonHOM Buge MoryT 6biTb npegcTaBneHbi cxeM0M *slep-: *slop-: *slip-: (u3 *s#lp- unu, KaK bo3mo®ho b cnaBaHCKux a3MKax, u3 BTopuMHoM pegyK^uu *slbp- b ycnoBuax rnaronbHKx ^opM Ha -noti, cm. [OacMep 1971, III, 670]: gononHeHua O. H. Tpy6aMeBa co ccbinKOM Ha [Vaillant 1950, 1, 303] u gp.). HecK0nbK0 npuMepoB M0p^0H0n0ruMecKux 0TH0meHuM b cnoBax ^T0^0 KopHa, TeM 6onee nogTBep®garo^ux gBa 6eccnopHbix Te3uca - uHgoeBponeMCKoe npoucxo®geHue 6.-cnaB. *slep- u oco6yro, b u3BecTH0M 0TH0meHuu ^KCKnro-3uBHyro 6nu30CTb-cp0gcTB0 cnoB ^T0^0 KopHa b o6eux ^TUx a3HK0BHx ceMbax: CT.-cnaB. cnmrn u gp.-nuT. slepti, nTm. slepti(es), slepet - nuT. slepia, nTm. slepšu(s), slgps - nuT. slapus, slapstyti, nTm. slapstigs, slapstit - nuT. slopti '3agbixaTbca', '3aTyxaTb', slopus 'gymHbiM', ygymnuBbiM' (slopus oras 'gymHbiM, cnepTKM B03gyx', ho u - slopus baesas 'rnyxoM ronoc', slopus jausmas 'TarocTHoe, yrHeTeHHoe MyBCTBo' u t. n.; cp. nTm. slap^t, slapt '3agbixaTbca', 'TymuTb', 'yMepaTb', 'yMeHbmaTb'; B03pacTaro^uM ge^u^UT B03gyxa, 3ByMH0CTu rono-ca, nono^uTenbHoro unu xoTa 6m HeMTpanbHoro HacTpoeHua, MyBCTBa u t. n., C0Kpa^eHue-C0KpbiTue ^TUx cbomctb, xapaKTepucTuK, 0C06eHH0CTeM; cp. TaK^e cnoBeH. slepo okno, slep strel, slepa miš, urpa b ®MypKu, u t. n. c tom ®e ugeeM); nTm. sluopgt 'cnerKa ygapaTb' (ME, s. v.) - nuT. slipti TaMHO ucMe3HyTb', 'nponacTb', 'oTCTpaHuTbca', slypti 'ucMe3HyTb', '3aTuxHyTb', CT.-cnaB. ocnbuHara. 82 Bnadumup H. TonopoB cnenHM15. HegapoM pa3Hbie BapuaHTH urpbi b ^MypKM TaK HacTO o6o3HaqaroTca Ha-3BaHuaMu, cogep:«am;uMu cnoBa c KopHeM cnen-, cp. «CnenoM K03en», «CnenoM Henum», «CnenoM neTyx», «Cnenaa Kypu^» (cp. mm. vistinas '^MypKM, vistinas kert, vistinas iet 'urpaTb b ^MypKM' npu vistina 'KypoHKa': vista 'Kypu^', cp. nuTOBcKyro geTcKyro urpy u3 Knacca «^MypKu» - «Vistelè» (co6ctb. - 'KypoHKa'), cm. [LT 1968, V, 1004-1005 u gp.]), «CnenoM 6apuH u ,3kob», «Cnenaa 6a6a», «Cnenaa OneHa», «B cnenbie OneHH», «Cnenaa 6a6Ka», «Cnene^>, «D,Boe cnenbix» u gp. [Mrpbi 1933, 395-399]. ABTopy ^Tux cTpoK npu-xogunocb BcTpeHaTbca u c Ha3BaHueM cnenKU (urpaTb b cnenKu), pog urpbi b ^MypKu. A ^TO Ha3BaHue b runoTeTunecKoM npacnaBHHcKOM ^opMe uMeno 6bi Bug *slèp-^k-i, u3 6onee gpeBHero *slëp-uk-oi, hto KpoMe B0Kanu3Ma KopHa b tohhoctu cooTBeTcTByeT Ha3BaHuro urpbi b npaTKu b hut. slapùkai (runoTeTuHecKuM npoTOTun - u.-eBp. *slop-uk-oi), cp. slapùkais zaisti 'urpaTb b npaTKu' (b nepeHocHOM cMbicne - o cuTya^uu, Korga u3-6eraroT roBopuTb npaBgy, cp.: Gana man zaidimo slapukais «,D,0B0nbH0 MHe ^T0M urpbi b npaTKu»), cp. TaK^e slapstynés, slapstynés zaïsti 'urpaTb b npaTKu' [LK2 XII, 1981, 1189, 1195], slepynés 'urpa b npaTKu'; nTm. slëpsanas 'urpa b npaTKu' KaK b npaMOM, TaK u b nepeHocHoM 3HaHeHuu (cp. spëlët slepsanos), cp. slçpeni 'urpa b npaTKu' u gp.16 Motub HacTuraHua rp0M0Bep^eM npecnegyeMoro npoTuBHuKa u HaHeceHua eMy ygapa (unu ygapoB), 6uTba ero yKa3aH npuMepaMu, 0TH0cam;uMuca k gpy-ruM motubaM «ochobhoto» MH^a u ^0^T0My 3gecb yMH0»:aTbca b tom, hto KacaeTca MaTepuana, He 6ygeT. TaK^e numb BKpam;e mo^ho ynoMHHyTb o pyccKO-nuTOBcKux (u, KOHe^HO, He TonbKO o hux) napannenax, Bbipa:*:aeMbix no cym;ecTBy pa3nuHH0. npecnegya cBoero npoTuBHuKa nepKyHac onum;aeT-ocBo6o:*:gaeT npucBauBaeMyro um 3eMnro, npocTpaHcTBO, nepexogam;ee nog ero BnacTb (cp. Perkùnas musa velnius cystydamas zemç [Balys 1937, 152, N° 55] «nepKyHac 6beT bhhhhcob, onum;aa 3eMnro»). Bogam;uM b urpe b npaTKu, Bbixoga u3 cBoero «goMa», Haxogam;eroca b ^HTpe, nocTeneHHO HanpaBnaeTca b cTopoHy nepu^epuu, npucBauBaa ce6e npo-cTpaHcTBO, cBo6ogHoe («Hucroe») ot cnpaTaBmuxca, u ycTaHaBnuBaa Hag hum koh-Tponb. OnucaHua urpH b npaTKu He OTMenaroT ^T0^0 MOTuBa. Bo3mo^ho, He Bcerga u caM Bogam;uM u cnpaTaBmueca oco3HaroT, hto npoucxoguT, xoth nocnegHue, ecnu ohu BugaT gBu^eHue Bogam;ero u HanpaBneHue, b kotopom oh npogBuraeTca, He MoryT He ucnbiTbiBaTb B03pacTarom;er0 HyBcTBa onacHocTu. TaK hto Ha KaKux-TO ypoBHax ^T0 nepepacnpegeneHue npocTpaHcTBa npoucxoguT u, xoth 6h K0cBeHH0, ^uKcupyeTca17. Mo^ho yKa3aTb em;e oguH motub, o6lbeguHarom;uM «ochobhom» mu^ c geTcKOM urpoM b npaTKu, - bopobctbo HeKoero Ba^Horo o6^eKTa u b peanbHOM-npaKTu-necKOM u b cuMBonunecKOM nnaHax. TaK b «ochobhom» Mu^e, KaK oh u3BecTeH no ero no3gHHM BepcuaM u no pe3ynbTaTaM peKOHcTpy^uu, npunuHOM KOH^nuKTa Me^gy rp0M0Bep:*^eM u ero np0TuBHuK0M 0Ka3HBaeTca Kpa^a nocnegHuM y nepBO-ro Hero-To Ba^Horo, npuHagne^aBmero ^T0My nepBOMy. HecK0nbK0 npuMepoB u3 16 Cp. u gpyrue cnyHau 6anTocnaBaHcKoro napannenu3Ma cn0B006pa30BaTenbHHx TunoB c stum KopHeM - pyccK. cnmneHb 'cnene^: nTm. slçpçns, slëpenis 'yKpHTue', slëpnis, to slêpeni 'urpa b npaTKu': hut. slépyné TaMHoe MecTo', 'yKpHTue', slépiny s TaMHa'; 'yKpHTHM', HeBuguMHM', slépynés 'urpa b npaTKu' u t. n. 17 B 3tom 0TH0meHuu npaTKaM pe3K0 npoTuBonono^Ha urpa b ^MypKu. B HeM, nonb3yacb «cnenoToM» Boga^ero, HeBuguMHe um yHacTHuKu urpH, BnageroT unu MoryT BnageTb b c e m npocTpaHcTBOM, uc-KnroHaa HenocpegcTBeHHoe, Ha paccTOHHue BHTaHyTOM pyKu, npocTpaHcTBO Boga^ero, u 3Ta pa3Hu^a caMa no ce6e apryMeHT b nonb3y «pa3HrpHBaHua» b arax urpax TeMH npocTpaHcTBa coHeTaHueM ^e^e-HanpaBneHHHx (yôeraro^ue ot Boga^ero) u xaoTuHHHx (Boga^uM) «Tyga-croga» gBu^eHun. 83 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a hutobckux BepcuM «ochobhoto» Mu^a: Perkunas velnius tranko delto, kad v e l n i a i pavoge jo kirvj [Balys 1937, 154, N° 84] «nepKyHac bahhacob (HepTeM) 6beT 3a to, hto bahhach yKpanu ero Tonop» [6oeBoe opy»ue rp0M0Bep»n;a. - B. T.]; - Velnias nuo Perkuno pavoge peilj, tai Perkunas ant jo baisiai perpyko <...> [Balys 1937, 154, N° 85] «Bahhac y nepKyHaca yKpan ho», OTToro nepKyHac Ha Hero CTpamHO pa303HuHCA <...>»; - Perkunas su velniu pyktasi delto, kad velnias is po jo pavoge kruv^ akmenq [Balys 1937, 154, N° 86] «nepKyHac ccoputca c bahhacom M3-3a Toro, hto bahhac yKpan u3-nog Hero rpygy KaMHeM»; - Perkunas su velniu nesutinka todel, kad velniai pagauna Perkuno ozelj ir smaloj verda [Balys 1937, 154, N° 87] «nepKyHac He naguT c bahhacom u3-3a Toro, hto bahhach 3axBaTbiBaroT K03HuKa nepKyHaca u BapAT (ero) b CMone»; -Perkunas su velniu nesutinka todel, kad velnias pavog^s Perkuno dukterj, ir uz tai Perkunas j jj trenkia [Balys, 1937, 154, N° 88] «nepKyHac He naguT c bahhacom u3-3a Toro, hto bahhac yKpan [6yKB. - yKpaBmuM. - B. T.] goHb nepKyHaca u 3a to nepKyHac 6beT b Hero»; - Velnias su Perkunu visada pyktasi. Veln ias Perkuno zmon^ sudrask^s [Balys 1937, 154, N° 89] «Bahhac c nepKyHacoM Bcerga ccopAT-ca. Bahhac »eHy nepKyHaca pa3ogpan [6yKB. - pa3ogpaBmuM. - B. T.] u t. n. TaKuM 06pa30M, 06^eKT0M Kpa»u bahhacom y nepKyHaca 0Ka3HBaroTCA ero »eHa, goHb, »uB0TH0e, opy»ue (nocnegHee 0C06eHH0 HacTo!). Bopobctbo opy»uA nepKyHaca ero np0TuBHuK0M, ecnu 6h oho 6hho okoh-HaTenbHO 3aKpenneH0 3a np0TuBHuK0M-B0p0M, pemuTenbHO MeHAHO 6h cuTyan;uro MH^a, ho rp0M0Bep»en; CB0eBpeMeHH0 ycnen nopa3uTb npoTuBHuKa u, KaK cnegyeT gyMaTb, BepHyTb ce6e yKpageHHoe. TeM He MeHee caMa cuTyan;uA, Korga 3axBaT-B0-pOBCTBO 0py»uA M0»eT B KOpHe u3MeHuTb maHCH TA»ym;uXCA CTOpOH, 0C06eHH0 o6Hapy»eHHoM u npourpbiBarom;eM CTopoHH, K0T0pyro TaKaA Kpa»a Morna 6h bh-p y h u t b, npegycMOTpeHa b pAge BepcuM «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a, u, 6onee Toro, OHa KOCBeHHO 0Tpa»eHa u b geTCKux urpax Knacca «npATKu». B gaHHOM cnyHae peHb ugeT o nanoHKe-BMpynanoHKe, 3axBaTuB K0T0pyro nocne CBoero o6Hapy»eHuA BogA^uM, o6Hapy»eHHHM b CBoeM yKpHTuu ynacTHuK Bce-TaKu M0»eT cnacTu ce6A u nepeMTu b tom »e CTaTyce ucKOMoro b CHegyrom;uM u;ukh urpH. B ^T0M CMHCHe na-HOHKa-BHpyHaHOHKa, KOHKpeTHO-MaTepuaHbHaA unu TOHbKO CuMBOHuHeCKaA, HO uc-kohu npuHagne»am;aA BogAm;eMy, 0Ka3HBaeTCA «urpoBHM» C00TBeTCTBueM opy»uA rp0M0Bep»n;a b «ochobhom» MK^e, u ^T0 yTBep»geHue, B3AToe b C00TBeTCTByrom;eM KOHTeKCTe, npegcTaBHAeTCA caMOOHeBugHHM, u3 Hero, 0gHaK0 He cnegyeT, hto gpyru-mu apryMeHTaMu mo»ho 6hho 6h u npeHe6peHb. flanee numb oguH apryMeHT, Ba»-HOCTb KOToporo TpygHO nepeon;eHuTb. PeHb ugeT o nanoHKe-BopoBKe, unu BopoBaHHoM nanoHKe (cKpa-geHHOM nanoHKe), K0T0paA, co6cTBeHH0 roBopA, u ecTb nanoHKa-BbipyHanoHKa u 06-nagaHue kotopom cynuT ycnex b urpe b npATKu18. npu ^T0M Hy»H0 OTMeTuTb MHoro-^yHKU;u0HaHbH0CTb ^T0M naHOHKu B pa3HHX BepcuAX urpH KHaCCa «npATKu», HO B nepByro OHepegb ee CBA3b c motubom BopoBCTBa. Cp.: «B Hu»eropogcKoM ry6., HaMgA 18 flpyrue Ha3BaHue stom naHOHKu u C00TBeTCTByro^ux urp, b kotophx OHa yHacTByeT, - nanKa-BopoBKa, nanoHKa BopoBaHHax, nanoHKa-mamapoHKa, mamapcKax nanoHKa, nan0HKa-6ynaB0HKa (cp. 6ynaBa KaK o6o3HaneHue opyxux), nanKa-KaneHa, npxmaHU,u c nanoHKou, cBax, Hyp c ^B03^eM, yxopoHKa npocmax u gp., CM. [Mrpbi 1933, 437-440] u gp. 84 BnaôuMup H. TonopOB nanKy m b o t k h y b ee b 3eMnro19 ^poTMMecKUM motmb, cBa3aHHbiM, BuguMo, c Ha-pymeHMeM geBcTBa m onnogoTBopeHueM 3eMnu, npu KOTopoM nanKa MeTOHMMMMecKU oTcbinaeT k TpoMOBep^y c nanu^M KaK npegcTaBMTenro He6a, cp. napHbiM o6pa3 cynpyroB - MaTb-3eMna m OTe^He6o. - B. T.], BogamuM roBopuT: "CKpageHa nomna, no goMaM nomna, Koro nepBoro HaMgeT, tot 3a cKpageHOM noMgeT" unu "Toro 3a Hac 6epeT" [c oTcbinKOM k ugee 6paKa, «eHMTb6bi, œagb6bi, cp. 6epeT: ópamb: ópaK. - B. T.]. noTOM TpaceT nanKy m KpuMMT: "Hyp, mob nanoMKy He k p a c t b "» [Mrpbi 1933, 437, 113Q; KygpaB^B 1871, IV, 181-182], cp. urpy «na-noMKa BopoBaHHaa» [Mrpbi 1933, 439, N° 1137], a TaK«e «nanoMKa-BopoBKa» (npaTKM, cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 44Q, 1139]), «nanoMKa-BopoBOMKa» [Kanu^ 1928, 138]; cp. Hyp moh nanouKa He yKpaôeHHax, He BOpOBarnan. OnoHe^K. ry6., cp. TaM «e npuroBop-Ky nanouKa npumna I HuK0^0 He Hamna, I Ko^o nepB0^0 Haûdem, I Tom 3a nanouKoû noûdem.) Ho m gpyrue urpbi Knacca npaTKM, b KOTopwx motmb BopoBcTBa nanoMKM-nanKM nogaBneH unu ga«e BOBce oTcyTcTByeT, ygep«MBaroT gpyrue guaraocTUMecKU Ba^HHe MOTMBbl MnU BHOcaT HOBbie MOTMBbl (nanKa-nOMOm;HM^ B OTbicKMBaHMM cnpaTaBmuxca, nanKa KaK opy«ue, nanKa m «oroHb», «MecTo, oTKyga nanKa 6pocaeT-ca»2Q m gp.). TaKOBa, HanpuMep, urpa «CBaa» (unu «Kon 3a6uBaTb», «Hyp c rBO3geM» m t. n.): «BepyT c b a ro TonmuHOM b MeTBepTb m 6onee m gnuHoro b apmuH. 3aocTparoT c ogHoro koh^ m HaMMHaroT B6uBaTb b 3eMnro. Ka«gbm urparomuM ygapaeT no cb ae gy6uHKOM no ogHOMy pa3y. 3aTeM Bce y6eraroT m npaqyTca, KpoMe ogHoro - Toro, kto BoguT. BogamuM urpy cTapaeTca BbigepHyTb cBaro, a BbigepHyB, 6e«MT c Hero mc-KaTb cnpaTaBmuxca. KaK TonbKo HaMgeT Koro-nu6o M3 urparomux, 6e«MT Ha MecTo, BTbKaeT cBaro b gbipy m KpuMMT: "3 a c a n ro "21. Ecnu bo BpeMa noucKOB KTO-Hu6ygb M3 urparomux bmckommt m3 3acagbi m, nog6e«aB k gape, npuKpoeT ee HoroM c Kpu-KOM "ctexan", to BoguTb npuxoguTca cTapoMy» [Byp^B 1914, II, 52; Mrpbi 1933, 437, 19 ^TOT motmb BTbiKaHMa-3a6uBaHMa nanKM (unu rBO3ga) b 3eMnro, BuguMo, conocTaBMM c couTueM O^a-He6a c MaTepbro cbipoM 3eMneM, b KOTopyro ^poMOBep«e^ MeMeT cTpenbi MonHMM, MeM cnocoócTByeT onnogoTBopeHuro 3eMnu, 3aMaTuro m 6ygymeMy ee nnogopoguro. Bo BcaKOM cnyMae apoTMMecKoe ucTon-KOBaHMe aToro geMcTBua 6onee MeM BepoaTHo, cp. [TonopoB, 2GGG]. 2Q noHaTue «oroHb» ^urypupyeT m b page gpyrux urp, HanpuMep, b urpe «b ^apeM» (no3«e - «b Knaccbi»): oho cBa3aHo c Tonorpa^ueM urpbi, ho aBnaeTca nogBM«HbiM. Korga BogamuM, 3a«MypuB rna3a, co-BepmaeT cbom nyTb no «KnaccaM» m - Mero Henb3a genaTb - HacTynaeT Hororo Ha MepTy, Bce ocTanbHbie yMacTHMKM KpuMaT: «oroHb!» unu «ropuT!» («cropen!»), cp. TaK«e urpy b ropenKM, c ogHOM cTopoHbi, m c gpyroM, motmb ropamero goMa b Bepcuax «ochobhoto» MM^a, cp.: Jei padega nam^ [...], tai sako - velni^ užmušè [Balys 1937, 153, 63] «Ecnu nog«uraroT goM [ropuT goM], [...] to roBopaT - Ban-Haca y6unu» unu Merkiniečiai dzükai sako, kad jei Perkünas trenkia [...] naman ir jj uždega, tai tada velni^ ^musè. Jei neuždega - velnias liko gyvas [Balys 1937, 153, 64] «MepKMHueMcKue g3yKM roBopaT, MTO ecnu nepKyHac ygapaeT b goM m ero nog«uraeT,To Torga BanHaca y6unu. Ecnu He nog-«uraeT - BanHac ocTaeTca «mbom». OcoBeHHo pa3pa6oTaH stot motmb b oco6om Bepcuu «ocHOBHoro» MM^a, npeTeHgyromeM m Ha M3BecTHyro caMocToaTenbHocTb: «eHmMHa, MaTb geTeM b 3anpeTHbiM geHb gna cTupKM (^aTHM^a) Bce-TaKM cTupaeT, BcTynaa b KOHTaKT c gByMa npoTMBonono«HbiMM cTuxuaMM - BogoM m orHeM (Mepe3 ynoTpeónaeMyro npu cTupKe menoMb) m nocne cTupKM yxoguT; ornaHyBmucb, oHa BuguT goM, b KOTopoM ocTanucb ee geTM, oô^aTMM nnaMeHeM (ucxogHaa Bepcua - HaKa3aHue Tpo-MOBep^eM, MbM ctmxmm - Boga m oroHb, coeguHeHHMe b rpo3e, npecTynuBmeM npaBuna ero «eHH, o MeM cm. nogpoÓHee b gpyroM MecTe. 21 ^TO 3acánumb b urpe b npaTKM, KOHeMHo, to «e caMoe, mto m cánuTb b urpe b canKM. To, mto motmb c á n e h b a oKa3biBaeTca o6muM gna o6eux stmx urp b MHoroo6pa3MM ux BepcuM, nogTBep«gaeT y«e BMcKa3aHHyro Bbime ugero eguHoro ucTOMHMKa stmx urp, Bo-nepBbix, m mx cBa3b c peKOHcTpyupye-MMM cxogHbiM MOTMBOM b «ochobhom» MM^e, bo BTopbix. CáneHbe oTcbinaeT k cany, «MBOTHOMy «upy, opraHMMecKOMy BemecTBy «m3hm, m, cnegoBaTenbHo, k c k o t y, ocHOBHOMy npegMeTy, U3-3a KOToporo m npoM3omna ccopa rpoMOBep^a m ero npoTMBHUKa, noxuTMBmero ckot y rpoMOBep^a. 85 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a N° 1131]22. flpyron BapuaHT - «nan0HKa-6ynaB0HKa»: «OguH u3 urparom;MX 6pocaeT ganeKo no ynun;e nanKy, u tot, KoMy gocTanocb "mttm b none", gon«eH 6e«aTb 3a Hero m npMBecTM ee k "oraro", t. e. k ToMy MecTy, oTKyga oHa 6pomeHa. noKa noneBon 6eraeT 3a nanKon, ocTanbHHe urparom;Me gon«HH cnpaTaTbca. npuHeca nanKy k BopoTaM - k orHro, noneBon 0TcTyKMBaeTca u roBopuT: "n a n o h k a -6ynaB0HKa goMon npumna, goMa HMKÓro He Hamna. Koro nepBoro HánguTb, Ton 3a nanoHKon nónguTb". OcTaBMB nanKy y o rH a, noneBon ugeT oTbicKUBaTb cnpaTaBinuxca, a Te cTaparoTca B0cn0nb30BaTbca ero oTnyHKon u, cxBaTMB nanKy, 0TcTyKMBaroTca. Ecnu mm ^T0 ygaeTca, noneBoMy BTopuHHo npuxoguTca mttm b none, a ocTanbHHe cHoBa npanyTca. Ecnu «e noneBon BoBpeMa npegynpeguT nonbiTKy cnpaTaBmuxca 3aBnageTb ero nanKon u caM 0TcTyKMBaeTca, Torga b none ugeT nepBbin o6Ha-py«eHHbin mm urparomun u3 Hucna cnpaTaBmuxca. Mrpa MHorga ocno«HaeTca TeM, hto noneBoro o6a3HBaroT oTbicKaTb unu "3acTyKaTb" Bcex yHacTHUK0B urpbi» [ne-TpoB 1863, 242; Mrpbi 1933, 438; N° 1134]. - Mrpa b «nanoHKy-TaTapoHKy» b Bepcuu, onucaHHon n. B. fflenHoM, BBoguT motmb ono3HaHMa cnpaTaBmuxca no MMeHaM co cTopoHH «noBunbm;MKa» u geTanu HeKoen nepcoHM^Mn;upoBaHHocTM nano^Ku: «<...> ^oBunb^uK 6e«MT Hayrag k ogHoMy u3 TaKux MecT, rge MoryT cnpaTaTbca urparo^ue, c nanKoro b pyKax u, ygapaa no HeMy, roBopuT: nánHHKa -TaTápoHKa Hmkóbo He Hamna. KaBo nepBaBo HangeT, TaBo b none nomneT. Mnu: nanHHKa -TaTapbiHKa Ha MecTu ne«MT HuKygH He 6e«MT. Ecnu noBunb^uK o6o3HaeTca, t. e. Ha30BeT He Toro, Koro yBuguT (hto nerKo M0«eT cnyHMTbca, TaK KaK cnpaTaBmueca 06biKH0BeHH0 oÓMeHMBaroTcs gpyr c gpyroM oge«gon), to Bce urparo^ue pa30M BbixogaT u3 cbomx y6e«um;, u Torga noBunb^uKy npuxoguTca onaTb npogon«aTb cBoro ponb: eMy onaTb 3aKugHBaroT nanKy u t. g. Ecnu «e noBunbm;uK 0Tbim;eT u 3acryHMT Bcex, to b cnegyrom;en urpe no-BMTb gon«eH nepBHM mm nonMaHHbin» [MrpH 1933, 438-439, N° 1135], 6onee nonHbin BapuaHT [fflenH 1898, 51-52], c Ba«HHM BcTynuTenbHHM Ha6nrogeHueM - <^Ta urpa 22 PyccK. cBaa, Ka«eTca, He MMeeT cooTBeTcTBun b gpyrux cnaBaHcKux a3HKax u b TeKcTax 4>MKcupyeTca no3gHo, c XVI BeKa, xoTa ecTb u ucKnroHeHue - ceaa (| orr|\r|) b nepeBoge u3 rpuropua Ha3MaH3MHa (XI BeK). BbigenaroT gBa 3HaHeHua cnoBa cBaa b gpeBHepyccKoM - 1. '3aocTpeHHHM cTon6, 6peBHo, 6pyc, 3a-6uBaeMHe b rpyHT gna onopH KaKoro-nu6o coopy«eHua' u 2. '6onbmon ToncTHM rB03gb unu mun c yTon-^eHueM (ronoBKon), cny«a^un gna MeTaHua b ne«a^ee Ha 3eMne Konb^o'; 'cBanKa' (caMo cnoBo ceama - c XVII BeKa), cm. [Cn.p.a3. XI-XVII bb. 1996, Bbm. 23, 101, cp. TaK«e 95]. CaMa urpa ceaa unu ceaÜKa, HecoMHeHHo, npegnonaraeT apoTMHecKue K0HH0Ta^MM u b KoHeHHoM cHeTe BocxoguT k cxeMe, Bocnpo-M3Boga^eM aKT couTua O^a-He6a c MaTepbro-3eMnero. Mo«ho npegnonaraTb, hto cnoBo paHo yTpa-Tuno gna roBopa^ux cBoro ceMaHTMHecKyro M0TMBa^Mro, hto m BH3Bano u3MeHeHue ucxogHoro *sw-aja (: *swati: *sovati: *sunuti) b *sv-aja, bo3mo«ho, nog BnuaHueM *svojb: *svoiti 'oónagaTb', 'genaTb cbomm'. - O cooTBeTcTByro^eM uHgoeBponencKoM rnarone KaK terminus technicus couTua nucanocb paHee. 86 Bnadumup H. TonopoB oTHocuTca k pa3pagy urp "b npaTKu" u "b 6er B3anycKu")». Ponb nano^Ku cym;ecTBeH-Ha u b TaKux urpax, KaK «TbiKano» («TuKano»), «TbiKan» u gp. [Mrpbi 1933, 427-428, Na 1096-1098]. nanKa, nano^Ka, ^urypupyrom;aa b urpax Knacca «npaTKu» u cnopagunecKu uc-nonb3yeMaa gna 6uTba npecnegyeMbix, HaxoguT cooTBeTcTBue b opyguu rp0M0Bep»:-ga - nannqe, gy6uHe, MonoTe, cp. nuT. kujis [: npacnaB. *kyjb] ({sivaizduoja jj [nepKyHaca] važiuojantj padebesiais greitais ugniniais ratais su kùju rankoje [Balys 1937, 171, N 370] «Boo6pa:*:aroT ero [nepKyHaca] pa3^e3^aro^uM Ha nogHe6ecHon 6bicTpon oraeHHon KonecHu^n c mohotom b pyKe»; - Jis [nepKyHac] turi kuj j [Balys 1937, 170, N 364] «Oh [nepKyHac] uMeeT MonoT» u gp.23). BbicoKaa nacT0T-HocTb chob nanKa, nanu^ b paccMaTpuBaeMbix urpax u Ba^Haa ponb cooTBeTcTByro-m;ero npegMeTa b ceMaHTuKe ^Tux urp garoT ocHoBaHue ynecTb u ^TUMono^uro ^T0^0 cnoBa, cBa3aHHoro c gencTBueM pacKanuBanux, mpecKaHux u t. n. [^acMep 1971, III, 193 u gp.], t. e. c xapaKTepHbiM npeguKaToM rp0M0Bep^a b «ochobhom» Mu^e, u HecoMHeHHo Ba^Hyro, xoTa u He go koh^ acHyro ponb nanb^B, oco6eHHo 6onbmo-ro, b ^Tux urpax. npe^ge Bcero npu onpegeneHuu Bogam;ero b npaTKax «KoHaroTca Ha nanb^x» u «urparom;uM, ^ane^ KoToporo ocTanca nocnegHuM, hobut ocTanbHbix urpoKoB» [3aB0MK0 1915, 130; Mrpbi 1933, 368, N 866 u gp.]. B urpe b npaTKu («uMan-ku») «Bogam;uM u36upaeTca, goTpoHyBmucb go 3aMa3aHHoro ca»eê nanb^» [MBa-HU^KUH 1890-1891, 159; Mrpbi 1933, 437, N 1129], b neM mo^ho BugeTb motub ona-neHHocTu orHeM, ropeHua (cp. ^openKu unu urpy «Lopanee MecTo» cm. [noKpoBcKun 1895, 106; Mrpbi 1933, 375, N 902], noKyc, Ha3biBaeMbin «orHeM»: ot «orHa» 6pocaroT nan0HKy-6ynaB0HKy u k «oraro» ee npuHocaT u ocraBnaroT TyT, 6e3 nero Bogam;un [«noneBon»] He Mo^eT oTnpaBuTbca Ha noucK cnpaTaBmuxca, unu urpy «OroHeK», rnaBHaa ponb b K0Topon - nog^uraTenb). MTaK, nanKa, ^ane^ u nanu^, npeguKaTM KoTopbix t m k a t b, BTbiKaTb (cp. urpy «TbiKano», «TbiKan» u uMa cooTBeTcTByro-m;ero ynacTHuKa urpH, cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 421-422, N 1096-1098]), ygapaTb, 6uTb, pac^ennaTb, pacKanbiBaTb; nanuTb ':*:eW (cT.-cnaB. non^Tu 'ropeTb', 'nM-naTb') u nanûmt 'cTpenaTb', a TaK^e cym;ecTBuTenbHbie nnaMa, nan, nanéme, noneHo (non^Ho) - u cnoBa, BbicTynarom;ue b pyccKux geTcKux urpax paccMaTpuBaeMoro Knacca, u noHaTua, peanu3yrom;ueca b pa3HMx Bepcuax «ochobhoto» MH^a. npogon^aa TeMy nanb^, Hy^Ho nognepKHyTb ogHy Ba^Hyro oco6eHHocTb, a uMeHHo - ^ane^ oKa3MBaeTca oTMeneHHMM KaK pa3 b cBa3u c b o g a m; u m , K0T0pbin gon^eH ucKaTb u HanTu ocTanbHMx, o KoTopMx oh noKa Hunero He 3HaeT, u g o m hu ogHoro u3 hux eMy He u3BecTeH. Ho y 6pomeHHoro BceMu Bogam;ero, Ha-xogam;eroca b ^T0M Heu3BecTHocTu, HeT uHoro maHca KpoMe co6cTBeHHon coo6pa3u-TenbHocTu - cuTya^ua, HanoMuHarom;aa Ty, b K0Topon oKa3anca ManbnuK-c-nanbnuK, 3aBegeHHMM b TeMHMn nec u Bce-TaKu Haxogam;un nyTb k goMy. Bogamun b urpe - b caMoM cno^HoM nono^eHuu, ho TonbKo eMy no cunaM bmmtu u3 ^T0^0 nono^eHua u BocnonHuTb ge^u^uT: caMbin ya3BuMbin u BceMu ocTaBneHHbin, oh noToMy u Boga-m;un, Bo^aK, Bogbipb24, hto TonbKo oh cnoco6eH cTaTb Bo^geM-npegBoguTeneM (no- 23 npacnaB. *kyjb 'nanKa', 'kum', 'necT', 'gyôuHKa', 'gepeBaHHbin mohot' ônu^anmuM 06pa30M cBa3aH c nuT. kujis, kùja, nTm. kùja, npyccK. cugis [= kujis] u cooTBeTcTByro^uMu rnaronaMu *kovati (: kou-ti: *ku-ti) u *kau-ti (: *ku-ti). 24 nanKa-nano^Ka b pyKe Boga^ero u He TonbKo b ero pyKe - 3HaK BnacTu, nepBeHcTBa u ero Hy^Ho u yBa^aTb u 6oaTbca. Pe^eHua, oTpa^aro^ue BnacTb nanKu, MHoro^ucneHHM, cp. xoTa 6m - ^¿da condam 87 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a runecKaa cxeMa, HacTo ucnonb3yeMaa b MM^ax, cKa3Kax, urpax - «nocnegHun», CTaHo-Bam;ufica «nepBHM», «xygmun» - «nynmuM»). Henb3a He oTMeTMTb u ponb 6onbmoro nanbn;a KaK b urpax (BnnoTb go coBpeMeHHoro BapuaHTa urpH b «3anneyxu», Korga Bce ynacTHuKu u3 KaTeropuu «öbro^ux» Bogam;ero nocne ygapa ogHoro u3 hux c»u-MaroT nagoHb b KynaK, BbicTaBnaa numb 6onbmon nanen; BBepx, no BepTuKanu), TaK u b MM^0^0^TMHecK0M u MarunecKon cuMBonuKe, o HeM npegnonaraeTca cKa3aTb b gpyroM Mecre, He ocTaHaBnuBaacb y« cnen;uanbHo Ha ponu nanbn;eB b cneTe, cnuTan-Kax, ragaHuax u T. n. Bmme roBopunocb, hto ugea 6 e r a, cBoero poga cocTa3aHua b cKopocTu, ot ycnexa b KoTopoM 3aBucuT cnaceHue, npucyTcTByeT u b urpe b npaTKu (cuTyan;ua, Korga cnpaTaBmunca o6Hapy«eH, ho oh em;e Mo^eT coxpaHuTb cbom cTaTyc, ecnu ycneeT paHbme, HeM Bogam;ufi gocTurayTb «goMa» u nanoHKu-BbipynanoHKu), u b page Bepcun «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a, b KoTopoM motub npecnegoBaHua peanu3yeTca KaK 6 er - HacTuraHue y6erarom;ero (A) u y6eraHue npecnegyeMoro (B)25. B geTcKon urpe b canKu unu naTHamKu, u3BecTH0M u nog gpyruMu Ha3BaHuaMu26, ^Ta ugea cna-cuTenbHoro 6era aBnaeTca rnaBHon u uMeHHo 3gecb oHa npegcTaBneHa nonHee Bcero. npe«ge HeM nepenTu HenocpegcTBeHHo k urpe b canKu, cnegyeT HanoMHuTb, hto cpegu geTcKux urp HeMano u TaKux, b KoTopbix 6er, cocTa3aHue b cKopocTu cy-m;ecTByro>T b huctom Buge u KoTopbie Mornu 6h 6biTb oTHeceHH k Knaccy «cnopTuB-hhx» urp, cocTa3aHun no npeuMym;ecTBy, Hero Henb3a cKa3aTb o6 urpe b canKu, rge, Bo-nepBbx, Tpe6oBaHue MaKcuManbHon cKopocTu M0«eT u He Bo3HuKaTb, u noBKocTb u pacneTnuBocTb He MeHee Ba^HH, u, Bo-BTopbix, cTporo roBopa, He BbiaBnaeTca a6-conroTHbM no6eguTenb: ecnu noBamun («Bogam;uM») gorHan y6erarom;ero, no6egun oh, ho ^T0 em;e He 3HanuT, hto oh «no6egun» 6h u gpyrux ynacTHuKoB urpbi; ecnu «e npecnegyeMHH y6e«an ot noBam;ero, no6egun oh, xoTa ^T0 u He 03HaHaeT, hto nanKu He öoumcx, hu b cmpoü, hu b deno He ^o^umca unu B HameM nonKy Hem monKy: Kmo paHbme Bcman da nanKy B3%n - mom u Kanpan. «nanKa-noBogbipb», - roBopaT cTpaHHuKu, oco6eHHo cne^^H: Hu ^na3, hu ymeü, a cnenu,oB Bodum? - TaK cTaBuT 3aragKa Bonpoc o nanKe, ho Begb u «nyTeyKa3yro^uM nepcT» roBopuT o nanb^, onpegenaro^uM Hy«Hoe HanpaBneHue gBu«eHua. 25 B gpyrux pa6oTax 6bino noKa3aHo, hto gpeBHerpeHecKue cocTa3aHua b 6ere unu cocTa3aHua Ha Konec-HM^ax, npaKTuKoBaBmueca Ha OnuMnuncKux u uhhx o6^erpeHecKux urpax (He roBopa y« o kohckux cocTa3aHuax, onucHBaeMHx b «Mnuage» KaK HacTb puTyana Ha noxopoHax naTpoKna), b KoHeHHoM cHeTe BocxogaT k tom «e npo6neMe, hto ctout b ^HTpe u «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a - npo6neMe BocnonHeHua ge-4^uTa, b gaHHoM cnyHae B03HuKmer0 b pe3ynbTaTe cMepTu-y6uMcTBa. Ho ^opMa pemeHua stom npo-6neMH b onucHBaeMHx roMepoM cocTa3aHuax oco6aa: npe«ge HeM gyMaTb 06 ycMneHMM-yBenMHeHMM MaTepuu «u3Hu, Heo6xoguMo u 3 « u t b onacHHe nocnegcTBua cMepTu, npeceHb 3noM gyx ee, yrpo«a-ro^uM nrogaM. no6ega b TaKux cocTa3aHuax b cKopocTu nonHo^HHa numb Torga, Korga no6eguTenb k ^uHumy cMor ucHepnaTb Bce cbou cunbi, no cyTu gena «BHpa6oTaTb» Bce cBoe Be^ecTBo «u3Hu, cTaTb KaK MepTBHM u Bce-TaKu ocTaTbca «ubhm c TeM npu6bTK0M, hto Tenepb 3noM gyx cMepTu y«e He cMo«eT noMemaTb B03pacTaHuro cunH «u3Hu 06H0Bnaro^eMca. 26 Ha3BaHua urpH b canKu-naTHamKu MHoroHucneHHH, u BHyTpeHHaa ^opMa pa3HHx ee o6o3HaHeHuM cooTHocuTca c pa3HHMu aneMernaMu urpH, ee MoMeHTaMu, a Hepe3 Hux - c pa3HHMu MoTuBaMu «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a, cp. canKu ^ canuTb, caneHbe; nxmHamKu ^ naTHaTb (uHorga KaK terminus technicus, bh-pa«eHHHM rnaronoM, ynoTpe6naroTca «MeTuTb», «(no)naHKaTb», «nanHyTb», «nenuTb» u t. n.); noBumKu, noBunKu, noBumKu ^ noBuTb; nxnm, ndnoHKu, nenKu ^ n;inaTb; 3^o^^HKu ^ goroHaTb, rHaTb u t. n. Cp. nuT. gaudynes 'canKu' (zaisti gaudynes 'urpaTb b canKu'): gaudineti 'naBnuBaTb', gäudyti 'noBuTb'; nTm. sunisi 'canKu' (TonbKo bo mho«. h.; speiet sunisus 'urpaTb b canKu'), sunitis 'Boga^uM' (goroHaro^uM) b urpe b canKu (: sunit 'pyraTb', '6paHuTb'), cp. nuT. sunytis 'co6aHKa' (: suö 'co6aKa'); k BHyTpeHHeM ^opMe cp. HeM. Haschespiel, Fangspiel (6yKB. - 'urpa b noBnro', 'noBuTKu'). 88 Bnadumup H. TonopoB uMeHHo oh caMbiH 6bicTpbiñ: oh TonbKo 6bicTpee Bogam;ero. M B006m;e cTÓuTb nog-nepKHyTb, HT0 no caM0My ycnoBuro urpbi a6conroTHbiñ no6eguTenb He M0«eT 6biTb BHHBneH, nocKonbKy nepBaa «e ygana Bogam;ero 03HanaeT nepeMeHy: noMMaH-HbiM (ocaneHHbñ) cTaH0BUTca Bogam;uM, a Bogam;uñ - y6eraeMbiM, npecnegyeMbiM H0BbM Bogam;uM. CnegoBaTenbHo, Bca urpa pa36uBaeTca Ha nocnegoBaTenbHocTb ^UKnoB, Ka«gbm U3 K0T0pbix onpegenaeTca MeH0M-06MeH0M noBam;ero u no-BUMoro, nepBHH U3 K0T0pbix npeBpam;aeTca b noBUMoro ynacTHUKa urpbi, a BTopoM B noBam;ero. B ^TUx «e «uHbix» urpax, Hbu Ha3BaHua uHorga roBopaT caMu 3a ce6a (nepe^oHKa, eunepeÔKU, dyó u gp., cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 361-362, N° 843-844 u gp.]; npegno-«eHue ynacTB0BaTb b TaKux urpax HepegKo HanuHaeTca c ^opMynbi «cocTa3HeMca!» unu «urpaeM b» & Ha3BaHue urpbi), ugea o6MeHa, nacTo b BapuaHTe Kynnu-npo-ga«u, c0np0B0«gaeM0M HepegKo guanoroM Me«gy «^pogaB^0M» u «noKynaTeneM», 0Ka3biBaeTca oco6eHHo nognepKHyTOH (yMecTHo HanoMHUTb o Tex Bepcuax «ochob-Horo» MH^a, b K0T0pbix ^03u^uu npecnegoBaTena u npecnegyeMoro, rpoMOBep«^ u ero npoTUBHUKa nocToaHHo MeHaroTca). Ho ^T0 npucyTcTBue b urpe apxauHHoñ cxeMbi o6MeHa oTHrogb He eguHcTBeHHoe cBa3yrom;ee 3BeH0 c «ochobhmm» mu^om. B ^T0M cBa3u xapaKTepHa urpa, Ha3biBaeMaa «fly6»: «OgHy U3 urparom;ux Ha3biBaroT ^GKy^^u^eH. npu KpuKax "urpaeM b gy6a" ocTanbHbie urparom;ue 0T6eraroT ot 6epera (urpa npoucxoguT o6mhho Ha 6epery peKu) u cTaH0BaTca Bce oKono Bep6 no 0gH0M, 3a ucKnroneHueM noKynm;u^L noKynm^a, nogoñga k 6nu«añmeñ U3 urpa-rom;ux, cnepBa ycnoBnuBaeTca c Hero, k KaK0My gepeBy um 6e«aTb, a n0T0M roBopuT: "KyMa, n p o g a m xaTy". Ta oTBenaeT: "He npo gaM, gy6a gaM", u o6e 6eryT k Ha-MeneHHoMy gepeBy. Kto nepBaa go6e«uT, 3a tom u gepeBo» [MBaH0B 1890, 46; Mrpbi 1933, 361, N° 843]. B ^T0M urpe xapaKTepHo npucyTcTBue HecKonbKux M0MeHT0B - HecocToaBmuMca o6MeH (Kynna-npoga«a), to ecTb HegocTu«eHue K0Mnp0Mucca; n0-BuguM0My, 3HanuMoe npoTUBonocTaBneHue Bep6 u gy6a (ru6KocTu, nogaTnuBo-ctu u TBepgocTu, ctomkoctu, KpenocTu); u, HaKOHe^ caM o6pa3 gy6a KaK Hage«Horo npu6e«um;a, 3am;uTbi, «goMa» gna tom, hto nepBOM gocTurna ero27. ^T0T nocnegHUM M0TUB c gocTaTOHHbiM 0cH0BaHueM M0«eT 6biTb conocTaBneH c M0TUB0M «ochob-Horo» Mu^a, b K0T0p0M npoTUBHUK rpoMOBep«^, um npecnegyeMbiM, HaxoguT y6e-«um;e b gynne gy6a unu nog gy6oM (unu uHorga npocTo nog gepeB0M), b KOTopbiñ npecnegoBaTenb u 6beT MonHueñ (cp. Velnias norédamas pasislépti nuo Perkùno, lenda j ^žuolo sky lç, o Perkùnas kai muš a, tai ir ^žuol^ sutrupina [Balys 1937, 158, N° 141] «BanHac, «enaa yKpbiTbca ot nepKyHaca, 3ane3aeT b gynno gy6a, a nepKyHac KaK ygapuT, TaK u gy6 pa3gpo6uTca»). Mo«ho npegnonaraTb u HeKOTopbie gpyrue 0Tpa«eHua motubob «0cH0BH0r0» Mu^a b urpax ^T0^0 poga, KaK to «ropmKu» («ropmeHKu»), «geTu» («b geTeñ», «K0Ta, K0Ta, npogañ guTa», «y geTKu», «b guTaTKu»), «KyMa» («KyMKu») u gp. cm. [Mrpb 1933, 362-365, N° 847-858, 862]. npe«ge Bcero b ^T0M cBa3u ctóut BcnoMHUTb caM M0TUB npeHua rpoMOBep«^ napyHa c HenucTbiM U3 6enopyccK0M cKa3Ku, npo-^UTup0BaHH0M Bbime [P0MaH0B 1891, 155, N° 3 u gp.]. ^T0 npeHue no cyTu gena aKT nonHTKu c g e n k u, rge Ka«gaa cTopoHa o6^aBnaeT cbou cTaBKu b urpe, KaK 6bi 27 M e^e ogHy GcoóeHHGcTb urp stgto Knacca ctóut GTMeTUTb oco6o - ^acTGe Hanmue b cn0BecH0M ^GpMe urpbi guano ra, HepegKG b co^eTaHuu cg ctuxgtbgphgm BcTaBKGM, Bnpo^eM, gómmhg GgHG-o6pa3HGM u ^a^e Bcero œxpaHaro^eÂca b Bbipo«geHHGM Buge. 89 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a npegnonaraa B03M0»H0cTb t o p r a, cgenKM28. Ecnu óbi oHa cocToanacb, KoMnpoMucc óbin óbi gocTurHyT u Kynna-npoga>a, oóMeH npou3omnu óbi. Ho ^T0^0 He npou3o-mno, u KoH^nuKT nepemen b noeguHoK. TeM He MeHee b urpe Topr npoucxoguT. B HeM ynacTByroT Bce cTopoHM - T0p^0Be^ u Kyne^noKynaTenb (unu xo3auH u Bogbipb). B ogHux cnynaax ohm croBapMBaroTca-cToproBMBaroTca u óbroT no pyKaM cp. [ffleMH 1898, I, 47; noKpoBcKMM 1895, 109; Mrpbi 1933, 362-363; 847-848 u gp.], b gpyrux Topr hm k neMy He npuBoguT cp. [PoMaHoB 1912, 566; Mrpbi 1933, 364, N° 852 u gp.]. Oópam;aroT Ha ceóa BHMMaHue ynacTHMKu cooTBeTcTByrom;Mx urp u BecbMa Hepeg-kmM motmb ó e r a, KaK u motmbm caMoró npeHua, cBoero poga cnoBecHoro noeguHKa, Bbióopa HeBecTM (geBM^i), >eHuxa, ópaKa, npecnegoBaHua u óuTba. TaK>e Henb3a npoMTM u mmmo cocTaBa ynacTHMK0B urpbi, He orpaHunuBaro^uxca ToproB^M u Ky^^0M-^0Ky^aTeneM (k ynacTHMKaM b M3BecTH0M cMbicne oTHocuTca u npegMeT Topra, ocoóeHHo ecnu penb ugeT oó ogymeBneHHoM cym;ecTBe, KoTopbiM M0>eT óbiTb npegcTaBneH b gByx Bugax - KaK peanbHoe geMcTByrom;ee nM^o unu TonbKo KaK naccuBHbiM, óe3geMcTByro^MM npegMeT Topra). Hu>e HecKonbKo npuMepoB c bm-geneHueM KnroneBbix ^uryp, npeguKaToB, motmbob m MMHMManbHbiM KoMMeHTapueM, rnaBHMM 0ópa30M b KoHTeKcTe BepcuM «ocHoBHoro» MM^a. Cp. b urpax Knacca «r o p m k m » unu «g e t m »: «Mrparo^ue M3oópa>aroT ropm-km. Bce cagaTca KpyroM. no3agu Ka>goro cugam;ero (ropmKa) cTaHoBMTca gpyroM: ^T0 - ToproBeg. 3aTeM oguH M3 urparo^ux, BbiópaHHbiM no >peóuro, oóxoga k p y r, nogxoguT noonepegHo k Ka>goMy M3 ToproBgeB, cnpamuBaa ^Hy ropmKa. CroproBaBmucb, óbroT no pyKaM. Xo3auH u noKynaTenb, cxBaTMBmucb 3a pyKM, roBopaT penuTaTMBoM: CopoK KadymeK, / ConeHux nmyrneK, / CopoK au6a-poB / Cyxux mapaKaHoB, / Wum^, munb^, / KpacmmKoe huhko, / Xoporne¿o MeHuxa (unu HeBecTy). M 3aTeM óeraroT BoKpyr urparo^ux, u kto nepBbiM 3axBaTMT ropmoK, tot u xo3auH» [ffleMH 1898, 47; Mrpbi 1933, 362-363] [motmb penuTaTM-Ba - numHee cBugeTenbcTBo npucyTcTBua xygu>ecTBeHHoro Habana, ochobhom goM KoToporo - cnoBo, mm^; ecTb ocHoBaHua gyMaTb, hto ropmKM b cuny TpagM^M0HHMx (m He TonbKo óuóneMcKux) acco^Ma^MM He npocTo nrogu29, ho m, bo3mo>ho, geTM, cp. npaKTM^ecKM Ty >e caMyro urpy nog Ha3BaHueM «geTM» («y geTKM», «b geTeM», ocoóeHHo «K0Ta,K0Ta, npogaM guTa», KaK npogaroT ropmKu); gBa»gbi noBTopeH- 28 CaM Topr Me>gy napyHoM m hcmmctmm b óenopyccKoM Bepcuu «ocHoBHoro» MM^a b cBoeM ocHoBaHMM BocnpoM3BoguT guanor Topryro^uxca nepeg 3aKnro^eHMeM cgenKM - 3HaKa cornacua, KoMnpoMMcca. Ka>gaa cTopoHa 3aaBnaeT o cBoeM HaMepeHMM-cTaBKe, a gpyraa, He cornamaacb, 3aaBnaeT cBoro - MHyro, npoTMBonono>Hyro - ^03M^Mro no cxeMe: A cgenaro to-to & A a cgenaro MHoe & Torga a cgenaro MHoe to-to & A a cgenaro MHoe no oTHomeHMro k TBoeMy MHoMy... m t. n. Ta >e cxeMa npucyTcTByeT m paóoTaeT m b tom Knacce geTcKux urp, KoTopbie 3gecb aHanu3upyroTca. 29«AHTponoMop^MMHocTb» ropmKa b M3BecTH0M cMbicne npegnonaraeT m «ropmKoBocTb» MenoBeKa - m no ucxogHoMy MaTepuany (rnMHa, nepcTb 3eMHaa) m no ^opMe, cp.: M co3gan rocnogb Bor MenoBeKa ux npaxa 3eMHoro [...] [BbiTMe 2:7]; - Tbom pyKM Tpygunucb Hago MHoro, m 0ópa30Banu Bcero MeHa KpyroM, - m Tbi ryóumb MeHa? BcnoMHM, mto Tm, KaK rnMHy, oógenan MeHa, m b npax oópa^aemb MeHa? (Mob 10:8-9); - KaKoe óe3paccygcTBo! Pa3Be mo>ho c^MTaTb ropme^HMKa, KaK rnmhy? CKa->eT nu M3genue o cgenaBmeM ero: "He oh cgenan MeHa"? m cKa>eT nu npoM3BegeHMe o xygo>HMKe cBoeM: "oh He pa3yMeeT"? [McaMa 29:16]; - rope ToMy, kto npenupaeTca c Co3gaTeneM cbomm, lepenoK M3 MepenKoB 3 e m h m x! CKa>eT nu rnMHa ropme^HMKy: "ito tm genaemb"? m TBoe geno cnaxem nu o me6e: "y Hero HeT pyK"? [McaMa 45:9]; - Ho HMHe, rocnogu, Tm - OTe^ Ham; mm - rnMHa, a Tm - 0ópa30BaTenb Ham [...] [McaMa 64:8], c ogHoM cTopoHM, m, c gpyroM, MenoBeKonogoóue gpyroro M3genua M3 rnMHM - ropmKa, y KoToporo ecTb m ropno, m nne^u, m pyKM («pyrou»), a MHorga m Horu (ho>km) m ga>e ronoBa unu nM^o unu rna3a. 90 Bnadumup H. TonopoB Hoe nucno copoK, KpacHeHbKoe au^Ko u KaK uTor Bcero - xopomue »eHux u HeBecTa, Hago gyMaTb, nogBogaT k ugee 6paKoconeTaHua, nnogopogua, HeKoeM 3aBepmeHHoM ^nocTHocTu30]; «Bogbipb, u3ÓupaeMHM no »pe6uro, HaxoguTca bhe Kpyra. Bogbipb cnpamuBaeT, uHorga nono»uB pyKu Ha r o n o b y ropmKa, xo3auHa: B o g bi p b: HeT nu npogaxHHX ropmKoB? Xo3auh: HeT npoga»Hbix <...> Bogbipb ugeT k gpyroMy xo3auHy c TeM >e BonpocoM u, ecnu xo3auH »enaeT gaTb oTBeT yTBepguTenbHHM, oh roBopuT: Xo3hhh: Kynu, hto gaemb? Bogbipb: fflunwj;e, Mbinb^, 6enoe 6e-nunb^, 6enoe nonoTeH^. X o 3 a u h : ^agHo, no pyKaM. - 06a ygaparoT no pyKaM u 3aTeM 6eryT b pa3HHe cTopoHbi BoKpyr Kpyra. Kto nepBHM npu6e>KuT k cugam;eMy (ropmKy), tot u cTaHoBuTca xo3auHoM, a ono3gaBmuM genaeTca BogH-peM» [noKpoBCKun, 1895, 109; Mrpbi 1933, 363, N 848] [KoHTpaKT, xoTa u He cpa3y, 3aKnroneH, Kynna-npoga»a cocToanacb, 6er b pa3Hbie cTopoHH no Kpyry - numb MHMMoe yganeHue-pa3nyneHue: Ha caMoM gene ^T0 nyTb k BCTpene, k cornacuro nepe3 o6MeH-nepexog, KoTopHM cocTaBnaeT u cyTb cBage6Horo o6paga; co6cTBeHHo, urpa u npeo6pa3yeT ^T0T o6pag unu, To^Hee, npogon>aeT ero, oTpa>aa ^Ty cyTb Ha cBoeM a3HKe]; «nonoBuHa urparom;ux caguTca Ha 3eMne k p y > k o m , oHa u3o6pa>aeT g e t e m , a gpyraa nonoBuHa cTaHoBuTca no3agu Ka>goro u3 hux: ^T0 - m a t k u. B cepeguHy Kpyra ugeT tot u3 urparom;ux, y KoToporo HeT n a p h . Oh Ha3HBaeTca a n o b k a. 06xoga cToam;ux, anoBKa cnpamuBaeT y Koro-Hu6ygb: KyMa, KyMa, npogaM guTa. Tot oTBenaeT: "He npoga>Hoe. GrynaM ganbine!" AnoBKa o6pam;aeTca k gpyruM urparom;uM. HaKoHe^ KaKaa-nu6o MaTKa cnpamuBaeT: "A aKaa > TBoa nnaTa?" AnoBKa oTBenaeT: "Ha 6o6y nonaTa!" Torga anoBKa u MaTKa 6pocaroTca 6 e>aTb b npoTHBonono»HHe cTopoHH BoKpyr cToam;ux» [PoMaHoB 1912, 566; MrpH 1933, 364, Na 852: «B geTeM»]. «HeT napH» b urpe o6o3HanaeT (cooTBeTcTByeT) Hanunue unu BocTpe6oBaH-HocTb (npu Hanunuu ge^u^uTa) cBo6ogHoro KaHgugaTa «b HeBecTH unu b >eHu-xu»; b ^TOM KoHTeKcTe guaraocTunecKu Ba>HHM Hy>Ho cnuTaTb HauMeHoBaHue ynacTHuKa urpH, h e uMerom;ero Koro-To, kto gononHun 6h ero go napH, anoBKoü c ugeeM, ecnu B3aTb cooTBeTcTByiom;uM Kpyr cnoB ^T0^0 KopHa, «Hennogua» b gByx BapuaHTax - 6ecnnogua KaK yTpaTH cooTBeTcTByrom;ux cnoco6HocTeM unu em;e He-co3peBmeM roToBHocTu k nnogoHomeHuro unu co3peBmeM, ho go nopH He peanu3o-BaHHoM, em;e He gaBmeM npunnogy, TaK cKa3aTb, Hanu^HoM b gaHHoe BpeMa nycTo -th b oTHomeHuu «nnogHocTu»31; o cBa3u 6o6a c ugeeM ge^u^uTa cm. ganbme. - 30 Cp. nucno copoK KaK 3HaK 3aBepmeHHoM ^nocraocra, 6naroM nonHoTH (cp. cneT «cópoKaMu». flanb 3aMe^aeT, mto «co6onb noHHHe npogaeTca copoKaMu unu copovKáMu, mto u 3oBeTca coóonb b cópoKax. XeHHxa u HeBecTy onaxMBanu cópoKoM qepHHx co6oneM (BenuKoro KHa3a Bacunua MBaHoBma u EneHy) u t. n. [flanb IV4, 402-403]. 31 PyccK. anoBuü b ochobhom ynoTpeónaeTca npuMeHuTenbHo k cKoTy unu - mupe - k «mbothhm (cp. anoBaa pbióa) u k caMKaM: anoBaa, 3Ha^uT, He cTenbHaa, He cyarHaa, He >epe6aa [...], nopo3>aa, npa3g-Haa [flanb IV4, 1572], xoTa, KoHe^Ho, ecTb u anoBaa 3eMna (anoBue 3eMnu), ^eMy He cnegyeT yguBnaTbca, y^uTHBaa >eHcKyro cy^HocTb 3eMnu u ee nnogoHocuTenbHyro ^yH^uro, ho ecTb u anoBuü KpuxoB-huk. M3 xapaKTepHHx KoHTeKcToB cp. y flana - Xomb mu MHe anoBa, a menucb!; - KopoBa dBa ^o^a anoBena (np oanoBena); - KopoBa anoBeem (3aanoBena) u t. n. Hage>HoM araMonoruu aToro cnoBa HeT, cm. pCCH 1974, BHn. 1, 67-68; OacMep 1973, 554], u ga>e tohhhm Bug aHnayTa ocTaeTca 91 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a ^parneHT guanora c pu^Myrom;eMca koh^bkom («A aKaa ^ TBoa n n a t a ? - Ha 6o6y nonaTa!») m oguHaKOBbiM Ha6opoM 3ByKOB b pu^Myro^uxca cnoBax, ogHaKo c ne-pecTaHOBKOM cornacHbix b aHnayTe - nnáTa: nonáTa Mo^eT noKa3aTbca BBegeHueM b TeKCT ^neMeHTa a6cypgHocTu, rge Begym;uM HananoM 0Ka3biBaeTca 3ByqaHue, 3ByK, pagu KOToporo 3a6biBaeTca cMbicn; TeM He MeHee noucK cMbicna npegcTaBna-eTca He 6ecnnogHbiM - KaK b paMKax npo^aHunecKoro 3gpaBoro cMbicna, TaK u b Heu3BecTHbiM - *alovtjb / *jalov^bjb. Ho 3TM HeacHocTM cy^ecTBeHHMM o6pa3OM KOMneHcupyraTca ce-MaHTMKOM cnoB 3Toro KopHa, onpegenaeMOM b M3BecTHOM cTeneHu u KOHTeKCTaMu, b KOTopbie BxogaT cooTBeTCTByro^ue cnoBa. Jumb gBa Kpyra npuMepoB. nepBbiM BKnroMaeT b ce6a cnoBa, o6o3HaMaro-^ue c k o t , Maco cKOTa, rpuBy, cp. ánoBUH 'Maco 6biKa unu KopoBbi', xnoBUHUHa 'roBaguHa', ánoBeu, 'rpuBa', xnoBUHUHa, ánoBUHHbiü moBap 'BbipocTKOBbiM, Me^gy onoMKOM m ro^Tbro, c Monogoro unu Hegopocnoro cKOTa', Ánax 'KopoBa', 'TenM^a', 'Monogaa KopoBKa, He npuHocuBmaa e^e TeneHKa', 'TpexneTKa', HeTenb' ho m 'roHM^a' Booó^e [flanb IV4, 1572]. ^T0 coBMe^eHue 3Ha^eHMM - 'TenM^a', 'Monogaa KopoBKa', c ogHoM cTopoHM, m 'roHM^a' b 6onee oó^eM cMbicne, BKnro^aro^eM u o6o3HaMeHMe geBM^bI, - oó^acHaeT, no^eMy u.-eBp. *k'or-u-a (: *k'or-#ua) npu *k'er-eu- b cBoeM pa3BMTuu gano m npacnaB. *korva 'KopoBa' u gp.-rpeM. KÓpn 'geBM^ a', 'geBa', 'HeB ecTa' (cp. apKag. KÓp^ai. Dat. Sg.); 'goMb', cp. Kópr|, Kopa, goMb fleMeTpbi, 6oruHM 3eMnu, t. e. nepce^oHa (cp. TaK^e rfc; Te Kal Ekótou KÓpai. Soph. 'goMepu 3eMnu m MpaKa', t. e. ^pMHMM (cm. [Pokorny I, 577; Chantraine 1983, 568] yKnoHaeTca, no cyTM gena, ot o6cy®geHua STUMonoruM aToro cnoBa). B 3tom KOHTeKCTe m KopoBáÜHUu,a m nog., garatee, bo3mo®ho, ocHOBaHue gna peKOHCTpy^uu npacnaB. *korvajb-nica, KaK o6o3HaMeHMe Monogbix ^eH^MH, o6mmho geBM^ npuHMMaro^ux y^acTue b M3r0T0BneHMM KopoBaa (He MCKnroMeHo, mto nepBOHaqanbHo m 'KopoBHM^a', ^eH^MHa (geBM^a), b MbeM oTBeTCTBeHHocTM HaxogaTca KopoBbi, nogoÔHo cooTBeTCTByro^eMy My^cKOMy nepcoHa^y, cp. npacnaB. *korvar-b 'pa6oTHMK, yxa^MBaro^uM 3a KopoBaMu', 'KopoBMM nacTyx' unu, runepTpo^upya, tík cKa3aTb, «My^^MHa-ÔMK», m, HaKOHe^ To^e ranepTpo^upya, «geBM^a-KopoBa», KaK pyccK. ánoBuu,a, ánax, cp. TaK^e pCCH 11, 1984, 96-120]. BMecTe c TeM b KOHTeKCTe urpbi b «ropmKM» npegcTaBnaeT MHTepec pyccK. ánoBeu, '6onbmoM r o p m o k ' (cp. noacHeHue flana - «KOTopbiM ctomt 6e3 gena, go cny^aa?» [flanb IV4, 1572]). Mrparo^ue, M3o6pa®aro^ue co6oM ropmKM «go cny^aa» To^e ocTaroTca HeBocTpe6oBaH-HHMM go Tex nop KaK Topr He 3aKOHMMnca m cgenKa He 3aKnroMeHa. TaKaa MHTep^peTa^Ma numHMM pa3 yôe^gaeT, mto b urpe «pa3birpbiBaeTca» TeMa HeBocTpe6oBaHHocTM-BocTpe6oBaHHocTM, mupe m rnyô^e - cornacua-goroBopa, coro3a, HaKOHe^ 6paKa. - B t o p o m Kpyr npegcTaBneH npogon^eHuaMM npacnaB. *moždž-, KopHa npucyTCTByro^ero b Ha3BaHMM Mo^^eBenbHMKa, o6o3HaMaeMoro TaK^e m kík ánoBeu, 'Iuniperus' (6otíh.; naT. iuniperus M3 *joini-parus, BuguMo 'garo^uM BeTBM, npurogHbie gna nneTeHua' (cp. [Walde-Hofmann I, 1982, 731], xoTa gonycTMMbi m MHbie MHTep^peTa^MM). npacnaB. *moždževeli (?), *moždževelbnikv (?) npaBgonogoÔHo cBa3biBaroT c u.-eBp. *mezg- *'Ba3aTb', 'nnecTu', cp. nuT. mègzti (<*mezgti) 'Ba3aTb', 'nnecTu', mäzgas 'y3en', cp. npacnaB. *mozgt, oco6eHHo *mozgyr'b: pyccK. M03^upb, Mu3^upb 'nayK' ('tot, kto nneTeT [nayTMHy]') m gp., cp. pCCH 20, 1994, 107-109, cp. TaK^e 94-97]. «CBa3yro^ee» b Ha3BaHMM Mo^^eBenbHMKa Mo^eT MOTMBupoBaTbca m TBepgoM, KpenKOM, «agepHOM» ero gpeBecMHOM, m Ba^y^MM BKycoM arog, m ga^e c^e^M^MMecK0M 3anaxe xbom npu ee pacTupaHMM m KypeHMM arog Mo^^eBenbHMKa. Ecnu y^ecTb ycTOMMMByro TpagM^Mro Mcnonb3OBaHua Mo^^eBenbHMKa b noxopoHHOM o6page (Mo^^eBenbHMK npuHagne^MT k ceMeÄcTBy KMnapucoBMx, cp. MM^onoaTM^ecKyro ceMaHTMKy Kunapuca kík gepeBa cMepTu), Korga ugea pa3-B3abBaHua, pac-nycKaHua 3eMHbix ®M3-HeHHbx y3 cTaHOBMTca Begy^en, to BO3HMKaeT npegnono^eHue o6 ucxogHOM SHaHTMoceMMMHocTM cnoB c KopHeM *mozdž- m, BepoaTHo, o bo3mo®hoctm co^eTaHua b HeM npoTMBonono^HMx 3Ha^eHMM Tuna 'Ba3aTb', peanu3yro^eroca m kík 'c-Ba3biBaTb' m kík 'pa3-Ba3MBaTb' (cp. nogoÔHyro CMTya^Mro b cootho-meHMM 'gaTb' m '6paTb', Bocxoga^ux k rnarony c ucxogHMM 3Ha^eHueM 'nepepacnpegenaTb He^To Me^gy cyô^eKTaMM SToro geMCTBua'). npu tíkom npegnono^eHMM He MCKnro^eHo, mto «cBa3yro^ee-pa3Ba3MBa-ro^ee» Habano b Mo^^eBenbHMKe gaeT ocHOBaHua m gna nogKnro^eHua k aTOMy Kpyry cnoB m npacnaB. *mozdziti(sç), npogon^eHua KOToporo peanu3yroT TaKue 3Ha^eHua, kík 'cKpennaTb', 'cgaBnuBaTb', 'cnnro^MBaTb', c ogHoM cTopoHM, ho m 'pa3gpo6naTb', 'pa3Menb^aTb', 'pacTono^b', c gpyroM, m, HaKOHe^ C TpeTbeM, - '6uTb', KOnOTMTb', 'ygapaTb', 'My^MTb', C KOTOpMMM CBa3aHb B KOHe^HOM C^eTe M «ÔoneBbie» 3Ha^eHua - 'noMMTb', HbTb', 'MO3®MTb' m t. n. FnuHa, M3 KOTopoM genaroTca ropmKM (cooTB. - nrogu b MM^onoaTMMecKMx npegcTaBneHuax), MHeTca, cgaBnuBaeTca, 6beTca-KonoTUTca m nocne oô^ura cTa-HOBMTca «cBa3aHHOM», TBepgoM, KpenKOM, nocne cMepTM MenoBeKa b page noxopoHHbix TpagM^MM kík 6m «pa3Ba3biBaeTca», BO3Bpa^aacb b cBoe npe^Hee pa3^eguHeHHoe cocToaHue, cp. o6MMaM pa36uBaTb ropmKM Ha MenKue míctm m 3axopaHMBaTb mx BMecTe c noKOMHMKOM, b Morune unu c ero npaxoM. 92 Bnadumup H. TonopoB paMKax MM^opuTyanbHoro KOHTeKCTa 6o6a m nonaTbi. - Hto KacaeTca nepBoro paKypca, to Ha 6o6y nonaTa Morno 6bi 6biTb ucronKOBaHo b CBeTe ecTecTBeHHOM cMe:HocTM (b BapuaHTe BKnK>HeHHocTM-Bxo:geHMa ogHoro b gpyroe) 6o6a m nonaTbi KaK o6o3HaneHua nonoBMHKM cTpyHKa (nonaTa, nonacTb) b gyxe M3BecraoM MeTa^o-pbi nacTepHaKa b CTMxoTBopeHMM «OnpegeneHue TBopHecTBa» (1922): 3mo - cnádKuü 3a^noxmuü ^opox, / 3mo - cne3u BceneHHoü b nonámKax*, / 3mo - c nyntmoB u (fineüm - &u^apó / Hu3Bep^aemcH^pá^0M Ha ^pá^Ky (c nogcTopHbiM pa3,bacHeHMeM: *B gaHHOM cnyHae cnoBo "nonaTKu" 03HaHaeT cTpyHKM ropoxa). B ^T0M KoHTeKCTe cKa-30hhmm o6pa3 «nonaTH Ha 6o6y» Mor 6bi noHMMaTbca KaK MHBepcua 6onee ecTe-cTBeHHoro o6pa3a «6o6a Ha nonaTe (nonaTax) unu b nonaTe (nonaTax)». EcTecTBeHHo, hto Henb3a ynycKaTb M3 Buga m TaK Ha3biBaeMyro nonaTy-BeaHKy (unu BeanKy) c Ha-xogaqHMHca Ha HeM 3epHOBbiMM, 6o6obmmm m t. g., KOTopbie npu BeaHuu nog6pacbi-BaroTca c ^Hbro oTgeneHua «copa». HaKOHe^ b KoHTeKCTe Kynnu-npoga:M, Korga BCTaeT Bonpoc o nnaTe, ^He, b oTBeTe mo^ho o:ugaTb yKa3aHue Ha ^Hy: Ha 6o6y nonaTa mo«ho noHMMaTb m b «3aHM:arom;eM» cMbicne («nycTaKOBaa», «Bcero-To HáBcero» m t. n.), m b oHeHb bhcokom, He McKnroHarom;eM, ogHaKo, HeKOTopoM upoHMH-hoctm (cp. cKa3OHHbm MOTMB 6o6a, gopacTarom;ero go He6a, cm. [A^aHacbeB, N° 20-21; cp. 19: «ropox go He6a» m gp.]). Hto :e KacaeTca BToporo paKypca - MM^opuTy-anbHoro m MM^0^0^TMHecK0^0, - to y:e npu noBepxHocTHOM B3rnage 6pocaroTca b rna3a «Henpo^aHMHecKue» xapaKTepMcTMKM m nonaTH m 6o6ob b page c^e^ManM3M-poBaHHHX TeKcTOB unu cnoBoynoTpe6neHMM. B gpyroM MecTe 6bino npuBneneHo BHMMaHMe k ponu nonaTH, coBKa b puTyane - m :m3hm (ca:aHue xne6a b neHb Ha nonaTe, MHorga Monogoro cKa3OHHoro repoa) u cMepTM (nonaTa b noxopoHHOM o6page b gByx ero pa3H0BugH0cTax - npu norpe6eHuu u npu Tpynoco::eHMu). B «MM^0^0^TMHecK0H», a Mo:eT 6biTb, u b «Hay^HOM» ^TMMono^MM, cnoBo nonáma (*lo-pata) cooTHocuTca c rnaronoM nónamb(cn) (*lopati/s%/) 'TpecKaTb(ca)', 'pa3pbiBaTbca', 'nonaTbca', 'nonaTb', ':agH0 ecTb', 'TpecKaTb' (o ege), ':paTb' u t. n. npaBgonogo6Ho npegnonono:eHue, hto cnaB. *lopata <...> nepBOHananbHo 6bino MeTa^opoM, cny:uB-men gna o6o3HaneHua opygua Tpyga, noxo:ero no BHemHeMy Bugy Ha nucT pacTe-Hua BMecTe co cTe6neM, coeguHaro^MM nucT c BeTKOM (cTe6nro ynogo6nanca HepeHOK nonaTbi)» 16, 1990, 43]; 3gecb :e onpegeneHue cnoBeH. lopata - «orodje s širokim listom in dolgim držajem»). B ^T0M KOHTeKcTe nónamtcH Morno 6h 6biTb no-HaTo KaK pacTpecKMBaHue ^nbHoeguHoro (HanpuMep, cTpyHKa) Ha (gBe) nona t k u, nonoBMHKM m, cnegoBaTenbHo, aBneHue pacTMTenbHoro cuMBona :m3hm. B ^T0M KOHTeKcTe caMa nonaTa numb nonoBMHKa Toro ^noro, KOTopoe TpecHyno u pacnanocb HagBoe, KaK 6h 06pa30BaB gBe nonaTKM - :m3hm m cMepTM. Motmb :e TpecKa-Tpe^aHua, pacTpecKMBaHua, pacKona xopomo M3BecTeH b 6anTMMcKux u 6enopyccKux Bepcuax «ocHOBHoro» MH^a, npuHeM b hmx ^T0T motmb KogupyeTca pogcTBeHHbiMM cnoBaMM, cp. nuT. traskéti 'Tpem;aTb'; traškyti (: nTm. traiškit 'pa3Menb-HaTb', 'pa3gaBnuBaTb'; 'MapaTb', 'naHKaTb', cp. Bbime o npoTMBHUKe ^p0M0Bep^^a KaK «MeHeHOM»; cm. [Fraenkel 1962, 1112-1113]); traikšit; 6np. mpécHy^b. TpoMOBep:*^ nepKyHac ygapuT (cp. pyccK. mpémymt b ^T0M :e 3HaHeHuu), y6e:um;e ero npo-TMBHMKa TpecKaeTca, pacTpecKMBaeTca, pa3pymaeTca. TpecKaeTca He TonbKo 606 KaK o6o3HaneHue ^enbH0egMH0^0, HeTpecHyToro, «ToncToro, o6noBaToro» [flanb I4, 248] cTpyHKa, TpecKaeTca ot cMexa u caM cKa3OHHMM ^epcoHM^M^MpoBaHHHH 606. PacTpecKMBaHue 6o6a-cTpyHKa HagBoe, npuHeM oTgenbHMe 6o6h-6o6mhkm numaroTca 93 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeKOTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTCKux urp b CBeTe «0CH0BH0r0» MM^a CBoero y6e»um;a, 6o6a-CTpyHKa, u ABHAeTCA 0CH0BaHueM gHA cno»eHuA MOTuBa g e -^ u n; u t a (6o6, KaK u chobo Toro »e KopHA, hto u 6o6unb KpecTbAHuH, He Bnagerom;uM 3eMHeM <...> no 6egH0CTu, KaneHecTBy, 0guH0HecTBy, He6pe»eHuro <...>; oguHOKun, 6e3g0M0K <...>», no onpegeneHuro flanA [flanb I4, 249], OTCbinaroT k tom »e ugee ge-^un;uTa, xota u Bbipa»eHH0M n0-pa3H0My - ManocTb: numeHHOCTb, ogHuM chobom -Bonbmax BceneHHax b nwnbKe y ManeHbKou BeHHocmu cnum): Tenepb, BbicbinaB-muecA u3 CTpyHKa 6o6uhku 0Ka3HBaroTCA He np0CT0 «numeHn;aMu», ho pa3^egu-h e h h h m u gpyr c gpyroM «numeHn;aMu» u HageATbCA Tenepb ohu MoryT TOHbKO Ka»gbiM Ha caMoro ce6A, KaK u CHHOBbA rp0M0Bep»n;a, ceMepo nu ux unu geBATepo. Ho ocy^ecTBuTb ^Ty Hage»gy M0»eT numb caMHM nocnegHun u caMHM ManeHbKuM chh nu, 6o6uHKa nu, n0T0My hto b noruKe «Mu^0^0^TUHecK0^0» ot Manoro go Benu-Koro, ot HuHT0»H0r0 go BceMorym;ero HepegKO caMHM KopoTKun (a ecnu He TaK, to caMHM BepHHn) nyTb32. rnaBHHM 6o6obhm mu^ pyccKOM «6o6obom» (unu «ropoxo-bom») CKa3Ku KaK pa3 0 tom, KaK CTe6enb, npoKnroHyBmuncA u3 3aTepAHHOM 6o6uhku, gopoc go He6a: TOHbKO Ha ^OHe He6ecH0M Heo6^ATH0CTu mo»ho on;eHuTb no KOHTpa-CTy nogBur 6o6uhku, CBoero poga KBaHTa ManocTu. M Korga CTe6enb 606a unu ropoxa coeguHAeT 3eMnro c He6oM u 0Ka3HBaeTCA CBoeo6pa3HoM Catena Aurea33, CTapuK CKa3Ku nogHuMaeTCA no CTe6nro Ha He6o u HaxoguT TaM xaTKy, «CTeHH u3 6huhob, naBKu u3 KanaHen, neHKa u3 TBopory, BHMa3aHa MacnoM» (A^aHacbeB N° 20: «CTapuK Ha He6e», cro»eT, u3BecTHHM He TOHbKO CHaBAHCKuM u 6anTuMCK0M CKa3Ke, ho u 6an-KaHCKOM, uTanbAHCKOM, ucnaHCKOM, ^naMaHgcKOM, HeMen^KOM u uhhm CKa30HHHM Tpagun;uAM, cm. [Aarne-hompson 1960a])34. Ho CBA3b 606a b Mu^0^0^TUHecK0M co-3HaHuu c nocnegHen ManocTbro u HuHT0»H0CTbro, c ogHon CTopoHH, u c Bbimen CTe-neHbro 0rp0MH0CTu u BenuHuA, c gpyroM, 0CTaBHAroT B03M0»H0CTb gnA 606a BHCTy-naTb b gByx npegenbHO pa3nuHHHX unocTacAX. B ^T0M CMHCHe u3BecTHaA BopoM6a Ha 6o6ax, ^adaHue Ha 6o6ax ecTb ragaHue HagBoe, c KpaMHuMu OTBeTaMu. ^Ta gBOM-CTBeHHOCTb, xota u n0-uH0My 0praHu30BaHHaA, 0Tpa»eHa b napeMuAX Tuna Hy-My w 6edy Ha 6o6ax pa3Bedy, a k cBoeu yMa He npunoMy unu pac-KuduBamb, pa3-Bodumb Ha 6o6ax u t. n. - Oco6o ctout OTMeTuTb, hto 606 HepegKO nepcoHu^un;upy-eTCA B ^OHbKHOpe (b HaCTHOCTu, B CKa3Kax), u «6060B0e» eCTeCTBeHHO BXOguT B «He-noBeHecKoe», cp. «6o6oBoro KoponA» b HOMeHKnaType npa3gH0BaHuA flHA Tpex n;apen unu bohxbob (6 AHBapA) b HugepnaHgax u ^naHgpuu. M36upaeMHM 6o6obhm Koponb - rnaBHHM nepcoHa» ^T0^0 puTyana, b CBoen 0CH0Be ^T0 HenoBeHecKun o6pa3 606a, «6o6obhm» HenoBeK, 0 HeM, HanpuMep, mo»ho cyguTb no KapTuHe ^Ko6a MopgaHca «Bo6obhm Koponb» (ok. 1638 r., ^pMUTa»). Ho 6o6h, KaK u ropox, - Te «3epHATKu», K0T0pHe ynogo6nAroTCA 6onbmuM AgpaM (KaMeHHHM), K0T0pHe rp0M0Bep»en; b He-kotophx BepcuAX «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a MeHeT b CBoero npoTuBHuKa u nopa»aeT ero: nopa»eHHHM u u3goxHyBmun npoTuBHuK pa3naraeTCA, pacnpocTpaHAA b 0 h b, 3H0B0Hue KaK 3HaK CBA3u C «Hu»HuM» MupOM (cp. gp.-rpeH. HuGmV, Mu^uHeCKun 3Men, npu nu9w, rnarone, o6o3HaHarom;eM TneHue, rHueHue, CMpag). yHuTHBaA geT- 32 Mmchho Ha TaKOM nyTu bo3mo»hh HaxogKu, uMeroque »u3HeHHoe 3HaHeHue. HegapoM roBopuT 3a-ragKa 0 cy6teKTe aToro nyTu - Kpy^neHbKou 3epHxmKo / B cupy 3eMnw ymen, / Cuhw manoHKy Haden unu ManeHbKou, Kpy^neHbKou b 3eMnw ymen, u3 3eMnu Buu,eu, nomoM KonocoM [3aragKu 1968, 84, 2245-2246] u gp.), uMeA b Bugy ropomuHy unu 6o6uHy. 33 Cp. [Eliade 1960, 47-56]. 34 PaHHAA nuTepaTypHaA o6pa6oTKa cro»eTa npuHagne»uT raneHy (VI BeK) b ero naTuHCKOM CTuxoTBope-Huu. 94 Bnadumup H. TonopoB cKyro urpy «am;yp» u o6biHañ cpegu geTen (oh onucaH noMAnoBCKUM b «OnepKax 6ypcbi») b cnynae nopnu BO3gyxa, oco6eHHo Bcnyx, Ha6pacHBaTbca Ha BUHOBHUKa u ycTpauBaTb eMy ronoBoMonKy, conpoBo«gaeMyro KpuKaMu HÛHep-ÂHep (aw,ep), cp. HuHep, o xonogHOM go«ge, u3Mopocu, rpaguHax u t. n. Ka«eTCA, ynuTbiBaa HepegKun ^^^eKT npuHATUA ropoxoBon (6o6obom) num;u, u3BecTHbie aKycMH cornacHo noruKe Mu^a Mornu 6h noHUMaTbCA KaK upoHUHecKu-cHu«eHHbin o6pa3 «rpoMOBbix» gen-ctbum rp0M0Bep«n;a (cp. gpyron o6biHañ - cTynaTb b MeTannunecKue u3genua, Ha-npuMep b nycTHe, Begpa, cKOBopogbi, KacTpronu, npu HacTynneHuu rpo3H, KaK 6h npoBon;upyA, BH3HBaa u ycunuBaa ee myMOBbie ^^^eKTH). npoKOMMeHTupoBaHHaa 3gecb b cBeTe «ocHOBHoro» MH^a geTCKaa urpa «b geTen» c HegeTCKOM TeMon npogaHHoro guTATu nam;e Bcero npegcTaBneHa «0TKa3HHMu BapuaHTaMu, ho HepegKo BCTpenaroTCA u BapuaHTH c npogon«arom;uMCA ToproM u Heu3BecTHHM ero pe3ynbTaTOM. Ho y«e b ^TUX urpax c HeonpegeneHHbiM ucxogoM, cyga no ux onucaHuro u coxpaHUBmenca cnoBecHon nacTu, npucyTCTByeT He^To TaKoe, HTO BcenaeT nogo3peHUA, hto b ^TUX urpax He Bce goroBopeHo, hto mo«ho npegnonaraTb, hto b ux ocHOBe ne«uT KaKaa-To cTpamHaa ucTopua. B Bbip0«geHH0M Buge u c nogMeHOM MOTUBupoBKu 0Ha, BuguMo, npucyTCTByeT b TeKCTe urpbi «y geT-Ku» [Mrpbi 1933, 365, N° 856], BnponeM, u3BecTHOM b cnumKOM KpaTKOM u c naKyHaMu onucaHuu. «ycnoBUA npoga«u: "Kynu ga muTb Haynu, b n;epKOBb Bogu, KopMu, oge-Ban, o6yBan, b nrogu nocbinan". Hag MaTepbro, npogaBmen g uta, u3geBaroTCA: "nporynana guTA, nbAHun;a, nponoun;a. nporynana, ga qy«ux go6biBaemb. Bo3bMu y MeHA KOTeHKa" u gp.» Ecnu BbigenuTb b ^T0M TeKCTe agpo, ochobhom motub, to ero MO^HO 6bino 6h nepegaTb ^pa3on - MaTb noTepana guTA b HaKa3aHue 3a ee rpex. 3Ta «e ^pa3a onucHBaeT u to, hto paccKa3HBaeTCA b ucTopuu, ABnArom;encA, no-Bugu-MOMy, no3gHen ^unuan;uen peKOHCTpyupyeMoro Mu^a o MoKomu [MBaHOB, TonopoB 1983, 175-197], «eHm;uHe, HapymuBmen 3anpeT (unu - b uhhx Bepcuax - Hego-cTOMHoro noBegeHUA, cp. guan. nogMocK.: «MoKÓcbA. ^eHm;uHa nerKoro noBegeHUA. TaKux y Hac HUMHO^^ 6um> u 3Banu ux unu MoKoctaMu unu n^macKyx^Mu», cm. [MBaHOBa 1969, 267]), 3a hto 0Ha 6bina u noKapaHa rp0M0Bep«n;eM: ee, cBA3aHHon c cHpocTbro, Bnaron, goM, rge Haxogunucb ee «e geTu, 6bin oxBaneH orHeM, b KOTopoM OHU, oneBugHo, gon«HH 6binu noru6HyTb. ycnoBue BoguTb b n;epKOBb b goroBope o npoga«e guTATu KaK 6h BBoguT npoTUBonocTaBneHue «A3biHecKOMy» Hanany co cTopoHH «xpucTuaHCKoro»35. nocnegHee npucyTCTByeT u b urpe «KyMa» [CaxapoB 1885, 179; MrpH 1933, 365-366, N° 857], Korga KyMa, uMea b Bugy guTA, cnpamuBaeT flo6poxoTHyro: «KoMy ero KCTUTb?». B ynoMAHyTon BHme urpe «y geTKu», KOTopaa BnonHe Morna 6h Ha3HBaTbca u «B ropmKu» (KaK ^T0 u genaeTCA b K0Hn;0BKe), BO3-HUKaeT motub 6uTbA pe6eHKa-ropmKa: «B KypcKon ry6., urparom;un 6epeT pe6eHKa 3a o6e pyKu u, gep«a ero 3a cnuHon, hocut Me«gy gpyruMu, noKpuKUBaa: "no ropmKH, no ropmKH", a ocTanbHHe cnpamuBaroT: "npoga«Hun nu ropmoK?" - "npoga«Hun". - "fla He xygon nu?" npu ^T0M 6 b ro t pe6eHKa cnerKa no cnuHe [cp. napannenu3M MOTUBOB «6uTbe pe6eHKa» - «6uTbe ropmKa». - B. T.], roBopa: "Xygon, xygon". Mho-rga Hocam;un oTBenaeT: "He npoga«Hun" u yHocuT pe6eHKa. Mrpa Ha3HBaeTCA "B ropmKu"» [MrpH 1933, 365, N° 856]. 35 BnpoHeM, caM motub goroBopa o npoga«e guTATu b cooTBaT^Byro^ux urpax BCTpenaeTCA HepegKo (cm. [flMUTproKOB 1853; Kpa^KOBCKUM 1869, 2QQ; MrpH 1933, 365, 853; 366, 858] u gp.). 95 K uHTep^peTa^uu HeKoTopbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ocHoBHoro» MM^a M em;e g b a MOTMBa HepegKo B03HuKaroT b onucaHuHx geTcKux urp yKa3aHHoro Tuna. O g u h KaK 6h ckbo3hom bo BceM Knacce ^Tux urp u npegnonaraeMbin, ga:e Korga b onucaHuu oh oTcyTcTByeT (Ka:eTcH, uMeHHo b cuny ero oneBugHocTu, KaK conditio sine qua non), - ^T0 6er, cp.: «6eraroT BoKpyr urparom;ux», «o6e 6eryT k HaMeneHHoMy gepeBy», «6pocaroTcH 6e:aTb no HanpaBneHuro k gepeBHe. ToMy, kto g o 6 e : u t nepBHM <...>», «6eryT b pa3Hbie cTopoHH BoKpyr Kpyra. Kto nepBHM npu-6e:uT <...>», «Tenepb 6eru, ga KpyroM o6eru», «6pocaroTcH 6e:aTb b npoTuBonono:-HHe cTopoHH BoKpyr cT0Hm;ux», «<...> pa36eraroTcH b npoTuBonono:Hbie cTopoHH u, o6e:aB Tpu pa3a KpyroM cugHm;ux, ocTaHaBnuBaroTcH», «npu tom cT0Hm;ue b nape pa36eraroTcH b pa3Hbie cTopoHH», «npo6e:aB u3BecTHoe npocTpaHcTBo, npu6eraroT Ha cBoe MecTo. Kto go6e:uT nepBHM, <...>», «O6a 6eryT b npoTuBonono:Hbie cTopoHH. O6e:aBmun Kpyr <...>» u t. n. B t o p o m motub cBH3aH c ^urypon guTHTu, KoTopoe BHcTynaeT bo Bcex TeKcTax, onucbiBarom;ux ^T0T Knacc urp, KaK nun;o nac-cuBHoe u ga:e cTpagaTenbHoe (cm. BHme): ero npogaroT unu He npogaroT, MaTb-nbH-Hun;a «nporynHna guTH», guTHTKo 6broT, oh xygon u t. n. Mo^ho BHcKa3aTb npegno-no:eHue, Hy:garom;eecH, KoHeHHo, b 6onee cTporoM o6ocHoBaHuu, hto guTH ^Tux urp Morno HeKorga npuHagne:aTb k tom KaTeropuu nepcoHa:en, KoTopoM b BepcuHx «ochobhoto» MH^a cooTBeTcTByeT m n a g m u m chh rp0M0Bep:n;a, BbicTynarom;uM HepegKo HapHgy c gpyruMu (TpeMH, ceMepHMu, geBHTepHMu) 6paTbHMu, ho KaK oco-6o oTMeneHHHM nepcoHa:, unu :e KaK eguHcTBeHHHM chh cBoero rpo3Horo OTn;a, KoTopHM oh HaKa3HBaeTcH, ho b K0Hn;e kohu^ob oKa3HBaeTcH gocTurmuM ycnexa HocuTeneM hobom :m3hm, 6oraTcTBa, nnogopoguH, cTag cK0Ta, HeBecTbi-n;apcK0M gonepu, nygecHoro cpegcTBa u t. g. CoeguHuTenbHyro cBH3b Me:gy MnagmuM chhom rp0M0Bep:n;a u guTHTen paccMaTpuBaeMHx 3gecb geTcKux urp mo:ho, Ka:eTcH, bu-geTb b TaKux nepcoHa:ax, KaK t p e t u m (Mnagmun) chh, nam;e Bcero MBaH, uHorga ga:e MBaH-TpeTeM, pyccKux cKa30K, unu :e Manb^uK-c-nanb^uK, HbH u3o6peTaTenb-HocTb cnacaeT ero u ero 6paTbeB (uHorga u cecTep) ot ru6enu, Ha KoTopyro o6peK ux cypoBHM OTen; (unu poguTenu). Ecnu BHcKa3aHHoe npegnono:eHue BepHo, to npu-cyTcTBue b ogHon u tom :e urpe cpegu nepcoHa:en guTHTu u MaTepu («nnoxon»), BapuaHT - geTu u MaTKu [MrpH 1933, 364, N° 852], gaeT ocHoBaHue gyMaTb o npouc-megmeM cKneuBaHuu gByx nepcoHa:en u3 ceMbu rp0M0Bep:n;a, KoTopHx oh b pa3-hhx BepcuHx «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a nogBepraeT n o p o 3 h b (unu - unu) HaKa3aHuro. B 3tom KoHTeKcTe B03HuKaeT B03M0:H0cTb peK0HcTpyKn;uu em;e ogHoro BecbMa Ba:Horo motub a, oTcbinarom;ero k «ocHoBHoMy» Mu^y, To^Hee, k to My, hto cro:eTH0 npegmecTByeT eMy, - k «He6ecH0M cBagb6e», b KoTopoM b gpeBHenmux BepcuHx KaK 6panym;uecH BHcTynaroT ConHn;e u MecHn;, a b ganbHenmeM oguH u3 ^THx nepcoHa:en u3MeHHeT gpyroMy. CnegH ^T0^0 MoTuBa, HaxogHm;erocH b cbh3u co cxogHHM motubom npegucTopuu co6htum, o KoTopHx paccKa3HBaeTcH b pa3HHx BepcuHx «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a, mo:ho BugeTb b tom n;eHe, KoTopyro ycTaHaBnuBaeT-06'bHBnHeT :eHcKun nepcoHa: paccMaTpuBaeMHx urp 3a nonyneHue guTHTu. ^Ta n;eHa BxoguT b cocTaB u3 ogHoro onucaHuH urpH nepexogHm;ero b gpyryro ogHoo6-pa3Hyro cTuxoTBopHyro BcTaBKy. Cp.: «"KyMa, KyMa, n p o g a m guTH" - "Hto gaemb?" KyMa oTBenaeT: fflunbn;e, Mbinbn;e, / Benoe 6enunbn;e, / Tpom ga geHe:Ky, / Kpac-Hyro geBymKy / [...]» [Mrpb 1933, 364, N° 854]. KpacHaH geBymKa u ecTb n;eHa cgenKu-croBopa, cBoero poga cBage6Horo KoHTpaKTa. Mnu gpyron npuMep Toro :e poga - «KyMa: "Hto th MHe 3a ^T0 [guTH. - B. T.] gamb?" - flo 6poxothaH: "fflunb- 96 Bnaôumup H. Tonopoe n;o, MbinbD;o, I Benoe 6enunbn;o, I fla 3epKanbn;o, I Py6nb ga geHe«Ky, I fla KpacHyro g eBy mKy "» [Mrpbi 1933, 365, N° 857] u gp. XapaKTepHo, hto u Mbinbn;e, u 6enunbn;e, u 3epKanbn;e cBa3aHM uMeHHo c «KpacHon geBymKon», Torga KaK munbn;e, bo3mo»ho, cuMBonu3upyeT to «My«cKoe», npucyTCTBue K0Toporo npegnonaraeT 6paK36. no-^T0My ceMaHTUKa u 6era b pa3Hbie cTopoHM, u 6era no Kpyry, u 6era b HanpaBneHuu k gepeBy, Haxogam;eMyca b MbicnuMoM caKpanbHoM n;eHTpe u cuMBonu3upyrom;eMy nnogopogue KaK HaHano h o b o m «u3hu oTCbinaeT k pa3HMM BugaM pa36ueHua Monogbix nrogen, gocTurmux 6paHHoro B03pacTa, Ha cooTBeTCTByrom;ue Knaccbi, Ha n a p m , k TeMe 6paHHoro Bbi6opa, K0T0pbin, KaK noKa3biBaeT «ochobhom» mu^, Mo^eT npuBecTu, ecnu He 3HaTb npaBun, k ceMenHon Tpareguu. flpyrue urpM TaK«e HeogHo-KpaTHo «pa3birpbiBaroT» ^Ty TeMy (cp. «b «eHuxa u HeBecTy», «b ropenKu» u gp.). nog ^TUM «e yrnoM 3peHua ctóut, xoth 6m BKpaTn;e, npuBneHb BHUMaHue k urpe «ropenKu» (^openuuu, ^ope^uuKU, ^opunHU ^opemb & nem], deoÜHue ^ope^KU, y ^opw-^y6a, cmon6om, e pa3nyKy, y Kpew,uKa [xpew,uKa] u gp., cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 382-390, N° 935-964] u gp.)37. Ochobhmm nepcoHa«HbiM gByeguHCTB0M ^Toñ urpbi aBnaeTca napa (napa), cocToam;aa U3 geBun;bi u Monogn;a, K0T0pbie, ogHaKo, b onpegeneHHbin MoMeHT urpM npuo6peTaroT caMocToaTenbHocTb, u nepcoHa«a, K0T0pbin BoguT u Ha3MBaeTCH n0-pa3H0My (eoôunb^uK, eoMamuü, ^opHW)uü(-aH), napenbw,uK u gp.). OcHoBHbie npeguKaTM b onucaHuu urpM (u cooTBeTCTBeHHo - «KUHeMM»-gencTBua b caMÓn urpe) - «ropeTb», «6e«aTb-pa36eraTbca-c6eraTbca», «noBUTb», «nonMaTb», ««eHUTb6a». rny6uHHMn cMbicn urpM - MogenupoBaHue npon;ecca ^opMupoBaHua nap, o6,beguHarom;uxca b 6paKe, u «pa3birpbiBaHue» npaBun o6MeHa-nepexoga «He-ygaHHoro» nepcoHa«a napbi Ha «ygaHHoro». B ^T0M oTHomeHuu «ropenKu» uMerox MHoro o6m;ero c urpaMu «ropmKu», «geTu» u t. n. u, cnegoBaTenbHo, c motubom 6paKa u MeHM-u3MeHM b Bepcuax «0CH0BH0r0» MH^a. OrpaHUHeHue no cyTu gena numb ^TUM motubom o6'bacHaeT, c ogHon cTopoHM, nporpaMMupyrom;e-gugaKTUHecKun xapaKTep urpM, a c gpyron cTopoHM 0TH0cuTenbH0 He6onbmoe u b n;enoM HeapKoe npucyTCTBue peMUHucn;eHn;un U3 «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a, K0T0pMe, ucKnroHaa MaTpuMo-HuanbHyro TeMy, BCTpeHaroTca npeuMym;ecTBeHHo b cTuxoTBopHMX HacTax, o6mhho npegmecTByro^ux caM0My urp0B0My gencTBuro. npu ^T0M HacTb ^TUX peMUHucn;eH-n;un npegcTaBnaeTca cnynanHon, He 6onee HeM BHemHUM coBnageHueM c MoTUBaMu «0CH0BH0r0» Mu^a, u Bce-TaKu He ucKnroqarom;en hu rny6uHHyro reHeTUHecKyro na-MHTb «aHpa - u puTyanbHoro, u cooTBeTCTBeHHo ycTHo-cnoBecHoro, - hu npanaMaTb, o6Hapy«uBarom;yro ce6a b n0gc03HaTenbH0M o6pam;eHuu k cBoeMy apxeTununecKo- 36 B CBH3U c munb^M cp. urpM, b ^Hxpe KoxopMX gencxBue BXMKaHua nanKu, Kona b 3eMnro (cp. urpy «b KonbimKU», «B 6op^a», cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 366-368, 860-865]). 37 B 6anxuMCK0M urpoBon xpagu^uu urpa «ropenKu» o6o3HaHaexca nepu^pacxuHecKu c BMgeneHueM ugeu nocnegHen (KpanHen) napM u ugeu 6era (uM^nu^up0BaHH0 unu ^KC^nu^upoBaHHo). Cp. nxm. pedejais paris 'ropenKu' (6yKB. 'nocnegHaa [KpaMHaa] napa'), nux. paskutine pora bega ropenKu' (6yKB. 'nocnegHaa napa 6e«ux'). Hy«Ho oxMexuxb, Hxo axu «e ugeu npucyxcxByrox u b onucaHuax pyccKux Bep3UM axon urpM, a b ApxaHrenbCKon ryóepHuu ropenKu ga«e Ha3MBaroxca «B napM», a noBa^un - napenbm,uKDM [E^uMeHKo 1878, 143]. Cp. HecKonbKo npuMepoB: «[...] cxaHoBuxca c nonMaHHMM b n o c n e g h u e napM»; - «"A Bbineiemb?" - cnpamuBaex nocnegHaa napa»; - «npu axux cnoBax nocnegHaa napa pacxoguxca» u gp. [I4rpbi 1933, 384-386, 940, 942, 945]. OcHoBHaa gBycocxaBHaa eguHU^a b axon urpe, u onucaHua urpM necxpax ynoMUHaHuaMu napM, nepBon napM, Bxopon napM, gpyron napM, xpexben napM, cpegHen napM, cnegyro^en napM, KpanHen napM, u, K0HeHH0, 6era. TeM ca-MMM u pyccKue (cnaBaHCKue) u 6anxuncKue o6o3HaHeHua uIunu onucaHua urpM npegnonararox oó^yro ceMaHXuHecKyro MoxuBupoBKy, xoxa u Bbipa«eHHyro n0-pa3H0My. 97 K HHTep^peTa^HH HeKOTOpbix motmbob pyccKHX geTCKHX urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a My Hacneguro, k cn0C06H0CTM k ^0pM006pa30BaHHro (facultas praeformandi), no3^e npMHMMarom;eMy B ce6a cMbicnu. HeCKOnbKO npHMepOB H3 ^THX «CTHX0TB0pHbiX» TeKCTOB, apxaHHH0CTb H Ka-HOHHHHOCTb K0T0pbiX npH o6unHH BepCHM H nepeKnHHeK c TeMM HnH HHbiMH ^ne-MeHTaMU «ochobhoto» MH^a, npegcTaBnaeTca cym;ecTBeHHbiM apryMeHT0M B nonb3y BepHocTH npegnaraeMbix napannenen. Cp.: ropu, ^opu MapKo. / Edem 3axapK0, / C a m Ha KočunKe, / Me h a Ha KopoBKe, / ffemu Ha meneMKax / [...] / ^o^nH-du-Ko b b ep x, / TaM Hecemcn necm; - Cmou, ^opu Ha Mecme, / ropu, He c^opau, / no čoKaM ^na3aMu / noMemrne cmpennu, / A ^nH^u Ha Hečo, / TaM MypaBnu, / A mu Ho^u yHecnu; - ropu, ^opu hcho, / Hmoču He no^acno / [...] / ^o^nH^u Ha Hečo, / 3Be3du ^opHm, / MypaBnu Kpuuam: / ry, ^y, y če ^y. / Pa3, dBa, He Bopom, / A če^u, KaK o^oHb; - flp Ka, He npKa, / EapaH, He čapaH, / Cepan oBeuKa He MeHumcn, / ,^au ceH^ - oč^mnumcn; - «roprn, ^opw, nem! [...] - ^o^o mu ^opuMb? - KpacHou naHu. - A hkou? - Teče Monodoi»; - ropu, ^opu hcho, / Hmoču He no^acno, / B3^nHHb Ha Hečo, / TaM nmuuKu nemnm; - EapaHuuKu, neueHue čynouHuKoM, / MonoKo - dočuua KopoB, / Becenu ome^ u MamywKa, / Cuh nouMan nnucouKy h t. n., cm. [Co6oneB 1914, 21-23; ,D,mhtpk>kob 1853; nOKpOBcKHM 1895, 110; Mrpbi 1933, 382-385, N° 935, 940, 944, 945]. K Kpyry $Hnuan;Hn H TpaHc^0pMaD;HM TeKcTOB «OcHOBHOrO» MH^a M0»H0 OTHecTH B «ropenKaX» OTpa-^eHHe TeMbi ceMbH (3axapK0, ero ^eHa, geTu), egym;en Ha Ko6binKe, KopoBKe, Ha Tene-^Kax (aHanor KonecHHn;bi b «ochobhom» MH^e), TeMM cKOTa (noMHMo ko6hhkh h ko-poBKH, apKa, 6apaH, oBe^Ka h t. g.), TeMM He6a, Bepxa h He6ecHbix co3gaHHM (^ypaB-nu, nTHHKH, cp. TaK^e h 3Be3gbi), hto b coneTaHHH c Hecym;HMca no He6y necTOM, opygueM rp0M0Bep:*:n;a38, oraeM, ropeHHeM-naneHHeM «ropam;ero» Bogunb^HKa h mothbom y6eraHua nap, no3BonaeT c onpegeneHHon cTeneHbro BepoaTHa BugeTb b ^THX ^neMeHTax urpbi nepeKnuHKH c cooTBeTCTByrom;HMH MOTHBaMH «OcHOBHOrO» MH^a. B ^T0M KOHTeKcTe yMecTH0 o6pam;eHue k urpe Toro ^e Knacca, hto h «ropen-kh», Hoca^en xapaKTepHoe Ha3BaHue «O r o h e k », cm. [noKpoBcKHM 1895, 177; Mrpbi 1933, 382, N° 934]. Hanano urpH cBH3aH0 c nocTpoeHueM HeKoen ^H^ypH-^e^0HKH. CaMHM BbicoKHM H3 urparo^ux cTaHOBHTca, cno^HB pyKH Ha rpygu KpecT006pa3H0. PagoM c hhm cTaHOBHTca BTopoM ynacTHHK urpbi MeHbmero pocTa. nepBHM 6epeT ero 3a pyKy, h 3aTeM ^T0T BTopon, TaK cKa3aTb o6epTHBaeTca B0Kpyr nepBoro. To ^e npogenHBaroT TpeTHM, neTBepTHM h t. g., npuneM Ka^gHM nocnegyro^HM HH^e pocTOM, neM npegHgy^HM. B pe3ynbTaTe BHcTpauBaeTca ^HBaa ^e^b, bhhtom 3a-BepTHBaro^aaca B0Kpyr npeBoro urpoKa. Bca ^Ta K0Mn03un;Ha Ha3HBaeTca cTon6oM h, cTporo roBopa, oTHocuTca k oco6om pa3H0BugH0cTH urp THna X0p0B0gH0M neTHen urpH, HMeHyeM0M «neTpoB^HHon» unu «CTon6aMH», cm. [Mrpbi 1933, 389-390, N° 958, 960, 961 h gp.]. To, hto b ^eHTpe onucaHHOM TonbKo hto K0M^03H^HH HaxoguTca c a m h n bhcokhm ynacTHHK, hto oh, oneBugHo, ctoht Ha MecTe, b caMOM ^eHTpe K0Mn03un;HH, h hto nognepKHBaeTca mothb cToaHua h cTaHOBne-Hua ^e^0HKH-CT0n6a (caM ^e «CTon6»-^e^b ^enec006pa3H0 paccMaTpuBaTb KaK 38 CnoBo necm BccxcgHT k npacnaB. *pest~b h cBa3aH0 c H.-eBp. *peis-: *pois- 'Tononb', 'pacTono^b', 'pacTepeTb', 'nuxaTb' b npaMOM h nepeH0CH0M (ceKcyanbH0M) cMHcne - 'coire', cp. nuT. pisti, pyccK. nuxamb, to (:*pis-da, H.-eBp. *peis-: *pis- & *dha). CnegoBaTenbHo, mo*ho npegnonaraTb, hto necT b onpegeneHHbix K0HTeKCTax BHCTynan h KaK o6o3HaqeHue ogHoro H3 BugoB opy®ua TpoMOBep^a h KaK membrum vi rile. 98 Bnadumup H. TonopoB npoe^uro BepTuKanbHoro čTon6a u ero annoBapuaHToB - MupoBoe gepeBo, axis mundi, Catena Aurea, KonoHHa, mecT, gpyrue coopy^eHua, b kotophx BepTuKanb 0Ka3HBaeTca npo^unupyrom;eM, CTpyKTypoo6pa3yrom;eM, - Ha ropu3oHTanbHyro nno-CKoCTb), gaeT očHoBaHua BugeTb b ^ToM KOM^O3u^uu ucxogHyro npocTpaHčTBeHHyro CTpyKTypy «ugeanbHoro» Mupa nočne TBopeHua u go Toro, KaK 3noe Habano npoHMK-no b Hero. Bh3ob, 6pomeHHHM rpoMoBep^y ero npoTMBHMKoM, u 6hh Bxo»:geHueM 3na b ^TOT Mup u HananoM 6opb6H BHčmero nono^MTenbHoro u HM3mero oTpu^-TenbHoro Hanan. Ho y urpH, Habano KoTopoM onucaHo Bame, ečTb u cbom cro^eT - «OguH u3 urparomux, He BxogamuM b cočTaB ^nu, hocmt Ha3BaHue nog^Hraiena. Oh nog-xoguT k čTon6y u cnpamuBaeT Ka^goro urparomero: "He Hago hm o r o h b k a ?" OguH M3 urparomux oTBenaeT oTpu^TenbHo, gpyrue - yTBepguTenbHo ^tot ^parneHT MrpH THnonorMHecKM coothocmm c "Bonpoco-oTBeTHHM" guanoroM y MupoBoro ge-peBa, b ^HTpe Mupa. - B. T.]. B cnynae yTBepguTenbHoro oTBeTa nog^uraTenb genaeT Bug, 6ygTo 3axnraeT (nupKaeT) cnu^Ky, npoBoga, HanpuMep, pyKoro no corHyToMy KoneHy, u noToM 6pocaeT ee b 3aaBuBmero ^enaHue nonynuTb oroHeK, caM ^e 6 e -xht ot čTon6a, noKa nocnegHuM pa3BepTHBaeTčfl. Pa3BepHyBmueca urparomue 6eryT 3a nog^uraTeneM, no bat ero u rnymaT,t. e. rpoMKo KpunaT "a-a-a" Hag ero yxoM [cp. motub npecnegoBaHua, hobhu u nopa^eHua npoTuBHuKa rp o -MoM b pa3HHX BepcuflX "očHoBHoro" MH^a. - B. T.]», cm. [noKpoBčKuM 1895, 177]. Ecnu b urpe «OroHeK» TeMa o6MeHa u onpegeneHua 6paHHHx KnaccoB u BH6opa ^eHuxa u HeBečTH oTcyTčTByeT, to b pogcTBeHHHx en urpax «Ctoh6h», «CToanue ctoh6uku», «CTon6ymKu» u t. n. uMeHHo ^Ta TeMa oKa3HBaeTčfl BegymeM, cm. [MrpH 1933, 389-390, N° 958-964]. OHa - Ba^Heñmafl b TBopeHuu Mupa, Korga ero opraHu3a-^Hfl npogon^aeTčfl y^e Ha HenoBenecKoM ypoBHe u HanpaBneHa Ha ynopagonuBaHue 6paHHbix oTHomeHun c ^nbro o6ecneneHufl totomctbom nepe3 nočTpoeHue muhu-ManbHoro «ceMeMHoro» co^uyMa - pa3HononoM napH. O6m;aa CTpyKTypa urpH «ropenKu», ABnaromeMcH čBoero poga MaTpu^M 6pan-Horo napoo6pa3oBaHua, oco6eHHo oT^eTnuBo BHCTynaeT b onucaHuax ^ToM urpH, no cyTu gena oneHb ogHoo6pa3HHX u čTunucTunecKu HanoMuHaromux uHCTpyK-^ u ro. Cp. HečKonbKo npuMepoB: «,0, e b u ^ h u napHu CTaHoBaTca b napa, oguH u3 urparomux ctout Bnepegu u roBopuT [cnegyeT Bonpoco-oTBeTHHM guanor. - B. T.] [...] npu nocnegHux cnoBax nepBaa napa u ropeBmuM 6eryT, npuneM ropeBmuM crapaeTca n o m m aTb. Ecnu Koro noMMaeT, to CTaHoBuTča c noMMaHHHM b nocnegHue napH, a kto oTgenunca ot čBoeM napH, CTaHoBuTča Bnepegu r o p e t b; ecnu ^e ropeBmuM He noMMaeT, to čHoBa CTaHoBuTča r o p e t b »; - «napHu u geBymKu, ctoh n o n a p h o, ogHa napa 3a gpyroM, noroT [cTuxoTBop-Haa BčTaBKa - B. T.] [...] npu ^Tux cnoBax nocnegHHH napa pacxoguTca, u napeHb hobut čBoro geBymKy. OčTanbHHe noroT [...] Korga napeHb noMMaeT geBymKy, ohu CTaHoBaTca Bnepegu, u óe^uT cnegyromaa napa, u TaK, noKa He nepe6epyT Bcex. Torga geBymKu hobht napHeM, npmeM noeTča [...]»;- «MrpoKu, co6upaacb urpaTb b po6H [gpyroe Ha3BaHue urpH «po6H» - «KpyrnHM xpemuK». - B. T.], cnemaT BHKpuKHyTb: '^yp, b Kpyrnoro xpemuKa rpaTH, Ha ropu čTaTH, po6aMu He 6yBaTH!" Ono3gaBmaa napa u ečTb po6H. flBe napH CTaHoBHTčfl ogHa n p o t u b gpyroM Ha paččToaHuu maroB gBag^Tu u npurnamaroT TpeTbro napy, po6H, čTaTb nocepeguHe. npoTuBočToamue b KpaMHux 99 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a napax CTaparoTca côe^aTbca b h o b m e napH, o6eraa gna ^T0^0 cpegHroro napy, po6w, a Ka»gwM M3 cpegHen napw noBMT 6ery^ux c ero CTopoHW. Korga oguH M3 cpegHen napw noÏMaeT, to ToBapum; ero cnemuT nog6e»aTb k HeMy m B3aTbca 3a Hero npe»ge, neM ^TO ycneeT cgenaTb ToBapum noMMaHHoro. Ecnu ^TO eMy ygacTca, to po6w cTaHoBaTca Ha MecTo nonMaHHon napw, a noMMaHHwe CTaHo-BaTca b cepeguHy po6aMM. Ho ecnu ToBapum noMMaHHoro ycneeT nog6e«aTb k HeMy npe>Kge, neM ToBapum po6a, to po6aMM ocTaeTca cp eg Haa napa»; - «[...] b HeM [b urpe "rpo6w" (MegoBWM xpemuK). - B. T.]. Mo>eT ynacTBoBaTb MHoro nap, u noBamaa napa (rpo6w) cTaHoBMTca He no cepeguHe, a Bnepegu nap, CToamux ogHa 3a gpyroio. B e > u t , KaK u b ropenKax, cnepBa 3 a g h a a napa; rpo6w no bat u, noMMaB, cTaHoBaTca Bnepegu paga nepBon napon, a noMMaHHaa napa ugeT Ha MecTo nonMaBmux»; - «jBe geBymKM 6epyTca 3a pyKM u CTa-hobatca HanpoTMB gpyron napw, gep>amenca TaK >e 3a pyKM [cnegyeT bo-npoco-oTBeTHWM guanor. - B. T.]. Torga Ta napa, KoTopaa Hanana pa3roBop, ocbo6o» gaeT pyKM, u Ka>gaa M3 hmx 6e>MT b npoTMBonono>Hyro cTopo h y. flpyrue gBe, Ka>gaa nopo3Hb, cTapaioTca ux noMMaTb,He gaB mm coeguHMTbca. Ecnu napa, HanaBmaa urpy, coeguHaeTca, to oHa onaTb HanuHaeT urpy, a gpyraa onaTb n o b u t ; ecnu >e ogHa M3 geBymeK, HanaBmaa urpy, 6ygeT noMMaHa, HanuHaeT urpy BTopaa napa, a Ta napa, "mo He 3 6 i r n a c b ", gon>Ha noBMTb»; - «Mrparomue [penb ugeT o6 urpe, Ha3WBaeMon "gBoMHwe ropenKM". - B. T.] genaTca Ha gBe nonoBMHw: npaByro u neByro. Ka>gaa M3 hmx cTaHoBMTca ogHa ot gpyron Ha paccToaHuu gBagn;aTM ca>eHen, ho TaK >e napaMM b pag ogHa 3a gpyryro, KaK b o6wKHoBeHHwx ropenKax. HecKonbKo Bnepegu u b cepeguHe Me>gy napTMa-mm cTaHoBMTca eme oTgenbHo napa BogunbmuKoB. Bo BpeMa urpw 3 a g h u e napw M3 Ka>goM napTMM oTgenaroTca, pacxBaTWBaroTca u 6eryT oguH k gpyroMy no o6euM cTopoHaM cbomx napTMM. Bo>aKM ux n o b a t , u Te, KoTopwx ohm cnoBunu, unu, ecnu cnoBneH TonbKo oguH, to oh m He cnoBMBmuM cTaHoBaTca nap on noBMTb ocTanbHwx, a He cnoBneHHwe unu yga^Ho noBMBmue o6pa3yroT HoBwe napw, KoTopwe cTaHoBaTca Bnepegu tom unu gpyroM napw» u t. n. [Bonb-Tep 1890, 120-121; MBaHoB 1890, 55; Tpygw ^TH.-CTaT. ^KC^. III, 89; IV, 45; noKpoBcKMM 1895, 111; Mrpw 1933, 384-389 u gp.]. no cyTM gena, ^TM u mm nogo6Hwe onucaHua aBnaroTca BepcuaMM unu «nog-TeKCTaMM» 6onee o6mupHoro u pa3Hoo6pa3Horo «TeK-CTa opraHM3an;uM». none opraHM3an;uu «ropenoHHwx» TeKCToB - npocTpaHCTBo urpw, BpeMa urpw u, rnaBHoe - MHo>ecTBo ynacTHMKoB, oTBenaromux oco6wM Tpe6oBaHM-aM - Bo3pacTHWM, nonoBWM, CMTyanuoHHWM (orpaHuneHHwe ycnoBua gna 6paHHwx goroBopoB, KoTopwe Heo6xoguMo 3HaTb u k hmm npucnoco6naTbca; HeyneT ux unu npeHe6pe>eHue mmm Mo>eT nepeBecTM «HeygaHHMKoB», oKa3aBmuxca BHe napw, b Knacc «ropamux», ce6a caMux HaKa3aBmux). He cnynanHo, hto CTpyKTypa u ceMaH-TMKa «ropenoHHwx» urp npegnonaraeT MaTpun;y, b ocHoBe KoTopoM ne>aT npuHn;unw onno3MTMBHon orpaHM3an;uu: nepegHMM-3agHMM (Bnepegu-C3agu), npaBWM-neBWM, nepBWM-nocnegHMM, cpegHMM-KpaMHMM, HoBwM-CTapwM (o napax), oguH-gpyron, geBymKM-napHM, nopo3Hb-BMecTe, genuTbca-coeguHaTbca (pa36eraTbca-c6eraTbca), a TaK>e KnroneBwe TepMMHW cnoBapa «TeKCTa opraHM3an;MM» - napa, pag, nopagoK, CTopoHa, cnegyromuM (nopagoK cnegoBaHua urpoBwx co6wtmm), «gBoMHocTb» KaK MMHMManbHWM KoHTeKCT, CMHTe3MpyromMM npoTMBonono>Hwe Hanana (cp. «g b o M -Hwe ropenKM»). B ^TOM KoHTeKCTe urpa «ropenKM» HanoMMHaeT TeKCTW Mupo- u 100 Bnadumup H. TonopoB CeMbeyCTpOMCTBa B Mu^ax-TBOpeHuax u KaK 6bl «OTTanKuBaeTca» OT «OCHOBHOrO» MH^a, b kotopom Ha ogHoM CTopoHe - a6conroTHaa no6ega, Ha gpyroM - a6conroTHoe nopa^eHue, Torga KaK b «ropenoHHbix urpax», KaK npaBuno BbiurpbiBaroT Bce (xoTa BnocnegcTBuu mo^ho u MapmHanu3upoBaTbca, ho y^e b coBceM uhom CMTya^MM, cp. ^urypy, He Hamegmero(-eM) ce6e napbi, b conocTaBneHuu c nepcoHa^eM «BgoBbi» b gpyrux 6nu3KopogcTBeHHbix MrpoBbix TeKCTax). TaKuM 06pa30M, b urpe rapMOHua gocTuraeTca Hepe3 cornacue cTopoH, b «ochobhom» Mu^e - Hepe3 ycTpaHeHue npo-TMBHMKa. CooTBeTcTBeHHO pa3nuHaroTca urpoBbie napbi, ynacTHMKu K0T0pbix no ycnoBuro B3auM03auHTepec0BaHbi u uMeroT o6m;yro ^nb, Torga KaK 06a nepcoHa^a «0cH0BH0r0» MM^a B3aMM0McKnronaroT gpyr gpyra, u npuMupeHue Me^gy hmmm - u TO^e no ucxogHOMy ycnoBuro - HuKaK He MO^eT 6biTb gocTurHyTO. Ho ecTb u em;e 0gH0 cy^ecTBeHHoe pa3nuHue. B urpe Tuna «ropenKu» npu6biT0K ot 6paHHoro coro3a Tex, kto o6pa3yeT napy, nnaHupyeM, o^ugaeM, ecTecTBeH - geTu, go6po, 6oraTcTB0, cnacTbe, cornacue. B «ochobhom» ^e Mu^e, b OTnuHue ot urpbi, onucbiBaeTca yHu-KanbHoe co6biTue, np0rH03up0BaTb KOTopoe u TeM 6onee nnaHupoBaTb HuKaK Henb3a. B cuny ^T0^0, a TaK^e ynuTbiBaa caM MacmTa6 co6biTua, oho MO^eT 6biTb npu3HaH0 cBepx^ecTecTBeHHHM b OTnunue ot pagoBoro co6biTua - 6paKocoHeTaHua, Hepe3 KOTopoe npoxoguT nogaBnarom;ee 6onbmuHcTB0 nrogeM. Ho u ^Ha no6egbi rp0M0Bep:*^a Hag ero npoTuBHuKOM yHuKanbHa - HOBaa npegenbHO ycuneHHaa ^u3Hb, po^garo^aaca u3 cMepTu u Hepe3 cMepTb. n^TOMy-TO «ochobhom» mu^ u BHcTynaeT KaK tot caKpanbHbiM npe^geHT, K0T0pbiM Bcerga Bocnpou3BogaT b rnaB-hom r0g0B0M puTyane. BpaK ^e He Bocnpou3BogaT, hto He 03HanaeT, hto b 6paK Henb3a BcTynuTb u bo BTopoM, TpeTuM u t. g. pa3. B 3aKnronuTenbH0M HacTu npegcTouT BepHyTbca k urpe b canxu / naT-HamKu (o BHyTpeHHeM ^opMe cnoB, o6o3Hanaro^ux ^Ty urpy roBopuTca b gpyroM MecTe HacToam;eM pa6oTbi). B coeguHeHuu c npaTKaMu canKu o6pa3yroT MOTuBHyro KOHcTpy^uro, b Hau6onbmeM cTeneHu OTpa^aro^yro MOTuBHyro cTpyKTypy «ochob-Horo» Mu^a, bo BcaKOM cnyHae ero agpa: ucKan, Hamen-o6Hapy^un, npecnegoBan, no-Bun, Bomen b HenocpegcTBeHHoe conpuKocHOBeHue, «yHMHTo:*:Mn»-^o6egMn, - bot b o6m;eM Buge Ta MOTuBHaa ^noHKa, K0T0paa o6^eguHaeT geTcKyro urpy (TOHHee, gBe ^TMx urpbi) u «ochobhom» mu^ b paMKax 6onee o6m;ero npoTuBocToaHua, npeHua, cocTa3aHua ynacTHuKOB urpbi u «ochobhoto» Mu^a, rge oguH Heu36e^H0 no6e^-gaeT, gpyroM c o6paTHoM 3aK0H0MepH0cTbro TepnuT nopa^eHue, a ^opMyna Bbi6opa npegenbHO ^ecTKa - unu tot, unu gpyroM. flna canoK aKTyanbHa Ta HacTb motubhom ^noHKu, K0T0paa HanuHaeTca c MOTuBa npecnegoBaHua-noBnu. Mrpa b canKu 3acBugeTenbcTB0BaHa mho^ctbom BecbMa pa3Hbix BepcuM, o6t-eguHeHHHx, 0gHaK0, MOTuBaMu y6eraHua u noBnu-goroHaHua u MeHbi Bogunbm;uKa b cnynae, ecnu oh noMMan Koro-nu6o u3 npecnegyeMbix um. ^T0 o6unue BepcuM urpH u ocnoxHaeT noucK ee npoTOTuna, «npa-canoK», ecnu uccnegoBaTenb cTaBuT nepeg co6om 3agany peKOHcTpy^uu KaK onpegeneHue-BoccTaHOBneHue npoTOTuna, u 06-n e r h a e t ^T0T noucK, pacmupaa none Bbi6opa uctohhukob peKOHcTpy^uu. Ho no-cKonbKy b nocnegHue gecaTuneTua Bce 6onbme yKpennaeTca y6e^geHue b tom, hto npoTOTun He 6onee HeM KOHcTpyKT, uMeromuM ^BpMCTMHecKoe u K0HTp0nupyrom;ee 3HaneHue, c ogHoM cTopoHbi, u, HanpoTuB, ga^e u b ^TMx ^yH^uax oh ^nuKOM 3aBucuT ot BepcuM, cocTaBnarom^x peanbHbiM nepBOHananbHbiM MaTepuan gna 101 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a peK0HCTpyK^MM «oóoóm^HHoro» Tuna, c gpyroM, to npoóneMa ocno>HaeTca u npu-oópeTaeT mhoM Bug - «óu^HTpuHecKuM», npuneM nepBbiM ^HTp - Bce none BepcuM, a BTopoM - Begym;aa TeHgeH^Ma k oTóopy BepcuM u motmbob m k co3gaHuro «oóoó-m;eHHoro» Tuna urpM. CooTBeTcTBeHHo >M3Hb urpM «canKM» (KaK u nroóoM gpyroM) 3aKnroneHa b npocTpaHcTBo Me>gy MHorooópa3ueM ^M^MpMM - KoHKpeTHMx BepcuM u HenpeKpa^aro^MMuca nonMTKaMM BMpaóoTKM HeKoero oóoóm;eHHoro oópa3^ (pattern) urpM. yMecTHo HanaTb c nocnegHero - c toM «06pa3^0B0M», «oHum;eHHoM» Bepcuu, KoTopaa b mockobckom xpoHoTone 30-x rogoB óbina npaKTunecKM eguHoM u eguH-cTBeHHoM u KoTopyro xopomo 3Han aBTop ^TMx cTpoK b geTcTBe39. Mrpe npegmecTBoBano onpegeneHue cocTaBa ynacTHMK0B Knacca «noBMMMx» u caMoro «noBMTena» («Bogam;ero»), BMaBnaeMoro no ocraToHHoMy ^pMH^M^y, KaK ^T0 genaeTca u b urpe «ropenKM» (Bogam;uM tot, kto ocTanca óe3 HanapHMKa unu Hanap-hm^i). CaMo onpegeneHue nam;e Bcero npoucxoguno c noMoqbro >epeóbeBKM nepe3 ^MKnMHecKoe npuMeHeHue «cHMTanKM» go Tex nop, noKa He BbiaBMTca nocnegHuM b ocTaTKe. CoBceM pegKo BcTpenanacb MHaa ^opMa onpegeneHua - KoHaHue40. Cro>eT caMoM urpM HanuHanca nocne onpegeneHua «noBam;ero» u «noBMMMx». nocnegHue pa3óeraroTca b pa3HMe cTopoHM ot Bogam;ero, cHanana noganbme, Ha paccToaHue, rge ux óe3onacHocTb oTHocMTenbHo oóecneneHa, ho BcKope, KaK óm caMM Hy>gaacb b óonee TecHoM cBa3M c Bogam;uM, HecKonbKo cónu>aroTca c hmm, KoH^HTpupyacb Ha rpaHM^ ero npocTpaHcTBa unu ga>e óbicTpbiMM nepeóe>KaMM 3axBaTMBaa, nepeceKaa npocTpaHcTBo Bogam;ero, aBHo ^p0B0^Mpya ero u cbommm geMcTBuaMM u ycTHMMM gpa3HunKaMM («cano^Ka, cano^Ka, gaM KonóacKM, a He en(a) c caMoM nac-xu!»). O^hmb CMTya^Mro, ocMoTpeBmucb, Bogam;uM onpegenaeT cBoro ónu>aMmyro «>epTBy» - Toro, Koro, KaK eMy Ka>eTca, nerne Bcero HacTMHb u ocanuTb, nocne nero unu «Bogam;uM» nepexoguT b Knacc «noBMMMx», a noMMaHHbiM cTaHoBMTca Bogam;uM, unu >e «npogon>aeT oTnoB go koh^ u, BuguMo, cTaHoBMTca Torga geMcTBMTenbHMM B0>aK0M Bcex noMMaHHbix, nacTyxoM cBoero cTaga. Hy>H0 cKa3aTb, hto, Korga bo-gam;uM npecnegyeT KaKoro-nuóo KoHKpeTHoro «noBMMoro», ocTanbHMe «noBMMbie» cMeneroT, onacHo npuónu>aroTca k Bogam;eMy, KaK óm nMTaacb oTBnenb ero BHMMa-Hue ot M3ópaHHoM mm «>epTBM». TeM caMMM Bce «noBMMMe» geMcTByroT KaK HeKoe eguHcTBo, xoTa, M0>eT óbiTb, u He oneHb TecHoe. BnponeM, u y Hee ecTb HeKuM maHc Ha cnaceHue. flna ^T0^0 gocraToHHo gocTMHb oTMeneHHoro MecTa, Ha3MBaeMoro «go- 39 no HaónrogeHuaM aBTopa, b HacToa^ee BpeMa urpa b canKM cpegu mockobckmx geTeM noTepnena no cpaBHeHuro c goBoeHHMM BpeMeHeM cy^ecTBeHHbiM ypoH - b Hee urparoT HecpaBHeHHo pe>e, oHa npe-TepneBaeT 3Ha^MTenbHMe yTpaTM m Koppo3uro m b tom, mto KacaeTca ^opMM, m b tom, mto oTHocMTca K rnyóMHHMM MoTMBMpoBKaM. CBa3b TaKMx BMp0>geHHMx BepcuM urpM c apxaMMHbIMM McTo^HMKaMM 3ToM urpM cnaóeeT m HapymaeTca; cnegM MM^opuTyanbHoro npomnoro cTaHoBaTca Bce ónegHee. B 30-e rogM canKM Hapagy c npaTKaMM óbinu Hauóonee pacnpocTpaHeHHoM urpoM gna geTeM, y>e ycneBmux ocBoMTb «KopoBaM». npu 3tom cBa3b oóeux urp gpyr c gpyroM óbina o^yTMMa. B M3BecTHoM cTeneHM ohm óbinu unu anbTepHaTMBHM («bo mto óygeM urpaTb - b canKM unu b npaTKM?») unu ga>e Bxogu-nu b cocTaB gByegMHoro ^noro, Ha^MHaBmeroca c npaToK, 3a KoTopMMM cnegoBanu canKM, mto, KcTaTM, cooTBeTcTByeT nora^ecKoM m BpeMeHHÓM nocnegoBaTenbHocTM cooTBeTcTByro^ux ^acTeM «ocHoBHoro» MM^a - cnepBa noucK-Haxo>geHMe, noToM npecnegoBaHue-HacTuraHue m «Me^eHue» HacTMrHyToro. Pa3-yMeeTca, 3Ta KapTMHa hocmt HecKonbKo ugeanu3upoBaHHMM xapaKTep m Hy>gaeTca b yTo^HeHuax, ecnu T0nbK0 0HM e^e B03M0>HM. 40 MHTepecHo, mto, Korga KTo-Huóygb npegnaran «KoHaTbca», sto paccMaTpuBanocb KaK npoaBneHMe «gepeBeHcKocTM», «^p0BMH^ManbH0CTM», npuHagne>HocTM k HM3meMy cnoro oó^ecTBa, k He3HaHMro npaBun urpM, Torga KaK Ha caMoM gene sto óbino npoaBneHMeM apxau^HocTM. 102 Bnadumup H. TonopoB mom»: um MOKeT 6biTb MecTo y gepeBa, neHeK, xonMUK, b ycnoBuax MocKOBCKoro 6ynbBapa - cKaMenKa, 6opTUK gepeBaHHon necoHHun;bi, Boo6m;e HeHTo npunogHa-Toe Hag 3eMnen, ypHa u t. n. npecnegyeMbin, gocTurHyB «goMa», KpuHUT: «Hyp He a. floMl», «floM (a goMa), Hyp MeHa!» unu KaKyro-To gpyryro (opMyny ^T0^0 Tuna. flna HageKHocTu oh MOKeT cKpecTUTb pyKu Ha rpygu, nonoKUB nagoHu Ha nneHu (BepxHee nonoKeHue) unu cKpecTUB ux TaK, hto6h nagoHu 0Ka3anucb nog MbimKaMu (HUKHee nonoKeHue). Bo3mokho, yHUTbiBaa ponb nagoHu «Bogamero» b urpe (cm. HUKe), nocnegHee nonoKeHue (cnpaTaHHbie nagoHu) 6onee apxauHHo. Ecnu ^T0 TaK, to, KaKeTca, u nagoHu npecnegyeMoro b ^T0M croKeTe oKaKyTca 3HaK0B0 oTMeHeH-hhmu u, cnegoBaTenbHo, cooTHeceHHbiMu c nagoHbro «Bogamero». Ho 6e3onacHocTb «noBUMoro» b ero «goMe» uMeeT BpeMeHHbíe orpaHUHeHua (no goroBopy). no ucTeHe-Huu «goroBopHoro» BpeMeHu «Bogamun» HaHUHaeT cHUTaTb (HanpuMep, go gecaTu), nocne Hero xpaHUTenbHocTb «goMa» TepaeT cBoro cuny. Bo BpeMa cHeTa «noBUMbin» cTapaeTca HanTu B03M0KH0CTb BbCKonb3HyTb U3 «goMa» u nycTUTbca HayTeK ot «Bogamero». MHorga ^T0 ygaeTca, oco6eHHo Korga npe6biBarom;eMy b «goMe» unu TonbKo HTO BbipBaBmeMyca U3 Hero accucTupyroT gpyrue «noBUMbie», oTBneKaromue BHUMaHue «Bogamero» ot u36paHHon um «KepTBbi». BnpoHeM, Korga «noBUMbin» He MOKeT paccHUTaTb cBoen cunbi u BenuHUHb gucTaHn;uu go «goMa», u «Bogamun» Ha-cTuraeT «noBUMoro» u 3HaK0B0 3aKpennaeT ^T0T aKT HacTUKeHua-nouMKu y g a p o m unu npuKocHOBeHueM cBoen nagoHbro k cnuHe HacTurayTon «KepTBbi», nocne Hero «Bogamun noBUTenb» nepexoguT b Knacc «noBUMbix», a noMMaHHMM «noBUMbin» cTa-HOBUTca «BogamuM». Ctóut oTMeTUTb eme ogHy BaKHyro oco6eHHocTb ^T0M urpbi - «Bogamun» Bcerga o g u h , xoTa b KaKgoM n;uKne urpbi oh hobhm; «noBUMbix» Ke Bcerga m h o r o unu xoTa 6h HecKonbKo. Ecnu B3rnaHyTb Ha ^T0T urpoBon croKeT b nepcneKTUBe «ocHOBHoro» Mu(a, to o6m;ue motubh u ^neMeHTH, xoTa u b TpaHc(0pMup0BaHH0M Buge, BbicTynaroT c 0He-BugHocTbro. npeKge Bcero ochobhhm 0Ka3HBaeTca motub npecnegoBaHua «noBUMoro», KOTopbin, cTapaacb cnacTucb, nocnegoBaTenbHo yKpHBaexca b goMax-y 6 e k u m; a x (MecTe, Kyga mokho y-6 e k a t b ot npecnegoBaTena). Ho paHo unu no3gHo, Toro unu uHoro U3 «noBUMbix» npecnegoBaTenro ygaeTca noMMaTb u nu-muTb ero ucxogHoro cTaTyca, BHHepKHyTb U3 paga, ecnu yrogHo nyTeM «3HaKOBoro» y6uMCTBa, KogupyeMoro cnoBaMu cánuTb, naTHáTb, peKe MéTUTb. EgBa nu ctóut HanoMUHaTb, hto b pyccKOM Tpagun;uu «m é h e h h m » Ha3HBaroT HepTa, «cHUKeH-Horo» BapuaHTa u npogonKeHua npoTUBHUKa rp0M0BepKn;a b «ochobhom» Mu(e. no6ega TaK unu uHaHe Ha CTopoHe rp0M0BepKn;a b Mu(e u «Bogamero», B0Kga-B0-KaKa b urpe. Pa3Hun;a numb b tom, hto co6biTue 6opb6bi u no6egbi rp0M0BepKn;a Hag CBOUM npoTUBHUKOM, KOHeHHo, eguHOKpaTHo (xoTa u noBTopaeTca eKerogHo b rnaBHOM rogoBOM puTyane) u, cnegoBaTenbHo, Hen;uKnuHH0, Torga KaK urpa 6 e c -k o h e h h a (b npuHn;une), n;uKnuHHa u n;uKnbi ee MHoroKpaTHo Bocnpou3BogaTca b Hen. Tenepb HecKonbKo cnoB o npeguKaTax, 3HaK0B0 (uKcupyromux no6egy b urpe, u ux a3HKOBOM BbipaKeHuu. ^erKo 3aMeTUTb, hto u cánumt, u nnmHámt u uémumt (ot-HacTu u nánamb, cp. urpy b «nanKu», cuHOHUMUHHyro canKaM-naTHamKaM, o KOTopon cm. HUKe) uMerox ogHy u Ty Ke (no cyTu gena) ceMaHTUHecKyro MOTUBupoBKy - Bce ^T0 oguH u tot Ke pog «KnenMneHua», HaHeceHua KnenMa Ha Teno nonMaHHoro, nogTBepKgaromee ero nopaKeHue u no6egy-nepBeHCTBo no6eguTena (cp. KneüueHUü, 103 K HHTep^peTa^HH HeKOTOpbix motmbob pyccKHX geTCKHX urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a o gbaBone, HepTe, XTOHMHecKMX nepcoHaKaX u t. g. BnnoTb go npecTynHMKOB, KaTopK-hmkob). Hau6onee Bbipa3uTenbHbiM u3 TunoB ceMaHTMHecKMX motmbmpobok ^Tux npeguKaToB HyKHo cHuTaTb tot, hto npegcTaBneH b rnarone cânumb. B aKTyanbHoM unu 6nuKanme-ucT0puHecK0M nnaHe canuTb HaXoguT noggepKKy b pogcTBeHHoM no npoucXoKgeHuu cnoBe câno, terminus technicus urpbi «canKu». nonbiTKa pa3ragaTb ^TO Ha3BaHue 6onbmoro Kpyra unu HeTbipeXyronbHuKa, oÔBegeHHoro nepToro, npu-BoguT k anennaTuBy câno, KoTopoe uMeHHo b urpaX, cnegya [flanb IV4, 13], o6o3Ha-HaeT «h e p t y, koh, MeKy, rpaHb, 3a KoToporo cannm», ho cnoBoM câno 6eccnopHo uMeHyroT u npocTpaHcTBo, onepneHHoe, o6BegeHHoe canoM b ganeBcKoM cMbicne, u, ecnu He u3MeHaeT naMaTb, Toro, kto 0Ka3anca Ha «cane», t. e. yKpbinca ot npecnego-BaHua, cnacca, cBoero poga Cano, nepcoHu^un;upoBaHHoe cano, Bem;ecTB0 kku3hu, (cp. MU3Hb: Mumt: Mup KaK ogHoKopeHHbie cnoBa), u6o «uTb 3HaHuT HapymuTb 3aKoH ^HTpo^uu, cTaTb HeKouM naTH0M-«can0M», cBugeTenbcTByrom;uM o gencTBuu ^HTp0^uHecK0^0 gBuKeHua. Henb3a ucKnronaTb, hto 3HaHeHue «HepTa» b ^TOM cnoBe unu HeToHHo 3acBugeTenbcTBoBaHo flaneM41 unu Ke pa3Bunocb KaK MeT0HuMuHecK0e 3HaneHue u3 câno-npocTpaHcTBa KaK onepK-onepTaHue ero. B ^T0M ynoTpe6neHuu câno cBH3aHo c o6o3HaneHueM HeKoero n a t h a -crym;eHua, Hapymarom;ero ogHopog-HocTb npocTpaHcTBa, KaKoBbMu aBnaroTca Kup, ocagoK, otctom, c ogHon cTopoHH, u - cnen;uanu3upoBaHHo - myra, negaHaa Kamun;a, noaBnarom;aaca Ha peKe nepeg peKocTaBoM, c gpyron, npuneM - BaKHo oTMeTuTb - Bce npuBegeHHbie 3gecb geH0Ta-th o6o3HanaroTca uMeHHo u cnoBoM câno. Ho Henb3a 3a6biBaTb, uMea b Bugy cnynau, Korga cnoBoM câno o6o3HanaeTca HenoBeK, gocTurmun câno-npocTpaHcTBa, hto cano o6o3HanaeT u Kup, TyK, «uBoTHoe Bem;ecTB0, aBnarom;eeca HocuTeneM kku3hu, ee MaTepuu, KaKoBHM 0Ka3HBaeTca u KaKgbin cnaceHHbin - onpegeneHHo b «ochobhom» Mu^e, onocpegoBaHHo - b urpe. nocKonbKy cnoBo câno u cooTBeTcTByrom;ee noHaTue-TepMuH cBa3biBaroT ero c KnroneBbiM rnaronoM, onucHBaœquM 3aKnronuTenbHoe gencTBue urpbi, ee pe3ynbTaT, cânumb, yMecTHo npuBecTu gBa onucaHua urpH u ee npocTpaHcTBa, oguHaKoBo uMe-HyeMbie KaK câno. ïïepBoe: «06BogaT nepToro 6onbmon HeTbipeXyronbHuK unu Kpyr, Ha3biBaeMbin c a n o m . Mrparom;ue cTaHoBaTca no HepTe ^T0^0 cana b pa3HHX MecTaX, a oguH, no Kpe6uro, BoguT. Mrparom;ue nepe6eraroT c MecTa Ha MecTo 41 B cBa3u co cnoBoM uepmà, ocoôeHHo b ero ynoTpeôneHuu KaK terminus technicus urpH «canKu», u ponbro HopTa (vopm) KaK npogonKeHua o6pa3a npoTuBHuKa rpoMoBep^a b no3gHuX BepcuaX «ochobhoto» Mu^a, B03HuKaeT co6na3H npegnonoKeHua o reHeTmecKoM cBa3u cnoB, o6o3HaHaro^uX HepTy, HepTa c cooTBeTcTByro^uM rnaronoM npacnaB. *cersti (: *cbrtq) 'HepTuTb', 'MeKeBaTb', 'BcnaXMBaTb, 'pacKopHeBH-BaTb', B03M0KH0 (yHuTHBaa ôanTuncKue napannenu, cp. nuT. kifsti, nirn. cirst 'py6uTb', 'ygapaTb'), 'py6uTb', 'ygapaTb'. CornacHo pCCH 4, 1977, 165], «ecnu gna 3Ha^eHuM 'pacKopHeBaHHoe MecTo', u ocoôeHHo 'MeKa' [cp. cnoBeH. cft b o6oux 3HaHeHuaX. - B. 7.] 3TuMonoraHecKoe pogcTBo c *cersti / *cbrtç, *cbrta He Tpe6yeT goKa3aTenbcTB [...], to b cnyHae c *cbrt~b HopT, '3noM gyX', 'gbaBon' oho HyKgaeTca b Xopo-meM 060cH0BaHuu.» HyKHo nonaraTb, hto ohu Bce-TaKu ecTb. yke TaKue ^unua^uu npacnaB. *cbrt~b KaK cnoBeH. crt 'pacKopHeBaHHoe MecTo', c ogHoM cTopoHH, u pyccK. HepT, nonbcK. czart, Hem. cert u t. n. KaK o6o3HaHeHua HepTa, c gpyron, roBopaT o MHoroM. Mokho TaKKe HanoMHuTb, hto npacnaB. *cert~b npuMeHuTenbHo k 60n0TucT0M MecTHocTu (cp. c.-XopB. cret, cnoBeH. crçt u t. n.) HeoTgenuMo ot rnarona *cersti: *cbrtq, a BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHHoe HauMeHoBaHue HepTa - ôonômnuK, 3noM gyX, KuBy^uM b 6onoTe (cp.: BonomnuK cmapaemcx 3acocamb uenoeeKa u e^o cKom b mpacuny. CMon. [CPHr 3, 1968, 79]), u, cnegoBaTenbHo, cBa3b HepTa c 60n0T0M npegcTaBnaeTca BnonHe BepoaTHoM u Ha a3HK0B0M ypoBHe - *cbrtV: *certV: *cbrsti (: *cbrtq). B stom KoHTeKcTe cnaBaHcKaa cuTya^ua cy^ecTBeHHo cXogHa c otho-meHueM HeM. Bruch '6onoTo', 'Tonb': brechen 'noMaTb', 'pa36uBaTb', He roBopa o gpyruX TunonoruHecKuX ^peKBeHTanuaX Ha 3Ty Ke TeMy. K cnoBy cKa3aTb, cp. câno npuMeHuTenbHo k 6onoTy. 104 Bnadumup H. TonopoB Hepe3 Kpyr unu HeTbipexyronbHuK, a Bogam;uM «obht mx. Ho KaK TonbKo npecnegy-eMbiM goóe^MT go HepTbi, oh cnemHT 3aKpuHaTb: "a Ha cane", u 3gecb noBuTb ero He go3Bonaeica, 0gHaK0 u nepe6eraib 3 a cano, t. e. 3a Hepiy, TaK^e He go3Bonaeica. Buhobhhm b ^T0M genaeica B0^aK0M, tohho TaK ^e KaK u noMMaHHbm.» B t o p o e: «Mrparom;ue pa3genaroica Ha gBe pa3Hbie napTuu, u ogHa napTua cTaHOBUTca npo-tub gpyroM Ha paccToaHuu 10-20 ca^eHeM. nocepeguHe Me^gy napTuaMu cTaBuTca cion6uK, KOTopbM Ha3biBaeica canoM. 3aTeM ogHa napTua Bbi3biBaeT koto-hu-6ygb u3 gpyroM. Bbi3BaHHbiM 6e^uT u cTapaeTca 3a6e^aTb 3a cano, a ero nobut Bca Bpa»ge6Haa napTua. Ecnu oh ycneeT 3a6e»aTb 3a cano, to ocTaeTca b cBoeM napTuu; ecnu HeT, to nepexoguT b npoTuBHyro. TaK genaioT go Tex nop, noKa He noMMarni u3 npoiuBHoM napTuu Bcex, ucKnroHaa ogHoro. ^T0My no-cnegHeMy 3aBa3biBaroT rna3a, u oh ugeT b npoTuBHyro napiuro c pacnpociepibiMu pyKaMu, npuHeM cK0nbK0 urparom;ux 3axBaiuT umu, cT0nbK0 u ugyT Ha ero cto-poHy. 3axBaneHHHe ugyT b npoTuBHyro ciopoHy u n o b a t Bcex no 0gH0My, noKa He nepenoBaT Bcex» [noKpoBcKuM 1895, 106; Mrpbi 1933, 380-382, 926, 932]. Ecnu npuMeHuienbHO k urpe npeguKaT «canuTb» (cánuTb), Hec0MHeHH0, cBa3bi-Baeica c TepMuHOM «cano», to npuMeHuienbHO k «ocHOBHOMy» Mu^y ^T0T npeguKaT cKopee Bcero cBa3aH c ugeeM Hocuiena «^u3HeHHoro ^upa» ckotom unu c TeM, kto 3axBaiun u uMeeT b cBoeM pacnopa^eHuu ^T0T ^up-cano, c npoiuBHuKOM rpo-MOBep^a: cáneHue b ^T0M cnyHae MO^eT noHuMaTbca, HanpuMep, KaK ygap MonHuu, Meia^uM ^T0T ^up, ero o6nagaiena, ygap, K0T0pbiM u gon^eH noHuMaTbca u KaK npuHuHa «ocáneHua», u KaK 3HaK no6egbi Hag npoiuBHuKOM unu nepexog 3axBaHeH-Horo um cKOTa k rp0M0Bep:*^y. Ecnu go cux nop npuxogunocb opueHTupoBaTbca (ucKnroHaa ^parneHT o c a n e b urpe b canKu) Ha «o6o6m;eHHyro» Bepcuro ^T0M urpbi, to Tenepb npegciouT cgenaTb HeK0T0pHe 3aMenaHua u Ha6nrogeHua, 0TH0cam;ueca k MHO^ecTBy KOHKpeTHO 3a-cBugeienbcTBOBaHHHx ^M^upuHecKux BepcuM urpH b canKu unu «pogcTBeHHbix» eM urp. B ^Tux Bepcuax, eciecTBeHHO, MHoro geianeM, noBToparom;ux to, hto y^e Bcipe-Hanocb b «o6pa3^BoM» Bepcuu, ho HeMano u hobhx, 6onee c^e^uanu3upoBaHHHx u BHocam;ux 6onee unu MeHee cym;ecTBeHHbie HroaHcbi b o6m;ee npegciaBneHue 06 ^T0M Knacce urp. npe^ge Bcero Hy^HO OTMeiuTb, hto b Knacc urpH «canKu» («noBuTKu 3paHue») BKnronaeica HeMano urp, b K0T0pbix «canoHHoe», ecnu u He OTcyicTByeT nonHocTbro, to ociaeica cunbHO OTTecHeHHHM unu 3aByanupoBaHHbiM, hto OTHaciu KOMneHcu-pyeica pagoM Heo^ugaHHHx gna urp ^T0^0 Tuna geianeM, HanuHueM B0np0c0-0T-BeTHHx guanoroB, g0B0nbH0 npocipaHHbix ciuxoTBopHbix HacieM, ^neMeHT0B roMopa, myTKu, TaroTeHua k a6cypgy, k ^p0B0Ka^uu («gpa3HeHue», npucKa3Ku, BbimyHuBa-Hue) u t. n. HecK0nbK0 npuMepoB. nepBHM u3 hux - urpa «Mna» b onucaHuu kotopoM motub 6era BOBce OTcyT-cTByeT, 3aT0, BuguMO, ecTb motub npaiaHua u pa3bicKuBaHua. Cp.: «nocne KOHaHua c npucKa3K0M (ociaBmuMca He BbimegmuM cHuiaeica ronoñ42) Bbimegmue HaHuHaroT gpa3HuTb rony: "JQnymKa, rona, 3aKaneHHaa gapa". n o M m a b Koro-Hu6ygb, 42 ÍOná 'Henocega', 'ero3a', 'eno3a', 'kto to u geno mbeT, cHyeT Tyga-croga', 'kto nogBepTbrcaeTca, yBuBaeTca, nogcny^uBaeTca u goKyHaeT'; 'nbcTuBbiM npona3'; 'BepTymKa', 'B0nH0K'; mnúmb 'He cugeTb cMupHo', 'Me-TaTbca Tyga-croga', 'cyeTuTbca', 'ero3uTb', '6ecn0K0MH0 BepTeTbca' (cp.: fónun, ionun, da Buionun nodauKy!), cm. [flanb IV4, 1545]; 'npoHbipa'; cxogHbiM Kpyr 3HaHeHuM y cnoB iopá, mpúmb, OpKuü u t. n. - Bo3mo®ho, k 105 K HHTep^peTa^HH HeKOTOpbix motmbob pyccKHX geTCKHX urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a rona kpuhut: "n o M m a h ". Bce co6uparoTca b k y h y u KT0-Hu6ygb cnpamuBaeT: 'Tge rona 6bina?". OHa oTBeHaeT: "Ha MenbHun;e". - "Hero Monona?". - "Kpyny ga MyKy". - "Hero Hamna b Kpyne ga MyKe?". - "K n ro h ga n p o 6 o M ". - "Kyga nono:una?" - "B ceHU Ha nonKy". - "Kto B3an?". - "CeHbKa po:oK". - "KoMy gupy n p o : e r ?". Koro rona yKa:eT nanbn;eM, tot u mapuT» [neTyxoB 1863, 20-21; MBaHun;KuM 1890-1891, 159; Mrpu 1933, 368, N° 872]. - O MOTUBe 6 era b ^T0M urpe (a CKopee - CHOBaHua) mo:ho 6bino 6b cyguTb numb no MOTUBy ygaHHOM noBnu - nouMaHua. Motmb TonneHua-nepeManHBaHua b cocegcTBe c o6pa3aMU KnroHa, npo6oa, CeHbKU po:Ka (cp. Pomok 'po:oH, 'TopHoK, 'mumKa', 'penis', c ogHoM CTopoHM, u c gpyroM, ceKcy-anbHbie KOHHOTan;uu CeHbKU-CeMeHa, o HeM nucanocb b gpyroM MecTe), npo::eHHon (3 oroHb) gbipbi - Bce ^T0, BuguMo, HaMeKaeT Ha ^poTUHecKoe ucT0nK0BaHue CMbicna npuBegeHHoro guanora, Bo-nepBbix, u Ha B03M0:H0CTb peKOHCTpyKn;uu b KaHecTBe cy6^eKTa cooTBeTCTByrom;ero geMCTBua o6pa3a rp0M0Bep:n;a: Begb oh npe:ge Bcero 6or nnogopogua, u UMeHHo pagu nnogopogua - pacTUTenbHoro, :uBOTHoro, Heno-BenecKoro - ogep:uBaeT oh no6egy Hag cboum kochmm npoTUBHUKOM, BpeMeHHo 3axBaTMBmuM u nneHUBmuM Bce to, hto CBa3aH0 c nnogopogueM. He cnyHaMHo, hto unocTacbro rp0M0Bep:n;a Ha cnegyrom;eM no nopagKy ypoBHe MU^onorunecKoM cu-CTeMM, oco6eHHo b puTyane, BbiCTynaeT ^puna (cp. *jgdr-: Indra u t. n.) co BceMU ero «HenpunuHHoCTaMU», oHeBugHo, u cnoBecHMMU, b gyxe - bo3mo:ho - npuBegeH-Horo Bbime guanora, b KoTopoM BbiCTynaeT u CeHbKa po:oK, npo^aHunecKoe Bonno-m;eHue .flpunbi u ero My:cKux cnoco6HoCTeM43. CxogHbie accon;uan;uu MoryT BO3HUKHyTb u npu aHanu3e onucaHua urpu «Ey-6eH». TecHaa CBa3b c urpoM b canKu oHeBugHa c caMoro Hanana (<^Ta urpa b noBUT-ku»). Bogunb^MKOM aBnaeTca 6y6eH (unu Ey6eH). Oh caguTca Ha 3eMnro u kpuhut: «Ey6eH cen Ha neHeK, / Hto6 noBUTb gypaKOB» u t. n. «Mrparom;ue 0Kpy:aroT 6y6eH u noroT: Ey6eH, 6y6eH, / Cen Ha 6 o h k y, / npogan CBoro g o h k y / 3a Hamero KHa3a». TeMa 6paK0C0HeTaHua b gaHHOM KOHTeKCTe BbirnaguT pe3ynbTaTOM npeg-bigym;ero. M ganee - motubm npocKaKUBaHua, nponaMbiBaHua, nopBaHua, Ka:eTca, nogTBep:garom;ue HanpaBneHue ucT0nK0BaHua c yHeTOM ctuxuu KOMUHecKoro u napoguMHoro, KapHaBanbHoro: «y Hamero KHa3a / Tpoe nanaTOK - / Hmkto He npo-ckohut. / Ko3a npocKOHuna,/ Xboct nepenoMuna,/ Ey6eH nopBana [oHeBugHo,poroM. - B. T.], / HaM paccKa3ana. / Ey6eH 03nunca, / 3a HaMU nycTunca, / B ny:y CBanunca, / Becb U3MOHunca. / Mh y6e:anu, / 13hku Ka3anu, / Ey-6eH gpa3Hunu, / EeraTb npocunu. / Ey6eH tm, 6y6eH, / He BanaMca b ny:e, / A 6 eru 3a HaMU, / Xb aTaM pyKaMM». Henb3a ucKnroHaTb, hto u 3a ^T0M gpa3HunKOM npucyTCTByeT ugea Bbi6opa, cooTHocuMoro c 6paKOM «Hamero KHa3a» u goHepu Ey6(e)Ha. XapaKTepHo napoguMHoe nogHepKUBaHue gnuHHoro Hoca caMoro Ey6(e)Ha unu C00TBeTCTByro^ux annonepcoHa:en c U3BecTHMM KpyroM accon;uan;uM: «Ey6eH, 6y6eH, gnuhhmM hoc, / noHeM b ropoge oBec / [...] / To Ham 6y6eH, gnuHHbiM hoc». Tot :e aTpu6yT xapaKTepu3yeT b gpyrux MecTax b urpoBbix TeKCTax gpyrux u.-eBp. *ieu- 'cMemuBaTb', 'nepeMemuBaTb' u t. n. c ugeeM «Tyga-croga»-gBu:eHua, CHOBaHua, co6upaHua b KyHy, cp. nuT. jauti u t. n.; * ieu-l-: *ieu-r-, ho u *ieu-d-: iu-d-, cp. nuT. judeti 'gBuraTb', judus 'nogBu:Hbm, nonbCK. judzic 'gpa3HUTb', cp. motub gpa3HeHua b «rone»» u gpyrux CMe:Hbix urpax. 43 Cp. TaK:e urpy nog Ha3BaHueM «flegymKa po:oK» (Bo:aTbiM-Bogunb^MK), rge npoucxoguT guanor gegymKU-po:Ka c urparo^UMU, nepe6eraro^UMU U3 ogHoro CBoero goMa b gpyroM Hepe3 «none», nog-gpa3HUBaa Boga^ero (cp. aHanoruu c urpoM «Cano»): «flegymKa po:oK, Ha neHU gupy n p o : e r » (cm. [noKpoBCKMM 1895, 107; Mrpu 1933, 376, 905]). 106 Bnadumup H. TonopoB nepcoHa^eñ, cp. Mnöx, uhöh dnunnuü (Bap. - Kpacnuü) hoc, / nopocenouna yHec unu Cenunamna dnunnuü hoc, / noueM b Mypoue oBec. / [...] / OBca 6aTbKa He Ky-nun, / TonbKo nomagb yionun, / BaHbKy [uMa Bogunbm;uKa - B. T.] 6eraTb HayHun. / Hobh, BaHeHKa, MeHa, / no^nyñ Moro muma [noKa3biBaeT ^ury. - B. T.] [C060-neB 1914, 19-20; Mrpbi 1933, 369-370, N° 876]. npucyTcTBue b ^T0M TeKCTe u gpyrux TeKCTax nogo6Horo Tuna motubob (TOHHee, HaMeKOB Ha hux) couiua, 6paHHoro coro3a Hy^HO cHuTaTb Ba^HHM apryMeHToM b nonb3y npegnaraeMoro ucT0nK0BaHua coot-BeicTByrom;ux onucaHuñ paccMaipuBaeMbix urp u ux cBa3eñ c «ochobhhm» mu^om b ero «npeguciopuHecKoñ» Haciu (cp. mu^ «He6ecH0M cBagb6bi»). Mrpa «nponuxaH» u3 Kpyra urp «b noBuTKu» u caMO uMeHOBaHue nepcoHa^a (nponuxaH)44 nogTBep:«gaeT HanuHue Toro «e Kpyra acco^ua^uM. Cp.: «Mrparom;ux gon^HO 6biTb HeTBepo. ^Boe cioaT, gep«acb 3a pyKu, nogHaBmu ux BBepx, a gBoe gpyrux - "MaTu" u "np onuxaH " - cioaT b cTopoHe. MaTb nogBoguT nponuxaHa, TonKaeT ero b BopoTa, 06pa30BaHHbie nogHHTHMu pyKaMu gpyroñ napbi, u KpuHuT: «no 3a YnbSHOK, ga go MeHe». Te, nponycTuB ero nog pyKaMu, 6eryT 3a nponuxaHeM ciapaacb noMMaTb. Ecnu noMMaroT, to noMMaBmaa napa 3aHuMaeT MecTO nepBOM, a ecnu He noMMaroT, u MaTb u nponuxaH c6eryica BMecTe; Torga urpy HaHuHaroT cHOBa» [Tpygbi ^TH.-cTaT. ^Kc^. III, 67; Mrpbi 1933, 381, N° 931]. C 6onbmeM unu MeHbmeñ BepoaTHocTbro BocciaHaBnuBaeica 0cH0Ba ^noHKu motubob «0cH0BH0r0» MH^a b urpax paccMaTpuBaeMoro Knacca - yKpacTb & npaiaTb & ucKaTb & npecnegoBaTb & noBuTb & noMMaTb, gorHaTb [& KocHyTbca nagoHbro]. Motub Kpa«u HepegKO TonbKo npegnonaraeica no MOTuBaM npaiaHua u noucKOB KpageHoro, ero Haxo^geHua, ho uHorga oh BnonHe 3puM0 npucyTcTByeT b onucaHuu urpbi, HanpuMep, b tom, hto Ha3biBaeica «CMonbHuKu»: « Mrparom;ue Bbi6uparoT Me-cto gna urpH: Herny6oKyro aMy unu 0Bpa«eK. no «pe6uro Bbi6uparoT Koro-Hu6ygb cTOHTb b aMe - "cMonuTb". OcianbHbie urparom;ue nepe6eraroT B3ag unu Bnepeg no Kparo aMKu unu, ecnu aMa BenuKa, no Heß caMOM, npuroBapuBaa: "CMonbHuK, cMonb-huk, cM0n0HKy-T0 y Te6a yKpanu". CMonbHuK noBuT 6erarom;ux, u Koro noMMaeT, TOMy u noBuTb, a caM oh npucoeguHaeTca k 6erarom;uM» [noKpoBcKuñ 1895, 103; Tuxohob 1899, 3; Mrpbi 1933, 378, N° 915]. CMona, KaK u geroTb, roproHa, nunKa u - pe-anbHO unu b HapogHbix npegcTaBneHuax - cBa3aHa c orHeM; cMoneHoe cBa3biBaeica c 3anaxoM ««eHoro, naneHoro, cMpagHoro, hto gaeT gononHuienbHbie 0cH0BaHua gna Toro, hto6h cHuTaTb cMony u cMoneHue OTMeHeHHbiMu noHaTuaMu. Bo3mo«ho, hto cym;ecTBeH u motub cMonbi (ropaHeñ, pacKaneHHoñ) KaK opygua y6uñcTBa (ot BpeMe-hu rp0M0Bep^a, Meia^ero, «Ma:«ym;ero» cBoero npoTuBHuKa cMonoñ go BpeMeH KpenocTHHx ocag, Korga o6opoHarom;ueca nonuBanu ugym;ux Ha npuciyn BparoB ro-pam;eñ cMonoß). Motub roproHero-ropaHero npegnonaraeica u b urpax «3goroHKu», «ropaHee MecTO». B nepBOM u3 hux Bogam;uM o6a3aH u3noBuTb oguH Bcex urparom;ux, ho uHorga eMy b ^T0M gene noMoraroT u Te, Koro oh y«e ycnen noMMaTb. Ho y y6e-rarom;ux ot Bogam;ero unu ero napiuu ecTb 0gH0 y6e«u^e, Ha3HBaeMoe «ropaHuM MecTOM»: 3gecb 3anpem;aeica noBuTb urparom;ux [P0MaH0B 1912, 566; Mrpbi 1933, 373, 44 K KopHro uMeHu nponuxaH (nponuxaH) cp.: Bammmna 6apun, / TBoü-mo Kpecmbxnun / nodon 3a^u6aem, / fía ne b noKa3annoe Mecmo nuxaem (u3 HapogHoñ gpaMH <^apb MaKcuM Mnba#» [C6MAH 1914]), a TaK«e nuxämb 'TonKaTb', 'ynoTpeónaTb «eH^uHy', nuxämbcx 'coBOKynnaTbca', nuxánue 'coBOKynneHue', nuxáno, nuxänbnuK, núxapb 'penis'; '6a6HuK', 'BonoKuTa' u t. n., cm. [EnucipaTOB 1994, 334; OneroH [6.g.], 245] u gp. M3 u.-eBp. *peis-: *pois-: *p'is-, cp. nuT. pisti 'futuere'. 107 K MHTep^peTa^MM HeK0T0pbix motmbob pyccKux geTcKux urp b CBeTe «ochobhoto» MM^a N° 891]. BTopaa u3 yKa3aHHbix urp HaHuHaeTca c o6o3HaHeHua Ha 3eMne «ropaHero MecTa». Bogam;už cTaHoBuTca nooganb ero u o6eperaeT ero. OcTanbHbie urparom^e nbiTaroTca npoHuKHyTb Ha «ropaHee MecTo», a Bogam;už He nycKaeT ux u cTapaeTca ygapuTb unu noŽMaTb Toro, kto nbiTaeTca croga npoHuKHyTb. «no6uTbiž» nepe-xoguT b Hucno noMom;HuKoB Bogam;ero u hobut BMecTe c hum ocTanbHbix. «Korga Bce nepenoBneHbi unu no6uTbi, urpa HaHuHaeTca cHoBa» [noKpoBcKuž 1895, 106; Mrpbi 1933, 375, N° 902]. 3gecb cnegyeT BepHyTbca k oTMeHeHHoMy BHme MoTuBy npuKocHoBeHua (goTparuBaHua) nagonbro npecnegoBaTena-Bogam;ero k cnuHe HacrurayToro npecnegyeMoro. ^TOT motub, oTMeHeHHbiž b cBa3u c urpož «nenKu» («nanKu», «nanoHKu»), Korga «nanoK» gon>eH 6biTb nepegaHHbiM «nanHyTHM» KoMy-Hu6ygb gpyroMy, Bocnpou3BoguTca b onucaHuax nogo6Hbix urp HeogHoKpaTHo. Cp. b ^TOM nnaHe urpy «CnenoK» - «CnenoK hobut 6erym;ux, u Koro ygapuT pyKoro, tot genaeTca cnenKoM, ot KoToporo y> oh caM cnacaeTca 6ercTBoM» [noKpoBcKuž 1895, 104; Mrpbi 1933, 372, N° 881]. Oco6eHHo noKa3aTenbHo onucaHue urpbi, o KoTopoM ynoMuHanocb Bbme u KoTopaa u3BecTHa nog Ha3BaHueM «^ctohku»: «M3 cpegbi urparomux BbigenaroTca gBoe. OguH u3 hux, nogHaB pyKy Hag nagoHbro gpyroro, roBopuT: - neKy, neKy (6bro) nacToHKy. BTopož, gep>a nog pyKož nepBoro o t k p h -Tyro nagoHb cnpamuBaeT: - yneHemb? nepBHM: - yneKy. BTopož: - yTeHemb? n e p b h ž : - yTeKy. BTopož: - A Mo»e? n e p b h M : KaK Bor gacT. - 3aTeM nepBbiž, ygapuB no nagoHu BToporo, 6e>uT, a ocTanbHbie urparomue noBaT ero. Kto nožMaeT, tot 6 b e t ero no nagoHu, KaK u oh caM npe>ge, c TaKuMu «e npuroBo-paMu» [noKpoBcKuž 1895, 104, cp. 107; MrpH 1933, 372, N° 383, cp. 376, 905]. - O6-pa3H goMa, «Ha goMy» (HeogHoKpaTHo), «nona», ero n;eHTpa, oTMeHeHHoro ctoh6om, gepeBoM, npaBga, cKopee oTMeHarom;ero MecToHaxo«geHue «goMa» (cp.: «Mrparom^e pa36eraroTca b pa3HHe cTopoHH, oguH hobut. ycTaBmuM Mo>eT HypaTbca, t. e., npu6e«aB k KaKoMy-Hu6ygb MecTy, HanpuMep, k gepeBy, yxBaTacb 3a Hero, cKa3aTb "Hyp MeHa"; Torga ero Henb3a noBuTb» [Tepem;eHKo 1847, 47-48; MrpH 1933, 374, N° 897: «3anycKu»]; - «Korga urparom^e nepe6eraroT ot gepeBa k gepeBy, Bo>aK hobut ux» [noKpoBcKuž 1895, 107; MrpH 1933, 377, N° 911: «C neca Ha nec»]), Bo3Bpam;aroT k cxogHHM o6pa3aM «ocHoBHoro» Mu^a, npaBga, cunbHo TpaHc^opMupoBaHHHM u o6hhho BKnroHeHHHM y>e b hobhž KoHTeKcT, b KoTopoM numb egBa npocBenuBaroT y3noBHe motubh u o6pa3H «npoToTuna». Ho uHorga, KaK 6h Ha Mur, MenbKHyT u TaKue o6pHBKu TeKcTa, KoTopHe, bo3mo>ho oTcbinaroT k rny6oKož gpeBHocTu. TaK, b 6enopyccKož cKa3Ke «ParogaH» [PoMaHoB 1912, 565; MrpH 1933, 374, N° 895] «bh-megmuž hobut, nožMaB Koro-nu6o u3 urparom^x, parogaH cnpamuBaeT: - Hiž th? - ^ a p o b . - Hy, noMo>Ku MHe KoHež noBuTb» npon;uTupoBaHHbiž ^parneHT no-3BonaeT npegnonaraTb b HeM oTpa>eHue «npoTOTununecKož» cuTyan^u, e>erogHo Bocnpou3BoguMož b gpeBHeuHgužcKoM puTyane «amBaMegxa» (o HeM cm. [Dumont 1927; Bhawe 1939; Kirfel 1951 u gp.]). TaKux ockohkob gaBHonpomegmero b urpax MHoro, u Hy>Ho noMHuTb, hto ohu cym;ecTBeHHbiž (xoTa Ham;e Bcero u npeHe6pe-raeMHž) uctohhuk peKoHcTpyKnuu apxauHHoM cTaguu b pa3BuTuu Mu^a u puTyana. fleTcKuM urpaM u geTaM Bce em;e cHaTca o6pa3H ganeKoro npomnoro. Ohu HepegKo npu6nu>aroTca k TeM >e nepe>uBaHuaM, KoTopHe 6hhu 3HaKoMH u ux npegKaM, no-rpy>aroTca b Ty >e caMyro apxeTununecKyro rny6uHy, u, nycTb He noHuMaa cMHcna urpH b caMož Hanpa>eHHož ero rny6uHe (bo BcaKoM cnynae ^Ta cuTyanua Hau6onee HacTa), xpaHaT o6pa3 u n;enb ^TMx cmhchob, om;ym;aroT gHxaHue caMoro 6biTua. 108 Bnadumup H. TonopoB npMHÄTbie COKpa^eHMÄ A^aHacbeB 1984-1985 - AifiaHacbeB A. H. HapogHbie pyccKue cKa3Ku. B 3 t. M., 1984-1985. T I-III. Byp^B 1914 - Eyp^B A. E. ^M3Hb pyccKoro Hapoga, ero HpaBbi u o6biqau b KapTu-Hax xygo^HMKOB u b cHuMKax c HaTypbi. Cn6., 1914. T. I. Bbin. 1-3. BonbTep 1890 - Bantmep E. MaTepuanbi gna ^THo^pa^MM naTbimcKux nneMeH BuTe6-ckom ry6epHMM // 3anMCKM MMnepaTopcKoro PoccuMcKoro Teorpa^MHecKoro 06m;ecTBa no oTgeny ^THo^pa^MM. Cn6., 1890, T. XV. Bbin. 1. flanb [6.g.] - Toakobhm cnoBapb ^MBoro BenuKopyccKoro a3biKa BnaguMupa flana. Cn6., M., [6.g.]. T. 1-4. 4-e M3g. flMMTproKOB 1853 - ffMumpwKOB A. MaTepuanbi gna onucaHua KypcKoM ry6epHMM // KypcKue Ty6epHCKMe BegoMocTu. 1853. N° 6-8, 11-13. EnMCTpaTOB 1994 - EnucmpamoB B. C. CnoBapb MocKoBCKoro apro (MaTepuanbi 1980-1994 rr.). M., 1994. E^MMeHKo 1878 - EifiuMeHKO n. E. MaTepuanbi no ^THo^pa^MM pyccKoro Hacnegua ApxaHrenbcKoM ry6epHMM // M3BecTua 06m;ecTBa nro6uTeneM ecTecTBo3HaHua, aHTpononorMM u ^THo^pa^MM 1878. T. XXX. Bbin. 1. 3aBoMKo 1915 - 3aBOÜKO r. K. Konbi6enbHbie u geTcKue necHu u geTcKue urpbi y Kpec-TbaH BnaguMupcKoM ry6epHMM // ^THo^pa^MHecKoe 06o3peHue. 1915. N° 1-2. 3aragKM 1968 - 3aragKu / M3g. nogroT. B. B. MuTpo^aHoBa. 1968. MBaHH^KHH 1890-1891 - MBaHu^uü H. A. MaTepuan no ^THo^pa^MM BonorogcKoM ry6epHMM // M3BecTua 06m;ecTBa nro6uTeneM ecTecTBo3HaHua, aHTpononorMM u ^THo^pa$MM 1890-1891. T. LXIX. Bbin. 1. MBaHoB 1890 - MBaHOB n. Mrpbi KpecTbaHcKMX geTeM XapbKoBcKoM ry6epHMU Ky-naHcKoro ye3ga. XapbKoB, 1890. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1965 - MBaHOB B. B., TOnOpOB B. H. CnaBaHcKMe a3biKoBbie Mogenu-pyrom^e ceMuoTunecKue cucTeMbi (flpeBHuM nepuog). M., 1965. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1970 - MBaHOB B. B., TOnOpOB B. H. K ceMuoTunecKoMy aHanu3y Mu^a u puTyana (Ha 6enopyccKoM MaTepuane) // Sign. Language. Culture. he Hague - Paris, 1970. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1970a - MBaHOB B. B., TOnOpOB B. H. K peKoHcTpy^uu o6pa3a Beneca-Bonoca KaK npoTuBHuKa TpoMoBep^a Ha ocHoBaHuu BTopuHHbix uctohhukob // Zr^eioTiKn. Te3ucbi goKnagoB ^eraeM okoah no BTopu^HbiM MogenupyromuM cucTeMaM, 4. TapTy, 1970. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1974 - MBaHOB B. B., TOnOpOB B. H. MccnegoBaHua b o6nacTu cnaBaHcKux gpeBHocTeM. ^eKcunecKue u ^pa3eonoruHecKue Bonpocbi peKoH-cTpy^uu TeKcToB. M., 1974. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1982 - MBaHOB B. B., TOnOpOB B. H. CnaBaHcKaa Mu^onorua // Mu^bi HapogoB Mupa. ^H^MKno^egMa. M., 1982. T. II. Mrpbi 1933 - Mrpbi HapogoB CCCP. C6opHuK MaTepuanoB, cocraBneHHbiM B. H. Bce-BonogcKuM-repHrpocc, B. C. KoBaneBoM u E. M. CrenaHoBoM. M.; 1933. Kanu^ 1928 - Kanu^ O. M. fleTcKuM ^onbKnop. necHu, noTemKu, gpa3HunKu, cKa3-ku, urpbi. 1928. KpaHKoBcKuM 1869 - KpauKOBCKuü fô. OnepKu 6biTa 3anagHopyccKoro KpecTbaHuHa // BuneHcKuM c6opHuK. BunbHa, 1869. 109 K UHTep^peTa^uu HeK0T0pbix motubob pyccKux geTcKux urp b cBeTe «0cH0BH0r0» MM^a KygpaB^B 1871 - KyôpxB^B B. 0. flexcKue urpH u neceHKu b Hu^eropogcKoß ry6. 3xHorpa^uHecKue MaxepuanH II Hu^eropogcKuñ cóopHUK. Hu^hum HoBro-pog, 1971. T. IV. MaK-KuHcu 196Q - MaK-KuHcu ffx. BBegeHue b xeopuro urp. M., 196Q. nexpoB 1863 - nempoB K. flexcKue urpH b OnoHe^K0M ryóepHuu II y^uxenb 1863. nexpoB 189Q-1891 - nempoB K. flexcKue urpbi II ^uBaa CxapuHa 189Q-1891. Bbin. 1. nexyxoB 1863 - nemyxoB ff. M. TopHbiM ropog flegroxuH II 3anucKu MMnepaxopcKoro PoccuMcKoro reorpa^unecKoro o6m;ecxBa. 1863. Kh. IV. noKpoBcKUM 1895 - noKpoBCKuû E. A. flexcKue urpH. M., 1895. P0MaH0B 1891 - PoMaHOB E. B. BenopyccKUM cóopHUK. BunbHa, 1891. P0MaH0B 1912 - PoMaHoB E. B. BenopyccKUM cóopHUK. Cn6., 1912. CaxapoB 1885 - CaxapoB M. n. CKa3aHua pyccKoro Hapoga. Cn6., 1885 T. I-II. C6. MAH - CóopHUK MMnepaxopcK0M AKageMuu HayK. Cn6. Cn. p. a3. XI-XVII bb. - CnoBapb pyccKoro a3HKa XI-XVII bb. M., 1975 (u3g. npo-gon^aexca). CoóoneB 1914 - CoóoneB A. H. flexcKue urpH u necHu II TpygH BnaguMupcK0M y^e-H0M ApxuBHoM K0Muccuu. BnaguMup, 1914. Kh. XII. CPHr - CnoBapb pyccKux HapogHHx roBopoB. Cn6., 1965 (u3g. npogon^aexca). CCP^^ - CnoBapb coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro nuxepaxypHoro a3HKa. M.; 1948 (u3g. npogon^aexca). Tepem;eHK0 1847 - Tepew,eHKo A. Bht pyccKoro Hapoga. Cn6., 1847-1848. H. 1-7. Tuxohob 1899 - Tuxohob B. OnucaHue gexcKux urpymeK u urp b cene Ma3ynuH Ca-panynbcKoro ye3ga BaxcK0M ryóepHuu II M3Becxua O6m;ecxBa nroóuxeneM ecxe-cxB03HaHua, aHxpononoruu u ^XH0^pa^uu. M., 1899. T. LXI. Kh. IX. Bbin. 1. TonopoB 1963 - TonopoB B. H. XexxcKaa SALŠUEJI u cnaBaHcKaa 6a6a-ara II KpaxKue cooóm^Hua MHcxuxyxa cnaBaH0BegeHua. M., 1963. Bbin. 38. TonopoB 1968 - TonopoB B. H. O HeKoxopHx ocoóeHHocxax xexxcKux puxyanoB c ynacxueM SAL ŠU.#I b cBa3u c napannenaMu U3 gpyrux xpagu^UM II TpygH no B0cx0K0BegeHuro I. Tapxy, 1968. TonopoB 1987 - TonopoB B. H. 3aMexKu no n0x0p0HH0M oópagHocxu II Banxo-cna-BaHcKue uccnegoBaHua 1985. M., 1987. TonopoB 199Q - TonopoB B. H. O «nbHaH0M» Mu^e b apeanbH0M nepcneKXuBe II Cro-atica. Slavica. Indoeuropaea. Wiener slavistisches Jahrbuch. Ergänzungsband VIII. Wien, 199Q. TonopoB 1993 - TonopoB B. H. ABceHb u «ABceHeBH» xeKcxH b cBexe peK0Hcxpy^uu II CnaBaHcKoe u 6anKaHcKoe a3HK03HaHue. M., 1993. TonopoB 1998 - TonopoB B. H. npegucxopua nuxepaxypH y cnaBaH. OnHX peK0H-cxpy^uu. M., 1998. TonopoB 1998a - TonopoB B. H. flexcKaa urpa «b ho^uhku» u ee Mu^opuxyanbHbie ucxoKu II CnoBo u Kynbxypa. M., 1998. T. II. TonopoB 1999 - TonopoB B. H. O6 0gH0M Mu^opuxyanbHoM «KopoBbe-óbiHbeñ» koh-cxpy^uu y bocxohhhx cnaBaH b cpaBHuxenbH0-ucx0puHecK0M u xunonoru-MecK0M KoHxeKcxax II CnaBaHcKue ^xrogH. CóopHUK k roóunero C. M. ToncxoM. M., 1999. 11Q BnaduMup H. TonopoB TonopoB 2000 - TonopoB B. H. K peKOHcrpy^MM 6anTo-cnaBHHcKoro MM^onomne-CKoro o6pa3a 3eMnM-MaTepu - *Zemjä & Mate // BanTo-cnaBHHcKMe uccnego-BaHMH 1998-1999. M., 2000. Tpy6aHeB 1959 - TpyöaueB O. H. McTopua cnaBHHcKux TepMMHOB pogcTBa. M., 1959. Tpygbi ^TH.-cTaT. ^Kc^. - Tpygbi ^THO^pa^MHecKO-cTaTMCTMHecKOM ^Kc^egM^MM b 3a-nagHO-pyccKOM Kpae. ymaKOB 1940 - Tohkobhm cnoBapb pyccKoro H3biKa / nog peg. fl. H. ymaKOBa. M., 1940. T. 1-4. ^acMep - 0acmep M. ^TMMonomHecKMM cnoBapb pyccKoro H3biKa. M., 1964-1973. T. I-IV. ^neroH - 0ne^oH A. 3a npegenaMM pyccKux cnoBapeM. Flegon Press [s.l., s.a.]. ffleMH 1898 - ffleÜH n. B. BenuKopycc b cbomx necHHx, o6pagax, o6biHaax, BepoBaHM-hx, cKa3Kax, nereHgax u t. n. MaTepuanbi, co6paHHbie u npMBegeHHbie b nopagoK n. B. meMHoM. cn6., 1898. T. 1. Bbin. 1. ^CC.3 - ^THMono^HHecKHM cnoBapb cnaBHHcKux h3hkob / nog peg. O. H. Tpy6aHeBa. M., 1974 (u3g. npogon^aeTca). Bbin. 1. 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Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. I—II. Bern, München, 1959. Trautmann 1923 — Trautmann R. Baltisch-slavisches Wörterbuch. Göttingen, 1923. Vaillant 1950 — Vaillant A. Grammaire comparée des langues slaves. Paris-Lyon, 1950. T. 1. Walde-Hofmann 1982 — Walde A., Hofmann J. B. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1—2. Heilderberg, 1982. Watkins 1995 — Watkins C. How to Kill a Dragon. Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. New York, Oxford, 1995. Interpretation of Certain Motifs in Russian Children's Games within the »Basic« Myth (prjatki, zmurki, gorelki, salki-pjatnaski) Vladimir N. Toporov he paper focuses on archetypical and semantic interpretations of certain Slavic, but especially Russian, children's games (prjatki, zmurki, gorelki, salki, pjatnaski, etc.), and is a reconstruction of elements from an archaic mythical or ritual text recited by children in their present-day games. hese games may have originated from fragments of the so-called »basic myth« (about the fight between the hunder God and a chtonic deity). he paper analyzes different ritual and mythological motifs from children's games: hitting, theft, running, imitation of celestial marriage, etc. he author also examines similar sources from Baltic countries. 112