REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA From tree to forest, from forest to wood Ljubljana, October 2011 From tree to forest, from forest to wood ^COLLECTO^ BROCHURES M STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA www.stat.si From tree to forest, from forest to wood Authors: Spela Gale, Milena Lešic, Barbara Kutin Slatnar Printed by Demat Photo on the cover: Dušan Jože Dime The publication is available at www.stat.si/eng/pub.asp Information: Information Centre: phone: + 386 1 241 51 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 630(497.4) 311:630(497.4) GALE, Špela From tree to forest, from forest to wood / [authors Špela Gale, Milena Lešic, Barbara Kutin Slatnar]. - Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije = Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2011 ISBN 978-961-239-234-5 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Lešič, Milena 3. Kutin Slatnar, Barbara 258114048 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 - © SURS - Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged - Printed in 70 copies Foreword The United Nations General Assembly declared 2011 as the International Year of Forests to raise awareness of sustainable management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests. The Statistical Office is joining this effort with an occasional publication which summarizes key data and indicators on forests and forestry in Slovenia - they say a lot about the importance of the forest, the overall health condition of Slovenian forests, the attitude of the society towards the forest and its impact on forests, as well as the development potential of forestry activities and opportunities for education and employment in this profession. We also added the available information for the EU-27, presenting the selected data in the broader European context. The publication is aimed at a wide range of readers, so we particularly seek to ensure that professional views are as understandable as possible. For a clearer presentation, the collected data and indicators are presented in simple tables, charts or maps, together with a short commentary. In an effort to make this publication well accepted, especially among young people who are interested in forestry, and for proper understanding we added at the end some definitions and a list of indigenous tree species growing in Slovenia. We invite you to see what statistics tell about the Slovenian forests and forestry. i Irena Križman Director-General 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF FORESTS.................27 3.1 Health condition of forests....................................................................................28 3.2 Special purpose forests..........................................................................................30 3.3 Wood, a renewable energy source ......................................................................32 3.4 Wood waste ..............................................................................................................34 3.5 Diversity of fauna and flora ..................................................................................35 3.6 Gross value added and employment in forestry ..............................................36 4 DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN FORESTRY........................39 4.1 Productivity ..............................................................................................................40 4.2 GVA per employee ..................................................................................................40 4.3 CO2 emissions ..........................................................................................................40 4.4 Education in the field of wood-processing and forestry ..................................41 Annex: List of indigenous tree species in Slovenia with Latin and Slovenian names ..................................................................................43 METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATONS..........................................................................44 Definitions of some of the terms used ........................................................................44 Statistical signs, abbreviations and units of measure ............................................45 Sources and literature ....................................................................................................46 The importance of forest in Slovenia Forest is the most organized community of plants and animals in the living place, so it has special significance. It thrives wherever allowed by ecological factors and humans. Forests cover one third of the Earth's land surface In 2009, forests covered 31% of the Earth, 42% of the European Union, and in Slovenia 58% of land area (or 1,186,104 hectares), making Slovenia the third most forested country in Europe (after Finland and Sweden). Forests for people: protect the areas covered by forests The United Nations declared 2011 the International Year of Forests. Therefore, many governmental and non-governmental and research organizations in Slovenia are preparing in 2011 a variety of activities designed to raise awareness of sustainable forest management, the need to protect the areas covered by forests and the importance of sustainable development in such areas. The coordinator of these activities in Slovenia is the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, and all activities are performed under the slogan Forests for People. Forest - a value and a source of many goods Because of their wide range of functions, forests offer us a wide variety of goods - wood, forest fruits, a place for recreation and vacation, work - but also maintain clean drinking water and bind carbon dioxide and thus mitigate climate change. Forest is a shelter of many plant and animal species and an important element in preserving biodiversity. There are 69 indigenous tree species in our forests. How do we treat forests in Slovenia? What changes can be detected by statistics on forests and forestry in Slovenia? Many settlement names speak of the close relationship between man and forest The close relationship between man and forest is interestingly reflected in the naming of many Slovenian settlements. Around 11% of the names of settlements originate from common names for forest (gozd, hosta, boršt), type of forest (brezje, hrastje, bukovje, which are names for birch, oak or beech grove) or the shape of forest (gaj, log, which are names for small wood) or the names of tree species (lipa, breza, which are names for lime and birch); among such names the most common are Brezje, Gaberje, Bukovje, Lipa, Log, Hrastje. In the list of Slovenian settlement names, those originating from common names for forest, such as Gozdec, Boršt, Hosta, Log, appear 78-times. Word cloud 1: Settlement names related to forests, having a common root, Slovenia, 2011 HRAST HRASTJE GAJ GABERJE GABR KOSTANJ KOSTANJEVICA BREZA BREZJE vrb?dobrava- volcje v MtPWDieas sna*« v ' i boršt ČESNJICE CRESNJEVEC _GOZDGOZDEC HRUSICA HRUSEVJEL. \ OREHOVICA .......'K^borovci borjejE|_ŠA JELOVO »*NCE lesnicalešjeDOB javor javorje™ BREST mjiijE DREN DRENIK DRENOVEC I P/yLESK0VEC CEROVEC JESEN JESENICE Source: SMA Image created by WordLe. A new publication: From tree to forest, from forest to wood In the following pages we would Like to present some of the most interesting data on forests and forestry in Slovenia in terms of different roles that the forests represent for the people. These data were prepared on the basis of different data sources. The collected material was divided into four sections with the following headings: Condition of Slovenian forests, Economic aspect of forests, Environmental and social aspects of forests, and Development opportunities in forestry. Within each section, we prepared a number of statistical indicators showing the multiple meanings of the forest and the possibilities for the sustainable management of forests. In the final chapter a few indicators suggesting future opportunities in the management of Slovenian forests were added. Photo: Urška Gale, 1.1 Forest area Chart 1: Forest area11, Slovenia 1000 ha 1200. 1160 1120 1080 10401000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 11 Other wooded land is not included. Source: Slovenian Forest Service Table 1: Forests in total land area, Slovenia Year Forest11 1996 54.2 2000 55.9 2007 58.4 2008 58,5 2009 58.5 ■ In the past ten years the forest area in Slovenia increased by almost 3%. According to the Slovenian Forest Service, in 2009 forests covered 1,186,104 hectares or 58.5% of the territory of Slovenia. Changes in the forest area are monitored also by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (MAFF) within the monitoring of land use change, in cooperation with the Slovenian Forest Service. According to these data, forests cover 1,213,945 hectares or 59.9% of the territory of Slovenia. ■ The area of forest and other wooded land in the 27 EU Member States in 2005 was - according to Eurostat - 177 million hectares or 42% of the total territory of the EU-27. ■ As regards the share of the area of forest and other wooded land, in 2005 Slovenia ranked third (65%), i.e. after Finland (77%) and Sweden (75%); of the 27 Member States Malta had the smallest share of land covered with forests (1%), followed by Ireland (10%), the Netherlands (11%) and the United Kingdom (12%). 1) Other wooded land is not included. Source: Slovenian Forest Service % 1.2 Forest ownership Chart 2: Forest ownership, Slovenia, 1996 and 2009 n private I I state Source: Slovenian Forest Service Table 2: Family farms with forest, Slovenia Family farms with forest number Forest area 1,000 ha 2000 76,670 395 2003 68,659 386 2005 68,935 377 2007 67,154 378 Source: SORS ■ In recent years, the ownership structure of forests in Slovenia was changing due to the processes of denationalization. In 1996, 33% of forests were state owned and 67% were privately owned. By 2009, the ownership structure changed in favour of private forests, which represented 76% of forests in the country, while state forests represented 24%. Since these data (source: the forest management plans for forest management units of the Slovenian Forest Service) are on average 5 years old, the recorded ownership of forests is slightly different from the real situation. ■ Private forests are mainly owned by agricultural holdings or so-called family farms (in 2007 around 42%). According to the Farm Structure Survey conducted in 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007, the number of family farms that meet the criteria of European comparable farms is decreasing. The reason for this is the abandonment of farming on small family farms with forest. Therefore, the number of forest owners is not decreasing, but the number of such family farms that meet the criteria (definition) of European comparable farms, which are the subject of observation in the context of the mentioned statistical survey. In 2005 there were about 10% fewer family farms that had a forest and in 2007 about 12% fewer than in 2000. ■ The fall in the number of family farms with forest led to the corresponding decrease in the overall share of forest in the context of agricultural holdings: compared to 2000, in 2003 it was 1.5% lower and in 2007 2.9% lower Chart 3: Family farms with forest and their forest area, Slovenia 60000 2000 □ % of forest Source: SORS 2003 2005 2007 number of family farms Map 2: Private forests by forest management units, Slovenia, 2001 AUSTRIA \ \ h < Share of private forests (%) ■ up to 10 □ 10 to 25 □ 25 to 75 □ 75 to 90 ■ over 90 ■— Regional unit —- Forest management unit CROATIA Source: Slovenia Forest Service, Rok Pisek m.sc. September 2011 1.3 Growing stock Chart 4: Growing stock, Slovenia mio. m3 400 300 200 100 © SURS 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 total — conifers deciduous trees Source: Slovenian Forest Service Table 3: Growing stock structure, Slovenia 1996 2000 2007 2008 2009 Deciduous trees 51 52 53 53 53 Conifers 49 48 47 47 47 ■ Increasing forest area leads to increasing growing stock. According to the Slovenian Forest Service, in 2009 the growing stock increased by 1.6% over 2008; the amount of average growing stock per hectare increased by about as much. According to forest management plans, the growing stock was 327,458,500 m3 in 2009, while volume per hectare was 276 m3/ha. ■ The ratio in the structure of growing stock according to the type of trees is slightly changing: in 2009 there were 53% deciduous trees (a 2% rise over 1996), while conifers represented 47% (a 2% drop over 1996). ■ As regards the volume of growing stock, with 275 m3 per hectare Slovenia was in 2005 fifth among the Member States of the EU-27 with the highest growing stock. Source: Slovenian Forest Service % th'^L Photo: Miran Krapež 2 Economic aspect of forests ^V-.-Jjf 2.1 Annual gross increment and removals Chart 5: Annual gross increment and removals, Slovenia year C X C C 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 4000 3000 2000 1000 Annual removals (1,000 m3) Source: Slovenian Forest Service 1000 2000 3000 ©SUflS 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Annual gross increment (1,000m3) Table 4: Forest area, annual gross increment and removals, Slovenia 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Area (1,000 ha) 1,134.2 Annual gross increment (1,000 m3) 6,871.9 Annual removals (1,000 m3) 2,609.0 1,142.9 6,924.8 2,614.3 1,149.6 7,102.2 2,645.6 1,157.8 7,290.5 3,007.1 1.163.8 7.445.9 2,958.0 1,169.2 7.569.0 3.236.1 1,173.8 7,652.0 3,718.3 1,183.3 7,822.1 3,242.1 1,185.1 7,868.5 3,427.4 1,186.1 7,985.3 3,374.2 Source: Slovenian Forest Service Chart 6: Removals, Slovenia index 140 120 100 80 60 jA ©SURS - A r --- ___ V 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 conifers — deciduous trees ■ The ratio between removals of conifers and removals of deciduous trees differs between the years. The removal index values for conifers show that in the 2000-2009 period the removal of conifers mostly increased (the value of the index was higher than 100), except in 2004, 2007 and 2009 when it slightly decreased over the previous year (the index value was less than 100). The removal index values for deciduous trees indicate more pronounced variations than for conifers. The removal index value for deciduous trees peaked in 2006 and that for conifers in 2003. Source: Slovenian Forest Service, SORS ■ The forest area and the annual increment of wood increased in the 2000-2009 reference period. The annual gross increment in 2009 comprised nearly 8 million m3 (about 16% increase over 2000). Tree removal varied in the 2000-2009 period: in 2009, it was more than 3 million m3 (a 1.5% fall over 2008). 2.2 Removal intensity Chart 7: Removal intensity, Slovenia % 49 ©SURS 43 44 42 38 38 37 40 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: Slovenian Forest Service, SORS ■ With the increase in forest area the annual wood increment was also increasing. In 2009, it reached nearly 8 million m3 of wood or 1.5% more than in the previous year. In 2009, removals accounted for more than 3 million m3 of wood or about 29% more than in 2000. ■ The removal intensity varied considerably between the EU-27 Member States in 2005: the highest removal intensity rates were recorded by Portugal, Sweden, Belgium and the Czech Republic, and the lowest by Malta, Cyprus and Italy. Higher removal intensity rates than the average of EU-27 in 2005 were recorded in Slovakia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, the Netherlands, Austria and Spain; with the removal intensity rate of 44% Slovenia at that time ranked in the group of countries in which the value of this indicator was lower than the average of EU-27. Approximately the same removal intensity rate as that in Slovenia was recorded in Romania, the United Kingdom and Germany. ■ Faster growth of removals than the growth of gross wood increment reflects in higher intensity of removals. The intensity of removals thus reflects the ratio between removals and gross increment. The intensity of removals varied between the years: the highest value was reached in 2006 (almost 49%) while in 2009 it was 1.3 percentage points lower than in 2008 (around 42%). mm 2.3 Value of output of the forestry industry Table 5: Output of the forestry industry, Slovenia mio. EUR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Production total1) 71.8 77.7 82.7 93.2 98.1 104.4 150.0 149.1 163.2 152.9 Conifers, industrial roundwood 30.5 32.9 35.6 41.0 47.5 56.0 71.9 83.5 88.8 73.2 Deciduous trees, industrial roundwood 28.9 35.3 34.0 35.8 23.2 12.3 22.6 24.6 28.7 27.0 Wood fuel (including wood for charcoal) 7.6 4.2 4.1 5.1 11.0 18.0 25.6 25.9 28.7 30.9 Other products 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 Forestry services 4.1 4.6 8.4 10.8 15.9 17.4 29.2 14.5 16.4 21.4 11 The figures are rounded, so the sum might not be totally correct. Source: SORS Table 6: Purchase prices of raw wood categories, Slovenia EUR/m3 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Roundwood, conifers 25 27 28 26 33 36 41 50 55 50 Sawlogs and veneer logs 31 33 36 35 38 41 46 55 60 56 Pulpwood, round and split 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 20 20 20 Other industrial roundwood 21 16 15 20 24 29 30 33 36 33 Roundwood, deciduous trees 57 49 47 52 59 50 54 57 64 56 Sawlogs and veneer logs 76 80 76 81 78 58 66 69 79 72 Pulpwood, round and split 14 14 14 14 11 16 26 32 33 29 Other industrial roundwood 26 27 26 26 29 32 34 40 37 30 Wood fuel (conifers and deciduous trees) 14 14 14 14 15 19 26 33 31 31 Source: SORS Chart 8: Structure of forestry production, Slovenia 100. 80 60 40. 20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 □ forestry services □ other products ■ wood fuel (including wood for charcoal) n deciduous trees, industrial roundwood ■ coniferous, industrial roundwood Source: SORS ■ In the 2000-2009 period, the average purchase price of coniferous roundwood was increasing until 2008, but the purchase price of deciduous roundwood varied between the years, and in 2009 it was about the same as in 2000. ■ The average purchase prices of raw wood categories varied in the 2000-2009 period; after 2005 the prices of coniferous round-wood markedly increased, mainly due to more expensive sawlogs and veneer logs. The average purchase price of coniferous round-wood fell again in 2009 and reached EUR 50 per m3. The average prices of deciduous roundwood were higher than the prices of coniferous roundwood throughout the period, in 2009 the average price slightly decreased to EUR 56 per m3. ■ In the structure of the production of the forestry industry the coniferous and deciduous industrial roundwood (it includes sawlogs and veneer logs, round and split pulpwood and other industrial roundwood) predominated in the 2000-2009 period but the share kept decreasing. In 2000 it amounted to 83% and in 2009 to 66% (i.e. it decreased by almost 1 8 percentage points). The share of wood fuel rose the most in the observed period, mainly due to a lower share of deciduous industrial roundwood. The share of forestry services varied; in 2009 it reached 14% of the total production of the forestry industry. ■ The forestry industry covers cultivation, removals, gathering of other goods from forest and forestry services. ■ The production value of the forestry industry was mostly increasing in the 2000-2009 period. In 2000 it amounted to EUR 72 million, in 2009 to EUR 153 million (i.e. it more than doubled), but it was around 6% lower in 2009 than in 2008. 2.4 Value of intermediate consumption in the forestry industry Table 7: Intermediate consumption of the forestry industry, Slovenia mio. EUR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Intermediate consumption1 17.2 17.6 21.1 25.3 30.6 36.2 51.6 34.7 42.7 47.9 Plants 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 Energy 8.3 7.9 7.3 9.1 9.0 12.5 14.6 12.6 17.8 17.4 Plant protection products and pesticides 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 Maintenance of materials 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.9 6.2 Forestry services 4.1 4.6 8.4 10.8 15.9 17.4 29.2 14.5 16.4 21.4 FISIM (financial intermediation services indirectly measured) 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.4 Other goods and services 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 1 The figures are rounded, so the sum might not be totally correct. Source: SORS Chart 9: Structure of intermediate consumption of the forestry industry, Slovenia % 100 -, Source: SORS 80 60 40. 20 0. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 □ other goods and services I I FISIM (financial intermediation services indirectly measured) I I forestry services I I maintenance of materials □ plant protection products and pesticides I I energy I I plants Chart 10: Structure of energy consumption in intermediate consumption, Slovenia % 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ^ lubricants I I gasoline, diesel fuel I I electricity Source: SORS ■ To the total value of intermediate consumption, which influences the value added of the forestry industry, the growth in the value of forestry services contributed the most in the 2000-2009 period. These services reached their highest value in 2006 (EUR 29.2 million). In addition to the forestry services, maintenance of materials and energy consumption also significantly affected the value of intermediate consumption; the value of energy consumption grew fastest in the 2000-2009 period; in 2009 it reached more than EUR 17 million. ■ The value of forestry services in intermediate consumption mainly accounted for the largest share in the 2000-2009 period. Since 2000, its share increased by almost 21 percentage points and in 2009 it was almost 45%. The share of energy consumed reached the highest value in 2000, more than 48%, then it slowly declined and in 2009 it was just over 36%. ■ Of all fuel consumed in forestry industry, gasoline and diesel fuel were used the most. In 2009, they contributed 96.5% to the total value of energy consumption. Their share was stable throughout the period, only consumption of electricity was gradually decreasing; since 2000, when it was nearly 4%, its share decreased by 2.5 percentage points by 2009. Photo: Barbara Kutin-Slatnar 2.5 Export and import of wood Table 8: Export and import of roundwood, Slovenia Year Export Import 2005 423 409 2006 557 421 2007 720 260 2008 724 241 2009 767 262 Source: SORS Chart 11: Export and import of roundwood, Slovenia ■ By 1999, both the export and import of roundwood in Slovenia 1.000 m3 varied. From 1999 until 2004, Slovenia was a net importer of round- wood. Then from 2005 to 2009 the export of roundwood kept increasing each year, while import was decreasing. The structure of imports in 2009 was dominated by pulpwood, round and split, and other industrial roundwood (lower quality wood), with an 87% share. ■ In the structure of exports in 2009 sawlogs and veneer logs accounted for almost 39%. According to external trade data, the export of coniferous logs dominated (export to Austria). Also the export of wood for fuel was increasing; in 2009 the wood for fuel was mainly exported to Italy. T" T T 100 50 350 300 250 200 150 import(1,000 m3) □ sawlogs and veneer logs □ other roundwood" 11 Other roundwood includes pulpwood, round and split and other industrial roundwood. Source: SORS OSURS 250 300 350 export (1,000 m3) □ wood fuel 3.1 Health condition of forests Table 9: Average crown defoliation of trees, Slovenia Year Total 2005 23.5 2006 23.3 2007 25.4 2008 25.7 2009 26.1 Source: Slovenian Forestry Institute Chart 12: Average crown defoliation of trees, Slovenia % 40 30 20 10 O SURS 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 — conifers deciduous trees Source: Slovenian Forestry Institute ■ A basic indicator for the assessment of tree health is the crown defoliation index, which expresses the visually estimated share (in %) of missing assimilation organs (leaves, needle leaves), compared to a reference normal tree of the same social class, the same tree species and from the same habitat. It is estimated at 5% accuracy. A damaged tree is a tree with a defoliation rate higher than 25%. ■ The average defoliation rate of trees in 2009 was about 26% (nearly 0.5 percentage point higher than in 2008). Average defoliation of conifers and that of deciduous trees were similar; in conifers it was just over 26%, and in deciduous trees just under 26%. ■ In the 2000-2009 period the average crown defoliation increased by 5.5 percentage points (in the 2005-2009 period by 2.6 percentage points). ■ In 2005 the average crown defoliation index (i.e. the share of trees with defoliation higher than 25%) in Slovenia was 30.6% and was thus above the EU-27 average of 24%. % 3.2 Special purpose forests Table 10: Protective forests and forest reserves, Slovenia Year Protective forests Forest reserves 2000 62.2 10.5 2005 99.9 9.8 2007 100.1 9.6 2008 100.1 9.6 2009 99.7 9.6 Source: MAFF Chart 13: Protective forests and forest reserves, Slovenia 10- T nnnnnnnnnn 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 □ forest reserves — protective forests Source: MAFF ■ The area of protective forest in Slovenia in 2009 consisted of 99,743 ha, which is 60% more than in 2000, when it covered 62,154 ha). ■ In 2009, Slovenia had 9,619 ha of forest reserves and forests that are left to natural development. They are important for biodiversity conservation in forests and for research, analysis and monitoring of natural forest development and protection of natural values. ■ In 2005, the share of forests available for wood supply, i.e. multipurpose forests and special purpose forests where forest management measures are allowed, in the EU-27 was about 73% of the total forest area. The largest shares of forests available for wood supply were recorded in Germany (99%), Luxembourg (97%) and Belgium (96%) and the lowest in Cyprus (11%), Spain (37%), Portugal (52%) and Greece (53%). ■ Slovenia was with the 88% share of forests available for wood supply among the Member States of the EU-27 with larger shares of such forests. 1,000 ha 3.3 Wood, a renewable energy source Table 11: Consumption of wood and wood waste for energy purposes, Slovenia TJ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Consumption, total Production of electricity and heat Final consumption of wood 15,800.0 488.1 15,311.9 16,953.0 614.6 16,338.4 17,109.5 890.7 16,218.8 17,369.5 841.2 16,528.3 17,321.2 843.2 16,478.0 17,560.5 794.5 16,765.9 19,256.3 2911.9 16,344.5 22,164.0 1854.4 20,309.6 Source: SORS Table 12: Production of electricity and final energy consumption, Slovenia 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 GWh Production of electricity, total 14,600.0 13,821.0 15,272.0 15,117.0 15,115.0 15,043.0 16,398.0 16,401.0 from renewable energy sources 3,414.0 3,085.0 4,223.0 3,580.0 3,706.0 3,382.0 4,310.0 4,910.0 from wood and other solid biomass 83.8 98.1 92.5 81.6 75.5 T 1 62.8 232.4 119.6 Final energy consumption, total 199,040 207,121 212,941 216,960 TJ 218,928 217,253 231,069 204,776 from renewable energy sources 16,634 18,051 18,414 18,922 18,365 18,184 18,416 18,176 from wood and other solid biomass 16,578 17,676 17,940 18,345 17,545 16,977 16,710 16,116 Source: SORS Chart 14: Production of electricity, Slovenia 40 30 20 10 ©SUBS 1 1 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ■ The total production of electricity varied in the 2002-2009 period. In 2009 it was 12% higher than in 2002; it amounted to 16,400 GWh, of which 30% was produced from renewable energy sources. Of these, 96% of electricity was produced in hydroelectric plants, and more than 2% from wood and other solid biomass. The share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption stood at 9% in 2009; the majority was represented by wood for heating and household consumption. ■ Electricity production from wood and other solid biomass reached the highest value in 2008, when it amounted to 232 GWh. In 2009 it declined significantly, but in comparison with 2002 it increased by almost 43%. Final energy consumption from wood was increasing until 2005, then it began to decline and in 2009 it reached the lowest value since 2005; in comparison with 2008 it fell by 3.6%. from RES" of the total production from wood of the production from RES" 11 Renewable energy sources. Source: SORS ■ Consumption of wood and wood waste for energy purposes was increasing until 2009, when it reached the highest value, that is 15 % higher than in 2008 (more than 22,000 TJ in 2009). Final wood consumption (which includes the consumption of wood in households and in manufacturing, construction and mining) contributed the most to the total value; in 2009 it amounted to more than 20,000 TJ. 3.4 Wood waste Table 13: Generated waste, Slovenia 1.000 t 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Waste total 4,928.9 5,520.2 6,555.5 6,099.2 6,680.9 7,035.6 7,034.2 6,760.4 Wood waste 390.4 476.4 472.8 516.0 672,6 500.0 480.7 494.7 for energy purposes 277.2 278.6 303.5 276.7 328.1 206.6 217.0 182.7 Source: SORS Chart 15: Wood waste, Slovenia % 80 60 40 20 0 © SURS 1 1 1 1 1 for energy purposes of total wood waste of total generated waste 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: SORS ■ The annual amount of generated wood waste was increasing in the 2002-2006 period; after 2007 it decreased to less than 500,000 tonnes. The maximum amount of wood waste for energy purposes was recorded in 2006. In 2009 it reached its lowest level (44% less than in 2006), mainly due to the increase in further processing of wood waste (recycling). Chart 16: Generated wood waste per capita, Slovenia kg 400 -, 300 200. 1000- I I wood waste I—i wood waste '—' for energy purposes 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: SORS ■ The share of wood waste for energy purposes in all the wood waste generated declined significantly from 2002 to 2009, namely by as much as 34 percentage points. The share of wood waste in all generated waste varied around 8% in the 2002-2009 period. In 2009 it increased by 0.5 percentage point over 2008. ■ The amount of generated wood waste per capita in Slovenia was decreasing after 2006 (i.e. until 2008). In 2009 it increased again by almost 2% over 2008. 3.5 Diversity of fauna and flora Table 14: Plant and animal species dependent on forest by number and endangerment, Slovenia Endangered species All species All endangered All species dependent dependent species in Slovenia on forest on forest Plants 47 950 330 3,000 Amphibians 11 17 18 19 Reptiles 10 10 20 20 Birds 46 95 116 365 Mammals 25 70 29 79 Source: Perko, F. (2004): Forest and Forestry of Slovenia Chart 17: Hunting1 of the most numerous forest animals, Slovenia 10000- I I I I I I I I 2000/01 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ■ Forests in Slovenia are rich in natural values. They are distinguished by high biodiversity of plant and animal habitats. Because of the preserved forests Slovenia is one of the few European countries where in nature the three large European predators (brown bear, wolf and lynx) are always found. Slovenian forests also are the home of high shares of amphibians and mammals. ■ In the forests of Slovenia the most numerous animal species are hoofed herbivores. Deer and wild boars are the most numerous and to a lesser extent red deer and chamois. Red deer and chamois live in the Julian Alps, the Kamnik Alps and the Karavanke and in some forested areas of Pohorje and the Dinarides; and red deer also in the sub-alpine world and in Prekmurje. 11 Until 2001 the data show the reference period from 1st April to 31st March of the next year; from 2002 the data show the calendar year Source: Slovenian Forest Service ■ The abundance of wild herbivores in Slovenia was increasing since the Second World War until the early 1990s, especially that of deer and red deer; then the population of these two species dropped slightly. ■ On average for the entire country, in 2000 the planned taking of the most numerous species of forest animals was realized within the allowed margins determined in hunting management plans. ■ A comparison of several years of hunting showed that in absolute terms hunting of all herbivorous species was stagnant; as regards wild boars, multi-year variations in the realization of hunting were more pronounced. 3.6 Gross value added and employment in forestry Table 15: Value of output and GVA in forestry industry, Slovenia 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Production (mio. EUR) 71.8 77.7 82.7 93.2 98.1 104.4 150.0 149.1 163.2 152.9 GVA (mio. EUR) 54.7 60.1 61.6 68.0 67.5 68.2 98.4 114.4 120.5 105.0 GVA per employee (EUR) 10,639.9 11,936.0 10,905.9 13,096.2 14,511.4 11,381.3 16,794.1 18,942.6 19,520.4 17,356.9 Source: SORS Chart 18: Structure of employment in forestry industry, Slovenia %