HADRIAN IN MOESIA RONALD SYME Brasenose College, Oxford H ad rian w as m any tim es on the Danube. He b egan his m ilitary career w ith trib u n ates in tw o legions of Moesia (95 to 97), passing thence to th e R hine. N ot long after, w hen quaestor in 101, he w en t w ith T rajan to the first w a r against the D acians; and he com m anded a legion in th e second w ar. In th e w inter and spring of the first y ear of his reign he visited Moesia on th e w ay to Rome. He w as th ere again in 124; and for the last tim e ten years la te r w hen retu rn in g from th e last of his journeys, as is revealed by the inscription of C aesernius M acedo (cos. suff. c. 140), w ho was in his com ­ pany ‘p er O rientem e t llly ric(u m )’ (AE 1957, 135). M uch could be said or surm ised. The present enquiry, how ever, is re ­ stricted to the first episode, to the season of H ad rian ’s m ilitary tribunates. None th e less, it raises a n u m b er of questions of d etail th a t have a general bearing on im perial adm inistration and th e h istory of the tim e; and the search for precision w ill en tail a certain am ount of speculation. By good fortune, H ad rian ’s service as laticlavius has a double attesta­ tion. The inscription a t A thens registers th e th ree legions in order of tim e, viz. II A diutrix, V M acedonica, X X II Prim igenia (ILS 308). The Historia A ugusta has the nam e of th e first legion only (H adr. 2. 2). It th en proceeds ‘post haec in inferiorem M oesiam tran slatu s’ (2. 3). N ext, after an anecdote about th e prediction of an astrologer, it states th at, on th e new s of T ra ja n ’s adoption by N erva, th e young m an w as deputed to convey the good w ishes of th e arm y, and w as tran sferred to G erm ania S uperior (2. 5). Then, w hen N erv a’s decease w as reported, H adrian m ade haste to bear the tidings to T rajan, w hich he m anaged despite the m alicious attem pt of Serviamus to d elay his journey (2. 6). Such is the account in th e V ita Hadriani, deriving from an excellent source w hich the com piler abbreviated and in terlaced w ith dubious anec­ dotes. By itself, it is so com pressed as to be b arely intelligible. It has to be supplem ented w ith facts and dates from other sources. H adrian w as born on Ja n u a ry 26, 76. The first m ilitary trib u n ate, in II A diu trix m ay be assigned to the y ear 95, th e second, ‘extrem is iam D om itiani tem poribus’ (Hadr. 2.3), to 96: V M acedonica w as the legion, sta­ tioned a t Oescus in M oesia Inferior. It w as seen long ago th at th e language of the H istoria A ugusta, ‘in inferiorem M oesiam tra n sla tu s’, offered a clue to th e location of II A diutrix at this tim e. T hat is, Moesia Superior.1 Such has been the general persuasion. 1 E. Ritterling, ‘Legio’, RE XII. 1443. It was a m uch earlier suggestion, go­ ing back to Pfitzner. H ad rian ’s second m ilitary trib u n ate lasted for m ore than tw elve m onths. He w as still w ith V M acedonica in Moesia In ferio r in th e autum n of 97: T rajan w as adopted by N erva in October. The curtailed item in the Vita (H adrian’s mission and his transference to G erm ania Superior) happens to furnish th e only clue to determ ining T rajan ’s provincial com m and at th a t tim e. The legion his young kinsm an now joined w as X X II Prim igenia, at M oguntiacum . W hen N erva died on Jan u ary 28 of th e next year, T rajan was no longer in G erm ania Superior. A late epitom ator (the sole evidence) states th a t he w as proclaim ed em peror a t A grippina, i. e. Colonia C laudia (Eutropius V ili 2. 1). H ad rian ’s journey is explained; and T rajan, it follows, had b ro u g h t Servianus to fill his place as legate of G erm ania Superior. So fa r the chronology. H ad rian ’s trib u n ate in II A diutrix im pinges on an in tricate nexus of problem s: the distribution and location of the D anubian legions. Before the changes caused by th e w ars of D om itian (from 85 to 92), Pannonia had tw o legions, viz. X III Gem ina and XV A pollinaris. In Moesia stood th ree for certain, V II Claudia, V M acedonica, I Italica; and also a fourth, V A laudae, if a legion be deem ed to have perished in th e disaster of C ornelius Fuscus (86 o r 87). In the course of those w ars no few er th a n five fresh legions had been brought to th e D anubian provinces: I A diutrix, II A diutrix, IV Flavia, X IV Gem ina, X X I Rapax. One of them , X X I R apax, was destroyed by th e incursion of the S arm atians in 92 ;2 and there is no sign th a t any of th e others reverted to th eir original stations. T herefore a total of nine m ay safely be assum ed after 92 for th e three com m ands on the fro n tier (Moesia was divided in 86).3 A ttem pts have been m ade to trace the changes and perm utations of the legions during D om itian’s cam paigns.4 G iven th e defects in the evidence, not m uch can be established. The interval of peace and stability betw een 93 and 100 is m ore prom ising.5 Y et full and detailed ascertainm ent is baffled. T hree m atters call for scrutiny. F irst, and in general: th e nine legions. How should they be apportioned betw een Pannonia and th e M oesian commands? F o u r are not too few for Pannonia, w hich now becom es the m ost im p o rtan t m ilitary province in the E m pire.6 Five, th a t is another m atter.7 * Excessive as a perm anent establishm ent u n d er one legate. In fact, not to lerable and not on record in the m ilitary annals of th e E m pire since the w ars of Caesar A ugustus. One im agines w hat D om itian w ould have thought of th e notion. 2 The year 93 w as incautiously advocated by R. Hanslik, W iener Studien LX III (1948), 126 ff. Erroneous, like the notion that P liny (suff. 100), was praetor in 95 (ib. 127). The present paper eschews comment on the recent article ‘M. U lpius T raianus’, RE, Supp. X, 1035 ff. 3 E. Ritterling, o. c. 1279. 4 R. Syme, JRS XVIII (1938), 45 ff. See now, w ith exhaustive detail, G. Al­ földy, A cta Arch. Ac. Sc. Hung. X I (1959), 113 ff. 5 R. Syme, o. c. 48 ff.; 50 f.; Laureae Aquincenses (1938), 267 ff., G. Alföldy, o. c. 136 ff. R itterling produced tables of legionary distribution for 88/9 and for 93 (o. c. 1364). It w as a pity th a t he om itted 93—100. 6 R. Syme, o. c. (1928), 52; CAH XI (1926), 187. 7 Five legions for P annonia in 93—100 are postulated by G. Alföldy, o. c. 141. The corollary, only four for the two Moesian provinces, is also damaging. If the survival of V A laudae after 70 is conceded (and w hy not?), the undivided Moesia had four legions in 85. In consequence four legions fall to Pannonia, five to the tw o com m ands in M oesia. A piece of evidence can be adduced in support. A laticlavius of II A d iu trix earned m ilitary decorations ‘bello Suebico it[em Sar]m atico’ (ILS 2719: P otentia in Lucania). He is fu rth e r described as the optio of th e trib u n es of five legions. The post is unique: it appears to indicate th e senior officer in a corps of vexillationes. Hence, it is assum ed, a force drafted from th e tw o arm ies and sent to P annonia for D om itian’s cam paign in 92.8 Second, as betw een M oesia S uperior and M oesia Inferior, w hich had th re e legions for its garrison? Provincial boundaries come into th e question. B etw een 86 and 106 the fo rm er province had a longer fro n tier th an sub­ sequently, so it can be argued; and its m ilitary role w as of cen tral im por­ tan ce before Dacia w as conquered and annexed. It h ad long been conjectured th a t th e region betw een th e low er course of th e Save and th e D anube (’S y rm ia’ fo r short) w as attached to Moesia S uperior and rem ained so u n til P an n o n ia Inferior w as created in 106.9 W elcome indications now accrue from th e evidence of m ilitary diplomata. Two a u x iliary regim ents, th e A la P ra e to ria and Cohors V G allorum belonged to P annonia in 85; in 93 and 100 th ey are registered u n d er M oesia Superior; b u t in 110 th ey are in P annonia Inferior.1 0 1 1 A n easy explanation offers.1 1 N ot tran sfer of regim ents back and forth, b u t a change in th e status of th e region. The location of V G allorum is not know n, b u t A la P raeto ria w as a t T eutoburgium : observe th e decurio M. U lpius S u p er w ho died th ere aged 32 after 16 y ears of service (ILS 2339). The w ider extension of M oesia S uperior tow ards th e w est, taking in Sirm ium (which w as m ade a colonia by Dom itian) and a section of the D anube frontier above S ingidunum tow ards the m outh of the D rave a t least as fa r as T eutoburgium w ill th erefore be conceded. However, at the other end, th e boundary against Moesia Inferior com es into play, a neglected factor. In the Second C entury it fell a few m iles below R atiaria, n o t far sh o rt of the riv er Almus. T here is a chance th a t from 86 to 106 the tra c t along th e D anube from R atiaria up to th e Iron G ates belonged to M oesia Inferior. It corresponded w ith p a rt of the ‘M oesia’ in the old te rrito ry ‘Moe­ sia et T reballia’ w hich w as in the charge of an equestrian officer in the tim e of Tiberius (ILS 1349). The entity w as reconstituted w hen A urelian gave up Dacia. T hat is, his D acia Ripensis, w ith tw o legions, one at R atia­ ria, the other at Oescus. If th is ‘old M oesia’ belonged to the low er province betw een 86 and 106, it touches the distribution of th e five legions betw een tw o arm ies. Third, legions and th e ir camps. As previously, VII C laudia w as at V im inacium , V M acedonica at Oescus, I Italica a t Novae. The new arriv als cause trouble, II A diutrix and IV Flavia.1 2 T here are other perplexities. 9 E. Ritterling, o. c. 2719; R. Syme, o. c. (1928), 47 f. 9 E. Ritterling, o. c. 1444; M. Fluss, ‘Moesia’, RE XV. 2353; A. Graf, Ü bersicht d er antiken Geographie von Pannonien (1936), 36; A. Möcsy, ’Pannonia’, RE Supp. IX. 584 f. 1 0 CIL XVI. 31; 34; 46; 164. 1 1 A. Radnóti and L. Barkóczi, Acta Arch. Ac. Sc. Hung. I (1951), 198; 201. 1 2 G. Alföldy, o. c. 128 ff,; 135 f.; 139 f. A dm itting only four legions in the two M oesian commands, that scholar assigns IV Flavia to ‘Pannonia’. T hat this legion w as at the other extrem ity, a t D urostorum in Moesia Inferior, w as suggested by The e arly history of Singidunum is obscure (from th e beginning of H ad rian ’s reign IV F lavia w as there, a fte r a sojourn in Dacia).* 1 3 And R atiaria deserves a th o u g h t — a strategic position, w here a road from Naissus reaches th e D anube.1 4 Now Oescus w as m ade a colonia w hen V M acedonica departed to Troesm is after th e D acian W ars. R atiaria was also a colonia Ulpia. A s concerns II A diutrix, various indications suggest th a t it was sta ­ tioned som ew here in the w estern p arts of Moesia S uperior.1 5 A bout the y e a r 100 a centurion who had been decorated for service in a D acian W ar by an unnam ed em peror died a t Sirm ium (ILS 9193). The gravestone w as set up by his heir, th e p ro cu rato r T. C aesernius M acedo. This m an is attested as governor of M auretania Caesariensis in 107 (CIL XVI. 56). T he cam p of II A d iu trix m ay have lain som ew here close to Sirm ium . O therw ise, perhaps S ingidunum .1 6 L et th a t suffice, w ith a rem inder th a t the notice in the HA indicates Moesia S uperior as th e province. H a d ria n ’s service as trib u n e in th ree legions betw een 95 and 98 opens up an o th er them e: the id e n tity of consular legates tow ards the end of D om itian’s reign. The young laticlavius is often allocated to a province governed by some kinsm an or friend. Passage from one legion to another is not common. It can denote th e tran sfer of a legion or a governor. T h at is to say, the laticlavius rem ain s in the province w hen th e legion goes, or follow s a governor to an o th er province. Thus Ju n iu s A vitus w ent w ith Ju liu s S ervianus from G erm ania S uperior to P an n o n ia in 98 or 99 (Pliny, Epp. VIII. 23. 5). F u rth er, it m ay be desirable fo r th e young m an him self to change his province and join a second friend or m em ber of a fam ily group. To be trib u n e in th ree legions is abnorm al. T he only other instance is M inicius N atalis (ILS 1061, cf. 1029). He w as ju st th irty years younger th a n H adrian. Precision offers. N atalis in one and th e sam e year w as quaestor of th e em peror and quaestor un d er his father, th e proconsul of A frica. C learly 121. H adrian, setting ou t on his to u r of th e w estern provinces, h ad no need of a quaestor. A nd th e re is a useful corollary. The fath er of N atalis (suff. 106) comes n eatly into line as proconsul of A frica, for the ten u re 121/2. N atalis had been in succession laticlavius of I A diutrix, X I Claudia, XIV G em ina. Those posts should fall c. 114-8. N ow I A diutrix belonged to the first garrison of T ra ja n ’s Dacia, such is th e reasonable conjecture.1 7 F u rth er, th is legion w ent to th e E ast for T ra ja n ’s P arth ian W ar. It w as there com m anded by P lato riu s Nepos (ILS 1052), before his governorship of Thrace (? 117-9).1 8 The second legion belonged to M oesia Inferior, the th ird to P an n o n ia Superior. C. Patsch, W iener S-B CCXVII, Abh. 1 (1937), 46 f. Divergences of this order betray the absence of the necessary facts. 1 3 F or IV Flavia as one of the three legions garrisoning T rajan’s Dacia, cf. R. Syme, o. c. (1938), 277; JRS L II (1962), 88. 1 4 R. Syme, JR S X V III (1928), 49; Laureae A quincenses (1938), 272 f. 1 5 Its early traces at A quincum in Pannonia (G. Alföldy, o. c. 128) can be assigned to the period of D om itian’s w ars — or the early years of Trajan. 1 6 F or Singidunum (with necessary reservations), R. Syme, o. c. (1928), 48 f.; G. A lföldy (positive), o. c. 140. 1 7 E. Ritterling, o. c. 1390 f. ; R. Syme, o. c. (1938), 276. 1 9 P latorius Nepos is described as a friend of H adrian at the tim e of the ‘expeditio P arthica’ (HA, Hadr. 4, 2). N atalis, it m ight be supposed, preferred to stay behind in the D anubian lands w hen I A diu trix w ent aw ay. It would be of in terest to know the nam es of th e th ree governors in question. For D acia, no clue — unless A vidius N igrinus (suff. 110) w as already there. His governorship is attested by th e dedication set up by th e centurion in charge of his equites singulares at S arm izegethusa (ILS 2417). A s fo r Moesia Inferior, Pom peius Falco (suff. 108) is no t on record before 116 (CIL III. 12470), b u t m ay have arrived a year or tw o earlier. Finally, th e fath er of N atalis (suff. 106) is certified as legate of Pannonia S uperior in 116 (CIL XVI. 64). As w ith Falco, his first consular com m and; and he w as in office w hen T rajan died (ILS 1029). C uriosity is therefore w h etted about H adrian. W ho w ere the consular legates during his sojourn on the Danube, from 95 u n til the autum n of 97 ? F o r th e period 92— 100, th e facts are as follows: A. M oesia S uperior1 9 93 Cn. Pom peius Longinus (suff. 90) CIL XVI. 93. 100 C. Cilnius Proculus (87). CIL XVI. 46. T he attestation of Longinus is a diplom a dated to 93 by the im perial titu latu re, to 94 by th e suffect consuls. (CIL XVI. 39). H e m ight have been th ere since 91 or 92. He n ex t tu rn s up in Pannonia, registered on F eb ru ary 20, 98 (CIL XVI. 42), w here Ju liu s S ervianus soon takes his place (Pliny, Epp. V III. 23. 5).2 0 As for Cilnius, he had previously been legate of D alm atia (Not. Scav. 1925, 224: A rretium ). He vacated th a t post in 98: the poet M artial w ritin g in th a t y ear acclaim s a new governor of D alm atia, a m an called ’M acer’, w ho baffles identity.2 1 T herefore th ere is a gap betw een Longinus and th e arriv al of Cilnius in 98 or 99, for one legate, perhaps for two. B. Moesia Inferior2 2 92 Sex. O ctavius Fronto (suff. 86). CIL XVI. 37. 96/7 L. Ju liu s M arinus (? 93). C IL XVI. 41. 99 C. Pom ponius R ufus (95). C IL XVI. 44 f. 100 M ’ L aberius M axim us (89). SEG. I. 329, 11. 62 ff. H ere a vacancy is to be assum ed betw een Fronto and M arinus. The latter, the ‘Julius M ar[’attested in Ja n u a ry of 97 (CIL XVI. 41) is identified as L. Ju liu s M arinus, proconsul of B ithynia c. 89, com pare the inscription of h is son (ILS 1026). P erhaps appointed id 96 — and to have no long tenure, being replaced by Pom ponius R ufus in 97 or 98. T here is space, it follows, for Ignoti in both com m ands tow ards the end of D om itian’s reign. T h eir identification w ould be a precious fact of 1 9 A. Stein, Die Legaten von Moesien (1940), 39 f. 2 0 The date of the transference of Pom peius Longinus from Moesia Superior to P annonia is vital. It can have occurred as early as 94. The question has been obfuscated by the obtrusion of L. N eratius Priscus (i. e., the suffectus of 87) as legate of Pannonia from 94 to 97. Thus, recently, A. Reidinger, Die S tatthalter des ungeteilten Pannonien, etc. (1956), 58 f. Against, R. Syme, Gnomon X XIX (1957), 521. This governor is presum ably the homonymous suffectus of 97, w ith the tenure 102—105. 2 1 M artial X. 78, cf. R. Syme, Gnomon XXXI (1959), 515. 2 2 A. Stein, o. c. 58 ff.; J. Fitz, Die Laufbahn der S tatth alter in der röm ischen Provinz Moesia Inferior (1966), 44. political and social history. In the first instance would occur H ad rian ’s kinsm an and guardian, M. U lpius T raianus (cos. 91). Trajan, whose fath er h ad been a friend of V espasian and governor of Syria, was a firm support of th e Flavian dynasty. Y et no consular em ploym ent is on record in the last years of D om itian. It w as N erva who sent him to G erm ania Superior (Pliny, Pan. 9.5). P lin y in his Panegyricus is explicit and ex u b eran t about one notable exploit of the fu tu re em peror. W hen A ntonius Saturninus, th e governor of G erm ania Superior, m ade a proclam ation a t the beginning of 89 the loyal T rajan conducted a legion from Spain w ith m arvellous expedition. The orato r has no t seen fit to pu t on record any consular com m and. All he says is ‘cum aliis super alias expeditionibus itin ere illo dignus inveni­ re ris1 (Pan. 14. 5). It is a fair surm ise th a t T rajan w as on D om itian’s staff in Pannonia in 92 — and held a m ilitary province in the sequel.2 3 To be sure, P liny im plies th a t T rajan stayed at Rome during the T erro r — ’you shared our life, o u r dangers our fears’ (Pan. 44. 1). Not only T rajan. Ju liu s Servianus (suff. 90) comes into th e reckoning, th e husband of H ad rian ’s sister. W hen H adrian in the autum n of 97 was tran sferred to X X II P rim igenia in G erm ania Superior, he joined T rajan and rem ained th ere w ith his successor Servianus. The question arises: had H ad rian previously served u n d er eith er (or both) w hen laticlavius of II A d iu trix and of V M acedonica.2 4 A lternatives offer. T he one person m ight have governed the M oesian provinces in succession, th e laticlavius accom panying his relative. T hat w ould presuppose a prom otion. Also, two legions fo r Moesia Superior, th ree for M oesia Inferior. W hich is no t excluded (com pare above, on R atiaria and th e boundary betw een th e tw o provinces). O therw ise, the trib u n e passed from th e one consular relativ e to the other. If so, in w hich order ? L et it be supposed th a t T rajan held M oesia S uperior from 94 to 96 or 97, succeeding Pom peius Longinus, w ith S ervianus in the other province from 92 or 93 to 96 (after O ctavius Fronto). In th a t case, H adrian w ent first to T rajan as trib u n e of II A diutrix and perm uted to Servianus in 96. Ju liu s M arinus took the place of Servianus (perhaps late in th e year), bu t H ad rian did not depart. He stayed on as trib u n e of V M acedonica w ith M arinus (no personal attach m en t is on record), and did not join T rajan w hen T rajan w as sent by N erva to be governor of G erm ania Superior. It w as th e adoption th a t b ro u g h t him from th e D anube of the Rhine. T rajan ra th e r than S ervianus as governor of Moesia S uperior w hen H adrian took up his trib u n a te in 95, is th ere any criterion fo r deciding? A n extraneous item now supervenes, w hich m ay (or m ay not) be accorded validity. In any event, it raises questions of some interest concerning the im perial army. A n optio of the legion XV A pollinaris called M. Ulpius D asius died at C arn u n tu m after 20 y ears of service (CIL III. 4491). T hat provides a date. This legion, it is generally held, w as rem oved from P annonia and tak en to th e eastern lands for T ra ja n ’s P arth ian W ar. No evidence records its 2 3 R. Syme, JRS XXXV (1945), 115 (review of A. Stein, Die Legaten von Moesien) ; Tacitus (1958), 34. 2 4 R. Syme, Tacitus (1958), 34; JRS LIV (19G4), 143 f. share in any cam paign — an d it m ight not have been am ong the first of the D anubian legions to d ep art. H ow ever, XV A pollinaris tu rn s up in th e sequel at S atala as one of th e tw o legions garrisoning Cappadocia. The soldier had 20 years of service — and also T ra ja n ’s g en tilic iu m . If he w as enrolled in or subsequent to 98, it w ould follow th a t XV A pollinaris did not leave C arnuntum u n til 118, or later. T h at is not impossible. A n o th er explanation avails. M. U lpius D asius carries Sirm ium as his origo. T h at is to say, he is a n ative (observe th e Illy rian cognom en) recru ited from the territo ry of Sirm ium and given th e citizenship on enlistm ent. P erh ap s he took the n o m e n no t from T rajan the E m peror b u t from M. U lpius Traianus, who m ay have been th e governor of M oesia Superior in 94—96. As has been show n above, Sirm ium probably belonged to the province a t th a t time. S uch a surm ise w ould need to be justified. P rovincial governors tran sm it th e ir n o m e n to clients. Y et a glance, how ever, cursory, a t the nom enclature of new citizens shows th a t th e practice tended to fade out. It w as not encouraged by the em perors. Not b u t th a t exam ples can still be found in th e Second C entury. A fam ily of U m m idii occurs a t G igthis.2 5 It perm its th e conjecture th a t H ad rian ’s friend C. U m m idius Q uadratus (suff. 118) w as proconsul of A frica in IS S ^.2 6 Soldiers are another m atter. The th in g occurred, to be sure in th e early period. The arm y list a t Coptos c. 1 B. C. (ILS 2483) provides clear instances. Thus tw o m en w ith A ncyra for th eir origo and the nam e ‘M. L ollius’. They are p aten tly n ativ e G alatians enrolled by M. Lollius, w hen he w as governor of G alatia (25 —■ 22 B. C.). L a te r exam ples are not easy to come by. The C aesars w ere jealous about clientela. They w ould not w ish to have th eir monopoly infringed precisely in th e arm ed forces. Therefore, w hen the n o m in a of governors crop up among soldiers, one m ust proceed w ith caution. T hey m ay derive from civilian p aren ts w ho have been granted th e civitas. Thus probably th e B atavian ‘C. P etillius C. f. V index’, decurio in an au x iliary regim ent in th e y e a r 110 (CIL XVI. 164). A n o table docum ent. The n o m e n is th a t of the R om an general w ho defeated th e B atavian insurgents C. P etillius Ceriales. His p a re n t w as enfranchised by th e general. A nother docum ent has strangely escaped notice: a list of legionaries w ho joined V M acedonica in 108 and 109 (CIL III. 6178: Troesmis). The nam es ‘A ponius M oe[?sicus]’ and ‘Fonteius C apito’ occur. They echo M. A ponius Saturninus, legate of M oesia in 69, and his successor C. F onteius Capito, whose ten u re w as q u ietly term inated by d eath in the field. P erhaps these m en are in fact th e sons of soldiers who h ad been recruited in a season of em ergency. A later exam ple has been detected, acclaim ed w ith unanim ity and exploited to a notable conclusion and certainty. A n inscription found at M unicipium M ontanensium in M oesia Inferior carries the nam es of soldiers belonging to a v e x illa tio of th e legion X I C laudia (CIL III. 7449). O n the list no. 60 is reproduced as ‘Umi. Q uadratus’. He got his nam e, such is the 2 5 CIL VIII. 4042-4; 22693; 22743. 2 6 As argued in a paper on the senatorial U m m idii, H istoria XVII (1968), 92. assum ption, from an U m m idius Q uadratus w ho w as governor of th e pro­ vince. T hat person tu rn s up providentially, revealed by the inscription of his beneficiarius at C harax in the Crim ea (Arch. Anz. 1911, 2361. Hence a governor of Moesia In ferio r under A ntoninus Pius. He is identified as C. U m m idius Q uadratus (consulate not attested) w ho m arried c. 137 A nnia Cornificia, the sister of M arcus (PIR2, A 708). His governorship was th e re ­ fore p u t c. 150.2 7 A n attractiv e com bination. The certitude w as prem ature. First, the assum ed acquisition of nam e and civitas m ight go back to the soldier’s fath er. H ere and elsew here it is relevant to note that, like the freedm an, the client does not norm ally take the cognom en of the patronus.2 8 Still it m ay som etim es supervene in the second generation. Thus, presum ably, the ‘Fonteius C apito’ recru ited in 109 or 110 for v Macedonica. The prim e instance is the Cypriote notable C. U m m idius Q uadratus, the son of C. U m m idius Pantauches (IGR III. 750, f. 751: Palaepaphus). The la tte r got th e citizenship from th e g reat ancestor of th e Um m idii (suff. c. 40), pro- consul of C yprus un d er T iberius (ILS 972). Second, the original publication of the inscription in fact gave the soldier’s nam e as ‘]mi. Q u ad ratu s’.2 9 O bserve tw o others on the list, viz. ‘M um. C eler’ (no. 61) and ‘Mu[?m.] N iger’ (no. 66). D oubt th erefore arises, or even denial. T h at soldier did no t take a go­ v ern o r’s name, tow ards th e y ear 150. And, for th a t m atter, the legate of M oesia Inferior certified by the C harax inscription does not have to be the youthful husband of A nnia Cornificia. R ath er his parent, th e suffectus of 118; and his ten u re can be pu t c. 121-4.3 0 To sum up. T here is a chance th a t M. U lpius Dasius from Sirm ium acquired civitas and nom en before the accession of T rajan. Hence a prop to th e notice th a t T rajan w as legate of M oesia Superior about the y ear 95. In any event, the hypothesis th a t both T ra ja n and of Servianus held governorships in the M oesian provinces as th e ir first consular posts ought to be taken into account. The Rhine com m ands, though now reduced to th ree legions each, had a h ig h er and a historic prestige. T rajan w hen adopted by N erva was holding G erm ania Superior, and Servianus replaced him there. In the crisis of 97 th e legates in the consular arm y com m ands w ere vital. T heir previous em ploym ents are instructive — if they can be ascer­ tained. For w ant of som ething better, H adrian’s m ilitary service is a relev an t factor. 2 7 W. Hiittl, A ntoninus Pius IX (1933), 120 ff.; A. Stein, o. c. 70; J. Fitz, Epi- graphica XXVI (1964), 45 ff., cf. the résum é in AE 1965, 152. 2 8 Compare rem arks about persons called ‘Sentius Saturninus’, H istoria X III (1964), 163 f. 2 9 Eph. Ep. IV, p. 527. 3 0 As suggested in H istoria XVII (1968), 89 f. A place can be found alter the m ysterious ‘]rtorius’ attested in 120 (CIL III. 7359), propably a Sertorius Brocchus, and before C. B ruttius Praesens (suff. ? 119). Cappadocia preceded Moesia Inferior in the cursus of Praesens (AE 1950, 66: M actar; IRT 545: Lepcis). POVZETEK H adrijan v M eziji H adrijan je služboval kot tribunus m ilitum v dveh m ezijskih legijah (II A d iu trix in V Macedonica) od le ta 95 do pozne jeseni leta 97. To dejstvo načenja vrsto vprašanj iz vojaške in adm inistrativne zgodovine. Prvič, kolikšno je bilo število legij v obeh Mezijah. P redpostaviti moramo, da jih je bilo m ed 93 in 100 pet. Drugič, v kateri od obeh Mezij so bile stacionirane tri, v kateri dve legiji. Odločilna pri tem je ugotovitev, dokod je v tem času Moesia superior segala. Tretjič, garnizijski m esti obeh legij, ki sta prišli poslednji v provinco, nam reč II A diutrix in IV Flavia. Č eprav je še mnogo negotovosti, kažejo različni indici, da je bila II A d iu trix vsekakor v Meziji superior. Dalje, določitev konsularnih legatov. Tribuni služijo navadno v provincah, ki jih u p rav ljajo njihovi sorodniki. S tega vidika zaslužita našo posebno pozornost M. U lpius Traianus in Ser. Iulius Servianus (ki se je poročil s H adrijanovo sestro). Eden od n jiju ali oba sta u p rav ljala Mezijo proti koncu Domicijanove vlade. M orda pom aga še m ajhen indic. V ojak legije XV Apollinaris, M. Ulpius Dasius, je um rl v K arnuntu star 40 let po 20 letih službe (CIL III. 4491). Doma je iz Sir- m ija, ki je spadal med leti 86 in 106 verjetno v Mezijo superior. M orda je prejel ime in državljanstvo od T rajan a samega, ki je okoli leta 95 upravljal provinco. Ni p a gotovo, če so v tem času legijski rek ru ti prejem ali gentiino ime po guver­ nerjih, ki so jih vpoklicali.