•'IV'.r' 1- Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo The gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe Zbirka / Series OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE 17 Uredniki zbirke / Editors Jana Horvat, Andrej Pleterski, Anton Velušček Jana Horvat Alma Bavdek OKRA Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo OCRA The gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe Recenzenti / Reviewed by Prevod / Translation Jezikovni pregled / Proof-reader Tehnična ureditev / Technical Editor Likovno-grafična zasnova / Graphic and art design Oblikovanje platnic / Cover design Risbe / Drawings Računalniški prelom / DTP Priprava slikovnega gradiva / Preparation of illustrations Izdala in založila / Published by Zanju / Represented by Glavni urednik / Editor-in-Chief Tisk / Printed by Dragan Božič, Janka Istenič, Marjeta Šašel Kos Sunčan Patrick Stone Marjeta Humar Mateja Belak Milojka Žalik Huzjan Tamara Korošec Tamara Korošec, Dragica Knific Lunder Mateja Belak Drago Valoh, Mateja Belak Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC Oto Luthar, Jana Horvat Vojislav Likar DZS d. d., Ljubljana Izid knjige so podprli / Občina Postojna, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU in Javna agencija za knjigo RS Published with the support of Občina Postojna (Municipality of Postojna), Scientific Research Centre of the SASA and Slovenian Book Agency Fotografija na ovitku / Cover photo Alma Bavdek CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 903/904(497.471) HORVAT, Jana Okra : vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo = Ocra : the gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe / Jana Horvat in Alma Bavdek ; [prevod Sunčan Patrik Stone ; risbe Tamara Korošec, Dragica Knific Lunder]. - Ljubljana : Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU : Založba ZRC, 2009. - (Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae ; 17) ISBN 978-961-254-163-7 1. Bavdek, Alma 248482304 © 2009, ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te knjige ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja lastnikov avtorskih pravic. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Knjiga je nastala v okviru programa 'Arheološke raziskave" (P6-0064), ki ga financira Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS, in projekta "Najdišča na Razdrtem" Notranjskega muzeja Postojna, ki ga financira Občina Postojna. Jana Horvat Alma Bavdek OKRA Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo OCRA ^e gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe ZALOŽBA Z R C LJUBLJANA 2009 VSEBINA Kratice....................................................................................................................................................................................10 Predgovor ..............................................................................................................................................................................11 Geografski in zgodovinski oris Pivške kotline in Razdrtega ..........................................................................................13 Antični pisni viri o Okri......................................................................................................................................................19 Arheološka najdišča na območju Razdrtega.....................................................................................................................23 Zaščitne arheološke raziskave leta 1989 ............................................................................................................................25 Goli vrh..................................................................................................................................................................................29 Metoda terenskega dela ..................................................................................................................................................30 Terenski izvid...................................................................................................................................................................31 Profil 4a........................................................................................................................................................................33 Časovna opredelitev predmetov....................................................................................................................................34 Sklep..................................................................................................................................................................................36 Mandrga.................................................................................................................................................................................39 Metoda terenskega dela ..................................................................................................................................................39 Terenski izvid...................................................................................................................................................................40 Jarek..............................................................................................................................................................................42 Površina .......................................................................................................................................................................44 Analiza struktur...............................................................................................................................................................47 Analiza drobnih najdb....................................................................................................................................................52 Relativna kronologija 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr....................................................................................................................52 Kovinski predmeti......................................................................................................................................................53 Fibule.......................................................................................................................................................................53 Obesek .....................................................................................................................................................................55 Drugi kovinski predmeti ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Steklo............................................................................................................................................................................56 Keramika .....................................................................................................................................................................56 Keramika s črnim premazom .............................................................................................................................. 57 Keramika s črnim premazom v severni Italiji...............................................................................................57 Tipologija...........................................................................................................................................................58 Kronologija........................................................................................................................................................64 Izvor....................................................................................................................................................................67 Oljenke....................................................................................................................................................................67 Keramika tankih sten ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Tipologija...........................................................................................................................................................68 Kronologija........................................................................................................................................................70 Navadna namizna keramika ................................................................................................................................ 72 Siva venetska keramika....................................................................................................................................72 Oksidacijsko žgana namizna keramika .........................................................................................................74 Italska kuhinjska keramika ................................................................................................................................... 74 Lonci...................................................................................................................................................................75 Pekači .................................................................................................................................................................76 Pokrovi ............................................................................................................................................................... 77 Značilnosti kuhinjske keramike na Mandrgi ................................................................................................ 78 CONTENTS Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................................................10 Foreword................................................................................................................................................................................11 Geographic and historic representation of Razdrto and the Pivka basin .....................................................................13 Literary sources on Ocra .....................................................................................................................................................19 Archaeological sites in Razdrto and its vicinity...............................................................................................................23 1989 rescue archaeological excavation..............................................................................................................................25 Goli vrh..................................................................................................................................................................................29 Fieldwork method ...........................................................................................................................................................29 Fieldwork results..............................................................................................................................................................31 Section 4a.....................................................................................................................................................................33 Chronology of the objects..............................................................................................................................................34 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................................36 Mandrga.................................................................................................................................................................................39 Fieldwork methods..........................................................................................................................................................39 Fieldwork results..............................................................................................................................................................40 Ditch.............................................................................................................................................................................42 Surface..........................................................................................................................................................................46 Analysis of structures......................................................................................................................................................50 Small finds analysis .........................................................................................................................................................52 Relative chronology for 2nd and 1st century BC .....................................................................................................52 Metal objects ...............................................................................................................................................................53 Fibulae.....................................................................................................................................................................53 Pendant ...................................................................................................................................................................55 Other metal objects...............................................................................................................................................56 Glass .............................................................................................................................................................................56 Pottery..........................................................................................................................................................................56 Black-slip pottery...................................................................................................................................................57 Black-slip pottery in northern Italy ...............................................................................................................57 Typology............................................................................................................................................................58 Chronology........................................................................................................................................................63 Origin.................................................................................................................................................................67 Oil lamps.................................................................................................................................................................67 Thin-walled pottery...............................................................................................................................................68 Typology............................................................................................................................................................68 Chronology........................................................................................................................................................70 Coarse tableware....................................................................................................................................................72 Grey Venetic ware.............................................................................................................................................72 Oxidation fired tableware................................................................................................................................73 Italian kitchenware ................................................................................................................................................74 Pots .....................................................................................................................................................................75 Baking dishes ....................................................................................................................................................76 Lids .....................................................................................................................................................................77 Characteristics of Mandrga kitchenware.......................................................................................................78 Keltska keramika ...................................................................................................................................................80 Prazgodovinska keramika ....................................................................................................................................82 Črepinjske ploščice................................................................................................................................................82 Amfore ....................................................................................................................................................................83 Ustja amfor ........................................................................................................................................................84 Ročaji amfor......................................................................................................................................................89 Zatiči amfor.......................................................................................................................................................89 Pokrovi za amfore.............................................................................................................................................90 Sklep...................................................................................................................................................................92 Interpretacija....................................................................................................................................................................93 Preval......................................................................................................................................................................................97 Metoda terenskega dela ..................................................................................................................................................97 Terenski izvid.................................................................................................................................................................100 Kurišče v kvadrantu D11 .........................................................................................................................................101 Cesta...........................................................................................................................................................................101 Ruševina.....................................................................................................................................................................102 Jarek 1.........................................................................................................................................................................104 Jama 1.........................................................................................................................................................................104 Jama 2.........................................................................................................................................................................105 Jama 3.........................................................................................................................................................................105 Jama 4.........................................................................................................................................................................106 Drenaža......................................................................................................................................................................106 Jarek 2.........................................................................................................................................................................107 Novoveški objekt ......................................................................................................................................................107 Nasutja in površina...................................................................................................................................................108 Analiza struktur.............................................................................................................................................................110 Analiza drobnih najdb ..................................................................................................................................................111 Kurišče v kvadrantu D11 .........................................................................................................................................111 Ruševina obcestne stavbe ........................................................................................................................................112 Prostorska analiza................................................................................................................................................112 Novci .....................................................................................................................................................................113 Kovinski predmeti...............................................................................................................................................115 Steklo.....................................................................................................................................................................117 Oljenke..................................................................................................................................................................118 Fina namizna keramika......................................................................................................................................118 Navadna namizna keramika ..............................................................................................................................121 Kuhinjska keramika ............................................................................................................................................121 Amfore ..................................................................................................................................................................123 Sklep ......................................................................................................................................................................123 Jarek 1.........................................................................................................................................................................124 Drenaža......................................................................................................................................................................125 Površinske najdbe.....................................................................................................................................................125 Interpretacija..................................................................................................................................................................126 Zaključek: Razdrto, Okra in poti čez Alpe......................................................................................................................129 Bronasta in starejša železna doba na Notranjskem...................................................................................................130 Mlajša železna doba na Notranjskem .........................................................................................................................131 Rimljani na vznožju jugovzhodnih Alp......................................................................................................................132 Rimski sledovi na Notranjskem...................................................................................................................................135 2. st. pr. Kr..................................................................................................................................................................135 Poznolatenska doba..................................................................................................................................................137 Razdrto v latenskem obdobju .................................................................................................................................139 Poti čez jugovzhodne Alpe v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr...........................................................................................................140 Rimske ceste v Furlanski nižini ..............................................................................................................................140 Poti čez Karnijske Alpe............................................................................................................................................141 Celtic pottery..........................................................................................................................................................81 Prehistoric pottery.................................................................................................................................................83 Circular discs..........................................................................................................................................................83 Amphorae...............................................................................................................................................................83 Amphora rims...................................................................................................................................................85 Amphora handles ............................................................................................................................................90 Amphora bases..................................................................................................................................................90 Amphora lids.....................................................................................................................................................90 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................92 Interpretation...................................................................................................................................................................93 Preval......................................................................................................................................................................................97 Fieldwork methods..........................................................................................................................................................97 Fieldwork results............................................................................................................................................................100 Burnt surface in quadrant D11 ...............................................................................................................................101 The road.....................................................................................................................................................................101 Destruction layer......................................................................................................................................................103 Ditch 1........................................................................................................................................................................104 Pit 1.............................................................................................................................................................................105 Pit 2.............................................................................................................................................................................105 Pit 3.............................................................................................................................................................................106 Pit 4.............................................................................................................................................................................106 Drainage.....................................................................................................................................................................107 Ditch 2........................................................................................................................................................................107 Modern period building..........................................................................................................................................108 Surface finds..............................................................................................................................................................109 Analysis of structures....................................................................................................................................................109 Small finds analysis .......................................................................................................................................................111 Burnt surface in quadrant D11 ...............................................................................................................................111 Destruction layer of a roadside building...............................................................................................................112 Spatial analysis .....................................................................................................................................................112 Coins .....................................................................................................................................................................114 Metal objects ........................................................................................................................................................114 Glass ......................................................................................................................................................................117 Oil lamps...............................................................................................................................................................118 Fine tableware ......................................................................................................................................................118 Coarse tableware..................................................................................................................................................121 Kitchenware..........................................................................................................................................................121 Amphorae.............................................................................................................................................................123 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................123 Ditch 1........................................................................................................................................................................124 Drainage.....................................................................................................................................................................125 Surface finds..............................................................................................................................................................126 Interpretation.................................................................................................................................................................127 Conclusions: Razdrto, Ocra and routes leading across the Alps..................................................................................129 The Bronze and Early Iron Age in the Notranjska region........................................................................................131 Late Iron Age in the Notranjska region......................................................................................................................132 Romans at the foothills of the southeastern Alps......................................................................................................133 Roman traces in the Notranjska region......................................................................................................................137 2nd century BC..........................................................................................................................................................137 Late La Tene period..................................................................................................................................................137 Razdrto in the La Tene period................................................................................................................................139 Routes across the southeast Alps in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC...........................................................................140 Roman roads in the Friuli Plain .............................................................................................................................140 The routes across the Carnic Alps..........................................................................................................................141 Pot ob Nadiži in Soči............................................................................................... ..................................................143 Poti čez Alpe in Razdrto......................................................................................... ..................................................144 Razdrto v zgodnjecesarskem obdobju....................................................................... ..................................................146 Nova cestna mreža od avgustejskega obdobja dalje................................................. ..................................................147 Razdrto v pozni rimski dobi ....................................................................................... ..................................................150 Literatura............................................................................................................................ ..................................................153 Katalog................................................................................................................................ .................................................165 Uvod............................................................................................................................... .................................................165 Keramične zvrsti........................................................................................................... .................................................165 Keramika s črnim premazom ................................................................................ .................................................166 Tera sigilata............................................................................................................... .................................................167 Skodelice Sarius ....................................................................................................... .................................................167 Keramika tankih sten.............................................................................................. .................................................167 Oljenke...................................................................................................................... ..................................................168 Navadna keramika................................................................................................... ..................................................168 Kuhinjska keramika ................................................................................................ ..................................................169 Svitki.......................................................................................................................... ..................................................171 Amfore...................................................................................................................... ..................................................171 Opisi predmetov........................................................................................................... ..................................................172 Prevodi...................................................................................................................... ..................................................172 Kratice....................................................................................................................... ..................................................172 Goli vrh..................................................................................................................... ..................................................173 Mandrga.................................................................................................................... ..................................................173 Jarek...................................................................................................................... ..................................................173 Zahodni del......................................................................................................... ..................................................177 Vzhodni del......................................................................................................... ..................................................178 Površina ............................................................................................................... .................................................183 Preval......................................................................................................................... ..................................................184 Kurišče v kv. D11 ................................................................................................ ..................................................184 Ruševina ............................................................................................................... ..................................................184 Jarek 1 ................................................................................................................... .................................................187 Drenaža ................................................................................................................ .................................................187 Površina ............................................................................................................... .................................................188 Novoveški objekt ................................................................................................ .................................................188 Table .................................................................................................................................... .................................................195 Priloga The route along the Nadiža and Soča rivers..........................................................................................................143 The routes across the Alps and Razdrto ................................................................................................................144 Razdrto in the Early Imperial period..........................................................................................................................146 The new road network from the Augustan period onwards....................................................................................147 Razdrto in the Late Roman period..............................................................................................................................150 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................................153 Catalogue.............................................................................................................................................................................165 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................165 Ceramic fabrics..............................................................................................................................................................165 Black-slip pottery......................................................................................................................................................166 Terra sigillata.............................................................................................................................................................167 Sarius cups.................................................................................................................................................................167 Thin-walled pottery..................................................................................................................................................167 Oil lamps....................................................................................................................................................................168 Coarse tableware.......................................................................................................................................................168 Kitchenware...............................................................................................................................................................169 Ceramic rings............................................................................................................................................................172 Amphorae..................................................................................................................................................................172 Description of the objects.............................................................................................................................................172 Translations...............................................................................................................................................................172 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................................172 Goli vrh......................................................................................................................................................................173 Mandrga.....................................................................................................................................................................173 Ditch......................................................................................................................................................................173 Western part.........................................................................................................................................................177 Eastern part..........................................................................................................................................................178 Surface...................................................................................................................................................................183 Preval..........................................................................................................................................................................184 Burnt surface in quadrant D11 ..........................................................................................................................184 Destruction layer .................................................................................................................................................184 Ditch 1...................................................................................................................................................................187 Drainage................................................................................................................................................................187 Surface finds.........................................................................................................................................................188 Modern period building.....................................................................................................................................188 Plates ....................................................................................................................................................................................195 Appendix KRATICE / ABBREVIATIONS IzA Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti Institute of Archaeology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts IZRK Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti Karst Research Institute, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts NMPo Notranjski muzej Postojna Notranjska Museum, Postojna NMS Narodni muzej Slovenije National Museum of Slovenia SAZU Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts ZVNKD Zavod za varstvo naravne in kulturne dediščine; danes: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Institute for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage; renamed to: Institute for the Pro tection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia PREDGOVOR foreword Minilo je dvajset let po zaključku arheoloških izkopavanj na gradbišču avtocestnega razcepa pri Razdrtem, ki so kot uvertura napovedala kasnejša velika odkritja ob gradnji avtocest po vsej Sloveniji. Zaščitna izkopavanja na treh najdiščih, Golem vrhu, Mandrgi in Prevalu, je izpeljala Kraška muzejska zbirka pri Inštitutu za raziskovanje krasa Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti (IZRK) iz Postojne (od 10. 8. do 16. 10. 1989). Terenske raziskave je financiral Cestni inženiring, p. o. Predmeti z dokumentacijo so prišli v muzejsko zbirko, ki se je leto pozneje odcepila od Inštituta (IZRK), se preimenovala v Notranjski muzej Postojna (NMPo) in prevzela vso premično kulturno dediščino zbirke, torej tudi predmete z Razdrtega. V naslednjih letih so bili predmeti z najdišč na Razdrtem pod vodstvom Alme Bavdek osnovno zaščiteni in muzejsko obdelani. Sredstva za poizkopavalna dela pa je zagotovila Republiška uprava za ceste. Nadaljnja obdelava in risanje predmetov sta zaradi skromnih finančnih sredstev, ki jih je imel na razpolago muzej, potekala počasi. Muzej si je leta 1993 zagotovil denarno pomoč tudi z raziskovalno nalogo Občine Postojna. Že med muzejsko obdelavo se je v vrednotenje gradiva vključila Jana Horvat z Inštituta za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti (IzA), rezultate preliminarnih analiz pa je vključila tudi v svojo disertacijo (Začetek rimske dobe na prostoru zahodne in osrednje Slovenije, Ljubljana 1993). V naslednjih letih je Inštitut za arheologijo prevzel in tudi dokončal risanje vsega gradiva. Knjiga predstavlja temeljne rezultate izkopavanj iz leta 1989 in je sad skupnega dela dveh avtoric, ki se prepleta v več poglavjih. Težišče obravnave Alme Bavdek je bilo na ovrednotenju terenske dokumentacije ter na opredelitvi prazgodovinskega gradiva in kovinskih predmetov, delo Jane Horvat pa je temeljilo na analizi rimske keramike in interpretaciji rimskodobnih najdišč, njen prispevek pa je tudi skupni zaključek, kjer je Razdrto vpeto v zgodovinska dogajanja širšega prostora. Avtorici se najprej želiva zahvaliti arheologoma Meh-tildi Urleb in Valentinu Scheinu, bivšima sodelavcema Twenty years have passed since the end of the archaeological excavations that started during the motorway construction at the site of Razdrto. It was revealed that these excavations were merely an overture for the later great discoveries that were made during the motorway construction throughout Slovenia. Rescue archaeological excavations at three sites (Goli vrh, Mandrga and Preval) were performed by Kraška muzejska zbirka (the Karst museum collection) at the Karst Research Institute of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (IZRK) from Postojna (between 10th August and 16th October 1989). Fieldwork research was financed by Cestni inženiring, p. o. The objects and the documentation were handed over to the museum collection which split from the Institute (IZRK) a year later and was renamed into the Notranjska Museum Postojna (NMPo). The new museum also took over all movable cultural heritage of the collection, including the objects from Razdrto. In the following years the objects from the sites at Razdrto were subjected to museum treatment (including all basic conservation processes) under the guidance of Alma Bavdek. The funds for the post-excavation works were ensured by the Republic Road Administration. Due to the low funds at the museum's disposal further treatment and the drawing of objects continued slowly. In 1993 the museum obtained financial help through the research project of the Municipality of Postojna. Already during the museum treatment Jana Horvat from the Institute of Archaeology of the Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Science and Arts (IzA) joined in the evaluation of finds, and the results of the preliminary analysis were included in her dissertation (The beginning of the Roman period in western and central Slovenia, Ljubljana 1993). Over the following years IzA also ensured that all the finds were drawn. The book presents the basic results of the 1989 excavations and is the fruit of a combined effort by two authors, an effort that intertwines in numerous chapters. Alma Bavdek focused on the evaluation of the fieldwork documentation and on defining the prehistoric finds and metal objects, while Jana Horvat dealt with the analysis Kraške muzejske zbirke in pozneje NMPo, ki sta dovolila objavo gradiva in vseskozi pomagala s podatki in nasveti. Zahvaljujeva se tudi Nadi Osmuk (ZVNKD), ki nama je prepustila objavo amfore, najdene pod Bandero. Peter Križman iz NMPo je opravil veliko delo pri konzerviranju in restavriranju predmetov in z natančnim pristopom prispeval tudi pri tehnični pripravi knjige. Glavnino dela pri pripravi knjige so opravili na IzA. Drobno gradivo sta z veščo roko izrisali Tamara Korošec in Dragica Knific Lunder. Drago Valoh je skrbno pripravil slike in table, Mateja Belak pa karte. Pri pripravi slik je sodelovala tudi Lucija Lavrenčič. Franjo Drole (IZRK) nam je posredoval geodetske in kartografske podatke ter pomagal pri interpretaciji izmer z arheoloških izkopavanj. Draško Josipovič (samostojni raziskovalec) je določil kamnite artefakte, opredelitev novcev pa je bila v rokah Andreja Šemrova (NMS). Višinske posnetke širšega območja Razdrtega je med preletom z motornim zmajem naredil Franci Novak (Photo.fly.Franci). Fotografije drobnega gradiva so mojstrsko delo Matjaža Prešerna (ADNA d. o. o.), keltskih novcev Matije Pavlovca, slika amfor pa Tomaža Lauka (NMS). V knjigi se zrcali znanje Mateje Belak v računalniškem oblikovanju teksta ter slik in Tamare Korošec v oblikovanju platnic. V uvodnih poglavjih je Alenka Čuk (NMPo) pregledala zgodovinske, Andrej Mihevc (IZRK) geografske in Bojan Otoničar (IZRK) geološke dele. Dragan Božič, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Primož Pavlin, Benjamin Štular (vsi IzA), Janka Istenič (NMS) in Tina Žerjal (Harpha Sea d. o. o.) so kritično prebrali besedilo in predlagali številne izboljšave. Pri opredeljevanju in določanju gradiva ter razumevanju problematike je bila izredno dragocena pomoč kolegic Patrizie Donat, Renate Merlatti, Paole Maggi in Ulrike Ehmig. Slovensko besedilo je lektorirala Marjeta Humar. Delo je v angleščino prevedel Sunčan Patrick Stone. Knjiga je bila natisnjena s podporo Občine Postojna, Notranjskega muzeja Postojna, Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU in Javne agencije za knjigo Republike Slovenije. Avtorici se vsem navedenim iskreno zahvaljujeva. Knjige pa prav gotovo ne bi bilo brez spodbudnega ozračja in vsakodnevne podpore na Inštitutu za arheologijo in v Notranjskemu muzeju. of Roman pottery, the interpretation of Roman period sites and compiled the final conclusion. First of all the authors would like to thank the archaeologists Mehtilda Urleb and Valentin Schein, former collaborators of the Karst museum collection and later NMPo, who gave the permission for the material to be published and assisted with providing information and advice throughout the process. Peter Križman from NMPo performed excellent work in the conservation and restoration of the finds and contributed to the technical preparation of the book. Most of the work necessary for the book preparation was undertaken by IzA. The small finds were drawn by Tamara Korošec and Dragica Knific Lunder. Drago Valoh prepared the figures and plates with the help of Lucija Lavrenčič, while Mateja Belak took care of the maps and tables. Mateja Belak prepared the layout of the text and figures and Tamara Korošec the cover design. Franjo Drole (IZRK) supplied us with geodetic and cartographic data and helped us interpret the measurements obtained during the archaeological excavations. Draško Josipovič defined the stone artefacts, and the coins were determined by Andrej Šemrov (NMS). Nada Osmuk (ZVNKD) allowed us to include into the book the amphora found under Bandera. The altitude photographs of the Razdrto area were taken by Franci Novak while flying over the area in a microlite. The small finds were photographed by Matjaž Prešeren, the Celtic coins by Matija Pavlovec, and the amphorae by Tomaž Lauko (NMS). In the introductory chapters, the historical data was reviewed by Alenka Čuk (NMPo), the geographic by Andrej Mihevc (IZRK) and the geological by Bojan Otoničar (IZRK). Dragan Božič, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Primož Pavlin, Benjamin Štular (all from IzA), Janka Istenič (NMS) and Tina Žerjal (Harpha Sea d. o. o.) have critically read the text and suggested numerous improvements. During our discussion with Patrizia Donat, Renata Merlatti, Paola Maggi and Ulrike Ehmig we managed to define a part of the material and get the clearer understanding of the subject. The Slovene language editing was performed by Marjeta Humar. The text was translated into English by Sunčan Patrick Stone. The book was published with the support of the Municipality of Postojna, the Notranjska Museum Postojna, the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Science and Arts and the Slovenian Book Agency. The authors would like to thank everybody mentioned. The book would not see the light of day if it were not for the encouraging atmosphere and the everyday support found at the Institute of Archaeology and the Notranjska Museum. GEOGRAFSKI IN ZGODOVINSKI ORIS PIVŠKE KOTLINE IN RAZDRTEGA GEOGRAPHIC AND HISTORIC REPRESENTATION OF RAZDRTO AND THE PIVKA BASIN Pivška kotlina je reliefno malo razgibana pokrajina na nadmorski višini med 500 in 600 m. Leži med visokimi Dinarskimi planotami, Krasom in Brkini. Na severozahodu jo omejuje Nanos, na severu Hrušica, na vzhodu Javorniki in Snežnik, na zahodu in jugu pa odrastki Vremščice s Slavenskim ravnikom in Taborski hribi (sl. 1-2). Večji, severni del dna kotline, med Predjamo, Postojno, Razdrtim in Prestrankom, gradi eocenski fliš iz mehkih, malo odpornih in nepropustnih peščenjakov, laporjev in konglomeratov. Južni del kotline je nastal na apnencih. Obrobje, kjer so številne kraške jame, je predvsem iz krednega apnenca.1 V Pivški kotlini se zbirajo površinske in kraške vode ter na vse strani odtekajo skozi kraške jame. Največja reka je Pivka. Vodo dobi iz kraških izvirov v južnem delu kotline, pri Postojni se ji pridruži Nanoščica, ki odmaka severozahodni, flišni del kotline. Združena reka odteka na nadmorski višini 510 m v Postojnsko jamo in gre naprej po podzemlju proti izvirom Unice na Planinskem polju. Po kotlini teče še več manjših potokov, ki ločeno ponikajo v apnence na robu kotline. Največja ponikalnica je Lokva, ki pripada povodju Vipave. Ponika pod Predjamskim gradom na višini 464 m nad morjem. V pokrajini se prepletajo klimatski vplivi gorskega in celinskega podnebja. Kontinentalni vplivi so izraziti zlasti pozimi, ko prodori hladnega zraka povzročajo močno burjo ter snežne zamete. Burja je suh, hladen in sunkovit severovzhodni veter, ki nastane, ko se hladen zrak iz notranjosti preko Hrušice in Javornikov spušča proti zahodu.2 Najmočnejša je tam, kjer se kanalizira skozi reliefne vrzeli, na primer v Postojnskih vratih in na prevalu pri Razdrtem.3 Glavni prehodi iz Pivške kotline potekajo v treh smereh: skozi Postojnska vrata med Javorniki in Hru-šico na severovzhod proti osrednji Sloveniji, pri Pivki proti jugu v Košansko dolino in naprej v dolino Reke ter pri Razdrtem na zahod v Vipavsko dolino. Prehod v Vipavsko dolino pri Razdrtem (600 m n. m.) omejujejo na severni strani strma pobočja Nanosa, ki se pnejo do 1 Gospodarič 1975; Gams 2004, 290-310. 2 Mihevc 1998. 3 Mihevc 1996. The Pivka basin is a relatively unified landscape covering a plain between 500 and 600 metres above sea level. It lies between the high Dinaric plateaus, Kras and Brkini. On the northwest it borders on the mountain Nanos, on the north on the Hrušica plateau, on the east on the mountain ranges of Javorniki and Snežnik, while on the west and south it is cut off by parts of Vremščica with Slavenski ravnik and the Tabor hills (figs. 1-2). The base of the larger (northern) part of the basin, between Predjama, Postojna, Razdrto and Prestranek, consists of Eocene flysch from soft, poorly resistant and impermeable sandstone, marl and conglomerates. The base of the southern part of the basin consists of limestone. The basin edge with its numerous karst caves consists predominantly of chalk limestone.1 The Pivka basin is a collection area for underground and surface waters that flow out of it in all directions through the numerous karst caves. Pivka is the largest river to flow out of the basin. Its waters come from the karst sources in the southern part of the basin. At Postojna it is joined by the Nanoščica stream that draws its waters from the north-western, flysch part of the basin. The strengthened river flows at 510 metres above sea level into the Postojna cave and continues its route through the underground system towards the springs of Unica on the Planina plain. A number of smaller streams also flow across the basin, and they disappear into the limestone at various points of the basin edge. The largest of them is Lokva, which is a part of the Vipava groundwater system. It disappears underground under the Predjama castle at 464 metres above sea level. The various influences of the alpine and continental climates intertwine within this landscape. The continental influences are especially noticeable in the winter, when the surges of cold air create strong Bora winds and heavy snowdrifts. Bora (Slov. burja) is a dry, cold and gusty north-easterly wind that emerges as the cold air from the interior descends across Hrušica and Javorniki and continues its way towards the west.2 The wind is at 1 Gospodarič 1975; Gams 2004, 290-310. 2 Mihevc 1998. Kalce VODICE • Hrušica ^ \ Strmica Predjama ^ Studeno Šmihel ^ Mačkovec pod Nanosom. ^Landol Planina ^ ^T^Unec STARI GRAD * Sl. 1: Lega prevala Razdrto. Fig. 1: The position of the Razdrto pass. višine 1262 m, na južni strani pa 710 m visok hrib Goli vrh (sl. 2-9). Nanos in Goli vrh sta odlični razgledni točki, s katerih se razprostira pogled po celotni Pivški kotlini na vzhod in Vipavski dolini na zahod. Goli vrh je, v nasprotju z imenom, danes poraščen z gozdom. Gozdnate površine so tudi na obrobju in delno na pobočjih Nanosa. Vzhodno od prevala, okoli vasi Razdrto, so na robu kotline pašniki in njive.4 Teren je delno močvirnat, saj se meteorne vode, ki odtekajo z Nanosa in Golega vrha, zbirajo na jugozahodnem obrobju vasi. Zaradi prehodnosti kotline, predvsem pa zaradi prelaza na Razdrtem, ki je z zahodne strani prva stopnica proti celinskemu delu jugovzhodnih Alp in v nasprotni smeri najlažji prehod proti morju, so imeli kraji v kotlini v vseh zgodovinskih obdobjih poseben upravni in gospodarski položaj. V srednjem veku je cesta potekala po domnevni trasi starejše prazgodovinske poti in rimske ceste od Planine čez Strmico in Studeno ter naprej po severozahodnem its strongest when it is channelled through the gaps in the landscape, for instance at the Postojna Gate or at the Razdrto pass.3 There are three main directions in which one can leave the Pivka basin: on the northeast towards central Slovenia through the Postojna Gate (between the mountain ranges of Javorniki and Hrusica), towards the south by turning into the Kosana valley at Pivka and continuing into the valley of the river Reka and towards the west by turning into the Vipava valley at Razdrto. The pass at Razdrto, 600 m above sea level, is enclosed on the north by the steep slopes of Nanos (1262 m a. s. l.), while on the south it borders onto the 710 m high hill Goli vrh (figs. 2-9). Nanos and Goli vrh are excellent vantage points from which one has a view across the entire Pivka basin on the east and the Vipava valley on the west. Contrary to its name Goli vrh (Bare peak) is nowadays covered in forests. Forests also cover the foothills and to a certain degree the slopes of Nanos. East 4 Požeš 1998, 368-370. Mihevc 1996. Sl. 2: Pogled na severozahodni del Pivške kotline. V ozadju Nanos in Trnovska planota, skrajno levo prelaz Razdrto, skrajno desno Hrušica. Foto: F. Novak. Fig. 2: View of the northwest part of the Pivka basin. In the background Nanos and the Trnovo plateau, to the far left lies the Razdrto pass, to the far right Hrušica. Photo: F. Novak. Sl. 3: Pogled s severovzhoda na prelaz Razdrto z Nanosom. Foto: A. Bavdek. Fig. 3: View from the northeast towards the pass of Razdrto and Nanos. Photo: A. Bavdek. Sl. 4: Pogled z zahoda. Spredaj Vipavska dolina, zadaj planota Nanos, levo prehod proti Hrušici, desno prehod čez Razdrto. Foto: S. Ciglenečki. Fig. 4: View from the west. Vipava valley in the foreground, the Nanos plateau in the background, to the left the pass towards Hrušica, to the right the pass across Razdrto. Photo: S. Ciglenečki. obrobju Pivške kotline preko Landola na Razdrto, kjer se je razcepila na dva kraka. En krak ceste se je spustil čez Žingarco proti Vipavski dolini in Gorici, drugi krak pa je potekal po pobočju Smolevca do Senožeč in naprej proti Trstu.5 Že v drugi polovici 15. stoletja so zaradi povečanega trgovskega prometa zgradili novo cesto od Planine čez Mačkovec do Postojne, kjer se je razcepila na dva kraka. En krak ceste je peljal na jug proti Reki, drugi krak pa je prečkal severni del kotline do Razdrtega, od koder je potekal po starih trasah proti Gorici in proti Trstu.6 Promet med Planino in Pivško kotlino je do 18. stoletja tekel tako po stari cesti čez Strmico kot tudi po novi cesti čez Mačkovec in Postojno. V začetku 18. stoletja je cesta čez Mačkovec postala del državne ceste Dunaj-Trst-Reka in s tem glavna prometnica s posebnim statusom.7 Stara cesta čez Strmico in Landol je ostala pomožna cesta, po kateri so še v 19. in 20. stoletju prevažali posebne velike tovore.8 Kraji ob glavni prometnici so bili odvisni od trgovskega prometa in se hkrati z njim tudi razvijali. Vas Razdrto, v srednjem veku imenovana Preval, je bila vseskozi na križišču cest. Tam je v 18. stoletju stala tudi mitnica.9 Velik zaslužek vaščanov Razdrtega je bila pri-prega konj, saj so morali prevozniki za vožnjo čez strma pobočja Žingarce in Smolevca zagotoviti dodatno vlečno moč in včasih v vasi konje tudi zamenjati. Istočasno so v vasi razvijali gostinstvo, kar je bilo z dekretom Marije 5 Savnik 1968; Kosi 1998, 210-213 6 Pahor, Hajnal 1981, 15. 7 Holz 1994, 14-15. 8 Pahor, Hajnal 1981; Savnik 1968. 9 Rupnik 1935, 125. of the pass, around the village of Razdrto, the edge of the Pivka basin is covered by pastureland and fields.4 This terrain is partially marshy, for the rainwater that flows from Nanos and Goli vrh is collected on the southwest edge of the village. The Razdrto pass represents the entrance into the continental part of the southeast Alps when arriving from the west and the easiest pass to cross when leaving the interior for the coast. Due to the transitive nature the settlements in the Pivka basin had a special administrative and economic status throughout history. In medieval times the road ran along the northwest edge of the Pivka basin (along the assumed prehistoric route and Roman road) from Planina across Strmica and Studeno over Landol to Razdrto, where it split into two. One road lead down Žingarca towards the Vipava valley and Gorizia, while the other ran along the slope of Smolevec to Senožeče and onwards towards Trieste.5 Already in the second half of the 15th century the increased merchant traffic lead to the construction of a new road from Planina across Mačkovec to Postojna (where it split into two). One road lead through the south of the basin towards Rijeka, while the other road crossed the north of the basin and continued towards Razdrto, from where it ran along the old routes towards Gorizia and Trieste.6 Until the 18th century the traffic ran along both roads (the old and new). At the beginning of the 18th century the new road from Planina across Mačkovec to Postojna 4 Požeš 1998, 368-370. 5 Savnik 1968; Kosi 1998, 210-213. 6 Pahor, Hajnal 1981, 15. Sl. 5: Vas Razdrto z Nanosom v ozadju, okoli leta 1900. Zbirka razglednic. NMPo. Fig. 5: The village of Razdrto with Nanos in the background, approx. 1900. A collection of postcards. NMPo. Terezije iz leta 1749 za obcestne vasi obvezno. Viri navajajo, da je šlo čez Razdrto letno več sto tisoč konj.10 Po izgradnji južne železnice Dunaj-Trst leta 1857 je cestni transport po kotlini in preko Razdrtega za daljši čas močno upadel (sl. 5).11 Še pomembnejšo vlogo je imel preval na Razdrtem v vojnih obdobjih. V času turških vpadov v 15. stoletju je bilo na Žingarci pri Razdrtem povezovalno kresišče, ki je sporočalo nevarnost roparskih vpadov v Vipavsko dolino.12 Francoska vojska je na prehodu iz 18. v 19. stoletje preval večkrat prečkala in se preko Razdrtega v Vipavsko dolino tudi umaknila. Leta 1809 je bila na območju prevala pomembna bitka med na Golem vrhu vkopano vojsko avstrijskih vojakov in francosko vojsko, ki je prodirala od Vipave proti prevalu.13 Vojaški spopadi I. svetovne vojne prehoda na Razdrtem niso dosegli. V italijanskih vojaških načrtih je bil predviden prodor vojske v notranjost skozi Postojnska vrata in verjetno tudi čez preval na Razdrtem, vendar so se načrti delno uresničili šele po koncu vojne. Čez preval in Postojnska vrata so se pred prodirajočo italijansko vojsko umikale avstro-ogrske enote.14 Med II. svetovno vojno je bilo na območju prevala več vojaških spopadov med partizanskimi in italijanskimi in po letu 1943 nemškimi 10 Rupnik 1935, 124-125. 11 Smrdel 1975a, 125. 12 Savnik 1968. 13 Rupnik 1935, 83-94; Klavora 2003, 247-267. 14 Fatur 1975, 208; Borjančič 1993, 3-28; Svoljšak P. 1995, became a part of the state road Vienna - Trieste - Rijeka, which meant that it became the main route and was thus given special status.7 The old road across Strmica and Landol remained the auxiliary road across which special cargo was transported as late as the 20th century.8 Settlements alongside the main road depended on transport and developed together with it. The village of Razdrto, in mediaeval times known as Preval, was always located at a crossroads. This was also where a toll station stood in the 18th century.9 A large share of the villager's income derived from re-harnessing horses, for in order to carry the cargo across the steep slopes of Zingarca and Smolevec the transporters needed to ensure additional pulling power and sometimes even changed horses in the village. At the same time inns emerged, for a decree issued by Maria Theresia in 1749 demanded that all roadside villages have one. Sources state that several hundred thousand horses crossed Razdrto every year.10 Following the construction of the south railway Vienna - Trieste in 1857, road transport through the basin and across Razdrto declined for a longer period (fig. 5).11 The pass at Razdrto held an extremely important role during the wars. During the Turkish raids in the 15 th century an alarm bonfire stood on Zingarca near Razdrto. This was established so that the inhabitants in 168; Dolenc 2005, 154. 7 Holz 1994, 14-15. 8 Pahor, Hajnal 1981; Savnik 1968. 9 Rupnik 1935, 125. 10 Rupnik 1935, 124-125. 11 Smrdel 1975a, 125. enotami.15 V letu 1944 je bila en mesec na Golem vrhu stacionirana partizanska komanda mesta Postojne. Na pobočju Nanosa pod Plešo (verjetno na Gradišču) pa je taboril V. bataljon Voda državne varnosti.16 Vojaške aktivnosti v preteklosti so na območju prevala, predvsem na strateških točkah na Golem vrhu in pobočju Nanosa, pustile vidne sledove.17 Danes je na prehodu na Razdrtem sodobno avtocestno križišče, ki se je umaknilo vasi Razdrto in poteka proti Novi Gorici po starih cestnih linijah, proti Senožečam pa so z usekom čez Goli vrh utrli novo pot. the Vipava valley could be warned as regards the dangers of attacks.12 At the turn of the 19th century the French army crossed the pass at Razdrto on several occasions only to retreat back over it into the Vipava valley. In 1809 the pass was witness to an important battle between the Austrian soldiers who dug themselves in trenches on Goli vrh and the French army which charged towards the pass from Vipava.13 The military conflicts during World War I did not reach as far as the pass at Razdrto. The Italian military plans foresaw an invasion into the interior through the Postojna Gate and possibly across the pass at Razdrto, however, these plans were fulfilled only after the end of the war and even then only partially. The Austro-Hungarian army retreated across the pass and the Postojna Gate.14 During World War II the area surrounding the pass saw numerous military conflicts between the Partisans and the Italian army prior to 1943 and between the Partisans and the German army post 1943.15 For one month in 1944 the Partisan Postojna headquarters were located on Goli vrh. The 5th battalion of the National Security Squad was stationed on the slopes of Nanos, under Pleša (most likely on Gradišče).16 The various military activities from the past left their traces on the pass and its surroundings, especially on the strategic points at Goli vrh and the slopes of Nanos.17 Today a modern motorway junction is located at the Razdrto pass. The motorway moved away from the village of Razdrto and leads towards Nova Gorica along the old, while the new road towards Senožeče was created by cutting across Goli vrh. 15 Smrdel 1975b. 16 Savnik 1968. 17 Svoljšak D. 2003, 264; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 167. 12 Savnik 1968. 13 Rupnik 1935, 83-94; Klavora 2003, 247-267. 14 Fatur 1975, 208; Borjančič 1993, 3-28; Svoljšak P. 1995, 168; Dolenc 2005, 154. 15 Smrdel 1975b. 16 Savnik 1968. 17 Svoljšak D. 2003, 264; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 167. ANTIČNI PISNI VIRI O OKRI LITERARY SOURCES ON OCRA Pri grških in rimskih piscih v poznorepublikanskem in zgodnjecesarskem obdobju se pojavlja na stičnem območju med Julijskimi Alpami in Dinarskim gorstvom geografsko ime Okra. Ime je hkrati označevalo različne geografske enote: prelaz, goro in naselbino. Iz njega je bilo izpeljano tudi ime ljudstva Subokrini. Okro so omenili grški zgodovinar in geograf Strabon na štirih mestih, Plinij Starejši, Ptolemaj in bizantinski izvlečki iz Strabona: Chrestomathiae e Strabonis Geo-graphicorum. 18 Odlomke navajamo v prevodu Marjete Šašel Kos. Strabo 4, 6, 1 Alpe so se namreč prej imenovale Albia... In še zdaj se imenuje visoka gora pri Japodih, ki v nekem smislu meji na Okro in Alpe, Albion, kot da bi Alpe segale do tja. Strabo 4, 6, 10 Na območju teh krajev prebivajo tudi Japodi - prav tako mešano pleme Ilirov in Keltov - na njihovem ozemlju pa leži Okra. Japodi so bili včasih precej gosteje naseljeni, in sicer na obeh straneh gore; področje so obvladovali z roparskimi tolpami, vendar jih je cesar Avgust končno popolnoma porazil in oslabil. Njihova mesta so Metulum, Arupium, Monetium in Vendo. Nato pride Segestika, mesto v nižini, mimo katerega teče reka Sava, ki se izliva v Donavo. Mesto ima naravno lego za vojno proti Dačanom. Pri Okri, najnižjem delu Alp, mejijo na Karne in preko nje tovorijo blago z vozovi iz Akvileje v kraj, imenovan Nauportus, po poti, ki ni mnogo daljša od 400 stadijev. Strabo 5, 1, 3 Po tako obravnavanih predelih lahko rečemo, da je alpsko predgorje v obliki zaliva, s konkavnim delom obrnjenim proti Italiji. Sredina tega zaliva pripada Salas-som, obe skrajni točki pa sta obrnjeni proti notranjosti, ena doseže Okro in zaliv Jadrana, druga pa Genuo na ligistijski obali, emporij Ligijcev, kjer Apeninske gore mejijo na Alpe. The geographic name of Ocra was used by Greek and Roman writers from the late Republican and early Imperial period to denote the point at which the Julian Alps met with the Dinaric Mountains. The name was used to mark various geographic features: the pass, the mountain and the settlement. The name of the people of Subocrini also derived from Ocra. The Greek historian and geographer Strabo mentioned Ocra in four different passages. It was also mentioned by Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy and in the Byzantine abstracts based on Strabo: Chrestomathiae e Strabonis Geographicorum.18 Strabo 4, 6, 1 ... for things "Alpian" were formely called "Albian", as also things "Alpionian", and in fact, writers add that still today the high mountain among the lapodes which almost joins Mount Ocra and the Alps is called "Albius", thus implying that the Alps have stretched as far as that mountain. Strabo 4, 6, 10 And further, the lapodes (we now come to this mixed tribe of Illyrii and Celti) dwell round about these regions; and Mount Ocra is near these people. The lapodes, then, although formerly they were well supplied with strong men and held as their homeland both sides of the mountain and by their business of piracy held sway over these regions, have been vanquished and completely outdone by Augustus Caesar. Their cities are: Metulum, Arupini, Monetium and Vendo. After the lapodes comes Segestica, a city in the plain, past which flows the River Savus, which empties into the Ister. The situation ofthe city is naturally well-suited for making war against the Daci. The Ocra is the lowest part ofthe Alps in that region in which the Alps join the country of the Carni, and M. Šašel Kos, v: Šašel 1974; s popravki. 18 Translations: Strabo 4, 6 1; 4, 6, 10; 5, 1, 3 (The Geography of Strabo II, The Loeb Classical Library, translated by H. L. Jones [London, Cambridge 1949]); Strabo 7, 5, 2 (Šašel Kos 1990, 144); Chrestomathiae VII 31 (translated by M. Šašel Kos); C. Plinius Secundus, N. h. 3, 131 and 133 (Pliny, Natural History II, Books III-VII, Loeb Classical Library 352, translated by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Mass., London 1942 [reprinted 1989]); Claudios Ptolemaios II 12, 1; III 1, 1 (translated by M. Šašel Kos). 18 Strabo 7, 5, 2 Pot od Akvileje do Navporta, naselja Tavriskov, do koder je treba pripeljati tovorne vozove, znaša za tistega, ki potuje čez Okro, 350 stadijev, nekateri pravijo tudi da 500. Okra je namreč najnižji del tistih Alp, ki se raztezajo od Retije do Japodov. Tam pa, pri Japodih, se gorovje spet dvigne in imenuje Albijsko. Podobno pelje pot čez Okro tudi iz Tergesta, karnijske vasi, na barje, imenovano Lugeon. Blizu Navporta teče reka Korkoras, ki sprejema blago. Chrestomathiae VII 31 Okra je najnižji del Alp, ki se razprostirajo od Retije do Japodov. Pri Japodih pa se gorovje ponovno dvigne in imenuje Albia. Med Okro in Albijskimi gorami, v Istri, se dviga v ravni liniji gorovje Karovanka. Pogorje Bebia pa leži še vzhodneje kot Albia; tako se te gore: Okra, Karovanka, Albia, Bebia nahajajo skoraj v ravni črti na 5. stopinji. C. Plinius Secundus, N. h. 3, 131 V tem sektorju so vzdolž obale propadla Irmene, Pel-laon, Palsicium, pri Venetih Atina in Caelina, pri Karnih Segesta in Okra, pri Tavriskih Noreia. C. Plinius Secundus, N. h. 3, 133 Alpe so poseljene z mnogimi ljudstvi, a najuglednejša med Polo in področjem Tergesta so: Fecusses, Subocrini, Catali, Menocaleni, in polegKarnov so Noriki, imenovani nekdaj Tavriski. Claudios Ptolemaios II 12, 1 ... sektor Okre ima 33° 30' v. d., 45° 30's. š. Claudios Ptolemaios III 1, 1 Lega Italije.... na severu alpske verige pod Retijo in Pe-ninske Alpe, Okra in greben Karuades pod Norikom ... Strabon v Geografiji, ki je bila napisana okoli leta 18 po Kr.,19 pravi, da je Okra najnižji prehod na jugovzhodnem obrobju Alp, preko katerega poteka promet z vozovi med Akvilejo in Navportom20 oziroma iz Tergesta na barje Lugeon.21 Neskladje med opisi prometa in razmer v posameznih odlomkih kaže na dve vrsti virov iz različnih časovnih obdobij. Strabon je za 7. knjigo črpal iz virov 2. st. pr. Kr., kot sta Polibij in Artemidor, za 4. knjigo pa iz Pozejdonija in Diodora, to je iz besedil prve polovice oziroma sredine 1. st. pr. Kr.22 Na podlagi Strabonovega opisa se da prelaz Okra zanesljivo identificirati s prelazom Razdrto.23 Strabon omenja v zvezi z Okro tudi goro Albion oziroma gorovje through which the merchandise from Aquileia is conveyed in wagons to what is called Nauportus (over a road of not much more than four hundred stadia). Strabo 5, 1, 3 Taking the parts severally, however, we can speak as follows: as for the Alps, their base is curved and gulf-like, with the cavities turned towards Italy; the central parts of the gulf are near the Salassi, while the extremities take a turn, the one as far as Ocra and the recess of the Adriatic, the other to the Ligurian seaboard as far as Genua (the emporium of the Ligures), where the Apennine Mountains join the Alps. Strabo 7, 5, 2 The road from Aquileia to Nauportus, a settlement of the Taurisci, whither cargo-wagons are brought, is 350 stadia long for those who travel across the Ocra; some, however, claim it is 500 stadia. Ocra is the lowest part of the Alps extending from Raetia to the lapodes. The mountain-range rises again there and is called Albian. Similarly a road also leads across Ocra from Tergeste, the Carnic village, to a marsh called Lugeon. The river Corco-ras flows near Nauportus and it receives the cargoes. Chrestomathiae VII 31 Ocra is the lowest part of the Alps that span from Raetia to the lapodes. Among the lapodes the mountain range rises once more, this time under the name of Albia. Between Ocra and the Albian mountain range (in Istria) the mountain chain of Karouanka rises in a straight line. The mountain range Bebia lies even more to the east than the Albia; these mountain ranges (Ocra, Karouanka, Albia, and Bebia) lie in an almost straight line on the 5th 19 Šašel 1974, 9; Vedaldi lasbez 1994, 98; Engels 1999, 115 ss. 20 Strabon 4, 6, 10; 7, 5, 2. 21 Strabon 7, 5, 2. 22 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Šašel Kos 1990, 17-19, 143-145; Vedaldi lasbez 1994, 96-100. 23 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi lasbez 1994, 96-100. C. Plinius Secundus, N. h. 3, 131 p. 97: In this district there have disappeared, on the coast-line, Irmene, Pellaon, Palsicium, Atina and Caelina belonging to the Veneti, Segesta and Ocra to the Carni, Noreia to the Taurisci. C. Plinius Secundus, N. h. 3, 133 p. 99: The Alps are inhabited by a great many nations, but the notable ones, between Pola and the district of Trieste, are the Fecusses, Subocrini, Catali and Menoncaleni, and next to the Carni the peoples formerly called Taurisci and now Norici. Claudios Ptolemaios II 12, 1 ... the district of Ocra is situated at 33° 30' E and 45° 30' N. Claudios Ptolemaios III 1, 1 The position of Italy ... to the north the Alpine chain below Raetia and the Alpes Poeninae, Ocra and the ridge of Caruades below Noricum ... Sl. 6: Prelaz Razdrto. Pogled proti severu, desno Pivška kotlina, levo pobočje Nanosa z Rebernicami. Foto: F. Novak. Fig. 6: The Razdrto pass. View towards the north, on the right the Pivka basin, on the left the slope of Nanos with Rebernice. Photo: F. Novak. Albia, ki verjetno predstavlja predvsem goro Snežnik.24 Omenja še barje Lugeon, ki je najverjetneje Cerkniško polje,25 Korkoras, ki je reka Krka,26 ter Navport, pomembno naselje na območju današnje Vrhnike.27 Goro Okra omenja Ptolemaj v svoji Geografiji.28 V delu Chrestomathiae, ki je nastalo verjetno v 10. stol. v Konstantinoplu, so podatki povzeti po Strabonu in nekoliko razširjeni s pomočjo drugega vira, morda Pto-lemaja.29 Na prostoru med Alpami in Snežnikom (gora Albion) izstopa samo visoka planota Nanos z vrhom Pleša (1262 m n. m.) nad prelazom Razdrto. Gorsko ime Okra se je v antiki torej nanašalo na Nanos, morda pa tudi na nekoliko širše gorsko območje (sl. 2-6).30 Karnijsko mesto Okra je bilo opuščeno za časa Plinija st., ki ga edini omenja.31 Mesto je ležalo nekje na vzhodnem obrobju Alp, vendar njegova lokacija ostaja nejasna.32 Blizu prelaza Razdrto, kjer ga verjetno lahko iščemo, leži veliko prazgodovinsko gradišče In Geography, written around the year 18 AD,19 Strabo stated that Ocra was the lowest pass on the southeastern edge of the Alps. The pass was used for wagon transport between Aquileia and Nauportus20 or from Tergeste to the Lugeon marsh.21 The differences in the descriptions of the transport and circumstances indicate that Strabo used various sources from two different periods. In book 7 Strabo used 2nd century BC sources (such as Polybius and Artemidorus), while in book 4 he leaned upon Posidonius and Diodorus, both from the first half or mid 1st century BC.22 Based on Strabo's description the Ocra pass can be reliably identified as the Razdrto pass.23 In relation to Ocra Strabo mentions the mountain Albion and the mountain range Albia, which most likely represent the mountain range of Snežnik.24 He also mentions the Lugeon marsh which is probably the Cerknica plain,25 Corcoras which represents the river Krka26 24 Šašel Kos 2005, 424-425. 25 Šašel 1974, 15. 26 Šašel Kos 2005, 425. 27 Šašel Kos 1990; Horvat 2009. 28 Ptolemaj II, 12,1; III 1,1; Šašel 1974, 12. 29 GGM 2, 571; Šašel 1974, 11. 30 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. 31 Plinij st., N. h. 3, 131; Šašel 1974, 12, 14. 32 Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 365. 19 Šašel 1974, 9; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 98; Engels 1999, 115 ff. 20 Strabo 4, 6, 10; 7, 5, 2. 21 Strabo 7, 5, 2. 22 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Šašel Kos 1990, 17-19, 143-145; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. 23 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. 24 Šašel Kos 2005, 424-425. 25 Šašel 1974, 15. 26 Šašel Kos 2005, 425. Grad pri Šmihelu, vendar je na Pivškem še več velikih prazgodovinskih naselbin, kamor bi lahko postavili mesto Okra.33 Pleme Subokrini omenja Plinij st. na območju med Polo in Tergestom.34 Subokrini so živeli v goratem delu Istre ali Krasa, zaradi možne povezave imena plemena z imenom gore, morda na ozemlju med Tergestom in Nanosom.35 Ime Okra je torej v pozni prazgodovini in v zgodnji antični dobi označevalo dve pomembni točki, povezani s prometom in orientacijo v prostoru: najzložnejši prehod med Julijskimi Alpami in Dinarskim gorstvom - prelaz Razdrto - in tudi goro Nanos, oziroma Plešo, tik nad prelazom.36 Iz pisnih virov tudi izhaja, da je bila Okra magnet, kamor so težila različna plemena. V predrimskem obdobju, ki ga je težko natančno opredeliti, je moral biti prelaz na mejnem prostoru med Japodi in Karni.37 Verjetno je že v drugi polovici 2. st. pr. Kr., najpozneje po vojaških akcijah C. Sempronija Tuditana (129 pr. Kr.), prešel pod rimski nadzor.38 and Nauportus, an important settlement in the area of today's Vrhnika.27 The mountain Ocra is mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography.28 In the work Chrestomathiae (which probably originates from 10 th century Constantinople) the data is taken from Strabo and slightly expanded upon with the aid of another source, maybe Ptolemy.29 Only the high plateau of Nanos with the peak Pleša (1262 m a.s.l.) above the Razdrto pass stands out between the Alps and Snežnik (mt. Albion). The mountain name Ocra was therefore applicable to Nanos, and maybe to a slightly broader mountainous area (figs. 2-6).30 The Carnian town of Ocra was abandoned in the time of Pliny the Elder, who was the only one to mention it.31 The town lied somewhere on the eastern edge of the Alps, however its precise location remains unknown.32 A large prehistoric site Grad near Šmihel is located close to the Razdrto pass, where the town of Ocra could be sought. However there are a quite a few large prehistoric settlements in the Pivka area, all of which could be the remains of the town of Ocra.33 Pliny the Elder mentioned the tribe Subocrini who inhabited the area between Pola and Tergeste.34 The Subocrini lived in the mountainous part of Istria or on Kras, and due to the possible link between the name of the tribe and the name of the mountain, it is possible that they occupied the territory between Tergeste and Nanos.35 In the late prehistory and the early Roman period the name Ocra thus denoted two important locations linked to transport and orientation: the easiest crossable pass between the Julian Alps and the Dinaric mountains (the Razdrto pass) and the Nanos mountain, or Pleša, just above the pass.36 From literary sources it can be noticed that Ocra was a magnet for various tribes. In the pre-Roman period, which is hard to define precisely, the pass had to be on the border between the lapodes and Carni.37 By the second half of the 2nd century BC it was probably already taken under control by the Romans, however it is certain that this happened at the latest after the military campaign of C. Sempronius Tuditanus in 129 BC.38 33 Šašel 1974, 15; Horvat 2005. 34 Plinij St., N. h. 3, 133; Šašel 1974, 12. 35 Šašel 1974, 14; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 275-276; Marion 1994-95, 132-134. 36 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. 37 Strabon 4, 6, 10; Šašel 1974, 14; Šašel Kos 1990, 18-19, 145; Šašel Kos 2005, 331-332, 424-426, 480-481. 38 Šašel Kos 2005, 321-329. Šašel Kos 1990; Horvat 2009. Ptolemy II, 12,1; III 1,1; Šašel 1974, 12. GGM 2, 571; Šašel 1974, 11. Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. Pliny the Elder, N. h. 3, 131; Šašel 1974, 12, 14. Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 365. Šašel 1974, 15; Horvat 2005. Pliny the Elder, N. h. 3, 133; Šašel 1974, 12. 35 Šašel 1974, 14; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 275-276; Marion 1994-95, 132-134. 36 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Vedaldi Iasbez 1994, 96-100. 37 Strabo 4, 6, 10; Šašel 1974, 14; Šašel Kos 1990, 18-19, 145; Šašel Kos 2005, 331-332, 424-426, 480-481. 38 Šašel Kos 2005, 321-329. 29 30 31 32 33 34 ARHEOLOŠKA NAJDIŠČA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES NA OBMOČJU RAZDRTEGA IN RAZDRTO AND ITS VICINITY Sl. 7: Arheološka najdišča v okolici Razdrtega. M. = 1 : 25000. Vir: DTK 25 © Geodetska uprava republike Slovenije. Fig. 7: Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Razdrto. Scale = 1 : 25000. Source: DTK 25 © The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. Arheološka najdišča so na ožjem območju Razdrtega dokaj zgoščena (sl. 7).39 V letu 1989 sta bili odkriti in zaščitno raziskani najdišči Preval, na vrhu prelaza, in Mandrga, vzhodno od prelaza. Gre predvsem za naselbini iz rimske dobe. Konec 20. stoletja so bili z iskalcem kovin najdeni rimskodobni predmeti na Žingarci, vzpetini, ki se je dvigala okoli 35 m visoko na severni strani prelaza. Žal je bila Žingarca kmalu nato uničena z gradnjo avtocestnega kraka proti Vipavski dolini.40 Ob poti, ki se že spušča v Vipavsko dolino, je bilo pred gradnjo nove ceste odkrito in leta 2002 tudi raziskano najdišče Šušec.41 Gradivo s te točke še čaka na dokončno analizo. Okopi prazgodovinskega gradišča na Golem vrhu, ki leži 110 m nad prelazom, so bili znani že v prvi polovici 20. st.42 Goli vrh je bil leta 1989 vključen v zaščitne arheološke raziskave. Ostanki utrjene naselbine ležijo še na Gradišču oziroma na predelu Dolge ravni, na pomolu sredi pobočja Nanosa. Vrh Gradišča je na višini 818 m n. m., kar je več kot 200 m nad prelazom. Od tod izvirajo samo naključne najdbe, tako da je obseg najdišča neznan, datacija v prazgodovinsko in rimsko dobo pa nezanesljiva.43 Tik pod Plešo, vrhom Nanosa, je bil naključno najden rimski novec iz 2. st. pr. Kr.44 Na vzhodnem vznožju Golega vrha leži Luknja v skali, kjer so v letih 1886 in 1899 odkrili prazgodovinske najdbe.45 Med hriboma Goli vrh (724) in Smolevec, na ledini Nad staro cesto, je bila z iskalcem kovin odkrita novčna zakladna najdba, zakopana po 161 po Kr.46 A number of archaeological sites were discovered in the narrower area of Razdrto (fig. 7).39 In 1989 the sites of Preval (at the top of the pass) and Mandrga (east of the pass) were discovered and rescue excavations were carried out. Both are predominantly Roman period settlements. At the end of the 20th century a metal detector was used to find Roman period objects on Žingarca, an elevation approximately 35 metres above the north side of the pass. Unfortunately Žingarca was soon destroyed as the motorway towards the Vipava valley was built.40 Prior to the construction of the new road in 2002 the site of Šušec was discovered along the route that descends into the Vipava valley.41 At the same time the site was also excavated, however the finds are still awaiting final analysis. The prehistoric ramparts on Goli vrh (110 m above the pass) were known already in the first half of the 20th century.42 In 1989 Goli vrh was included into the rescue archaeological excavations. Remains of the fortified settlement were also found on Gradišče, i.e. on the area of Dolga raven, in the middle of the Nanos slope. The top of Gradišče is located at 818 m above sea level, which means it is over 200 metres above the pass. Only accidental finds were found here, thus the size of the site is unknown, and its dating into the prehistoric and Roman era is unreliable.43 A 2nd century BC Roman coin was found just below Pleša (the top of Nanos).44 The cave Luknja v skali is located on the eastern foothill of Goli vrh. In 1886 and 1899 prehistoric finds were discovered at this location.45 Between the hills Goli vrh (724) and Smolevec, on the fallow Nad staro cesto, a coin hoard (buried post 161 AD) was discovered with the aid of a metal detector.46 39 Bavdek 1996; Horvat 2005, 222-223. 40 Istenič 1997; Horvat 2005, 223. 41 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 42 Rupnik 1925, 59. 43 Urleb 1975; Horvat 2005, 223; Arhiv IzA. 44 FMRSl IV, 35. 45 F. Leben, v: ANSL 1975, 149-150. 46 FMRSl IV, 19. 39 Bavdek 1996; Horvat 2005, 222-223. 40 Istenič 1997; Horvat 2005, 223. 41 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 42 Rupnik 1925, 59. 43 Urleb 1975; Horvat 2005, 223; Archive at IzA. 44 FMRSl IV, 35. 45 F. Leben, in: ANSL 1975, 149-150. 46 FMRSl IV, 19. ZAŠČITNE ARHEOLOŠKE RAZISKAVE LETA 1989 1989 RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION Leta 1989 sta takratna Skupnost za ceste Slovenije in Cestni inženiring, p. o.,47 po petnajstih letih prekinitve gradnje avtocest v zahodni Sloveniji v okviru Osimskih sporazumov48 začela z gradnjo avtocestnega odseka Razdrto-Čebulovica oziroma razcepa Razdrto. Traso avtoceste so speljali severno od vasi Razdrto. Tik pred prevalom se je trasa razcepila v dva kraka. En krak, ki ni bil predviden za takojšnje nadaljevanje gradnje, je bil usmerjen proti Vipavski dolini, trasa drugega kraka avtoceste, proti Sežani, pa je potekala po nasipu do cestnega useka na Golem vrhu (sl. 8-9). Edino znano arheološko najdišče, ki se mu trasa avtoceste ni mogla izogniti, je bilo prazgodovinsko gradišče na Golem vrhu (sl. 7, 10). Predvideno je bilo, da bodo z avtocestnim usekom odstranili približno tretjino Golega vrha. ZVNKD iz Nove Gorice je na celotni trasi razcepa Razdrto določil izvajanje arheološkega nadzora nad strojnimi zemeljskimi izkopi, na Golem vrhu pa je na površini, prepredeni z vojaškimi jarki verjetno iz 19. stoletja, predvidel zaščitna arheološka izkopavanja s strojno izkopanimi sondami. V dogovoru z ZVNKD in Kraško muzejsko zbirko pri IZRK je dela arheološkega nadzora in zaščitnih izkopavanj na Golem vrhu prevzela Kraška muzejska zbirka pod vodstvom arheologinje Mehtilde Urleb in s pomočjo sodelavca arheologa Valentina Scheina.49 Arheološki nadzor zemeljskih del so začeli izvajati 19. junija leta 1989. Pogostost nadzorov je bila odvisna od poteka strojnih izkopov vrhnje humusne plasti. Konec julija in začetek septembra sta bili z arheološkim nadzorom odkriti dve novi arheološki najdišči iz rimskega obdobja. Prvo je bilo odkrito po odstranitvi vrhnje do 40 cm debele plasti ruše ob vznožju Nanosa na predelu najvišje točke prelaza, imenovanem z ledinskim imenom Preval As a result of the Osimo agreements,47 in 1989 (following a fifteen year break in motorway construction in west Slovenia) Skupnost za ceste Slovenije and Cestni inženiring p. o.48 started with motorway construction on the stretch Razdrto - Čebulovica (junction Razdrto). The motorway route ran north of the village of Razdrto. Just before the pass of Razdrto the route split into two, one part (which was not foreseen for immediate continuation) leading towards the Vipava valley, and the other towards Sežana, along the embankment to the top of the pass and then cutting across the hill Goli vrh (figs. 8-9). The only known archaeological site that was impossible to avoid during the motorway construction was the prehistoric hillfort on Goli vrh (figs. 7,10). Approximately one third of Goli vrh was intended for removal. ZVNKD Nova Gorica decided that all machine led earth removal at Razdrto was to be placed under archaeological supervision. At the same time it also foresaw rescue archaeological excavations with machine dug trenches on the surface of Goli vrh (that was covered with military trenches - most likely 19 th century ones). In agreement with ZVNKD Nova Gorica and the Karst museum collection (Kraška muzejska zbirka) at IZRK (Postojna) the archaeological supervision and rescue excavations on Goli vrh were taken over by the Karst museum collection under the leadership of archaeologist Mehtilda Urleb who was aided by archaeologist Valentin Schein.49 The archaeological supervision of the earth removal commenced on 19th June 1989. The frequency of the supervisions depended on the speed of the machine removal of the upper, humus layer. Two new Roman sites were discovered with archaeological supervision (one at the end of July, the other in the beginning of September). 47 Danes DARS d. d. in DDC svetovanje inženiring, d. o. o. 48 Leta 1975 podpisan sporazum o gradnji avtocest med Italijo in takratno Jugoslavijo. 49 Naročilo in dovoljenje za izkopavanja hranijo v arhivu na IZRK v Postojni. Preliminarno in končno poročilo izkopavanj pa hrani NMPo (Schein 1989). 47 An agreement defining motorway construction, signed between Italy and former Yugoslavia in 1975. 48 Today DARS d. d. and DDC svetovanje inženiring, d. o. o. 49 The order and permit for the excavations are kept in the IZRK archive. The preliminary and final excavations reports are kept in NMPo (Schein 1989). Sl. 8: Razdrto z Nanosom, pogled proti zahodu na Kras in Vipavsko dolino. Foto: F. Novak. Fig. 8: Razdrto with Nanos, view of Kras and the Vipava valley on the west. Photo: F. Novak. Sl. 9: Avtocestno križišče na prelazu Razdrto. Pobočje Nanosa na levi in Goli vrh na desni. Pogled proti vzhodu v Pivško kotlino. Foto: F. Novak. Fig. 9: Motorway crossroads at the Razdrto pass. The slopes of Nanos on the left and Goli vrh on the right. View towards the east, into the Pivka basin. Photo: F. Novak. oziroma Ograda, in tik ob magistralni cesti Postojna-Nova Gorica (sl. 7, 10). Najdišče so zaznali, ker so na poškodovani površini ležali kosi rimske opeke. Drugo najdišče je bilo registrirano na ledini Mandr-ga, zahodno od vasi Razdrto. Po odstranitvi do 50 cm debele vrhnje plasti ruše in zemlje se je pokazala površina, prekrita z večjimi kosi rimskih amfor (sl. 7, 10). Gradbena dela so bila na obeh novih arheoloških najdiščih zaustavljena. Arheološka komisija v sestavi: After a 40 cm thick upper layer of turf was removed the first site was discovered on the foothills of Nanos, at the highest point of the pass known under the name of Preval or Ograda and right alongside the main road Postojna - Nova Gorica (figs. 7, 10). Pieces of Roman bricks that lay on the damaged surface led to the recognition of the site. The second site was registered on the fallow of Mandrga, west of the village of Razdrto. Following the Sl. 10: Arheološka najdišča na območju Razdrtega in leta 1989 raziskane površine. M. = 1 : 5000. Vir: TTN 5 © Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije. Sl. 10: Archaeological sites on the area of Razdrto and the sites excavated in 1989. Scale = 1 : 5000. Source: TTN 5 © The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. Sl. 11: Pogled z Golega vrha na prelaz Razdrto tik pred arheološkimi izkopavanji leta 1989. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 11: View of the Razdrto pass as seen from Goli vrh. The situation just prior to the 1989 excavations. Photo: V. Schein. Nada Osmuk (ZVNKD Nova Gorica), Mehtilda Urleb (Kraška muzejska zbirka), Drago Svoljšak (NMS) in Valentin Schein (Kraška muzejska zbirka) je določila postopke in metodo dela zaščitnih arheoloških posegov na Prevalu (Ograda), ki so kasneje veljali tudi za Mandrgo. Arheološke zaščitne raziskave so na novoodkritih najdiščih in Golem vrhu potekale od 10. avgusta do 16. oktobra leta 1989 (43 delovnih dni). Vodil jih je Valentin Schein, nadzor sta opravljali N. Osmuk in M. Urleb. Ekipa, ki je izkopavala, je štela do 20 delavcev. Pomoč pri strojnih posegih so nudili izvajalci gradbenih del: na Prevalu in Mandrgi SGP Primorje iz Ajdovščine, na Golem vrhu pa je strojne sonde izkopalo podjetje SCT Ljubljana. Zaščitne raziskave na vseh treh najdiščih je s posredovanjem ZVNKD iz Nove Gorice financiral Cestni inženiring, p. o., Ljubljana. Rezultati arheoloških zaščitnih raziskovanj na Golem vrhu, Mandrgi in Prevalu iz leta 1989 so bili na kratko predstavljeni kmalu po koncu izkopavanj50 in tudi že uporabljeni v izvrednotenju zgodnje rimske dobe na jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru.51 Naša knjiga pa prinaša temeljno objavo raziskovanj ter bistveno dopolnjuje predhodne zaključke. 50 Bavdek 1996. 51 Npr. Horvat 1995a, 36; Horvat 2008b, 445-449. removal of the 50 cm thick upper layer of humus and earth a surface covered with large fragments of Roman amphorae was discovered (figs. 7, 10). Construction works on both new archaeological locations were stopped. The archaeological committee composed of Nada Osmuk (ZVKND Nova Gorica), Mehtilda Urleb (Karst museum collection), Drago Svoljšak (NMS) and Valentin Schein (Karst museum collection) defined the procedures and research methods for the rescue archaeological excavations at Preval (Ograda), which were later on also applied to the site at Mandrga. The rescue archaeological excavations on the newly discovered sites and Goli vrh took place over a period of 43 working days (between 10th August and 16th October 1989). The excavations were lead by Valentin Schein, while the supervision was performed by N. Osmuk and M. Urleb. The excavations were performed by a team of up to 20 workers. The earth removal was performed with the machinery of the following construction companies: SGP Primorje from Ajdovščina on Preval and Mandrga, and SCT Ljubljana on Goli vrh. Following the negotiation by ZVNKD Nova Gorica the rescue excavations on all three sites were financed by Cestni inženiring p. o. Ljubljana. The results of the 1989 rescue archaeological excavations on Goli vrh, Mandrga and Preval were presented in brief soon after the excavations ended50. They were also already used in the evaluation of the Early Roman period in the southeast Alpine region.51 This book brings a detailed publication of the research and significantly expands on the previous conclusions. 50 Bavdek 1996. 51 E.g. Horvat 1995a, 36; Horvat 2008b, 445-449. GOLI VRH GOLI VRH Goli vrh je 710 m visok hrib, ki leži na zahodnem robu Pivške kotline (sl. 6-10). Zahodno pobočje hriba se proti Vipavski dolini strmo spušča v grapo Močilnika, manj strmo vzhodno pobočje pa seže v Pivško kotlino. Na jugovzhodu se pobočje hriba položno spusti do sedla, ki Goli vrh povezuje s sosednjim, 724 m visokim hribom z enakim imenom. Strmo severno pobočje Golega vrha se zaključi na sedlu prevala pod Nanosom. Južno od Golega vrha, ki je pretežno poraščen z listnatim gozdom, teče Volčji potok. Sl. 12: Goli vrh. Pogled na naselbino s severa. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 12: Goli vrh. View of the settlement as seen from the north. Photo: V. Schein. Goli vrh gradijo flišne kamnine v plasteh, ki padajo vzporedno s pobočjem (sl. 12). Flišna preperina zaradi strmine ni stabilna in plazi po pobočju navzdol. Ob vzhodnem vznožju hriba se fliš dotika krednih apnenčastih skladov.52 Prazgodovinsko gradišče na Golem vrhu prvič omenja Franc Rupnik, kaplan hrenoviške župnije.53 Opis naselbine pa je v topografskih zapisih podala Mehtilda Urleb.54 Naselje je obsegalo vrh hriba z ravnico, ki se proti jugovzhodu terasasto spušča. Dolgo je bilo 86 m in široko do 38 m. Zaščiteno je bilo s strmimi bregovi 52 Gams 2004, 290-291, sl. 260-261. 53 Rupnik 1925, 59; Rupnik 1935, 7. 54 Urleb 1962, 23. Goli vrh is a hill located on the western edge of the Pivka basin that reaches 710 metres above sea level (figs. 6-10). The western slope of the hill drops sharply into the Močilnik gorge towards the Vipava valley, while the not so steep eastern slope leads into the Pivka basin. On the southeast the slope drops gently towards the saddle that links Goli vrh with the neighbouring hill (724 m a.s.l.) that holds the same name. The steep northern slope of Goli vrh ends at the Razdrto pass. The stream Volčji potok runs to the south of the mainly deciduous Goli vrh. Goli vrh consists of flysch layers and the hill slopes are in concordance with the dip of flysch rock (fig. 12). Due to the steep slope the weathered flysch is unstable and is slowly sliding down the slope. At the foot of the hill the flysch is in contact with cretaceous limestone.52 Franc Rupnik, the vicar in the parish of Hrenovice was the first to mention the prehistoric site on Goli vrh.53 The topographic description of the settlement was provided by Mehtilda Urleb.54 The settlement encompassed the top of the hill with the terraced plain that sloped towards the south east. The settlement which was protected by steep embankments and a rampart measured 86 metres in length and up to 38 metres in width. A narrow terrace was located on the outside of the rampart on the steep southwest slope of the hill (fig. 13). The settlement was badly damaged in recent history. The largest intrusions occurred in 1805 and 1809 when the Austrian army dug military trenches with chest defences on two levels as well as two fortifications, all in the area of Goli vrh.55 The settlement was not archaeologically researched until 1989. FIELDWORK METHOD The method of rescue archaeological excavations was defined once the vegetation was removed from the northwest part of the hill top and slope, the part 52 Gams 2004, 290-291, figs. 260-261. 53 Rupnik 1925, 59; Rupnik 1935, 7. 54 Urleb 1962, 23. 55 Rupnik 1935, 83-94; Klavora 2003, 253-267. T V ^ M 0 , 700,6 \ profili 1-8a/ sections 1-8a sonda / trench \\ \ / / / / / -702,/ / / in m VZDOLŽNI PREREZ AA' CROSS SECTION AA' / 693,6 / \ ^—Va' 700 692 Sl. 13: Goli vrh. Načrt naselja s profili in sondo. M. = 1 : 2000. Izmera: F. Drole. Fig. 13: Goli vrh. The settlement with sections and trench. Scale = 1 : 2000. Measured by F. Drole. in z nasipom. Na jugozahodnem pobočju hriba je bila pod strmino in nasipom še ožja terasa (sl. 13). Naselbina je bila v polpretekli zgodovini močno poškodovana. Največji posegi na njej so bili izvedeni v letih 1805 in 1809, ko je avstrijska vojska na območju Golega vrha v dveh nivojih izkopala vojaške jarke s pr-sobrani in dvema utrdbama.55 Naselbina do leta 1989 ni bila arheološko raziskana. METODA TERENSKEGA DELA Metoda arheoloških zaščitnih posegov je bila določena potem, ko so na severozahodni polovici vrha in pobočja hriba, kjer naj bi bil narejen usek za avtocesto, odstranili vegetacijo. Zaradi vojaških jarkov Rupnik 1935, 83-94; Klavora 2003, 253-267. on which motorway construction was foreseen. Due to the military trenches and the earth piles created while digging them, the endangered area did not have many untouched surfaces. Thus the archaeology committee decided that a number of sections were to be machine dug along the hill and across the existing trenches (fig. 14). The excavations lasted for nine working days and took place between 1st and 18th September 1989. During the first part of the excavations eight sections were dug in the area of the hill planned for removal. They were excavated with the use of machines and ran from the top across the steep slope, so that they created a fan pattern that covered most of the endangered part. The sections were made by a machine that pushed away the earth, thus making the width of the section the same as the width of the machine shovel. The length and depth of the sections differed. The sections were renamed for the publication and are now marked from the east to the in kupov ob gradnji jarkov izkopane zemlje je bilo na ogroženem območju hriba le malo nepoškodovane površine, zato se je arheološka komisija odločila, da se vzdolž hriba in prečno na obstoječe jarke s pomočjo stroja izdela več profilov (sl. 14). Zaščitni arheološki posegi so trajali devet delovnih dni in so potekali med 1. in 18. 9. 1989. V prvem delu izkopavanj je bilo na področju hriba, ki so ga predvideli za odstranitev, izkopanih osem profilov. Izkopani so bili s strojem in so potekali od vrha čez strmino, daleč po pobočju tako, da so v pahljačasti razporeditvi zajeli večji del ogroženega območja. Profili so bili izdelani tako, da je delovni stroj z lopato odrinil zemljo. Z enim odrivom sta nastala dva profila. Razdalja med njima pa je bila širina lopate delovnega stroja. Dolžina in globina profilov sta bili različni. Profili so bili za objavo preimenovani in so sedaj označeni z zaporednimi številkami od 1 do 8 od vzhoda proti zahodu (sl. 13). Zaradi slabo izraženih kulturnih plasti in majhnega števila odkritih artefaktov so bili med profili 2 in 3 (profil 2a), 4 in 5 (profil 4a) ter 6 in 7 (profil 6a) strojno izkopani dodatni profili. Dodatni profil je bil izdelan tudi na zahodnem robu ogroženega območja in je potekal daleč v notranjost naselbine (profil 8a). V nadaljevanju je bilo vseh dvanajst profilov ročno izravnanih in dokumentiranih. Na zahodnem robu vrha hriba je bila izkopana kontrolna sonda, velika 1 x 2 m. Ker se je že po odstranitvi tanke humusne plasti pokazala flišna kamnina, sonda ni bila dokumentirana. V času izkopavanj je bil izdelan načrt Golega vrha v merilu 1 : 500, na katerem so bili vrisani profili in sonda. Mere in opis predstavljenega profila 4a ter lokacije najdb smo povzeli po dnevniku izkopavanj, risbah, izdelanih v merilu 1 : 20, in fotografijah profilov. Načrt Golega vrha in risba profila 4a sta bila za objavo prilagojena (sl. 13, 15). TERENSKI IZVID Sl. 14: Goli vrh. Območje hriba pred izkopavanji. Viden vojaški jarek 2. Pogled proti severovzhodu. V ozadju vznožje Nanosa in severni del Pivške kotline. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 14: Goli vrh. The hill prior to the excavations. Military trench 2 is visible. View towards the northeast. In the background the foothills of Nanos and the northern part of the Pivka basin. Photo: V. Schein. west with numbers running from 1 to 8 (fig. 13). Due to the poorly visible cultural layers and the small number of discovered artefacts additional sections were machine dug between sections 2 and 3 (section 2a), 4 and 5 (section 4a) and 6 and 7 (section 6a). An additional section that ran far into the interior of the settlement (section 8a) was made on the western edge of the endangered area. All twelve sections were manually treated and documented. On the western edge of the top of the hill a control trench (1 x 2 m) was dug out. Because a flysch rock emerged as soon as the thin humus layer was removed, the trench was not documented. During the excavations a plan of Goli vrh at a scale 1 : 500 was created and this included the sections and the trench. The measurements and the description of section 4a as well as the location of the finds were recapped from the excavation logbook, drawings at a scale 1 : 20 and section photographs. The plan of Goli vrh and the plan of section 4a were adjusted for publication (figs. 13, 15). V profilih so bile vidne novodobne obrambne strukture v obliki jarkov in starejša različna nasutja. Profila 6a in 8a sta bila arheološko negativna. V profilu 8a je bilo 1,5 m pod površjem, v plasti oranžno rjavega grušča, odkrito recentno orodje za kopanje (kramp). Kulturna plast (plast 3) brez najdb je bila dokumentirana v profilih 1, 2, 2a, 3, 5, 6 in 8. Po strojni izdelavi profilov 1 in 2 so bili na poškodovani površini med profiloma odkriti odlomki keramike. Njihove točne lege ni bilo mogoče določiti. V profilih 4, 4a in 7 je bila kulturna plast potrjena s keramičnimi fragmenti. Ker se zaporedje različnih plasti v profilih s kulturno arheološko plastjo ni razlikovalo, je stratigrafsko opisan le profil 4a, v katerem je bilo izkopanih največ predmetov. FIELDWORK RESULTS The old ramparts and the modern defensive structures in the form of trenches can be seen within the sections. No archaeological evidence appeared in sections 6a and 8a. Merely a modern digging tool (pick) was found in section 8a, in a layer of orange-brown gravel, 1.5 m under the surface. The cultural layer (layer 3) with no finds was documented in sections 1, 2, 2a, 3, 5, 6 and 8. Once sections 1 and 2 were machine dug pottery fragments were discovered on the damaged surface between the two. Their exact position could not be specified. The cultural layer was verified with pottery fragments in sections 4, 4a and 7. The stratigraphic sequence was identical in all Sl. 15: Goli vrh, profil 4a. Pogled proti jugozahodu. Plasti: 1 -fliš, 2 - flišni grušč pomešan z zemljo, 3 - temno rjava zemlja, 4 - droben flišni grušč pomešan z zemljo, 5 - rjava ilovica pomešana z zemljo, 6 - siv flišni grušč, 7-8 - nekompakten flišni grušč, 9 - humus. M. = 1 : 80. Fig. 15: Goli vrh, section 4a. View towards the southwest. Layers: 1 - flysch, 2 - flysch gravel mixed with soil , 3 - dark brown soil, 4 - small flysch gravel mixed with soil, 5 - brown clay mixed with soil, 6 - grey flysch gravel, 7-8 - non-compact flysch gravel, 9 - humus. Scale = 1 : 80. PROFIL 4a Profil 4a je bil narejen na severozahodnem delu ogroženega območja, v smeri jugovzhod-severozahod (sl. 15-17). Izhodišče profila (x = 0) je bilo v notranjosti naselja. V dolžino je profil meril 35,4 m, visok je bil do 2,4 m.56 Na začetku jugovzhodnega dela profila (x = 0 m) je vkopan vojaški jarek 1, sledi v dolžini 6 metrov ravni del hriba pred rahlo dvignjenim nasipom 1. Od x = 6,3 m do x = 11 m profil preseka nasip 1 (sl. 15-17). Pri x = 14 m pada pobočje Golega vrha z naklonom 18°. Na strmini je profil presekal nasip 2 (med x = 23 m in x = 27 m) in vojaški jarek 2 (med x = 30,6 m ter x = 33 m; sl. 14-15). Na dnu profila (sl. 15), med x = 0,2 m do x = 22,8 m, je flišna osnova, ki je delno preperela (plast 1). Od x = 20,2 m do x = 30,8 m in od x = 32,4 m do 35,4 m leži na flišni osnovi do 0,5 m debela plast flišnega grušča, pomešanega z zemljo (plast 2). Po strukturi je plast podobna osnovni flišni kamnini, le da je fliš v plasti 2 močneje natrt. Plast 2, med x = 30,8 m in x = 32,4 m, preseka jarek 2. Med x = 0,4 m in x = 30,7 m leži na spodnjih dveh plasteh kulturna plast temnorjave zemlje, med katero so pomešani redki manjši flišni kamni (plast 3). Debelina plasti varira, od 0,2 m med x = 0,4 m in x = 8,3 m in do 0,5 m med x = 8,3 m in x = 30,7 m. V plasti so odlomki keramike, ki so zgoščeni okoli x = 3 m in x = 9 m (sl. 18: 2,9-12). Plast 3 pokriva med x = 6,3 m in x = 10,6 m nasip 1, ki je sestavljen iz drobnega flišnega grušča, pomešanega z zemljo (plast 4), in sega 0,92 m visoko (sl. 17). Za nasipom 1 se je med x = 4 m in x = 7,1 m nabrala do 0,3 m debela plast rjave ilovice, pomešane z zemljo (plast 5). Plasti 3-5 so med x = 0,5 m in x = 19,2 m prekrite z gruščem iz sivih flišnih kamnov, ki na območju nasipa 1 doseže največjo debelino, do 1,4 m (plast 6). Od x = 21,8 m in do x = 27,3 m siv flišni grušč gradi tudi nasip 2 visok do 1,1 m. Na plasti 6 leži med x = 0,6 m in x = 2,55 m nekompakten flišni grušč (plast 7). Grušč podobne strukture (plast 8) leži tudi med x = 32,9 m in x = 34,8 m, kjer prekriva plast 2. Profil 4a je med x = 1 in x = 30,4 m zaključen z gozdnim humusom sections that included the cultural layer. Therefore only section 4a is stratigraphically described, for this section held the majority of the excavated objects. SECTION 4a Section 4a, running in the southeast - northwest direction, was created on the northwest part of the endangered area (figs. 15-17). The starting point of the section (x = 0) is located in the settlement interior. The section measures 35.4 m in length and is up to 2.4 m deep.56 Military trench 1 is situated at the beginning of the section (x = 0 m). Within the section the hill continues in a horizontal line for an additional 6 metres. The slightly raised rampart 1 (figs. 15-17) emerges between x = 6.3 m and x = 11 m. At x= 14 m the slope of Goli vrh falls with a decline of 18°. The second rampart (rampart 2) appears between x = 23 m and x = 27 m. Military trench 2 can be observed between x = 30.6 m and x = 33 m (figs. 14-15). The partially weathered flysch base (layer 1) lies at the bottom of the section, between x = 0.2 m and x = 22.8 m (fig. 15). An up to 0.5 m thick layer of flysch gravel mixed with soil (layer 2) covered the flysch base between x = 20.2 m and x = 30.8 m and between x = 32.4 m and 35.4 m. The structure of the layer is reminiscent of the basic flysch rock, with the difference that the flysch in layer 2 is more crushed. Between x = 30.8 m and x = 32.4 m trench 2 cuts through layer 2. Between x = 0.4 m and x = 30.7 m the lower two layers were covered by a cultural layer of dark brown soil with infrequent small flysch stones (layer 3). The thickness of the layer varied, from 0.2 m between x = 0.4 m and x = 8.3 m up to 0.5 m between x = 8.3 m and x = 30.7 m. The layer included pottery fragments that were concentrated at x = 3 m and x = 9 m (fig. 18:2,9-12). Between x = 6.3 m and x = 10.6 m layer 3 was covered by rampart 1 that consisted of small flysch gravel mixed with soil (layer 4) and reached up to 0.92 m in height (fig. 17). An up to 0.3 m thick layer of brown clay mixed with soil (layer 5) was accumulated behind rampart 1, between x = 4 m and x = 7.1 m. Between x = 0.5 m and x = 19.2 m layers 3-5 were covered by grey flysch gravel (layer 6). Layer 6 reached its greatest thickness (1.4 m) within rampart 1. Between x = 21.8 m and x = 27.3 m layer 6 also formed rampart 2 which measured up to 1.1 m in height. A non-compact flysch gravel layer (layer 7) lied on layer 6 between x = 0.6 m and x = 2.55 m. Similarly structured gravel (layer 8) could be found between x = 32.9 m and x = 34.8 m, where it covered layer 2. Forest humus (layer 9; 0.04 to 0.2 m thick) covered section 4a between x = 1 and x = 30.4 m. There was no forest humus between x= 30.4 m and x= 35.4 m. 56 Profili niso bili opisani v poročilu, prav tako niso bile izmerjene globine posameznih najdb. 56 The sections were not described in the report; the depths at which individual finds were located were also not recorded. Sl. 16: Goli vrh. Profil 4a. Pogled na jugozahodni del profila. V ozadju Vipavska dolina. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 16: Goli vrh. Section 4a. View of the southwest part of the section. The Vipava valley in the background. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 17: Goli vrh. Profil 4a. Detajl profila na predelu nasipa 1. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 17: Goli vrh. Section 4a. Detail of the section at rampart 1. Photo: V. Schein. (plast 9), debelim od 0,04 do 0,2 m. Gozdnega humusa med x = 30,4 m in x = 35,4 m ni. Na načrtu (sl. 13) je viden samo rob terase ob nasipu 1, nasip 2 pa očitno ni bil kartiran. ČASOVNA OPREDELITEV PREDMETOV Najdbe, ki so bile odkrite v plasti 3 profilov 4, 4a in 7, so številčno skromne (sl. 18). Izkopani so bili le fragmenti grobe keramike, ki je po strukturi podobna nekaterim Merely the terrace edge near rampart 1 can be seen on the plan (fig. 13), while rampart 2 was obviously not chartered. CHRONOLOGY OF THE OBJECTS Only rare finds were discovered in layer 3 in sections 4, 4a and 7 (fig. 18). Merely fragments of coarse pottery were excavated. Its fabric is similar to some pieces from Mandrga (pls. 8:5; 18:11-12; 30:17; 31:1-3; see pg. 83). It is hard to date precisely the shapes of the rims, the kosom z Mandrge (t. 8: 5; 18: 11-12; 30: 17; 31: 1-3; glej str. 82). Oblike ustij posod, ornamenta na ostenju (plastična rebra, razčlenjena plastična rebra, bradavice), masivnega tunelastega ročaja posode ter pladnja in noge trinožnika časovno težko ožje opredelimo. Ustjem, ornamentom in tunelastemu ročaju (sl. 18: 1-5,7,11-14) najdemo najboljše primerjave med bronastodobnim materialom bližnjih najdišč Šušca57 in Gladežnice58 ter na bolj oddaljenem Gradišču nad Ajdovščino.59 V širšem okviru najdemo take ročaje in okras razčlenjenih reber tudi med gradivom iz Predja-me60 in z gradišča Sv. Mihael pri Grižah.61 Predjamski material je zaradi kontinuitete poselitve od eneolitika do pozne antike in nezanesljivih stratigrafskih podatkov za časovno umestitev naših predmetov neuporaben. Material iz Sv. Mihaela pri Grižah je opredeljen v starejšo železno dobo, od stopnje Notranjska II do Notranjska VI,62 vendar pa bi bilo nekaj kosov keramike63 lahko tudi starejših, bronastodobnih.64 Med najdbami z Golega vrha izstopata odlomka pladnja in noge, ki sta glede na sestavo keramike morda dela istega trinožnika (sl. 18: 9-10). Trinožniki so značilni za področje severnega Jadrana, Istre, Kvarnerskih otokov in Tržaškega krasa. Največkrat jih najdemo na naselbinah iz bronaste dobe, oblikovno spremenjene pa tudi med železnodobnim gradivom.65 Najdišča s trinožniki v severnojadranskem zaledju, to je na slovenskem delu Krasa, so redka. Omenimo lahko nogo trinožnika z že omenjenega najdišča Sv. Mihael pri Grižah66 in dve nogi z Brgoda pri Petrinjah,67 ki sta bili odkriti v sklopu homogenega materiala srednje bronaste dobe. Novejše raziskave na Notranjskem kažejo na mejo razprostranjenosti trinožnikov globoko v predalpskem prostoru. V Zapolju na severnem robu Logaškega polja68 in na Farjevki na Babnem polju69 so bile odkrite 57 Svoljšak D. 2003, 263; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165-166. 58 Bratina 2003b, 229; Bratina 2004, sl. 11-14; Bratina 2006, 93- 94. 59 Svoljšak D. 1989, 369, 376, t. 1: 3,5,11; 2: 11-12,16. 60 Korošec 1956, t. 10: 10; 11: 6. 61 Guštin 1979, 10, 14, t. 9: 11-12. Ime gradišča Sv. Mihael pri Grižah se v literaturi različno navaja. Sv. Mihael pri Štorjah (S. Michele di Storie) ga je poimenoval Marchesetti (1903, 48), Guštin ga imenuje Štorje (Guštin 1979). V ANSl 1975, 140 (P. Petru), pa je t. i. Šmihelsko gradišče opisano kot hrib zahodno od Griž. Opozorilo D. Božiča. 62 Guštin 1979, 10, 14. 63 Guštin 1979, t. 7: 9; 9. 64 Teržan 1999, 136. 65 Mihovilic 1995, 32-34, t. 3: 8; 4-8; Hansel, Mihovi-lic, Teržan 1997, 85-87, sl. 46; Sakara Sučevic 2004, 88, 156, 201-202; Sakara Sučevic 2008, 443-444, 446, sl. 4: 18; 5: 36. 66 Guštin 1979, t. 11: 2. 67 Bavdek 2005a, 533, sl. 6. 68 Olic 2006. 69 Bavdek 2006, 7. ornaments on the walls (plastic ribs, dissected plastic ribs and nipples), the massive tunnel shaped handle and the leg from a tripod plate. The best comparisons for the rims, ornaments and the tunnel shaped handle (fig. 18: 1-5,7,11-14) can be found amongst the Bronze Age material from the nearby sites of Šušec57 and Gladežnica58 as well as from the more distant site of Gradišče above Ajdovščina.59 Such handles and decoration appear also amongst the material from Predjama60 and Sv. Mihael near Griže.61 The Predjama material is of no use for chronology due to the continuity of the settlement from the Eneolithic period to Late Antiquity and the unreliable stratigraphic data. The material from Sv. Mihael near Griže is placed into the Early Iron Age, between phases Notranjska II and Notranjska VI,62 however a few pottery fragments63 could be older, i.e. from the Bronze Age.64 The plate leg and rim fragments are probably the most prominent objects from Goli vrh. As they are made from the same fabric they could both be a part of the same tripod plate (fig. 18: 9-10). Tripod plates were typical for the area of the North Adriatic, Istria, the Kvarner islands and the Trieste Karst. Most commonly they are found in Bronze Age settlements, however in different forms they can also appear amongst Iron Age material.65 Tripod plates are rarely found in the Northern Adriatic hinterland, i.e. in the Slovene part of Kras. A tripod leg was discovered in the previously mentioned site of Sv. Mihael near Griže.66 Two legs were discovered within homogenous Middle Bronze Age material in Brgod near Petrinje.67 Recent research in the Notranjska region indicates that the use of tripod plates extended deep into the pre-Alpine space. Legs identical in form to the legs from the 'original' territories of Istria and Karst were discovered in Zapolje on the north edge of Logatec 57 Svoljšak D. 2003, 263; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165-166. 58 Bratina 2003b, 229; Bratina 2004, figs. 11-14; Bratina 2006, 93- 94. 59 Svoljšak D. 1989, 369, 376, pls. 1: 3,5,11; 2: 11-12,16. 60 Korošec 1956, pls. 10: 10; 11: 6. 61 Guštin 1979, 10, 14, pl. 9: 11-12. The hillfort of Sv. Mihael near Griže is mentioned in literature under different names. Marchesetti (1903, 48) called it S. Michele di Storie, Guštin called it Štorje (Guštin 1979). In ANSl 1975, 140 (P Petru) the site is called "Šmihel hillfort" and described as a hill west of Griže. Note by D. Božič. 62 Guštin 1979, 10, 14. 63 Guštin 1979, pls. 7: 9; 9. 64 Teržan 1999, 109. 65 Mihovilic 1995, 32-34, pls. 3: 8; 4-8; Hansel, Mihovilic, Teržan 1997, 85-87, fig. 46; Sakara Sučevic 2004, 88, 156, 201-202; Sakara Sučevic 2008, 443-444, 446, figs. 4: 18; 5: 36. 66 Guštin 1979, pl. 11: 2. 67 Bavdek 2005a, 533, fig. 6. Sl. 18: Goli vrh. 1, 4, 7 med profiloma 1 in 2; 2, 9-12 profil 4a; 3, 5 profil 7; 6, 8, 13-14 profil 4. Keramika. M. = 1 : 2. Fig. 18: Goli Vvrh. 1, 4, 7 between sections 1 and 2; 9-12 section 4a; 3, 5 section 7; 6, 8, 13-14 section 4. Pottery. Scale = 1 : 2. noge, ki so identičnih oblik kot noge na "matičnem", istrsko-kraškem področju. V vrtači Zapolje, ki leži ob prazgodovinski prometni povezavi, je bila noga trino-žnika najdena med bronastodobnim gradivom.70 Na naselbini Farjevka, ob prelazu proti Kvarnerju, pa so noge najdene skupaj s poznobronastodobnim oziroma starohalštatskim gradivom.71 sklep Plasti in strukture profila 4a na Golem vrhu so pokazale več poselitev oziroma kratkotrajnih človeških aktivnosti. Prva faza naselja se je izražala v plasti 3, ki je po keramičnem gradivu prazgodovinska, morda poznobronastodobna. V tem času naselje ni imelo obrambnega nasipa. V drugi fazi je bil narejen nasip 1 (plast 4), za katerim se je nabrala plast zemlje (plast 5). Nasip 2, ki ga tvori plast 6, je nastal, ko je nasip 1 izgubil svojo funkcijo. Hkrati z nastankom nasipa 2 so verjetno 70 Olic 2006, 17-19, t. 1-5. 71 Neobjavljeno; NMPo. plain68 and in Farjevka near Babno polje.69 The Zapolje sinkhole situated alongside the prehistoric transport route provided Bronze Age material.70 In the settlement of Farjevka,71 on the pass leading towards the Kvarner, legs were found together with Late Bronze Age or Early Hallstatt material. conclusions Layers and structures in section 4a indicate a number of settlements or short time human activities on Goli vrh. The first phase of the settlement can be observed in layer 3, which is prehistoric (possibly from the Late Bronze Age) if we take pottery finds into account. At the time the settlement did not have a defensive rampart. Rampart 1 (layer 4) and layer 5 originate from the second phase. 6S Olic 2006. 69 Bavdek 2006, V. 70 Olic 2006, 1V-19, pls. 1-S. izravnali notranjost naselja. Zaradi odsotnosti najdb v plasteh nasipa 1 in nasipa 2 ne moremo določiti časa, v katerem sta obstajala. Morda je republikanski novec (viktoriat, kovan med 211 in 170 pr. Kr.), ki je bil najden z iskalcem kovin na Golem vrhu, namig za umestitev enega od nasipov v mlajšo železno dobo.72 V četrto fazo, ki smo jo zasledili v profilu, sodita jarek 1 in jarek 2 ter plasti 7 in 8, ki sta posledica izkopov jarkov. Oba jarka sta bila narejena v novejšem času, na začetku 19. stoletja, in sta bila del obrambnega sistema na strateški točki Golega vrha.73 Rampart 2 (layer 6) was created when rampart 1 lost its function. The settlement interior was levelled at the same time as rampart 2 was created. Due to the lack of finds the chronology of ramparts 1 and 2 cannot be determined. The Roman Republican coin (victoriatus, minted from 211 to 170 BC), found on Goli vrh with a metal detector, hints that one of the ramparts originates from the Late Iron Age.72 Trenches 1 and 2 as well as layers 7 and 8 (a product of trench digging) belong into the fourth phase. Both trenches are modern, originating from the very beginning of the 19th century and were a part of the defence system at the strategic point of Goli vrh.73 72 FMRSl V, 31. 73 Klavora 2003, 247-267. 72 FMRSl V, 31. 73 Klavora 2003, 247-267. MANDRGA MANDRGA Pod jugovzhodnim vznožjem Nanosa, 650 m zahodno od vasi Razdrto se razprostira ledina Mandrga (sl. 19). Na vzhodu in zahodu meji na ledini Velike njive in Ograda, južni rob ledine pa seže do regionalne ceste. Arheološko najdišče na Mandrgi leži na njenem južnem delu, na nadmorski višini 585 m (sl. 7, 10). Under the southeast foothill of Nanos, 650 m west of the village of Razdrto stands the fallow of Mandrga (fig. 19). On the east and west it borders on the fallows Velike njive and Ograda, while on the south it ends at the regional road. The Mandrga archaeological site is located on its southern part, at 585 m above sea level (figs. 7, 10). metoda terenskega dela fieldwork methods Arheološko najdišče je bilo ugotovljeno na območju Mandrge, potem ko je bila med gradnjo avtoceste s stroji nenadzorovano odstranjena od 0,4 do 0,5 m debela plast ruše in zemlje. V tritedenskem obdobju med odstranitvijo vrhnje plasti zemlje in zaščitnimi arheološkimi posegi je bila čez del najdišča speljana gradbena pot, po kateri je težka mehanizacija prehajala z enega delovišča na drugega. Zemlja je bila na predelu najdišča osušena in močno stlačena (sl. 20). Sl. 19: Mandrga severozahodno od vasi Razdrto. Pogled proti severu. Foto: M. Urleb. Fig. 19: Mandrga northwest of the village of Razdrto. View towards the north. Photo: M. Urleb. During the preparations for the motorway construction the cultural layers were damaged by the unmoni-tored machine removal of the 0.4 to 0.5 m thick layer of turf and earth. It was only following this event that the area of Mandrga was recognized as an archaeological site. A construction road was built across a part of the site during the three week period between the removal of the upper layer of earth and the beginning of the rescue archaeological excavations. This road was used to transport heavy machinery from one part of the construction area to the other. The earth was dried out and compacted to the extreme (fig. 20). At the beginning of the rescue excavation the damaged area was surveyed and the archaeological site was delimited. At the start the fieldwork area measuring Sl. 20: Mandrga. Območje raziskav. Foto: V. schein. Fig. 20: Mandrga. Research area. Photo: V schein. V okviru zaščitnih arheoloških raziskav je bilo po pregledu že poškodovane površine in najdb na njej določeno in zamejeno najdišče. Začetna velikost izkopnega polja je bila 840 m^. Razdeljeno je bilo na 24 kvadrantov dimenzij 7 x 5 metrov (sl. 21). Koordinatni sistem je imel izhodišče v severozahodnem vogalu izkopnega polja. Severni rob izkopnega polja je bil nosilec osi x. Potekala je v smeri zahod-vzhod in je bila na dolžini 28 metrov razdeljena na štiri sedemmetrske odseke, označene s črkami od A do D. Os y je potekala po zahodnem robu izkopnega polja od severa proti jugu. Dolga je bila 30 metrov in razdeljena na šest delov po 5 m, označenih s številkami od 1 do 6. Arheološke zaščitne raziskave so potekale od 19. 9. do 16. 10. 1989 (15 delovnih dni). V začetni fazi so bili očiščeni kvadranti, kjer so na poškodovani površini ležali predmeti ali pa je bilo na površini zaznati temnejše lise. Izkopi v kvadrantih so bili narejeni, če zanemarimo strojno odstranjeno plast, debelo 0,4 do 0,5 m, do globine 0,4 m. Zaradi predmetov, ki so bili odkriti na severnem in vzhodnem robu izkopnega polja, je bilo v času izkopavanj izkopno polje povečano na osi x proti vzhodu za dolžino enega kvadranta (oznaka E) in prav tako za dolžino enega kvadranta po osi y proti severu (oznaka 0). Končna velikost izkopnega polja je bila 1225 m^. Ker na površini v kvadrantih A6, B6, C5, D5, E0, E1, E3 in E5 ni bilo zaznati predmetov, izkopi v njih niso bili opravljeni. Na mejnem delu kvadrantov A1-5 in B1-5 je bil odkrit jarek. Kot nekoliko temnejša lisa se je pokazal po prvi poglobitvi v kvadrantih A4-5 in B4-5. Z večkratnim poglabljanjem je bil v zaključni fazi raziskan do severnega roba kvadrantov A1 in B1, kjer je bil izdelan in dokumentiran severni prečni profil jarka. Profili ostalih kvadrantov in struktur niso bili narejeni. Do geološke osnove je izkop segal le na območju jarka. Relativne globine jarka in severnega roba izkopnega polja so bile izmerjene zadnji dan izkopavanj od točke, ki je bila hkrati severni rob avtocestnega profila 72. Točki niso določili absolutne nadmorske višine. Navedene mere so povzete po originalni dokumentaciji: tlorisu izkopnega polja, narisanem v merilu 1 : 50, prečnem profilu jarka v merilu 1 : 20, po dnevniku in fotografijah izkopavanj ter po delnem poročilu o izkopavanjih. Tloris izkopnega polja in profil jarka sta bila za objavo dopolnjena. terenski izvid Nepropustne flišne kamnine, ki vsebujejo peščenjake in laporje na južnem vznožju Nanosa in v njegovem izteku pri Razdrtem, so na Mandrgi spremenjene v ilovico, redko pomešano s peskom. V izkopnem polju je bila ilovica rjavkasto rdeče do rjavkasto rumene barve. V ilovnati plasti so bili tudi drobnejši kosi apnenca in kompaktnega fliša. V globini so bili odkriti plastovit fliš 840 m^ was divided into 24 quadrants measuring 7 x 5 metres (fig. 21). The starting point of the coordinate system was located in the northwest corner of the area. Axis x ran for 28 metres along the north edge of the fieldwork area in the west - east direction. It was divided into four seven metre sections denoted by letters ranging from A to D. The y axis ran along the west edge of the site in the north - south direction. Axis y measured 30 metres in length and was divided into six sections - each measuring 5 metres. The sections were marked with numbers ranging from 1 to 6. The rescue archaeological excavation took place between 19th September and 16th October 1989 (15 working days). During the first phase the quadrants with surface objects or visible dark patches were cleared. If we ignore the 0.4 to 0.5 m thick layer removed with machinery the quadrants were dug to a maximum of 0.4 m in depth. As objects were discovered on the north and east edge of the excavation site, two additional lines of quadrants were added to the site: one on the x axis extending the site towards the east (E) and one on the y axis extending towards the north (0). Thus the final size of the site measured 1225 m^. As no objects were located on the surface of quadrants A6, B6, C5, D5, E0, E1, E3 and E5 these quadrants were not excavated. Once the first horizontal planum was excavated a ditch appeared as a slightly darker patch on the border between quadrants A1-5 and B1-5. Only the southern part of the ditch (in quadrants A1-5 and B1-5) was completely researched. The cross section of the ditch was made at the north edge of quadrants A1 and B1. The cross sections of the remaining quadrants and structures were not made. The excavation reached the geological base only within the ditch. The relative depths of the ditch and the north edge of the fieldwork area were measured on the last day of excavations. They were measured from the point which also represented the northern edge of motorway profile 72. The absolute height above sea level was not defined. Measurements mentioned in the text were taken from the original documentation: the ground plan of the site (scale 1 : 50), the cross section of the ditch (scale 1 : 20), the log book, photographs and the preliminary excavation report. The ground plan of the site and the ditch cross section were appropriately reduced and adapted for this publication. fieldwork results The impermeable flysch layer containing sandstone and marl found on the south foothill of Nanos and at Razdrto were at Mandrga substituted by clay, mildly mixed with sand. At Mandrga the clay ranged between brownish red and brownish yellow in colour. The clay layer also included small parts of limestone and com- 426969.38 68 559.64 x = Om y = 5m 427 004.00 68 562.53 x = 35m y = 5m x = 0 y = 0 f ■ T2 i?* .i ■ 426 971.48 68 534.45 jarek / ditch rekonstruiran jarek / reconstruction of the ditch ožgano / burnt surface rob izkopa / border of the excavation field oglje / charcoal n^ kamen, skala / stone, rock Sl. 21: Mandrga. Tloris izkopnega polja. Označena keramika, odkrita v prvi polovici izkopavanj. M. = 1 : 250. Fig. 21: Mandrga. Excavated area. Pottery found during the first half of the excavations is marked. Scale = 1 : 250. in večje zaplate narivnega apnenca. Celotno območje Mandrge in s tem tudi izkopnega polja je rahlo padalo v smeri od severa proti jugu. Nagiba terena v območju raziskav zaradi maloštevilnih meritev relativnih višin nismo mogli natančno izračunati. Na raziskanem delu Mandrge je bil v matično flišno kamnino izkopan jarek. Površinske strukture so ležale na flišni podlagi (sl. 21). pact flysch. Layered flysch and large areas of limestone were also found in the depths of the site. The entire area of Mandrga (and with this also of the fieldwork area) declined slightly from north to south. Due to the rare measurements of the relative heights the angle of the terrain could not be precisely calculated. A ditch was dug into the flysch base. Several surface structures were positioned on the flysch base (fig. 21). Srebrn rimski novec (denarij, 121 pr. Kr.; t. 38:26) je bil najden na predelu Mandrge pred izkopavanji.74 JAREK Jarek je bil odkrit na mejnem delu kvadrantov A1-5 in B1-5. Raziskan je bil v dolžini 21,3 metra. Južni del jarka se je zaključil v postopnem prehodu na površje v kvadrantih A5 in B5. Severni del jarka ni bil raziskan v celoti, zato nista znana njegova dejanska dolžina in severni zaključek (sl. 21). Jarek je bil izkopan v geološko osnovo in je imel v profilu skledasto obliko. Širina jarka 74 Točna lokacija novca, ki ga je našel delavec Elektro Sežana na Mandrgi pred izkopavanji, ni znana. Po opisu v dnevniku izkopavanj ga je določil A. Šemrov (NMS). Novec hrani najditelj. Sl. 22: Mandrga. Jarek. Apnenčasti greben, na njem kos oglja. Pogled z juga. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 22: Mandrga. Ditch. Limestone ridge, a peace of charcoal on it. View from the south. Photo: V. Schein. A silver Roman coin (denarius, 121 BC; pl. 38: 26) was found at Mandrga already before the excavations begun.74 DITCH A ditch was discovered on the border between quadrants A1-5 and B1-5. It was excavated in the length of 21.3 metres. The south end of the ditch gradually reached the surface in quadrants A5 and B5. The north part was not researched in its entirety, thus the exact length of the ditch nor its north end are known (fig. 21). The ditch was dug into the geological base and had a concave cross section. The width varied, from 2.7 metres in quadrants A5 and B5 to 3.5 m in quadrants A1 and B1. At its deepest (at the cross section - qu. A1-B1) the ditch measured 1.44 m (measured from the damaged surface to the bottom). Most of the ditch was dug into a flysch base, only in quadrants A2, B2 and B3 did the ditch cross a cracked limestone layer, which appeared as a ridge (fig. 22). Due to the cracked rocks the traces of digging were not visible in the flysch and limestone. The ditch was filled with four clay layers that were possible to define in the cross section (figs. 23-24). Above the compact flysch lay a thin, up to 18 cm thick layer of yellow clay (layer 1) with no archaeological finds. Above this layers were mixed with rare small limestone stones (layers 2-4). The difference between the layers was in the colour nu- 74 The exact location of the coin found at Mandrga by a worker from Elektro Sežana (before the excavations started) is unknown. The coin was defined by A. Šemrov (NMS) on the basis of the description in the excavation log. It is kept by the finder. x = 5 m x = 7m x = 8 m TI T2 — z = -0,5 m — ^ z = -1 m — z = -1,5 m I 5 14 13 I 2 I 1 I rdeča ilovica / red clay keramika / pottery 3 fliš / flysch Sl. 23: Mandrga. Profil jarka. Pogled z juga. Plasti: 1 - rumena ilovica, 2 - rjavordeča ilovica, 3 - rjava ilovica, 4 - rjava zemlja, 5 - humus. M. = 1 : 40. Fig. 23: Mandrga. Cross section of the ditch. View from the south. Layers: 1 - yellow clay, 2 - brownish red clay, 3 - brown clay, 4 - brown soil, 5 - humus. Scale = 1 : 40. Sl. 24: Mandrga. Očiščen prečni profil jarka. Pogled z juga. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 24: Mandrga. Cross section of the ditch. View from the south. Photo: V. Schein. je bila različna, od 2,7 m v kvadrantih A5 in B5 do 3,5 m v kvadrantih A1 in B1. Največja globina jarka od poškodovane površine do dna je bila 1,44 m. Izmerjena je bila na prečnem profilu, v kvadrantih A1 in B1. Večji del jarka je bil izkopan v flišno kamnino, le v kvadrantih A2, B2 in B3 je izkop jarka presekal močno razpokano apnenčasto plast, ki je bila vidna kot greben (sl. 22). Sledovi izkopa jarka v flišu in apnencu zaradi močno razpokanih kamnin niso bili vidni. Jarek je bil zapolnjen s štirimi različnimi plastmi ilovice, ki jih je bilo mogoče definirati v prečnem profilu jarka (sl. 23-24). Nad kompaktnim flišem je bila tanka, do 18 cm debela plast rumene ilovice (plast 1) brez arheoloških predmetov. Nad njo so si sledile plasti, pomešane z ances. The second layer (layer 2 - up to 0.54 m thick) was brownish red in colour. It was covered with an up to 0.32 m thick layer of brown clay (layer 3). The border between the two was marked by a narrow line of red clay (a trace of similar clay was found also in the middle of layer 2). Layers 1-3 gradually merge at the ditch walls. The entire excavation area and the ditch were covered by the brown layer 4 (similar colour to layer 3) that was up to 0.52 m thick within the ditch. Layer 4 was covered by a 0.5 m thick layer of humus (layer 5) that remained undefined as it was removed with machinery before the rescue excavations started. The east ditch wall exhibited traces of burnt clay (in layers 2 or 3 of quadrant B1). Two large lumps of charcoal were discovered at the same depth in layer 3, one on the limestone ridge near the ditch wall (fig. 22) and the other in the middle of the ditch (qu. A2 and B2). Most finds lay in layers 2 and 3 (figs. 25: 4; 26; pls. 1-16; 17:1-19). Several fragments of clay plaster (measuring from 5.5 x 5.5 x 4 cm to 10.2 x 8.5 x 5.5 cm in size) were excavated (table 1;figs. 27, 33). Some of them exhibit impressions of wooden construction material (branches). Only a few small brick fragments were found (the largest fragments measured 10 x 11.2 cm; table 1; fig. 34). The majority of animal bone remains from Mandrga were discovered in the ditch. In total 39 fragments were found, amongst which most of them were cattle (Bos taurus). Almost one third of the bones were charred.75 Metal objects were found in extremely Toškan, Dirjec 2005. Sl. 25: Mandrga. Visoki vretenasti kozarci iz keramike tankih sten, zvrsti KTS 4 in KTS 5. 1 - vzhodni del, KTS 4 (t. 26: 2); 2 -vzhodni del, KTS 4 (t. 26: 1); 3 - vzhodni del, KTS 4 (t. 26: 3); 4 - jarek, KTS 5 (t. 3: 2); 5 - vzhodni del, KTS 4 (t. 26: 6). Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 25: Mandrga. Tall spindle-shaped beakers from thin-walled pottery, fabrics TWP 4 and TWP 5. 1 - eastern part, TWP 4 (pl. 26 : 2); 2 - eastern part, TWP 4 (pl. 26 : 1); 3 - eastern part, TWP 4 (pl. 26 : 3); 4 - ditch, TWP 5 (pl. 3 : 2); 5 - eastern part, TWP 4 (pl. 26: 6). Photo: M. Prešeren. 75 redkimi manjšimi apnenčastimi kamni (plasti 2-4). Razlika med plastmi je bila v barvnih odtenkih, ki jih je bilo mogoče zaznati le v preseku. Druga plast (plast 2), debela do 0,54 m, je bila rjavo rdeče barve, nad njo pa je bila do 0,32 m debela plast rjave ilovice (plast 3). Mejo med njima je poudarjala ozka linija rdeče ilovice, sled podobne ilovice je bila tudi na sredini plasti 2. Plasti 1-3 so se ob vzhodni in zahodni steni jarka izklinile. Celotno površino izkopa in jarek je pokrivala plast 4, ki je bila prav tako kot plast 3 rjave barve. Največja debelina plasti 4 v jarku je bila 0,52 m. Nad plastjo 4 je bila 0,5 m debela plast humusa (plast 5). Plast 5 je bila zaradi strojne odstranitve pred izkopavanji nedefinirana. Ob vzhodni steni jarka, v plasti 2 ali 3, v kvadrantu B1, so bili vidni sledovi ožgane ilovice. V plasti 3 sta bila na enaki globini odkrita dva večja kosa oglja, eden ob steni jarka na apnenčastem grebenu (sl. 22) in drugi na sredini jarka (kv. A2 in B2). Največ najdb je ležalo v plasteh 2 in 3 (sl. 25:4; 26; t. 1-16; 17:1-19). Izkopanih je bilo več odlomkov glinastega hišnega ometa (velikost od 5,5 x 5,5 x 4 cm do 10,2 x 8,5 x 5,5 cm; razpr. 1; sl. 27, 33). Nekateri od njih imajo odtise lesenih gradbenih elementov - vej. V jarku je bilo le nekaj manjših kosov opeke (največja velikost 10 x 11,2 cm; razpr. 1; sl. 34). V jarku je bila izkopana tudi glavnina ostankov živalskih kosti z Mandrge, to je 39 fragmentov, med njimi največ goveda (Bos taurus). Skoraj tretjina kosti je ožganih.75 Kovinskih predmetov je bilo zelo malo (sl. 35; 1.1:3-8). Na meji plasti 3 in 4, v kvadrantu A1 ali B1, je bil odkrit novec iz 2. st. pr. Kr. (t. 1: 2), v kvadrantu B2, v plasti 4, pa sta bila najdena še dva novca iz 2. st. pr. Kr., od teh eden zanesljivo v jarku (t. 1: 1), drugi pa v jarku ali v njegovi bližini (t. 19:13). Jarek je bil zapolnjen z veliko količino keramike, med katero močno prevladujejo odlomki amfor, prisotne pa so tudi vse ostale zvrsti: fina namizna, navadna in kuhinjska keramika ter dve oljenki (razpr. 2-5; sl. 35-37; 130). V več primerih smo ugotovili, da odlomki v jarku in vzhodno ali zahodno ob njem pripadajo istim amforam (sl. 38). Sl. 26: Mandrga. Jarek. Skodelica iz keramike tankih sten z vrezano črko B na zunanji strani dna, zvrst KTS 6, t. 3: 12. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 26: Mandrga. Ditch. Thin-walled pottery cup with the latter B engraved on the exterior of the base, fabric TWP 6, pl. 3:12. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 27: Mandrga. Jarek. Prežgan glinast omet. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 27: Mandrga. Ditch. Burnt clay plaster. Photo: M. Prešeren. POVRSINA s strojnim odrivom vrhnjega sloja zemlje so bile kulturne plasti poškodovane (sl. 28), hkrati so bile arheološke plasti deloma pomešane z novodobnimi. Sledenje arheološkim strukturam je bilo zaradi tega oteženo (sl. 21). S prvo in drugo poglobitvijo, do globine 0,4 m se je pokazala kulturna plast (v profilu jarka je to plast 4; sl. 23), ki jo je bilo mogoče razpoznati samo z arheološkimi najdbami (sl. 21). Količina arheološkega gradiva je bila po kvadrantih različna. Na tablah smo ločili gradivo, ki je ležalo zahodno od jarka (t. 17: 20-31; 18; 19: 1-12), vzhodno od jarka (t. 19: 13-22; 20-37; 38: 1-25) in na ožje neopredeljeni površini (t. 38:26-31; 39). Sl. 28: Mandrga. Površina, ki jo je poškodoval strojni odriv zemlje. Pogled proti zahodu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 28: Mandrga. Surface damaged by the machine soil removal. View towards the west. Photo: V. Schein. Razpr. 1: Mandrga. Razporeditev števila odlomkov prežganega glinastega ometa in opek po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Table 1: Mandrga. The distribution of burnt clay plaster and brick fragments by quadrants and excavation areas. Kv. Glinast omet Tegule Imbreksi Zidaki Qu. Clay plaster Tegulae Imbrices Bricks AO 1 A1 1 3 2 A2 1 A3 4 1 B1 3 3 B2 1 B3 2 3 C1 21 C2 7 C3 2 1 C4 1 DO 3 D1 4 4 D2 1 1 1 D3 2 D6 1 E6 2 2 1 Jarek Ditch 33 3 Površina 3 1 3 Surface Največ keramike, med katero močno prevladujejo odlomki amfor, je bilo v kvadrantih C1-2. Večja količina predmetov je bila odkrita tudi v sosednjih kvadrantih: C3, C4 in D1 ter na vzhodnih delih kvadrantov B1-3. Podobna gostota najdb kot v kvadrantih C1-2 je bila še v kvadrantih C6, D6 in E6. Najdbe so bile zgoščene tudi ob zahodnem robu kvadrantov A1-3, ki je bil hkrati zahodni rob izkopnega polja (sl. 29-30). V ostalih kvadrantih je bilo predmetov znatno manj ali pa so povsem izostali (razpr. 2-5; sl. 35-38). Nekajkrat se je dalo odlomke, izkopane v različnih kvadrantih in v jarku, sestaviti v iste amfore (sl. 38; t. 10: 3; 11: 5; 32: 12; 34: 6,17; 35: 9; 36: 10; inv. št. 4073). Podobno razporejeni, sicer številčno skromni, so tudi ostanki prežganega glinastega stenskega ometa (razpr. 1; sl. 33). Največ jih je bilo v kvadrantih C1 in C2 (do velikosti 5,6 x 4,9 x 3,2 cm). Kosov opeke je bilo na raziskani površini malo (razpr. 1; sl. 34). Zanemarljivo malo je bilo ostankov živalskih kosti.76 Amfora, pokonci vkopana v ilovico, je bila odkrita na meji kvadrantov B2 in C2 (sl. 31; t. 36:17). Ob njej so bili Razpr. 2: Mandrga. Razporeditev navadne keramike (N 1-3, N 5 in N 7) po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Table 2: Mandrga. The distribution of coarse tableware (C 1-3, C 5 and C 7) by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. Kv. N 1 N 2 N 3 N 5 N 7 Skupaj Qu. C 1 C 2 C 3 C 5 C 7 Total AO - A1 34 34 A2 - A3 1 42 2 45 A4 - A5 - B1 18 1 1 20 B2 4 4 B3 13 1 1 2 17 B4 1 1 B5 1 1 2 CO - C1 13 8 1 7 1 30 C2 25 19 9 2 3 58 C3 16 2 1 19 C4 16 3 19 C6 7 3 1 11 DO 2 2 D1 6 11 17 D2 1 1 2 D3 2 2 D4 7 3 10 D6 9 3 1 3 16 E2 - E4 - E6 1 4 1 6 Jarek Ditch 52 26 3O 12 17 137 Površina Surface 2 11 4 2 19 Skupaj Total 94 241 71 35 30 471 low quantities (fig. 35;pl. 1:3-8). One coin (2nd century BC; pl. 1: 2) was discovered in quadrant A1 or B1 (on the border between layers 3 and 4). Two 2nd century BC coins were discovered in quadrant B2 (in layer 4), one of them in the ditch (pl. 1: 1), and the other either in the ditch or in its vicinity (pl. 19: 13). The ditch was filled with large quantities of pottery, amongst which amphorae fragments prevail, but other types are also present: fine tableware, coarse tableware and kitchenware as well Razpr. 3: Mandrga. Razporeditev fine namizne keramike (keramike s črnim premazom ČP 1-5 in keramike tankih sten KTS 1-7) po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Table 3: Mandrga. The distribution of fine tableware (black-slip ware BS 1-5 and thin-walled pottery TWP 1-7) by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. Kv. Qu. ČP 1 BS 1 ČP 2 BS 2 ČP 3 BS 3 ČP 4 BS 4 ČP 5 BS 5 KTS 1 TWP 1 KTS 2 TWP 2 KTS 3 TWP 3 KTS 4 TWP 4 KTS 5 TWP 5 KTS 6 TWP 6 KTS 7 TWP 7 Skupaj Total AO - A1 1 2 1 4 A2 1 2 1 1 5 A3 1 1 2 A4 - A5 - B1 1 3 4 B2 4 4 B3 3 1 1 5 B4 - B5 - CO - C1 10 1 1 12 C2 10 3 3 16 C3 2 1 1 2 2 1 9 C4 4 2 6 C6 1 2 1 3 7 DO - D1 4 1 1 6 D2 2 1 3 D3 3 1 4 D4 1 2 1 4 D6 5 1 1 7 E2 1 1 E4 - E6 2 2 1 2 7 Jarek Ditch 16 2 6 1 13 18 6 1 63 Površina Surface 3 1 4 Skupaj Total 69 1 3 1 6 9 9 9 25 31 9 1 173 najdeni trije kozarci iz keramike tankih sten (sl. 25:1 -2,5; t. 26:1-2,6) in trije pokrovčki amfor (t. 38:12,21,25). V kvadrantu E2 je bila odkrita zaplata oglja in ožgane zemlje, poleg nje pa je v premeru 0,25 m ležalo pet pokrovčkov amfor (t. 38: 5-6,18-19,23). Predel je bil interpretiran kot ognjišče.77 Žganina je bila odkrita tudi v kvadrantu E4, vendar je zaradi odsotnosti drugih najdb ne moremo datirati. 77 Ognjišča so omenjena v poročilu (Schein 1989), vendar iz dokumentacije izkopavanj in iz poročila ni razvidno, koliko ognjišč je bilo odkritih in kakšna so bila. as two oil lamps (tables 2-5; figs. 35-37;130). In several instances the amphorae fragments found in the ditch and outside it have been identified as parts of the same amphorae (fig. 38). SURFACE With the machine removal of the upper layer of turf the cultural layers were damaged and the modern period layers were partially mixed with archaeological Razpr. 4: Mandrga. Razporeditev kuhinjske keramike (K 1-18) po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Table 4: Mandrga. The distribution of kitchenware (K 1-18) by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. Kv. Qu. K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 K 1O K 11 K 12 K 13 K 14 K 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 Skupaj Total AO - A1 1 1 A2 2 1 1 4 A3 1 1 1 3 6 A4 1 1 A5 - B1 1 1 1 3 1 3 10 B2 2 1 1 3 5 1 13 B3 1 1 4 1 1 1 9 B4 - B5 1 1 CO - C1 1 1 5 3 3 1 1 1 6 22 C2 5 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 18 C3 1 1 C4 1 1 C6 1 1 2 2 1 7 DO 1 1 D1 3 1 2 1 7 D2 1 1 D3 - D4 1 1 D6 2 1 2 1 6 E2 - E4 - E6 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Jarek Ditch 16 3 7 13 1 3 7 1 1 1 1 54 Površina Surface 1 1 2 Skupaj Total 37 6 22 22 5 3 8 22 19 2 5 1 2 3 1 8 4 2 172 Nekateri kovinski predmeti78 ter odlomki glazirane in črne kuhinjske keramike, pobrani na površini, so iz novega veka (sl. 32). analiza struktur Raziskave na Mandrgi so odkrile malo arheoloških struktur s skromno izpovednostjo in hkrati veliko drobnega arheološkega gradiva. 78 Sl. 32: inv. št. 3745, 3834, 3560, 3618, 3885, 3881. ones (fig. 28). Tracing archaeological structures was thus made much harder (fig. 21). The cultural layer (layer 4 in the ditch cross section, measuring up to 0.4 m in depth; fig. 23) emerged after the excavations of the first and second planum. This layer could only be recognized through archaeological objects (fig. 21). The quantity of archaeological material differed through the quadrants. The plates in the book present material originating from three different sections: west of the ditch (pls. 17:20-31; 18; 19:1-12), east ofthe ditch Razpr. 5: Mandrga. Razporeditev števila odlomkov amfor in pokrovčkov za amfore po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Table 5: Mandrga. The distribution of amphora and amphora lid fragments by quadrants and excavated areas. Kv. Amfore Pokrovčki za amfore Skupaj Qu. Amphorae Amphorae lids Total AO 90 90 A1 599 5 604 A2 315 14 329 A3 528 528 A4 175 175 A5 - B1 471 471 B2 378 4 382 B3 498 10 508 B4 30 30 B5 127 127 CO 72 72 C1 1371 5 1376 C2 1340 24 1364 C3 516 516 C4 554 1 555 C6 233 3 236 DO 148 148 D1 389 2 391 D2 101 1 102 D3 216 216 D4 133 133 D6 365 2 367 E2 24 11 35 E4 - E6 287 287 Jarek / Ditch 6556 56 6612 Površina Surface 573 573 Skupaj Total 16089 138 16227 Nekaj kosov keramike lahko na splošno uvrstimo v prazgodovinsko obdobje (t. 8:5; 18:11; 30:17; 31:1-3), enega izmed njih pa natančneje v bronasto dobo (t. 18: 12; glej str. 82). Takšna keramika izvira s severnega območja izkopnega polja (sl. 52). Bronasti obesek v obliki živali verjetno sodi v starejšo železno dobo (sl. 39; t. 38: 27; glej str. 55). Izkopavanje, razen na območju jarka, ni seglo pod rimsko kulturno plast. Zato ni bilo možno odkriti morebitnih ostankov predrimskih struktur, ki bi jih lahko povezali s tem gradivom. Torej lahko samo Sl. 29: Mandrga. Kosi amfor ob zahodnem robu kvadranta A2. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 29: Mandrga. Amphorae fragments at the western edge of quadrant A2. Photo: V. Schein. (pls. 19:13-22; 20-37; 38:1-25) and from an undefined surface (pls. 38: 26-31; 39). Pottery (amongst which amphorae fragments prevail) was concentrated in quadrants C1-2. A large number of objects were discovered also in the neighbouring quadrants: C3, C4 and D1 and in the east part of quadrants B1-3. A similar density of finds as in quadrants C1-2 was also found in quadrants C6, D6 and E6. Finds were also accumulated on the west edge of quadrants A1-3, which happened to also be the west edge of the entire fieldwork area (figs. 29-30). The remaining quadrants included few objects or none at all (tables 2-5; figs. 35-38). In a few examples the fragments excavated in various quadrants and in the ditch could be reconstructed to the same amphora (fig. 38; pls. 10: 3; 11: 5; 32:12; 34: 6,17; 35: 9; 36:10; inv. No. 4073). Similarly distributed, but small in numbers, were the remains of the burnt clay plaster (table 1; fig. 33). Most of them were found in quadrants C1 and C2 (up to 5.6 X 4.9 X 3.2 cm in size). Only a few brick pieces were found on the surface (table 1; fig. 34). Animal bone remains were extremely low in numbers.76 Sl. 30: Mandrga. Kosi amfor ob zahodnem robu kvadranta A2. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 30: Mandrga. Amphorae fragments at the western edge of quadrant A2. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 31: Mandrga. Amfora, vkopana v ilovico na meji kvadrantov B2 in C2, t. 36:17. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 31: Mandrga. Amphora buried into the clay on the border of quadrants B2 and C2, pl. 36: 17. Photo: V. Schein. domnevamo, da je na Mandrgi ali v bližini obstajala tudi starejša, predrimska naselbina. Edina ugotovljena rimskodobna struktura je jarek, ki teče v smeri padca pobočja in se na južnem delu izkopnega območja izklinja. Verjetno je bil namenjen odvodu deževnice in hudournih voda. Zapolnjen je bil z veliko količino rimske keramike, med katero močno prevladujejo odlomki amfor (sl. 130). Takšno polnilo, ki je dobra drenaža, bi kazalo na namensko zasipanje z odpadnim materialom. Zahodno in vzhodno od jarka je ležala plast, bogata z rimskodobnimi najdbami, ki ima zelo podobno sestavo kot polnilo jarka. Znova močno prevladujejo amfore, med ostalo keramiko pa fina namizna, navadna in kuhinjska. Razporeditev posameznih vrst keramike kaže, da ni večjih kronoloških in funkcionalnih razlik med polni-lom jarka ter območjema zahodno in vzhodno od jarka (sl. 36-38, 40, 44, 46-47, 50, 57-59, 64). To potrjujejo tudi deli istih amfor, ki so ležali v jarku in zunaj njega The amphora that was buried vertically in the clay was discovered on the border of quadrants B2 and C2 (fig. 31; pl. 36: 17). Three thin-walled pottery beakers (fig. 25:1-2,5; pl. 26:1-2,6) and three amphora lids (pl. 38:12,21,25) were excavated next to it. In quadrant E2 a patch of charcoal and burnt earth was discovered; five amphora lids lay within a diameter of 0.25 m to the patch (pl. 38: 5-6,18-19,23). This area was interpreted as a fireplace.77 Charcoal remains were also found in quadrant E4, however due to the lack of other finds in this quadrant they could not be dated. Some metal objects78 and fragments of glazed and black kitchenware, found on the surface, originate from the modern period (fig. 32). 77 Fireplaces are mentioned in the report (Schein 1989), however from the excavation documentation and report it is not clear how many and what kind of fireplaces were discovered. 78 Fig. 32: inv. Nos. 3745, 3834, 3560, 3618, 3885, 3881. Sl. 32: Mandrga. Novodobno površinsko gradivo. Izbor. 1-3 bron, 4-6 železo. M. = 1: 2. Fig. 32: Mandrga. Modern surface material. Selection. 1-3 bronze, 4-6 iron. Scale = 1 : 2. (sl. 38). Struktura keramike in drugih drobnih najdb na raziskani površini tudi kaže, da gre za ostanke naselbine (glej dalje). Po vkopani amfori, odkritih skupinah keramike in ožganih površinah (v kv. B2/C2; v kv. E2) sklepamo, da je ležala na raziskanem območju in se je najverjetneje širila tudi izven njega. Zgostitve arheološkega gradiva nakazujejo obstoj vsaj treh objektov: - objekt na območju kvadrantov C1-2 in v okolici; - objekt na območju kvadrantov D6, E6, C6; - objekt na območju kvadrantov A1-3. Objekt na območju C1-2 je bil edini izkopan v celotnem obsegu. Kurišče v kvadrantu E2 je bilo lahko še v sklopu tega objekta ali pa že zunaj. Po prisotnosti prežganega glinastega ometa ter po odsotnosti kamnitih struktur sklepamo, da so bili objekti leseni. Poškodbe najdišča pred izkopavanji in tudi sam način izkopavanj, ki ni posegel pod plast z najdbami, pa tudi niso omogočili odkritja morebitnih sledov vkopov za lesene konstrukcije. Odvodni jarek je bil izkopan v času obstoja naselbine. Morda je bil najprej odprt in se je začel postopno zapolnjevati. V nadaljevanju je podrobna analiza pokazala, da sodi skoraj vse gradivo iz jarka in različnih delov naselbine v krajše časovno obdobje, najverjetneje v konec 2. in na začetek 1. st. pred Kr. Velika večina predmetov izvira iz Italije (glej dalje). Torej gre na območju Mandrge za razmeroma kratkotrajno zgodnjerimsko poselitev. analysis of structures On one hand the excavation at Mandrga resulted in merely a few archaeological structures with modest interpretation possibilities, on the other hand the site revealed plenty of small archaeological finds. A few pottery fragments can be placed into the prehistoric period (pls. 8:5; 18:11; 30:17; 31:1-3), one of them more precisely into the Bronze Age (pl. 18:12; see pg. 82). Such pottery was found in the north of the fieldwork area (fig. 52). The bronze pendant most likely originates from the Early Iron Age (fig. 39; pl. 38: 27; see pg. 55). With the exception of the ditch the excavations did not reach the strata under the Roman cultural layer. Therefore it was impossible to discover any potential remains of pre-Roman structures that could be linked to this material. Thus we can only assume that an old pre-Roman settlement existed at Mandrga or in its vicinity. The only directly ascertained Roman period structure is the ditch that runs in the direction of the slope and merges with the surface towards the south of the site. It is believed that the ditch could have been intended to drain the rainwater and torrential-waters. It was filled with vast quantities of various Roman pottery, amongst which amphorae fragments prevail (fig. 130). The composition of the filling indicates that the ditch was intentionally filled with refuse material. To the west and east of the ditch lay a layer rich in Roman finds that are similar in their composition to 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 • (D 1 1 • 1 1 «1 • • • • • 1 \ 1 1 • 1 «1 • • • 1 1 1 1 «1 1 1 1 1 / ...........1...... 1 1 1 • 1 J 1 I 1 1 : (D 1 1 1 1 1 I • 1 1 « • • s- • ......1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 • 1 « • • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 H-5 >6-10 >>10 • 1-5 Sl. 33: Mandrga. Prežgan glinast omet. Število odlomkov po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Po razpr. 1. Fig. 33: Mandrga. Burnt clay plaster. Number of fragments by quadrants and excavation areas. From table 1. Sl. 34: Mandrga. Opeke. Število odlomkov po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Po razpr. 1. Fig. 34: Mandrga. Bricks. Number of fragments by quadrants and excavation areas. From table 1. (D ♦ ## C • # ♦ ♦ # novec /coin ^ fibula / fibula ■ sulica / spear A stekiena posoda / glass vessei oljenka / oil iamp • • (D 1 1 1 1 • «1 1 • • 1 • • • • II f • • 1 1 V 1 1 • 41 1 • • / • • • • • 1-100 • 101-500 I 501-1000 I>1000 Sl. 35: Mandrga. Lega novcev, fibul, steklene posode, oljenk in sulic po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Fig. 35: Mandrga. The locations of coins, fibulae, glass vessel, oil lamps and spears by quadrants and excavation areas. Sl. 36: Mandrga. Amfore in pokrovčki za amfore. Število odlomkov po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Po razpr. 5. Fig. 36. Mandrga. Amphorae and amphorae lids. Number of fragments by quadrants and excavation areas. From table 5. M-10 M1-50 >>50 • (D • 1 P • • • K • • • • • 1 > • • • • 1 > • • • i • • • • Sl. 37: Mandrga. Razporeditev keramike, brez amfor in pokrovčkov za amfore. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 2-4. Fig37: Mandrga. Distribution ofpottery, excluding amphorae and amphorae lids. The greatest possible number of vessels. From tables 2-4. the ditch filling. Once again amphorae prevail, but fine tableware, coarse tableware and kitchenware were also found. The distribution of the individual types of pottery shows that there are no considerable chronological or functional differences between the ditch filling and the areas to the west and east of the ditch (figs. 36-38, 40, 44, 46-47, 50, 57-59, 64). This is additionally indicated by parts of the same amphorae that were found in the ditch and outside of it (fig. 38). The structure of the pottery and other small finds suggests that these are remains of a settlement (see below). From the amphora buried into the ground, the pottery groups and the burnt surfaces (in qu. B2/C 2; in qu. E2) it can be concluded that the settlement lay on the researched area and most likely also extended outside of it. The concentration of archaeological material indicates the existence of at least three buildings or similar structures: - the building in quadrants C1-2 and their vicinity; - the building in quadrants D6, E6, C6; - the building in quadrants A1-3. The building in quadrants C1-2 was the only one to have its surface excavated in its entirety. The fireplace in quadrant E2 could have been located within this building or outside of it. analiza drobnih najdb RELATIVNA KRONOLOGIJA 2. IN 1. ST. PR. KR. Pri analizi drobnih najdb smo se oprli na relativne kronološke horizonte, ki so v rabi za študij poznolaten-skega gradiva v severni Italiji in v srednji Evropi (razpr. 6). Odnose med horizonti je uskladil Dragan Božič.79 Za predstavitev srednjeevropskih stopenj je uporabil kronologijo, ki je bila izdelana za južno Nemčijo.80 V severni Italiji se je uveljavila kronologija Raffaela De Marinisa.81 Relativna kronologija mokronoške skupine je utemeljena v Božičevih študijah.82 Da bi se izognil nesporazumom, je Božič označil srednjeevropske stopnje z običajno kratico "LT", severnoitalijanske stopnje pa z novo kratico "LTit". Za severno Italijo je tudi predlagal dodatno stopnjo LTit D3. Okvirna absolutna datacija posameznih horizontov sloni na naslednjih oporah: - LT C2, 190-150/120 pr. Kr.;83 - LT D1a, 150/120-100 pr. Kr.;84 79 Božič 2008, 48-49, 119-147. 80 Gebhard 1991, 103, op. 176; Rieckhoff 1995, 18, op. 8; 194, t. 21. 81 De Marinis 1984, 522. 82 Nazadnje Božič 1999, 209-212; Božič 2008, 120-123. 83 Prim. Miron 1991, 168. 84 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 246-249, sl. 31, 33 (grobišče Or-navasso - San Bernardo blizu jezera Lago Maggiore, stopnja 1: pred 120/100 pr. Kr.; stopnja 2a: 120/100 do 90/80 pr. Kr.); prim. Miron 1991, 168; Metzler 1995, 542-563. Sl. 38: Mandrga. Lega odlomkov, iz katerih so bile sestavljene posamezne amfore. 1- t. 35: 9; 2 - t. 32:12; 3 - t. 36:10; 4 - t. 34: 17; 5 - t. 34: 6; 6 - t. 10: 3; 7 - inv. št. 4073; 8 - t. 11: 5. Fig. 38: Mandrga. Locations of fragments that have been identified as parts of the same amphorae. 1 - pl. 35: 9; 2 - pl. 32: 12; 3 - pl. 36:10; 4 - pl. 34:17; 5 - pl. 34: 6; 6 - pl. 10: 3; 7 - inv. No. 4073; 8 - pl. 11: 5. The burnt clay plaster and the lack of stone structures indicate that the buildings were most likely made of wood. The damage created on the site prior to the excavations and the method of the excavations themselves (which did not reach under the layer with finds) did not permit the discovery of any potential traces of postholes. The drainage ditch was made when the settlement was inhabited. It is possible that it was open at first and only gradually filled in. In the continuation a detailed analysis has shown that almost all material from the ditch and various parts of the settlement originates from a rather brief period of time - most likely from the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 1st century BC. Most objects are of Italian origin (see below). Thus it can be concluded that Mandrga was a short lived early Roman settlement. small finds analysis RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY FOR 2nd AND 1st CENTURY BC Relative chronological horizons used for classifying Late La Tene material in northern Italy and Central Europe were applied in order to chronologically determine the small finds at Razdrto (table 6). The relations between the horizons were recently studied by Dragan Božič.79 In order to present the Central European phases Božič used the chronology created for south Germany.80 In northern Italy the chronology developed by Raffael De Marinis is widely used.81 The relative chronology of the Mokronog group is based on the studies carried out by Božič.82 In order to avoid any misunderstandings, Božič denoted the Central European phases with the usual abbreviation "LT", and the north Italian phases with the new abbreviation "LTit". He also suggested a new phase LTit D3 to be used in northern Italy. The approximate absolute chronology of individual horizons: 79 Božič 2008, 48-49, 119-148. 80 Gebhard 1991, 103, note 176; Rieckhoff 1995, 18, note 8; 194, pl. 21. 81 De Marinis 1984, 522. 82 Božič 1999, 195-200; Božič 2008, 120-123. Razpr. 6: Primerjalna tabela relativnih kronoloških stopenj. Dopolnjeno po D. Božiču (Božič 2008, 119-147, tab. 5). Table 6: Comparison of relative chronologies. After Božič (Božič 2008, 119-148, tab. 5) with additions. Srednja Evropa Central Europe Severna Italija Northern Italy Mokronoška skupina Mokronog Group Absolutna kronologija Absolute chronology LT C2 LT C2 Mokronog II 190-150/120 pr. Kr. / BC LT D1a LTit D1 Mokronog IIIa 150/120-100 pr. Kr. / BC LT D1b LTit D2 100-70 pr. Kr. / BC LT D2 LTit D3 Mokronog IIIb 70-15 pr. Kr. / BC Srednjeavgustejsko obdobje / Middle Augustan period 15-1 pr. Kr. / BC - LT D1b, 100-70 pr. Kr.;85 - srednjeavgustejsko obdobje: začetek utemeljuje rimska osvojitev Alp in Recije 15 pr. Kr.86 KOVINSKI PREDMETI - LT C2, 190-150/120 BC;83 - LT D1a, 150/120-100 BC;84 - LT D1b, 100-70 BC;85 - middle Augustan period: the beginning is linked to the Roman conquest of the Alps and Raetia in 15 BC.86 FIBULE Fibula (t. 19:14; sl. 35) z rombično razširitvijo loka in skromnim okrasom treh reber na njem ter kapičastim zaključkom noge je predstavnica notranjske različice certoških fibul vrste VII f.87 Klasične fibule vrste VII f so bile kot najmlajša izvedba certoških fibul razširjene med Sočo in Uno v LT B2 in C.88 Notranjska različica fibul te vrste pa je prostorsko omejena le na območje Notranjske in Krasa.89 Samo primerek z Mandrge je bil najden v sklopu, ki ga lahko ožje datiramo (glej str. 94). Med fibulami notranjske različice predstavlja posebnost fragment noge fibule z Ulake nad Starim trgom pri Ložu.90 Kapičast zaključek noge je, za razliko od ostalih primerov, okrašen z vrezi. Podoben okras vrezanih ravnih prekrižanih linij, sicer na gumbastem zaključku noge, najdemo na nekaterih certoških fibulah vrste VII f,91 uvrščenih v dalmatinsko-liško različico, ki so bile verjetno v uporabi v poznem latenu.92 Bronasta fibula t. 19: 15 ima poškodovano pereso-vino z osmimi navoji in okrog loka navito tetivo. Na loku ima slabo ohranjeno profilirano objemko. Noga ni ohranjena. Po obliki sodi med fibule vrste Picugi, značilne za poznolatensko obdobje na območju med Liburnijo in severovzhodno Italijo.93 85 Božič 2008, 86-87; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 246-249, sl. 31, 33 (stopnja 2b na grobišču Ornavasso - San Bernardo: 90/80-70/60 pr. Kr.); prim. Metzler 1995, 542-563. 86 Zanier 2006, 237. 87 teržan 1976, 325-328, 371-372; Horvat 1995b, 180. 88 teržan 1976, 372. 89 Bavdek 1996, 305, sl. 5; Svetličič 1997, 31-34, sl. 16. 90 Gaspari 2000, 34-35, 43-44, t. 32: 14. 91 Batovic 1987, 351, t. 41: 14. 92 Svetličič 1997, 31-34, sl. 16. 93 Guštin 1987, 51-53; Guštin 1991, 31, 38. METAL OBJECTS FIBULAE A fibula bow (pl. 19:14; fig. 35) has a rhombic widening of the upper part and a modest three rib decoration, while the foot ends in the form of a cap. These are all characteristics of the Notranjska variant of the Certosa fibulae type VII f.87 The classical fibulae type VII f, which were the youngest variant of the Certosa fibulae, were spread between the rivers Soča and Una in LT B2 and C.88 The Notranjska variant of this type of fibulae was geographically limited to the Notranjska region and the Karst.89 Only the example from Mandrga originates from a context that can be precisely dated (see pgs. 94-95). The foot of the fibula from Ulaka above Stari trg near Lož represents an exception amongst the Notranjska variant fibulae.90 This fibula has a cap-shaped foot terminal decorated with incisions. A similar pattern of straight crossed line incisions, but on a knob shaped foot terminal can be found on some Certosa VII f fibulae,91 which represent the Dalmatian-Lika vari- 83 Cf. Miron 1991, 168. 84 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 246-249, figs. 31, 33 (cemetery Ornavasso - San Bernardo in the vicinity of lago Maggiore, phase 1: prior to 120/100 BC; phase 2a: 120/100 to 90/80 BC); cf. Miron 1991, 168; Metzler 1995, 542-563. 85 Božič 2008, 86-87; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 246-249, figs. 31, 33 (phase 2b at the cemetery Ornavasso - San Bernardo: 90/80-70/60 BC); cf. Metzler 1995, 542-563. 86 Zanier 2006, 237. 87 teržan 1976, 325-328, 371-372; Horvat 1995b, 180. 88 teržan 1976, 372. 89 Bavdek 1996, 299, fig. 5; Svetličič 1997, 31-34, fig. 16. 90 Gaspari 2000, 34-35, 43-44, pl. 32: 14. 91 Batovic 1987, 351, pl. 41: 14. Delno ohranjeno bronasto fibulo t. 19: 16 bi lahko okvirno uvrstili med poznolatenske fibule tipa Nauheim,94 vendar se razlikuje od klasičnega tipa zaradi polne, zaokroženo zaključene noge, rahlo usločenega in ob robovih stanjšanega loka ter vrezanega okrasa. Ravno zaradi naštetih oblikovnih značilnosti, ki fibuli dajejo gracilen videz, popolnih primerjav nismo našli. Fibulo zato uvrščamo med posebnosti tega tipa, ki v slovenskem prostoru niso redke.95 V Demetzovi tipološki razvrstitvi fibul Nauheim ji najdemo največ skupnih točk z različico Nauheim II.1, značilno za severovzhodni italski prostor in jugovzhodne Alpe.96 Božič ožje datira svojo različico A oziroma Nauheim Il.la v severnoitalijansko fazo LTit D2.97 Lok bronaste fibule 1.19:17 je preslabo ohranjen, da bi ga lahko zanesljivo tipološko uvrstili. Strešast presek loka, čeprav nekoliko robusten, najbolj spominja na fibule tipa Nauheim različice B po Draganu Božiču, katerih izvorno območje naj bi bila Furlanija, v Sloveniji pa so zelo redke.98 Stefan Demetz fibule primerljivih oblik tipa Nauheim II.2 umesti v prostor med Alpami in Jadranom.99 Iz slovenskega prostora obravnavanemu loku oblikovno najbolj ustreza fibula iz naselbine Cvinger pri Viru pri Stični, najdena v poznolatenski poselitveni fazi, v sondi 11.100 Nekoliko slabši primerjavi sta fibuli iz Ljubljane - Gornji trg 30. Obe sta bili odkriti v drugi poselitveni fazi, ki je datirana v poznorepublikansko in deloma že v zgodnjeavgustejsko obdobje.101 Značilnost odlomka ozkega bronastega traku so zelo drobna rebra na zunanji in raven profil na notranji strani (t. 38: 30). Odlomek bi lahko bil del drobno narebrene bronaste zapestnice, kakršne so značilne za mlajše halštatsko obdobje,102 čeprav je notranji profil takih zapestnic praviloma zaobljen, prav tako pa so rebra največkrat bolj izrazita.103 Drobno narebrene zapestnice in nanožnice s spetima koncema so na Dolenjskem značilne za Ha D3.104 Drobna rebra in raven profil na notranji strani pa imajo tudi nazaj zavite noge fibul srednjelatenske sheme, ki so lahko železne,105 srebrne in bronaste.106 Podoben predmet je bil najden tudi na najdišču Preval na Razdrtem (t. 40: 21; str. 116). 94 Feugere 1985, 203-229, t. 39: 563-566. 95 Božič 1993, 142. 96 Demetz 1999, 83, 87, t. 23: 4, karta 25. 97 Božič 2008, 59-63. 98 Božič 1993, 142-143; Božič 2008, 64. 99 Demetz 1999, 87, t. 23: 6. i»0 Duiar J. 1994, 138-143, 170, t. 14: 15. Vičič 1994, 27, 30, t. 1: 6,7. 102 Gabrovec 1968, 175. 103 Teržan 1973, t. 8: 10. 104 Teržan 1973, 683, t. 8: 1-4,6,8. 105 Križ 2001, 111: 229. 106 Meller 2002, 38, t. 6: 72,73. ant and were most likely in use in the Late La Tene period.92 The bronze fibula (pl. 19:15) has a damaged spring with eight coils and a chord wrapped around the bow. The bow also has a poorly preserved moulded clasp. The foot is not preserved. According to its shape it can be classified amongst the fibulae type Picugi, typical for the Late La Tene period in the area between Liburnia and northeast Italy.93 The partially preserved bronze fibula (pl. 19: 16) could be placed amongst the Late La Tene fibulae type Nauheim,94 however it differs from the classical type by its solid foot, rounded foot terminal, slightly arched bow with a thin and slightly concave edges and incised decoration. These design characteristics give the fibula a gracious appearance that has gone unparalleled so far. The fibula is thus placed amongst the special examples of this type which were not rare in the Slovene area.95 In Demetz' typological classification of the Nauheim fibulae it is the closest to type Nauheim II. 1 fibula, typical for the northeast Italian area and the south east Alps.96 Božič dates his type A (Nauheim II.1a) more precisely into the north Italian phase LTit D2.97 The bow of the bronze fibula pl. 19:17 is too poorly preserved to be typologically determined. The slightly robust roof-like cross section of the bow is reminiscent of the Nauheim type B fibulae (categorised by Dragan Božič) that most likely originated from Friuli and are extremely rare in Slovenia.98 Similar fibulae Nauheim II.2 (as defined by Stefan Demetz) are most commonly found in the area between the Alps and the Adriatic.99 As regards the shape of the bow the closest find in Slovenia is the fibula from Cvinger near Vir pri Stični, found in trench 11 dating to the Late La Tene settlement phase.100 A somewhat poorer comparison is represented by the two fibulae from Ljubljana - Gornji trg 3O. Both were discovered in the second settlement phase which is dated to the late Republican and partially into the early Augustan period.101 Characteristic for the narrow bronze strip are small ribs on the outer and a flat face on the inner side (pl. 38: 30). The fragment could have been a part of a fine ribbed bronze bracelet typical for the Late Hallstatt period,102 however the inner profile of such bracelets is usually rounded, and the ribs are usually more emphasised.103 92 Svetličič 1997, 31-34, fig. 16. 93 Guštin 1987, 51-53; Guštin 1991, 31, 38. 94 Feugere 1985, 203-229, pl. 39: 563-566. 95 Božič 1993, 142. 96 Demetz 1999, 83, 87, pl. 23: 4, map 25. 97 Božič 2008, 59-63. 98 Božič 1993, 142-143; Božič 2008, 64-65. 99 Demetz 1999, 87, pl. 23: 6. 100 Dular J. 1994, 138-143, 170, pl. 14: 15. I0' Vičič 1994, 27, 30, pl. 1: 6,7. 102 Gabrovec 1968, 175. 103 Teržan 1973, pl. 8: 10. Sl. 39: Mandrga. Površina. Bronast obesek v obliki živali, t. 38: 27. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 39: Mandrga. Surface. Bronze zoomorphic pendant, pl. 38: 27. Photo: M. Prešeren. In the Dolenjska region the fine ribbed bracelets and anklets with rivet tied terminals are typical for Ha D3.104 Fine ribs and a flat inner face are also characteristic for the Middle La Tene fibulae with reverted feet, made from iron,105 silver or bronze.106 A similar object was found at the site of Preval at Razdrto (pl. 40: 21; pg. 115). OBESEK PENDANT Na površini, izven izkopnega polja, je bil najden bronast obesek zoomorfne oblike (pes ali konj; sl. 39; t. 38:27). Plastično oblikovana figurica je močno poškodovana; manjka polovica zanke za obešanje, prav tako niso v celoti ohranjene štiri živalske noge. Poškodovani zadnji del trupa nakazuje, da je figurica imela rep. Živalska plastika v obliki obeskov se množično pojavi v starejši železni dobi v različnih kulturnih skupinah. Po številu in oblikovnem spektru so imeli v proizvodnji takih obeskov vodilno vlogo Japodi,107 kjer jih najpogosteje najdemo v grobovih stopnje Ha D1.108 Posamezne primere poznamo še s področja Liburnov,109 tako plastično kot ploščato oblikovane figurice pa tudi iz Istre.110 Med japodskimi obeski, kjer ločimo več tipov,111 je obesku z Mandrge oblikovno primerljiva štirinožna živalska figurica iz Prozorja.112 Različno oblikovane živalske figurice najdemo tudi v slovenskem prostoru. Figurica z Ulake ter obeski z Žerovniščka, iz Bele Cerkve, Podzemlja in z Vinkovega vrha so kot posamezne najdbe ali pa najdbe brez ohranjenih grobnih celot neuporabne za tipološko in ožjo časovno umestitev.113 Obesek iz groba 8, gomile XI iz Dolenjskih Toplic, pa je skupaj z ostalimi grobnimi predmeti opredeljen v certoški horizont.114 'O7 Teržan 1976, 385; Lo Schiavo 197O, 465-467, t. 1O: 6; 15: 12; 37: 9-12; Drechsler-Bižic 1972-73, 23-28, 38, t. 8: 6; 1O: 5; 11: 3; 12: 11; 13: 4; 29: 2. iO8 Drechsler-Bižic 1987, 4O8, t. 45: 1,8,9. 'O9 Batovic 1987, 368, sl. 21: 5. "O Mladin 198O, 171, sl. 2: 1O-12; Šonje 1966, 321, t. 6: 8. Drechsler-Bižic 1972-73, 23. Lo Schiavo 197O, 414, t. 1O: 6. "3 Gaspari 2OOO, 34-35, t. 31: 1O; Laharnar 2OO9, t. 2: 5; Dular A. 1991, 98, t. 65: 14; Dular J. 1978, 26, t. 14: 1,2; Stare 1964-65, 223, 225, t. 14: 14. Teržan 1976, 4O7, t. 63: 5. A bronze zoomorphic (dog or horse) pendant was a surface find (fig. 39; pl. 38:27) outside of the excavation area. The sculptured figurine is strongly damaged; one half of the attachment ring is missing, and the four animal legs are not preserved in their entirety. The damaged back part of the body indicates that the figurine had a tail. During the Early Iron Age animal shaped pendants were popular amongst various cultural groups. Taking into account the numbers and range of forms it is clear that the Iapodes had a leading role in the production of such pendants,107 for they are most commonly found in Ha D1 graves in the lapodian area.108 Individual examples are also known from the Liburnian territory,109 while sculptured and flat figurines were also found in Istria.110 Amongst the various types of lapodian pendants,111 the closest analogy for the pendant from Mandrga is the four-legged animal figurine from Pro-zor.112 Various shapes of animal figurines can also be found in the Slovenian territory. As they were isolated finds or finds without preserved grave contexts the figurine from Ulaka and the pendants from Zerovniscek, Bela Cerkev, Podzemelj and Vinkov vrh are of no use for typological determination or precise chronology.113 The pendant from grave 8, tumulus XI in Dolenjske Toplice, is - together with the rest of the finds in this grave - dated into the Certosa period.114 104 Teržan 1973, 683, pl. 8: 1-4,6,8. 105 Križ 2001, 111: 229. 106 Meller 2002, 38, pl. 6: 72,73. 107 Teržan 1976, 385; Lo Schiavo 1970, 465-467, pJs. 10: 6; 15: 12; 37: 9-12; Drecbsler-Bižic 1972-73, 23-28, 38, pls. 8: 6; 10: 5; 11: 3; 12: 11; 13: 4; 29: 2. 108 Drecbsler-Bižic 1987, 408, pl. 45: 1,8,9. 109 Batovic 1987, 368, fig. 21: 5. 110 Mladin 1980, 171, fig. 2: 10-12; Šonje 1966, 321, pl. 6: 8. Drecbsler-Bižic 1972-73, 23. Lo Schiavo 1970, 414, pl. 10: 6. 113 Gaspari 2000, 34-35, pl. 31: 10; Laharnar 2009, pl. 2: 5; Dular A. 1991, 98, pl. 65: 14; Dular J. 1978, 26, pl. 14: 1,2; Stare 1964-65, 223, 225, pl. 14: 14. 114 Teržan 1976, 407, pl. 63: 5. DRUGI KOVINSKI PREDMETI Odkriti so bili trije republikanski novci (sl. 35; t. 1: 1-2; 19:13), vsi iz 2. st. pr. Kr. Predmet (t. 20: 4) z ostankom obročka in morda tudi zobcev je podoben kavljastim ključem z večzobo brado.115 Najdeni so bili še odlomek železnega predmeta z zanko (t. 20: 8) in dve železni sulični osti (sl. 35; t. 20: 1-2). Veliko je žebljev (t. 1: 4-7; 17: 20-21; 20: 9-16), ostalim poškodovanim kosom železa pa je težko določiti funkcijo (t. 1: 8; 20: 3,5-8; 21: 1-18). Za bronasta okova (t. 1:3; 38:28) ne poznamo dobrih analogij in ju ne moremo časovno opredeliti. STEKLO OTHER METAL OBJECTS Three Republican coins were found (fig. 35; pls. 1: 1-2; 19:13), all dating into the 2nd century BC. Object (pl. 20: 4) with the remains of a ring and possibly cogs was similar to a hook key with a multi-cog bit.115 A fragment of an iron object with a loop was also found (pl. 20: 8) as were two iron spear points (fig. 35; pl. 20:1-2). Numerous nails were discovered (pls. 1: 4-7; 17:20-21; 20: 9-16), as well as a few damaged iron pieces for which it is hard to ascertain a function (pls. 1: 8; 20: 3,5-8; 21:1-18). No good analogies can be found for the bronze objects (pls. 1: 3; 38: 28), and this makes them impossible to date. Skodelica (sl. 35; t. 21: 21) iz stekla jantarno rjave barve in konične oblike z žlebom pod ustjem je bila izdelana v kalupu. Pripada značilni skupini helenistič-nih skodel, ki so znane iz druge polovice 2. st. in prve polovice 1. st. pr. Kr.116 KERAMIKA GLASS The amber brown conically shaped glass cup (fig. 35; pl. 21:21) with a groove under the rim was made with a mould. It belongs to the group of Hellenistic cups that is known from the second half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC.116 Keramika z vseh najdišč na območju Razdrtega je bila po značilnostih materiala, vidnih s prostim očesom, razdeljena na keramične zvrsti, ki so podrobno opisane na začetku kataloga (glej str. 165-171). V sklopu finega namiznega posodja se na Mandrgi pojavlja keramika s črnim premazom (keramične zvrsti ČP 1-5) in keramika tankih sten (zvrsti KTS 1-7). Navadna keramika je prisotna z zvrstmi N 1-3, N 5 in N 7,117 kuhinjska keramika z zvrstmi K 1-16 (razpr. 2-4). Med amforami močno prevladuje ena sama zvrst - S 1. Veliko keramičnih zvrsti z Mandrge, ne pa vseh, smo lahko povezali s keramiko, znano z drugih najdišč. Pri ocenjevanju količinskih razmerij med posameznimi skupinami keramike smo upoštevali največje možno število posod. Za posamezne odlomke keramike smo predvidevali, da pripadajo različnim posodam, razen kadar se jih je dalo rekonstruirati v eno posodo. Nekoliko drugačen način - štetje odlomkov posod -smo uporabili pri oceni količin razbitih amfor. POTTERY All pottery from Razdrto is categorised into pottery fabrics according to the material characteristics that are visible to the naked eye. These fabrics are described in detail at the beginning of the catalogue (see pgs. 165-172). Fine tableware at Mandrga is presented by blackslip pottery (fabrics BS 1-5) and thin-walled pottery (fabrics TWP 1-7). Coarse tableware is attested with fabrics C 1-3, C 5 and C 7,117 and kitchenware with fabrics K 1-16 (tables 2-4). A single fabric of amphorae dominates and this is fabric S 1. Several fabric types from Mandrga - but not all - could be linked to pottery discovered at other sites. When estimating the quantities of individual pottery types we took into account the greatest possible number of vessels. Shards were assumed to belong to different vessels unless they could be shown to belong to the same one. A slightly different method - counting shards - was used to estimate the quantities of amphorae that were broken into a huge number of pieces. "5 Jacobi 1974, 157ss, t. 46: 744-747. "6 Lazar 2003, 34-35, sl. 10: 2.1.1; Fontaine 2003, 250-251. "7 Keramični zvrsti N 4 in N 6 se ne pojavljata na Man-drgi, temveč samo na najdišču Preval. "5 Jacobi 1974, 157 ff, pl. 46: 744-747. Lazar 2003, 34-35, fig. 10: 2.1.1; Fontaine 2003, 250-251. 117 Fabrics C 4 and C 6 do not appear at Mandrga, but only at Preval. KERAMIKA S ČRNIM PREMAZOM BLACK-SLIP POTTERY Keramika s črnim premazom v severni Italiji V 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. so v srednji Italiji izdelovali različne vrste fine keramike s črnim premazom, ki jih združujejo podobne oblike in svetla barva preloma. Ta keramika je poimenovana krog kampanijske keramike B.118 Ugotovljene so naslednje regionalne podskupine: kampanijska B, etruščanska B, lacijska B in jadranska B.119 Etruščansko keramiko B so izdelovali v severni Etru-riji in izvažali tudi v Padsko nižino.120 Posebna zvrst etruščanske keramike B je aretinska keramika s črnim premazom, ki so jo proizvajali na območju Arezza in tudi izvažali na območje Padske nižine (to je trdi fabrikat s Štalenske gore).121 V Padski nižini so prve delavnice iz sklopa etru-ščanske keramike B nastale verjetno že v prvi polovici 2. st. pr. Kr.122 V prvi polovici 1. st. pr. Kr. se je v severni Italiji, tudi v okvirih etruščanske keramike B, razvila posebna proizvodnja t. i. srednjepadska keramika s črnim premazom. Izdelki so bili razširjeni po vsej Padski nižini (skupina A iz Eporedije) in so dosegli tudi Štalensko goro v Noriku, kjer so jih raziskovalci poimenovali porozni fabrikat.123 Sočasno so v severni Italiji obstajale tudi druge delavnice keramike s črnim premazom, katerih proizvodi so bili zgolj lokalno razširjeni.124 V 2. st. pr. Kr. se je v Padsko nižino širila tudi keramika iz severnojadranskih delavnic (okvirno jadranska keramika B), ki jih umeščajo na prostor Riminija in Adrije, morda tudi v Akvilejo.125 Razmerja med keramiko s črnim premazom različnega izvora se s časom in geografskim položajem najdišč spreminjajo. Na jugovzhodu Lombardije prevladujejo izdelki severnojadranskih delavnic, na severozahodu etruščanska keramika B (severnoetruščanska keramika).126 Analize gradiva iz Akvileje, ki so zajele obdobje od sredine 2. st. in celo 1. st. pr. Kr., so pokazale Black-slip pottery in northern Italy During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC various types of fine black-slip pottery were manufactured in central Italy. They all had similar shapes and bright clay colours (i.e. fracture). This pottery was denominated as belonging into the circle of Campana B ware.118 The following regional subgroups or types have been ascertained: Campana B, Etruscan B, Latian B and Adriatic B.119 Etruscan B ware was made in northern Etruria and was exported into the Po valley.120 A special type of Etruscan B ware is the Arretine black-slip ware that was manufactured in the area of Arezzo and was also exported into the Po valley (this is the hard fabric from Magdalensberg).121 The first workshops of Etruscan B ware in the Po valley probably appeared in the first half of the 2nd century BC.122 A special production deriving from Etruscan B ware emerged in northern Italy in the first half of the 1st century BC. This pottery is known as Central Po valley black-slip ware that could be found across the entire Po valley (group A from Ivrea / Eporedia) and even reached as far as Magdalensberg in Noricum, where it was denominated as porous fabric.1'2^ Other workshops that manufactured black-slip pottery also existed in northern Italy; however their products remained locally distributed.124 The pottery from the north Adriatic workshops (generally Adriatic B ware) spread into the Po valley in the 2nd century BC. The production centres were located around Rimini and Adria, maybe even Aquileia.125 The ratios between various black-slip pottery groups changed with time and geographical position. North Adriatic products prevailed in southeast Lombardy, while northwest Lombardy was dominated by Etruscan B ware.126 The analysis of the material from Aquileia (ranging from mid 2nd century to the end of 1st century "8 Cibecchini, Principal 2004: Cerchia della campana B; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. "9 Cibecchini, Principal 2004: Tipo B campano, Tipo B etrusco, Tipo B laziale, Tipo B adriatico. '20 Frontini 1987; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. Schindler 1986; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. 122 Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 23 ss; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 72-73. 123 Schindler 1986; Brecciaroli Taborelli 1988, 58-60; Ol-cese 1998b, 11-14. 124 Olcese 1998b, 13-14. 125 Frontini 1987, 142-144, sl. 8: 3-12; 10; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 26: vodilne oblike F 1315, F 2153/54, F 2574, F 2978 po Morelu; utemeljeno na skupku iz Sevegliana SE 2136; prim. Buora 1995. Akvileja: Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003, domnevna severnojadranska proizvodnja - t. 2: 4-9; lokalna -t. 1: 3-9. 126 Frontini 1987, 141-146, sl. 5, 12; npr. Milano: Loca-telli, Rizzi 2000. 118 Cibecchini, Principal 2004: Cerchia della campana B; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. "9 Cibecchini, Principal 2004: Tipo B campano, Tipo B etrusco, Tipo B laziale, Tipo B adriatico. '2" Frontini 1987; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. '2' Schindler 1986; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 71-72. 122 Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 23 ff; Brecciaroli Taborelli 2005, 72-73. 123 Schindler 1986; Brecciaroli Taborelli 1988, 58-60; Olcese 1998b, 11-14. 124 Olcese 1998b, 13-14. 125 Frontini 1987, 142-144, fig. 8: 3-12; 10. Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 26: the leading forms F 1315, F 2153/54, F 2574, F 2978 after Morel - based upon the deposit SE 2136 from Sevegliano; cf. Buora 1995. Aquileia: Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003, north Adriatic manufacture? - pl. 2: 4-9; local - pl. 1: 3-9. 126 Frontini 1987, 141-146, figs. 5, 12; e.g. Milano: Loca-telli, Rizzi 2000. veliko raznolikost: kampanijska A, krog kampanijske B, srednjepadska (porozni fabrikat s Štalenske gore), kampanijska C, srednjeitalska, "verjetno severnojadranska" in lokalna.127 Na Štalenski gori v predavgustejskem obdobju izstopata samo dve skupini keramike s črnim premazom: aretinska in srednjepadska (to je trdi in porozni fabrikat),128 pri čemer v najstarejših plasteh prevladuje aretinska.129 Tipologija Na Mandrgi so bili najdeni ostanki približno 80 predmetov iz keramike s črnim premazom, kar predstavlja 9,7 % vsega posodja brez amfor (razpr. 3, 7; sl. 40-41). Keramiko s črnim premazom smo razvrstili v pet keramičnih zvrsti: ČP 1-5 (glej opis str. 166-167). V zvrst ČP 1 sodi 69 posod (86 %) in v ČP 5 šest (7,5 %). V zvrst ČP 3 so uvrščeni trije primerki, od tega dva pripadata oljenkam in eden posodi. Zvrsti ČP 2 in 4 pa sta prisotni le po enkrat. Krožniki oziroma sklede z zaobljenim ostenjem (t. 2: 4; 22: 2-4) Oblika sodi v široko skupino Lamboglia 5, ki je bila zelo razširjena v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. ter vključuje širok razpon profilov, od popolnoma zaobljenih do oglatih.130 Različice krožnikov Lamboglia 5 srečamo v več skupinah kampanijske keramike, tudi v krogu kampanijske keramike B, v katerega so vključene aretinske in padske delavnice. Proizvajali so jih tudi v severnojadranskih delavnicah keramike s črnim premazom: v Adriji in Riminiju.131 V gradivu iz severne Italije se dobro vidi oblikovni razvoj krožnikov Lamboglia 5 v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. V 2. st. pr. Kr. je ostenje še zaobljeno, recipient globok (npr. oblika F 2252 po Morelu), na začetku 1. st. pr. Kr. (LTit D2) pa dobiva ostenje vedno bolj oglat obris in krožniki postajajo vedno bolj plitvi (npr. oblika F 2284 po Morelu).132 Tako globoki krožniki z zaobljenim ostenjem na grobišču v Valeggiu sul Mincio, južno od Gardskega jezera, sodijo v severnoitalijansko stopnjo LTit D1 (grob 4)133 in na začetek stopnje LTit D2 (grob 17).134 BC) showed great diversity: Campana A ware, Campana B ware, Central Po valley pottery (porous fabric from Magdalensberg), Campana C ware, Central Italian pottery, North Adriatic pottery (presumably) and local pottery.127 two groups of black-slip pottery dominated at Magdalensberg in the pre-Augustan period: the Arretine and the Central Po valley pottery (i.e. hard and porous fabrics),128 at which Arretine pottery prevailed in the oldest layers.129 Typology Approximately 80 black-slip pottery objects were found at Mandrga and they represent 9.7% of all pottery excluding amphorae (tables 3, 7; figs. 40-41). This pottery was categorised into five pottery fabrics: BS 1-5 (see description pgs. 166-167). The majority, 69 vessels (86%) belongs to fabric BS 1 while six examples are of fabric BS5 (7.5%). Fabric BS 3 is represented by three specimens, out of which two are oil lamps and one is a dish. Fabrics BS 2 and 4 are attested with a single specimen each. Plates or bowls with rounded walls (pls. 2: 4; 22: 2-4) This form is a part of the large Lamboglia 5 group, which was very common in the 2nd and 1st century BC and included a large range of shapes, from round to carinated.130 The variants of Lamboglia 5 plates can be encountered in several Campana pottery groups, including the circle of Campana B ware that encompasses also the Arezzo and Po valley workshops. They were also manufactured in Northern Adriatic black-slip pottery workshops, i.e. in Adria and Rimini.131 The development of Lamboglia 5 plates during the 2nd and 1st century BC is clearly visible in northern Italy. In the 2nd century BC the wall is still rounded and the dish is deep (e.g. form F 2252 after Morel), while at the beginning of the 1st century BC (LTit D2) the transition from the base to the rim starts to obtain an increasingly carinated shape and the plates start becoming shallower (e.g. form F 2284 after Morel).132 The deep plates with a rounded wall discovered at the cemetery in Valeggio sul Mincio, south of the Garda lake, belong to the north Italian phase LTit D1 (grave 4)133 and to the beginning of phase LTit D2 (grave 17).134 127 Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003. 128 Schindler 1967; Schindler 1986. 129 Schindler 1986, 365-367. 130 Lamboglia 1952, 146-147. 131 Frontini 1985, 11. 132 Morel 1981; Frontini 1985, 11-12; Božič 2008, 133, sl. 61. 133 Salzani 1995, t. 3: 33; nepremazani krožniki: t. 2: 7,15-16,20,25. 134 Salzani 1995, 30, t. 11: 9,14-15,22; Božič 2008, 137. 127 Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003. 128 Schindler 1967; Schindler 1986. 129 Schindler 1986, 365-367. 130 Lamboglia 1952, 146-147. 131 Frontini 1985, 11. 132 Morel 1981; Frontini 1985, 11-12; Božič 2008, 132-133, fig. 61. 133 Salzani 1995, pl. 3: 33; uncoated plates: pl. 2: 7, 15-16,20,25. 134 Salzani 1995, 30, pl. 11: 9,14-15, 22; Božič 2008, 137. j (D • » • • • i t • • 1 • » • • • » • • m 1 • 1-3 • >6 • • Sl. 40: Mandrga. Keramika s črnim premazom (brez dveh oljenk). Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 3. Fig. 40: Mandrga. Black-slip pottery (with the exception of two oil lamps). Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 3. 1,25 % 3,75 1,25%, 86,25 % ■ ČP 1 / BS 1 (n = 69) □ ČP2/BS2(n=l) ■ ČP3/BS3(n = 3) □ ČP4/BS4(n= 1) ČP5/BS5 (n = 6) Sl. 41: Mandrga. Keramika s črnim premazom. Razmerja med keramičnimi zvrstmi. Največje možno število posod. (Upoštevani sta tudi dve oljenki in nenarisano gradivo.) Po razpr. 3. Fig. 41: Mandrga. Black-slip pottery. Ratios between fabrics. The greatest possible number of vessels (including the two oil lamps and objects that have not been drawn). From table 3. Razpr. 7: Mandrga. Keramične posode (brez amfor, oljenk in prazgodovinske keramike zvrsti K 12, K 15 in K 17-18). Razporeditev po skupinah. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 2-4. Table 7: Mandrga. Ceramic vessels (excluding amphorae, oil lamps and prehistoric ceramic fabrics K 12, K 15 and K 17-18). Categorised by groups. The greatest possible number of vessels. From tables 2-4. Skupina Group Število Number % Fina namizna ČP 1-5* Fine tableware BS 1-5* 78 9,7 Fina namizna KTS 1-7* Fine tableware TWP 1-7* 92 11,4 Navadna namizna N 1-5 Coarse tableware C 1-5 441 54,8 Navadna namizna (siva venetska) N 7 Coarse tableware (grey Venetic ware) C 7 30 3,7 Italska kuhinjska K 1-4, 6-9, 11 Italian kitchenware K 1-4, 6-9, 11 144 17,9 Keltska kuhinjska K 5, 10, 13-14, 16 Celtic kitchenware K 5, 10, 13-14, 16 20 2,5 Skupaj / Total 805 100,0 In Fornace (northwest Istria) the old deep,135 as well as the newer shallow forms were discovered.136 In Gurina (in the Gail valley) old deep Lamboglia 5 plates137 as well as newer shallow and carinated ones (maybe already close to the form Lamboglia 5/7) were discovered.138 On Magdalensberg in Carinthia merely the newer shallow form of Lamboglia 5 plates was discovered.139 The examples from Mandrga belong to the older group of Lamboglia 5 plates and can be placed into group F 2252 in Morel's categorisation.140 All examples show characteristics of the BS 1 fabric. Plate with thickened wall (pl. 22:1) The plate that belongs to fabric BS 1 has a plain rim, an upright wall that is triangularly thickened in its lower part, a carinated transition from base to wall, and a relatively deep and slanted base. The plate is similar to * Brez oljenk / Oil lamps excluded 135 Horvat 1995a, 30, fig. 5: 8,10-11. 136 Horvat 1995a, 30, fig. 5: 12. 137 Gamper 2007a, figs. 4: 5; 6: 10; Gamper 2007b, fig. 4: 24. 138 Gamper 2007a, figs. 4: 2,4; 6: 11,13; Gamper 2007b, figs. 4: 12,14,15; 6: 15; Božič 2008, 132-133, fig. 63. 139 Schindler 1967, pl. 1; Schindler 1986, 348, fig. 1: 1-6. 140 Morel 1981, 153. V Fornačah v severozahodni Istri najdemo tako starejšo globoko obliko135 kot tudi mlajšo, bolj plitvo obliko.136 Na Gurini v Ziljski dolini se pojavljajo starejši globoki krožniki vrste Lamboglia 5137 in mlajše plitve oziroma oglate oblike (morda že blizu obliki Lamboglia 5/7).138 Na Stalenski gori na Koroškem srečamo le mlajšo plitvo obliko krožnikov Lamboglia 5.139 Primerki iz Mandrge sodijo v starejšo skupino krožnikov Lamboglia 5 oziroma jih podrobno najbolje uvrstimo v skupino F 2252 po Morelu.140 Vsi kažejo značilnosti keramične zvrsti ČP 1. Krožnik z odebeljenim ostenjem (t. 22:1) Krožnik, narejen v keramični zvrsti ČP 1, ima preprosto ustje, pokončno ostenje je navzdol trikotno odebljeno, na prehodu med ostenjem in dnom je klek, dno pa je dokaj globoko in poševno. Krožnik je podoben sorazmerno redki obliki Lamboglia 5/55.141 Primerjamo ga lahko tudi z obliko F2265 po Morelu.142 Na grobišču Ornavasso - San Bernardo, na območju jezera Lago Maggiore, se ti krožniki pojavljajo v fazah 2a in 2b po Stefanie Martin-Kilcher,143 ki sodita na konec 2. in v prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr. Fazo 2b opredeljujejo fibule vrste Almgren 65 v severnoitalijansko stopnjo LTit D2.144 Krožniki z Gurine in s Stalenske gore ("trdi fabrikat") so sicer oblikovno podobni, a bolj plitvi (okvirno obliki F 2286, 2287 po Morelu).145 Prstanasto dno krožnika (sl. 42-43; t. 24:2) Dno, ki sodi v keramično zvrst ČP 1, ima nogo z oglato odebeljenim zunanjim robom in oglato posneto notranjo steno. Druga posoda, ki ima oglato prstanasto nogo z gladko notranjo steno (t. 24: 3), sodi v keramično zvrst ČP 2. Tako oblikovana dna so značilna za "trdi fabrikat" s Stalenske gore, ki izvira iz Arezza (obliki dna Morel 175 in 141).146 the relatively rare form Lamboglia 5/55.141 It can also be compared to shape F2265 in Morel's categorisation.142 stefanie Martin-Kilcher places such plates found at the Ornavasso - San Bernardo cemetery in the area of Lago Maggiore into phases 2a and 2b, i.e. the end of the 2nd and first third of the 1st century BC.143 Phase 2b is correlated with the north Italian phase LTit D2 with the appearance of the Almgren 65 type fibulae.144 Plates from Gurina and Magdalensberg ('hard fabric') are similar in shape, but shallower (similar to forms F 2286, 2287 in Morel's classification).145 Plate (figs. 42-43; pl. 24: 2) A plate in fabric BS 1 has a ring-foot with an angularly thickened outer edge and an angular inner face. Another vessel with a similar ring-foot (an angular outer and a flat inner face) was produced in fabric BS 2 (pl. 24: 3). Such ring-foots are typical for the 'hard fabric' from Magdalensberg, which originates from Arezzo (foot forms defined by Morel as 175 and 141).146 The four radially positioned stamps (figs. 42-43; pl. 24: 2) represent a variant of the motif of two Cs placed back to back: the ends of the shanks are decorated with circles and triangular decorations lay within the four empty spaces. This motif is typical for Arretine blackslip pottery, however it is unclear as to when it was first used.147 It was found in the deposit of Fornace, where it appears on the base with the angular ring-foot that could be Arretine in form.148 The finds from the shipwreck in the vicinity of the port of Marseille (between the islands Plane and Riou), date the motif of two Cs placed back to back just prior to the emergence of red sigillata, i.e. into the mid 1st century BC.149 The motif is also known from red Arretine sigillata, found at Magdalensberg.150 Bowls with everted rims (pls. 1:13; 22: 8) The examples from Mandrga, two in fabric BS 1 (pls. 1:13; 22: 8) and one in fabric BS 5 (inv. No. 3433), belong into the large group of bowls with everted rims F 135 Horvat 1995a, 30, sl. 5: 8,10-11. 136 Horvat 1995a, 30, sl. 5: 12. 137 Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 5; 6: 10; Gamper 2007b, sl. 4: 24. 138 Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 2,4; 6: 11,13; Gamper 2007b, sl. 4: 12,14,15; 6: 15; Božič 2008, 133-134, sl. 63. 139 Schindler 1967, t. 1; Schindler 1986, 348, sl. 1: 1-6. 140 Morel 1981, 153. 141 Frontini 1985, 11, 102, t. 14: 11. N. Sfredda je enako (Lamboglia 5/55) poimenovala oblikovno zelo heterogeno skupino krožnikov, v katero je uvrščena tudi naša različica; Sfredda 1998, 25, t. 4: 1-4. 142 Morel 1981, 157. 143 Martin-Kilcher 1998, sl. 6, 9, 28, 31; faza 2a: grob 82; faza 2b: grobova 6, 15; Piana Agostinetti 1969, oblika 5, 124-125, sl. 1: 7-8; Graue 1974, t. 8: 1; 18: 1; 29: 8. 144 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 244-249; Božič 2008, 144-147. 145 Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 5; Schindler 1986, 348, sl. 1: 1-5. '4® Morel 1981, 444, 453, 460; Schindler 1986, 351, sl. 3. '4' Frontini 1985, 11, 102, pl. 14: 11. N. Sfredda gave the same name (Lamboglia 5/55) to a large heterogeneous group of plates; this group also includes our variant; Sfredda 1998, 25, pl. 4: 1-4. 142 Morel 1981, 157. 143 Martin-Kilcher 1998, figs. 6, 9, 28, 31; phase 2a: grave 82; phase 2b: graves 6 and 15; Piana Agostinetti 1969, form 5, 124-125, fig. 1: 7-8; Graue 1974, pls. 8: 1; 18: 1; 29: 8. 144 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 244-249; Božič 2008, 144-148. 145 Gamper 2007a, fig. 4: 5; Schindler 1986, 348, fig. 1: 1-5. 146 Morel 1981, 444, 453, 460; Schindler 1986, 351, fig. 3. 147 Morel 1990, 68. 148 Stokin 1992, pl. 2: 14; Horvat 1995a, fig. 6: 7. 149 Lequement, Liou 1976, see especially fig. 8: D; Schindler 1967, pls. 2: 20; 4: d; 8: d; Schindler 1986, 352-353, fig. 6: a-k; Frontini 1987, 145; Sfredda 1998, 23, 35-36. 15» Schindler 1986, 354, fig. 6: s. Sl. 42: Mandrga. Vzhodni del, kvadrant C1. Žigi na dnu krožnika iz keramike s črnim premazom, zvrsti ČP 1, t. 24:2. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 42: Mandrga. Eastern part, quadrant C1. Stamps at the bottom of a black-slip pottery plate, fabric BS 1, pl. 24: 2. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 43: Mandrga. Vzhodni del, kvadrant C1. Žig na dnu krožnika iz keramike s črnim premazom, zvrsti ČP 1, t. 24:2. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 43: Mandrga. Eastern part, quadrant C1. Stamp at the bottom of a black-slip pottery plate, fabric BS 1, pl. 24: 2. Photo: M. Prešeren. Štirje radialno postavljeni žigi (sl. 42-43; t. 24: 2) nosijo eno od različic motiva dveh hrbtno postavljenih C: na zaključkih krakov so krožci in v štirih praznih prostorih leži trikotni okras. Motiv je značilen za are-tinsko keramiko s črnim premazom, ni pa jasen začetek njegove rabe.147 Srečamo ga v skupku iz Fornač, kjer se prav tako pojavlja na profiliranem dnu posode, ki bi ga lahko po oblikovnih značilnostih pripisali aretinski proizvodnji.148 Po najdbah z ladje, ki se je potopila pred pristaniščem v Marseillu (med otokoma Plane in Riou), je okras hrbtno postavljenih C datiran v čas tik pred prehodom na izdelavo rdeče sigilate, torej v sredino 1. st. pr. Kr.149 Motiv je poznan tudi z rdeče aretinske sigilate, najdene na Štalenski gori.150 Sklede z izvihanim ustjem (t. 1:13; 22: 8) Primerki z Mandrge, dva iz keramične zvrsti ČP 1 (t. 1:13; 22: 8) in eden iz zvrsti ČP 5 (inv. št. 3433), sodijo v široko skupino skled z izvihanim ustjem F 1310 po Morelu oziroma v skupino Lamboglia 36. Natančneje jih lahko najbolje vključimo v obliko F1315 po Morelu, blizu pa so tudi različici sklede z valovitim ustjem F 1441b.151 Oblika F 1315 se veže predvsem na etruščansko področje in na Padsko nižino.152 Sklede z izvihanim ustjem (F 1310 po Morelu; Lamboglia 36) so izdelovale tudi različne severnojadranske delavnice (Aesis, Rimini, Adria, morda Akvileja). Zelo razširjene in priljubljene so bile v 3. in v prvi polovici 2. st. pr. Kr.153 147 Morel 1990, 68. 148 stokin 1992, t. 2: 14; Horvat 1995a, sl. 6: 7. 149 Lequement, liou 1976, primerjaj posebej sl. 8: D; Schindler 1967, t. 2: 20; 4: d; 8: d; Schindler 1986, 352-353, sl. 6: a-k; Frontini 1987, 145; Sfredda 1998, 23, 35-36. 150 Schindler 1986, 354, sl. 6: s. 151 Morel 1981; Lamboglia 1952, 183. 152 Morel 1981, 104-105. 153 Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 26; Frontini 1985, 16-17; 1310 (after Morel) or to the Lamboglia 36 group. A more precise classification would place them into form F1315 (after Morel), or close to the variant of the bowl with a broad horizontally moulded rim F 1441b.151 Form F 1315 is connected mainly to the Etruscan area and the Po valley.152 Bowls with everted rims (F 1310 after Morel; Lamboglia 36) were also manufactured in various north Adriatic workshops (Aesis, Rimini, Adria, maybe Aquileia). This form was most popular in the 3rd century and first half of the 2nd century BC.153 In the area surrounding Brescia bowls with everted rims appear in LT C2 graves.154 They were found in the deposit from Sevegliano near Aquileia (SE 2136) that is dated with the aid of various types of black-slip pottery into the first half or middle of the 2nd century BC.155 They were present in Celtic graves from the north Italian phase LTit D1, a typical representative of which is grave 4 from Valeggio sul Mincio.156 This form also occurred in Fornace.157 Bowls with broad horizontally moulded rims (pls. 1:12; 22: 6-7; maybe also pl. 22: 5, 9) Bowls with broad horizontally moulded rims, all manufactured in fabric BS 1, were categorized into groups F 1441 and F 1443 (after Morel), or into the large group Lamboglia 6. The horizontal rim pl. 22: 5 could be one of the variants within group F 1440. 151 Morel 1981; Lamboglia 1952, 183. 152 Morel 1981, 104-105. 153 Brecciaroli Taborelli 2000, 26; Frontini 1985, 16-17; Morel 1981, 104-105. 154 Gottolengo, Remedello - Tagliate; Frontini 1985, 37, 39-40, pls. 1: 17; 2: 8-13. 155 Buora 1995, 156, pl. 3: 5-8. 156 Salzani 1995, 17, pl. 3: 32; no slip: pl. 3: 4,11,24; Sal-zani 1987. 157 Horvat 1995a, 34, fig. 5: 7. Sklede z izvihanim ustjem se pojavljajo v grobovih stopnje LT C2 na območju Brescie.154 Najdene so bile tudi v skupku iz Sevegliana pri Akvileji (SE 2136), ki je po keramiki s črnim premazom datiran v prvo polovico ali sredino 2. st. pr. Kr.,155 ter v keltskih grobovih iz severnoitalske faze LTit D1, med katerimi je značilen grob 4 iz Valeggia sul Mincio.156 Obliko najdemo še v Fornačah.157 Sklede s širokim valovitim robom ustja (t. 1:12; 22: 6-7; morda tudi t. 22: 5,9) Sklede s širokim valovitim robom ustja, vse v keramični zvrsti ČP 1, sodijo po obliki v skupini F 1441 in F1443 po Morelu oziroma v široko skupino Lamboglia 6. Ravno ustje t. 22: 5 je lahko ena od različic široke skupine F1440. Sklede s širokim valovitim robom ustja so pogoste v severni Italiji v 2. ter še deloma v 1. st. pr. Kr.158 Izdelovali so jih v krogu kampanijske keramike B159 in v severnojadranskih delavnicah.160 Grob 11 iz Ornavassa - San Bernardo, ki vsebuje skledo Lamboglia 6 in skodelo Lamboglia 2, sodi v čas LTit D1.161 V grobu 51 iz Isole Rizze, jugovzhodno od Verone, je ležala skleda Lamboglia 6 skupaj s školjčno fibulo vrste IIa po Demetzu, torej sodi v čas LTit D2 po severnoitalijanski kronologiji.162 Takšno skledo srečamo tudi v skupku iz Fornač.163 Na Štalenski gori, kjer so redke in uvrščene med "trdi fabrikat", sodijo v najstarejše obdobje naselbine.164 Številne različice ustij oblike Lamboglia 6 so lahko odraz različnih delavnic in ne kronološki znak,165 vendar gre splošna smer razvoja v ožanje in povešanje roba ustja (skupina F 1630 po Morelu). Na Mandrgi nismo opazili debelih ustij s povešenim robom,166 ki so izdelana v srednjepadski keramiki s črnim premazom (porozni fabrikat) in jih prevzame tudi najzgodnejša tera sigilata.167 Morel 1981, 104-105. 154 Gottolengo, Remedello - Tagliate; Frontini 1985, 37, 39-40, t. 1: 17; 2: 8-13. 155 Buora 1995, 156, t. 3: 5-8. 156 Salzani 1995, 17, t. 3: 32; brez premaza: t. 3: 4,11,24; Salzani 1987. 157 Horvat 1995a, 34, sl. 5: 7. 158 Lamboglia 1952, 147; Morel 1981, 113-115; Frontini 1985, 12; Sfredda 1998, 24. 159 Morel 1981, 114. 160 Npr. Brecciaroli Taborelli 1998, 115-117. 161 Graue 1974, t. 15: 1; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 249, sl. 9: faza 2a. 162 Salzani 1998, 34-35, t. 28: 12; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 249: faza 2b na območju Lago Maggiore; Demetz 1999, 67, 72. 163 Horvat 1995a, 34, sl. 5: 9. 164 Schindler 1986, 349, sl. 1: 16,17. 165 Frontini 1985, 12. 166 Morel 1981, 126-128, oblika F 1631. 167 Npr. Schindler 1986, 356-357, sl. 4: 18-20. Bowls with broad horizontally moulded rims were common in northern Italy during the 2nd and partially 1st century BC.158 They were manufactured within the circle of Campana B ware159 and in north Adriatic workshops.160 Grave 11 from Ornavasso - San Bernardo, which includes the bowl Lamboglia 6 and the bowl Lamboglia 2, belongs into phase LTit D1.161 Grave 51 from Isola Rizza (southeast of Verona) included a bowl type Lamboglia 6 and a conchoidal fibula type IIa (after Demetz), typical for phase LTit D2 in the north Italian chronology.162 Such a bowl was also found in the Fornace deposit.163 At Magdalensberg, where they are rare and belong amongst the 'hard fabric', they belong into the oldest settlement phase.164 Numerous types of Lamboglia 6 rims could be a reflection of the various workshops and not a chronological characteristic,165 however the general direction of the development moves towards a narrowing and slanting rim (group F 1630 after Morel). At Mandrga there were no thick rims with a slanting edge166 manufactured in Central Po valley black-slip pottery (porous fabric) that would also appear in the earliest production of terra sigillata.167 Conical bowls with an emphasised rim edge (pls. 2:1-3; 17: 22; 23: 1-9) Bowls with an emphasised rim edge and a rounded transition of the wall into the base, manufactured in fabric BS 1, belong into the large group Lamboglia 28.168 The bowls from Mandrga can be classified more precisely into groups F 2652-2653, which were typical for the north Etruscan circle of Campana B ware169 and were also manufactured in north Adriatic workshops.170 In 2nd century BC and throughout the LTit D1 period the bowls were deep and had a rounded transition towards the base (as F 2653) - just like the ones found at Mandrga. LTit D2 bowls are usually smaller and have a carinated transition from the wall to the base (as F 2654).171 158 Lamboglia 1952, 147; Morel 1981, 113-115; Frontini 1985, 12; Sfredda 1998, 24. 159 Morel 1981, 114. 160 E.g. Brecciaroli Taborelli 1998, 115-117. 161 Graue 1974, pl. 15: 1; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 249, fig. 9: phase 2a. 162 Salzani 1998, 34-35, pl. 28: 12; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 249: phase 2b in the area of Lago Maggiore; Demetz 1999, 67, 72. 163 Horvat 1995a, 34, fig. 5: 9. 164 Schindler 1986, 349, fig. 1: 16, 17. 165 Frontini 1985, 12. 166 Morel 1981, 126-128, form 1631. 167 E.g. Schindler 1986, 356-357, fig. 4: 18-20. 168 Lamboglia 1952, 177-178. 169 Morel 1981, 202. 170 E.g. in Adria: Bolognesi 1998-99, 277, fig. 18: 6-11. 171 Frontini 1985, 15-16; Morel 1987, 125; Sfredda 1998, 26; Božič 2008, 133, fig. 62. Skodele s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom ustja (t. 2:1-3; 17: 22; 23: 1-9) Skodele z Mandrge, v keramični zvrsti ČP 1, s poudarjenim robom ustja in zaobljenim prehodom stene v dno sodijo v široko skupino Lamboglia 28168 oziroma jih lahko natančneje uvrstimo v skupino F 2652-2653, ki je značilna za severnoetruščanski krog kampanijske keramike B,169 izdelovali pa so jih tudi v severnojadran-skih delavnicah.170 V 2. st. pr. Kr. in v obdobju LTit D1 so bile skodele globoke, z zaobljenim prehodom proti dnu (kot F 2653), torej takšne kot na Mandrgi. Skodele iz LTit D2 so običajno manjše in imajo oglat prehod med ostenjem in dnom (kot F 2654).171 Starejša oblika je bila odkrita v grobu 4 iz Valeggia sul Mincio, ki sodi v severnoitalijansko fazo LTit D1.172 Grob 12 z istega najdišča vsebuje starejšo173 in mlajšo obliko skled Lamboglia 28,174 zato ga Salzani postavlja na začetek LTit D2.175 Zaobljena oblika je prisotna v skupku iz Fornač.176 Pojavlja se še na Štalenski gori v trdem in morda tudi v poroznem fabrikatu.177 Skodele z rahlo usločeno steno (t. 1: 14; 22: 10-11) in skodeli s poševno steno s preprostim ustjem (t. 1:15-16) Skodele, ki sodijo v keramično zvrst ČP 1, morda lahko uvrstimo v preprosto obliko Lamboglia 31 ali v eno od različic Lamboglia 28 178 oziroma gre podrobno za oblike, podobne F 2614, 2615, 2651 in 2654b, ki sodijo predvsem v krog etruščanske in severnoitalske kampanijske keramike B v 2. st. pr. Kr.179 Skodela Lamboglia 31 se pojavlja v severnoitalijan-skih grobovih faze LT C2 in redko v LTit D.180 Del teh skodel naj bi izviral iz severnojadranskih delavnic.181 Razno V keramični zvrsti ČP 1 opazimo tudi odlomek ostenja z delom ročaja (t. 1: 11), ki bi bil lahko del vrča ali skifosa, čašo (t. 2: 5) ter ostenje zaprte oblike (t. 24: 1). Najdena je bila tudi predrta ploščica (t. i. črepinjska ploščica), narejena iz dna posode s črnim premazom (t. 1:10). 168 Lamboglia 1952, 177-178. 169 Morel 1981, 202. 170 Npr. v Adriji: Bolognesi 1998-99, 277, sl. 18: 6-11. 171 Frontini 1985, 15-16; Morel 1987, 125; Sfredda 1998, 26; Božič 2008, 133, sl. 62. 172 Salzani 1987; Salzani 1995, 14-17, t. 2: 13,18-19,21,29. 173 Salzani 1995, 23-26, t. 8: 4-5; 9: 7. 174 Salzani 1995, t. 8: 12,14; 9: 10. 175 Salzani 1995, 23-26. 176 Horvat 1995a, 34-36, sl. 6: 2-5. 177 Schindler 1967, t. 3: 16-22; 6: 7-12; Schindler 1986, 350, 357, sl. 2: 10-11,14-15. 178 Lamboglia 1952, 177-178, 180-181. 179 Morel 1981, 191-192, 201-203. 180 Frontini 1985, 16, 37-38, 41-44, t. 1: 15; 2: 2; 3: 1,3,7-8; Sfredda 1998, 26, t. 7: 4. 181 Frontini 1987, 142-143, sl. 8: 6-7. The older form was discovered in grave 4 in Valeggio sul Mincio, which is dated to the north Italian phase LTit D1.172 Grave 12 from the same site includes an older173 and younger form of Lamboglia 28 bowls,174 thus Salzani dates it to the beginning of phase LTit D2.175 The rounded form was also found at Fornace.176 It also appeared at Magdalensberg in the hard and maybe also porous fabric.177 Bowls with a slightly concave wall (pls. 1:14; 22:10-11) and bowls with a sloping wall and plain rim (pl. 1: 15-16) These bowls were made in fabric BS 1 and can be categorized into the group Lamboglia 31 or into one of the Lamboglia 28 variants.178 For a more precise determination they can be compared to forms F 2614, 2615, 2651 and 2654b, which predominately belong into the circle of Etruscan and north Italian Campana B ware from the 2nd century BC.179 The Lamboglia 31 bowls appear in phase LT C2 north Italian graves and rarely in phase LTit D.180 Some of these bowls were supposedly manufactured in north Adriatic workshops.181 Various A handle fragment (pl. 1: 11) that could have been a part of a jug or a skyphos, a beaker (pl. 2: 5) and a wall belonging to a closed form (pl. 24:1) were all made in BS 1 fabric and cannot be typologically classified. A perforated disk was made out of the base of a black-slip dish (pl. 1:10). Chronology The chronology of the black-slip pottery from Man-drga was established through the comparison with the dated Roman contexts from the nearby regions, i.e. the Adriatic coast, the Po valley and the Eastern Alps. The large pit SE 2136 in Sevegliano near Aquileia was filled with large quantities of pottery that functioned as a drainage. The filling was positioned under the layers from the beginning of the 1st century BC, 172 Salzani 1987; Salzani 1995, 14-17, pl. 2: 13,18-19,21,29. 173 Salzani 1995, 23-26, pls. 8: 4-5; 9: 7. 174 Salzani 1995, pls. 8: 12, 14; 9: 10. 175 Salzani 1995, 23-26. 176 Horvat 1995a, 34-36, fig. 6: 2-5. 177 Schindler 1967, pls. 3: 16-22; 6: 7-12; Schindler 1986, 350, 357, fig. 2: 10-11,14-15. 178 Lamboglia 1952, 177-178, 180-181. 179 Morel 1981, 191-192, 201-203. 180 Frontini 1985, 16, 37-38, 41-44, pls. 1: 15; 2: 2; 3: 1,3,7-8; Sfredda 1998, 26, pl. 7: 4. 181 Frontini 1987, 142-143, fig. 8: 6-7. Kronologija Za datacijo keramike s črnim premazom z Man-drge je pomembna primerjava s časovno zaključenimi skupki rimske keramike, ki ležijo sorazmerno blizu, to je ob severnem Jadranu, v Padski nižini in na območju vzhodnih Alp. Na območju Sevegliana pri Akvileji je bila odkrita velika kotanja SE 2136. Zapolnjena je bila z ogromno količino keramike, ki je bila namenjena izsuševanju ozemlja. Polnilo kotanje je ležalo pod plastmi z začetka 1. st. pr. Kr., med drugim pod kanalom, narejenim iz amfor Lamboglia 2.182 Maurizio Buora, ki je analiziral keramiko s črnim premazom, ugotavlja etruščansko keramiko B, proizvodnjo iz Adrije in padsko proizvodnjo. Večina keramike s črnim premazom je datirana v 2. st. pr. Kr., nekatere oblike pa še sodijo v 3. st. pr. Kr. Torej naj bi bil del keramike iz sklopa starejši od glavnine.183 Med keramiko s črnim premazom se pojavljajo predvsem takšne oblike, ki jih ne poznamo z Mandrge in so starejše: lonec, vrč, skifos, konične skodele, polkrožne skodele z odebeljenim ali preprostim ustjem.184 Sevegliano SE 2136 se ujema z Mandrgo v dolgotrajni obliki skled z izvihanim ustjem, podobni obliki Morel F 1315.185 V skupku SE 2136 je bil najden tudi en primerek sklede s poudarjenim ustjem,186 ki je podobna tistim skledam z Mandrge, ki smo jih uvrstili v starejšo obliko Lamboglia 28 (t. 2:1-3; 17:22; 23:3-7). Torej je keramika s črnim premazom iz kotanje SE 2136 iz Sevegliana očitno starejša od primerljive keramike z Mandrge. V bogatih grobovih iz Adrije iz 2. st. pr. Kr., ki vsebujejo amfore grško-italskega tipa (torej so starejši od Mandrge z amforami Lamboglia 2), se keramika s črnim premazom deloma ujema z Mandrgo (oblike Lamboglia 5, 6, 28, 36), hkrati pa se pojavljajo tudi mnoge oblike, ki jih na Mandrgi ni, npr. skifosi, kiliksi, pikside, kantarosi, kraterji, čaše, vrči različnih oblik, skodele na visoki na nogi, skodela Lamboglia 31, itd.187 V starejši čas kot Mandrga sodijo tudi nekatere oblike keramike s črnim premazom iz Akvileje na območju foruma.188 Keramika s črnim premazom iz zaključenih sklopov iz Bologne, ki so datirani od konca 3. do sredine 2. st. pr. Kr., se prav tako jasno loči od Mandrge.189 Medtem pa so za neposredno primerjavo z Mandr-go posebej pomembni bogati keltski grobovi severne Italije. V grobovih iz najdišča Valeggio sul Mincio južno 182 Buora 1991a; Buora 1991b; Buora 1991c; Buora 1995; Buora 2008a, 29; Fasano 1995; Cassani 1995. 183 Buora 1995; Buora 2008a, 66-78. 184 Buora 1995, t. 1-2; t. 3: 1-4; t. 4-5. 185 Buora 1995, 156, t. 3: 5-8; Buora 2008a, 72-73, VN 48, 51, 52, 54. 186 Buora 1995, 157, t. 5: 2; Boura 2008a, 67-68, VN 10. 187 Mangani 1982, grobovi 3, 26, 38, 41, 43. 188 Maselli Scotti 1990, 31-32, t. 1: 1-3; Scotti Maselli 1991, 307. 189 Negrelli 2004. amongst others under the canal made of Lamboglia 2 amphorae.182 Maurizio Buora, who analysed black-slip pottery, ascertained the presence of Etruscan B ware, as well as ceramics manufactured in Adria and in the Po valley. Most black-slip pottery is dated into the 2nd century BC, however certain forms originate from the 3rd century BC. Thus a part of the pottery from the filling might be older than the majority.183 In the Sevegliano deposit old types that were unknown in Mandrga prevail: pots, jugs, skyphoi, conical bowls, and semi-circular bowls with a thickened or plain rim.184 Sevegliano SE 2136 is comparable to Mandrga in the long-lasting form of bowls with everted rims, similar to the form Morel F 1315.185 In SE 2136 one example of a bowl with an emphasised rim edge was found186 and this is similar to the bowls from Mandrga that were placed into the older form Lamboglia 28 (pl. 2:1-3; 17:22; 23:3-7). Thus the black-slip pottery from pit SE 2136 in Sevegliano is obviously older than the comparable pottery from Mandrga. In the rich 2nd century BC graves in Adria that include Greco-Italic amphorae (i.e. they are older than Mandrga with Lamboglia 2 amphorae), the black-slip pottery partially corresponds to the pottery in Mandrga (forms Lamboglia 5, 6, 28, 36). However, at the same time numerous forms are not present at Mandrga, for instance skyphoi, kylikses, pyxides, kantharoi, craters, cups, various jugs, bowls on a high foot, Lamboglia 31 bowl, etc.187 Some forms of black-slip pottery from Aquileia (in the area of the forum) are also older than the pottery found at Mandrga.188 Black-slip pottery from Bologna, dated between the end of the 3rd century and the mid 2nd century BC, is also distinctly different from the one found at Mandrga.189 The rich Celtic graves from northern Italy are important as a direct comparison with Mandrga. Most black-slip pottery forms known from Mandrga were discovered in the graves at Valeggio sul Mincio south of Lake Garda (phase LTit D1: grave 4; beginning of phase LTit D2: graves 12 and 17): deep plates and bowls with a rounded wall (Lamboglia 5), bowls with an everted rim (Lamboglia 36 / F 1315) and conical bowls with an emphasised rim edge (Lamboglia 28). Alongside lay dishes imitating black-slip forms but without an over- 182 Buora 1991a; Buora 1991b; Buora 1991c; Buora 1995; Buora 2008a, 29; Fasano 1995; Cassani 1995. 183 Buora 1995; Buora 2008a, 66-78. 184 Buora 1995, pls. 1-2; 3: 1-4; 4-5. 185 Buora 1995, 156, pl. 3: 5-8; Buora 2008a, 72-73, VN 48, 51, 52, 54. 186 Buora 1995, 157, pl. 5: 2; Boura 2008a, 67-68, VN 10. 187 Mangani 1982, graves 3, 26, 38, 41, 43. 188 Maselli Scotti 1990, 31-32, pl. 1: 1-3; Scotti Maselli 1991, 307. 189 Negrelli 2004. od Gardskega jezera (LTit D1: grob 4; začetek LTit D2: grobova 12,17) je bila najdena večina oblik keramike s črnim premazom, ki jih poznamo tudi z Mandrge: globoki krožniki in sklede z zaobljenim ostenjem (Lamboglia 5), sklede z izvihanim ustjem (Lamboglia 36 / F 1315) in skodele s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom ustja (Lamboglia 28). Zraven so bile tudi posode brez premaza, ki posnemajo oblike s črnim premazom, neokrašeni visoki kozarci iz keramike tankih sten in sklede iz sive padske keramike.190 Tudi v Oleggiu, ki leži v Piemontu južno od jezera Lago Maggiore, najdemo v grobovih (npr. grobovi 53, 56, 57, 228) podobno kombinacijo oblik fine namizne keramike kot na Mandrgi: globoke zaobljene krožnike Lamboglia 5, sklede z izvihanim ustjem Lamboglia 36 ter skodele s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom ustja Lamboglia 28 (vse v keramiki s črnim premazom in brez premaza).191 V naštetih severnoitalijanskih grobovih je značilni kronološki kazalec fibula vrste Misano - znak stopnje LTit D1 v severni Italiji.192 Keramiko s črnim premazom z Mandrge lahko razmeroma dobro primerjamo s keramiko iz naselbinskih plasti v Lombardiji, ki jih Frontini uvršča v 2. st. pr. Kr.: Cremona, Rondineto, Milano itd.193 Skupek iz Fornačpri Piranu, ki je bil najden v pol-nilu med dvema zidovoma, ima zelo enotno gradivo. V njem prevladujejo amfore Lamboglia 2, pojavi pa se tudi oblika Dressel 2-4. Med keramiko s črnim premazom so globoki krožniki z zaobljeno steno (Lamboglia 5 - F 2255 po Morelu ali podobno), skleda s širokim valovitim robom ustja (Lamboglia 6 - F 1443 ali podobno), skleda z izvihanim ustjem (Lamboglia 36 - F 1315), konična skodela s poudarjenim notranjim robom ustja - F 2974a, skodele s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom ustja (Lamboglia 28 - F 2652-53), cilindrična čaša (F 7441) in piksida (F 7544). Poleg tega so bili tam najdeni visoki vretenasti kozarci iz keramike tankih sten, ki so neo-krašeni ali okrašeni z bunčicami (oblika Marabini 1), skodelice iz keramike tankih sten, dve megarski skodelici efeško-jonske vrste, siva venetska keramika, cilindrične severnoitalske oljenke, pekači in pokrovi.194 V skupku iz Fornač izstopa tipološko najstarejša konična skodela s poudarjenim notranjim robom ustja -F 2974a, ki sodi verjetno še v drugo polovico 2. st. pr. Kr.195 Oblika je nekoliko podobna različicam globokih 190 Salzani 1987; Salzani 1995, 14-17, 23-26, 29-30, t. 2-6: A; t. 8: C-10: A; t. 11: B-12: A. 191 Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, 114, 119, 121, 250. 192 Tizzoni 1985, 42, 50, sl. 3.2; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 222-223. 193 Frontini 1987, 141-144, sl. 6-10. 194 Stokin 1992; Horvat 1995a, 27-36, sl. 4: 2-4; 5-7; amfore: Horvat 1997, 73-74. 195 Morel 1981, 242: tretja četrtina 2. st. pr. Kr. v kampa-nijski keramiki A; Horvat 1995a, 34, sl. 6: 1. coat, undecorated tall beakers from thin-walled pottery and bowls from the grey Po valley ware.190 A similar combination of fine tableware forms as in Mandrga was also found in the graves in Oleggio (e.g. graves 53, 56, 57, 228), which lies in Piemont, south of Lago Maggiore. This tableware includes: deep plates with rounded walls Lamboglia 5, bowls with an everted rim edge Lamboglia 36 and conical bowls with an emphasised rim edge Lamboglia 28 (all in black-slip pottery or in pottery without an overcoat).191 An important chronological indicator in the aforementioned north Italian graves is the Misano type fibula - a sign of the LTit D1 period in northern Italy.192 Black-slip pottery from Mandrga can be compared to the pottery from the settlement layers in Lombardy, which were dated by Frontini into the 2nd century BC: Cremona, Rondineto, Milano, etc.193 The deposit from Fornače near Piran - a filling between two walls - contains very uniform material. Amphorae Lamboglia 2 dominate, but the forms Dressel 2-4 also appear. The black-slip pottery includes deep plates with rounded walls (Lamboglia 5 - F 2255 or similar after Morel), a bowl with a broad horizontally moulded rim (Lamboglia 6 - F 1443 or similar), a bowl with an everted rim (Lamboglia 36 - F 1315), a conical cup with an emphasised inner rim edge - F 2974a, conical bowls with an emphasised rim edge (Lamboglia 28 - F 2652-53), a cylindrical beaker (F 7441) and a pyxis (F 7544). Tall spindle shaped beakers from thin-walled pottery (form Marabini 1; either undecorated or decorated with dots), cups from thin-walled pottery, two Megarian cups of the Ephesian-Ionian type, grey Venetic pottery, cylindrical north Italian oil lamps, baking dishes and lids were also found.194 Within the Fornače deposit the conical bowl with an emphasised inner rim edge - F 2974a stands out as the typologically oldest object. It most likely belongs into the second half of the 2nd century BC.195 The shape is somewhat similar to the deep bowls from Sevegliano - SE 2136.196 Typologically the youngest are the shallow plate with a rounded wall and the shallow plate with a slanting, bat-shaped thickened wall, both of which were also found in Magdalensberg.197 Božič dates the tall thin-walled pottery beakers decorated with dots (form Marabini 1) 190 Salzani 1987; Salzani 1995, 14-17, 23-26, 29-30, pls. 2-6:A; 8:C-10:A; 11:B-12:A. 191 Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, 114, 119, 121, 250. 192 Tizzoni 1985, 42, 50, fig. 3.2; Martin-Kilcher 1998, 222-223. 193 Frontini 1987, 141-144, figs. 6-10. 194 Stokin 1992; Horvat 1995a, 27-36, figs. 4: 2-4; 5-7; amphorae: Horvat 1997, 73-74. 195 Morel 1981, 242: third quarter of the 2nd century BC in the Campana A ware; Horvat 1995a, 34, fig. 6: 1. 196 Buora 1995, pls. 2; 3: 1-4; 4. 197 Horvat 1995a, 34-36, fig. 5: 12-14. skled iz Sevegliana - SE 2 1 36.196 Tipološko najmlajša sta plitvi krožnik s polkrožno steno in plitvi krožnik s poševno, kijasto odebeljeno steno, kakršne srečamo tudi na Štalenski gori.197 Za visoke kozarce iz keramike tankih sten, ki so okrašeni z bunčicami (oblika Marabini 1), predlaga Božič ožjo datacijo v fazo LTit D2.198 Vprašljivo je, če fibula vrste Jezerine II, ki je bila tudi odkrita v Fornačah,199 sodi k večini ostalega gradiva. To vrsto fibul naj bi začeli izdelovati v severni Italiji okoli 40 pr. Kr.,200 medtem ko Dragan Božič domneva začetek nekoliko prej, že v starejšem delu stopnje LTit D3.201 Čeprav je sklop iz Fornač v glavnini zelo podoben Mandrgi, vsebuje torej tudi en starejši predmet (skodelo F 2974a) in mlajše gradivo - plitve krožnike in kozarec Marabini 1. Amfore iz Fornač se zdijo nekoliko mlajše kot tiste iz Mandrge (glej analizo amfor, str. 88). Razliko v času (ali samo lego neposredno ob morju) pa lahko kaže tudi prisotnost megarskih skodelic. Torej lahko sklepamo, da je v skupku iz Fornač zbrano gradivo iz nekoliko daljšega časovnega obdobja, od konca 2. st. do prve tretjine 1. st. pr. Kr. (LTit D1 in D2). Za Mandrgo je pomembna tudi primerjava z zaključenimi plastmi z Gurine, ki so bile odkrite pod veliko upravno stavbo, oziroma se vežejo neposredno nanjo. V njih je ležala keramika s črnim premazom.202 Stične točke z Mandrgo se kažejo v skodelah s poševno steno in poudarjenim ustjem (Lamboglia 28) ter v globljih krožnikih (starejša oblika Lamboglia 5).203 Številni pa so tudi krožniki s poševnim ostenjem in plitvim dnom, ki jih na Mandrgi ni in so kazalec mlajšega obdobja (mlajša oblika Lamboglia 5).204 Podobne skodele Lamboglia 28 in plitvi krožniki so značilni tudi za keramiko s črnim premazom s Štalenske gore.205 Zgodnje plasti Gurine in Štalenske gore so si očitno časovno zelo blizu206 in hkrati mlajše od Mandrge. Vidimo torej, da se na Mandrgi oblike keramike s črnim premazom večinoma vežejo na tiste razvojne stopnje, ki so značilne predvsem za konec 2. st. pr. Kr., to 196 Buora 1995, t. 2; 3: 1-4; 4. 197 Horvat 1995a, 34-36, sl. 5: 12-14. 198 Božič 2008, 128. 199 Stokin 1992, t. 5: 10. 200 Demetz 1999, 104-105; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. 201 Božič 2008, 141, 145-147. Tudi skodelica iz keramike tankih sten, ki je mnogo mlajša kot ostalo gradivo, kaže, da skupek iz Fornač ni časovno popolnoma enoten. Prim. Stokin 1992, 84, t. 1: 2. 202 Gamper 2007a, 422-428, sl. 4, 6; Gamper 2007b, 351-358, sl. 4, 6. 203 Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 5; 6: 10; Gamper 2007b, sl. 4: 24. 204 Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 2,4; 6: 11,13; Gamper 2007b, sl. 4: 12,14,15; 6: 15; Božič 2008, 133-134, sl. 61, 63. 205 Schindler 1967; Schindler 1986. 206 Božič 2008, 123-130: začetek Štalenske gore v srednjeevropski fazi LT D1b. Dolenz et al. 2008: rimska poselitev najpozneje takoj po sredini 1. st. pr. Kr. into phase LTit D2.198 It is questionable whether the fibula type Jezerine II, which was also discovered in Fornače,199 belongs to the same context. This fibula type was probably first manufactured in northern Italy around 40 BC,200 however Dragan Božič assumes that it appeared slightly earlier, already in the early part of phase LTit D3.201 Even though the Fornače deposit is in general very similar to Mandrga, it contains one older object (bowl F 2974a) as well as some younger material - shallow plates and the Marabini 1 beaker. The amphorae from Fornače give a slightly younger impression than the ones found at Mandrga (see amphorae analysis, pg. 89). The presence of Megarian cups in Fornače could indicate a chronological difference (or perhaps it was a result of the coastal position of the site). Therefore it can be concluded that the material in the Fornače deposit originates from a slightly longer lasting period than that at Mandrga, i.e. from the end of the 2nd century to the first third of the 1st century BC (phases LTit D1 and D2). The comparison with the layers from Gurina that contained black-slip pottery and were revealed under a large administrative building or were linked directly to the building is also important for Mandrga.202 The conical bowls with an emphasised rim (Lamboglia 28) and the deep plates (the older form Lamboglia 5) are similar to the pottery found at Mandrga.203 In opposition to Mandrga, numerous plates with a slanting wall and a shallow base (younger form of Lamboglia 5) were discovered at Gurina and these indicate a younger period.204 Similar Lamboglia 28 bowls and shallow plates are typical also for the black-slip pottery from Magdalensberg.'2'05 The early layers of Gurina and Magdalensberg are obviously close in time206 and later than Mandrga. It can be concluded that the black-slip pottery at Mandrga is mainly represented by those forms that are typical for the end of the 2nd century BC, namely for the LTit D1 period in northern Italy or the LT D1a period in Central Europe (the rounded walls of Lamboglia 28 bowls, the deep Lamboglia 5 plates, Lamboglia 36 bowls with everted rims). There are no older forms that 198 Božič 2008, 126-128. 199 Stokin 1992, pl. 5: 10. 200 Demetz 1999, 104-105; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, 145. 201 Božič 2008, 141, 143, 145-147. The thin-walled pottery cup, much younger than the remaining material, also indicates that the Fornače deposit is not completely unified as regards its time of origin. Cf. Stokin 1992, 84, pl. 1: 2. 202 Gamper 2007a, 422-428, figs. 4, 6; Gamper 2007b, 351-358, figs. 4, 6. 203 Gamper 2007a, figs. 4: 5; 6: 10; Gamper 2007b, fig. 4: 24. 204 Gamper 2007a, figs. 4: 2,4; 6: 11,13; Gamper 2007b, figs. 4: 12,14,15; 6: 15; Božič 2008, 133-134, figs. 61, 63. 205 Schindler 1967; Schindler 1986. 206 Božič 2008, 123-129: the beginning of Magdalensberg is placed into phase LT D1b. Dolenz et al. 2008: the Roman settlement started at the latest immediately after the middle of the 1s' century BC. je za obdobje LTit D1 po severnoitalijanski oziroma na LT D1a po srednjeevropski kronologiji (zaobljena ostenja skodel Lamboglia 28, globoki krožniki Lamboglia 5, sklede z izvihanimi ustji Lamboglia 36). Ni starejših oblik, ki se pojavljajo npr. v grobovih 2. st. pr. Kr. v Adriji ali v skupku SE 2136 iz Sevegliana. Prav tako ni oblik, ki jih opažamo na mlajših najdiščih, npr. na Štalenski gori in v Gurini. Izvor Keramika s črnim premazom je prihajala na Mandr-go iz Italije prek Akvileje in morda tudi Tergesta. Oblike, ki so sicer kronološko opredeljive, ne nudijo dovolj trdne opore za pripis posameznim delavniškim krogom. Srečamo jih v skupinah, ki so v Akvileji definirane kot lokalna, srednjeitalska, "verjetno severnojadranska" in porozni fabrikat.207 Tudi keramične zvrsti ČP 1-5, ugotovljene na Mandrgi, je težko zanesljivo povezati s katero od znanih proizvodnih skupin keramike s črnim premazom. Samo dno iz ČP 1, okrašeno z motivom žiga hrbtno postavljenih C (sl. 42-43; t. 24: 2) in postavljeno na oglato prstanasto nogo, lahko po obliki uvrstimo med aretinsko keramiko. Oglata prstanasta noga, ki naj bi bila značilna za aretinsko keramiko, se pojavi še enkrat (t. 24:3), tokrat v keramični zvrsti ČP 2. Tako sklepamo, da bi lahko zvrsti ČP 1, ki je najštevilnejša na Mandrgi, in verjetno tudi ČP 2, povezali z aretinsko proizvodnjo oziroma vsaj z etruščansko keramiko B. Zdi se, da značilna srednjepadska keramika s črnim premazom ni dosegla Mandrge. Tudi najstarejše čiste plasti s Štalenske gore vsebujejo samo trdi fabrikat, to je aretinsko keramiko, in nič poroznega fabrikata oz. srednjepadske keramike.208 Zatorej je Mandrga najverjetneje starejša kot obdobje močnega izvoza srednjepadske keramike s črnim premazom. OLJENKE (sl. 35) Oljenko s črnim premazom (t. 21: 22), iz keramične zvrsti ČP 1, bi morda po obliki lahko uvrstili med biko-nične oljenke eskvilinskega tipa. Odlomka drugih dveh oljenk s črnim premazom (t. 1: 9; 21: 23), iz keramike ČP 3, morda sodita k isti obliki. Oljenke eskvilinskega tipa so verjetno začeli najprej izdelovati v Laciju sredi 3. st. pr. Kr. V 2. st. pr. Kr. so se razširile po Italiji in zahodnem Sredozemlju, v rabi pa so bile še v prvi po- would appear in the 2nd century BC graves in Adria or in the deposit SE 2136 in Sevegliano. Younger forms that would be noticed in the later sites (for instance at Magdalensberg and Gurina) are also missing. Origin Black-slip pottery was brought to Mandrga from Italy via Aquileia and maybe via Tergeste. The forms can be dated but cannot be ascribed to individual workshop groups. Similar forms are present in various production groups that are in Aquileia, for instance, defined as local, central Italian, 'possibly northern Adriatic' and porous fabric.207 It was also impossible to correlate fabrics BS 1-5 discovered at Mandrga with any of the black-slip fabrics from known pottery production groups. According to the typical angular ring-foots two bases can be assigned to Arretine pottery. The first that was produced in fabric BS 1 and was decorated with a stamp of two Cs positioned back to back (figs. 42-43; pl. 24:2), while the second (pl. 24:3) has all the characteristics of the BS 2 fabric. This lead us to the conclusion that fabric BS 1 (which is the most widespread at Mandrga) and possibly BS 2 could be linked to Arretine workshops, or at least to Etruscan B ware. It seems that the typical Central Po valley black-slip pottery did not reach Mandrga. The oldest undisturbed layers from Magdalensberg contain merely hard fabric, i.e. Arretine pottery, and no porous fabric, i.e. Central Po valley ceramics.208 Thus Mandrga most likely predates the intense exports of Central Po valley black-slip pottery. OIL LAMPS (fig. 35) The black-slip lamp (pl. 21: 22), made in BS 1 fabric can be possibly placed within the bi-conical lamps of the Esquiline type. The fragments of the remaining two black-slip lamps (pls. 1:9; 21:23) produced in BS 3 fabric might belong to the same form. Esquiline type oil lamps were probably first produced in Latium in the mid 3rd century BC. In the 2nd century BC they spread across Italy and the west Mediterranean, and remained in use as late as the first half of the 1st century BC. This type is well represented in Aquileia and its surroundings.209 The oil lamp without an overcoat (pl. 2: 9), made in TWC 4 fabric, might belong amongst the north Italian 207 Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003, t. 1: 3-4; 2: 4-7; 3: 4-5. 208 Schindler 1986, 365-367; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, 55; Dolenz et al. 2008. 207 Mandruzzato, Maselli Scotti 2003, pls. 1: 3-4; 2: 4-7; 3: 4-5. 208 Schindler 1986, 365-367; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, 55. 209 Pavolini 1981, 144-149, pl. 28; Pavolini 1987, 140-141; Pavolini 1990, 101-102; Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 38-41; Buora 1991a: Sevegliano SE 2136; Buora 2008a, 173-179. lovici 1. st. pr. Kr. V Akvileji in v okolici je oblika dobro zastopana.209 Oljenka brez premaza (t. 2: 9), iz keramike zvrsti KTS 4, sodi morda med severnoitalske cilindrične oljenke, ki so lahko premazane ali nepremazane. Lončarski polizdelek in gostota najdb iz Akvileje kažejo, da je bilo tam proizvodno središče. Izdelovali so jih morda že od konca 2. st. pr. Kr. do avgustejskega obdobja.210 Oljenka brez premaza (t. 21:24), iz keramike zvrsti N 3, ima obliko bikonične posodice in dvignjen rob diska. Morda jo lahko po teh značilnostih povežemo s skupino redkih poznorepublikanskih oljenk, ki jih najdemo na jadransko-padskem območju.211 cylindrical lamps that can be either coated or uncoated. The concentration of finds and the pottery semi-product indicate that there was a manufacturing centre in Aqui-leia. The production might have started already at the end of the 2nd century BC and continued right until the Augustan period.210 The oil lamp without an overcoat (pl. 21:24), made in fabric C 3, has the shape of a bi-conical vessel with a raised discus edge. These two characteristics might be enough to link it with the group of rare late Republican lamps found in the Adriatic - Po valley area.211 THIN-WALLED POTTERY KERAMIKA TANKIH STEN Tipologija Keramika tankih sten predstavlja na Mandrgi 11,4 % vsega posodja brez amfor (razpr. 3, 7; sl. 44). Ugotovili smo šest oksidacijsko žganih zvrsti (KTS 1-6; razpr. 8; sl. 45; opisi na str. 167-168). Keramične zvrsti KTS 1-4 (sl. 25: 1-3,5) so brez primesi oziroma imajo zelo redke primesi in se pojavljajo skupaj v 55 %. Zvrsti KTS 5-6 vsebujeta številne primesi. KTS 5 (sl. 25: 4), z gostimi belimi primesmi, zavzema skoraj 34-odsto-tni delež. KTS 6 (sl. 26) ima zelo goste bele primesi in predstavlja skoraj 10 % celote. Keramika KTS 7 je brez primesi in redukcijsko žgana, zastopana s samo enim znanim primerkom. Kozarci močno prevladujejo nad skodelicami (razpr. 8). Visoki vretenasti kozarci brez okrasa (sl. 25; t. 2:10-16; 3: 2-5; 17: 23-26,28-29; 25: 8-22; 26:1-8). Za to vrsto kozarcev so značilni ozko dno, visok trup vretenaste oblike, rahlo izvihano ustje in odsotnost okrasa. Po obliki jih lahko uvrstimo v skupino Marabini 3 oziroma Ricci 1/7.212 Na Mandrgi so najbolj številni primerki iz keramike zvrsti KTS 1-4, torej v glavnem brez primesi (sl. 25: 1-3,5; t. 2: 10-16; 17: 23-27; 25: 8-22; 26: 1-8). Ohranjena so štiri izvihana ustja. V treh primerih je rob ustja odebeljen (sl. 25: 1; t. 2: 11; 26: 2-3), tako da celotna oblika kozarca spominja na italske kuhinjske lonce z mandeljnastim ustjem (glej str. 75). Eno ustje 209 Pavolini 1981, 144-149, t. 28; Pavolini 1987, 140-141; Pavolini 1990, 101-102; Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 38-41; Buora 1991a: Sevegliano SE 2136; Buora 2008a, 173-179. 210 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 49-62; Horvat 1997, 121, 129, sl. 52; Buora, Cassani 1999, 97-98, t. 20-21: razširjenost nepremazanih oljenk. 211 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 41-43: oblika A.l.a.3.4. 212 Marabini Moevs 1973, 58-59; Ricci 1985, 245; Tassi-nari 1998, 45, t. 21: 4-6. Typology Thin-walled pottery represents 11.4% of all ceramics at Mandrga (amphorae excluded; tables 3, 7; fig. 44) It was categorised into six fabrics that had been fired in an oxidising atmosphere (TWP 1-6; table 8; fig. 45; descriptions on pgs. 167-168). Fabrics TWP 1-4 had no visible or very few inclusions (fig. 25: 1-3,5). They represent 55% of all thin-walled pottery. Fabrics TWP 5-6 contain numerous inclusions. Fabric TWP 5, with dense white inclusions, represents an almost 34% share (fig. 25: 4). Fabric TWP 6 contains very dense white fragments and represents almost 10% of the entire sample (fig. 26). Fabric TWP 7, represented with a single specimen, has no inclusions and has been fired in a reduction atmosphere. Beakers greatly surpass cups (table 8). Tall spindle-shaped beakers with no decoration (fig. 25; pls. 2:10-16; 3: 2-5; 17:23-26, 28-29; 25: 8-22; 26:1-8). Typical for this type of beakers are: a narrow base, a tall spindle shaped body, a slightly everted rim and the absence of decoration. According to its shape it can be categorised into the group Marabini 3 or Ricci 1/7.212 Most examples from Mandrga are made in fabrics TWP 1-4, i.e. clay without inclusions or with very few inclusions (fig. 25: 1-3,5; pls. 2: 10-16; 17: 23-27; 25: 8-22; 26: 1-8). Four everted rims are preserved. Three examples have a thickened rim edge (fig. 25: 1; pls. 2: 11; 26: 2-3), which makes the beakers similar to the Italian cooking pots with almond-shaped rims (see pg. 75). One rim is slightly concave (fig. 25: 2; pl. 26: 1 ). The lower parts of the beakers are more or less slim and concave. The bases are very thin and concave 210 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 49-62; Horvat 1997, 121, 129, fig. 52; Buora, Cassani 1999, 97-98, pls. 20-21: distribution of uncoated oil lamps. 211 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988, 41-43: form A.I.a.3.4. 212 Marabini Moevs 1973, 58-59; Ricci 1985, 245; Tassi-nari 1998, 45, pl. 21: 4-6. Razpr. 8: Mandrga. Keramika tankih sten. Največje možno število posod po keramičnih zvrsteh in osnovnih oblikah. Upoštevano je tudi gradivo, ki ni narisano. Table 8: Mandrga. Thin-walled pottery. The greatest possible number of vessels by fabric and elementary shape. Vessels that were not drawn were also taken into account. Zvrst Fabric Kozarci Beakers Skodelice Cups Vse posode* All vessels % KTS 1 / TWP 1 8 9 9,8 KTS 2 / TWP 2 9 9 9,8 KTS 3 / TWP 3 3 9 9,8 KTS 4 / TWP 4 18 24 26,1 KTS 5 / TWP 5 8 3 31 33,7 KTS 6 / TWP 6 3 5 9 9,8 KTS 7 / TWP 7 1 1 1,1 Skupaj / Total 50 8 92 100,0 * Tudi ostenja, za katera ne moremo določiti oblik celih posod. Including walls from which the shapes of the vessel could not be defined. je rahlo vbočeno (sl. 25:2; t. 26: 1). Spodnji del kozarca je močneje ali šibkeje usločen. Dna so lahko zelo tanka in vbočena (t. 2: 12,15; 25: 9-11,13,21-22; 26:1,4,7-8), vbočena ali ravna debelejša (t. 2:10,13-14,16; 17:24-26; 25:8,12,15-16,18; 26:3,5-6) oziroma zelo debela - okoli 1 cm (t. 17:23; 25:17,19-20; 26: 2). Poudarjen rob dna srečamo samo enkrat (t. 25:14) Manj kozarcev je izdelanih v keramiki KTS 5, z gostimi primesmi (sl. 25:4; t. 3:2-5; 17:28-29), pri čemer imajo vedno vbočeno debelejše (t. 3: 2-3,5; 17: 28-29) ali zelo debelo dno (t. 3: 4). Visoki trebušasti kozarci brez okrasa (t. 2: 17; 3: 6,8-10; 17: 27; 25: 7). Dno kozarcev je ozko, ostenje pa visoko in enakomerno zaobljeno. Po obliki jih lahko postavimo v skupino Marabini 4 oziroma Ricci 1/19.213 Na Mandrgi se pojavljajo v keramičnih zvrsteh KTS 1 in KTS 4, brez ali z malo primesi (t. 2: 17; 17: 27; 25: 7), in v KTS 5-6, z gostimi oziroma zelo gostimi primesmi (t. 3: 6,8-10). Edino ohranjeno ustje je izvihano in kratko (t. 25: 7). Dno je debelejše (t. 3: 6,8-9) ali debelo (t. 3: 10; 17: 27) Kroglast kozarec, ki je narejen iz zvrsti KTS 5 (t. 3: 1), se zdi unikatna oblika. Iz sive keramike tankih sten KTS 7 je narejen samo en visok kozarec, ki ima poudarjen rob dna (t. 3:13). 1 i (D • i > • • • • A r • • • • • 1 • • • 1 > • • 1 1 1 1 • 1-3 • 4-6 • >6 1 1 • • • 213 Marabini Moevs 1973, 59-61; Ricci 1985, 247-248; Tassinari 1998, 45, t. 21: 8. Sl. 44: Mandrga. Keramika tankih sten. Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 3. Fig. 44: Mandrga. Thin-walled pottery. Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 3. (pls. 2:12,15; 25: 9-11,13,21-22; 26:1,4,7-8), thick and concave or straight (pls. 2: 10,13-14,16; 17: 24-26; 25: 8,12,15-16,18; 26: 3,5-6) or very thick - around 1 cm (pls. 17: 23; 25: 17,19-20; 26: 2). An emphasised base edge appears in a single example (pl. 25:14). A smaller number of beakers was made in fabric TWP 5. The clay contains dense inclusions (fig. 25:4; pls. 3: 2-5; 17:28-29). They always have a thick (pls. 3: 2-3,5; 17: 28-29) or very thick (pl. 3: 4) concave base. Tall globular beakers with no decoration (pls. 2:17; 3: 6, 8-10; 17: 27; 25: 7). The base is narrow, the wall tall and evenly rounded. Their shape places them into the group Marabini 4 or Ricci 1/19.213 At Mandrga they appear in fabrics TWP 1 and TWP 4, with no or few inclusions (pls. 2:17; 17:27; 25: 7), and in TWP 5-6, with dense or very dense inclusions (pl. 3: 6,8-10). The only preserved rim is everted and short (pl. 25: 7). The base is thick (pl. 3: 6, 8-9) or very thick (pls. 3: 10; 17: 27). The spherical beaker, made from fabric TWP 5 (pl. 3:1) appears to be of a unique shape. A single tall beaker with an emphasised base edge was made from grey ware TWP 7 (pl. 3:13). 213 Marabini Moevs 1973, 59-61; Ricci 1985, 247-248; Tassinari 1998, 45, pl. 21: 8. Sl. 45: Mandrga. Keramika tankih sten. Razmerja med skupinami keramičnih zvrsti. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 8. Fig. 45: Mandrga. Thin-walled pottery. Ratios between fabrics. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 8. Skodelice (sl. 26; t. 3: 7,11-12; 26: 9-12) imajo preprost polkrožen ali bolj koničen obris ter ravno odebe-ljeno ali vbočeno dno. Gre za obliko Marabini 36.214 Na Mandrgi so vse narejene iz zvrsti KTS 5-6. Kronologija Oblike visokih vretenastih kozarcev (Marabini 1 -okrašeni z bunčicami, Marabini 3 - neokrašeni) in visokih trebušastih kozarcev (Marabini 4) so nastale v tirenski srednji Italiji najpozneje v prvi polovici 2. st. pr. Kr. Sredi 2. st. pr. Kr. so se hitro razširile po vsem polotoku, v Padsko nižino in po zahodnem Sredozemlju.215 Različne lokalne proizvodnje kozarcev Marabini 1 so se pojavile sredi 1. st. pr. Kr., oblika pa se je obdržala do zgodnjeavgustej-skega obdobja.216 Obliko Marabini 3 so izdelovali vsaj do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr.,217 trebušaste kozarce Marabini 4 pa do zgodnjeavgustejskega obdobja.218 Na Mandrgi so bili odkriti samo kozarci oblik Marabini 3 in 4 (prim. Preval, str. 112). V srednji Italiji se kozarci Marabini 3 pojavljajo tako v prečiščeni keramiki kot tudi v keramiki s precejšnjo vsebnostjo grobih delcev.219 Na obstoj več delavnic v srednji Italiji, ki so izdelovale kozarce iz keramike s številnimi primesmi, kažejo, na primer, najdbe iz Bolsene. Tam so bili med drugim najdeni tudi visoki kozarci z debelejšim ostenjem in dnom - tako kot na Mandrgi.220 Najboljšo bližnjo primerjavo za keramiko tankih sten z Mandrge najdemo v bogatem skupku SE 2136 iz Sevegliana iz 2. st. pr. Kr.,221 ki je po keramiki s črnim premazom starejši od Mandrge (glej zgoraj, str. 64). V Seveglianu so prisotne vse glavne oblike z Mandrge: vretenasti kozarci Marabini 3, trebušasti kozarci Marabini 4 1,1 % 214 Marabini Moevs 1973, 106-107; Masseroli 1996, 90-91. 215 Marabini Moevs 1973, 49-53, 58-61; Ricci 1985, 243-245, 247-248; Fasano 1995; Tassinari 1998, 45. 2'® Masserolli 1996, 84-85; Tassinari 1998, 45. 217 Marabini Moevs 1973, 58-59; Ricci 1985, 245; Masserolli 1996, 85. 218 Marabini Moevs 1973, 59-61; Ricci 1985, 247-248. 219 Fasano 1995: ceramica depurata, ceramica semidepu-rata. 220 Santrot 1995, 126-129, 180-181, 376-377, oblike 318-324, 462-466, sl. 112. 221 Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008. 43,5 % 55,4 / □ KTS 1-4/TWP 1-4 (n = 51) □ KTS 5-6/TWP5-6(n = 48) ■ KTS7/TWP7(n= 1) Cups (fig. 26; pls. 3: 7, 11-12; 26: 9-12) have a simple semi-circular or conical shape and a straight thickened or concave base. They are known as form Marabini 36.214 All cups discovered at Mandrga were made from fabrics TWP 5-6. Chronology The forms of tall spindle-shaped beakers (Marabini 1 - decorated with dots, Marabini 3 - undecorated) and tall globular beakers (Marabini 4) emerged in Tyrrhenian central Italy no later than the first half of the 2nd century BC. In the mid 2nd century BC they rapidly spread across the entire peninsula, into the Po valley and across the west Mediterranean.215 Various local workshops of type Marabini 1 beakers appeared in the mid 1st century BC, however the form remained in use until the early Augustan period.216 The form Marabini 3 was produced at least until the mid 1st century BC,217 while globular beakers Marabini 4 remained in production until the early Augustan period.218 Only Marabini 3 and 4 beakers were found at Mandrga (cf. Preval, pg. 112). In central Italy Marabini 3 beakers appear in ceramic fabrics with no visible inclusions as well as in fabrics containing large quantities of coarse particles.219 For example, the finds from Bolsena indicate that several workshops in central Italy produced beakers in fabrics 214 Marabini Moevs 1973, 106-107; Masseroli 1996, 90-91. 215 Marabini Moevs 1973, 49-53, 58-61; Ricci 1985, 243-245, 247-248; Fasano 1995; Tassinari 1998, 45. 2'® Masserolli 1996, 84-85; Tassinari 1998, 45. 217 Marabini Moevs 1973, 58-59; Ricci 1985, 245; Masserolli 1996, 85. 218 Marabini Moevs 1973, 59-61; Ricci 1985, 247-248. 219 Fasano 1995: ceramica depurata, ceramica semidepu-rata. ter polkrožne skodelice Marabini 36. Kozarci Marabini 3 so v Seveglianu narejeni samo iz prečiščene keramike in imajo izvihana ustja, ki so podobno mandeljnasto odebeljena kot na Mandrgi.222 Fasano te kozarce po obliki in po zvrsti keramike poveže s srednjeitalsko proizvodnjo. Kozarci Marabini 4 in polkrožne skodelice pa se v Seveglianu pojavijo v dveh zvrsteh keramike, v prečiščeni in grobi, ki jo Fasano označuje z izrazom polprečiščena.223 Prečiščena keramika tankih sten iz Sevegliana je na Mandrgi primerljiva s skupinami KTS 1-4, groba keramika tankih sten iz Sevegliana pa s skupinama KTS 5 in KTS 6. V Adriji se je lokalna proizvodnja visokih kozarcev iz prečiščene in grobe keramike tankih sten morda razvila že konec 3. st. pr. Kr.224 Skodelice in kozarci iz prečiščene in grobe keramike tankih sten so bili v rabi v prvi in drugi polovici 2. st. pr. Kr.225 Tudi tu opažamo mandeljnasto odebeljeno ustje kozarcev.226 V grobovih iz obdobja LTit D1 in z začetka LTit D2 na grobišču Valeggio sul Mincio so bili najdeni kozarci in polkrožne skodelice, izdelani iz prečiščene keramike tankih sten.227 Polkrožne skodelice z vbočenim dnom so bile odkrite tudi v grobovih LTit D1 v Oleggiu.228 V grobovih 2. st. pr. Kr. v Adriji ter na nekropoli Valeggio sul Mincio so bili odkriti skupaj visoki kozarci Marabini 3 in 4 ter polkrožne skodelice, kar kaže na to, da gre za servis.229 Prečiščena in groba keramika tankih sten se pojavlja tudi v Serminu, v slabo datiranem sklopu, ki se je večinoma oblikoval v drugi polovici 2. st. in v prvi polovici 1. st. pr. Kr. Odkriti so bili visoki vretenasti kozarci iz prečiščene keramike, verjetno neokrašeni,230 preproste skodelice iz prečiščene keramike231 ter preproste skodelice iz grobe keramike.232 V skupku iz Fornač najdemo polkrožne skodelice in visoke vretenaste kozarce Marabini 3, vse v prečiščeni 222 Fasano 1995, t. 1: 2-6; Fasano 2008. 223 Semidepurata: Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008. 224 Via Spolverin di Bottrighe - grob 70; Bonomi, Peret-to, Tamassia 1993, 102-118, sl. 38: 71-72; 39: 77-78. 225 Dallemulle, Marzola 1977, 27-29, sl. 11: 41,43,45-46; 13: 41bis; Mangani 1982, 102, sl. 22: 7; 30: 12-14; 32: b-g,l; 35: 34; 39: 13; 40: 9; 50: 52-53,61; 58: 8,11; 60: 32-33; 63: 7-9; 66: 8-9. 226 Bonomi, Peretto, Tamassia 1993, sl. 39: 77-78; Dallemulle, Marzola 1977, sl. 11: 43. 227 Salzani 1995, t. 2: 34; 4: 12 (grob 4 - LTit D1); t. 12: 21 (grob 17 - začetek LTit D2); t. 13D: 8,10,14 (grob 21 - začetek LTit D2); t. 14D: 5b (grob 25). 228 Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, sl. 30: 7, 87: 2, 97: 6-7 - grobovi 5, 46, 54; prim. Masseroli 1996, 90-91. 229 Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008. 230 Horvat 1997, 26, 103-104, t. 6: 4-14; 35: 7. 231 Horvat 1997, t. 6: 15,17,19; podobna oblika z debelejšim dnom t. 13: 2,4. 232 Na Serminu keramični zvrsti B 3a in C 12; Horvat 1997, 104-106, t. 6: 16,18; 13: 1,3. with abundant inclusions. Amongst other finds tall beakers with a thick wall and base were discovered there - just like at Mandrga.220 The best comparison for the thin-walled pottery from Mandrga can be found in the nearby deposit SE 2136 from Sevegliano (dating to the 2nd century BC),221 which is - according to its black-slip ware - older than Mandrga (see above, pg. 64). In Sevegliano all main forms from Mandrga are present: spindle-shaped beakers Marabini 3, globular beakers Marabini 4 and hemispheric cups Marabini 36. The beakers Marabini 3 from Sevegliano are made exclusively from depurated fabric and have everted rims with a similarly almond shaped thickening as found at Mandrga beakers.222 Fasano links the shapes and fabric of these beakers to central Italian production. Beakers Marabini 4 and hemispheric cups appear in Sevegliano in two fabrics: depurated and coarse.223 The depurated thin-walled pottery from Sevegliano is comparable with fabrics TWP 1-4 from Mandrga, while the coarse thin-walled pottery from Sevegliano is equivalent to fabrics TWP 5 and TWP 6. The local production of tall beakers from depurated or coarse thin-walled pottery might have developed in Adria already at the end of the 3rd century BC.224 Cups and beakers from depurated and coarse thin-walled pottery were in use in the 2nd century BC.225 Beakers with almond thickened rims were also in use.226 Beakers and hemispheric cups made from depurated thin-walled pottery were discovered at the cemetery Valeggio sul Mincio, in graves from LTit D1 and beginning of LTit D2 periods.227 Hemispheric cups with a concave base were found also in LTit D1 graves in Oleggio.228 Tall Marabini 3 and 4 beakers were found alongside hemispheric cups in the 2nd century BC graves in Adria and at the cemetery Valeggio sul Mincio, which indicates that all were a part of the same service.229 220 Santrot 1995, 126-129, 180-181, 376-377, forms 318-324, 462-466, fig. 112. 221 Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008. 222 Fasano 1995, pl. 1: 2-6; Fasano 2008. 223 Coarse fabric is denoted with the expression semidepurata: Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008 224 Via Spolverin di Bottrighe - grave 70; Bonomi, Peretto, Tamassia 1993, 102-118, figs. 38: 71-72; 39: 77-78. 225 Dallemulle, Marzola 1977, 27-29, figs. 11: 41,43,45-46; 13: 41bis; Mangani 1982, 102, figs. 22: 7; 30: 12-14; 32: b-g,l; 35: 34; 39: 13; 40: 9; 50: 52-53,61; 58: 8,11; 60: 32-33; 63: 7-9; 66: 8-9. 226 Bonomi, Peretto, Tamassia 1993, fig. 39: 77-78; Dallemulle, Marzola 1977, fig. 11: 43. 227 Salzani 1995, pls. 2: 34; 4: 12 (grave 4 - LTit D1); pl. 12: 21 (grave 17 - beginning LTit D2); pl. 13D: 8,10,14 (grave 21 - beginning LTit D2); pl. 14D: 5b (grave 25). 228 Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, figs. 30: 7, 87: 2, 97: 6-7 - graves 5, 46, 54; cf. Masseroli 1996, 90-91. 229 Fasano 1995; Fasano 2008. keramiki.233 Pojavijo pa se tudi visoki vretenasti kozarci, okrašeni z bunčicami - oblike Marabini 1234 in posebne oblike kozarcev.235 Keramiko tankih sten z Mandrge torej lahko na široko datiramo v 2. st. in v prvo polovico 1. st. pr. Kr. Časovno pomenljiva je morda odsotnost vretenastih kozarcev Marabini 1, okrašenih z bunčicami, ki se pojavljajo v skupku iz Fornač ter v najstarejših plasteh Štalenske gore.236 Božič postavlja njihov pojav v severni Italiji in v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru v čas LTit D2 v severnoitalskem oziroma v LT D1b v srednjeevropskem smislu, to pomeni v prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr.237 NAVADNA NAMIZNA KERAMIKA Siva venetska keramika Fino sivo keramiko smo na Mandrgi opredelili kot keramično zvrst N 7 (opis str. 169). V njej se pojavljajo polkrožne sklede z žlebom pod robom ustja (t. 5:1-9; 28:1-2), polkrožne sklede brez okrasa (t. 5:10-11; 28: 3; sklede brez ohranjenega ustja t. 5:14-15) ter melnice z odebeljenim ustjem (t. 5: 12-13; 28: 4-6). Zvrst N 7 predstavlja na Mandrgi 3,7 % vsega posodja brez amfor (razpr. 2, 7; sl. 46). Videz materiala in oblike posodja kažejo, da gre za t. i. sivo venetsko keramiko. Pepelnato siva keramika se je v venetskem prostoru pojavila že konec 5. st. pr. Kr. in bila tam zelo razširjena do konca proizvodnje v sredini 1. st. po Kr. Na območje nižinske Furlanije in Tržaškega zaliva je ob prometnih poteh prodrla šele z romanizacijo v 2. st. pr. Kr. Redkejša je na odmaknjenih naselbinah Karnije, kjer predstavlja pomembno sled stikov z bolj romaniziranimi središči v ravnini.238 Kot kažejo dobro datirani sklopi z območja Furlanije, je siva keramika v srednjeavgustejskem obdobju že maloštevilna.239 Posodje z Mandrge sodi v mlajše obdobje proizvodnje sive venetske keramike, ki je okvirno datirano od konca 2. st. pr. Kr. do začetka 1. st. po Kr. in za katerega so značilne maloštevilne standardizirane oblike skled in melnic. Sklede iz sive venetske keramike so bile namizno posodje, ki so ga uporabljali na enak način kot sklede in krožnike iz fine keramike s črnim premazom. Melnice pa sodijo v skupino posod, namenjenih za pripravo hrane.240 7: 3,4. 234 235 236 negger, 237 238 239 Stokin 1992, t. 1: 8,12; 3: 11-12; Horvat 1995a, 28, sl. Stokin 1992, t. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, sl. 7: 1-2. Stokin 1992, t. 1: 11. Stokin 1992, t. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, sl. 7: 1-2; Scheffe-Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, 55, sl. 9: 8. Božič 2008, 128. Merlatti 2003; Santoro Bianchi 2005; Cassani et al. 2007. Buora, Cassani 1999, 93-96. Merlatti 2003, 8-10; Cassani et al. 2007, 250-252. Depurated and coarse thin-walled pottery also appears in a poorly dated complex in Sermin, which mainly formed in the second half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC. Tall spindle-shaped beakers from depurated fabric (most likely undecorated),230 as well as plain cups made from depurated231 and coarse fabrics were discovered.232 Hemispheric cups and tall spindle-shaped beakers Marabini 3 appeared in the Fornače deposit all of which were made from depurated fabric.233 Tall dot decorated spindle-shaped beakers type Marabini 1234 and special beaker shapes were also present.235 Thin-walled pottery from Mandrga can thus be dated into the 2nd century and first half of the 1st century BC. The absence of dot decorated spindle-shaped beakers type Marabini 1 that otherwise appear in the Fornače deposit and in the oldest layers at Magdalensberg might be chronologically important.236 Božič places their appearance in northern Italy and the southeast Alps into the period LTit D2 (according to the north Italian) or into LT D1b (according to the central European chronology), i.e. into the first third of the 1st century BC.237 COARSE TABLEWARE Grey Venetic ware At Mandrga fine grey ware was defined as ceramic fabric C 7 (description pg. 169). This group contains the following forms: hemispheric bowls with a groove under the edge of the rim (pls. 5: 1-9; 28: 1-2), hemispheric bowls with no decoration (pls. 5: 10-11; 28: 3; bowls without a preserved rim pl. 5:14-15) and mortaria with a thickened rim (pls. 5:12-13; 28:4-6). At Mandrga fabric C 7 represents 3.7% of all vessels excluding amphorae (tables 2, 7; fig. 46). The fabric and forms of the vessels indicate that this is the so-called grey Venetic ware. Ash grey pottery appeared in the area inhabited by the Veneti already at the end of the 5th century BC and remained wide-spread until the end of its production in the mid 1st century AD. Following the Romanisation process it spread along the transport routes into Friuli and the Bay of Trieste as late as the 2nd century BC. This pottery was scarce in 230 Horvat 1997, 26, 103-104, pls. 6: 4-14; 35: 7. 231 Horvat 1997, pl. 6: 15,17,19; similar shape with a thick base pl. 13: 2,4. 232 Fabrics B 3a and C 12 at Sermin; Horvat 1997, 104-106, pls. 6: 16,18; 13: 1,3. 233 Stokin 1992, pls. 1: 8, 12; 3: 11-12; Horvat 1995a, 28, fig. 7: 3, 4. 234 Stokin 1992, pl. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, fig. 7: 1-2. 235 Stokin 1992, pl. 1: 11. 236 Stokin 1992, pl. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, fig. 7: 1-2; Schef-fenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, 55, fig. 9: 8. 237 Božič 2008, 126-128. 233 j j 0 « 1 • • • « » • 1 1 1 1 « » • i 1 1 1 ...........1...... 1 • 1 • • • 1-3 4-6 Sl. 46: Mandrga. Siva venetska keramika (zvrst N 7). Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 2. Fig. 46: Mandrga. Grey Venetic ware (fabric C 7). Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 2. Študija razmerij med keramiko s črnim premazom in sivo venetsko keramiko je pokazala v Akvileji izrazito prevlado keramike s črnim premazom,241 v Seveglianu ravnotežje med obema skupinama ter v hribovitem svetu Karnije prevlado sive keramike.242 Na Mandrgi smo ugotovili razmerje 78 : 30 v korist keramike s črnim premazom (razpr. 7). Torej gre za podobno stanje kot v centru romanizacije - v Akvileji. Pomenljiva je tudi primerjava odnosa med skledami in melnicami. V Akvileji - Rečno pristanišče (Porto fluviale) - je to razmerje 70 % : 30 % v korist skled.243 Sklede prevladujejo tudi v Seveglianu (SE 2136) in v drugih središčih zgodnje romanizacije - Montereale Valcellina, San Giorgio di Nogaro in Osoppo.244 Man-drga s 16 skodelami in 5 melnicami se dobro sklada s to skupino starejših najdišč. Nasprotno pa na manjših in sorazmerno mlajših furlanskih najdiščih, kot sta Pozzuolo del Friuli-Cjastiei in Palazzolo dello Stella, prevladujejo melnice.245 Na Mandrgi tudi nismo našli letvičastih ustij (tip III), ki so značilna za najmlajše melnice iz sive keramike.246 241 Najdišči Rečno pristanišče in Severna sušilnica (Porto fluviale, Essicatoio nord). 242 Cassani et al. 2007, 253. 243 Merlatti 2003, 14-24. 244 Cassani et al. 2007, 263-265; Cassani 2008a. 245 Merlatti 2003, 25-30; Cassani et al. 2007, 266-271. 246 Merlatti 2003, 33-34; Cassani et al. 2007, 266-270. the remote settlements of Carnia, where it represented an important trace of the contacts with the Romanised centres in the lowlands.238 As indicated by the dated contexts in Friuli, grey ware was already rare in the mid Augustan period.239 The dishes from Mandrga belong into the younger period of grey Venetic ware production which is approximately dated between the end of the 2nd century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD and for which rare standardised shapes of bowls and mortaria are typical. The grey Venetic bowls were used as tableware, i.e. in the same way as the bowls and plates from fine black-slip ware. However, mortaria were vessels used for food preparation.240 In Aquileia the study of the ratios between black-slip pottery and grey Venetic ware shows a great domination of black-slip pottery.241 In Sevegliano these two pottery groups are approximately equivalent while in the mountainous world of Carnia grey pottery dominates.242 A ratio of 78 : 30 in favour of black-slip ware has been ascertained at Mandrga (table 7). This is a similar ratio to the one found in the centre of Romanisation - in Aquileia. Also meaningful is the ratio between bowls and mortaria. In Aquileia - River port (Porto fluviale) this ratio is 70% : 30% in favour of bowls.243 Bowls also prevail in Sevegliano (SE 2136) and other early Romanisation centres - Montereale Valcellina, San Giorgio di Nogaro and Osoppo.244 With 16 bowls and 5 mortaria Mandrga correlates perfectly to these early sites. On the contrary, mortaria dominate in the small and relatively later sites in Friuli (e.g. Pozzuolo del Friuli-Cjastiei and Palazzolo dello Stella).245 No banded rims (type III, typical for the late grey mortaria) were found at Mandrga.246 Oxidation fired tableware Alongside black-slip pottery, the same shapes of pottery were also in use in northern Italy but in an uncoated version (so called imitations). It is likely that both types were manufactured by the same workshops.247 Thus, the graves in Valeggio sul Mincio and Oleggio (dated into LTit D1 and into the beginning of LTit D2) included black-slip pottery as well as uncoated pottery of similar 238 2007. 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 Merlatti 2003; Santoro Bianchi 2005; Cassani et al. Buora, Cassani 1999, 93-96. Merlatti 2003, 8-10; Cassani et al. 2007, 250-252. The sites Porto fluviale and Essicatoio nord. Cassani et al. 2007, 253. Merlatti 2003, 14-24. Cassani et al. 2007, 263-265; Cassani 2008a. Merlatti 2003, 25-30; Cassani et al. 2007, 266-271. Merlatti 2003, 33-34; Cassani et al. 2007, 266-270. Sfredda 1998, 23; Deodato 1999, 289. Oksidacijsko žgana namizna keramika V severni Italiji se vzporedno s keramiko s črnim premazom pojavlja tudi keramika enakih oblik, vendar brez premaza. Verjetno so iste delavnice izdelovale obe vrsti keramike.247 Tako najdemo v grobovih iz Valeggia sul Mincio in Oleggia, ki so datirani v LTit D1 in na začetek LTit D2, poleg keramike s črnim premazom tudi nepremazano keramiko podobnih oblik.248 Nepremaza-ni posnetki keramike s črnim premazom se pojavijo tudi na Mandrgi v majhnem številu primerkov, in to v fini, oksidacijsko žgani keramiki zvrsti N 2, N 3, N 5: krožnik z zaobljenim ostenjem (t. 26:13), preprosta polkrožna skodela (t. 4: 9), polkrožna skodela z žlebom (t. 4:14), skodela s poševno steno in poudarjenim ustjem (t. 4: 11) in različne sklede (t. 26:14-16; 27:15). Odlomek (t. 18: 2) predstavlja verjetno izlivek po- sode.249 Ostalo namizno oksidacijsko žgano keramiko (zvrsti N 1-5; razpr. 2; opis str. 168-169) predstavljajo različni enoročajni vrči z ozkim ali širokim ustjem in dvoročajni vrči s širokim ustjem (t. 3: 14-16; 4: 2-4,6-8,10,12; 17: 30-31; 18: 1; 26: 17-20; 27: 1-5,13-14,18-19,21,23). Imajo trebušato ali vrečasto obliko, eno samo ostenje je bikonično (t. 4:13). Dna vrčev so verjetno preprosta (t. 4: 15-17; 18: 4-6; 27: 9-12) ali pa stojijo na prstanasti stojni ploskvi (t. 4: 1; 18: 3; 27: 6-8,16, 17 - vrč?). V prečiščeni keramiki se pojavijo še pokrovi (t. 27:25-26) in skleda (t. 27: 22). ITALSKA KUHINJSKA KERAMIKA Kuhinjska keramika, ki so jo izdelovale delavnice v Kampaniji in Laciju, se je v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. širila po italskem polotoku in v zahodno Sredozemlje. Zanjo je značilna opečnato rdeča do rjavo rdeča barva, na zunanji površini imajo posode pogosto bledo rjav ali sivo rjav sloj. Keramika je groba, s številnimi delci kvarcita, črnimi vulkanskimi drobci v obliki paličic in drobnimi luskami zlate sljude.250 V poznorepublikanskem obdobju so sestavljale rimsko kuhinjsko keramiko značilne oblike: jajčasti lonci z ravnim dnom (aula ali olla), pekači (patina), pokrovi (operculum) in pekve (clibanus). Lonec s širokim ustjem (caccabus) je postal zelo priljubljen šele v avgustejskem obdobju, in to na račun jajčastih loncev.251 Srednjeitalsko kuhinjsko posodje je keramika najvišje kakovosti, ki je dobro odporna na temperaturne shapes.248 A few uncoated imitations of black-slip pottery in fine, oxidation fired fabrics C 2, C 3 and C 5 were discovered at Mandrga: a plate with rounded walls (pl. 26:13), a plain hemispheric b owl (pl. 4:9), a hemispheric bowl with a groove (pl. 4: 14), a conical bowl with an emphasised rim edge (pl. 4:11) as well as various bowls (pl. 26:14-16; 27:15). Fragment (pl. 18: 2) probably represents a spout in the wall of a vessel.249 The remaining oxidation fired tableware (fabrics C 1-5; table 2; description pgs. 168-169) is represented by various single-handled jugs with a narrow or wide opening or two-handled jugs with a wide opening (pls. 3: 14-16; 4: 2-4,6-8,10,12; 17: 30-31; 18: 1; 26: 17-20; 27: 1-5,13-14,18-19,21,23). They have a rounded or bag-shaped body, and a single carinated wall (pl. 4:13). The jug bases were probably either plain flat (pls. 4: 15-17; 18: 4-6; 27: 9-12) or positioned on a ring-foot (pls. 4:1; 18: 3; 27: 6-8,16, 17-jug?). Lids (pl. 27:25-26) and a bowl (pl. 27: 22) also appear in oxidation fired depurated ceramics. ITALIAN KITCHENWARE Kitchenware that was produced in Campania and Latium spread in the 2nd and 1st century BC across the Italian peninsula and into the western Mediterranean. This pottery is known for its brick red to brown red colour, often with a pale brown or grey brown layer on its outer surface. The pottery is coarse, with numerous quartzite inclusions, volcanic particles in the form of little rods and small golden mica scales.250 During the Late Republican period the Roman kitchenware was comprised of the following typical forms: oval pots with a flat base (aula or olla), baking dishes (patina), lids (operculum) and large covers for baking (clibanus). The pot with a broad flaring rim (caccabus) became popular in the Augustan period when it began substituting the oval pot.251 Central Italian kitchenware was highest quality pottery, resistant to temperature changes. It spread across the Mediterranean during the Roman political expansion in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC that was accompanied by the increasing exports from central Italy and the emigration of the Italian population.252 247 Sfredda 1998, 23; Deodato 1999, 289. 248 Salzani 199S: grobovi 4, 12, 17; Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, sl. 30, 9S, 100, 102, 274, grobovi S, S3, S6, S7, 228; Božič 2008, 130 ss. 249 Maggi 2001, 1S3, 1S6, sl. CCdS. 2S" Bats 1993; Olcese 1996. 2S1 Bats 1988, 6S-71; Olcese 2003, 26-27, 40-42. 248 Salzani 1995: graves 4, 12, 17; Spagnolo Garzoli 1999, figs. 30, 95, 100, 102, 274, graves 5, 53, 56, 57, 228; Božič 2008, 130 ff. 249 Maggi 2001, 153, 156, fig. CCd8. 250 Bats 1993; Olcese 1996. 251 Bats 1988, 65-71; Olcese 2003, 26-27, 40-42. 252 Olcese 1996, 440-441. spremembe. Njeno širjenje po Sredozemlju v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. se ujema z rimsko politično ekspanzijo, ki jo spremljata krepitev izvoza iz srednje Italije in emigracija italskega prebivalstva.252 Lonci Na Mandrgi so bili odkriti lonci z mandeljnastim ustjem, ki se pojavljajo v keramičnih zvrsteh K 4 (sl. 121; t. 7:1-5) in K 8 (t. 30: 1). Takšni lonci so v tirenski srednji Italiji značilna oblika 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr. Oblika je bila zelo razširjena v zahodnem Sredozemlju v predavgustejskem času, v srednji Italiji pa se še pojavlja v avgustejskih in poznejših sklopih. Uporabljali so jih za kuho, shranjevanje in za transport živil. Različice ustij so odsev različnih delavnic.253 Primerki z Mandrge so blizu različici 3a po Gloriji Olcese,254 za katero je značilen preprost polkrožen presek ustja (t. 7:1-5), oziroma različici 3b z rahlo usločenim notranjim robom ustja (t. 30: 1). V Furlaniji so bili takšni lonci odkriti v Seveglianu, med drugim v jami SE 2136 iz 2. st. pr. Kr.255 Lonca s poudarjenim robom ustja (t. 6:11; 29: 6; keramični zvrsti K 1 in K 4) sta podobna srednjeitalskim loncem različice 2, ki so značilni predvsem za 4. in 3. st. pr. Kr., posamič pa se oblika pojavlja še v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr.256 Lonce z visoko postavljenim ramenom ter z močno izvihanim in rahlo profiliranim ustjem (sl. 120:1; 126; t. 6:17; 7:14-18; 8:1; 29:1-2; 30: 6-7; keramični zvrsti K 3 in K 9), ki so na Mandrgi najštevilnejša oblika loncev, srečamo tudi v Seveglianu, med drugim v skupku SE 2136 iz 2. st. pr. Kr. Razširjeni so na prostoru Furlanije, na podlagi znakov na dnu pa povezujejo njihov izvor z venetskim prostorom.257 Zato smo jih na Mandrgi poimenovali venetska vrsta loncev. Sorodni lonci so bili odkriti tudi v lončarski delavnici v Lokavcu (it. Locavaz) ob izviru Timave, samo da imajo v primerjavi s primerki z Mandrge in iz Sevegliana bolj kroglasto obliko trupa in bolj pokončno ustje.258 Razlika je lahko kronološko pogojena, saj je delavnica iz Lokavca datirana v 1. st. pr. Kr., v predavgustejsko obdobje.259 Še bolj oddaljena primerjava za venetsko vrsto loncev so srednjeitalski kroglasti lonci z močno izvihanim in rahlo profiliranim ustjem, ki so datirani v čas od 252 Olcese 1996, 440-441. 253 Olcese 2003, 26-27, 37-39, 80-81, obliki 3a in 3b; Olcese 1996, 425-426, 437; Bats 1993, 358, oblika COM-IT 1b. 254 Olcese 2003, 80-81. 255 Cassani 2008b, 110-111, sl. CCg 34-37. 256 Olcese 2003, 79-80; prim. Santrot 1995, 183-187, sl. 58-60: 480-501. 257 Cassani 1995, 174, t. 3: 3; Cassani 2008b, 101-104; Buora 2001b, 168, sl. 9; tudi drugod v Seveglianu: Zuccolo 1985, 46, t. 1: 2; prim. Gurina: Gamper 2007b, sl. 9: 12. 258 Maselli Scotti 1987, 439-443, sl. 6: 5 - lonec oblike 4. 259 Maselli Scotti 1987, 443; Carre 1985, 215, op. 32. Pots Pots with almond rims were produced in fabrics K 4 (fig. 121; pl. 7: 1-5) and K 8 (pl. 30: 1). This shape was typical for Tyrrhenian central Italy in the 2nd and 1st century BC. It was very popular in the western Mediterranean in the pre-Augustan period, while in central Italy it remained in use as late as the Augustan period and later. The pots were used for cooking, storing and transporting food. The rim variants depended on the individual workshops.253 The examples from Mandrga are close to variant 3a as categorised by G. Olcese,254 characteristic for its plain semi-circular cross section of the rim (pl. 7: 1-5), or to variant 3b with a slightly concave inner rim edge (pl. 30: 1). In Friuli such pots were discovered in Sevegliano, amongst others in pit SE 2136, which dates to the 2nd century BC.255 The two pots with an emphasised rim edge (pls. 6: 11; 29: 6; fabrics K 1 and K 4) are similar to the central Italian variant 2 pots, typical for the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, however individual examples can be found as late as the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.256 Pots with a high placed maximum girth and a strongly everted and slightly moulded rim (figs. 120:1; 126; pls. 6: 17; 7: 14-18; 8: 1; 29: 1-2; 30: 6-7; fabrics K 3 and K 9) represent the most frequent pot shape at Mandrga. They were also found at Sevegliano, for example in the context SE 2136 from the 2nd century BC. They are wide spread in Friuli, however the signs on their bases indicate that they originate from the Venetic territories.257 This is why we decided to call them Venetic pot type. Similar pots were discovered in the pottery workshop in Locavaz (Slov. Lokavec) near the Timavo river. when compared to the examples from Mandrga and Sevegliano the only difference is that they have a rounder body shape and a more upright rim.258 The difference can be of chronological origin, for the Locavaz workshop is dated into the 1st century BC, more precisely into the pre-Augustan period.259 An even more distant comparison for the Venetic type of pots are the central Italian globular pots with a strongly everted and slightly moulded rim that were manufactured between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. According to the rim shapes Di Giovanni distinguishes three variants: slightly thickened, slightly 253 Olcese 2003, 26-27, 37-39, 80-81, forms 3a and 3b; Olcese 1996, 425-426, 437; Bats 1993, 358, form COM-IT 1b. 254 Olcese 2003, 80-81. 255 Cassani 2008b, 110-111, fig. CCg 34-37. 256 Olcese 2003, 79-80; cf. Santrot 1995, 183-187, figs. 58-60: 480-501. 257 Cassani 1995, 174, pl. 3: 3; Cassani 2008b, 101-104; Buora 2001b, 168, fig. 9; also elsewhere in Sevegliano: Zuccolo 1985, 46, pl. 1: 2; cf. Gurina: Gamper 2007b, fig. 9: 12. 258 Maselli Scotti 1987, 439-443, fig. 6: 5 - pot form 4. 259 Maselli Scotti 1987, 443; Carre 1985, 215, note 32. 1. st. pr. Kr. do 2. st. po Kr. Po oblikovanju ustja loči Di Giovanni tri različice: rahlo odebeljeno, rahlo profilirano in preprosto.260 Vse tri različice ustij lahko razpoznamo med gradivom z Mandrge. Morda sodi v skupino loncev, ki izvirajo iz venetske-ga prostora, tudi odebeljeno ustje (t. 18: 8). Izdelano je v keramični zvrsti K 6, tako kot tudi pokrov (t. 18: 9), ki izhaja iz venetske tradicije (glej dalje). Po zvrsteh keramike lahko vključimo v skupino loncev italskega izvora tudi nekaj preprostih oblik: lonce z izvihanim ustjem (t. 7: 12 - zvrst K 8; t. 8:2 - zvrst K 9; t. 30: 2 - zvrst K 8; t. 30: 10 - zvrst K 11) in sodčasti lonec (t. 28: 7 - zvrst K 1). Pekači Pekači so ena od osnovnih oblik rimskega kuhinjskega posodja.261 Največ pekačev na Mandrgi ima preprosto zaobljeno steno in rahel utor za pokrov na robu ustja (t. 6: 2-3; 28: 8-9). Takšni pekači imajo običajno ravno dno, kot ga vidimo npr. pri nekaterih odlomkih (t. 6:4; 28: 11). Vsi primerki se pojavljajo v keramični zvrsti K 1 (prim. Preval sl. 118), ki vsebuje številne delce, imajo ožgane zunanje stene in notranjost, ki je premazana s plastjo prečiščene gline (ni rdečega premaza!). Gre za dolgotrajno obliko pekačev vrste Albintimilium 115/116, ki izvira iz srednjeitalskih delavnic in je datirana v Albin-timiliju od druge polovice 2. st. pr. Kr. do avgustejskega obdobja. Razširjena je bila verjetno po vsem sredozemskem prostoru.262 V Fornačah se ta oblika pojavlja skupaj s pekači z enostavno zaključenim robom ustja oziroma z visečim robom ustja.263 Na Stalenski gori jo srečamo že v najzgodnejšem obdobju skupaj z enako oblikovanimi primerki, ki imajo v notranjosti rdeč premaz, in s pekači z visečim robom ustja. Tam sega najpozneje do srednjeavgustejskega časa.264 Pekači z zaobljeno steno in utorom za pokrov, z rdečim premazom ali brez, se v zahodnem Sredozemlju pojavljajo še v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr. in izvirajo iz različnih velikih lončarskih središč.265 Pekač z ravno poševno steno in rahlo odebeljenim ustjem je uvrščen v keramično zvrst K 3 (t. 29: 5). Pekači z ravnim poševnim ali rahlo zaobljenim ostenjem ter s preprosto zaobljeno odebeljenim ustjem so proizvod moulded and plain.260 All three rim types can be recognised within the material from Mandrga. It is possible that the thickened rim (pl. 18:8) also belongs into the group of pots originating from the Venetic area. It is manufactured in fabric K 6, as is the lid (pl. 18:9), which derives from the Venetic tradition (see below). As regards fabrics some simple forms can also be included in the group of pots of Italian origin: pots with an everted rim (pl. 7:12 - fabric K 8; pl. 8: 2 - fabric K 9; pl. 30: 2 - fabric K 8; pl. 30:10 - fabric K 11) and the barrel shaped pot (pl. 28: 7 - fabric K 1). Baking dishes Baking dishes (patina) are one of the basic forms of Roman kitchenware.261 Most baking dishes from Mandrga have a simple rounded wall and a slight groove for the lid on the rim (pls. 6: 2-3; 28: 8-9). As it can be noticed from some of the fragments (pls. 6: 4; 28: 11) such baking dishes usually have a flat base. All examples appear in fabric K 1 (cf. Preval fig. 118), which contains numerous inclusions, has a burnt outer surface and an interior that is coated with a layer of depurated clay (no red slip!). This is a long lasting form of type Albintimilium 115/116 baking dishes, which originates from the central Italian workshops and is dated in Albintimilium from the second half of the 2nd century BC to the Augustan period. It was probably spread throughout the entire Mediterranean.262 In Fornace this type appears together with baking dishes with a plain rim edge or with a hanging rim edge.263 At Magdalensberg it can be encountered already in the earliest period - together with similarly shaped examples with a red overcoat in the interior, and with baking dishes with a hanging rim edge. This type disappears from Magdalensberg by the mid-Augustan period at the latest.264 In the west Mediterranean baking dishes with a rounded wall and a groove on the rim (with or without the red overcoat), originating from various large production centres, remain in use throughout the first half of the 1st century AD.265 The baking dish with a straight sloping wall and a slightly thickened rim was made from fabric K 3 (pl. 29: 5). Baking dishes with a straight sloping or slightly rounded 260 Di Giovanni 1996, 90-93, oblika 2311a-c, sl. 19; prim. Scatozza Horicht 1996, 134-136, sl. 2: 1,3,5; Cicirelli 1996, 160-161, sl. 5. 261 Bats 1988, 67-69, 71; Olcese 2003, 25-28. 262 Olcese 1993, 127; Olcese 1996, 428-429, sl. 7. 263 Horvat 1995a, 29, sl. 7: 11-12; Stokin 1992, t. 3: 1-3. 264 Schindler-Kaudelka 1986, 281-282, 292, 295, t. 12-13. 265 Bats 1993, 360, oblika COM-IT 6c; Di Giovanni 1996, 78-80. 260 Di Giovanni 1996, 90-93, form 2311a-c, fig. 19; cf. Scatozza Horicht 1996, 134-136, fig. 2: 1,3,5; Cicirelli 1996, 160-161, fig. 5. 261 Bats 1988, 67-69, 71; Olcese 2003, 25-28. 262 Olcese 1993, 127; Olcese 1996, 428-429, fig. 7. 263 Horvat 1995a, 29, fig. 7: 11-12; Stokin 1992, pl. 3: 1-3. 264 Schindler-Kaudelka 1986, 281-282, 292, 295, pls. 12-13. 265 Bats 1993, 360, form COM-IT 6c; Di Giovanni 1996, 78-80. tirenske srednje Italije in datirani v zahodnem Sredozemlju predvsem v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr.266 Pekač v keramični zvrsti K 1 ima ravno poševno steno, enostavno zaključen rob ustja, dno pa se zdi izbočeno (t. 6: 1). Izbočeno dno srečamo tudi pri pekaču t. 18: 7 (zvrst K 3). Pekači iz Sevegliana (SE 2136 iz 2. st. pr. Kr.) imajo prav tako izbočeno dno (in razširjen rob ustja z globokim žlebom).267 Izbočeno dno je značilno za starejše oblike srednjeitalskih skled (patella), ki deloma še segajo v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr.268 Pokrovi wall and a simply thickened rim were manufactured in Tyrrhenian central Italy and are in the western Mediterranean dated mainly to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.266 The baking dish made in fabric K 1 has a straight sloping wall, a plain rim and probably a convex base (pl. 6: 1). The convex base can also be noticed with the baking dish pl. 18: 7 (fabric K 3). Baking dishes from Sevegliano (deposit SE 2136 from the 2nd century BC) also have a convex base (and a widened rim edge with a deep groove).267 The convex base is typical for the older forms of central Italian bowls (patella), which partly reach into the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.268 Pokrovi z Mandrge, ki se pojavljajo v keramičnih zvrsteh K 1-4, K 6, K 8-9 in K 11, imajo večinoma širok, ploščat rob ustja ter so sorazmerno plitvi. Na vrhu imajo širok prstanast držaj v obliki obroča (t. 6: 5; 29: 10) ali nekoliko ožjo ravno ploskev (t. 6: 6; 7:13; 18: 9; 29: 4). Samo po robu ustja ni mogoče bolj natančno določiti oblike pokrova (sl. 119; t. 6: 7-10,12-16; 28: 12-18; 29: 3,14; 30: 4-5,8,11). Veliki pokrovi so pokrivali pekače,269 manjši verjetno lonce. V srednjeitalski kuhinjski keramiki se od 2. st. pr. Kr. dalje pojavljata dve večji skupini pokrovov. Prvo predstavljajo pokrovi z gumbom za prijemanje in z ravnim ali rahlo odebeljenim robom ustja. Za drugo skupino, ki jo opazimo na Mandrgi, pa so značilni pokrovi s širšim ali ožjim prstanastim držajem ter z odebeljenim ali nekoliko izvihanim robom ustja.270 Pokrovi s prstanastim držajem so v zahodnem Sredozemlju datirani od 2. st. pr. Kr. do prve polovice 1. st. po Kr.271 Najdemo jih tudi v Fornačah272 in na Štalenski gori.273 Pokrov (sl. 123; t. 18: 9) v keramični zvrsti K 6 se razlikuje od ostalih, saj je na robu prstanastega držaja okrašen z nizom vtisov. To je značilnost posebne skupine pokrovov, izdelanih v venetski tradiciji, ki se pojavlja v Furlaniji na najstarejših rimskih najdiščih (Sevegliano SE 2 1 36).274 266 Bats 1993, 360, oblika COM-IT 6d; Olcese 1993, 126, oblika Albintimilium 114; Olcese 1996, 427, sl. 6. 267 Fasano 1995, 166, t. 4; Cassani 2008b, 108-109. 268 Bats 1993, 359, COM-IT 4b; Olcese 2003, 25-26, 85-86, t. 14, obliki 1 in 2. 269 Bats 1993, 361, oblika COM-IT 7a; Schindler-Kau-delka 1986. 270 Di Giovanni 1996, 96-98, obliki 2410 in 2420; Scato-zza Horicht 1996, 143-145. 271 Bats 1993, 361, oblika COM-IT 7a. 272 Horvat 1995a, 29, sl. 7: 10. 273 Schindler-Kaudelka 1986, 285, t. 14. 274 Cassani 1995, 174, t. 3: 1-2; Buora 2001b, 161, 166, sl. 8; Cassani 2008b, 106-107, sl. CCg 20. Lids In most cases the lids from Mandrga (fabrics K 1-4, K 6, K 8-9 and K 11) have a broad and flat rim edge and are relatively shallow. On the top they have a broad ring shaped handle (pls. 6:5; 29:10) or a slightly narrower flat surface (pls. 6: 6; 7:13; 18: 9; 29: 4). The lid shape cannot be precisely defined merely from the rim edge (fig. 119; pls. 6: 7-10,12-16; 28:12-18; 29: 3,14; 30: 4-5,8,11). Large lids were used to cover baking dishes,269 while the smaller ones were most likely used for covering pots. From the 2nd century BC onwards two large groups of lids can be noticed within central Italian kitchenware. First group is represented by lids with a button for handling and a flat or slightly thickened rim. The second group of lids (found exclusively at Mandrga) is characterized by a ring-shaped handle and a thickened and everted rim edge.270 In the western Mediterranean lids with a ring-shaped handle are dated between the 2nd century BC and the first half of the 1st century AD.271 Such lids were also found in Fornace272 and at Magdalensberg.273 The lid in fabric K 6 (fig. 123; pl. 18: 9) differs from the others, as its edge of the ring-shaped handle is decorated with a series of impressions. This is characteristic of a special group of lids that were made in the Venetic tradition and appear in the oldest Roman sites in Friuli (Sevegliano, deposit SE 2 1 36).274 266 Bats 1993, 360, form COM-IT 6d; Olcese 1993, 126, form Albintimilium 114; Olcese 1996, 427, fig. 6. 267 Fasano 1995, 166, pl. 4; Cassani 2008b, 108-109. 268 Bats 1993, 359, COM-IT 4b; Olcese 2003, 25-26, 85-86, pl. 14, forms 1 and 2. 269 Bats 1993, 361, form COM-IT 7a; Schindler-Kaudel-ka 1986. 270 Di Giovanni 1996, 96-98, forms 2410 and 2420; Sca-tozza Horicht 1996, 143-145. 271 Bats 1993, 361, form COM-IT 7a. 272 Horvat 1995a, 29, fig. 7: 10. 273 Schindler-Kaudelka 1986, 285, pl. 14. 274 Cassani 1995, 174, pl. 3: 1-2; Buora 2001b, 161, 166, fig. 8; Cassani 2008b, 106-107, fig. CCg 20. Razpr. 9: Mandrga. Italska kuhinjska keramika. Največje možno število posod po oblikah in keramičnih zvrsteh. Table 9: Mandrga. Italian kitchenware. The greatest possible number of vessels by shape and fabric. Oblika Form K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 K 11 Skupaj Total Lonci - mandeljnasto ustje Pots - almond rim 5 1 6 Lonci - poudarjen rob ustja Pots - emphasised rim edge 1 1 2 Lonci - venetska vrsta Pots - Venetic type 3 9 12 Lonci - drugo Pots - other 1 7 15 1 1 5 4 4 38 Pekači - z utorom Baking dishes with a groove 4 4 Pekači - odeb. rob Baking dishes - thick rim 1 1 Pekači - izbočeno dno Baking dishes - convex base 1 1 2 Pekači - nedoločeno Baking dishes - undefined 14 14 Skledice Bowls 1 1 Pokrovi Lids 13 5 4 1 2 5 1 1 32 Ni ohranjene oblike Unpreserved form 3 1 6 7 10 5 32 Skupaj Total 37 6 22 22 3 8 22 19 5 144 % 25,7 4,2 15,3 15,3 2,1 5,6 15,3 13,2 3,4 100,0 Značilnosti kuhinjske keramike na Mandrgi Na Mandrgi smo torej ugotovili značilne oblike italske kuhinjske keramike iz 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr.: lonce z mandeljnastim ustjem, lonce s poudarjenim robom ustja, pekače in široke pokrove (razpr. 9; sl. 47). Posodje se pojavlja v keramičnih zvrsteh K 1-4, K 8-9 in K 11 (razpr. 4, 9; sl. 119-121, 125-127). Lonci t. i. venetske vrste so po videzu zelo podobni ostali italski keramiki z Mandrge. Izdelani so v keramičnih zvrsteh K 3 in K 9, v katerih so izdelovali tudi pekače in široke pokrove. Tako smo tudi te lonce uvrstili v krog italske kuhinjske keramike, pri čemer verjetno izvirajo iz severovzhodne Italije. V venetski krog sodi verjetno tudi keramična zvrst K 6 z značilnim pokrovom (sl. 123; t. 18: 9) in posebnim loncem (t. 18: 8). Čeprav v keramični zvrsti K 7 ni ohranjenega nobenega značilnega dela posode (sl. 124), smo jo uvrstili v italsko skupino zaradi videza materiala, ki je podoben drugi keramiki te skupine, posebno K 3. Makroskopske značilnosti italske kuhinjske keramike (zvrsti K 1-4, K 6-9 in K 11) so si zelo podobne: rdečkasta barva, številne raznobarvne primesi, pogosto sivorjava zunanja površina (sl. 119-121,123-127; opisi Characteristics of Mandrga kitchenware All typical forms of Italian kitchenware from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC have been ascertained at Mandrga: pots with almond shaped rims, pots with emphasised rim edges, baking dishes and wide lids (table 9; fig. 47). The vessels appear in fabrics K 1-4, K 8-9 and K 11 (tables 4, 9;figs. 119-121, 125-127). The so-called Venetic type pots are very similar to the Italian pottery from Mandrga. They were made in fabrics K 3 and K 9, which was also used for manufacturing baking dishes and wide lids. Thus we placed these pots within the group of Italian kitchenware with great probability that they originate from north-eastern Italy. Fabric K 6 with the typical lid (fig. 123; pl. 18: 9) and a special pot (pl. 18: 8) most likely also belongs to the Venetic circle. Even though no typical vessel parts were preserved in fabric K 7 (fig. 124), it has been placed into the Italian group. This is due to the appearance of the fabric that resembles the remaining pottery within this group, especially fabric K 3. The macroscopic characteristics of the Italian kitchenware (fabrics K 1- 4, K 6-9 and K 11) are similar: red- str. 169-170). To so značilnosti, ki skupaj z oblikami kažejo na izvor posodja v tirenski srednji Italiji275 ali v padskih delavnicah, ki se držijo srednjeitalskih tehnoloških postopkov.276 V vseh keramičnih zvrsteh italskega kuhinjskega posodja na Mandrgi, razen v K 7, se pojavljajo pokrovi, druge oblike in keramične zvrsti pa se deloma izključujejo (razpr. 9). Tako prevladujejo lonci v zvrsteh K 4, K 9 in K 11. Lonci in pokrovi prevladujejo v zvrsteh K 3 in K 8. Pekači in pokrovi prevladujejo v zvrsti K 1, v zvrsti K 2 pa srečamo izključno pokrove. S kombinacijo oblik in keramičnih skupin opažamo tri osnovne skupine kuhinjskega posodja (sl. 48): 1. skupina: Vsebuje keramiko zvrsti K 1, za katero so značilni pokrovi in pekači z utorom na robu ustja. Znana sta samo dva odlomka loncev, izmed teh eden s poudarjenim robom ustja. Keramika K 1 zajema okoli četrtino vsega kuhinjskega posodja na Mandrgi (25,7 %), in to predvsem zaradi pekačev in pokrovov. 2. skupina: Vsebuje keramiko zvrsti K 4 in K 8 (sl. 121, 125). V K 4 izrazito prevladujejo lonci. Najpogostejša oblika je lonec z mandeljnastim ustjem, prisoten pa je tudi lonec s poudarjenim robom ustja. Tudi v K 8 se pojavljajo lonci z mandeljnastim ustjem. Zanimivo je, da v zvrsteh K 4 in K 8 ni pekačev. V K 4 skoraj ni pokrovov, v K 8 pa je razmerje med lonci in pokrovi približno izenačeno. Skupaj predstavljata keramični zvrsti K 4 in K 8 skoraj tretjino italskega kuhinjskega posodja (30,6 %). 3. skupina: Vsebuje keramiko zvrsti K 3, K 6 in K 9 (sl. 120:1; 123; 126). V K 3 je vodilna oblika venetski lonec, malo je pokrovov, prisoten je pekač z odebeljenim ustjem. Venetski lonci se pojavljajo tudi v K 9. Morda sodi v ta sklop tudi zvrst K 6 z značilnim venetskim pokrovom in posebno obliko lonca. Skupaj se vse tri keramične zvrsti približujejo tretjini vsega italskega kuhinjskega posodja (30,6 %). Morda te tri skupine kažejo na tri različna proizvodna središča ali tri kroge italske kuhinjske keramike, od koder je naselbina na Mandrgi dobila kuhinjsko posodje. Vsaj eno od teh središč, ki ga izpričuje skupina 3 ali venetska skupina, je gotovo ležalo na območju severovzhodne Italije. Namembnost lahko določimo 112 primerkom italskih kuhinjskih posod z Mandrge. Razmerje med lonci, pekači in pokrovi znaša 52 % : 19 %: 29 %, kar verjetno odraža uporabo v nekdanji naselbini (sl. 49). V Cosi v 3. st. pr. Kr. zavzemajo pekači nekaj več kot 20 % kuhinjskega posodja, na začetku cesarskega obdobja pa približno tretjino.277 Torej se sestava z Mandrge s skoraj 275 Bats 1993, 357; Olcese 1996, 423 ss; Olcese 2OO3, 19-23, 1O7-11O. 276 Npr. Fasano 1995, 165-166; Labate 1989. • (D • • • • • i» • • • 1 1 1 1 • • • • it 1 • • 1 1 1 1 / • 1 1 1 ...........1...... 1 • 1 • 1 1 • 1 • 1-5 •6-10 I >10 Sl. 47: Mandrga. Italska kuhinjska keramika (zvrsti K 1-4, K 6-9, K 11). Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 4. Fig. 47: Mandrga. Italian kitchenware (fabrics K 1-4, K 6-9, K 11). Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 4. dish colour, numerous multi-coloured inclusions, often a grey-brown outer surface (figs. 119-121, 123-127; descriptions pgs. 169-171). Together with the shapes these characteristics place the origin of the vessels into central Italy275 or into certain Po valley workshops in which central Italian technological procedures have been accepted.276 Within the Italian kitchenware at Mandrga lids appear in all fabrics (except in K 7). Other forms and fabrics exclude each other to a certain degree (table 9). In fabrics K 4, K 9 and K 11 pots dominate. In fabrics K 3 and K 8 pots and lids are the most numerous forms. In fabric K 1 baking dishes and lids dominate, while in fabric K 2 we can only find lids. By grouping according to the forms and fabrics three basic kitchenware groups can be observed (fig. 48): Group 1: This group includes fabric K 1, for which lids and baking dishes with a groove on the rim edge are typical. Only two pot fragments are known, one of which has an emphasised rim edge. Fabric K 1 encompasses approximately one quarter of all kitchenware at Mandrga (25.7%), mainly due to the baking dishes and lids. 277 Bats 1988, 65-71; Dyson 1976. 275 Bats 1993, 357; Olcese 1996, 423 ff; Olcese 2OO3, 19-23, 1O7-11O. 276 E.g. Fasano 1995, 165-166; Labate 1989. 0,9 % □ skupina 1 / group 1 (n = 37) □ skupina 2 / group 2 (n = 44) ■ skupina 3 (venetska) / group 3 (Venetic) (n = 44) □ drugo / other (n= 19) Sl. 48: Mandrga. Italska kuhinjska keramika. Deleži domnevnih izvornih skupin. Skupina 1: zvrst K 1. Skupina 2: zvrsti K 4 in K 8. Skupina 3 (venetska skupina): zvrsti K 3, K 6 in K 9. Drugo: zvrsti K 2, K 7 in K 11. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 9. Fig. 48: Mandrga. Italian kitchenware. Shares of groups that might indicate different prodution centres. Group 1: fabric K 1. Group 2: fabrics K 4 and K 8. Group 3 (Venetic group): fabrics K 3, K 6 and K 9. Other: fabrics K 2, K 7 and K 11. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 9. petinskim deležem pekačev dobro vključuje v sklope italske kuhinjske keramike republikanskega obdobja. KELTSKA KERAMIKA Keltsko keramiko na Mandrgi smo določili na osnovi značilnih oblik ter okrasa oziroma obdelave površine. Na to keramiko se tudi izključno vežejo določene keramične zvrsti. Keramične zvrsti K 5, K 10, K 13 in K 14 predstavljajo kuhinjsko keramiko s številnimi primesmi (sl. 122), pri čemer je za K 10 značilen primešan grafit (sl. 122 :3; t. 8: 3). V teh zvrsteh so izdelani jajčasti lonci (sl. 122:1; t. 30:13,14) in sklede s svitkasto odebeljenim in navznoter nagnjenim ustjem (t. 8: 4; 29: 11). Morda sodi zraven tudi groba keramika iz zvrsti K 16, v kateri je narejen lonec (t. 30: 18). Na loncih se včasih pojavi glavničen okras (sl. 122: 2-4; t. 7: 11; 8: 3; 29: 12; 30: 14-15). V zvrsti K 5 je bil izdelan tudi pokrov z gumbastim držajem (t. 29:13). Uporaba grafitne gline (kot zvrst K 10; sl. 122:3; t. 8: 3) je značilnost srednjeevropske keltske keramike.278 V alpskem svetu Karnije in zahodne Slovenije je grafitna 51,8% 278 Kappel 1969, 65 ss, pril. 2; Guštin 1984, sl. 27: 3; Ja-blonka 2001, 56, 235, karta 12. □ lonci/pots (n = 58) □ pekači / baking dishes (n = 21) ■ pokrovi / lids (n = 32) □ drugo / other (n = 1) Sl. 49: Mandrga. Osnovne oblike italske kuhinjske keramike. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 9. Fig. 49: Mandrga. Basic forms of Italian kitchenware. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 9. Group 2: This group includes fabrics K 4 and K 8 (figs. 121, 125). Pots dominate in fabric K 4. The most common form is the pot with an almond rim, however pots with an emphasised rim edge are also present. Pots with an almond rim appear also in K 8. It is interesting that there are no baking dishes in fabrics K 4 and K 8. Almost no lids exist in fabric K 4, while in K 8 the ratio between pots and lids is roughly equal. Joined fabrics K 4 and K 8 represent almost one third of all Italian kitchenware (30.6%). Group 3: This group includes fabrics K 3, K 6 and K 9 (figs. 120: 1; 123; 126). The Venetic pot is the most common form in K 3, lids are rare, and a single baking dish with a thickened rim was discovered. Venetic pots also appear in K 9. It is possible that fabric K 6 with the characteristic Venetic lid and the special pot shape also belongs into this complex. The three fabrics together represent almost one third of all Italian kitchenware (30.6%). It is possible that these three groups indicate three different production centres or circles of Italian kitchenware that provided cooking vessels for Mandrga. At least one of these centres, attested by group 3, i. e. Venetic kitchenware, was located in northeast Italy. It was possible to determine the function of 112 examples of Italian kitchenware vessels from Mandrga. The ratio between pots, baking dishes and lids is 52% : 19% : 29%, which most likely reflects the use in the settlement (fig. 49). In the 3rd century BC Cosa baking dishes represented slightly over 20% of all kitchenware, 1 (D < • • ■ • • • • • / 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 • 1 2,4 % • 1-2 Sl. 50: Mandrga. Keltska keramika (zvrsti K 5, K 10, K 13-14, K 16). Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 4. Fig. 50: Mandrga. Celtic pottery (fabrics K 5, K 10, K 13-14, K 16). Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 4. keramika redka,279 osamljeni primerki so bili najdeni v furlanski nižini.280 Na Štalenski gori se grafitna keramika obdrži do zgodnjetiberijskega obdobja.281 Svitkasto odebeljeno in navznoter nagnjeno ustje loncev in skled je značilno za keltsko keramiko, tako v srednjelatenskem kot tudi v poznolatenskem obdobju. Številne različice svitkastih ustij se pojavljajo na loncih in skledah iz grobe ter prečiščene keramike ter na grafitnih loncih.282 Na Štalenski gori se že v najstarejših plasteh pojavljajo lonci v grobi sivi keramiki, ki posnemajo obliko grafitnih loncev (t. i. "negrafitni lonci").283 Zanimivo je, da so posebne različice loncev s svitkastim ustjem izdelovali tudi v rimski lončarski peči v Lokavcu ob Ti-mavi, ki je datirana v poznorepublikansko obdobje.284 279 Vitri, Donat 1997, 103; Donat 2001a, 376; Novšak 2006, 22-23, sl. 36. 280 Buora 2001a, 140-142; Buora 2001b, 176, sl. 17. 281 Schindler-Kaudelka, Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1995, 180. 282 Npr. Frauenberg: Artner 1998-99, 230-238; Trnava: Novšak 2006; Stična: Gabrovec 1994, 156, t. 2: 7-8,13-15; 6: 1,3,9,14; 7: 10-12,14,16; 11: 10,16,22; Gracarca: Gleirscher 1993, 88, sl. 36: 1-5,7. 283 Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, sl. 10: 21; 11: 3; Moßler 1986, 173, t. 1: 1,33; 2: 40; 3: 84,95-96; 4: 125; 6: 178-179; 7: 192-194; Schindler-Kaudelka, Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1995, 181, sl. 6: 65-69. 284 Maselli Scotti 1987, 440-441, sl. 5: 1-4. \ V ■ italska / Italian (n = 788) □ keltska / Celtic (n = 20) ■ prazgodovinska / prehistoric (n = 8) Sl. 51: Mandrga. Vrste keramike po izvoru. Brez amfor. Največje možno število posod. Upoštevane oljenke. Fig. 51: Mandrga. Ceramic types by origin. Excluding amphorae. The greatest possible number of vessels. Oil lamps included. and by the beginning of the Imperial period this share grown to approximately one third.277 The composition at Mandrga (with an almost one fifth share of baking dishes) thus fits the complexes of Italian kitchenware dating to the Republican period. CELTIC POTTERY Celtic pottery from Mandrga was defined on the basis of the characteristic forms and decorations or surface treatment. Special ceramic fabrics are also typical for this group. Fabrics K 5, K 10, K 13 and K 14 represent kitchenware with numerous inclusions (fig. 122), at which graphite (fig. 122: 3; pl. 8: 3) is characteristic for K 10. The oval pots (fig. 122: 1; pl. 30: 13,14) and bowls (pls. 8: 4; 29:11) with the coil thickened rim that is inclined towards the interior are made in these fabrics. It is possible that the K 16 coarse fabric pot (pl. 30:18) also belongs to this group. A comb decoration (fig. 122:2-4; pls. 7:11; 8: 3; 29:12; 30:14-15) sometimes appears on the pots. The lid with the button handle (pl. 29:13) was made in fabric K 5. The use of graphite clay (e.g. fabric K 10; fig. 122: 3; pl. 8:3) is characteristic for central European Celtic pottery.278 In the Alpine world of Carnia and west Slovenia 277 Bats 1988, 65-71; Dyson 1976. 278 Kappel 1969, 65 ff, appendix 2; Guštin 1984, fig. 27: 3; Jablonka 2001, 56, 235, map 12. Sl. 52: Mandrga. Prazgodovinska keramika (zvrsti K 12, K 15, K 17-18). Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 4. Fig. 52. Mandrga. Prehistoric pottery (fabrics K 12, K 15, K 17-18). Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 4. Skleda s svitkasto odebeljenim, rahlo navznoter nagnjenim ustjem in žlebom med ustjem in trebuhom (t. 29:11) spominja na oblike iz grafitne keramike in iz fine sive keramike, najdene na Trnavi, naselbini datirani v mlajšo fazo srednjelatenskega obdobja - stopnjo Mokronog IIb.285 Na Mandrgi je keltske keramike zelo malo, saj predstavlja samo 2,4 % celote, razpršena pa je po celotnem najdišču (sl. 50-51; prim. razpr. 4, 7). PRAZGODOVINSKA KERAMIKA 1 j 1 [ 1 I 1 (D 1 1 1 1 • • • • •1 .......1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1-3 Za keramiko, iz katere so bili izdelani širok tunelast ročaj (t. 18: 12; keramika, podobna zvrsti K 18), lonec z nalepljenim rebrom (t. 18:11; zvrst K 12) in nekateri preprosti lonci (t. 8:5; 30:17; 31:1-3; zvrsti K 15, 17-18), so značilni žganje v neenakomerni ali v izmenjujoči se atmosferi, luknjičava površina in odsotnost vidnih primesi. Ta keramika je primerljiva z odlomki lončenine z Golega vrha (glej str. 35; sl. 18). Medtem ko časovno težko opredelimo lonec z rebrom in preprosta ustja, pa dobimo podobne tunelaste ročaje med gradivom naselbine Sv. Mihaela pri Grižah (glej str. 35, opomba 61),286 kjer sodijo v bronastodobno fazo, s katero se začne poselitev najdišča.287 Keramika zvrsti K 12, K 15 in K 17-18 (sl. 128; opisi glej str. 171) kaže, da je na Mandrgi stala starejša, verjetno bronastodobna postojanka. Žal način izkopavanj ni omogočil odkritja možnih prazgodovinskih struktur. Prazgodovinska, najverjetneje bronastodobna keramika zajema samo 1 % vsega posodja. Odkrita je bila na severnem območju izkopišča (sl. 51-52; prim. razpr. 4). graphite pottery is rare,279 and only isolated examples were found in the Friuli lowlands.280 At Magdalensberg graphite pottery remained in use until the early Tiberian period.281 The coil thickened and inwardly inclined rim on pots and bowls is characteristic for Celtic pottery from the Middle and Late La Tene period. Numerous coil rim variants appear on pots and bowls from coarse and depurated ceramics as well as from graphite ceram-ics.282 Pots in grey coarse fabric that imitate the form of graphite pots (the so-called "non-graphite pots") appear already within the oldest layers at Magdalensberg.283 It is interesting that special variants of pots with a coil rim were manufactured also in the Roman pottery furnace in Locavaz near the Timavo river, which is dated into the Late Republican period.284 The bowl with a coil thickened, slightly inwardly inclined rim and groove between the rim and the body (pl. 29: 11) is reminiscent of the forms made from graphite and fine grey ceramics discovered at Trnava - a ČREPINJSKE PLOŠČICE Najdeni so bili štirje primerki prevrtanih ploščic, narejenih iz črepinj starih posod. Uporabljeni so bili dno posode s črnim premazom (t. 1: 10), dno kozarca iz keramike tankih sten (t. 2: 16) in ostenji iz italske kuhinjske keramike K 2 (t. 28:19) in K 4 (t. 7:10). Tovrstne ploščice so zelo razširjene v srednjeevropskem 285 Prim. npr. Novšak 2006, str. 23-24, sl. 37: 111; str. 51: sl. 71; str. 61: sl. 119; str. 67. 286 Guštin 1979, t. 9: 1,4,6. 287 Teržan 1999, 136. 279 Vitri, Donat 1997, 103; Donat 2001a, 376; Novšak 2006, 22-23, fig. 36. 280 Buora 2001a, 140-142; Buora 2001b, 176, fig. 17. 281 Schindler-Kaudelka, Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1995, 180. 282 E.g. Frauenberg: Artner 1998-99, 230-238; Trnava: Novšak 2006; Stična: Gabrovec 1994, 156, pls. 2: 7-8,13-15; 6: 1,3,9,14; 7: 10-12,14,16; 11: 10,16,22; Gracarca: Gleirscher 1993, 88, fig. 36: 1-5,7. 283 Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, figs. 10: 21; 11: 3; Mofiler 1986, 173, pls. 1: 1,33; 2: 40; 3: 84,95-96; 4: 125; 6: 178-179; 7: 192-194; Schindler-Kaudelka, Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1995, 181, fig. 6: 65-69. 284 Maselli Scotti 1987, 440-441, fig. 5: 1-4. keltskem svetu, kjer jih navadno razlagajo kot uteži za vretena.288 V zgodnjerimskih sklopih so neobičajne. Prevrtana črepinjska ploščica je bila odkrita v fazi 3a na Gornjem trgu 30 v Ljubljani, ki po glavnini gradiva sodi v srednjeavgustejsko obdobje.289 settlement dated into the younger phase of the Middle La Tene period - phase Mokronog IIb.285 At Mandrga Celtic pottery is distributed all across the site and it represents merely 2.4% of all pottery (cf. tables 4, 7; figs. 50-51). AMFORE PREHISTORIC POTTERY Na Mandrgi je bila odkrita ogromna količina odlomkov amfor in le nekaj primerkov se je dalo sestaviti (npr. 1.13: 8; 14; 34:1; 36:17). Ocenjujemo, da amfore skupaj s pokrovčki predstavljajo okoli 95 % vseh keramičnih ostankov (razpr. 5; sl. 36, 53). Amfore z Mandrge so narejene iz keramike, ki ima po opazovanju s prostim očesom zelo enotne značilnosti. Je mehka do trda, z gladko, pogosto mazasto površino. Barva je svetla: oranžna (5YR 6/6), rumena (10YR 7/6), bledo rumena (2.5Y 8/3) ali rožnata (7.5YR 7/4).290 Primesi so zelo redke, največkrat se pojavljajo kot drobci zdrobljene keramike (sl. 130). To keramiko smo v Serminu poimenovali S 1 in njeno sestavo proučili z naravoslovnimi analizami.291 Keramična zvrst S 1 je značilna za proizvodnjo amfor na zahodnojadranski obali, od Picena do severa. Srečamo jo že pri grško-italskih amforah ter pri mlajših amforah, kot so Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6A in Dressel 2-4.292 Večino amfor z Mandrge lahko uvrstimo v obliko Lamboglia 2 (sl. 130). Izjemo predstavlja le nekaj posameznih odlomkov ustij (npr. 1.16:1-4). Amfore za vino Lamboglia 2 so se razvile iz grško-italskih amfor v zadnji četrtini 2. st. pr. Kr. Izdelovali so jih vzdolž zahodne in severne jadranske obale približno do 3. desetletja pr. Kr., ko so postopoma prešle v mlajšo obliko Dressel 6A.293 V splošnem velja, da so starejše amfore Lamboglia 2 še podobne grško-italskim,294 mlajše pa amforam Dressel 6A. Tipologije temeljijo na obliki celih posod,295 ki se jih pri fragmentiranem gradivu skoraj ne da uporabiti. Različice tekoče prehajajo ena v drugo in jih kronološko težko razlikujemo, še posebej, ker kažejo velike zaključe- 288 Jacobi 1974, 60-61; Božič 1993, 146. 289 Vičič 1994, 34, t. 3: 23. 290 Določeno po Munsell Soil Color Charts (New York 1992). 291 Horvat 1997, 69-71; Zupančič, Bole 1997; Zupančič, Horvat, Bole 1998. 292 Carre 1985, 226-228; Bruno 1986a, 45-46; Bruno 1986b, 252-255, 268; D'Ambrosio, Mannoni, Sfrecola 1986; Bruno, Bocchio 1991, 262-263, 266, 273; Sfrecola 1991, 377-378; Horvat 1997, 69-71; Zupančič, Bole 1997; Zupančič, Horvat, Bole 1998; Pesavento Mattioli 2000, 108-110. 293 Carre 1985, 211; Cipriano, Carre 1989, 80-85; Bruno 1995, 15-38; Horvat 1997, 58; Pesavento Mattioli 2000, 108; Toniolo 2000, 137-171; Buora 2001b, 159, 162, sl. 6; Fumolo 2008a, 132-133. 294 Toniolo 2000, 137-171. 295 Npr. Bruno 1995, 27-38; Starac 1994-95, 135-139. Burning in an unstable or alternating atmosphere, a porous surface and lack of visible inclusions are characteristic for the fabrics from which the wide tunnel shaped handle (pl. 18: 12; similar to fabric K 18), the pot with a rib (pl. 18: 11; fabric K 12) and some plain pots were made (pls. 8: 5; 30:17; 31:1-3; fabrics K 15, 17-18). This pottery is comparable to the pottery fragments from Goli vrh (see pg. 35; fig. 18). It is hard to precisely date the pot with the rib and the plain rims. The tunnel shaped handles were found at the settlement of Sv. Mihael near Griže (see pg. 35, note 61)286 where they belong into the Bronze Age, when the site was first settled.287 Fabrics K 12, K 15 and K 17-18 (fig. 128; for descriptions see pgs. 171-172) indicate that an older (most likely Bronze Age) settlement was located at Mandrga. Unfortunately the excavation method did not enable the discovery of the hypothetical prehistoric structures. Prehistoric or probably Bronze Age pottery represents a mere 1% of all pottery and was discovered on the north of the site (figs. 51-52; cf. table 4). CIRCULAR DISCS Perforated circular discs were made from fragments of old vessels. A black-slip base (pl. 1:10), a thin-walled beaker base (pl. 2:16) and two walls of Italian kitchenware K 2 (pl. 28:19) and K 4 (pl. 7:10) were used. Such discs were very popular amongst the central European Celts, where they are usually explained as weights for spindles.288 They are rare in early Roman contexts. A perforated disc was discovered in phase 3a at Gornji trg 30 in Ljubljana, which is dated to the mid Augustan period.289 AMPHORAE Numerous amphorae fragments were discovered at Mandrga, however only a few could be joined to the same vessels (i.e. pls. 13: 8; 14; 34: 1; 36: 17). It is estimated that amphorae and their lids represent ap- 285 Cf. Novšak 2006, pp. 23-24, fig. 37: III; pg. 51: fig. 71; pg. 61: fig. 119; pg. 67. 286 Guštin 1979, pl. 9: 1,4,6. 287 Teržan 1999, 109. 288 Jacobi 1974, 60-61; Božič 1993, 146. 289 Vičič 1994, 34, pl. 3: 23. 4,8 % 0,1 % \ 95,0 % Sl. 53: Mandrga. Ocena razmerij med posameznimi skupinami keramike. Največje možno število posod. Samo ostenja amfor, ki niso sestavljena, so šteta po kosih. V skupino amfor so vključeni tudi pokrovčki za amfore. Fig. 53: Mandrga. Estimation of the ratios between individual pottery groups. The largest possible number of vessels is taken into account. Only the walls of amphorae that were not put together are counted in pieces. Amphorae lids are included in the amphorae group. □ amfore/amphorae (n = 15636) □ rimska keramika brez amfor/ Roman ceramics without amphorae (n = 788) ■ keltska keramika / Celtic ceramics (n = 20) — prazgodovinska keramika / prehistoric ceramics (n = 8; 0,05 %) ne skupine amfor Lamboglia 2 iz nekaterih potopljenih ladij in v drenažnih depozitih v Padski nižini na izjemno raznolikost oblik v istem času in s tem tudi posredno na veliko število delavnic.296 Ustja amfor Na najdiščih Sermin in Fornače smo zaradi fragmen-tarnosti amfor izdelali podrobno oblikovno tipologijo ustij. Tipologija se naslanja na splošni razvoj oblike ustja od grško-italskega tipa do oblike Dressel 6A. Gre za razvoj od trikotnega do trakastega preseka roba ustja in za višanje roba ustja. Tipologija upošteva nagib ustja (kot med vodoravnico in zunanjo steno ustja), višino ustja, dodatno pa še obliko spodnjega roba ustja (ravno, poševno, vboklo), debelino in splošni videz. Dodatno smo uporabili mersko analizo ustij, ki skuša opisati dva razvojno pomembna elementa: obliko in višino ustja (sl. 54).297 Namen te tipologije ni umestiti posamezen odlomek ustja v času, temveč odpreti možnost primerjave večjih skupin fragmentiranega gradiva po točno določeni metodologiji.298 Opažamo tri osnovne oblike preseka ustja, ki kažejo težnjo razvoja od trikotnika k traku: štrleče trikotno ustje, povešeno trikotno ustje in trakasto ustje. Vzporedni razvojni usmeritvi sta ožanje ter višanje ustja. Posamezne različice ustij amfor Lamboglia 2 tekoče prehajajo ena v drugo, prav tako je zabrisana meja z ustji starejših grško-italskih amfor in z ustji mlajših amfor proximately 95% of all pottery remains at Mandrga (table 5;figs. 36, 53). When observed with the naked eye the amphorae from Mandrga appear to be made from extremely uniform material. The fabric is soft to hard, with a smooth, often powdery surface. The colour is usually light: reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), yellow (10YR 7/6), pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3) or pink (7.5YR 7/4).290 Inclusions are rare, usually appearing as fragments of crushed ceramics (fig. 130). In Sermin such fabric was denominated as fabric S 1 and chemical and mineralogical analyses of its composition were performed.291 Fabric S 1 is typical for the amphorae manufactured along the west Adriatic coast - from Picenum to the north. It can be found already amongst the Greco-Italic amphorae and amongst younger amphora types such as Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6A and Dressel 2-4.292 Most amphorae from Mandrga can be placed into type Lamboglia 2 (fig. 130). There are merely a few rim fragments that represent an exception (for instance pl. 16:1-4). Lamboglia 2 amphorae for wine were developed from the Greco-Italic amphorae during the last quarter of the 2nd century BC. They were manufactured along the west and north Adriatic coast until approximately the 3rd decade BC, when they gradually transformed into form Dressel 6A.293 In general terms, the older Lamboglia 2 amphorae remain similar to the Greco-Italic form,294 while the younger ones are closer to type Dressel 6A. The typologies are based on the form of the entire amphora,295 therefore they can hardly be used for the fragmented 296 Bruno 1995, 27-38; Horvat 1997, 60-62. 297 Horvat 1997, 60-67, sl. 19-21, 27. 298 Horvat 1997, 71-74, sl. 20, 27; prim. Buora 2001b, 158-162; tipologija ustij, vendar brez zaključkov, npr.: Fumo-lo 2008a, 137-142, 144-150. 290 Munsell Soil Color Charts (New York 1992). 291 Horvat 1997, 69-71; Zupančič, Bole 1997; Zupančič, Horvat, Bole 1998. 292 Carre 1985, 226-228; Bruno 1986a, 45-46; Bruno 1986b, 252-255, 268; D'Ambrosio, Mannoni, Sfrecola 1986; Bruno, Bocchio 1991, 262-263, 266, 273; Sfrecola 1991, 377-378; Horvat 1997, 69-71; Zupančič, Bole 1997; Zupančič, Horvat, Bole 1998; Pesavento Mattioli 2000, 108-110. 293 Carre 1985, 211; Cipriano, Carre 1989, 80-85; Bruno 1995, 15-38; Horvat 1997, 58; Pesavento Mattioli 2000, 108; Toniolo 2000, 137-171; Buora 2001b, 159, 162, fig. 6; Fumolo 2008a, 132-133. 294 Toniolo 2000, 137-171. 295 For instance Bruno 1995, 27-38; Starac 1994-95, 135-139. Sl. 54: Poimenovanja delov ustja amfore (po Horvat 1997, 62, sl. 19): 1 višina, 2 debelina, 3 kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom, 4 vodoravnica, 5 zunanji rob, 6 osnova. Fig. 54: Individual amphorae parts (after Horvat 1997, 62, fig. 19): 1 height, 2 thickness, 3 angle between the horizontal and the outer edge, 4 horizontal, 5 outer edge, 6 base. Sl. 55: Tipologija ustij amfor Lamboglia 2 z Mandrge. M. = 1 : 4. Fig. 55: Rim typology for amphorae type Lamboglia 2 from Mandrga. Scale = 1 : 4. Dressel 6A.299 Pri kronološki analizi si lahko deloma pomagamo s količinskim razmerjem med starejšimi štrlečimi trikotnimi ustji ter mlajšimi trakastimi ustji. Veliko oblikovnih različic pa je verjetno sočasnih in najbrž kaže na številne lončarske delavnice.300 Amforam z Mandrge smo določili oblike ustij, tako da smo sledili tipologiji iz Sermina (sl. 55).301 Za razvrstitev ustij sta bila pomembna videz v celoti in še posebej oblika osnove, meritve posameznih delov ustja pa so bile dodatna opora. Oblike tekoče prehajajo ena v drugo in so vsaj deloma sočasne. Ker nas je zanimala kronologija amfor, smo pri nadaljnjih analizah uporabili združene skupine, za katere domnevamo časovni sosledje: trikotno ustje (A 3-5), povešeno trikotno ustje (A 6-8) in trakasto ustje (A 9-15). Trikotno ustje A 3: trikotna oblika, osnova poševna, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 40-60°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 0,50 do 1,00 (t. 8: 6-8; 9: 1; 18:13; 31: 4-6,8). A 4: trikotna oblika, osnova rahlo vbokla, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 60-70°, razmerje 299 Horvat 1997, 60-67. 300 Horvat 1997, 71-74. 301 Horvat 1997, 60-67. material. The variants within the type cannot be clearly separated and are hard to define chronologically, especially as large closed contexts of Lamboglia 2 amphorae from shipwrecks and drainage deposits in the Po valley indicate that an extreme diversity of shapes existed in the same period and that the amphorae were produced in a large number of workshops.296 Amphora rims Due to the fragmentation of the amphorae a detailed typology of the rim shapes was created for the analyses of the sites Sermin and Fornace. The typology was based upon the general development of the rim from the Greco-Italic type to type Dressel 6A. This is the development from the triangular to the banded cross section of the rim in which the edges of the rims gradually became narrower and higher. The typology takes into account the rim inclination (the angle between the horizontal and the outer rim wall) and height, as well as the shape of the lower rim edge, e. g. rim basis (straight, oblique, concave), its thickness and general appearance. The rim measurements were additionally used to describe in numerical terms two elements that were important for the development: the shape and height of the rim (fig. 54).297 296 Bruno 1995, 27-38; Horvat 1997, 60-62. 297 Horvat 1997, 60-67, figs. 19-21, 27. med višino in debelino roba ustja od 0,50 do 1,00 (t. 31: 9). A 5: trikotna oblika, osnova rahlo vbokla (drugače kot pri A 4), kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 45-70°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 0,60 do 1,00 (t. 9: 2-4; 31: 7,10-12). Povešeno trikotno ustje A 6: trikotna oblika, vrh roba ustja ozek ali nekoliko širši, osnova ravna, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 60-80°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 0,80 do 1,30 (t. 9: 5-9; 31:13-16; 32: 1-11). A 7: trikotna oblika, vrh roba ustja širši, osnova poševna, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 50-80°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 0,80 do 1,30 (t. 10; 11; 12: 1-8; 18: 14-18; 32: 12-14; 33; 39:11-12). A 8: trikotna oblika, osnova vbokla, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 55-80°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 1,00 do 1,35 (t. 12:9-14; 13:1-5; 18:19-20; 19:1; 34:1-15; 39:13). Trakasto ustje A 9: trikotna oblika še vidna, osnova malo vbokla ali neizrazita, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 60-75°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 1,45 do 1,90 (t. 13: 6-8; 34:16-20; 39:14). A 10: trikotna oblika še vidna, širok zgornji rob, kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja 70-75°, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja od 1,00 do 1,35 (t. 14; 15: 1-6; 19: 2; 35:1-8; 39:15-16). A 11: trikotna oblika še vidna, rob ustja skoraj navpičen (kot med vodoravnico in zunanjim robom ustja okoli 90° in več), razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja večinoma med 1,30 in 2,25 (t. 19: 3-4; 35: 9-13; 36:1-5; 39:18). A 12: trakast rob, višina roba 3,7 cm in več, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja nad 2,00 (t. 15: 7; 36: 6-7). A 13: trakast rob, na notranji strani stena vbokla, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja med 1,30 in 2,00 (t. 15: 8; 19: 5; 36: 8). A 14: trakast rob, širok zgornji rob, razmerje med višino in debelino roba ustja med 1,15 in 1,85 (t. 15: 9; 19: 6; 36: 9-13; 39: 17). A 15: rob, ki ima zaobljeno zunanjo steno, še spominja na trikotno zasnovo (t. 15:10-12; 36:14-16). Na razpr. 10 in sl. 56, 60 se vidi, da ima na Mandrgi oblikovno starejša skupina A 3-5 delež 8,8 %, največjo težo ima skupina A 6-8 z 59,5-odstotnim deležem, oblikovno najmlajša ustja A 9-15 pa predstavljajo 31,6 % celote. V razširjenosti pozameznih oblik ustij na najdišču ni razlik (sl. 57-59). Razporeditev na Mandrgi smo primerjali z dvema podobno analiziranima sklopoma amfor Lamboglia 2: The intent of this typology is not to place an individual rim fragment into time, but to create the possibility to compare large complexes of fragmented material with the use of a precisely defined methodology.298 Three basic forms of rim cross sections were observed. They show a development from a triangular shape to a band: a triangular rim, a hanging triangular rim and a banded rim. Parallel to this development the rim also gets increasingly narrower and higher. Individual Lamboglia 2 rim types transform smoothly from one to the other and the boundary to the older Greco-Italic rims and to the younger Dressel 6A rims is blurred.299 The quantity ratio between the older triangular rims and the younger banded rims can aid the chronological analysis to a certain extent. A lot of variants are probably contemporary and indicate a number of pottery workshops.300 The amphorae from Mandrga were classified into rim forms (fig. 55) with the use of the typology developed for Sermin.301 The general appearance of the rim and the shape of the rim base are important for the categorisation. The measurements of the individual rim parts offered additional support. The forms transform fluently from one to the other and can be at least partly contemporary. As we were interested in amphorae chronology, three large groups for which we assumed the chronological sequence were used in the further analysis: triangular rims (types A 3-5), hanging triangular rims (types A 6-8), and banded rims (types A 9-15). Triangular rim A 3: triangular shape, oblique basis, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 40 and 60°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 0.50 and 1.00 (pls. 8: 6-8; 9:1; 18:13; 31: 4-6,8). A 4: triangular shape, slightly concave basis, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 60-70°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 0.50 and 1.00 (pl. 31: 9). A 5: triangular shape, slightly concave basis (not the same as in A 4), the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 45 and 70°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 0.60 and 1.00 (pls. 9:2-4; 31: 7,10-12). Hanging triangular rim A 6: triangular shape, the top of the rim is narrow or slightly wider, the base is flat, the angle between the 298 Horvat 1997, 71-74, figs. 20, 27; cf. Buora 2001b, 158-162; rim typology, but without the conclusions: Fumolo 2008a, 137-142, 144-150. 299 Horvat 1997, 60-67. 300 Horvat 1997, 71-74. 301 Horvat 1997, 60-67. Razpr. 10: Mandrga in Fornače. Največje možno število ustij amfor Lamboglia 2 po oblikovnih skupinah. Table 10: Mandrga and Fornače. The greatest possible number of amphora type Lamboglia 2 rims by shape groups. Ustje Rim Mandrga Fornače Število Number % Število Number % A 3 10 4,7 1 3,0 A 4 2 0,9 A 5 7 3,3 A 6 21 9,8 2 6,1 A 7 71 33,0 10 30,3 A 8 36 16,7 6 18,2 A 9 12 5,6 3 9,1 A 10 15 7,0 3 9,1 A 11 13 6,0 2 6,1 A 12 4 1,9 3 9,1 A 13 7 3,3 1 3,0 A 14 11 5,1 2 6,1 A 15 6 2,8 Skupaj Total 215 100,0 33 100,0 (D • • • < • • • • * / • • • 1-3 Sl. 57: Mandrga. Amfore Lamboglia 2, trikotna ustja A 3-5. Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Fig. 57: Mandrga. Amphorae type Lamboglia 2. Triangular rims A 3-5. Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. n 140 120 100 128 18 Mandrga Fornače ■ A 3-5 trikotno ustje / triangular rim □ A 6-8 povešeno trikotno ustje / hanging triangular rim ■ A 9-15 trakasto ustje/banded rim Sl. 56: Primerjava števila odlomkov različnih oblikovnih skupin ustij amfor Lamboglia 2 na najdiščih Mandrga in Fornače. Fig. 56: Comparison of the number of fragments of various rims shape groups of amphorae Lamboglia 2 from Mandrga and Fornače. horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 60 and 80°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 0.80 and 1.30 (pls. 9: 5-9; 31:13-16; 32:1-11). A 7: triangular shape, the top of the rim is wider, the base is oblique, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 50 and 80°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 0.80 and 1.30 (pls. 10; 11; 12:1-8; 18: 14-18; 32:12-14; 33; 39:11-12). A 8: triangular shape, concave basis, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 55 and 80°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.00 and 1.35 (pls. 12: 9-14; 13:1-5; 18:19-20; 19:1; 34:1-15; 39:13). Banded rim A 9: triangular shape is still visible, the basis slightly concave or plain, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 60 and 75°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.45 and 1.90 (pls. 13: 6-8; 34: 16-20; 39:14). A 10: triangular shape still visible, a wide top edge, the angle between the horizontal and outer edge of the rim ranges between 70 and 75°, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.00 and 1.35 (pls. 14; 15:1-6; 19:2; 35:1-8; 39:15-16). A 11: triangular shape still visible, the edge of the rim almost vertical (the angle between the horizontal j • (D 1 1 1 1 • • • • • «■ r; • • • ......1 1 1 1 • • • 1 1 • 1 • 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 j • (D 1 1 1 1 • f 1 • • • • f • • • • « 1 • • 1 1 • 1 f 1 • • i • • • • 1-3 ► 4-10 I >10 • 1-3 4-10 Sl. 58: Mandrga. Amfore Lamboglia 2, povešena trikotna ustja A 6-8. Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Fig. 58: Mandrga. Amphorae type Lamboglia 2, hanging triangular rims A 6-8. Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. Sl. 59: Mandrga. Amfore Lamboglia 2, trakasta ustja A 9-15. Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število posod. Fig. 59: Mandrga. Amphorae type Lamboglia 2, banded rims A 9-15. Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. v Serminu (izkop A; sl. 60) in v Fornačah (sl. 56, 60). Amfore iz izkopa A v Serminu (sl. 60) so se odlagale dolgo obdobje, saj skupina vsebuje tudi grško-italske amfore, ki so starejše od Lamboglia 2, in posamezne kose srednjeavgustejske keramike. Ker sega sklop od druge polovice 2. st. do konca 1. st. pr. Kr., ni najboljši za neposredno primerjavo.302 Boljši za primerjavo z Mandrgo je sklop iz Fornač. Po drugem keramičnem gradivu sodeč je sklop nastal konec 2. st. in v prvi tretjini 1. st. pr. Kr. (glej str. 65- 66).303 Ko primerjamo amfore z Mandrge in iz Fornač, so vidne manjše razlike (razpr. 10; sl. 56, 60). V skupino oblikovno starejših ustij A 3-5 je v Fornačah uvrščen en sam primerek, skupina A 6-8 je z nekaj več kot polovico primerki približno enako močna kot na Mandrgi, oblikovno najmlajša skupina A 9-15 pa je v Fornačah nekoliko močnejša kot na Mandrgi. Torej sestava amfor v Fornačah kaže manj ustij najstarejše oblike in več ustij najmlajše oblike. Amfore Lamboglia 2 iz Fornač najverjetneje izvirajo iz nekoliko mlajšega obdobja kot amfore z Mandrge. Da gre pri sklopu iz Fornač za nekoliko mlajše obdobje kot na Mandrgi, je pokazala tudi analiza drugega gradiva: fibul, keramike s črnim premazom in keramike tankih sten (glej str. 65-66). 302 Horvat 1997, 117. 303 Stokin 1992; Horvat 1995a. and outer edge of the rim can be measured from 90° upwards), the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.30 and 2.25 (pls. 19: 3-4; 35: 9-13; 36:1-5; 39:18). A 12: banded rim edge, height of the edge 3.5 cm or more, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge is above 2.00 (pls. 15: 7; 36: 6-7). A 13: banded rim edge, concave inner wall, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.30 and 2.00 (pls. 15: 8; 19: 5; 36: 8). A 14: banded rim edge, wide upper edge, the ratio between the height and the thickness of the rim edge ranges between 1.15 and 1.85 (pls. 15: 9; 19: 6; 36: 9-13; 39: 17). A 15: rim edge with a rounded outer wall, reminiscent of a triangular form (pls. 15:10-12; 36:14-16). At Mandrga, the older group (triangular rims A 3-5) has an 8.8% share, the best represented is the group of hanging rims (A 6-8) with a 59.5% share, while the youngest banded rims (A 9-15) represent 31.6% of all rims (table 10; figs. 56, 60). There are no differences in the distribution of the individual rim forms at the site (figs. 57-59). The ratios of amphorae forms at Mandrga were compared to two similarly analysed complexes of Lamboglia 2 amphorae: in Sermin (site "Extension A"; fig. 60) and 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O 59,5% 8,8% 54,5% 31,6% f Mandrga 48,6% 42,4% 21,2% Fornače Sermin - izkop A / Sermin - extension A □ A 3 -5 trikotno ustje / triangular rim □ A 6-8 povešeno trikotno ustje / hanging triangular rim ■ A 9-15 trakasto ustje / banded rim 0,5 % l,3%\0/% 97,5 % □ ovalen presek - večji / large oval cross section (n = 824) □ ovalen presek - manjši / small oval cross section (n = 11) ■ okrogel presek / smoli round cross section (n = 4) □ nedoločeno / undefined (n = 6) Sl. 60: Primerjava deležev oblikovnih skupin ustij amfor Lam-boglia 2 na Mandrgi, v Fornačah in v Serminu - izkop A. Fig. 60: Comparison of shares. Rims shape groups of amphorae type Lamboglia 2 at Mandrga, Fornače and Sermin - extension A. Mandrga in Fornače se razlikujeta še v nečem. Skoraj vse amfore z Mandrge sodijo v obliko Lamboglia 2. V Fornačah pa se pojavi, kljub manjšemu celotnemu številu amfor, tudi oblika Dressel 2-4 in še nekaj tipološko neopredeljenih ustij.304 Ročaji amfor Pri tipologiji ročajev, ki so praviloma fragmentirani, smo upoštevali obliko in premer preseka:305 R 1: večji ovalen presek (premer okoli 5 cm); R 2: manjši ovalen presek (premer okoli 3 cm; največ do 4 cm); R 3: manjši okrogel presek (premer okoli 3 cm). Močno prevladujejo ročaji z večjim ovalnim presekom (sl. 61). Zatiči amfor Zatiče smo tipološko razvrstili po značilnostih in poimenovanju, ki smo jih upoštevali že pri gradivu s Sermina:306 DA 1: visoka, polna noga, zaključek koničast (t. 37: 6-7, 9-13); DA 3: visoka, polna noga, zaključek ravno odrezan ali rahlo zaobljen (t. 16: 5); 304 Horvat 1997, 73-74, t. 61: 9-12; 62: 5. 305 Prim. Horvat 1997, 67-68. 3O« Horvat 1997, 68-69. Sl. 61: Mandrga. Oblike presekov ročajev. Število odlomkov. Fig. 61: Mandrga. Cross sections of handles. Number of fragments. in Fornače (table 10; figs. 56, 60). The amphorae from "Extension A" in Sermin (fig. 60) have been deposited over a longer period, for the group also includes Greco-Italic amphorae that are older than Lamboglia 2, as well as individual pieces of mid-Augustan pottery. As the complex spans from the second half of the 2nd century BC to the end of the 1st century BC, it is not best suited for direct comparison.3O2 The deposit from Fornače is a much better comparison for the Mandrga complex. Concluding from the remaining ceramics the deposit emerged during a period at the end of the 2nd century and in the first third of the 1st century BC (see pgs. 65-66).303 Small differences can be noticed in the comparison of the amphorae from Mandrga and Fornače (table 10; figs. 56, 60). Fornače has only a single example of older rim forms (A 3-5), roughly the same share of group A 6-8 rims (representing slightly over 5O% of all examples), and a slightly higher share of the most recent rims (A 9-15) when compared to Mandrga. Thus the structure of amphorae at Fornače shows a lower share of the oldest rim forms and a higher share of the most recent rim forms. Therefore it can be concluded that the Lamboglia 2 amphorae from Fornače originate from the slightly younger period than the amphorae from Mandrga. The analysis of the remaining material (fibulae, black-slip pottery and thin-walled pottery, see pgs. 65-66) also confirms that the material from Fornače is from a slightly younger period than the material from Mandrga. Mandrga and Fornače differ also in another point. Almost all amphorae from Mandrga belong to the form Lamboglia 2. Even though Fornače has a lower total 302 Horvat 1997, 117. 303 Stokin 1992; Horvat 1995a. 2,6 % 20,8 7o □ DA 1 (n = 28) □ □ DA 1/6 (n = 26) H ■ DA 3 (n = 2) ■ DA 4-5 (n = 3) DA6(n= 16) DA 7 (n = 2) Sl. 62: Mandrga. Oblike zatičev amfor. Največje možno število. Fig. 62: Mandrga. Amphorae bases. The greatest possible number. DA 4-5: visoka, polna noga, zaključek gumbasto odebeljen (t. 16: 6; 37:14; 39: 20); DA 6: nizka, polna noga, zaključek koničast (t. 16: 7-8; 37: 8); DA 1/6: srednje visoka, polna noga, zaključek koničast (ni risbe; podobno t. 14; 48: 11); DA 7: majhen poln gumb (ni risbe). Prevladuje koničasta noga (91 %; sl. 62), ki je lahko višja (DA 1) ali nižja (DA 6), s tekočim prehodom med obema oblikama (DA 1/6). Pokrovi za amfore Pokrovi za amfore vrste Lamboglia 2 so narejeni na tri načine: na lončarskem vretenu, v kalupu ali pa so izrezani iz stene velike posode. Na gradivu iz Sermina in Fornač je bila izdelana podrobna tipologija pokrovov,307 ki smo jo uporabili tudi za Razdrto (sl. 63). Prva skupina pokrovov z Mandrge (PA 1-6) je narejena na lončarskem vretenu, gumb pa je bil dodelan z roko. V tipologiji razlikujemo različno obliko roba, globino spodnje vbokline ter obliko gumba, ki je povsod, razen pri PA 1, okrašen z vtisi prstov. PA 1: visoka strehasta oblika, spodnja vboklina seže v gumb, ki ni okrašen z vtisi prstov (t. 17: 1). PA 2: rob pokrova zavihan navzgor, spodnja vboklina sega v gumb (t. 17: 2; 38:1-3). PA 3: strehasta oblika, spodnja vboklina seže plitvo ali pa sploh ne seže več v gumb (t. 19: 7; 38: 4). number of amphorae, types Dressel 2-4 also appear as do some typologically unclassified rims.304 Amphora handles As most of the handles are fragmented, their shape and diameter of the cross section were taken into account when forming the typology:305 R 1: large oval cross section (approximately 5 cm in diameter); R 2: small oval cross section (approximately 3 cm in diameter; 4 cm at most); R 3: small round cross section (approximately 3 cm in diameter). Handles with a large oval cross section dominate (fig. 61). Amphora bases Amphora bases were typologically categorised according to the classification applied in the analyses of the material from Sermin:306 DA 1: high, solid base, pointed terminal (pl. 37: 6-7, 9-13). DA 3: high, solid base, terminal flatly cut off or slightly rounded (pl. 16: 5). DA 4-5: high, solid base, terminal thickened in a form of a button (pls. 16: 6; 37:14; 39: 20). DA 6: low, solid, pointed terminal (pls. 16: 7-8; 37: 8). DA 1/6: medium high, solid base, pointed terminal (no drawing; similar to pls. 14; 48:11) DA 7: small solid button (no drawing). The pointed base dominates (91%; fig. 62), ranging from high (DA 1) to low (DA 6), with a smooth transition between the two extremes (DA 1/6). Amphora lids Type Lamboglia 2 amphora lids were manufactured in three ways: on a potter's wheel, in a mould or they were cut out from a wall of a large vessel. A detailed typology of lids was created for the material from Sermin and Fornace,307 which was also used at Razdrto (fig. 63). The first group of lids from Mandrga (PA 1-6) was made on a potter's wheel, while the button was formed by hand. In the typology we differentiate amongst the 307 Horvat 1997, 77-82, sl. 31; primerljivo tudi: Fumolo 2008b. 304 Horvat 1997, 73-74, pls. 61: 9-12; 62: 5. 305 Cf. Horvat 1997, 67-68. 306 Horvat 1997, 68-69. 307 2008b. Horvat 1997, 77-82, fig. 31; also comparable: Fumolo Sl. 63: Mandrga. Tipologija pokrovčkov za amfore. Fig. 63: Mandrga. Typology of amphorae lids. na vretenu wheel-thrown 1-3 • >3 • V kalupu moulded izrezan iz stene chipped from the wall O O (D • • • • • • • O • • • • • i \ • i ) • 1 • • Sl. 64: Mandrga. Pokrovčki za amfore. Razporeditev po kvadrantih in izkopnih območjih. Največje možno število. Izdelava na vretenu (PA 1-6), v kalupu (PA 8-9) in izrezani iz stene posode (PA 10). Fig. 64: Mandrga. Amphorae lids. Distribution by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. Wheel-thrown (PA 1-6), made with a mould (PA 8-9) and shaped from a vessel wall (PA 10). PA 4: rob pokrova sploščen, spodnja vboklina samo izjemoma sega v gumb (t. 17: 3-13; 19: 8-10; 38: 5-14; 39: 21-22). PA 6: kot ostanek spodnje vbokline se pojavi spodnja neravna ploskev (t. 17: 14-15; 19: 11; 38: 16-22; 39: 23). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O 88,5 % 67,6 % /0,» 7o 32,4 % ■ 12,9 % 9,6 % I 11,3% ■ Mandrga n =52 Fornače n = 71 Sermin - izkop A / Sermin - extension A n = 62 □ PA 1 - 6 na vretenu / wheel-thrown ■ PA 8-9 v kalupu / moulded ■ PA 10 izrezan iz stene / chipped from the wall Sl. 65: Primerjava med deleži oblikovnih skupin pokrovčkov za amfore na najdiščih Mandrga, Fornače in Sermin - izkop A in sonda A. Največje možno število. Po Horvat 1997, 81 (Fornače), 82, razpr. 21 (Sermin). Fig. 65: Comparison between the shares of forms of amphorae lids at Mandrga, Fornače and Sermin - extension A and trench A. The greatest possible number, after Horvat 1997, 81 (Fornače), 82, table 21 (Sermin). various shapes of the edge, the depth of the concavity on the bottom part of the lid and the shape of the button that was decorated with finger impressions (in all groups except PA 1). PA 1: tall roof shaped form, the concavity extends into the button that is not decorated with finger impressions (pl. 17: 1). PA 2: the edge of the lid is turned upwards, the concavity extends into the button (pls. 17: 2; 38:1-3). Razpr. 11: Mandrga. Oblike pokrovčkov za amfore. Največje možno število. Table 11: Mandrga. Forms of amphora lids. The greatest possible number. V kalupu narejeni pokrovi imajo majhen okrogel gumb in včasih reliefni okras (PA 8; 1.17:19; 19:12; 38: 23-24) ali pa so brez gumba (PA 9; ni risbe). Prisotni so tudi pokrovi, izrezani iz ostenja velikih posod (PA 10; t. 38: 25). Med vsemi tipološko določljivimi pokrovčki s kar 88,5 % močno prevladujejo pokrovčki, narejeni na vreteno (PA 1-6). Pokrovčkov, izdelanih v kalupu, je 9,6 % in so bili najdeni po vseh območjih najdišča (razpr. 5, 11; sl. 64-65). V Fornačah, ki naj bi izvirale iz nekoliko mlajšega obdobja (glej zgoraj in str. 65-66), je pokrovčkov, delanih v kalupu, že ena tretjina (sl. 65). V primerjavi gradiva z Mandrge in Fornač se verjetno kaže postopno uveljavljanje nove oblike pokrovčkov, delanih v kalupu.308 Sklep Na Mandrgi so bile amfore odkrite v naselbinski plasti in v jarku, ki so ga zasuli z odpadnimi črepinja-mi. Skoraj vse sodijo v isto obliko - Lamboglia 2. To so amfore za vino, ki izvirajo iz jadranskega prostora in so jih izdelovali od zadnje četrtine 2. st. do tretjega desetletja pr. Kr. Podrobna analiza je pokazala prisotnost razvojno starejših in odsotnost najmlajših oblik ustij. Zato smo uvrstili glavnino amfor v starejši čas izdelave tipa Lamboglia 2. Amfore Lamboglia 2 najdemo v Karniji, na poteh proti Noriku (glej str. 142-143) ter v noriških naselbinah, ki so močno povezane z italskim prostorom, kot sta Gurina309 in Štalenska gora.310 V domorodnih naselbinah jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora pa so amfore Lamboglia 2 izredno redke. Posamične kose poznamo z območja Notranjske, z Gradu pri Šmihelu (sl. 111: 2-4),311 z Bandere pri Senožečah (sl. 111:1) in iz Laz na Planinskem polju.312 V utrjenih domorodnih naselbinah osrednje Slovenije se pojavijo redki odlomki v Stični313 in na Gradcu pri Blečjem vrhu,314 nekaj primerkov izvira iz reke Ljubljanice.315 Razbite amfore, ki verjetno tudi sodijo v vrsto Lamboglia 2, so bile odkrite še v keltskem svetišču iz obdobja LT D2 na Frauenbergu 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 Horvat 1997, 77-82. Jablonka 2001, t. 61: 1,7,9; Gamper 2007a, sl. 4: 12. Bezeczky 1994a, 13-15. Horvat 2002, t. 19: 7-9. Bavdek 2009, 81, t. 2: 4,7. Podatek L. Grahek. Sondiranja 1999; podatek P. Pavlin. Ljubljanica 2009, 262-263. Oblika Form Skupaj Total % PA 1 2 2,4 PA 2 4 4,9 Na kolo PA 3 2 2,4 Wheel-thrown PA 4 25 30,5 PA 6 12 14,6 PA 1-6 1 1,2 V kalupu PA 8 4 4,9 Moulded PA 9 1 1,2 Izrezana / Chipped from the wall PA 10 1 1,2 Nedoločena / Undefined - 30 36,6 Skupaj / Total 82 100,0 PA 3: roof shaped form, the concavity extends shal-lowly into the button or does not extend into it at all (pls. 19: 7; 38: 4). PA 4: the rim of the lid is flattened, the concavity only exceptionally extends into the button (pls. 17: 3-13; 19: 8-10; 38: 5-14; 39: 21-22). PA 6: an uneven bottom surface appears as a remnant of concavity (pls. 17:14-15; 19: 11; 38:16-22; 39: 23). Lids made in a mould have a small round button and sometimes a relief decoration (PA 8; pls. 17:19; 19: 12; 38: 23-24). They can also be without a button (PA 9). Lids made from the walls of large vessels were also discovered (PA 10; pl. 38:25). Amongst all typologically definable lids those thrown on a potter's wheel (PA 1-6) dominate with an 88.5% share. Lids made in moulds represent a 9.6% share and could be found all across the site (tables 5, 11; figs. 64-65). In the probably slightly younger Fornače deposit (see above and pgs. 65-66), approximately one third of the lids were made in moulds (fig. 65). When comparing the material from Mandrga and Fornače it seems that an indication of a gradual introduction of the new form of lids made in moulds could be observed.308 Conclusion Almost all amphorae discovered in the settlement layer and the ditch filling at Mandrga belong to the same form - Lamboglia 2. These are amphorae for wine that originate from the Adriatic area and were manufactured between the last quarter of the 2nd century and the third decade BC. A detailed analysis has shown the presence of evolutionary older and a lack of the most recent rim types. Thus most amphorae were placed into the older period of Lamboglia 2 production. Lamboglia 2 amphorae can be found in Carnia, alongside the routes leading to Noricum (see pgs. 142-143), and in the Norican settlements that were 308 Horvat 1997, 77-82. nad Lipnico.316 Na širšem prostoru severnega Ilirika in vzdolž jantarjeve poti republikanskih amfor Lamboglia 2 skoraj ni.317 Amfore so arheološka sled trgovine z vinom. Velika količna z Mandrge je v izrazitem nasprotju z maloštevilnimi ostanki na širšem prostoru jantarjeve poti, to je na potencialnem območju porabe vina. Sklepamo, da je bila v poznorepublikanskem obdobju trgovina z vinom po jantarjevi poti očitno skromna in so zato ostanki amfor tudi redki. Verjetno se tudi zdi, da je bilo Razdrto kot italska postojanka končni cilj potovanja velikega dela amfor Lamboglia 2. interpretacija Arheološko najdišče Mandrga leži v bližini stare poti iz Vipavske doline v Postojnsko kotlino, na blagem pobočju, 15 višinskih metrov pod prelazom Razdrto in 450 m vzhodno od njega. Mandrga in bližnja vas Razdrto imata ugodno lego v dolini, kjer je burja sorazmerno šibka. Na Mandrgi so bili odkriti posamezni kosi keramike iz bronaste dobe (t. 18: 12) in bronast obesek v obliki živali (sl. 39; t. 38:27), verjetno iz starejše železne dobe. Ti skromni ostanki, ki jih ne moremo povezati z arheološkimi strukturami, verjetno kažejo na neposredno bližino naselbine iz bronaste dobe in morda tudi iz starejše železne dobe. Večina arheoloških ostankov z Mandrge sodi v rimsko obdobje. O naselbini pričajo kosi prežganega glinastega ometa, ožgane površine, pokončno vkopana amfora, velika gostota in značilna sestava drobnih najdb. Zidana arhitektura ni bila odkrita, zato domnevamo, da so bile stavbe v naselbini lesene. Vkopi za lesene stojke stavb arheološko niso bili ugotovljeni, ker izkop ni segel do globine, kjer bi jih lahko pričakovali. Razporeditev drobnih najdb kaže, da so na območju izkopišča ležali vsaj trije objekti: v kvadrantih C1-2, v C6-D6-E6 in v A1-3. Med objekti je potekal jarek, ki je bil verjetno namenjen odvodu padavin. Kulturna plast na območju domnevnih stavb in v jarku je vsebovala veliko keramike, med katero so močno prevladovali odlomki amfor. Razen večje zgostitve keramike v jarku, med gradivom v jarku in izven jarka ni nobenih bistvenih razlik. Prisotne so iste skupine gradiva in v enakih količinskih razmerjih. Celo deli istih amfor so ležali tako v jarku kot tudi izven njega. Očitno je bil jarek vsaj deloma zasut hkrati z opustitvijo objektov. Fina namizna, navadna in kuhinjska keramika ter oljenke in kovinsko gradivo kažejo, da gre za običajen naselbinski sklop. Izstopajo ostanki dveh železnih sulic (t. 20: 1-2). Preseneča velika količina razbitih amfor v closely connected to Italy, e.g. Gurina309 and Magdalensberg.310 Lamboglia 2 amphorae are extremely rare in the indigenous settlements in the south east Alpine area. Individual pieces have been discovered in the Notranjska region, at Grad near Šmihel (fig. 111: 2-4),311 Bandera near Senožeče (fig. 111:1) and Laze on Planina plain.312 Rare fragments appear in the indigenous fortified settlements in central Slovenia e.g. in Stična,313 Gradec near Blečji vrh314 and a few examples originate from the Ljubljanica river.315 Smashed amphorae that most likely belong to the Lamboglia 2 type were also discovered in the Celtic temple at Frauenberg (dated into the LT D2 period).316 Almost no Republican period amphorae were found in the wider area of the northern Illyricum or along the Amber Route.317 Amphorae represent archaeological evidence of wine trade; however the large quantities of amphorae from Mandrga are in opposition to the scarce remains within the extensive area of the Amber Route, i.e. the potential area of wine consumption. Wine trade along the Amber Route was obviously insignificant in the Late Republican period and thus amphorae remains are rare. It seems likely that Razdrto, functioning as a station for Italian travellers, was in fact also the final destination for a large number of Lamboglia 2 amphorae. interpretation The archaeological site of Mandrga lies on a mild slope in the vicinity of the old road leading from the Vipava valley to the Postojna basin, 15 vertical metres below and 450 m to the east of the Razdrto pass. Mandrga and the nearby village of Razdrto have a favourable position in the basin in which the north wind (typically strong in the area) is relatively mild. Individual Bronze Age pottery fragments (pl. 18:12) and a zoomorphic bronze pendant (fig. 39; pl. 38: 27), most likely from the Early Iron Age, were discovered at Mandrga. These rare remains cannot be linked to an archaeological structure, and they most likely indicate the vicinity of a Bronze Age or maybe even Early Iron Age settlement. Most archaeological remains at Mandrga are from the Roman period. The settlement is indicated by pieces of burnt clay plaster, burnt surfaces, a vertically buried 316 Groh, Sedlmayer 2005, 129-136, sl. 186, tabela 25, t. 9: 402/1, 550/1; t. 10: 472/2. Groh, Sedlmayer 2007, 167-178. 317 Bezeczky 1994a, 15; Bezeczky 1994b, 156-157. 309 Jablonka 2001, pl. 61: 1,7,9; Gamper 2007a, fig. 4: 12. 3i» Bezeczky 1994a, 13-15. 3" Horvat 2002, pl. 19: 7-9. 312 Bavdek 2009, 81, pl. 2: 4,7. 313 Per. com. L. Grahek. 314 Excavations 1999; per. com. P. Pavlin. 315 Ljubljanica 2009, 262-263. 3'® Groh, Sedlmayer 2005, 129-136, fig. 186, table 25, pls. 9: 402/1, 550/1; 10: 472/2. Groh, Sedlmayer 2007, 167-178. 317 Bezeczky 1994a, 15; Bezeczky 1994b, 156-157. jarku, ki spominja na drenažne depozite severovzhodne Italije.318 Drobno arheološko gradivo je časovno izredno enotno. Amfore Lamboglia 2 so datirane v sorazmerno dolgo obdobje, od zadnje četrtine 2. st. pr. Kr. do začetka avgustejskega obdobja. Podrobna študija ustij amfor kaže, da so na Mandrgi razmeroma številnejše starejše trikotne različice ustij kot pa mlajše trakaste oblike. Na starejše obdobje v okviru razvoja amfor Lamboglia 2 kaže tudi močna prevlada pokrovčkov za amfore, ki so izdelani na lončarskem kolesu. Natančneje kot amfore lahko najdišče časovno opredeli fina namizna keramika s črnim premazom. Oblike z Mandrge so sorazmerno dolgotrajne, vendar so krožniki z zaobljenim ostenjem (vrsta Lamboglia 5) ter skodele s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom ustja (vrsta Lamboglia 28) prisotni s starejšimi različicami: so globlji in bolj zaobljeni. To so oblike, značilne v Italiji za fazo LTit D1, torej za konec 2. st. pr. Kr.319 Na Mandrgi ni oblik, ki so bile značilne za prvo polovico in sredino 2. st. pr. Kr. in jih srečamo npr. v Seveglianu (SE 2136). Po drugi strani ne najdemo tistih oblik keramike s črnim premazom, ki se pojavijo šele v 1. st. pr. Kr. (oblike poroznega fabrikata s Stalenske gore oziroma srednjepadske keramike s črnim premazom). Fibula vrste Picugi je poznolatenska (LT D1-2 v srednjeevropskem pomenu). Fibula Nauheim II.1 sodi v fazo LTit D2, ni pa drugih fibul, značilnih za to stopnjo.320 Pomembna je primerjava Mandrge s Fornačami, ki imajo izredno podobno gradivo. Vendar del amfor, nekatere oblike keramike s črnim premazom in keramika tankih sten kažejo, da segajo Fornače še v nekoliko mlajši čas kot Mandrga. Torej zajemajo gradivo iz obeh obdobij, LTit D1 in D2 (konec 2. st. in prva tretjina 1. st. pr. Kr.). Ostalo gradivo z Mandrge je kronološko manj občutljivo, vendar ga v glavnem lahko uvrstimo med sredino 2. st. pr. Kr. in zgodnjeavgustejskim obdobjem. Zaradi sorazmerne enoličnosti oblik in časovne enotnosti lahko gradivo in s tem tudi naselbino na Mandrgi datiramo v dokaj ozko obdobje, v LT D1a v srednjeevropskem smislu oziroma v LTit D1 v severni Italiji. Fibula vrste Nauheim II.1 kaže že na začetek naslednje stopnje - LTit D2. Absolutno gre torej za konec 2. in začetek 1. st. pr. Kr. Enotnost se kaže tudi v izvoru gradiva z Mandrge. Z okoli 95 % daleč prevladujejo ostanki amfor, ki skoraj izključno sodijo v obliko jadranskih amfor za vino Lamboglia 2 (sl. 53). Med ostalo keramiko opazimo približno petino fine namizne keramike, skoraj 60 % navadne keramike in petino kuhinjske keramike (razpr. 7; sl. 66). amphora and a high density and typical composition of small finds. No stone architecture was discovered thus it can be assumed that all buildings within the settlement were made of wood. The postholes for buildings were not found, as the excavation did not extend to a depth in which they would be expected. The distribution of the small finds indicates at least three buildings in the area of the site: in quadrants C1-2, in C6-D6-E6 and in A1-3. A ditch that was most likely intended for draining rainwater was located between the buildings. The cultural layer in the area of the assumed buildings and the ditch included numerous pottery pieces, amongst which amphora fragments dominated. The only difference between the material in the ditch and outside of it is that the ditch included a higher density of pottery. Throughout the site the same pottery groups are present in the same ratios. Even fragments of the same amphorae lay in the ditch as well as outside of it. It is clear that the ditch was at least partially filled at the time the buildings were abandoned. Fine tableware, coarse tableware, kitchenware, oil lamps and metal objects indicate that this was a usual settlement assemblage. The remains of the two iron spears (pl. 20: 1-2) are exceptional. Extraordinary are the large quantities of fragmented amphorae in the ditch, which are reminiscent of the drainage deposits in northeast Italy.318 The small archaeological material is extremely homogenous as regards its date of origin. Amphorae Lamboglia 2 are dated into a relatively long period, from the last quarter of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the Augustan period. A detailed study of the amphorae rims from Mandrga shows that the older, triangular rims are slightly more frequent than the younger banded rims. The conclusion that the amphorae were made in the early period of the Lamboglia 2 type is indicated also by the domination of amphorae lids that were spun on a potter's wheel. The fine black-slip tableware contributes to a more precise chronology of the site. The forms from Mandrga are relatively long lived, however the plates with the rounded walls (type Lamboglia 5) and conical bowls with an emphasised rim edge (type Lamboglia 28) are present with their older versions: they are deeper and more rounded. In Italy these forms are typical for phase LTit D1, i.e. the end of the 2nd century BC.319 At Mandrga there were no forms that would be typical for the first half and mid 2nd century BC and that could be found for example in Sevegliano (SE 2136). On the other hand those black-slip pottery forms are absent at Mandrga that appear only in the 1st century BC (types of porous fabric from Magdalensberg or the Central Po valley black-slip pottery). 318 Npr. Buora 2008a. 319 Božič 2008, 130-147. 320 Božič 2008, 144-147. 318 E.g. Buora 2008a. 319 Božič 2008, 129-148. □ fina namizna / fine tableware (n = 170) □ navadna / coarse tableware (n = 471) ■ kuhinjska / kitchewore (n = 164) Sl. 66: Mandrga. Razmerja med vrstami keramičnih posod (brez amfor, oljenk in prazgodovinske keramike zvrsti K 12, K 15, K 17-18). Največje možno število posod. Fig. 66: Mandrga. Ratios between the types of ceramic vessels (excluding amphorae, oil lamps and prehistoric pottery fabrics K 12, K 15, K 17-18). The greatest possible number of vessels. Takšna funkcionalna sestava keramike je primerna za ostanke rimske naselbine. Tako kot amfore tudi skoraj vsa ostala keramika izvira iz Italije. Velika večina keramike s črnim premazom sodi najverjetneje v širok sklop etruščanske keramike B, pri čemer so nekatere oblike blizu aretinski keramiki s črnim premazom. Keramika tankih sten nastopa v dveh osnovnih skupinah, bolj fini in bolj grobi keramiki. Oblike so sicer po izvoru srednjeitalske, možna pa sta tako uvoz iz srednje Italije kot tudi prisotnost severnoitalskih proizvodov. Med navadno namizno keramiko izstopajo sklede iz sive venetske keramike, ki se je z območja Venetov razširila proti vzhodu skupaj z rimskim prodorom. Majhna skupina oksidacijsko žganih in nepremazanih krožnikov in skled po oblikah posnema keramiko s črnim premazom. V italski krog se odlično vključuje kuhinjska keramika. Na Mandrgi se pojavljajo lonci z mandeljnastim in z izvihanim ustjem, pekači in široki ploščati pokrovi, same temeljne oblike srednjeitalskega kuhinjskega po-sodja. Mandrga se tudi po petinskem deležu pekačev med kuhinjskim posodjem sklada z italskimi najdišči republikanskega obdobja. Z makroskopskim opazovanjem keramike smo določili devet keramičnih zvrsti, ki so značilne za italsko kuhinjsko posodje (K 1-4, K 6-9 in K 11). Te smo razdelili v tri osnovne skupine, ki se ločijo po vodilnih oblikah posodja. Za prvo skupino (vsebuje samo keramiko K 1) so značilni pekači z utorom na ustju in pokrovi. Druga skupina združuje zvrsti K 4 in K 8, vodilno obliko pa predstavlja lonec z mandeljnastim ustjem. Najpomemb- The fibula type Picugi is dated to the Late La Tene period (LT D1-2 in the Central European chronology). The fibula Nauheim II.1 belongs to phase LTit D2, however there were no other fibulae that would be characteristic of this phase.320 The comparison between Mandrga and Fornače is important, for they have very similar material. However, certain amphorae, some forms of black-slip and thin-walled pottery indicate that the Fornače deposit extends into a slightly later period than Mandrga. Therefore it covers the entire periods LTit D1 and D2 (end of 2nd century and first third of 1st century BC). The remaining material from Mandrga is not so chronologically sensitive; however most of it can be placed between the mid 2nd century BC and the early Augustan period. Due to the relative monotony of forms and chronological uniformity the material (and with it the settlement of Mandrga) can be dated into a relatively narrow time frame, into LT D1a in the Central European or into LTit D1 in the north Italian chronology. The Nauheim II. 1 type fibula indicates the beginning of the next phase (LTit D2). The settlement therefore existed for certain in the end of the 2nd and in the beginning of the 1st century BC. Uniformity can also be noticed in the origins of the material from Mandrga. The most frequent (with approximately 95%) are amphorae remains that almost exclusively belong amongst the Adriatic wine amphora Lamboglia 2 type (fig. 53). Fine tableware represents approximately one fifth, coarse tableware almost 60% and kitchenware one fifth of all pottery excluding amphorae (table 7; fig. 66). Such structure as regards the function of the pottery is indicative of a Roman settlement assemblage. Similar to amphorae almost all of remaining pottery is of Italian origin. It is highly likely that the majority of black-slip pottery belongs within the group of Etruscan B ware, at which some forms are close to Arretine blackslip ware. The thin-walled pottery appears in two basic groups: fine and coarse. The forms are originally central Italian, however imports from both central and northern Italy are possible. Amongst the coarse tableware bowls from grey Venetic ware stand out. This type of pottery spread eastwards of the area populated by the Veneti together with the Roman advancements. The shapes of the small group of oxidation fired and uncoated plates and bowls imitate black-slip pottery. The kitchenware fits the Italian circle perfectly. All main forms of central Italian kitchenware appear in Mandrga: pots with an almond rim, pots with an everted rim, baking dishes and wide lids. With a one fifth share of baking dishes (within the kitchenware) Mandrga also fits the Italian settlements from the Republican period. Macroscopic observation has been used to define nine Italian kitchenware fabrics (K 1- 4, K 6-9 and K 11). They were arranged into three basic groups according to the nejši element tretje skupine, ki združuje keramične zvrsti K 3, K 6 in K 9, pa je t. i. venetski lonec. Te tri skupine morda kažejo tri proizvodna središča italske kuhinjske keramike z Mandrge. Izvorno območje pekačev, loncev in pokrovov prve in druge skupine je lahko srednja Italija, verjetna pa je tudi proizvodnja v severni Italiji. Posod-je tretje skupine, oziroma venetska kuhinjska keramika, pa je bilo gotovo izdelano v severovzhodni Italiji. Iz italskega prostora so na Mandrgo prišle oljenke in maloštevilno stekleno posodje. V nasprotju z večino keramike so fibule regionalnega (t. 19: 15,16; Picugi, Nauheim II.1) oziroma lokalnega porekla (t. 19: 14; notranjska različica certoških fibul VII f). Keramika, ki izvira iz keltskega prostora vzhodno od Razdrtega, je izredno maloštevilna (sl. 51). Izvor gradiva in razmerja med posameznimi skupinami se dobro skladajo s sliko, ki jo dobimo na približno sočasnih najdiščih nižinske Furlanije in Istre. Prevladujejo oblike keramike, ki izvirajo iz srednje Italije. Večina keramike je bila najbrž narejena na širšem prostoru severne Italije ali na severnojadranskem prostoru, čeprav pri nekaterih skupinah ne moremo izključiti uvoza iz srednje Italije (del keramike tankih sten, del kuhinjske keramike). Opazna je keramika, ki izvira iz venetskega prostora, proizvodnja pa je potekala lahko tudi na območju Furlanije (siva venetska keramika in venetska kuhinjska keramika). Delež keltske keramike je izredno majhen. Podobna najdišča kot Mandrga so znana iz Furlanske nižine in obalnega pasu Istre. To sicer ni daleč stran, toda v neposredni okolici Razdrtega ni najdišč s takšno materialno kulturo, če izvzamemo posamezne novce ali kose amfor. Na Mandrgi je konec 2. in na začetku 1. st. pr. Kr. stala ob prometni poti čez prelaz skromna postojanka. Keramika dokazuje, da so tu bivali priseljenci iz Italije. Fibule kažejo, da so prišli iz neposredne bližine - to je z območja Akvileje. Po odsotnosti lokalnega gradiva sklepamo, da so bili stiki z neposrednim okoljem zelo omejeni. Gre za rimsko postojanko, ki je bila ozko povezana s prostorom Akvileje in je najverjetneje nastala zaradi tranzitnega prometa čez prelaz. Neposredni sledovi trgovine niso bili odkriti. Množica amfor za vino je bila verjetno namenjena porabi na sami postojanki, še posebno, ker skromna razširjenost amfor Lamboglia 2 na jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru ne kaže na večji obseg trgovanja z vinom pred avgustejskim obdobjem. main pottery forms. Baking dishes with a groove on the rim and lids are characteristic for the first group (includes only K1 fabric). The second group consists of fabrics K4 and K 8 and demonstrates pots with an almond rim as a main form. The most important element within the third group, which combines fabrics K 3, K 6 and K 9, is the so-called Venetic pot. The three groups might indicate three different production centres of Italian kitchenware. The baking dishes, pots and lids in the first and second group could originate from central Italy, however it is also possible that they were produced in north Italy. The production centre of the third group or Venetic kitchenware was certainly located in northeast Italy. Oil lamps and the rare glass vessels arrived at Man-drga from Italy. In opposition to most pottery the fibulae are of a regional (pl. 19: 15,16; Picugi, Nauheim II.1) or local origin (pl. 19:14; the Notranjska variant of the Certosa type fibula VII f). Pottery originating from the Celtic area east of Razdrto is extremely rare (fig. 51). The origin of the material and the shares of the individual groups fit in nicely with the picture obtained from the roughly contemporary sites in the lowlands of Friuli and Istria. Central Italian pottery forms dominate. Most pottery was probably made in north Italy or along the north Adriatic, however certain pottery groups could have been imported from central Italy (a part of thin-walled pottery, a part of kitchenware). The pottery originating from the Venetic area (grey Venetic tableware and Venetic kitchenware) is worth noticing, especially as its production could have taken place in Friuli. The share of Celtic pottery is extremely low. Similar sites to Mandrga are also known from the Friuli lowlands and the Istrian coast. This is not far, however it should be noted that no sites in the Razdrto surroundings have similar finds (not taking into account individual coins or amphora fragments). It can therefore be concluded that at the end of the 2nd century BC and the beginning of the 1st century BC a small settlement or post stood at Mandrga, alongside the transport route that crossed the pass. The ceramic finds indicate that the site was settled by Italian newcomers. Judging from the fibulae it appears that they arrived from nearby, i.e. from the territory of Aquileia. The lack of local material indicates that the contacts with the immediate surroundings were limited. Thus Mandrga was a Roman post that was closely connected to Aquileia. It probably emerged alongside the need of the transit traffic across the pass. Direct traces of trade were not discovered. The large quantities of wine amphorae were most likely intended for use at the site, especially as the modest distribution of amphorae type Lamboglia 2 in the southeast Alpine territory does not indicate important wine trade prior to the Augustan period. PREVAL PREVAL Sl. 67: Območje Prevala leta 1963. Pogled z juga. Foto: L. Vilhar. Fig. 67: The area of Preval in 1963. View from the south. Photo: L. Vilhar. Ograda je ledinsko ime dela izteka južnega vznožja Nanosa in hkrati najvišje ležeče točke (600 m n. m.) prelaza Razdrto (sl. 7,10). Ta predel imenujejo domačini tudi Preval, zato je bilo z istim imenom poimenovano novo najdišče (sl. 67). Ograda is the old name for a part of the south foothill of Nanos as well as for the highest point of the Razdrto pass (600 metres above sea level; figs. 7,10). As the locals know it also under the name of Preval, it was decided that the new site should be known under this name (fig. 67). metoda terenskega dela fieldwork methods Že pred zaščitnimi arheološkimi posegi je bila na Prevalu na približno 618 m^ velikem območju nenadzorovano strojno odstranjena vrhnja, do 0,4 m debela plast ruše. v nadaljevanju so bili severno od poškodovane površine, v smeri sever-jug izkopani štirje različno dolgi poskusni jarki. Dolžina izkopanih jarkov je bila od 25 do 65 m, široki so bili 0,5 m in globoki od 0,3 do 0,6 m. Po pregledu profilov izkopanih jarkov je bil določen obseg najdišča (sl. 68). Na predelu, kjer je bila površina še nepoškodovana, je bila, tokrat nadzorovano, s strojem odstranjena vrhnja plast zemlje (0,3 do 0,4 m debela ruša). Already prior to the rescue archaeological excavation an area measuring approximately 618 m^ underwent an uncontrolled machine removal of the upper, up to 0.4 m thick layer of turf. In the continuation four archaeological trenches of various lengths were dug to the north of the damaged surface, all running in the north-south direction. The length of the trenches varied between 25 and 65 m, they were 0.5 m wide and between 0.3 and 0.6 m deep. The size of the archaeological site was defined once the trench sections were inspected (fig. 68). In the undamaged area the upper layer of earth (0.3 to 0.4 m thick layer of turf) was removed with controlled machinery use. Območje najdišča je bilo zamejeno v velikosti 2730 m^. Razdeljeno je bilo na 78 kvadrantov. Izhodišče koordinatnega sistema j e bil južni vogal izkopnega polja. Os x je potekala po jugovzhodnem robu izkopa od zahoda proti vzhodu v dolžini 42 m. Razdeljena je bila na šest delov, dolgih po 7 m, označenih s črkami od A do F. Zahodni rob izkopnega polja je bil nosilec osi y v dolžini 65 m in v smeri jug-sever. Na tej osi je bilo 13 razdelkov, dolgih po 5 m in označenih s številkami od 1 do 13. Kvadranti so bili torej veliki 7 x 5 metrov in so bili označeni po osi x in y (sl. 69; priloga). Kvadranti na skrajnem južnem delu izkopnega polja zaradi poškodovane površine in cestnega profila magistralne ceste niso bili predvideni za izkop (kv. A1-2 ter delno A3, B1, B2 in C1). Pet kvadrantov na zahodnem robu izkopnega polja je bilo zaradi kupa narinjene zemlje ožjih. Zahodna meja izkopa je tako potekala diagonalno oziroma nepravilno po kvadrantih od juga proti severu (kv. A4-8). Z zaščitnimi arheološkimi izkopavanji, ki so potekala med 10. 8. in 2. 9. 1989 (19 delovnih dni), so bili najprej očiščeni kvadranti, kjer je že strojni odriv vrhnje plasti odkril kulturno plast s strukturami. V nadaljevanju so bili v obdelavi le kvadranti z ostanki arhitekture ali z debelejšo kulturno plastjo (sl. 70). Prečni profil ruševine je bil narejen in fotodokumentiran na meji kvadrantov Sl. 68: Preval. Poskusni jarki in odstranjena ruša s površine izkopnega polja. Pogled z juga. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 68: Preval. Control trenches and removed turf from the surface of the excavated area. View from the south. Photo: V. schein. The site measuring 2730 m^ was divided into 78 quadrants. The starting point of the coordinate system was positioned in the south corner. The x axis ran along the south-east edge of the site (from west to east) and measured 42 m in length. The axis was divided into six 7 m long parts that were marked with letters ranging from A to F. The western edge of the site carried the y axis which measured 65 m in length and ran in the south - north direction. This axis was divided into 13 segments each measuring 5 m in length and marked with numbers ranging from 1 to 13. The quadrants thus measured 7 x 5 metres and were marked by axes x and y (fig. 69; appendix). The quadrants on the far south part of the site were not foreseen for excavation as they had a damaged surface and the main road running across them (quadrants A1-2 and partially A3, B1, B2 and C1). Due to the piles of stacked earth the five quadrants on the western edge of the site were narrower. The west edge of the site thus formed a diagonal and irregular line through quadrants A4-8. In the beginning of the rescue archaeological excavations that took place between 10th August and 2nd September 1989 (19 working days) the quadrants were cleared. The machine removal of the top layer revealed a cultural layer with structures. In the continuation only quadrants with architectural remains or a thicker cultural layer (fig. 70) were excavated. The cross section of the destruction layer was made and photographically documented on the border between quadrants C2 and D2. The cross sections of the remaining structures were not made. In the final phase of the excavations the fillings of the drainage and ditches were removed right down to the geological basis. Thirteen quadrants were not excavated due to the lack of structures (qu. E1-5, F1-8). The absolute zero was located at 598.681 metres above sea level. It was measured on the fourth day of the excavations, on the south of the site, at the edge of the existing road. The relative heights of the discovered structures were measured at the same time. Due to technical difficulties the heights were not measured in the final phase of the excavations. The dimensions of the individual structures and the exact locations of the discovered objects were taken from the ground plan of the site, photographs, quadrant descriptions and excavation logbook.321 321 The dimensions of the following structures could not be found in the excavation documentation: the depth of the south part of ditch 1, the depths of pits 2, 3 and 4, and the depth of ditch 2. x = Om y = Om «6 516.75 68 453.33 426 552.45 68 475.45 Sl. 69: Preval. Tloris izkopnega polja z vrisanimi strukturami. M. = 1 : 400. Fig. 69: Preval. Plan of the excavation area with structures. Scale = 1 : 400. C2 in D2. Preseki ostalih struktur niso bili izdelani. V zaključni fazi izkopavanj sta bili polnili drenaže in jarka odstranjeni do geološke osnove. Zaradi koncentracije struktur le v določenih predelih izkopnega polja trinajst kvadrantov ni bilo izkopanih (kv. E1-5, F1-8). The structures in quadrants D, E and F were drawn merely in parts, thus they were hard to interpret. The ground plans of individual quadrants, drawn at a scale of 1:10, were appropriately reduced and adapted for the publication. Absolutna ničla je bila na nadmorski višini 598,681 m. Izmerjena je bila četrti dan izkopavanj na južnem delu izkopnega polja, na robu profila obstoječe ceste. Istočasno so bile izmerjene relativne višine do takrat že odkritih struktur. Zaradi tehničnih težav višine v zaključni fazi izkopavanj niso bile izmerjene. Mere posameznih struktur in natančne lokacije predmetov smo povzeli po tlorisu izkopnega polja, fotografijah, opisih kvadrantov in dnevniku izkopavanj.321 strukture v kvadrantih D, E in F so bile samo delno narisane, zato so možnosti njihove interpretacije omejene. Tlorisi posameznih kvadrantov, narisani v merilu 1 : 10, so bili za objavo ustrezno pomanjšani in sestavljeni. terenski izvid Na območju Prevala je bila osnovna kamnina flišna preperina, spremenjena v ilovico rjavo rdeče barve, mestoma z odtenki rumene. Ilovica je bila pomešana s kosi laporja in peščenjaka. Manjših in večjih apnenčastih blokov pobočnega grušča z Nanosa je bilo znatno manj. Zaplate drobnejšega apnenčastega grušča, morda tudi naravnega izvora, je bilo mogoče zaslediti predvsem v severnem in severozahodnem delu izkopnega polja. Teren na vznožju Nanosa, na katerem je bilo locirano izkopno polje, je padal od severa proti jugu z naklonom 4,6° (8,2-odstotni padec; na dolžini 65 m je padel za 5,319 m) in se zaključil na robu useka magistralne ceste (sl. 71). Na naravni flišni podlagi in v njej so bile odkrite naslednje strukture: kurišče v kvadrantu D11, cesta, 321 V dokumentaciji izkopavanj niso razvidne meritve naslednjih struktur: globina južnega dela jarka 1, globine jam 2, 3 in 4 ter globina jarka 2. Sl. 70: Preval. Zaščitna izkopavanja. Pogled z juga. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 70: Preval. Rescue excavations. View from the south. Photo: V. schein. fieldwork results The geological base is composed of weathered flysch transforming into brownish red clay with yellow nuances. The clay is mixed with pieces of marl and sandstone. Small quantities of small and large limestone blocks originating from the Nanos slope were also present. Areas of small limestone gravel, maybe of natural origin, could be found in the north and northwest part of the site. The site was located at the foothill of Nanos where it declines from north to south at 4.6° (8.2%; it declines by 5.319 m over a distance of 65 m) and ends alongside the main road (fig. 71). The following structures were discovered on or within the natural flysch base: a burnt surface in quadrant D11, a road, destruction layer, ditch 1, pits 1, 2, 3, Sl. 71: Preval. Pogled z juga na izkopno polje. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 71: Preval. Excavation area. View from the south. Photo: V. Schein. ruševina, jarek 1, jame 1, 2, 3, 4, drenaža, jarek 2, novoveški objekt, nasutja in površinske najdbe (sl. 69; priloga).^^^ 4, drainage, ditch 2, a modern period building and areas of gravel. There were also isolated surface finds (fig. 69; appendix).322 KURISCE v KVADRANTU d 11 v kvadrantu D11 je bil odkrit nepravilen krog žgane ilovice, velik 4,1 x 4,4 m (sl. 69; priloga). Drugih gradbenih elementov v kvadrantu in njegovi okolici niso zasledili. V tem kvadrantu so bili najdeni odlomki krožnika in kozarca iz fine namizne keramike, odlomki vsaj enajstih amfor (sl. 88; t. 40: 1-3), ki sodijo v rimski čas, ter kovinski gumb iz novega veka (sl. 87: 6). Krog prežgane ilovice bi lahko bil posledica kurjenja na prostem. BURNT SURFACE IN QUADRANT D11 An irregular circle of burnt clay measuring 4.1 x 4.4 m was discovered in quadrant D11 (fig. 69; appendix). No other construction elements were found in this quadrant or its surroundings. Fine tableware fragments (a plate and a beaker), fragments of at least eleven Roman amphorae (fig. 88; pl. 40: 1-3) and a modern period metal button (fig. 87:6) were all discovered within the same quadrant. The burnt clay circle could be a remnant of an outdoor fireplace. CESTA THE ROAD Cesta se je pokazala kot nasutje drobnejšega večinoma apnenčastega grušča na flišni ilovnati podlagi (sl. 72). Cestišče je potekalo diagonalno v kvadrantih A4, B3-4, C2-3, D1-2 v smeri vzhod-zahod z rahlim odklonom od zahoda proti jugu oziroma od vzhoda proti severu (sl. 69;priloga). Odkrito je bilo v dolžini 27 metrov. Največja širina cestnega nasutja je bila 2,6 m. Cestišče je bilo od severa proti jugu prečno izravnano, padalo pa je v smeri poteka ceste, od zahoda proti vzhodu (padec 0,6 m na razdalji 16,5 m). Južni rob cestišča zaradi strojnih zemeljskih posegov in profila obstoječe magistralne ceste ni bil ugotovljen. Severni rob cestišča se je v kvadrantih C2-3 in D1-2 dotikal The road was mainly present in the form of road metal consisting of small limestone gravel on a flysch clay geological base (fig. 72). The road ran diagonally through quadrants A4, B3-4, C2-3, D1-2 in the east -west direction with a slight declination from the west towards the south or from the east towards the north (fig. 69; appendix). A total of 27 metres in length was revealed. At its widest point it measured 2.6 metres. The road surface was transversally levelled out, and it declined along the direction of the road, i.e. from west to east (it declined by 0.60 m over a distance of 16.5 m). Due to the machine earth removal and the existing modern road the southern edge of the road surface 322 V prvi, delni objavi najdišč na Razdrtem (Bavdek 1996, 305) je pri opisu struktur prišlo do napake. Na Prevalu naj bi bilo odkritih devet stojk, dejansko so bile dokumentirane le štiri jame. Sl. 72: Preval. Cestišče v kvadrantih B3-4, C2-3 in D1-2. Pogled z vzhoda. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 72: Preval. Road in quadrants B3-4, C2-3 and D1-2. View from the east. Photo: V. Schein. 322 An error occurred in the first, preliminary publication of the Razdrto site (Bavdek 1996, 300). Nine pits were supposedly discovered at Preval, however in reality only four pits were documented. Sl. 73: Preval. Profil cestišča in ruševine na meji kv. C2 in D2. Pogled z vzhoda. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 73: Preval. Cross section of the road and destruction layer on the border between quadrants C2 and D2. View from the east. Photo: v. schein. Sl. 74: Preval. Ruševina in cestišče na meji kv. C2 in D2. Pogled z vzhoda. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 74: Preval. Destruction layer and road on the border of quadrants C2 and D2. View from the east. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 75: Preval. Kvadrant A5, zaključek drenaže na ruševini. Pogled proti vzhodu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 75: Preval. Quadrant A5, end of the drainage on the destruction layer. View towards the east. Photo: V. Schein. ruševine, ležeče vzporedno in severno nad njim.V izdelanem profilu med kvadrantoma C2 in D2 se je pokazalo, da leži cestišče tudi pod ruševino (sl. 73-74). Tudi v kvadratih A4, B4, predvsem pa v kvadrantu B3 je bilo cestišče delno prekrito z ruševino, kar bi lahko bila tudi posledica naravne nagnjenosti terena. Najdb v cestnem nasutju ni bilo. Kosi opeke in drobnih predmetov so bili izkopani v kvadrantih, kjer je ruševinska plast prekrivala cestišče in meja med njima ni bila jasna. Glede na lego cestišča in ruševine lahko sklepamo, da je bila cesta v uporabi v času obstoja rimskega objekta, katerega ostanek je ruševina. RUŠEVINA V smeri vzhod-zahod, diagonalno čez izkopno polje, v kvadrantih A4-6, B3-5, C2-3, D1-D2, se je na flišni podlagi v dolžini 33,6 m razprostirala ruševina (sl. 69;priloga). Plast ruševine je tako kot naravna podlaga zemljišča padala od zahoda proti vzhodu in rahlo tudi od severa proti jugu. Vidna je bila kot dvignjeno in rahlo izbočeno nasutje ostrorobih apnenčastih in flišnih kamnov ter večjih in manjših kosov opeke (sl. 74). Širina ruševine je bila neenakomerna. Najširša je bila v kvadrantih A4 in B4, kjer je bila široka do 6,8 m. V kvadratih D1-2 je bila široka le 1,2 m. Največja koncentracija kamnov in opek (tegule, imbreksi, zidaki) je bila v zahodni polovici ruševine, v kvadrantih A4-6, B3-5 (razpr. 12; sl. 89). Nekoliko gostejša struktura je bila še v kvadrantih C2-3. Severni rob ruševine je ostro Razpr. 12: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev različnih vrst opek po kvadrantih. število odlomkov, ki so večji od 5 cm. Table 12: Preval. Destruction layer. The distribution of various brick types by quadrants. Number of fragments that exceed 5 cm in size. could not be ascertained. The northern edge of the road reached the destruction layer that ran parallel to the road (quadrants C2-3 and D1-2). In the cross section between quadrants C2 and D2 it was clearly visible that the road lied also under the destruction layer (figs. 73-74). The road surface was partially covered by the destruction layer also in quadrants A4, B4 and especially in quadrant B3. However, this could have been a result of the naturally sloping terrain. No finds were discovered amongst the road metal. Fragments of bricks and small objects were discovered in those quadrants in which the destruction layer covered the road surface, thus blurring the border between the two. Taking into account the relation of the road surface and the destruction layer it can be concluded that the Roman building stood at the roadside. Later, the destruction layer of the building partly covered the road. Kv. Tegule Imbreksi Zidaki Skupaj Qu. Tegulae Imbrices Bricks Total A4 6 6 A5 31 13 1 45 A6 31 5 36 B3 5 4 9 B4 26 11 5 42 B5 37 15 2 54 C2 4 4 C3 13 10 1 24 D1 - D2/3 15 13 2 30 Skupaj Total 168 71 11 250 % 67,2 28,4 4,4 100,0 Razpr. 13: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev skupin keramičnega posodja po kvadrantih. Največje možno število posod. (ČP - keramika s črnim premazom; TS - tera sigilata; KTS - keramika tankih sten). Table 13: Preval. Destruction layer. The distribution of pottery groups by quadrants. The greatest possible number of vessels. (BS - black-slip pottery; TS - terra sigillata; TWP - thin-walled pottery). Kv. ČP TS Sarius KTS Navadna namizna Kuhinjska Amfore Pokrovi amfor Skupaj Qu. BS TS Sarius TWP Coarse tableware Kitchenware Amphorae Amphorae lids Total A5 1 7 8 3 34 3 8 1 65 A6 2 1 1 11 1 7 23 B3 1 1 B4 1 6 1 1 27 1 15 2 54 B5 7 22 3 10 122 11 22 3 200 C2 1 1 C3 1 1 D1 - D2 - Skupaj Total 11 35 13 15 196 16 53 6 345 prešel v osnovno podlago. Na južnem robu pa je plast ruševine delno prekrivala cestno nasutje (sl. 73-74). V kvadrantih A5 in B5 je bil čez ruševinsko plast speljan zaključek drenaže (sl. 75). Debelina ruševinske plasti se je s padcem terena spreminjala v razponu od 0,2 do 0,3 m (kv. A4: 0,2 m; kv. B4: 0,25 m; kv. C3: do 0,3 m). Kosi opek so neenakomerno gosto ležali v ruševinski plasti. Večji kos glinastega stenskega ometa je bil najden v kvadrantu B 3 (7,5 x 6,5 x 4,6 cm; sl. 94). V kvadrantu A5 (x = 6,17 m, y = 21,65 m) so bili odkriti deli deformirane svinčene cevi, ki jo zaradi lege morda lahko povežemo z drenažo (sl. 95). Večina kovinskih, keramičnih in steklenih predmetov ter novcev je ležala v kvadrantih B4- 5 ter ob jugozahodnem koncu drenaže, v kvadrantih A5-6 (razpr. 13; sl. 96-101, 104-107; t. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49:1-6).323 Največ odlomkov živalskih kosti in zob je bilo pobranih prav na območju ruševine, v kvadrantih A5-6, B4-5. Med njimi prevladujejo ostanki goveda (Bos taurus). Ostankov kosti prašičev (Sus sp.), drobnice (Ovis s. Capra) in jelenjadi (Cervus elaphus) je bilo le nekaj primerkov.324 Kaže, da gre za ostanke objekta, ki je stal ob rimski cesti. 323 V dnevniku izkopavanj je navedeno, da je bil v kvadrantu A4 odkrit srebrnik. Kasneje je bil izgubljen. V Numizmatičnem kabinetu NMS so novec na osnovi opisa iz dnevnika določili kot denarij, republika, 2.-1. st. pr. Kr. 324 Toškan, Dirjec 2005. DESTRUCTION LAYER The destruction layer extended across the flysch geological basis and covered an area measuring 33.6 m in length. It ran in the east - west direction, diagonally across the site, through quadrants A4-6, B3-5, C2-3, D1-D2 (fig. 69; appendix). In the same way as the natural terrain the destruction layer tilted from west to east and slightly from north to south. It was seen as a raised and slightly convex pile of sharp lime and flysch stones mixed with small and large brick pieces (fig. 74). The width of the destruction layer varied. In quadrants A4 and B4 it measured up to 6.8 m in width, while in quadrants D1-2 it measured at a mere 1.2 m in width. The greatest concentration of stones and brick fragments (tegulae, imbrices, building bricks) was found in the western part of the destruction layer, in quadrants A4-6, B3-5 (table 12; fig. 89). A slightly denser structure was also found in quadrants C2-3. The northern edge of the destruction layer was sharply delimited. The destruction layer partially covered the road metal on the southern edge (figs. 73-74). The end of the drainage ran across the destruction layer in quadrants A5 and B5 (fig.75). The thickness of the destruction layer changed with the decline in the terrain from 0.2 m to 0.3 m (qu. A4: 0.2 m; qu. B4: 0.25 m; qu. C3: up to 0.3 m). The brick fragments were unevenly scattered throughout the destruction layer. A large piece of clay wall plaster was found in quadrant B3 (7.5 X 6.5 X 4.6 cm;fig. 94). Parts of a deformed lead pipe were discovered in quadrant A5 (x = 6.17 m, y = 21.65 m); due to their location they could be linked to the drainage (fig. 95). Most coins, metal, ceramic and Sl. 76: Preval. Jarek 1, južni del. Pogled proti severu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 76: Preval. Ditch 1, south part. View towards the north. Photo: V. schein. Sl. 77: Preval. Drenaža poteka preko jarka 1. Pogled proti jugozahodu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 77: Preval. The drainage across ditch 1. View towards the southwest. Photo: V. Schein. JAREK 1 Jarek je bil izkopan v naravno flišno preperino in je potekal v smeri padca terena od severa proti jugu (na dolžini 14,4 m je padel za 1,56 m). Dolg je bil 19,4 m. Potekal je čez kvadrante C5-7, D7-8, na jugu je segal še v kvadrante B4-5 in C4 (sl. 69; priloga). Stene jarka niso bile jasno ločene od naravne kamnine, zato je bila širina jarka določena s širino polnila. Na severnem delu je bil jarek širok do 2,5 m, na osrednjem delu pa 0,8 m. Južni, pahljačasti zaključek jarka se je v širino razprostiral do 3,6 m. v severni polovici je bil jarek globok od 0,7 do 0,8 m. Proti jugu je bil plitvejši, v kvadrantu C4 se je dno jarka izravnalo s površino izkopa (sl. 76). V polnilu jarka so bili med flišno preperino - ilovico, večji ostrorobi apnenčasti in flišni kamni ter posamezni kosi opeke. v južnem delu jarka je bilo med kamni mnogo več odlomkov opeke, v samem zaključku jarka, na meji kvadrantov C5 in B5, pa je bil na robu izkopa tudi večji kos vratu amfore (inv. št. 3366). Na severnem delu, v kvadrantih C7 in D7, je bila preko polnila jarka vkopana drenaža (sl. 77). Severno od drenaže, v kvadrantu D8, so bili ostanki polnila jarka, predvsem večji kamni, le še sporadični. Glavnina predmetov je bila odkrita v polnilu južnega dela jarka, v kvadrantu C5 (t. 49: 7-27; 50; 51: 1-2). JAMA 1 Večji del jame je ležal v kvadrantu A7, manjši pa v kvadrantu A6 (sl. 69; priloga). Na površini se je jama pokazala kot nepravilen krog s premerom od 1,8 do 2 m, iz katerega je bil proti vzhodu potegnjen krak, dolg 0,7 m (sl. 78). Skledast vkop je bil narejen v flišno osnovo do 0,3 m globoko. Jama je bila zapolnjena s flišno preperino, med katero so bili apnenčasti in flišni kamni ter rimska opeka (sl. 79). Krak je bil sestavljen iz glass objects were discovered in quadrants B4-5 and along the southwest end of the drainage, in quadrants A5-6 (table 13; figs. 96-101, 104-107; pls. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49: 1-6).323 Animal bones and teeth fragments were concentrated in the destruction layer, in quadrants A5-6, B4-5. Cattle (Bos taurus) remains prevail. Only a few examples of bone remains of pork (Sus sp.), small cattle (Ovis s. Capra) and deer (Cervus elaphus) were found.324 It seems that the destruction layer represented the remains of a building that stood alongside the Roman road. DITCH 1 The ditch measuring 19.4 m in length was dug into the natural flysch and ran along the fall of the terrain from north to south (it declined by 1.56 m over a distance of 14.4 m). It spanned across quadrants C5-7, D7-8, and on the south it reached into quadrants B4-5 and C4 (fig. 69; appendix). The ditch walls were not clearly distinguished from the natural rocks, thus the width of the ditch was defined by the width of the filling. The ditch measured up to 2.5 m in width in the north, while in the central part it measured a mere 0.8 m in width. The south fan-shaped ending of the ditch spanned up to 3.6 m in width. In the north the ditch measured between 0.7 and 0.8 m in depth. Towards the south it became shallower, in quadrant C4 the bottom of the ditch levelled out with the excavated surface of the surroundings (fig. 76). The ditch filling consisted of weathered flysch - clay, large sharp 323 According to the excavation logbook a silver coin was discovered in quadrant A4. This coin was lost later on. None the less from the logbook description it could be determined in NMS as a Republican denarius, 2nd to 1st century BC. 324 Toškan, Dirjec 2005. Sl. 78: Preval. Jama 1. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 78: Preval. Pit 1. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 80: Preval. Jama 2. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 80: Preval. Pit 2. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 79: Preval. Jama 1, profil. Pogled proti severu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 79: Preval. Pit 1, cross section. View towards the north. Photo: V. schein. večjih kosov rimske opeke (inv. št. 2608-2643). Drugih predmetov v polnilu jame ni bilo. JAMA 2 V vzhodnem kotu kvadranta B7 je bila odkrita jama 2 (sl. 69; priloga). Imela je obliko nepravilnega kroga s premerom do 0,76 m (sl. 80). Jama, vkopana v fliš, je imela polnilo iz večjih in manjših apnenčastih kamnov ter manjših kosov rimske opeke. Drugih predmetov v jami in v kvadrantu ni bilo. Iz dokumentacije izkopavanj ni razvidno, kolikšna je bila globina jame. limestone and flysch stones as well as individual brick fragments. The filling included a much higher number of brick fragments in the southern part. A large fragment of an amphora neck was discovered at the end of the ditch, on the border between quadrants C5 and B5 (inv. No. 3366). The drainage was positioned across the ditch filling in the north, in quadrants C7 and D7 (fig. 77). Only sporadic remains of the ditch filling, consisting predominantly of large stones, were preserved north of the drainage (in quadrant D8). Most objects were discovered in the south of the ditch, in quadrant C5 (pls. 49: 7-27; 50; 51: 1-2). PIT 1 The major part of pit 1 was located in quadrant A7, with a small part extending into quadrant A6 (fig. 69; appendix). On the surface the pit appeared as an irregular circle with a diameter measuring between 1.8 and 2 m from which a 0.7 m long section extended towards the east (fig. 78). The bowl like pit was made into a flysch base measuring up to 0.3 m deep. The pit was filled with weathered flysch, limestone and Roman brick fragments (fig. 79). The extending section was filled with large pieces of Roman brick (inv. Nos. 2608-2643). No other objects were discovered in the pit filling. PIT 2 JAMA 3 Jama je ležala v severovzhodnem delu kvadranta D7 (sl. 69; priloga). Bila je podolgovato oblikovana. Njene dimenzije so bile 1,3 x 0,8 m. Za polnilo so bili uporabljeni večji apnenčasti kamni in kosi rimske opeke, ki so ležali v flišni preperini (sl. 81). Globina jame v Pit 2 was discovered in the east corner of quadrant B7 (fig. 69; appendix). It had the shape of an irregular circle up to 0.76 in diameter (fig. 80). The pit was dug into weathered flysch, and was filled with small and big limestone pieces and small Roman brick fragments. No other objects were discovered in the pit or quadrant. The excavation documentation does not indicate the depth of the pit. Sl. 81: Preval. Jama 3. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 81: Preval. Pit 3. Photo: V. Schein. Sl. 82: Preval. Jama 4. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 82: Preval. Pit 4. Photo: V. Schein. dokumentaciji izkopavanj ni navedena. Drobnih najdb med polnilom ni bilo. JAMA 4 v jugovzhodnem delu kvadranta D5 je bila odkrita jama 4 (sl. 69; priloga). Izkopana je bila v flišno prepe-rino. Polnilo jame so sestavljali manjši apnenčasti in flišni kamni ter manjši kosi rimske opeke. Kamni in opeka so bili pomešani s flišno preperino. Na površini je imela jama obliko kroga s premerom 0,8 m (sl. 82). V dokumentaciji ni bila navedena globina jame. Drobnih predmetov v polnilu ni bilo. Prav tako v ostalem delu kvadranta ni bilo najdb. DRENAŽA Drenažni sistem je v dolžini 37,3 m potekal v skoraj ravni liniji proti jugu, po pobočju navzdol. Diagonalno je prečkal kvadrante A5, B5-6, C6-7, D7-8, E8-E9 (sl. PIT 3 Pit 3 was positioned in the northeast of quadrant D7 (fig. 69; appendix). It was longitudinal in shape (1.3 x 0.8 m) and was filled with weathered flysch, large limestone fragments and pieces of Roman brick (fig. 81). The excavation documentation does not state the depth of the pit. No small finds were included in the filling. PIT 4 Pit 4 was discovered in the southeast part of quadrant D5 (fig. 69; appendix). The pit was dug into weathered flysch. The filling consisted of small limestone pieces, flysch stones and small fragments of Roman brick that were mixed into the weathered flysch. The pit was round and on the surface measured 0.8 m in diameter (fig. 82). No records as regards its depth could be found in the documentation. No small objects were included in the filling. The rest of the quadrant did not reveal any other finds. Sl. 83: Preval. Drenaža in jarek 1. Pogled z zahoda. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 83: Preval. Drainage and ditch 1. View from the west. Photo: v. schein. Sl. 84: Preval. Drenaža na ruševini. Pogled proti severu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 84: Preval. Drainage on the destruction layer. View towards the north. Photo: V. Schein. 69; priloga). V kvadrantu F9 se je drenaža skoraj pod pravim kotom usmerila proti vzhodu, kjer je bila odkrita v dolžini petih metrov. V kvadrantu E9 se je od glavne drenažne linije v okljuku odcepil stranski odvod, ki se je po treh metrih, še vedno v smeri glavnega odvoda, izgubil v gruščnatem nasutju. Drenaža je bila v matično kamnino vkopana od 0,2 do 0,25 m globoko, razen v kvadrantih C7 in D7-8, kjer je presekala jarek 1, ter v kvadrantih B5 in A5, kjer je bilo polnilo drenaže položeno na ruševino. Drenaža je bila izdelana iz sorazmerno enakomerno velikih apnenčastih in flišnih kamnov, zloženih v najmanj dveh vzporednih linijah (sl. 75, 77, 83-84). V kvadrantu B5 so bili v drenaži posamezni kosi opeke. Po celotni dolžini je bila drenaža široka od 0,2 do 0,3 m. Največja koncentracija najdb je bila v kvadrantih B5 in A4, kjer je zaključni del drenaže prekrival ruševino, tako da ni povsem jasno, katero arheološko gradivo sodi v sklop drenaže in katero med ostanke ruševine (sl. 84). V nižje ležeče dele drenaže je predmete lahko nanesla tudi voda. Med kamnitim polnilom drenaže so bili odkriti: dva novca (Titus 80, Valens 364-378), bronasta fibula in pod drenažo kozmetični oziroma medicinski pripomoček (t. 51: 3-6). Na preostalem območju drenaže proti severu najdb ni bilo. Drenažni sistem verjetno sodi v rimsko obdobje, narejen je bil potem, ko je bil rimski objekt ob cesti že 325 ruševina. JAREK 2 V kvadrantih E6-8 je v dolžini 9,2 m in v smeri jugovzhod-severozahod potekal 0,5 m širok jarek 2 (sl. 69; priloga). Zapolnjen je bil s plastjo temnejše ilovice. Plast se je proti severozahodu izklinila. Jugovzhodni zaključek jarka ni jasen. Prav tako ni znano, kakšen je bil odnos jarka do drenaže v kvadrantu E8. V temni plasti polnila jarka 2 so bili najdeni kosi amfor (inv. št. 3407, 3408), opeke ter fragment vrča (inv. št. 3162). Jarek je bil verjetno zapolnjen v rimskem obdobju. NOVOVEŠKI OBJEKT Obj ekt je ležal v severozahodnem delu izkopnega polj a in je bil najmanj 22 m oddaljen od vseh ostalih struktur (sl. 69; priloga). Segal je v kvadrante A12-13 in B12-13. V kvadrantih B12-13 so se ohranili ostanki zidu oziroma linija kamnov, ki je potekala v smeri vzhod-zahod in jo j e bilo mogoče slediti v dolžini 9,19 m, ter severozaho dni DRAINAGE The drainage system ran down the slope in an almost straight line, towards the south (for 37.3 m). It crossed quadrants A5, B5-6, C6-7, D7-8, E8-E9 diagonally (fig. 69; appendix). In quadrant F9 the drainage turned at an almost right angle and ran for an additional five metres towards the east. A side line split from the main drainage line in quadrant E9, and after three meters, still continuing in the same direction as the main drainage, became lost in the gravel. The drainage was dug into the geological base between 0.2 and 0.25 m deep, except in quadrants C7 and D7-8 where it crossed ditch 1, and in quadrants B5 and A5, where the drainage filling was placed on top of the destruction layer. The drainage was constructed of limestone and flysch stones (roughly the same in size) that were arranged into at least two parallel lines (figs. 75, 77, 83-84). Individual brick fragments were found in the drainage in quadrant B5. The drainage was between 0.2 and 0.3 m wide along the entire distance. The finds were concentrated in quadrants B5 and A4 where the final part of the drainage covered the destruction layer, thus it is not entirely clear which archaeological material belongs to the drainage and which to the destruction layer (fig. 84). It is also possible that water brought objects into the lower lying parts of the drainage. The following objects were discovered amongst the stone filling of the drainage: two coins (Titus 80, Valens 364-378) and a bronze fibula. A cosmetic or medical accessory was found under the drainage (pl. 51:3-6). There were no finds in the north part of the drainage. The drainage system was probably constructed during the Roman period, and it is clear that it was made when the Roman roadside building was already in the state of ruin.325 DITCH 2 The 9.2 m long and 0.5 m wide ditch 2 ran in the southeast - northwest direction through quadrants E6-8 (fig. 69; appendix). The ditch was filled with a layer of dark clay. The ditch filling thinned and disappeared towards the northwest. The southeast end of the ditch is uncertain. The relation between the ditch and the drainage in quadrant E8 is also unclear. Amphorae pieces (inv. Nos. 3407, 3408), bricks and a jug fragment (inv. No. 3162) were found in the ditch filling. It is likely that the ditch was filled in the Roman period. 325 Na podoben način izdelani drenaži, sicer iz več vrst kamnov položenih vzporedno v ravni liniji, sta bili odkopani na Šušcu, kjer naj bi sodila v poantični čas (Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165, 166), in na Zemonu 1 v Vipavski dolini, kjer je novejšega izvora (Bratina 2003a, 280). 325 Drainages made in a similar way, constructed of several straight parallel lines of stones were discovered at the site Šušec near Razdrto (according to the excavation leaders dated after the Roman period; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165, 166) and at Zemono 1 in the Vipava valley (of modern origin; Bratina 2003a, 280). vogal, ki je na dolžini 1,6 m nakazoval nadaljevanje zidu v smeri sever-jug. Apnenčasti kamni, veliki od 10 x 10 cm do 10 x 20 cm, so bili na zunanji in na notranji fronti zidu v ravni liniji položeni na flišno preperino - rjavo rdečo ilovico. Med zunanjo in notranjo fronto severnega zidu in severozahodnega vogala so bili položeni manjši prav tako apnenčasti kamni. Kamni so se ohranili le v eni plasti in so bili brez veziva.326 Zid in vogal sta bila široka do 0,8 metra. Severna linija zidu se je najbolje, do višine 0,15 m, ohranila na skrajnem vzhodnem in zahodnem delu zidu. V osrednjem delu je bila ohranjena le zunanja fronta zidu. V kvadrantu B12 je zid presekal poskusni jarek, ki je bil izdelan pred začetkom izkopavanj. Na notranji strani objekta je bila na flišni preperini ruševinska plast iz ostrorobih flišnih kamnov (sl. 85). V kvadrantih B12 in A12-13 je bila odkrita do 1 m široka ruševina, ki je v smeri vzhod-zahod potekala v dolžini 5,2 m. Sestavljena je bila iz apnenčastih kamnov in kosov opeke. Severni rob ruševine je s slabo ohranjeno, vendar z ravno, skoraj vzporedno lego kamnov 2,6 m od severnega zidu objekta nakazoval, da so to morda ostanki južnega zidu istega objekta. Na območju objekta je bilo le malo gradiva (t. 52: 14-22). Fragmenti vrčev in steklenega balzamarija z območja objekta ter redki kosi opeke v ruševini objekta sodijo v rimsko obdobje (t. 52: 21-22; balzamarij: inv. št. 3208, opeka: inv. št. 2890-2893). Slabo ohranjena novca (Marija Terezija, 1762, in Franc Jožef, 1860; t. 52: 14-15), odkrita pri čiščenju objekta, spadata v novi vek. Prav tako so recentni železni predmeti, keramika in steklo, najdeni v kvadrantih A12-13 in B12-13 (t. 52: 16-20; inv. št. 3186-3189). Objekt in ruševina ob njem torej sodita v novi vek. NASUTJA IN POVRSINA V kvadrantih B10, C9-10 in D9, predvsem pa v kvadrantih E9-10 in E11 ter F9-10 so bile velike zaplate drobnega apnenčastega grušča, pomešanega s flišno 326 V delni objavi (Bavdek 1996, 305) je prišlo do napake pri opisu objekta. Temeljev objekta ni povezovala malta. Sl. 85: Preval. Novoveški objekt. Pogled proti jugu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 85: Preval. Modern building. View towards the south. Photo: V. Schein. MODERN PERIOD BUILDING The building lay to the northwest of the site and was at least 22 m away from any other structure (fig. 69; appendix). It was located in quadrants A12-13 and B12-13. A line of stones representing the foundation of the northern building wall ran in the east - west direction and could be followed for 9.19 m. The northwest corner is positioned in quadrant B12 and 1.6 m of the west wall remained preserved. Limestone stones, measuring between 10 x 10 cm and 10 x 20 cm, were positioned in a straight line on the weathered flysch - brownish red clay. They formed the outer and inner face of the wall. Small limestone stones were placed between the faces. The stones were not bound together and were preserved in a single layer.326 The wall and the corner were up to 0.8 wide. The northern wall was best preserved on the eastern and western ends (up to 0.15 m in height). In the central part only the outer face of the wall was preserved. The archaeological trench that crossed the wall in quadrant B12 was made prior to the beginning of the excavations. A 1 m wide ruin was discovered in quadrants B12 and A12-13. It was made from limestone stones and brick fragments, measured 5.2 in length and ran in the east - west direction. Its northern edge is poorly preserved, but its course is straight and almost parallel to the northern wall of the building. This ruin could represent the remains of the south wall of the building. The distance between the north and south wall is 2.6 m. A destruction layer consisting of sharp flysch stones was found in the interior of the building, where it was positioned above the weathered flysch (fig. 85). Finds from the area of the building were rare (pl. 52:14-22). Jug and glass balsamaria fragments as well as the rare pieces of brick in the destruction layer originate from the Roman period (pl. 52:21-22; balsamarium: inv. No. 3208, brick: inv. Nos. 2890-2893). The poorly preserved coins (Maria Theresia, 1762 and Franz Joseph, 1860; pl. 52: 14-15), discovered when the building was being cleaned, belong into the modern era. The metal objects, pottery and glass found in quadrants A12-13 and B12-13 are also of modern origin (pl. 52: 16-20; inv. Nos. 3186-3189). The building and the destruction layer therefore belong into the modern era. 326 An error occurred in the structure description in the preliminary publication (Bavdek 1996, 300). The stones were not bound with mortar. preperino (sl. 69; priloga). V kvadrantih B10, C9-10 in D9 je bilo grušča manj kot flišne preperine, razprostiral pa se je v 2,2 m širokem pasu od vzhoda proti zahodu (sl. 86). V kvadrantih E in F je bilo grušča več kot flišne preperine in je skoraj popolnoma prekrival celotno področje kvadrantov (površina 20 m^). Posamezni manjši kosi opeke so bili odkriti na gruščnati plasti v kvadrantih C10 in D9. V kvadrantu E11 pa sta bila na peščenem nasutju najdena novec iz 18. st. (Jožef I., 1708; sl. 87: 3) in svetinjica.327 Manjše zaplate drobnejšega grušča so bile odkrite še v kvadrantih B6, D8 in D13. Te lise so bile manj izrazite, saj je bilo grušča veliko manj kot preperine. Predmetov na območju lis ni bilo. Debelejši in drobnejši grušč ob vznožju Nanosa je običajno naravnega izvora. Na arheološkem območju Prevala pa bi lahko bil del cestnega nasutja, morda novoveške ceste, ki je peljala mimo recentnega objekta. S poglabljanjem posameznih kvadrantov so bili najdeni predmeti, ki jih zaradi pomanjkljive dokumentacije težko umestimo k posameznim ugotovljenim strukturam. Dva metra jugozahodno od jarka 2, še vedno v kvadrantu E6, je bil odkrit novec (121 pr. Kr.; t. 51: 7). Na področju celotnega izkopnega polja, predvsem pa 327 Novodobno površinsko gradivo na sl. 87: inv. št. 3293, 3295, 3307, 3226, 3227, 3160, 3230, 3237. Sl. 86: Preval. Nasutje v kvadrantih B10, C9-10 in D9. Pogled proti vzhodu. Foto: V. Schein. Fig. 86: Preval. Gravel in quadrants B10, C9-10 and D9. View towards the east. Photo: V. Schein. SURFACE FINDS Large areas of small limestone gravel were mixed with weathered flysch in quadrants B10, C9-10 and D9, and especially in quadrants E9-10 and E11 and F9-10 (fig. 69; appendix). Weathered flysch dominated over gravel in quadrants B10, C9-10 and D9, as it spread in a 2.2 m wide belt from the east to the west (fig. 86). Almost the entire area of quadrants E and F (20 m^) was covered with a mixture of gravel and weathered flysch, however gravel prevailed. Individual brick pieces were discovered on the gravel layer in quadrants C10 and D9. An 18th century coin (Joseph I, 1708; fig. 87: 3) and a small icon were found on the gravel in quadrant E11.327 Small areas of small gravel were also discovered in quadrants B6, D8 and D13. These areas were less visible, for there was much less gravel than weathered flysch. No objects were found within these areas. The gravel at the foothills of Nanos (consisting of large and small pieces) is usually of natural origin. However, in the archaeological area of Preval it could be a part of the road metal, maybe that of the modern road that lead past the modern period building. Due to the lack of documentation some of the finds are hard to place into any of the defined structures. A coin (121 BC; pl. 51:7) was discovered two metres southwest of ditch 2 (still in quadrant E6). Small and large brick pieces were found across the entire site, especially in quadrants A8, A12-13, B8-9, B11 and C8-9. Small lumps of scoria were discovered in the southeast part of quadrant D3 (x = 26.53 m, y = 10.57 m). A Roman coin (Claudius I, 41-54; pl. 51: 9) was found in quadrant B6. Another Roman coin (39 BC; pl. 51:8) was picked up in the area of Preval already after the excavations were completed. The Late Antiquity crossbow fibula was discovered in quadrant B4, outside the destruction layer (pl. 51: 11). analysis of structures The archaeological remains at Preval indicate several settlement phases. The oldest object is the Middle La Tene iron fibula (pl. 40: 25; see pgs. 114-115), which is most likely an isolated find. 327 The modern surface objects in the fig. 87: inv. Nos. 3293, 3295, 3307, 3226, 3227, 3160, 3230, 3237. Sl. 87: Preval. Novodobno površinsko gradivo. Izbor. 1-2 kamen; 3 novec; 4, 6-7 bron; 5 bron in železo; 8 železo. M. = 1 : 2. Fig. 87: Preval. Modern surface material. Selection. 1-2 stone; 3 coin; 4, 6-7 bronze, 5 bronze and iron, 8 iron. Scale 1 : 2. v kvadrantih A8, A12-13, B8-9, B11 in C8-9, so bili na površini in pri čiščenju najdeni manjši in večji kosi opeke. V jugovzhodnem delu kvadranta D3 pa so bile odkrite tudi manjše gmote žlindre (x = 26,53 m, y = 10,57 m). V kvadrantu B6 je bil najden rimski novec (Klavdij I., 41-54; t. 51: 9). Še en rimski novec (39 pr. Kr.; t. 51: 8) je bil na predelu Prevala pobran po zaključku izkopavanj. Poznoantična fibula s čebulastimi gumbi izvira iz kvadranta B4, izven območja ruševine (t. 51: 11). analiza struktur Arheološki ostanki na Prevalu kažejo več obdobij človekove prisotnosti. Najstarejši predmet je srednjelatenska železna fibula (t. 40: 25; glej str. 115), ki je verjetno posamična najdba. V kvadrantu D11 je bil odkrit krog prežgane ilovice, ki ga razlagamo kot kurišče na prostem. Po keramiki, najdeni v bližini, sodi v prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr. (t. 40: 1-3; glej str. 111-112). čez najvišji del prelaza je vodila z apnenčastim gruščem nasuta cesta. Tik ob cesti in deloma čeznjo je ležalo sorazmerno dolgo in neenakomerno široko območje ruševine, ki so jo sestavljali kamni in opeke različnih oblik (tegule, korci, zidaki). Najverjetneje je bila ob cesti postavljena ozka stavba, krita z opeko. Zgostitev drobnih najdb v zahodni polovici ruševine kaže, da je tam stal bivalni del objekta, v vzhodni polovici, kjer skoraj ni bilo drobnih najdb, pa najverjetneje gospodarski del (sl. 89, 96, 99-100, 104-107). Po drobnih najdbah datiramo stavbo od srednje ali poznoavgustejskega obdobja do sredine 1. st. po Kr. (t. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49: 1-6; glej dalje) Za rimskim obj ektom j e ležal j arek 1, ki je bil verj etno namenjen odvodnjavanju in je bil zapolnjen z gradivom prve polovice 1. st. po Kr. (t. 49: 7-27; 50; 51:1-2; glej str. 124-125). Tudi jarek 2, verjetno prav tako odvodni, A circle of burnt clay that is interpreted as an open air fireplace was found in quadrant D11. According to the pottery that was discovered in the vicinity the burnt surface, i. e. fireplace could be dated into the first third of the 1st century BC (pl. 40:1-3; see pgs. 111-112). A road covered in limestone gravel lead across the highest part of the pass. Along the road and partially across it ran a relatively long and unequally wide destruction layer that was created by stones and brick fragments of various shapes (roof tiles, building bricks). It is highly likely that a narrow building covered with bricks stood at the roadside at some point in time. The concentration of small finds in the western half of the destruction layer indicates that this was the position of the living quarters, while the eastern half, in which almost no small finds were discovered, most likely represented the outbuilding (figs. 89, 96, 99-100, 104-107). Using the small finds the roadside building can be dated between the mid or late Augustan period and the mid 1st century AD (pls. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49: 1-6; see below). Behind the Roman roadside building lied ditch 1, the function of which was probably to drain water away from the building. This ditch was filled in with various materials from the first half of the 1st century AD (pls. 49: 7-27; 50; 51:1-2; see pgs. 124-125). Ditch 2 was most probably also used to drain the water and is also of Roman origin. Four pits filled with stones and Roman bricks lay north of the roadside building. The relation between the roadside building, the ditches and the pits is unclear; however it can be assumed that they all originate from approximately the same period. The road was probably in use at the same time as the building (first half of the 1st century AD). In the mid 1st century AD the roadside building was demolished and its destruction layer partially covered the road surface. Ditch 1 and the pits were no longer in use. As there were no traces of road repairs in the researched area, it is possible that this part of the road Sl. 88: Preval. Kurišče v kvadrantu D11. krožnik iz keramike s črnim premazom, zvrst ČP 3, t. 40: 1. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 88: Preval. Burnt surface in quadrant D11. Black-slip pottery plate, fabric BS 3, pl. 40: 1. Photo: M. Prešeren. je rimskodoben. Severno od ruševine so ležale še štiri jame, zapolnjene s kamenjem in rimskimi opekami. Povezava med rimskim objektom, jarkoma in jamami ni jasna, domnevamo pa, da gre za približno sočasne strukture. Cesta je bila verjetno v rabi v času obstoja objekta, torej v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr. Sredi 1. st. po Kr. je bil objekt porušen in ruševina je delno prekrila cestišče. Jarek 1 in jame niso bili več v rabi. Ker na raziskanem delu ni bilo sledov popravila ceste, je možno, da so ta del ceste zanemarili oziroma opustili ali pa, da so traso ceste na tem območju prestavili. Drenaža - ozek jarek, zapolnjen s kamenjem - je potekala čez ruševino objekta in je bila morda v rabi krajši čas med drugo polovico 1. st. po Kr. in pozno antiko. V okolici drenaže niso odkrili drugih sočasnih struktur, zato njena natančna vloga v prostoru ni znana. Pozna rimska doba je na Prevalu prisotna le z enim novcem in posamezno najdbo fibule s čebulastimi gumbi (t. 51: 4,11). Ostanki kamnitih temeljev objekta, ki ležijo severno od rimskih struktur, so po najdbah sodeč novoveški (t. 52: 14-20). Nasutja grušča južno od objekta, s posameznimi novoveškimi najdbami, so podobna cestnim nasutjem. was neglected or no longer used or that the road was simply slightly moved. The drainage - a narrow ditch filled with stones - ran across the destruction layer of the building and was in use for a shorter period sometime between the second half of 1st century AD and the Late Antiquity. No other structures from the same period were discovered in the vicinity of the drainage, thus its exact role is unknown. The Late Antiquity period is represented by a single coin and an isolated crossbow fibula (pl. 51: 4,11). The finds indicate that the remains of the stone foundations of the building that lied north of the Roman structures can be dated to the modern era (pl. 52:14-20). The gravel areas (that also contain individual modern era finds) south of the modern building are somewhat similar to the road metal. analiza drobnih najdb KURIŠČE V KVADRANTU D11 (t. 40:1-3) Na območju kurišča in v neposredni okolici je bilo najdenih 31 odlomkov vsaj enajstih amfor, od tega samo eno ustje. Ustje amfore (t. 40: 3) lahko uvrstimo v obliko Lamboglia 2, in tako okvirno v čas od zadnje četrtine 2. st. do 3. desetletja pr. Kr. Gre za obliko ustja A 11 (glej Mandrga, str. 83-88). Dalje so bili odkriti ostanki dveh namiznih posod. Globok krožnik z zaobljenim ostenjem iz keramike s črnim premazom (sl. 88; t. 40:1) je izdelan v keramični zvrsti ČP 3, ki je na območju Razdrtega redka (najdišči Mandrga in Preval). Gre za obliko Lamboglia 5, oziroma podrobneje verjetno za različico F 2252 po Morelu.328 Zaobljeni globoki krožniki Lamboglia 5 so značilni predvsem za konec 2. st. pr. Kr. oziroma za obdobje LTit D1329 in dobro zastopani na Mandrgi (str. 58-60). 328 Morel 1981, 153; Frontini 1985, 11-12. 329 Božič 2008, 133, sl. 61. small finds analysis BURNT SURFACE IN QUADRANT D11 (pl. 40:1-3) In the area of the burnt surface and its immediate vicinity 31 fragments of at least 11 different amphorae were discovered. The amphora with a preserved rim (pl. 40: 3) is of the Lamboglia 2 type. The rim form is defined as type A 11. The Lamboglia 2 type is dated between the last quarter of the 2nd century BC and the 3rd decade BC (see Mandrga, pgs. 83-88). The remains of two tableware dishes were also found. A deep black-slip plate with rounded walls (fig. 88; pl. 40: 1) was produced in fabric BS 3, which is rare for the Razdrto area (sites Mandrga and Preval). This is form Lamboglia 5, or more precisely variant F 2252 as specified by Morel.328 The rounded deep plates Lamboglia 5 are typical for phase LTit D1 or the end of the 2nd century BC and are well represented at Mandrga.329 328 Morel 1981, 153; Frontini 1985, 11-12. 329 Pgs. 58-59; Božič 2008, 132-133, fig. 61. Visok kozarec iz keramike tankih sten je okrašen z nalepljenimi bunčicami (t. 40: 2). V isti tip sodi tudi odlomek kozarca z izvihanim profiliranim ustjem (sl. 116:1; t. 52: 8), za katerega pa nimamo točnih najdiščnih podatkov. Gre za obliko Marabini 1, ki izvira iz tirenske srednje Italije in je datirana od prvih desetletij 2. st. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr.330 Izvažali naj bi jo od sredine 2. st. pr. Kr. dalje, in to predvsem po morskih poteh.331 Kaže, da so se tovrstni kozarci pojavili v severni Italiji in v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru predvsem v fazi LTit D2 oziroma v prvi tretjini 1. st. pr. Kr.332 Najdemo jih v skupku iz Fornač333 in v najstarejši fazi Štalenske gore.334 Sredi 1. st. pr. Kr. so vretenaste kozarce z bunčicami začeli izdelovati v lokalnih delavnicah, med drugim tudi na območju severne Italije, kjer so najmlajši primerki datirani v konec 1. st. pr. Kr.335 Maloštevilno gradivo s Prevala je zelo podobno gradivu z Mandrge, vendar pa na Prevalu pojav visokih kozarcev z bunčicami (Marabini 1) kaže na nekoliko mlajši čas kot na Mandrgi. Na osnovi datacije kozarcev tudi ves sklop s kurišča postavljamo v fazo LTit D2 oziroma v prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr. RUŠEVINA OBCESTNE STAVBE (t. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49: 1-6) The tall thin-walled spindle-shaped beaker is decorated with a garland and a row of relief dots (pl. 40: 2). The fragment of the beaker with the everted and moulded rim (for which exact location data does not exist) also belongs to the same form (fig. 116:1;pl. 52: 8). Both beakers are of the Marabini 1 type, which originates from Tyrrhenian central Italy between the first decades of the 2nd century and the mid 1st century BC.330 It is believed that exports started in the mid 2nd century BC, mainly via sea routes.331 It seems that such beakers were popular in north Italy and the southeast Alpine region during phase LTit D2, i.e. in the first third of the 1st century BC.332 They were found in Fomace333and in the oldest Magdalensberg phase.334 Local workshops started to manufacture spindle-shaped beakers with dotted decoration in the mid 1st century BC. These workshops could also be found in northern Italy, where the latest beakers appeared at the end of the 1st century BC.335 The few finds from Preval are extremely similar to the material from Mandrga, however at Preval the appearance of the tall dotted beakers (Marabini 1 type) indicates a slightly younger period. According to the chronology of beakers the burnt surface in quadrant D11 belongs to phase LTit D2, i.e. the first third of the 1st century BC. PROSTORSKA ANALIZA Vsi deli ruševine so vsebovali približno podobno količino opek, med katerimi prevladujejo tegule in im-breksi (razpr. 12; sl. 89-93).336 Tegule, imbreksi in zidaki so enotne živo oranžne barve. Samo 6 odlomkov tegul je drugačne, bledo rumene barve. Tegule so praviloma okrašene s krožnimi žlebovi na zgornji površini. Torej lahko sklepamo na opečnato streho. Zidaki se pojavljajo posamezno in ni jasno, kako so bili vključeni v objekt. Ostanek glinastega ometa (kv. B3; sl. 94) bi lahko sodil k notranji opremi stavbe, prav tako svinčena cev (kv. A5; sl. 95). Glavnina drobnih najdb je skoraj izključno omejena na zahodni del, na najširši pas ruševine v kvadrantih A5-6 in B4-5. Sestava najdb (fina in navadna keramika, amfore, novci in drobni kovinski predmeti) kaže, da je na tem območju stal stanovanjski del objekta. Preseneča 330 Ricci 1985, 243-244; prim. Marabini Moevs 1973, 49-53: druga četrtina 2. st. do konca tretje četrtine 1. st. pr. Kr. 331 Ricci 1985, 243-244. 332 Božič 2008, 128; Masseroli 2001, 121. 333 Stokin 1992, t. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, 28, sl. 7: 1-2. 334 Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 54-56, t. 5: 20; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, sl. 9: 8. 335 Cremona: Masseroli 2001, 120-123; Tassinari 1998, 45. 336 Manjši kosi opeke so bili izločeni že v času izkopavanj in niso vključeni v statistiko. DESTRUCTION LAYER OF A ROADSIDE BUILDING (pls. 40: 4-25; 41-48; 49: 1-6) SPATIAL ANALYSIS All parts of the destruction layer included a roughly similar amount of bricks, amongst which tegulae and imbrices prevailed (table 12; figs. 89-93).336 Tegulae, imbrices and building bricks are of the same bright orange colour. Only 6 tegulae fragments are of a different, light yellow colour. The upper surface of the tegula is usually decorated with circular grooves. It can therefore be concluded that a tiled roof existed there. The building bricks were rare which makes it unclear as to the role they had in this construction. The remnants of the clay plaster (qu. B3; fig. 94) could belong to the 330 Ricci 1985, 243-244; cf. Marabini Moevs 1973, 49-53: between the second quarter of the 2nd century to the end of the third quarter of the 1st century BC. 331 Ricci 1985, 243-244. 332 Božič 2008, 126-128; Masseroli 2001, 121. 333 Stokin 1992, pl. 1: 9; Horvat 1995a, 28, fig. 7: 1-2. 334 Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 54-56, pl. 5: 20; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977, fig. 9: 8. 335 Cremona: Masseroli 2001, 120-123; Tassinari 1998, 45. 336 Small brick fragments were set apart already during the excavation and are not included in the statistics. r ^ // / / ){ \ \ \ \ \ / \ / / / / / / / / o r \ \ / • /// 1 ^ 4 • 1-10 111-20 I 21-50 >50 Sl. 89: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev opek po kvadrantih. število odlomkov. Po razpr. 12. Fig. 89: Preval. Destruction layer. Distribution of bricks by quadrants. Number of fragments. From table 12. zelo majhna količina grobe kuhinjske keramike, kar bi lahko odražalo posebno funkcijo objekta (razpr. 13; sl. 96-107). Na vzhodem delu ruševine, v kvadrantih B3, C2-3 in D1-2, je bil verjetno postavljen ožji del objekta (ali drug objekt), prav tako krit z opeko. S tega območja skoraj ni drobnih najdb (razpr. 13; sl. 96, 99-100, 104-107), z izjemo železne lopate iz kvadranta C3 (t. 41: 1). Sl. 90: Preval. Ruševina. Odlomki tegul. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 90: Preval. Destruction layer. Tegulae fragments. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 91: Preval. Ruševina. Odlomki imbreksov. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 91: Preval. Destruction layer. Imbrices fragments. Photo: M. Prešeren. NOVCI Odkritih je bilo osem rimskih novcev, ki segajo od 88 pr. Kr. do Klavdijevega časa (sl. 96; t. 40: 6-12). V ruševini sta bila najdena vzhodnonoriški mali srebrnik (sl. 96; t. 40: 4)337 in noriški mali srebrnik z rozeto (sl. 96; t. 40: 5).338 Male keltske srebrnike kujejo v vzhodnih Alpah vsaj od sredine 2. st. pr. Kr. dalje,339 v obtoku pa so še za časa Tiberija.340 337 šemrov 1996, 70, št. 19: tip Kos IBIIb. 338 šemrov 1996, 70, št. 18: tip TKN lAd. 339 Kos, šemrov 2003. 340 Kos 1977, 34. Sl. 92: Preval. Kosi opeke različnih oblik. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 92: Preval. Parts of various brick forms. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 94: Preval. Ruševina, kvadrant B3. Prežgan glinast omet. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 94: Preval. Destruction layer, quadrant B3. Burnt clay plaster. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 93: Preval. Odtis mačje tačke na opeki. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 93: Preval. A cat's paw impression on a brick. Photo: M. Prešeren. interior fixtures of the building, as could the lead pipe (qu. A5;fig. 95). The majority of small finds are almost exclusively limited to the western part, to the widest area of the destruction layer (quadrants A5-6 and B4-5). The composition of the finds (fineware and coarseware, amphorae, coins and small metal objects) indicates that this was the location of the living quarters. Surprising are the low numbers of kitchenware, which could be a reflection on the special function of the structure (table 13;figs. 96-107). It is highly probable that the narrower part of the building (or a different building) was positioned on the eastern part of the destruction layer, in quadrants B3, C2-3 and D1-2. It was certainly tiled with roof-tiles. There are almost no small finds (table 13; figs. 96, 99-100, 104-107) in this area, with the exception of the metal spade from quadrant C3 (pl. 41: 1). COINS Eight Roman coins were discovered. They range from 88 BC to the period of Claudius' reign (fig. 96; pl. 40: 6-12). An Eastern Norican small silver coin (fig. 96; pl. 40: 4)337 and a small Norican silver coin with a rosette (fig. 96; pl. 40: 5)338 were found in the destruction layer. Small Celtic silver coins were minted in the Eastern Alps at least from the mid 2nd century BC onwards339 and were in circulation as late as the time of Tiberius.340 METAL OBJECTS A fragment of an iron fibula (fig. 96; pl. 40: 25) was discovered with four preserved spring coils, a part of an external chord, a part of a pin and a three centimetre long remain of a wire bow with a circular cross section. According to its size and shape the fibula could be a large iron wire fibula, characteristic of the Middle La Tene period (LT C). In the Mokronog group this type is found in the second phase - Mokronog Ila and b.341 In west Slovenia it is characteristic of the Middle La Tene Sl. 95: Preval. Ruševina, kvadrant A5. Deformirana svinčena cev z ostanki oglja. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 95: Preval. Destruction layer, quadrant A5. Deformed lead pipe with charcoal remains. Photo: M. Prešeren. 337 šemrov 1996, 70, No. 19: type Kos IBIIb. 338 šemrov 1996, 70, No. 18: type TKN IAd. 339 Kos, šemrov 2003. 340 Kos 1977, 34. 341 Božič 1987, 874, 876, figs. 44: 14; 45: 7; pl. 86: 5. # rimski novec / Roman coin # keltski novec / Celtic coin ^ fibula vrste Aucissa / Aucissa type fibula A srednjelatenska fibula / Middle La Tšne fibula + fibula s čebuličastiml gumbi / crossbow fibula pasna spona / belt buckle SI. 97: Preval. Ruševina. Bronasta fibula vrste Aucissa, t. 40: 13. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 97: Preval. Destruction layer. Bronze fibula type Aucissa, pl. 40:13. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 96: Preval. Ruševina in njena neposredna okolica. Lega novcev, fibul in pasne spone po kvadrantih. Fig. 96: Preval. The destruction layer and its immediate surroundings. The position of coins, fibulae and belt buckle by quadrants. KOVINSKI PREDMETI Odlomek železne fibule (sl. 96; t. 40:25) ima ohranjeno peresovino s štirimi navoji, del tetive, ki poteka po zunanji strani navojev, del igle in v dolžini treh centimetrov ostanek žičnatega loka okroglega preseka. Po obliki in velikosti bi lahko fibula sodila med velike železne žičnate fibule, ki so značilne za srednjelatensko obdobje (Lt C). Mokronoška skupina jih pozna v svoji drugi razvojni fazi Mokronog IIa in b.341 V zahodni Sloveniji pa so značilne za srednjelatensko stopnjo Posočje III.342 Fibuli s Prevala so tako oblikovno kot geografsko najbližje fibule iz šmihelskih grobov 117, 119.343 Na območju Notranjske in Krasa so značilne predstavnice srednjelatenske stopnje Notranjska VII.344 Najdene so bile tri fibule vrste Aucissa (sl. 96-97; t. 40:13-15). Oblika se je uveljavila v srednjeavgustejskem obdobju, kot kažejo najdbe iz taborov v Dangstettnu, Oberadnu in Halternu.345 Izdelovali so jih do konca klavdijskega obdobja, nosili pa še nekaj časa.346 Fibulo (sl. 97; t. 40:13) in mogoče tudi močno poškodovan lok (t. 40:15) lahko uvrstimo v klasično obliko fibul Aucissa, phases Posočje III in the Soča valley342 and Notranjska VII in the Notranjska and Kras regions.343 As regards its form and geographical position the fibula from Preval is closest to the fibulae from the Šmihel graves 117 and 119.344 Three Aucissa type fibulae (figs. 96-97; pl. 40:13-15) were found. According to evidence from Dangstetten, Oberaden and Haltern this type became prevalent in the mid Augustan period.345 They were manufactured until the end of the Claudius reign, and worn for a while longer.346 The fibula (fig. 97; pl. 40:13) and maybe also the badly damaged bow (pl. 40: 15) can be placed into the classic Aucissa form 22b2 in Feugere's classification, while the third fibula with a plain bow (pl. 40: 14) could possibly belong to form 22c in Feugere's classification.347 A fragment of the bronze strip with ribs on one side and an undecorated flat surface on the other (pl. 40:21) is similar to the fragment from Mandrga (pl. 38: 30). It belongs to the part of a decorative object, however as it is poorly preserved it is hard to define precisely (see pgs. 54-55). 341 Božič 1987, 874, 876, sl. 44: 14; 45: 7; 86: 5. 342 Guštin 1991, 31, 39, t. 4: 5; 41: 15. 343 Guštin 1979, 41-44, t. 53: 5; 54: 7. 344 Guštin 1973, 480. 345 Istenič 2005a, 189-190. 346 Feugere 1985, 323-324; Demetz 1999, 164-167; Buora 2008b, 31-32. 342 Guštin 1991, 31, 39, pls. 4: 5; 41: 15. 343 Guštin 1973, 480. 344 Guštin 1979, 41-44, pls. 53: 5; 54: 7. 345 Istenič 2005a, 189-190. 346 Feugere 1985, 323-324; Demetz 1999, 164-167; Buora 2008b, 31-32. 347 Feugere 1985, 312-324. Sl. 98: Preval. Ruševina. Bronasta pasna spona s stilizirano račjo glavico, t. 40: 18. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 98: Preval. Destruction layer. Bronze belt buckle with a stylised duck head, pl. 40: 18. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 99: Preval. Ruševina. Lega in število železnih predmetov po kvadrantih. Fig. 99: Preval. Destruction layer. Position and number of iron objects by quadrants. / / \ \ \ \ \ w \ \ \ / % / / / / / n i/ J \ J ^ / / / / /y // 0 r^ X / / i i v 22b2 po Feugerju, tretja fibula z gladkim lokom (t. 40: 14) pa morda sodi v obliko 22c po Feugerju.347 Odlomek bronastega traku z rebri na eni strani in z ravnim profilom na drugi strani (t. 40: 21) je podoben odlomku z Mandrge (t. 38: 30). Pripada delu okrasnega predmeta, jasna identifikacija pa je otežena zaradi slabe ohranjenosti (glej str. 54). Bronasta pasna spona (sl. 96, 98; t. 40:18) ima skoraj v celoti ohranjeno sprednjo stranico, en vogal okvira ter kavelj v obliki stilizirane račje glave. Presek okvira je deloma ovalen, na nekaterih delih pa trapezast. Pasna spona spada med okviraste pasne spone. Ohranjeni del spone nam ne pove, ali je bil okvir kvadratne ali pravokotne oblike. Prav tako ni jasno, ali je imela spona en ali dva kavlja. V slovenskem prostoru so prisotne le pravokotne pasne spone z dvema kavljema preprostih oblik in brez okrasa348 ali z okrašenim okvirjem,349 ki pa jih zaradi nejasnih najdiščnih okoliščin ali neohranjenih grobnih celot ni mogoče datirati. Pravokotna spona z enim kavljem pa je bila tako v Rudigheimu v nemški deželi Hessen kot v Bratislavi na Slovaškem350 odkrita v sklopu predmetov, značilnih za stopnjo LT D2. Kvadratna spona z enim kavljem iz groba 15 nekropole San Bernardo v Ornavassu351 je nekoliko starejša, saj sodi v 347 Feugere 1985, 312-324. 348 Božič 2008, 173, t. 23: 12; Plesničar Gec 2006, 152, t. 23: 38. 349 Božič 2008, 173, t. 23: 11; Laharnar 2009, t. 2: 19. 350 Mildenberger 1963, 102, sl. 2: a; Pieta 1997, 49, sl. 1: 7. 351 Graue 1974, 59, 217, t. 17: 3. The bronze belt buckle (figs. 96, 98; pl. 40:18) has a partly preserved frontal side: a part of the frame and the hook in the shape of a stylised duck's head. The frame's cross section is partially oval, and partially trapezoid. The belt buckle is of the frame type, but it is unclear whether the frame was of a square or rectangular shape and whether the buckle had one or two hooks. In Slovenia only simple rectangular buckles with two hooks and no decoration348 or with a decorated frame349 were discovered. However, due to the unclear circumstances of their discovery or the unpreserved grave contexts none can be dated. Rectangular buckles with a single hook were discovered amongst LT D2 objects in Rüdigheim in the German region of Hessen as well as in Bratislava in Slovakia.350 The square buckle with a single hook from grave 15 at San Bernardo necropolis in Ornavasso351 is somewhat older, for it belongs into phase 2b in Martin -Kilcher's classification, or phase LT D1b in the central European chronology.352 The damaged bronze ring with grooves (pl. 40: 17) could be the ending of a dipper handle. The iron tool (fig. 99; pl. 41: 1) has a haft with two wings and a broad blade. The haft and the blade form an obtuse angle. It is one of the rare finds from the 348 Božič 2008, 173, pl. 23: 12; Plesničar Gec 2006, 152, pl. 23: 38. 349 Božič 2008, 173-174, pl. 23: 11; Laharnar 2009, pl. 2: 19. 350 Mildenberger 1963, 102, fig. 2: a; Pieta 1997, 49, fig. 1: 7. 351 Graue 1974, 59, 217, pl. 17. 352 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 197-200, 235-249, figs. 7, 29. Sl. 100: Preval. Ruševina. Lega in število steklenih posod po kvadrantih. Fig. 100: Preval. Destruction layer. Position and number of glass vessels by quadrants. stopnjo Ornavasso 2b po Martin-Kilcherjevi oziroma v stopnjo LT D1b po srednjeevropski kronologiji.352 Poškodovan profiliran obroč (t. 40:17) je morda del zaključka ročaja bronastega korca. Železno orodje (sl. 99; t. 41: 1), ki je ena redkih najdb iz vzhodnega dela ruševine (kv. C3), ima plavutasto nasadišče in široko rezilo, pri čemer nasadišče in rezilo oblikujeta topi kot. Podobno orodje - verjetno gre za lopato - je bilo najdeno v Idriji pri Bači, v grobovih 9 in 18, ki sodita v poznolatensko obdobje.353 Predmet v obliki črke T (t. 41: 3) lahko predstavlja žebelj ali pa nakovalce.354 Tri železne paličice (t. 42: 1-3) so na enem koncu sploščene, na drugi strani pa zaključek verjetno ni ohranjen. Dolžina je bila vsaj 12 cm. V Manchingu so podobni predmeti, na eni strani sploščeni, na drugi koničasti in s pravokotnim presekom, razloženi kot majhna dleta, uporabna predvsem pri obdelavi lesa. Po obliki so blizu šilom.355 Zelo podobna majhna dleta, ki pa imajo tako kot na Razdrtem okrogel presek stebla, so bila najdena tudi na Gurini356 ter v avgustejskodob-nem vojaškem taboru na Obrežju357 in v obeh primerih interpretirana kot stilusi. STEKLO Steklo je ležalo v zahodnem delu ruševine, tako kot skoraj vse ostalo drobno gradivo (sl. 100). Odlomek ostenja rebraste skodelice (sl. 101; t. 42: 20), ki je bila narejena v kalupu, nosi mozaični vzorec bele, rumeno rjave in temno rjave barve. Oblika je sicer dolgotrajna, od zadnjih desetletij 1. st. pr. Kr. do konca 1. st. po Kr., toda večbarvni izdelki so najbolj razširjeni v avgustej-skem obdobju in v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr.358 Datacija v približno isti čas velja tudi za majhen odlomek iz mozaičnega stekla z zelenim in rumenim vzorcem (sl. 101; t. 42: 21).359 352 Martin-Kilcher 1998, 197-200, 235-249, sl. 7, 29. 353 Idrija pri Bači, faza IV; Jacobi 1974, 74-75; Guštin 1991, 62, t. 11: 1; 19: 5. 354 Jacobi 1974, 12-13, 238; Jablonka 2001, 140, t. 99: 3. 355 Jacobi 1974, 37-38, t. 8, t. 12: 238-239; prim. Dolenz 1998, 210, t. 75: W302-304. 356 Jablonka 2001, 141-142, t. 100: 10-19. 357 Mason 2003, 203. 358 Lazar 2003, 37-41, oblika 2.1.4. 359 Lazar 2003, 30-32. /Y yV / 1 \ \ \ \ ^ V \ \ \ / \ / j / j / / / 1 i i 1 o 1 \ / ]/ ir 1 1 i i \ \ // i /v ! // i // 1 / / i CD eastern part of the destruction layer (qu. C3). A similar tool - most likely a spade - was found in Idrija near Baca, in graves 9 and 18, which belong to the Late La Tene period.353 The T-shaped object (pl. 41: 3) could represent a nail or an anvil.354 The three small iron sticks (pl. 42:1-3) are flattened on one side, and lack a preserved ending on the other. They measured at least 12 cm in length. In Manching similar objects with a rectangular cross section, flattened on one side and pointy on the other were interpreted as small chisels, mainly for woodwork. Their shape is similar to that of awls.355 Similar small chisels to the ones found at Razdrto (i.e. with a round cross section) were also discovered in Gurina356 and in the Augustan military camp at Obrezje.357 In both cases they were interpreted as stili. GLAss Similar to most other small finds glass fragments were discovered in the western part of the destruction layer (fig. 100). The fragment of the ribbed bowl (fig. 101;pl. 42:20), which was made in a mould, is decorated with a mosaic 353 Idrija near Bača, phase IV; Jacobi 1974, 74-75; Guštin 1991, 62, pls. 11: 1; 19: 5. 354 Jacobi 1974, 12-13, 238; Jablonka 2001, 140, pl. 99: 3. 355 Jacobi 1974, 37-38, pls. 8; 12: 238-239; cf. Dolenz 1998, 210, pl. 75: W302-304. 356 Jablonka 2001, 141-142, pl. 100: 10-19. 357 Mason 2003, 203. Balzamarij (t. 42: 23) je narejen iz temno modrega stekla, iz naravno obarvanega modrikastega stekla so izdelani trije odlomki posod (t. 42:22,24-25). Sl. 101: Preval. Ruševina. Odlomka posodic iz mozaičnega stekla, t. 42:20-21. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 101: Preval. Destruction layer. Two fragments of mosaic glass vessels, pl. 42:20-21. Photo: M. Prešeren. pattern in a white, yellowish brown and dark brown colour. This form remained in use over a long period, i.e. from the last decades of the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD; however multi coloured products were most common during the Augustan period and in the first half of the 1st century AD.358 Approximately the same date can be applied to the small fragment of green and yellow mosaic glass (fig. 101; pl. 42: 21).359 The balsamarium (pl. 42: 23) was made from dark blue glass, while the three other fragments were made from naturally coloured blue toned glass (pl. 42: 22,24-25). OLJENKE OIL LAMPS Odlomek volutne oljenke (t. 42:26) in ročajček (t. 42: 27), ki je verjetno tudi pripadal oljenki, nista podrobno tipološko določljiva. A fragment of a volute oil lamp (pl. 42:26) and a small handle (pl. 42:27) which most probably belonged to the oil lamp cannot be precisely typologically defined. FINA NAMIZNA KERAMIKA FINE TABLEWARE Keramika s črnim premazom Keramika s črnim premazom zavzema skoraj 15-od-stotni delež med fino namizno keramiko (razpr. 13; sl. 103, 105). Krožniki ali sklede s preprosto zaključenim ustjem, z ravnim poševnim ostenjem ter oglatim profilom (t. 43: 1-7) sodijo med obliki Lamboglia 5/7 in 7/16. Ti sta značilni za avgustejsko obdobje, in to za najmlajše proizvode padske keramike s črnim premazom ("porozni fabrikat" s Štalenske gore). Najmlajši primerki imajo že žig inplanta pedis, torej sodijo v poavgustejski čas.360 Na Prevalu sta bila najdena tudi odlomka dveh skodel (t. 43: 8-9). Na začetku 1. st. po Kr. se keramika s črnim premazom ni več širila daleč od proizvodnih središč v severni Italiji.361 V Serminu, torej na obalnem območju Istre, so bili odkriti maloštevilni odlomki keramike s črnim premazom v skupku, ki je nastajal v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr.362 V srednje- in poznoavgustejskih plasteh Emone je keramika s črnim premazom izredno redka363 oziroma 360 Schindler 1986, 356, sl. 4: 1-14; Morel 1981, 159-160, oblike 2276-2277; Morel 1987, 125-127; Frontini 1985, 13, obliki lamboglia 5/7 in 7/16; Sfredda 1998, 25; Božič 2008, 133-134. 361 Buora, Cassani 1999, 65. 362 Horvat 1997, 108. 363 Ljubljana - Gornji trg 15: Vičič 1993, t. 3: 8-9. Black-slip pottery Black-slip pottery represents almost 15% of all fine tableware (table 13; figs. 103,105). The plates and bowls with a plain rim, a slanted wall and a carinated transition from base to body (pl. 43: 1-7) belong amongst forms Lamboglia 5/7 and 7/16. They are characteristic for the Augustan period and specifically for the youngest black-slip pottery products from the Po valley ('porous fabric' from Magdalensberg). The youngest examples are already marked with a stamp in planta pedis, thus they belong to the post-Augustan period.360 Fragments of two cups were also found at Preval (pl. 43: 8-9). At the beginning of the 1st century AD the blackslip pottery no longer travelled far from the production centres in northern Italy.361 In Sermin, i.e. in the coastal area of Istria, a few fragments of black-slip pottery were discovered in a context from the first half of the 1st century AD.362 In the middle and late Augustan layers 358 Lazar 2003, 37-41, form 2.1.4. 359 Lazar 2003, 30-32. 360 Schindler 1986, 356, fig. 4: 1-14; Morel 1981, 159-160, forms 2276-2277; Morel 1987, 125-127; Frontini 1985, 13, forms Lamboglia 5/7 and 7/16; Sfredda 1998, 25; Božič 2008, 133. 361 Buora, Cassani 1999, 65. 362 Horvat 1997, 108. 17,1 % 4,6 % □ fina namizna / fine tableware (n = 74) □ navadna namizna / coarse tableware (n ■ ■ kuhinjska / kitchenware (n = 16) □ amfore s pokrovčki / amphorae and amphorae lids (n = 59) 196) □ keramika s črnim premazom / black-slip pottery (n = 11) □ tero sigiloto / terro sigilloto (n = 35) ■ Sorius/Sarius (n = 13) □ keramika tankih sten / thin-walled pottery (n = 15) Sl. 102: Preval. Ruševina. Razmerja med keramičnimi skupinami. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 13. Fig. 102: Preval. Destruction layer. Ratios between the ceramic groups. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 13. Sl. 103: Preval. Ruševina. Razmerja med različnimi vrstami fine namizne keramike. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 13. Fig. 103: Preval. Destruction layer. Ratios between various fine tableware types. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 13. je ni.364 Očitno je ta keramika že v srednjeavgustejskem in Emona black-slip pottery was extremely rare 363 or času redko prihajala v jugovzhodnoalpski prostor. Tera sigilata Vsa tera sigilata s Prevala je po videzu enotna in sodi v skupino padske sigilate B, ki izvira iz lončarskih delavnic v severni Italiji.365 Zajema skoraj polovico vse fine namizne keramike iz ruševine (razpr. 13; sl. 103, 105). Tipološka opredelitev manjših odlomkov ustij ni povsem zanesljiva. Lončar Probus (t. 43: 14) se pojavlja na maloštevilnih primerkih padske sigilate od srednjeavgustejskega obdobja dalje.366 Dasi (Dasius) (t. 43: 15) je maloštevilen žig na padski sigilati.367 V pravokotnem okviru se pojavlja na oblikah posodja iz poznoavgustejskega časa. Najdemo ga tudi v obliki žiga ipp, torej sodi še v zgodnjetiberij-sko obdobje.368 Na Prevalu ga srečamo na skodelici s profiliranim prstanastim dnom B 4.4, ki je značilno za padske skodelice oblike Consp. 24.3. Ta oblika se pojavlja od srednjeavgustejskega obdobja dalje.369 Torej lahko primerek s Prevala po žigu najverjetneje postavimo v poznoavgustejsko obdobje. 364 Ljubljana - Gornji trg 30, faza 3: Vičič 1994. 365 Schindler, Scheffenegger 1977, 18-19; Zabehlicky Scheffenegger, Sauer 2000; Zerjal 2005, 266-267. 366 OCK tip 1546, 5 primerkov, datacija od 10 pr. Kr. dalje. 367 OCK tip 725.1. 368 OCK tip 725, 37 primerkov, datacija 1-20 po Kr. 369 Conspectus 1990, 94, 162. nonexistent.364 It is clear that this type of pottery rarely made its way into the southeast Alpine area in the mid Augustan period. Terra sigillata The terra sigillata from Preval is of unified appearance and belongs into the Po valley sigillata B group, which originates from the pottery workshops in northern Italy.365 It represents almost half of all fine tableware from the destruction layer (table 13;figs. 103,105). The typological classification of the small rim fragments remains unclear. The stamp of potter Probus (pl. 43:14) appears intermittently on Po valley sigillata from the mid Augustan period onwards.366 Dasi (Dasius) (pl. 43:15) is a rare stamp on Po valley sigillata.367 It appears within a rectangular frame in various late Augustan forms. It can also be found within the ipp frame, which means that it belongs to the early Tiberian period.368 At Preval it was found on a cup with a stepped ring foot B 4.4, which is typical for Po valley cups Consp. 24.3. This form appears from the mid Augustan 363 Ljubljana - Gornji trg 15: Vičič 1993, pl. 3: 8-9. 364 Ljubljana - Gornji trg 30, phase 3: Vičič 1994. 365 Schindler, Scheffenegger 1977, 18-19; Zabehlicky Scheffenegger, Sauer 2000; Zerjal 2005, 266-267. 366 OCK type 1546, 5 examples, from 10 BC onwards. 367 OCK type 725.1. 368 OCK type 725, 37 examples, between 1 and 20 AD. r ^ // / / /( \ ^^^ \ \ ^ \ \ \ / 1 / / / / / / / / o ]/ Y r \ \ \ ^ // 0 < 1 1 % 1 11-10 #11-20 121-50 I 51-100 >100 Sl. 104: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev vsega keramičnega posodja po kvadrantih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 13. Fig. 104: Preval. Destruction layer. Distribution of all ceramic vessels by quadrants and excavation areas. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 13. i /y yV / 1 \ \ \ \ ^ V \ \ \ / \ / j / j / / / o \ / ]/ r 100 navadna keramika / coarse tableware • 1-10 •11-20 021-50 ^^51-100 kuhiinjska keramika / kitchienware • 1-10 911-20 Sl. 106: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev navadne in kuhinjske keramike po kvadrantih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 13. Fig. 106: Preval. Destruction layer. Distribution of coarse tableware and kitchenware by quadrants. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 13. /Y yV / / ■ # /1 \ \ • / ^ V \ \ \ / \ / j / j / / / o \ / ]/ r \ \ ] u // // / / 0 r'X % 1 1 amfore / amptiorae • 1-10 • 11-20 0 21-50 pokrovčki amfor / amptiorae lids • 1-10 Sl. 107: Preval. Ruševina. Razporeditev amfor in pokrovčkov za amfore po kvadrantih. Največje možno število posod. Po razpr. 13. Fig. 107: Preval. Destruction layer. Distribution of amphorae and amphorae lids by quadrants. The greatest possible number of vessels. From table 13. držaj, so bili narejeni v keramični zvrsti K 1. Gre za stare oblike srednjeitalske kuhinjske keramike, ki jih poznamo že z Mandrge, na vzhodnoalpskem prostoru pa segajo še v avgustejsko obdobje (glej str. 76-77). širok cilindričen lonec z ustjem v obliki širokega krajca (t. 47:20) je predstavnik velike skupine značilne sredozemske kuhinjske keramike (t. i. caccabus). široki lonci se pojavijo že konec 2. st. pr. Kr. in jih v številnih različicah izdelujejo vsaj do 2. st. po Kr.381 Primerek s Prevala je izdelan v italski keramični zvrsti K 2, ki smo jo srečali že pri pokrovih z Mandrge (glej str. 77-78). Ohranjeno je še dno lonca v italski keramični zvrsti K 3 (t. 47: 22; glej str. 78). Pokrov (t. 47:21) in dno lonca (t. 47: 23) se pojavita v zvrsteh K 15 oziroma K 12, ki smo ju na Mandrgi povezali s prazgodovinsko keramiko in ju tam pogojno datirali v bronasto dobo (glej str. 82). Pomen te keramike na Prevalu ni jasen. Z lokalno keramiko v prazgodovinski tradiciji pa verjetno lahko povežemo keramični svitek (t. 48: 2). Keramični svitki so značilna najdba na prazgodovin- 381 Di Giovanni 1996, 82-88: oblika 2210. comparison to fine and coarse tableware (table 13; figs. 102, 106). The baking dish with a groove at the top of the rim (fig. 118; pl. 47:19) and the two lids (pl. 47:17-18) - one with a preserved ring shaped handle - were made from fabric K 1. These are old and long living central Italian kitchenware forms. They are known from Mandrga and in the eastern Alpine region they extend into the Augustan period (see pgs. 76-77). A casserole with a flange rim (pl. 47: 20) is representative of the large group of typical Mediterranean kitchenware (so-called caccabus). Casseroles appear already at the end of the 2nd century BC and are manufactured in various forms at least until the 2nd century AD.381 The example from Preval was made in the Italian fabric K 2, which is also present amongst the lids from Mandrga (see pgs. 77-78). A pot base was made in the Italian fabric K 3 (pl. 47: 22; see pg. 78). The lid (pl. 47:21) was produced in fabric K 15 while the pot base (pl. 47:23) was made in fabric K 12. At Man- 381 Di Giovanni 1996, 82-88: form 2210. skih naselbinah na območju Notranjske.382 V Ljubljani so bili najmlajši primerki odkriti na Gornjem trgu 30 v fazah 1 in 2, ki sta nastali pred srednjeavgustejskim obdobjem.383 AMFORE Amfore predstavljajo približno 17 % vsega posodja iz ruševine (razpr. 13; sl. 102, 107). Ločitev med ustji vinskih amfor Lamboglia 2 in Dressel 6A ni vedno jasna, še posebej ker je ena oblika tekoče prešla v drugo. Trikotna oblika ustja dveh am-for (t. 48: 3-4) še kaže na tip Lamboglia 2, medtem ko trakasta oblika (t. 48: 5) lahko že sodi k tipu Dressel 6A.384 Oblika Lamboglia 2 sega do zgodnjeavgustejskega obdobja, Dressel 6A pa so izdelovali na jadranskem prostoru od zadnje četrtine 1. st. pr. Kr. do sredine 1. st. po Kr.385 Iz vzhodnega Sredozemlja izvira več delov amfor: odlomka rogatih ročajev rodoških amfor (t. 48:17-18), dno (t. 48:15) in odlomek ostenja (inv. št. 3335).386 Amfore Dressel 6B (t. 48:6-10) za olje so na Prevalu brez žigov in s klasičnimi, skledičastimi ustji. V takšni obliki jih srečamo od druge polovice 1. st. pr. Kr. do flavijskega obdobja. Poleg velike proizvodnje v Istri so del teh amfor izdelovali tudi v Padski nižini.387 Pokrovčki za amfore se pojavljajo v vseh treh značilnih oblikah: delani na vreteno (t. 49: 2-3), v kalupu (t. 49:1,4-5) in izsekani iz stene posode (t. 49: 6).388 SKLEP V ruševini je bil najden tipološko najstarejši predmet na Prevalu, to je srednjelatenska železna fibula (t. 40: 25). Morda ta fibula ni povezana z ruševino, temveč je osamljena sled prometa čez prelaz v srednjelatenskem obdobju. Glavnina gradiva sodi v čas od srednje- oziroma po-znoavgustejskega obdobja do sredine 1. st. po Kr. Datacija se opira predvsem na značilne oblike tere sigilate in na najmlajše oblike keramike s črnim premazom. Časovni zaključek gradiva predstavljata dva Klavdijeva novca. Možno je, da so nekateri poznolatenski predmeti (pasna spona t. 40:18, lopata t. 41:1, keramični svitek t. 48: 2) najstarejši, a še vedno sestavni del te skupine gradiva. 382 Horvat 1995b, 188, t. 8: 24-25; 12: 5-7. 383 Vičič 1994, t. 1: 2; 3: 13. 384 Horvat 1997, 71-74. 385 Carre 1985, 209-218; Cipriano, Carre 1989, 85-88; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003a, 271-273. 386 Določila u. Ehmig; Bezeczky 1998b, 233. 387 Carre 1985, 219-225; Bezeczky 1998a; Marion, Starac 2001; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003a, 273-277. 388 Horvat 1997, 77-82. drga both fabrics were interpreted as prehistoric pottery and provisionally dated into the Bronze Age (see pg. 83). The meaning of this pottery is unclear in Preval. Ceramic rings (pl. 48: 2) are a typical find in the prehistoric settlements in the Notranjska region.382 In Ljubljana (Gornji trg 30) the youngest examples were discovered in phases 1 and 2, which originate from before the mid Augustan period.383 The ring from Preval can thus be linked to local pottery and the prehistoric tradition. AMPHORAE Amphorae represent approximately 17% of all pottery from the destruction layer (table 13; figs. 102, 107). The distinction between the rims of the wine amphorae types Lamboglia 2 and Dressel 6A is not always clear, especially as one shape transformed smoothly into the other. The triangular rims of the two amphorae (pl. 48: 3-4) point towards the Lamboglia 2 type, while the banded form (pl. 48:5) can already belong to type Dressel 6A.384 The form Lamboglia 2 was in use until the early Augustan period, while Dressel 6A was manufactured in the Adriatic area between the last quarter of the 1st century BC and mid 1st century AD.385 Several amphorae fragments originate from the Eastern Mediterranean, for instance: the fragments of the horn handles on the Rhodian type amphorae (pl. 48: 17-18), the base (pl. 48: 15) and the wall fragment (inv. No. 3335).386 The Dressel 6B oil amphorae (pl. 48: 6-10) found at Preval have no stamps and have classic, bowl shaped rims. They were manufactured in this shape from the second half of the 1st century BC to the Flavian period. Apart from the large production in Istria, such amphorae were also produced in the Po valley.387 The lids for amphorae appear in all three typical forms: wheel-thrown (pl. 49:2-3), moulded (pl. 49:1,4-5) and chipped from the wall of the vessel (pl. 49: 6).388 CONCLUSION Typologically the oldest object at Preval, i.e. the Middle La Tene iron fibula (pl. 40:25) was found in the destruction layer. Maybe this fibula should not be associ- 382 Horvat 1995b, 188, pls. 8: 24-25; 12: 5-7. 383 Vičič 1994, pls. 1: 2; 3: 13. 384 Horvat 1997, 71-74. 385 Carre 1985, 209-218; Cipriano, Carre 1989, 85-88; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003a, 271-273. 386 Defined by U. Ehmig; Bezeczky 1998b, 233. 387 Carre 1985, 219-225; Bezeczky 1998a; Marion, Starac 2001; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003a, 273-277. 388 Horvat 1997, 77-82. Sestava glavnine gradiva kaže, da lahko v ruševini vidimo ostanke enega ali celo več ozkih objektov, ki so ležali na samem vrhu prelaza, tik ob rimski cesti. Zahodni del objekta, z množico drobnih najdb, je bil namenjen bivanju, vzhodni del, skoraj brez najdb, pa verjetno ni bil bivalen. Večina keramike, in verjetno tudi drugega gradiva, izvira iz severovzhodne Italije. Zanimivost predstavlja majhen delež kuhinjske keramike in sorazmerno močan delež fine namizne keramike (sl. 102). V ruševini je bila odkrita zmerna količina amfor, tako za vino kot tudi za olje, jadranskega oziroma padskega porekla ter nekaj primerkov vzhodnosredozemskih amfor. Edini ostanki orodja so majhna dleta (t. 42:1-3) in lopata (t. 41: 1). JAREK 1 (t. 49: 7-27; 50; 51:1-2) V zasutju jarka so našli tri novce, med katerimi je najmlajši Klavdijev (t. 49: 7-9). Odkrili so tudi zapah ključavnice (t. 49: 10),389 odlomek obuvala kopita (t. 49: 11),390 odlomek majhnega dleta (t. 49: 14; glej str. 117), več žebljev (t. 49: 23-27) in del noža (t. 49: 18). Poškodovan predmet (t. 49:13) predstavlja nož za usnje s simetričnim suličastim rezilom. Oblika je pogosta v avgustejskih vojaških taborih, v rabi pa ostane do 2. st. po Kr.391 Na grobišču Pod Jezerom pri Rodiku sta bila odkrita dva takšna noža, od katerih eden izvira iz groba, datiranega v 2. st. po Kr.392 Natančna opredelitev funkcije drugih kovinskih predmetov ni mogoča (t. 49: 12,15-17,19-22). Odlomek posode iz tere sigilate (t. 50: 2) pripada krožniku z navpičnim ostenjem in polkrožno stopnico na dnu oblike Consp. 21. Različice takšnih krožnikov segajo od poznoavgustejskega obdobja do flavijskega časa.393 Visoka prstanasta noga krožnika ali pladnja iz tere sigilate (t. 50: 3), oblika Consp. B 1.10 ali B 2.5, ter nizka in široka noga sigilatnega pladnja (t. 50: 4), oblika Consp. B 1.6, sodita v avgustejsko-tiberijski čas.394 V jarku sta bili najdeni dve skodelici tankih sten (t. 50: 5-6) v redukcijsko žgani zvrsti KTS 7. Amfora (t. 50:18) verjetno sodi v obliko Lamboglia 2, ki so jo prenehali izdelovati v zgodnjeavgustejskem obdobju (glej zgoraj). Odlomek (t. 50: 19) bi morda lahko predstavljal del ustja amfore za olje, brindizijskega jajčastega ali srednjejadranskega jajčastega tipa.395 389 Deimel 1987, 58, t. 39: 4; 40: 2. 390 Pflaum 2007, 305-308. 391 Dolenz 1998, 213-218, t. 77-78: W324-W362. 392 Istenič 1987, 107, t. 2: 13; 18: 8. 393 Conspectus 1990, 88. 394 Conspectus 1990, 154-155. 395 Določila U. Ehmig; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003b, 459-460. ated to the destruction layer, i.e. the roadside building, for it could be a lonely remnant of the traffic that crossed the pass in the Middle La Tene period. The majority of the small finds originate from between the mid or late Augustan period and mid 1st century AD. They are primarily dated on the basis of the typical forms of the terra sigillata and on the youngest forms of black-slip pottery. The final date is represented by two coins from the period of Claudius' reign. It is possible that some Late La Tene objects (belt buckle pl. 40: 18, spade pl. 41:1, ceramic ring pl. 48:2) are the oldest but still composite part of this context. The structure of the small finds indicates that the destruction layer could be a remnant of one or even several narrow buildings that stood at the very top of the pass, alongside the Roman road. The western part of the building, in which the majority of the small finds were discovered, was intended for the living quarters, while the eastern part, almost without any finds, must have had a different function. Most of the pottery and probably also other finds originate from northeast Italy. It is interesting that kitchenware represents merely a small share of all pottery, while fine tableware seems to be much more common (fig. 102). A relatively high number of wine and oil amphorae were discovered in the destruction layer. Most of them originate from the Adriatic area or from the Po valley, while some of them came from the east Mediterranean. The small chisels (pl. 42:1-3) and the spade (pl. 41:1) are the only tools found in the destruction layer. DITCH 1 (pls. 49: 7-27; 50; 51:1-2) The ditch filling included three coins, the youngest of which originates from the Claudius period (pl. 49: 7-9). Also discovered were: a part of a casket bolt (pl. 49: 10),389 a hipposandal fragment (pl. 49: 11 ),390 a small chisel fragment (pl. 49:14; see pg. 117), a number of nails (pl. 49: 23-27) and a part of a knife (pl. 49:18). The badly damaged object (pl. 49:13) is in fact a knife for leather with a symmetrical spear shaped blade. This form was common in Augustan military camps and remained in use until the 2nd century AD.391 Two such knives were discovered at the burial site Pod Jezerom near Rodik, one of which originated from a grave dated into the 2nd century AD.392 It is impossible to precisely define the functions of the remaining metal objects (pl. 49:12,15-17,19-22). The fragment of the terra sigillata vessel (pl. 50: 2) belongs to a plate Consp. 21 with a vertical wall and a semi-circular step between the wall and the base. Variants of such plates appeared in the late Augustan period 389 Deimel 1987, 58, pls. 39: 4; 40: 2. 390 Pflaum 2007, 305-308. 391 Dolenz 1998, 213-218, pls. 77-78: W324-W362. 392 Istenič 1987, 107, pls. 2: 13; 18: 8. Najdenih je bilo več odlomkov keramičnih svitkov (t. 50: 20-21; 51:1-2). Polovica prodnika iz roženca sodi verjetno v prazgodovinsko obdobje (t. 50: 1). V polnilu jarka je bilo tudi veliko živo oranžnih tegul in imbreksov, v razmerju 47 : 20, se pravi zelo podobno kot v ruševini. Med gradivom iz jarka 1 je najstarejši zanesljivo datiran predmet amfora Lamboglia 2 (t. 50:18), ki kaže na najzgodnejši del avgustejskega obdobja. S starejšim obdobjem se povezujejo tudi keramični svitki (t. 50: 20-21; 51: 1-2; glej str. 122-123) in morda tudi druga amfora (t. 50:19). Tera sigilata (t. 50: 2-4) ima razpon od srednjeavgustejskega do flavijskega obdobja, s čimer se ujema tudi siva keramika tankih sten (t. 50: 5-6). Najmlajši novec je Klavdijev. Torej lahko polnilo jarka najverjetneje ohlapno datiramo v sredino 1. st. po Kr. ali celo pozneje, s tem da vsebuje tudi nekaj starejšega avgustejskega gradiva. Torej je gradivo iz jarka 1 približno sočasno z ruševino. DRENAŽA (t. 51: 3-6) Med kamni drenaže sta bila najdena dva novca, iz druge polovice 1. st. in iz druge polovice 4. st. po Kr. (t. 51: 3-4) Fibula (t. 51: 5) z visokim lokom in s peresovino, ki ima štiri navoje in spodvito tetivo, je preslabo ohranjena, da bi jo lahko tipološko zanesljivo določili. Sondo (t. 51: 6) uvrščamo med kozmetično ali medicinsko orodje. Na eni strani je kapljičasto odebeljena, držaj je vzdolžno nažlebljen, ima profiliran gumb. Zaključek na drugi strani gumba je odlomljen. Lahko je bil veslasto ali listasto oblikovan, tako kot pri t. i. lopatastih sondah, ali pa je šlo za žličko t. i. ušesne sonde. Ker ni ohranjena v celoti, sonde ne moremo podrobneje kronološko opredeliti. Gre pa verjetno za enega od tipov, ki je bil zelo razširjen na začetku cesarske dobe.396 POVRŠINSKE NAJDBE Nekateri predmeti so bili najdeni na poškodovani površini oziroma niso bili natančneje prostorsko umeščeni ali pa nimajo povezave z objekti. Kljub pomanjkljivim prostorskim podatkom dopolnjujejo vedenje o trajanju celotnega najdišča in deloma razširjajo tipološki razpon gradiva. Fibula s čebulastimi gumbi (t. 51:11) sodi v tip 3/4 D po Prottlu in je datirana okvirno od 330 do začetka and continued into the Flavian period.393 The high ring-foot of the terra sigillata plate or tray (pl. 50: 3), form Consp. B 1.10 or B 2.5, and the low and wide ring-foot of the sigillata tray (pl. 50: 4), form Consp. B 1.6, belong to the Augustan - Tiberian period.394 Thin walled cups (pl. 50: 5-6) were produced in fabric TWP 7 that was manufactured in reduction firing conditions. The amphora (pl. 50: 18) most likely belongs to the form Lamboglia 2, the production of which stopped in the early Augustan period (see above). The fragment (pl. 50: 19) could represent a part of the rim of an oil amphora, of a Brindisi oval or central Adriatic oval type.395 A number of ceramic ring fragments were found (pls. 50: 20-21; 51:1-2). Half of the chert pebble most likely originates from the prehistoric period (pl. 50: 1). The ditch filling also included numerous bright orange tegulae and imbrices, in a proportion of47 : 20, which is a ratio similar to the one found in the destruction layer. The oldest reliably dated object from ditch 1 is the Lamboglia 2 amphora (pl. 50: 18), which indicates the earliest part of the Augustan period. The ceramic rings (pls. 50: 20-21; 51: 1-2; see pg. 123) and possibly the second amphora (pl. 50:19) are also linked to the earliest phase. Terra sigillata (pl. 50: 2-4) and grey thin-walled pottery (pl. 50: 5-6) have a time span ranging from the mid Augustan to the Flavian period. The youngest coin originates from the Claudius period. Thus the ditch filling can be approximately dated into the mid 1st century AD or even later; however one has to keep in mind that it does also contain certain older Augustan material. The material from ditch 1 is thus roughly contemporary to the roadside building. DRAINAGE (pl. 51: 3-6) Two coins, one from the second half of the 1st century AD and the other from the second half of the 4th century AD (pl. 51:3-4), were found amongst the stones in the drainage. The fibula (pl. 51: 5) with a high bow, four coils and an internal chord, is too poorly preserved to be dated. The probe (pl. 51: 6) can be interpreted as a cosmetic or medical instrument. The handle has longitudinal grooves and a button with transverse ribs. On one side it widens into a tear shape. The other end is missing, but it could have been shaped like an oar or a leaf, similar to the so-called spade probes, or it could have been a spoon of an ear probe. As it is not preserved in its entirety, the probe 396 Deimel 1987, 103-105, t. 96: 13; 98: 8; 100: 1; 101-103; Kunzl 1996, 2447-2449. 393 Conspectus 1990, 88. 394 Conspectus 1990, 154-155. 395 Categorised by U. Ehmig; Carre, Pesavento Mattioli 2003b, 459-460. 5. st.397 Ležala je v kvadrantu B4, izven območja ruševine (sl. 96). Kozarec Marabini 1 (sl. 116:1; t. 52:8; zvrst KTS 3) se sklada z odlomkom enakega kozarca (t. 40:2) iz kurišča v kvadrantu D11, torej z najstarejšim sklopom na Prevalu (glej str. 111-112). Na ta čas se verjetno veže tudi novec iz 121 pr. Kr. (t. 51: 7). Ostala keramika tankih sten ni dobro časovno določljiva in je bila lahko prvotno povezana z različnimi zgodnjerimskimi sklopi (kurišče v kv. D11, ruševina, jarek 1, drenaža). Gre za visoke vretenaste kozarce iz prečiščene oksidacijsko žgane keramike KTS 2 in 4 (sl. 116:2; t. 52:10,12) in iz sive keramike KTS 7 (t. 52:11) ter skodelico iz grobe keramike KTS 6 (t. 52: 9). Novci (t. 51: 7-10), predmeti iz stekla (t. 52: 1-7; odlomek balzamarija z območja novoveškega objekta -inv. št. 3208) in odlomka dveh sigilatnih vrčev (t. 52: 21-22 - območje novoveškega objekta) tudi verjetno izvirajo iz enega od rimskih sklopov. Rebrasta skodelica (t. 52: 3) iz temno modrega stekla ter rebrasti skodelici iz zelenkastega in modrikastega stekla (t. 52: 1-2) so bile izdelane v kalupu. Izdelovali so jih že konec 1. st. pr. Kr. in so bile v rabi celo 1. st. po Kr. Večbarvni in obarvani izdelki prevladujejo v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr., skodelice iz naravno obarvanega stekla (kot t. 52:1-2) pa se zelo razširijo v drugi polovici 1. st. po Kr.398 Dva odlomka iz temno modrega stekla (t. 52: 5) verjetno sodita k isti polkroglasti čaši s horizontalnimi vrezi. Oblika Isings 12 je bila zelo razširjena v celotnem 1. st. po Kr.399 interpretacija Na Prevalu, na vrhu prelaza Razdrto, so bili odkriti sorazmerno skromni ostanki, ki izvirajo iz različnih obdobij, od 2. st. pr. Kr. do 4. st. po Kr. ter iz 18.-19. st. Maloštevilnost objektov je verjetno posledica neugodnih klimatskih razmer, saj je območje izpostavljeno siloviti burji. Čez Razdrto je vodila stara prazgodovinska pot, ki ji proti zahodu, po pobočju Nanosa lahko sledimo z manjšimi bronastodobnimi naselbinskimi točkami, kot sta Šušec in Gladežnica,400 proti vzhodu pa jo nakazujejo ostanki iz bronaste in starejše železne dobe na Mandrgi. Sled prazgodovinskega prometa je verjetno tudi posamična najdba železne srednjelatenske fibule na Prevalu (t. 40: 25). Najstarejšo strukturo na prelazu predstavlja kurišče na prostem z ostanki fine italske keramike in amfor (t. 40:1-3). Kurišče se zdi nekoliko mlajše kot naselbinski cannot be precisely dated. It is likely to be one of the types commonly found at the beginning of the principate.396 SURFACE FINDS Some objects were found on the damaged excavation surface or were not supplied with precise spatial data. Furthermore, some objects are in no way connected to the archaeological structures. Regardless of the missing spatial data these objects offer a contribution to the chronology of the site as well as to the typological span of the material. The crossbow fibula (pl. 51:11) belongs to type 3/4 D in Prottel's classification and is dated approximately between 330 and the beginning of the 5th century AD.397 It was discovered in quadrant B4, outside of the area covered by the destruction layer (fig. 96). The Marabini 1 beaker (fig. 116: 1; pl. 52: 8; fabric TWP 3) is of the same type as the beaker (pl. 40: 2) discovered in the fireplace in quadrant D11, which is from the oldest context at Preval (see pgs. 111-112). The coin from 121 BC (pl. 51: 7) is also likely to be linked to this phase. The rest of the thin-walled pottery cannot be precisely dated and could have been originally linked to various early Roman contexts (fireplace in qu. D11, destruction layer, ditch 1, drainage). This pottery is represented by high spindle-shaped beakers made in fabrics TWP 2 and 4, with moderate inclusions in the clay and fired in an oxidation atmosphere (fig. 116: 2; pl. 52: 10,12), and in grey fabric TWP 7 (pl. 52: 11). A cup was made in fabric TWP 6 that contains abundant inclusions (pl. 52: 9). Coins (pl. 51: 7-10), glass objects (pl. 52: 1-7; a balsamarium fragment from the area of the modern period building - inv. No. 3208) and fragments of two sigillata jugs (pl. 52:21-22 - area of the modern period building) most likely originate from one of the Roman contexts. The ribbed bowl (pl. 52: 3) from dark blue glass and the ribbed bowls from green and blue toned glass (pl. 52: 1-2) were made in a mould. This form was manufactured already at the end of the 1st century BC and remained in use throughout the 1st century AD. Multicoloured or monochrome cups with intensive colour dominate throughout the first half of the 1st century AD, while cups from naturally coloured glass (as pl. 52: 1-2) experience a great increase in the second half of the 1st century AD.398 The two fragments from dark blue glass (pl. 52: 5) most likely belong to the same hemispherical beaker 397 Prottel 1988, 359-364. 398 Lazar 2003, 37-41, oblika 2.1.4. 399 Lazar 2003, 87-88, oblika 3.2.1. 400 Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165; Bratina 2006, 93-94. 396 Deimel 1987, 103-105, pls. 96: 13; 98: 8; 100: 1; 101-103; Kunzl 1996, 2447-2449. 397 Prottel 1988, 359-364. 398 Lazar 2003, 37-41, form 2.1.4. ostanki na Mandrgi in ga datiramo v prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr. (LTit D2). V rimskem obdobju je bila zgrajena preko prelaza cesta, nasuta z peskom. Posredno jo verjetno lahko datiramo v avgustejsko dobo s pomočjo ruševine antičnega objekta, ki je stal tik ob njej. Nadaljevanje ceste je bilo odkrito na Šušcu, le 950 m severozahodno pod Prevalom.401 Ruševina, ki je deloma pokrivala cesto, je ostanek dolgega ozkega objekta (ali več objektov), ki je stal tik ob cesti. Njegovi temelji niso bili več ohranjeni, kosi tegul in imbreksov pa pričajo o opečnati strehi. Velika gostota drobnih predmetov v zahodni polovici ruševine kaže, da je stal tam bivalni del objekta. V vzhodnem delu, kjer razen železne lopate skoraj ni bilo drobnih najdb, lahko domnevamo gospodarski del poslopja. Za objektom so ležali štirje vkopi in dva odvodna jarka (jame 1-4, jarka 1-2), ki so verjetno sočasni z objektom. Drobno gradivo iz objekta ob cesti in iz jarka 1 ima časovni razpon od srednje- oziroma poznoavgustejske dobe do sredine 1. st. po Kr. ter je zelo značilno za širši prostor. Skoraj vsi predmeti prihajajo iz območja severne Italije. Fino namizno keramiko predstavljajo padska sigilata, skodelice vrste Sarius, najmlajši izdelki padske keramike s črnim premazom in malo keramike tankih sten. Amfore so raznolike: poleg jadranskih amfor za vino in olje so zastopane tudi vzhodnosredozemske amfore. Prisotne so še oljenke in raznovrstne steklene posode. V ruševini je bilo zelo malo kuhinjske keramike, kar bi bilo morda lahko povezano s posebno, vendar neznano namembnostjo objekta. Med drobnim kovinskim gradivom je prisotnih osem rimskih novcev (razpon od 88 pr. Kr. do Klavdi-jevega časa), dva mala keltska srebrnika, tri fibule vrste Aucissa (t. 40: 13-15) in majhna železna dleta (t. 42: 1-3). Po starosti izstopa poznolatenska pasna spona (t. 40:18). Gradivo iz jarka 1 ima zelo podobno sestavo kot ruševina objekta. Poleg raznovrstne italske keramike je bilo najdene nekaj kovinske opreme in orodja: zapah ključavnice (t. 49:10), obuvalo za kopito (t. 49: 11), nož za usnje (t. 49:13) in majhno dleto (t. 49:14). Sredi 1. st. po Kr. so bili objekti porušeni in ruševina je delno prekrila cestišče. Tudi jarka 1 in 2 ter jame niso bili več v rabi. Potem ko je bil objekt ob cesti že porušen, je bila zgrajena drenaža - dolg ozek jarek, zapolnjen s kamenjem. Drobne najdbe (t. 51: 3-6), med njimi novca iz druge polovice 1. st. po Kr. in iz druge polovice 4. st. po Kr., nakazujejo, da sodi v rimsko obdobje. Novec iz druge polovice 4. st. po Kr. iz drenaže (t. 51: 4) in fibula s čebulastimi gumbi (t. 51: 11), ki je posamična najdba, sta edini poznorimski najdbi s Prevala. with wheel-cut lines. The Isings 12 form was very common throughout the 1st century AD.399 interpretation On Preval, at the top of the Razdrto pass, relatively modest remains dating from various periods (2nd century BC to 4th century AD and 18th and 19th century) were found. As the area is exposed to extreme Bora winds the low numbers of structures is most likely a consequence of the unfavourable climatic conditions. An old prehistoric route lead across Razdrto. On the west, along the slope of Nanos, it can be tracked with the aid of the small Bronze Age settlements such as Šušec and Gladežnica,400 while towards the east it is indicated by the Bronze and Early Iron Age remains on Mandrga. The isolated Middle La Tene fibula on Preval is most likely a remnant of prehistoric traffic (pl. 40:25). The oldest structure on the pass is represented by the burnt surface, i. e. open air fireplace with the remains of fine Italian pottery and amphorae (pl. 40: 1-3). The fireplace seems slightly younger than the settlement on Mandrga and is dated into the first third of the 1st century BC (LTit D2). In the Roman period a road covered with gravel was constructed across the pass. By analysing the destruction layer that extended along the road, the road can probably be dated into the Augustan period. The continuation of the road was found on Šušec under Preval, a mere 950 m northwest.401 The destruction layer consisting of the remains of a long narrow building (or several buildings) that stood on the roadside partly covered the road. Its foundations were not preserved, only tegulae and imbrices fragments indicate a tiled roof. The high density of small objects in the western half of the destruction layer indicates that this was where the living quarters were located. The eastern part was most likely the outbuilding, as there were almost no small finds (with the exception of an iron spade). Four pits and two drainage ditches (pits 1-4, ditches 1-2) lied behind the building and they most likely originate from the same time as the building. The small material from the roadside building and from ditch 1 originates from between the mid or late Augustan period and mid 1st century AD and is very typical for the broader area. Almost all objects originate from north Italy. Fine tableware is represented by Po valley sigillata, Sarius cups, the latest products of the Po valley black-slip pottery and a few examples of thin-walled pottery. There are also various types of amphorae: alongside the Adriatic amphorae for wine and oil there Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165. 399 Lazar 2003, 87-88, form 3.2.1. 400 Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165; Bratina 2006, 93-94. 401 Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 165. 401 V severnem delu izkopišča so bili izkopani kamniti temelji preprostega objekta, ki ga novci postavljajo v 18. in 19. stoletje. Na Prevalu, na križišču tržaške in vipavske ceste, je v novem veku (v 18. in 19. stoletju) stala mitnica.402 Odkriti temelji bi lahko bili njeni ostanki. Nasutje grušča južno od novoveškega objekta, ki nekoliko spominja na cestno nasutje, in posamezne novoveške najdbe na nasutju in v njegovi okolici kažejo na možnost, da je mimo vodila tudi cesta. are also east Mediterranean amphorae. Oil lamps and various glass vessels are also present. The destruction layer contained merely a few pieces of kitchenware which could be a result of the special, still unknown purpose of the building. The small metal finds include eight Roman coins (from 88 BC to Claudius), two small Celtic silver coins, three Aucissa type fibulae (pl. 40:13-15) and small iron chisels (pl. 42:1-3). The Late La Tene belt buckle stands out due to its date (pl. 40:18). Material from ditch 1 has a similar composition to the finds from the roadside building. Alongside the various Italian pottery a few pieces of metal equipment and tools were discovered: a casket bolt (pl. 49: 10), a hipposandal (pl. 49: 11), a knife for leather (pl. 49: 13) and a small chisel (pl. 49:14). In the mid 1st century AD the roadside building was destroyed and the destruction layer partially covered the road. Ditches 1 and 2 and the pits were no longer in use. Once the roadside building was demolished the drainage (a long narrow ditch, filled with stones) was made. The small finds (pl. 51: 3-6), including the two coins (one from the second half of the 1st century AD and the other from the second half of the 4th century AD), indicate that it belongs to the Roman period. The coin from the second half of the 4th century, found in the drainage (pl. 51:4) and the crossbow fibula (pl. 51: 11, an isolated find), are the only late Roman objects at Preval. Foundation stones of a simple building were excavated in the north of the site. Coins found next to them date the building into the 18th and 19th century. According to sources402 a toll was located in that time at Preval, at the crossroads of the Trieste and Vipava road. The discovered foundations could represent its remains. The gravel south of the modern period building, which is somewhat similar to the road metal, and isolated modern period finds on the gravel and its vicinity indicate the possibility that a modern road passed by the building. Rupnik 1935, 125. 02 Rupnik 1935, 125. 402 ZAKLJUČEK: RAZDRTO, OKRA IN POTI ČEZ ALPE CONCLUSIONS: RAZDRTO, OCRA AND ROUTES LEADING ACROSS THE ALPS Gledano iz ravnine pri Akvileji se na severu kot zid dvigujejo vrhovi Karnijskih in Julijskih Alp, proti severovzhodu pa se Alpe nekoliko znižajo v niz gozdnatih robov visokih dinarskih planot, ki se vleče v značilni smeri od severozahoda proti jugovzhodu in strmo pada v sredozemsko pokrajino. Ugoden prehod v notranjost celine je možen samo čez prelaz Razdrto (600 m n. m.) v Pivško kotlino in naprej čez Postojnska vrata (612 m n. m.; sl. 1). Visoka planota Nanos z vrhom Pleša (1262 m n. m.), ki se dviguje neposredno nad Razdrtim, je dobro vidna s Furlanske nižine, s Krasa in tudi z dvignjenih mest na Notranjskem in v osrednji Sloveniji. Je ena redkih orientacijskih točk na tem območju, pravi kažipot, ki že od daleč usmerja promet čez prelaz.403 V sodobnem ljudskem izročilu je Nanos gora, ki drži strukturo sveta v ravnovesju: stoji na sedmih oziroma trinajstih stebrih, napolnjena je z vodo, ki grozi z uničenjem Krasa in Vipavske doline, in v njej živi mitska kača.404 čez Razdrto že od davnine potekajo povezave med severnim Jadranom in Apeninskim polotokom na zahodu ter Balkanom in srednjim Podonavjem na vzhodu. Po drugi strani Razdrto predstavlja geografsko mejo med Sredozemljem in celino, ki je takoj opazna v podnebju in rastju. V preteklosti se je večkrat prav tu oblikovala meja med kulturami srednje Evrope in Sredozemlja.405 Prelaz Razdrto se je v pozni prazgodovini in zgodnji antiki imenoval Okra in enako ime je nosila gora nad njim (glej str. 19-22). Prelaz je bil osrednja prometna točka na vzhodnem robu Alp, gora Okra pa pomembna orientacijska točka.406 Jaroslav Šašel je na podlagi antičnih pisnih in arheoloških virov rekonstruiral poti čez prostor jugozahodne Slovenije (sl. 108), ki imajo zelo stare korenine, in so bile v rabi v 2. in 1. st. pr. Kr.407 Prelaz Razdrto - Okra, je bil križišče poti, ki vodijo s celine v severnojadranska 403 Požeš 1998, 368-373; Kladnik 1998, 296-304. 404 Hrobat 2009. 405 Požeš 1998, 368-369; Šašel 1974, 14-15; Slapšak 1999. 406 Predvsem Strabon 4, 6, 10; 7, 5, 2. Looking from the Aquileia flatlands, the peaks of the Carnic and Julian Alps rise like a wall on the north, while on the northeast the Alps descend into the forested edge of the high Dinaric plateaux that spans from the northwest to the southeast and falls sharply into the Mediterranean landscape. The most obvious route into the continent interior leads across the pass at Razdrto (600 m a.s.l) into the Pivka basin and onwards through the Postojna Gate (612 m a.s.l.; fig. 1). The high Nanos plateau with the peak of Pleša (1262 m a.s.l.), rising directly over Razdrto, is clearly visible from the Friuli Plain, Kras and from the elevated areas in the Notranjska region and central Slovenia. It is one of the rare orientation points in the area, a landmark that leads the way to the pass already from a distance.403 In contemporary oral tradition Nanos is a mountain that preserves the world harmony: it rests on seven or thirteen pillars, is filled with water that threatens to destroy Kras and the Vipava valley, and is inhabited by a mythical snake.404 The routes between the north Adriatic and the Ap-ennine peninsula on the west and the Balkans and the central Danubian plains on the east ran across Razdrto ever since ancient times. On the other hand Razdrto represents a geographic border between the Mediterranean and the mainland, a border that can be clearly noticed in the changes in vegetation and weather. on a number of occasions in the past this also represented the border between the Central European and Mediterranean cultures.405 In the late prehistory and in the early Roman era the pass of Razdrto was known under the name of Ocra as was the mountain above it (see pgs. 19-22). The pass was a central cross-roads at the eastern edge of the Alps while the Ocra mountain represented an important orientation mark.406 407 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977. 403 Požeš 1998, 368-373; Kladnik 2001, 296-304. 404 Hrobat 2009. 405 Požeš 1998, 368-369; Šašel 1974, 14-15; Slapšak 1999. 406 Especially in Strabo 4, 6, 10; 7, 5, 2. Sl. 108: Rekonstrukcija poti, ki jih omenja Strabon (po Šašel 1977, 159), pomembnejše sočasne naselbine in območja plemen. Fig. 108: Reconstruction of the routes mentioned by Strabo (after Šašel 1977, 159), the important settlements from the time and the areas of the tribes. pristanišča, to je v Akvilejo in Tergeste na zahodu in v Tarsatiko na jugu.408 Z Razdrtega na vzhod so bile poti usmerjene v porečje Save. Najbolj naraven prehod gre čez Pivško kotlino, skozi Postojnska vrata ali čez Stu-deno, mimo Planinskega polja v Logatec in na Vrhniko (antični Navport). To je odsek magistrale, ki je povezovala severni Jadran z Baltikom. Zanjo se je v sodobnem času uveljavil izraz jantarjeva pot.409 Od te smeri se je odcepila stara pot čez barje Lugeon (verjetno Cerkniško jezero) in prek Blok na Krko oziroma na Kolpo.410 Osrednja trgovska in prometna točka na panonski strani je bila Segestika / Siscija, kamor so se stekale vodne poti po Ljubljanici oz. Savi, po Krki in Kolpi.411 bronasta in starejša železna doba na notranjskem V jugozahodni Sloveniji oziroma na Notranjskem so naselbine iz različnih arheoloških obdobij zgoščene ob omejenih območjih kakovostne obdelovalne zemlje412 in 408 Prim. Horvat 2005. 409 Šašel 1974, 15-16; Buora 1996; Guštin, Gaspari 2005, 353-355. 410 Šašel 1977; Ciglenečki 1985; Laharnar 2009; prim. Kosi 1998, 237-242. 4" Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Lolic 2003; Šašel Kos 2005, 437-442. 4i2 Slapšak 2003, 244-245. From the evidence provided by literary and archaeological sources Jaroslav Šašel reconstructed the routes that crossed the territory of current day southwest Slovenia in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. However, these were routes that originated in the early antiquity (fig. 108).407 The Razdrto pass (Ocra) was the central cross-roads for routes leading from the continent to the north Adriatic ports, i.e. Aquileia and Tergeste on the west and Tarsatica on the south.408 All routes leading from Razdrto towards the east end at the Sava river basin. The most natural route crosses the Pivka basin, goes through the Postojna Gate or across Studeno, past the Planina plain into Logatec and towards Vrhnika (Roman Nauportus). This is a part of the main road that connected the northen Adriatic with the Baltic and became known in modern times as the Amber Route.409 The old route across the Lugeon marsh (most likely Lake Cerknica) and across the Bloke plateau towards the Krka or Kolpa river also starts here.410 The central point of trade and transport in the Panonnian lowlands was Segestica / Siscia, which lies on the water routes of the rivers Sava (with its tributaries Ljubljanica and Krka) and Kolpa.411 407 Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977. 408 Cf. Horvat 2005. 409 Šašel 1974, 15-16; Buora 1996; Guštin, Gaspari 2005, 353-355. 410 Šašel 1977; Ciglenečki 1985; Laharnar 2009; cf. Kosi 1998, 237-242. 4" Šašel 1974; Šašel 1977; Lolic 2003; Šašel Kos 2005, 437-442. ob naravnih poteh, ki potekajo, kjer se le da, po širokih dolinah, nižjih planotah ali po robovih kraških polj - to je čez Kras, Pivško kotlino, po dolini Reke, čez Planinsko, Cerkniško in Logaško polje.413 Na območju prelaza Razdrto poznamo več najdišč iz bronaste dobe. Na vzhodni strani prelaza leži Mandrga, na vzponu iz Vipavske doline Šušec (sl. 7).414 Na Mandrgi so bili odkriti skromni ostanki bronastodobne keramike, ni pa bilo naselbinskih struktur. Na Šušcu, ki leži v izrazito zavetni legi pred burjo, sta bila najdena dva vodna kala, kamnito orodje in bronastodobna keramika. V obeh primerih gre verjetno za manjši postojanki, morda počivališči ob poti. Grič Goli vrh, z majhno količino bronastodobne keramike, je imel verjetno vlogo višinske nadzorne točke nad prelazom. Podobne zgostitve arheoloških najdišč iz bronaste dobe opažamo tudi na nekaterih drugih ozkih prehodih oziroma prelazih na Notranjskem: pri Postojni, Pivki in Knežaku.415 V pozni bronasti dobi je bilo območje Notranjske kulturno navezano na severnojadranski prostor.416 Kovinske posamične najdbe z notranjskih gradišč postavljajo najstarejšo fazo poselitve prav v ta čas, hkrati pa kažejo na stike med Italijo in zahodnim Balkanom.417 V starejši železni dobi se je na ozemlju Notranjske oblikovala notranjska skupina.418 To obdobje je na območju Razdrtega slabo zaznavno - samo z nezanesljivo datiranim obeskom v obliki živali z Mandrge (sl. 39; t. 38: 27). Na severnem obrobju Pivške kotline, 7 km od Razdrtega, je v 8. st. pr. Kr. nastala utrjena naselbina na Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. Po površini gre za največjo naselbino na ozemlju notranjske skupine z lego, ki ji je omogočala nadzor prometa čez Razdrto in čez Pivško kotlino.419 O intenzivnosti prometa čez Notranjsko posredno pričajo stiki med halštatskimi kulturami Italije, vzhodnih Alp in zahodnega Balkana.420 mlajša železna doba na notranjskem V mlajši železni dobi je Razdrto sodilo na območje notranjsko-kraške skupine, ki je z značilno nošo vključena v severnojadranski prostor. Lokalne posebnosti skupine se izražajo v obeskih sklepancev s človeško glavo in verjetno v certoških fibulah s kapičastim gumbom the bronze and early iron age in the notranjska region In southwest Slovenia (the Notranjska region) the settlements from various archaeological periods concentrated in the vicinity of the limited areas of high quality soil412 and along the natural communication links that lead (if possible) along the wide valleys, lower plateaux or along the edges of the karst fields - i.e. across the Kras, the Pivka basin, along the valley of the Reka river, and across the Planina, Cerknica and Logatec plains.413 Several Bronze Age sites were discovered in the area of the Razdrto pass. Mandrga lies on the eastern side of the pass, while Susec is positioned along the ascending route from the Vipava valley (fig. 7).414 A few Bronze Age pottery remains were discovered at Mandrga, but no settlement structures. Two artificial ponds, stone tools and Bronze Age pottery were found on Susec, which is well hidden from the strong northern winds (Bora). In both cases they were small sites, maybe resting posts on the communication route. The hill Goli vrh, with a few Bronze Age pottery pieces, was most likely an elevated look-out point above the pass. A similar concentration of Bronze Age archaeological sites can be noticed on other narrow passes in the Notranjska region: at Postojna, Pivka and Knezak.415 In the Late Bronze Age the territory of today's Notranjska region was culturally connected to the northern Adriatic.416 Individual metal finds from hillforts in the Notranjska region place the oldest settlement phase into this period and indicate contacts between Italy and the West Balkans.417 The Notranjska group developed during the Early Iron Age.418 This period is hardly noticeable in the area of Razdrto - merely with the uncertainly dated zoomorphic pendant from Mandrga (fig. 39; pl. 38: 27). A fortified settlement appeared in the 8th century BC at Grad near Smihel (7 km from Razdrto, on the northern edge of the Pivka basin). With the area it covered it was the largest settlement in the Notranjska region. It also stood at a position that enabled it to control all transport across Razdrto and through the Pivka basin.419 The intensity of transport across the Notranjska region is shown by the contacts between the Hallstatt period cultures from Italy, the eastern Alpine region and the west Balkans.420 413 Horvat 1995b; Horvat 2005; Guštin, Gaspari 2005, 353-355; Gaspari 2009. 414 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 415 Horvat 2005, 237-241, sl. 1-2. 416 Teržan 1999, 136-137. 417 Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998; Turk 2001, 158-159, sl. 3. 418 Gabrovec 1999, 177-178. 419 Guštin 1979; Horvat 2002; Guštin, Gaspari 2005. 420 Gabrovec 1999, 185-188. 412 Slapšak 2003, 244-245. 413 Horvat 1995b; Horvat 2005; Guštin, Gaspari 2005, 353-355; Gaspari 2009. 414 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 415 Horvat 2005, 237-241, figs. 1-2. 416 Teržan 1999, 108-111. 417 Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998; Turk 2001, 158-159, fig. 3. 418 Gabrovec 1999, 150. 419 Guštin 1979; Horvat 2002; Guštin, Gaspari 2005. 420 Gabrovec 1999, 164-170. na nogi.421 Grad pri Šmihelu je verjetno obdržal vlogo osrednje naselbine vsaj do konca srednjelatenskega obdobja, morda pa še v poznem latenu.422 Na večini starih višinskih naselbin na Pivškem in v dolini Reke so bili odkriti močni sledovi poselitve v poznolatenskem času. 423 Antični pisni in epigrafski viri za čas od 2. st. pr. Kr. dalje kažejo, da sta bila severni del Furlanske nižine ter gorato območje od Karnijskih Alp do Tergesta poseljena s Karni, ki so bili keltsko ljudstvo (sl. i08).424 Torej lahko Karnom pripišemo sorazmerno zapletene arheološke sledove iz Karnije, kjer je bil verjetno prisoten tudi ve-netski substrat.425 Karne v najširšem smislu predstavljata verjetno še dve arheološko opredeljeni skupini, idrijska v zgornjem Posočju in notranjsko-kraška.426 Notranjsko-kraška skupina je ležala med močnimi sosedi. Na jugu, v Istri, so živeli Histri.427 Ob obali Tržaškega zaliva se je verjetno širilo vplivno območje Venetov - s svetiščem ob Timavi in emporijem v Ter-gestu.428 Po ustanovitvi Akvileje in osvojitvi Istre so Rimljani obvladovali ves obalni pas. Na vzhodu se je širila mokronoška skupina, katere nosilci so bili keltski Tavriski. ločnica med skupinama je potekala zahodno od Navporta in doline Krke.429 Japodi so živeli v liki in na sosednjih območjih,430 njim sorodni Kolapiani pa ob Kolpi.431 RIMlJANI NA VZNOŽJU JUGOVZHODNIH AlP Akvileja je bila ustanovljena 181 pr. Kr. na mestu predrimskega emporija kot colonia Latina.4^'2 Do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. je bila edina skupnost rimskih državljanov na severovzhodu Galije Cisalpine. Območje kolonije se je raztezalo po vsej Furlanski nižini, med Tilmentom in Timavo, medtem ko je bil politični in ekonomski 421 Guštin 1991, 36-39, 48-51; Božič 1999, 212-213; La-harnar 2009. 422 Horvat 2002, 143-145. 423 Horvat 2005, 242-243, sl. 3; Gaspari 2009. 424 Vedaldi lasbez 1994, 229-239; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 333-336; Bandelli 2001; Slapšak 2003, 245-246; Šašel kos 2005, 413-414; Mainardis 2008, 30-33. 425 Vitri, Oriolo 2001; Vitri 2001a; Mainardis 2008, 29-32. 426 Guštin 1991; Božič 1999, 213. 427 Gabrovec, Mihovilic 1987, 293-294. 428 Tergeste nosi venetsko ime; po rimskih vojnah s His-tri leži naselje na območju Karnov; Zaccaria 1992b, 149-151; Cassola Guida, Cassola 2002, 7-8; Slapšak 2003, 245-246. 429 Božič 1999; Šašel Kos 2005, 416; Laharnar 2009. 430 Šašel Kos 2005, 422-437; Balen-Letunic 2006; Olujic 2007. 431 Božič 2001. 432 Zaccaria 1996, 139-140; Zaccaria 2003, 294-302; Bandelli 2003b. LATE IRON AGE IN THE NOTRANJSKA REGION In the Late Iron Age Razdrto was located within the territory of the Notranjska-Kras group. Judging by its typical attire the group belonged to the north Adriatic native cultures. The local characteristics of the group are demonstrated in the belt chain pendants formed as a human head and in the Certosa type fibulae with a cap-shaped terminal of the foot.421 Grad near Šmihel probably preserved the role of the central settlement at least to the end of the Middle La Tene period, possibly even into the Late La Tene period.422 Evidence indicating intensive settlement in the Late La Tene period were found in most of the old hilltop settlements in the Pivka basin as well as along the river Reka valley.423 Ancient literary and epigraphic sources for the 2nd century BC and onwards indicate that the northern part of the Friuli Plain and the mountainous area from the Carnic Alps to Tergeste was settled by the Carni, who were of Celtic origin (fig. 108).424 The Carni can therefore be ascribed the relatively complex archaeological traces from Carnia, where the Venetic substrata was probably also present.425 In the broad sense the Carni were most probably also represented by two other archaeological groups, the Idria group in the upper Soča river area and the Notranjska-Kras group.426 The Notranjska-Kras group was positioned in the midst of strong neighbours. Istria in the south was inhabited by the Histri.427 The Veneti probably dominated the coast of the Trieste Bay, for they had connections with a sanctuary on the Timavo banks and an emporium in Tergeste.428 Following the establishment of Aquileia and the conquest of Istria the Romans controlled the entire coast. The Mokronog group that belonged to the Celtic Taurisci occupied the territories east of the Notranjska-Kras group. The border between the groups ran west of Nauportus and the Krka valley.429 The Iap-odes lived in Lika and the neighbouring territories,430 421 Guštin 1991, 36-39, 48-51; Božič 1999, 202-203; Laharnar 2009. 422 Horvat 2002, 143-145. 423 Horvat 2005, 242-243, fig. 3; Gaspari 2009. 424 Vedaldi lasbez 1994, 229-239; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 333-336; Bandelli 2001; Slapšak 2003, 245-246; Šašel Kos 2005, 413-414; Mainardis 2008, 30-33. 425 Vitri, Oriolo 2001; Vitri 2001a; Mainardis 2008, 29-32. 426 Guštin 1991; Božič 1999, 203. 427 Gabrovec, Mihovilic 1987, 293-294. 428 Tergeste has a Venetic name; following the Roman wars with the Histri the settlement was located in the territory of the Carni; Zaccaria 1992b, 149-151; Cassola Guida, Cassola 2002, 7-8; Slapšak 2003, 245-246. 429 Božič 1999; Šašel Kos 2005, 416; Laharnar 2009. 430 Šašel Kos 2005, 422-437; Balen-Letunic 2006; Olujic 2007. nadzor v 2. st. pr. Kr. še precej širši - zajemal je vso Caput Adriae.433 Eden najpomembnejših razlogov za ustanovitev Akvileje je bila potreba po varovanju prehodov čez vzhodne Alpe, ki so predstavljali možne poti za invazijo proti Italiji z območja Norika, iz srednjega Podonavja in iz Ilirika. Po zavzetju Istre (178/177 pr. Kr.) je bila rimska obrambna politika pretežno defenzivna. Rim je vzdrževal nadzor s sklepanjem zavezništev, priključitvami manjših ozemelj in samo v skrajni sili s kazenskimi ekspedicijami.434 Zavezništvo z izbranimi keltskimi plemeni, morda z delom Karnov, je bilo vzpostavljeno že v času vojne s Histri 178 pr. Kr. Noriško kraljestvo je bilo od domnevnih prvih stikov v letu 170 pr. Kr. dalje najpomembnejši rimski zaveznik v regiji.435 Konzul Gaj Kasij longin je 171 pr. Kr. prodrl globoko na ozemlje vzhodno od Akvileje in prizadel Karne, Histre, japode ter verjetno tudi Tavriske. V tem času je bil prostor jugovzhodnih Alp za Rimljane v veliki meri še terra incognita, saj je moral Kasij longin najeti tuje vodnike, predstave o razdaljah pa so bile napačne.436 Vojaška akcija Gaja Sempronija Tuditana 129 pr. Kr. je bila usmerjena na prvem mestu proti japodom, dodatno pa proti Tavriskom, Histrom ter morda tudi Karnom.437 Pohod 119 pr. Kr. proti Segestiki pod vodstvom lucija Avrelija Kote in Metela ni imel dolgoročnega učinka. zdi se, da so Rimljani takrat obvladovali prostor Razdrtega in ljubljanske kotline ter dovolj nadzorovali Tavriske, da so lahko posegli tako daleč na vzhod.438 leta 115 pr. Kr. je konzul Mark Emilij Skaver premagal Karne in Tavriske (ki niso nujno jugovzhodnoalpski Tavriski). Tudi ni jasno, ali gre za Karne iz Karnije ali za tiste, ki so živeli v bližini Tergesta.439 Ko so Kimbri 113 pr. Kr. ogrožali Italijo, je konzul Gnej Papirij Karbon zasedel prelaz, ki je čez Alpe vodil v Italijo. Pri Noreji je napadel Kimbre in bil poražen, Kimbri pa so se kljub temu umaknili na sever. Noreja ni locirana. Marjeta Šašel Kos domneva, da je ležala na ozemlju Tavri-skov v zgornjem Posavju. Prelaz, ki ga je Karbon zasedel, je bil verjetno lažje prehoden, kar bi ustrezalo Razdrtemu ali prelazu pri Žabnicah v bližini Trbiža.440 V obdobju med 143 in 95 pr. Kr. je bila ustanovljena provinca Galija Cisalpina, kar je pomenilo enotno in stabilno upravo tudi na robnem območju vzhodnih Alp.441 433 Zaccaria 2003, 321-324. 434 Pavan 1987; Zaccaria 1992a, 75-77; Zaccaria 1996, 141-142; Šašel Kos 1997, 21-31. 435 Piccottini 1990; Šašel Kos 1997, 26-31. 436 Šašel Kos 1997, 26-28. 437 Šašel Kos 2005, 321-329. 438 Šašel Kos 2005, 329-334. 439 Pavan 1987, 23; Zaccaria 1992a, 81; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 138-139; Graßl 2000. 440 Šašel Kos 2005, 198-203, 519-527. 441 Zaccaria 1992a, 81-82; Šašel Kos 2000, 279-283; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 140. while their relatives the Colapiani inhabited the area surrounding the Kolpa river.431 romans at the foothills of the southeastern alps Aquileia was founded in 181 BC as a colonia Latina on the location of a pre-Roman emporium.432 Until the mid 1st century BC it was the only community of Roman citizens in the northeast Gallia Cisalpina. Its territory spread across the entire Friuli lowlands (between the Ta-gliamento and Timavo rivers), however its political and economic control was much broader in the 2nd century BC - it engulfed the entire Caput Adriae.433 One of the most important reasons for founding Aquileia was the need to protect the passes across the eastern Alps, for they represented possible routes for an invasion of Italy from Noricum, the central Danube territories and Illyricum. Following the conquest of Istria (178/177 BC) the Roman military policy focused mainly on defending the acquired territories. The Romans ensured control by creating alliances, annexing smaller territories and only when forced by penal expeditions.434 Their alliances with selected Celtic tribes, possibly with a part of the Carni, were established already during the war with the Histri in 178 BC. From the first assumed contacts in 170 BC onwards the Norican kingdom was one of the most important Roman allies in the region.435 In 171 BC the consul Gaius Cassius Longinus penetrated deep into the territory east of Aquileia and thus strongly affected the Carni, Histri, Iapodes, and most likely also the Taurisci. As most of the southeast Alps were terra incognita to the Romans in this period and they had an incorrect perception as regards the distances within this territory, Cassius Longinus had to hire foreign guides to lead him through the area.436 The military campaign carried forth by Gaius Sem-pronius Tuditanus in 129 BC was primarily oriented against the Iapodes, and additionally towards the Taur-isci, Histri and possibly also against the Carni.437 The campaign against Segestica in 119 BC, under the leadership of Lucius Aurelius Cotta and Metellus, did not have a long term effect. It is likely that at the time the Romans dominated the territories of Razdrto and the Ljubljana basin and had sufficient control over the Taurisci to be able to reach this far to the east.438 431 Božič 2001. 432 Zaccaria 1996, 139-140; Zaccaria 2003, 294-302; Bandelli 2003b. 433 Zaccaria 2003, 321-324. 434 Pavan 1987; Zaccaria 1992a, 75-77; Zaccaria 1996, 141-142; Šašel Kos 1997, 21-31. 435 Piccottini 1990; Šašel Kos 1997, 26-31. 436 Šašel Kos 1997, 26-28. 437 Šašel Kos 2005, 321-329. 438 Šašel Kos 2005, 329-334. Do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. se je ozemlje, ki ga je nadzorovala Akvileja, razširilo globoko v Alpe, od Julija Karnika na severu do Navporta na vzhodu (sl. Cezarjev prokonzulat v obeh Galijah in Iliriku, 59 do 49 pr. Kr., je z vojaško in administrativno reorganizacijo prinesel novosti v rimski politiki na območju jugovzhodnih Alp.443 Zakon iz leta 49 pr. Kr. (lex de civitate) je sprožil ustanavljanje municipijev na ozemlju Transpadane in v Istri.444 Tergeste, konec 2. st. pr. Kr. še karnijska "vas", je bilo kot rimska kolonija ustanovljeno verjetno v Cezarjevem času.445 Forum Iulii je bil domnevno ustanovljen kot forum med 56 in 50, leta 49 pa je verjetno dobil status muni-cipija.446 Najstarejši odkriti sledovi na območju mesta so šele iz avgustejske dobe.447 Konkordija je bila ustanovljena morda že za Cezarja ali pa v času drugega triumvirata.448 Iulium Carnicum je ležal ob poti čez prelaz Ploče (it. Monte Croce Carnico / nem. Plöckenpass) v Norik. Najprej je bil, po imenu sodeč, castellum ali forum, zgrajen na območju, kjer so živeli Karni. V času Julija Cezarja je bil verjetno vicus, morda je kmalu potem dobil status municipija. V avgustejski dobi je postal kolonija.449 Navport je ležal v Ljubljanski kotlini, onstran kraških prelazov in na začetku plovne poti Ljubljanica-Sava-Donava. Kot vicus na ozemlju Akvileje je epigrafsko izpričan od sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. dalje.450 V avgustejski dobi je stala ob rečnem pristanišču utrdba z osrednjim trgom in nizi velikih skladišč, ki je delovala kot prekla-dalna in oskrbovalna postojanka.451 Tudi še potem, ko so bila ustanovljena mesta Ter-geste, Forum Iulii in Emona, se je akvilejsko ozemlje raztezalo vzdolž jantarjeve poti daleč na vzhod, do vključno Navporta.452 To kaže na izjemen pomen tega prostora za kolonijo Akvilejo in verjetno tudi za širšo rimsko politiko v 1. st. pr. Kr.453 442 Zaccaria 2003, 322-323. 443 Zaccaria 1992a, 82; Šašel Kos 2000; Vedaldi lasbez 2000; Rossi 2003; Šašel Kos 2005, 340-342. 444 Zaccaria 1986, 65-70; Zaccaria 2003, 313-314. 445 Fraschetti 1975; Zaccaria 1992b, 149-152; Šašel Kos 2000, 287, 292-293; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 340-342; Cassola Guida, Cassola 2002. 446 Giavitto 1998, 203-206; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 345-350; Zaccaria 2007, 130-132; Chiaba 2007. 447 Chiaba 2007, 55. 448 Zaccaria 1995; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 343-345. 449 Mainardis 2008; Šašel Kos 2000, 289-291; Zaccaria 2001; Mainardis 2001. 450 Šašel Kos 1990; Šašel Kos 1998; Šašel Kos 2000, 294-297; Šašel Kos 2002a; Šašel Kos 2002b. 451 Horvat 1990; Mušič, Horvat 2007; Horvat 2008a; Horvat 2009. 452 Šašel Kos 2002b. 453 Prim. Mušič, Horvat 2007, 265-267. In 115 BC the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeated the Carni and Taurisci (who are not necessarily the southeast Alpine Taurisci). It is also unclear whether he defeated the Carni from Carnia or those who lived in the vicinity of Tergeste.439 In 113 BC when Italy was endangered by the Cimbri, the consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo occupied the pass that lead across the Alps to Italy. He attacked the Cimbri at Noreia and even though he was defeated, the Cimbri still retreated north. Noreia has not been located yet. Marjeta Šašel Kos assumes that it was situated within the territories of the Taurisci, somewhere along the upper Sava river flow. The pass occupied by Carbo was probably easy to pass, so it could be Razdrto or the passage at Camporosso in the vicinity of Tarvisio.440 The province of Gallia Cisalpina was established between 143 and 95 BC. With its establishment came a unified and stable administration on the edge of the eastern Alps.441 Until the mid 1st century BC Aquileia controlled territories deep into the Alps, from Iulium Carnicum on the north to Nauportus in the east (fig. 112).442 During Caesar's proconsulship in Galliae and Illyricum (between 59 and 49 BC) a military and administrative reorganisation was introduced that brought novelties to the Roman politics in the southeast Alps.443 The law from 49 BC (lex de civitate) triggered the foundation of new municipia in the territories of Gallia Transpadana and Histria.444 Tergeste (still a Carnian 'village' at the end of the 2nd century BC) was most likely founded as a Roman colony in Caesar's period.445 It is assumed that Forum Iulii was founded as a forum between 56 and 50 BC, and in 49 it was most likely granted the status of a municipium.446 The oldest discovered traces in the area of the town date only as far back as the Augustan period.447 It is possible that Concordia was founded already during the time of Caesar or the Second Triumvirate.448 439 Pavan 1987, 23; Zaccaria 1992a, 81; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 138-139; Graßl 2000. 440 Šašel Kos 2005, 198-203, 519-527. 441 Zaccaria 1992a, 81-82; Šašel Kos 2000, 279-283; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 140. 442 Zaccaria 2003, 322-323. 443 Zaccaria 1992a, 82; Šašel Kos 2000; Vedaldi lasbez 2000; Rossi 2003; Šašel Kos 2005, 340-342. 444 Zaccaria 1986, 65-70; Zaccaria 2003, 313-314. 445 Fraschetti 1975; Zaccaria 1992b, 149-152; Šašel Kos 2000, 287, 292-293; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 340-342; Cassola Guida, Cassola 2002. 446 Giavitto 1998, 203-206; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 345-350; Zaccaria 2007, 130-132; Chiaba 2007. 447 Chiaba 2007, 55. 448 Zaccaria 1995; Vedaldi lasbez 2000, 343-345. Uporu domačinov nekje na širšem vplivnem območju Akvileje, ki ga je morda sprožilo prisilno oskrbovanje rimske vojske v Cezarjevem času, je sledilo rimsko obleganje domorodne utrdbe castellum Larignum - verjetno blizu poznejše obcestne postaje mansio Larice, ki je ležala morda v dolini Canal del Ferro.454 Morda je bila Cezarjeva politika, ki se je izrazila med drugim v ustanovitvi kolonije Tergeste, tudi posredni vzrok za vpad Japodov proti Tergestu 52 pr. kr.455 Galija Cisalpina je bila priključena Italiji leta 41 pr. kr.456 Akvileja je delovala ves čas svojega obstoja kot velik emporij. Postala je bogato in kozmopolitsko mesto, vozlišče trgovskih poti med Italijo in Sredozemljem na eni ter alpskimi in podonavskimi deželami na drugi strani. Tudi Tergeste in konkordija sta igrala podobno, verjetno dopolnilno vlogo emporijev na stiku med Jadranom in srednjo Evropo.457 rimski sledovi na notranjskem 2. ST. PR. KR. Na Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom je bil odkrit zaklad, ki vsebuje rimsko napadalno orožje s konca 3. oziroma iz prve polovice 2. st. pr. kr.: konice katapultnih osti, sulične osti, puščične osti, različne vrste pilumov, kopja, zažigalna kopja, meče in čelado (sl. 109). Ni jasno, kdo in zakaj je zakopal orožje. Vendar je bilo orožje uporabljeno v boju, tako da gre verjetno za ostanek enega od rimskih vojaških pohodov, mogoče kmalu po ustanovitvi Akvileje, s katerim so želeli zavarovati mlado rimsko kolonijo in hkrati vzpostaviti nadzor nad glavno vpadnico z vzhoda proti Italiji.458 Zgodnja rimska sled so tudi viktoriati, ki so jih kovali med 211 in 170 pr. kr., z novčno reformo 141 pr. kr. pa so bili vzeti iz novčnega sistema. Na območju Slovenije so posamične najdbe viktoriatov skoraj izključno vezane na kras in Notranjsko.459 Pomemben ostanek so tudi zakladne najdbe rimskih novcev, ki vsebujejo viktoriate ali pa so brez njih. Zaklad v Dutovljah na krasu je bil zakopan po letu 148 pr. kr.460 Trije novčni zakladi oziroma skupne najdbe so datirani z zaključnimi novci po letih 147 oziroma 146 454 Zaccaria 1992a, 82; Šašel 1981; Mainardis 2001, 190-191; Mainardis 2008, 38. 455 Zaccaria 1992b, 151-152; Šašel Kos 2000, 292. 456 Zaccaria 2003, 313-314. 457 Zaccaria 1994; Zaccaria 1996; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127-131; Vedaldi lasbez 2007; Tassaux 2004. 458 Horvat 2002; Kmetič, Horvat, Vodopivec 2004. 459 Miškec 2003. 460 Kos 1986, 30; FMRSl I, 45; Miškec 2007, 276. lulium Carnicum was positioned alongside the route that lead across the Monte Croce Carnico pass (Germ. Plockenpass) into Noricum. At first it was, at least as it can be assumed from its name, a castellum or a forum, built on the territory populated by the Carni. During the time of Caesar it was most likely a vicus, and it probably obtained the status of a municipium soon afterwards. In the Augustan period it became a colony.449 Nauportus was located in the Ljubljana basin, on the other side of the Alpine passes and at the beginning of the navigable river route Ljubljanica - Sava - Danube. According to inscriptions it was a vicus within the Aqui-leian territory from the mid 1st century BC onwards.450 The river port consisted of a fortification with a central square and large warehouses in rows that operated as a reloading and supply post in the Augustan period.451 Even after the towns of Tergeste, Forum lulii and Emona were founded, the Aquileian territory spread along the Amber Route far towards the east, all the way to Nauportus.452 This indicated the importance of the area for Aquileia as well as for the broader Roman politics during the 1st century BC.453 The rebellion of the indigenous population somewhere within the influential area of Aquileia might have been triggered by the fact that they were forced to supply the Roman army during the period of the Caesar. The rebellion was followed by the Roman siege of the indigenous fortification castellum Larignum - most likely close to the later station mansio Larice (probably located in the Canal del Ferro valley).454 Maybe it was the Caesar's policy (also expressed in the establishment of the Tergeste colony) that led to the lapodes invading Tergeste in 52 BC.455 Gallia Cisalpina was annexed to Italy in 41 BC.456 During its existence Aquileia functioned as a large emporium. It became a rich and cosmopolitan town, a trade crossroad between Italy and the Mediterranean on one and the Alpine and Danubian regions on the other side. Tergeste and Concordia played a similar - most likely additional - role of emporiums on the border between the Adriatic coast and Central Europe.457 449 Mainardis 2008; Šašel Kos 2000, 289-291; Zaccaria 2001; Mainardis 2001. 450 Šašel Kos 1990; Šašel Kos 1998; Šašel Kos 2000, 294-297; Šašel Kos 2002a; Šašel Kos 2002b. 451 Horvat 1990; Mušič, Horvat 2007; Horvat 2008a; Horvat 2009. 452 Šašel Kos 2002b. 453 Cf. Mušič, Horvat 2007, 265-267. 454 Zaccaria 1992a, 82; Šašel 1981; Mainardis 2001, 190-191; Mainardis 2008, 38. 455 Zaccaria 1992b, 151-152; Šašel Kos 2000, 292. 456 Zaccaria 2003, 313-314. 457 Zaccaria 1994; Zaccaria 1996; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127-131; Vedaldi lasbez 2007. O zaklad / hoard • posamezna najdba / individual find Sl. 110: Posamične najdbe viktoriatov in novčni zakladi sredine 2. st. pr. Kr. v zahodni Sloveniji (po Miškec 2003, sl. 3, z dopolnitvami). Fig. 110: Individual finds of victoriati and the coin hoards from the mid 2nd century BC, west Slovenia (after Miškec 2003, fig. 3, updated) pr. Kr.: z Gradišča pri Knežaku, z Babe pri Slavini in iz Ljubljanice (sl. 110).461 Sodeč po zakladnih najdbah in posamičnih novcih, so bili rimski trgovski tokovi v sredini 2. st. pr. Kr usmerjeni čez Razdrto proti Ljubljanski kotlini.462 roman traces in the notranjska region 2nd CENTURY BC A hoard was discovered on Grad near Šmihel under Nanos. It included Roman attack weaponry dating to the end of the 3rd or the first half of the 2nd century BC: catapult bolts, lances, arrow points, various types of pila, javelins, incendiary javelins, swords and a helmet (fig. 109). It is unclear who buried the weapons and why. As the weapons were used in battle, it is likely that they are a remnant of a Roman military campaign. It is possible that this campaign took place soon after the foundation of Aquileia, and that it was aimed at securing the newly established Roman colony and establishing control over the main route from the east towards Italy.458 Victoriati that were minted between 211 and 170 BC, and were taken out of circulation with the money reform in 141 BC, appear to be a significant early Roman vestige. In the territory of Slovenia the individual finds of victoriati are almost exclusively linked to Kras and the Notranjska region.459 Another important relic is represented by the coin hoards, with or without victoriati. The hoard discovered in Dutovlje (in Kras) was buried post 148 BC.460 Taking into account the youngest coins the hoards at Gradišče near Knežak, Baba near Slavina and in the Ljubljanica river were dated post 147 or 146 BC (fig. 110).461 From the hoards and individual coin discoveries it can be concluded that the Roman trade routes in the mid 2nd century BC were directed across Razdrto towards the Ljubljana basin.462 LATE LA TENE PERIOD POZNOLATENSKA DOBA Fazi LT D1 in D2, med koncem 2. st. pr. Kr. in začetkom avgustejskega obdobja, sta razmeroma slabo poznani na notranjskih najdiščih.463 V poznolatenski 461 Miškec 2003; Kos, Šemrov 2003. 462 Miškec 2003, 374, sl. 3; za pot po Vipavski dolini: Miškec 2007, 276, op. 20. 463 Božič 1999; Horvat 1995b; Horvat 2005. Sl. 109: Izbor rimskega orožja iz zaklada z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom, konec 3. oziroma prva polovica 2. st. pr. Kr. (po Horvat 2002). železo. 1 = 1 : 6; 2-17 = 1 : 4. Fig. 109: A selection of Roman weapons from the hoard from Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom, end of 3rd or first half of the 2nd century BC (after Horvat 2002). Iron. Scale 1 = 1 : 6; 2-17 = 1 : 4. Phases LT D1 and D2 - between the end of the 2nd century BC and the beginning of the Augustan period -are relatively poorly known in the Notranjska region.463 objects of various origin appear in settlements. Alongside the finds of local and regional (i.e. north Adriatic) origin, objects from the Mokronog group as well as Roman material were encountered.464 Hilltop settlements were in use during the Late La Tene period. It was only after the Augustan period that some inhabitants moved into the lowlands.465 458 Horvat 2002; Kmetič, Horvat, Vodopivec 2004. 459 Miškec 2003. 460 Kos 1986, 30; FMRSl I, 45; Miškec 2007, 276. 461 Miškec 2003; Kos, Šemrov 2003. 462 Miškec 2003, 374, fig. 3; for the route across the Vipava valley: Miškec 2007, 276, note 20. 463 Božič 1999; Horvat 1995b; Horvat 2005. 464 Božič 1999, 202-203; Laharnar 2009; Gaspari 2009. 465 Horvat 2005, 242-243; Laharnar 2009. Sl. 111: Amfore Lamboglia 2: 1 Bandera; 2-4 Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom (po Horvat 2002, t. 19: 7-9). M. = 1 : 4. Fig. 111: Amphorae type Lamboglia 2: 1 Bandera; 2-4 Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom (after Horvat 2002, pl. 19: 7-9). Scale = 1 : 4. dobi so bile v rabi višinske naselbine. Šele od avgustejske dobe dalje se del poselitve premakne v nižino.464 Na naselbinah se pojavlja gradivo različnega izvora. Poleg predmetov lokalnega oziroma severnojadranskega porekla srečamo takšne, ki prihajajo z območja mokronoške skupine in rimsko gradivo.465 Posamezne amfore Lamboglia 2 poznamo iz Bandere pri Senožečah, z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom (sl. 111)466 in iz Laz na Planinskem polju.467 Ta tri najdišča ležijo na poti, ki je iz Tergesta vodila čez Okro proti Navportu. Na različnih najdiščih so bili odkriti deli pozno-republikanskih bronastih posod in bronaste pečatne škatlice jezičaste oblike.468 Na Gradu pri Šmihelu so bili najdeni svinčeni želodi dvojnopiramidalne oblike, ki je značilna za prvo tretjino 1. st. pr. Kr., lahko pa bi bila tudi starejša, še iz 2. st. pr. Kr.469 V prvo polovico 1. st. pr. Kr. morda sodi tudi del vretenastih želodov, ki niso tako natančno datirani. Med drugim jih najdemo 464 Horvat 2005, 242-243; Laharnar 2009. 465 Božič 1999, 212-213; Laharnar 2009; Gaspari 2009. 466 Horvat 2002, 144, t. 19: 7-9. 467 Bavdek 2009. 468 Božič 1999, 212-213. 469 Horvat 1993, 334, 336; Horvat 2002, 144-145. Individual Lamboglia 2 amphorae were discovered at Bandera near Senožeče, Grad near Šmihel under Nanos (fig. 111 )466 and Laze on the Planina plain.467 These three sites lie along the route that leads from Tergeste across Ocra and towards Nauportus. Parts of late Republican bronze vessels and elongated D-shape seal-boxes were found at various sites.468 Lead slingshots in a double pyramidal form were discovered at Grad near Šmihel. These are typical for the first third of the 1st century BC; however they could be older and dated even to the 2nd century BC.469 Some of the spindle shaped slingshots that could not be not precisely dated could belong to the first half of the 1st century BC. They were also found at the site Baba, which was probably inhabited only until the Late La Tene period.470 A large share of Republican coins discovered as individual finds in settlements probably belong to the Late La Tene period.471 Hoard 2 from the site Baba near Slavina (that was hidden in a Roman ceramic vessel) 466 Horvat 2002, 144, pl. 19: 7-9. 467 Bavdek 2009. 468 Božič 1999, 202-203. 469 Horvat 1993, 334, 336; Horvat 2002, 144-145. 470 Horvat 1995b, 189, pl. 14: 11-22; Gaspari 2009, 323. 471 FMRSl I, III-V. na najdišču Baba, ki je bilo verjetno poseljeno samo do vključno poznolatenske dobe.470 V poznolatenski čas sodi verjetno večji del republikanskih novcev, posamič najdenih na naselbinah.471 Zaklad 2 z gradišča Baba pri Slavini je, skrit v rimski keramični posodi, vseboval poleg treh vzhodnonoriških srebrnikov tudi rimske novce, med katerimi je najmlajši iz leta 74 pr. Kr.472 Najmlajši naključno najdeni novci na Starem gradu nad Uncem, iz leta 42 pr. Kr., ter na Že-rovniščku, iz leta 47 pr. Kr., kažejo na prekinitev obtoka denarja na teh dveh naselbinah. To prekinitev Andrej Gaspari povezuje z zakladnima najdbama iz Ljubljanice pri Bevkah (po 42 pr. Kr.) in iz Cerknega (po 46 pr. Kr.) ter domneva, da gre za sledove rimskega vojaškega posega na Notranjsko in v Posočje ob priključitvi Galije Cisapine Italiji (41 pr. Kr.) oziroma na predvečer Okta-vijanovih vojn v Iliriku (35 pr. Kr.).473 RAZDRTO V LATENSKEM OBDOBJU Na Razdrtem so v latenskem obdobju stale štiri postojanke: Mandrga, Preval, Šušec in Goli vrh (sl. 7). Na vrhu prelaza, na Prevalu, je bila odkrita srednje-latenska železna fibula (t. 40:25), ki, čeprav posamična najdba, morda priča o prometu čez prelaz v tem obdobju. Na Prevalu je bilo najdeno tudi kurišče iz prve tretjine 1. st. pr. Kr. Datacija temelji na keramiki, ki vsa izvira iz severovzhodne Italije. Verjetno je šlo za počivališče na odprtem ali za zavetje, katerega arhitektura je bila prelahka, da bi se ohranila. Na vzhodni strani prelaza, na Mandrgi, so bili odkriti ostanki naselbine z lesenimi stavbami s konca 2. oziroma začetka 1. st. pr. Kr., ki je stala verjetno v bližini poti. Množica drobnih najdb, med katerimi izstopa izjemno velika količina razbitih amfor, ima enako sestavo, kot bi jo lahko srečali v Akvileji ali v drugih rimskih naselbinah severovzhodne Italije in Istre. Presenečata odsotnost gradiva iz neposredne okolice in maloštevilnost predmetov z vzhoda, to je iz mokronoške latenske skupine. Na Šušcu, na pred burjo zaščiteni legi na zahodni strani prelaza, je bil najden Cezarjev novec (47-46 pr. Kr.). Verjetno je tu bilo počivališče že v predavgustej-skem obdobju.474 Morda je Goli vrh, če lahko sodimo po naključni najdbi viktoriata,475 v 2. st. pr. Kr. deloval kot opazovalna postojanka nad prelazom. 470 Horvat 1995b, 189, t. 14: 11-22; Gaspari 2009, 323. 471 FMRSl I, III-V. 472 Horvat 1995b, 189; Zakladi 1999, 190; FMRSl IV, 46/3. 473 Gaspari 2009, 323, 326; FMRSl I, 2/2; FMRSl IV, 48, 109/2; Istenič 2005b, 83-84; Ljubljanica 2009, 256. 474 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006; drobno gradivo še ni analizirano in zanesljiva datacija še ni mogoča. included three east Norican silver coins as well as Roman coins, the latest of which was dated to 74 BC.472 The latest individual coins from Stari grad above Unec (from 42 BC) and from Žerovnišček (from 47 BC) indicate a discontinuance in the monetary circulation within the settlements. Andrej Gaspari connects this interruption with two hoards, one from the Ljubljanica river near Bevke (post 42 BC) and the other from Cerkno (post 46 BC), and assumes that these are the traces of the Roman military intervention in the areas of Notranjska and Posočje at the time when Gallia Cisalpina was annexed to Italy (41 BC) or on the eve of Octavian's wars in Illyricum (35 BC).473 RAZDRTO IN THE LA TENE PERIOD In the La Tene period four posts were located at Razdrto: Mandrga, Preval, Šušec and Goli vrh (fig. 7). The Middle La Tene type iron fibula (pl. 40:25) was discovered at the top of the pass at Preval. Even though it was an individual find it might be evidence of the traffic that took place over the pass during this period. A fireplace from the first third of the 1st century BC was also discovered at Preval. It was dated on the base of pottery that originated from northeast Italy. This was probably an open air rest post or a shelter, the architecture of which was too light to remain. On the eastern side of the pass, at Mandrga, settlement remains with wooden buildings from the end of the 2nd century BC or beginning of the 1st century BC were discovered. The settlement was probably located close to the road. The mass of small finds (amongst which the large quantity of amphorae fragments stands out) has the same composition as could be encountered in Aquileia or other Roman settlements in northeast Italy and Istria. Surprising is the lack of material from the direct vicinity and the low numbers of objects from the east, i.e. from the Mokronog La Tene group. A Caesar's coin (47-46 BC) was discovered on Šušec - in a location sheltered from the strong northern winds on the west side of the pass. It is likely that a rest post was situated at this location already in the pre-Augustan period.474 If we draw a conclusion from the accidental find of the victoriatus4'7'5 it is possible to conclude that in the 2nd century BC Goli vrh operated as a watch post above the pass. 475 FMRSl V, 31. 472 Horvat 1995b, 189; Zakladi 1999, 190; FMRSl IV, 46/3. 473 Gaspari 2009, 323, 326; FMRSl I, 2/2; FMRSl IV, 48, 109/2; Istenič 2005b, 83-84; Ljubljanica 2009, 256. 474 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006; the small finds were not analysed yet, thus it is impossible to offer a precise date. 475 FMRSl V, 31. Z enolično rimsko materialno kulturo se Mandrga in Preval razlikujeta od običajnih domorodnih naselbin na Notranjskem, kjer je rimsko gradivo sorazmerno redko. Razlikujeta se tudi od nekoliko mlajših naselbin v vzhodnih Alpah, npr. od Navporta, Emone, Štalenske gore, Gurine in od Julija Karnika. Na teh najdiščih se poleg rimskega gradiva pojavlja tudi razmeroma opazen delež materialne kulture, ki ima svoj izvor v neposredni okolici.476 Na območju prelaza Razdrto so bile torej odkrite dve ali tri manjše, izključno rimske postojanke iz časovnega obdobja, ki sega od konca 2. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. (Mandrga, Preval in morda Šušec). Tu ni šlo za kraje srečanja ali sobivanja več svetov, temveč za točke, kjer so se ustavljali skoraj izključno rimski potniki - verjetno večinoma trgovci. With their uniform Roman material Mandrga and Preval differ from the usual indigenous settlements in the Notranjska region, where Roman objects are rather rare. The sites on the Razdrto pass also differ from the slightly younger settlements in the eastern Alps, for instance Nauportus, Emona, Magdalensberg, Gurina and lulium Carnicum. At these sites the Roman material is associated with the notable amount of objects originating from their immediate vicinity.476 Two or possibly three small exclusively Roman posts from the end of the 2nd and the first half of the 1st century BC were discovered in the area of the Razdrto pass: Mandrga, Preval and possibly Susec. These were not places in which numerous worlds would meet or even co-exist, but places at which predominantly Roman travellers (most likely traders) stopped. poti čez jugovzhodne alpe v 2. in 1. st. pr. kr. RIMSKE CESTE V FURLANSKI NIŽINI Vzhodna Padska nižina, ki je odprta proti Jadranu in kamor se stekajo poti čez Apenine in Alpe, predstavlja že od davnine pomembno prometno križišče.477 Tako kot drugje je imela tudi tu gradnja velikih rimskih cest najprej vojaški pomen, hkrati pa je predstavljala pomembno gibalo gospodarskega razvoja in romanizacije.478 Furlanska nižina je bila v rimski dobi prepletena z mrežo poti in cest (sl. 112), ki imajo stare prazgodovinske osnove.479 Rimske ceste so v 2. st. pr. Kr. povezale Akvilejo z Italijo. Via Aemilia, zgrajena 175 pr. Kr., je tekla čez Bologno, Padovo, Altinum in Konkordijo do Akvileje, deloma po obalnem pasu, mimo obsežnih močvirij in lagun.480 leta 156 ali 153 pr. Kr. je bila verjetno obnovljena in takrat je dobila tudi novo ime - via Annia. Potek te ceste je arheološko dobro dokumentiran.481 Rimska oporišča ob vznožju Alp, med Genovo in Akvilejo, je povezovala via Postumia, zgrajena 148 pr. Kr.482 Med Opitergijem in Akvilejo je vodila verjetno ob vznožju gora, kjer je cestna trasa dobro arheološko dokumentirana. Cesta je omogočala hitre vojaške premike in dostop v alpske doline. Potekala je po pasu, ki je ločil 476 Horvat 1990; Vičič 1994; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977; Gamper 2007a; Vitri et al. 2007. 477 Pavan 1990. 478 Uggeri 1990; Cassola 1991, 24-26; Zaccaria 1996, 142-143; Magnani 2007a. 479 Prenc 2000, predvsem sl. 1; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 473-478. 480 Bosio 1991, 30-35; Prenc 2000, 44; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 480-481. 481 Bosio 1991, 69-81; Prenc 2000, 44-46; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 125-126; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 481-482. 482 Bosio 1990; Bosio 1991, 42-57. routes across the southeast alps in the 2nd and ist centuries bc ROMAN ROADS IN THE FRIULI PLAIN The eastern Po Plain, opening towards the Adriatic Sea and to where the routes leading across the Apennines and the Alps were directed, always represented an important transport crossroad.477 The same as elsewhere, the Roman roads were constructed mainly for military reasons, however they were also important for the economic development and the spread of Roman culture.478 In the Roman era the Friuli Plain was covered with a network of routes and roads (fig. 112) that succeeded the prehistoric connections.479 In the 2nd century BC Roman roads connected Aquileia to Italy. Via Aemilia, built in I75 BC, ran across Bologna, Padua, Altinum and Concordia to Aquileia, partially along the coast, past large marshes and lagoons.480 It is likely that it was reconstructed in I56 or I53 BC when it also obtained its new name - via Annia. The route of this road is archaeologically confirmed.481 The Roman posts on the foothills of the Alps, between Genoa and Aquileia, were joined by via Postumia, built in I48 BC.482 It is most likely that it ran along the mountain 476 Horvat 1990; Vičič 1994; Scheffenegger, Schindler-Kaudelka 1977; Gamper 2007a; Vitri et al. 2007. 477 Pavan 1990. 478 Uggeri 1990; Cassola 1991, 24-26; Zaccaria 1996, 142-143; Magnani 2007a. 479 Prenc 2000, especially fig. 1; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 473-478. 480 Bosio 1991, 30-35; Prenc 2000, 44; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 480-481. 481 Bosio 1991, 69-81; Prenc 2000, 44-46; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 125-126; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 481-482. 482 Bosio 1990; Bosio 1991, 42-57. Sl. 112: Zgodnjerimske poti v Furlanski nižini in čez jugovzhodne Alpe. Fig. 112: Early Roman roads in the Friuli plain and across the southeast Alps. izrazito poljedelska območja od območij, usmerjenih v pastirstvo.483 Cesta iz Akvileje na vzhod, proti izvirom Timave, predstavlja hkrati tudi os - decumanus, na katero se je opirala centuriacija južnega dela Furlanske nižine. Torej je morala biti zgrajena kmalu po ustanovitvi kolonije.484 POTI ČEZ KARNIJSKE ALPE V predrimskem času so poti čez današnje Karnijske Alpe intenzivno uporabljali poleg Karnov tudi Veneti, kar se najbolje odraža v razširjenosti napisov v venetski pisavi. Najpomembnejša pot je šla ob zgornji Piavi, čez prelaz Mauria v dolino zgornjega Tilmenta in naprej ob rekah Degano in But, čez prelaz Ploče (1362 m n. m.; nem. Plockenpass; it. Monte Croce Carnico) do Gurine v Ziljski dolini. To je bila najkrajša povezava osrednjega 483 Zaccaria 1992a, 80; Prenc 2000, 46-47; Vedaldi lasbez 2005, 482-483; drugačen potek npr. Bosio 1990; Bosio 1991, 42-57. 484 Buora 1990, 43-44. foothills between Opitergium and Aquileia, where the line was archaeologically attested. The road enabled fast military movements and provided an easy access into the Alpine valleys. It ran along the belt that divided the agricultural lands from the pasturelands.483 Towards the east (i.e. towards the Timavo springs) the road from Aquileia also represented the axis - decumanus, upon which the centuriation of the southern Friuli Plain was based, thus it had to be built soon after the colony was founded.484 THE ROUTES ACROSS THE CARNIC ALPS In pre-Roman times the routes across today's Carnic Alps were intensively used by the Carni and the Veneti, which is best reflected in the appearance of Venetic inscriptions. The most important route lead along the 483 Zaccaria 1992a, 80; Prenc 2000, 46-47; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 482-483; a different route e.g. Bosio 1990; Bosio 1991, 42-57. 484 Buora 1990, 43-44. venetskega prostora s Koroško in zato verjetno najbolj v rabi. Stranska pot, ki je tekla ob rečici Chiarso, pritoku reke But, čez prelaz Lodin ali Puarte (1863 m n. m.; nem. Findenig-Torl; slov. Dolan485) se je prav tako končala na Gurini.486 Ob reki Beli (it. Fella), to je po dolini Canal del Ferro in Kanalski dolini (it. Val Canale), kjer je potekala povezava Furlanije z osrednjo Koroško, niso bili odkriti venetski napisi, kar je morda tudi naključje.487 z ustanovitvijo Akvileje se je premaknilo težišče regije in tako se je spremenila tudi hierarhija poti čez Karnijske Alpe.488 Iz Akvileje se je usmerila glavna pot proti severu na območje ob srednjem Tilmentu, kamor se je stekal promet iz širokega prostora severovzhodne Italije, tudi neposredno iz Konkordije (sl. ii2).489 Tam se je pot razcepila v dva kraka. En krak se je usmeril na staro venetsko pot po dolini reke But čez Ploče v Ziljsko dolino. Gre za poznejšo povezavo Akvileja -Aguntum.490 Drugi krak, ki je v cesarski dobi postal celo pomembnejši, je potekal ob reki Beli in po Kanalski dolini, čez prelaz pri Žabnicah (819 m n. m.; it. Camporosso, nem. Seifnitz) v spodnjo Ziljsko dolino ter na Štalensko goro; to je poznejša povezava Akvileja - Virunum.491 V naselbini v Osoppu ob srednjem Tilmentu (sl. 113) so bile odkrite rimske najdbe iz druge polovice 2. st. pr. Kr. (grško-italske amfore ali starejše amfore Lamboglia 2, keramika s črnim premazom).492 Grško-italska am-fora izvira tudi iz Ragogne.493 Rimski ostanki, datirani od konca 2. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr., so bili najdeni v domorodni naselbini v Amaru, ki nadzoruje sotočje Bele in Tilmenta (amfore Lamboglia 2, keramika s črnim premazom).494 Za pot ob Beli je pomembno najdišče Mužac (it. Moggio) z rimskim gradivom iz druge polovice 2., iz prve polovice in sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. (pozne grško-italske amfore ali zgodnje amfore Lamboglia 2, srednjejadran-ska jajčasta amfora, keramika s črnim premazom).495 Zelo stare rimske sledove srečamo v Juliju Karniku (danes Zuglio) v dolini reke But. V naselbinskih plasteh, ki so bile izkopane v skromnem obsegu na območju 485 Ime Dolan uporabljajo nemško in slovensko govoreči domačini iz Ziljske doline; podatek Milka Olip, Slovenski narodopisni inštitut Urban Jarnik. 486 Piccottini 1990, 286-287; Faleschini 1999; Bandelli 2003a, 307-308. 487 Cassola Guida, Vitri 1996; Bandelli 2003a, 308. 488 Bandelli 2003a, 308. 489 Zaccaria 1992a, 85; Bandelli 1992, 151-155; Prenc 2000, 47. 490 Bosio 1991, 172-183; Bandelli 1992; Faleschini 1999, 42-43; Bandelli 2003a; Mainardis 2008, 67-70. 491 Piccottini 1990, 285; Bosio 1991, 156-171; Faleschini 1999, 39-42. 492 Villa 1997, 53-54, t. 1; 2: 2-4; Vitri et al. 2007, 43, sl. 2: 3. 493 Villa 1997, 53, t. 2: 1. 494 Vitri 2001b, 34-35. 495 Faleschini 1993; Vitri et al. 2007, 43, sl. 2: 2,4-6. upper Piave river, across the Mauria pass, into the upper Tagliamento valley, and onwards along the rivers Degano and But, across the Monte Croce Carnico pass (1362 m a.s.l.; Germ. Plöckenpass) to Gurina in the Gail valley. This represented the shortest (and probably most used) route between the central Venetic area and Carinthia. The less important route that ran along the small river Chiarso, a tributary of the But river, across the lodin or Puarte pass (1863 m a.s.l.; Germ. Findenig-Törl),485 also ended at Gurina.486 No Venetic inscriptions were found along the valleys Canal del Ferro and Valcanale (i.e. the river Fella valley) - along the main modern communication link between Friuli and central Carinthia - however this could be merely a coincidence.487 The centre of the region shifted when Aquileia was founded, and this also influenced the hierarchy of the routes across the Carnic Alps.488 The main route now lead from Aquileia towards the north to the area around the middle Tagliamento river, an area to which the transport from the broader northeast Italy (including Concordia) was also directed (fig. ii2).489 At that point the route split into two. One route lead in the old Venetic direction along the valley of the river But, across Monte Croce Carnico pass and into the Gail valley. This was the later route Aquileia - Aguntum.490 The second route (which became important in the imperial period) ran along the river Fella, through Valcanale, across the pass at Camporosso (819 m a.s.l.) into the lower Gail valley and to Magdalensberg; this represented the later road Aquileia - Virunum.491 Roman finds from the second half of the 2nd century BC were discovered in the settlement of Osoppo that lied on the banks of the middle Tagliamento river (Greco-Italic amphorae or older lamboglia 2 amphorae, blackslip pottery).492 The Greco-Italic amphora also originates from Ragogna.493 The Roman remains (lamboglia 2 amphorae, black-slip pottery), dated from the end of the 2nd to the mid 1st century BC, were discovered in the indigenous settlement in Amaro, which controled the conflux of the Fella and Tagliamento rivers.494 485 The name Dolan is used by the German and Slovenian speaking locals from the Gail valley; information from Milka olip, Slovenski narodopisni inštitut Urban Jarnik. 486 Piccottini 1990, 286-287; Faleschini 1999; Bandelli 2003a, 307-308. 487 Cassola Guida, Vitri 1996; Bandelli 2003a, 308. 488 Bandelli 2003a, 308. 489 Zaccaria 1992a, 85; Bandelli 1992, 151-155; Prenc 2000, 47. 490 Bosio 1991, 172-183; Bandelli 1992; Faleschini 1999, 42-43; Bandelli 2003a; Mainardis 2008, 67-70. 491 Piccottini 1990, 285; Bosio 1991, 156-171; Faleschini 1999, 39-42. 492 Villa 1997, 53-54, pls. 1; 2: 2-4; Vitri et al. 2007, 43, fig. 2: 3. 493 Villa 1997, 53, pl. 2: 1. 494 Vitri 2001b, 34-35. poznejšega foruma, je bilo odkrito rimsko gradivo, ki sega morda že v 2. st. pr. Kr., zagotovo pa v prvo polovico 1. st. pr. Kr. Dobro je zastopana latenska grafitna keramika, ki je na območjih južno od Karnije skoraj ne srečamo. Najdeni so bili venetski kuhinjski lonci in namizna siva venetska keramika. Značilno rimski svet predstavljajo keramika s črnim premazom, keramika tankih sten, oljenke ter amfore za jadransko vino in olje (lamboglia 2 in srednjejadranske jajčaste amfore). Sestava drobnega gradiva v juliju Karniku torej kaže na "sobivanje" keltskih, venetskih in rimskih elementov v poznorepublikanskem času.496 V stranskih dolinah Karnije (npr. zgornji Tilment, Degano) so sledovi romanizacije pred avgustejskim obdobjem šibki.497 V naselbinah je malo uvožene keramike in med njo manj keramike s črnim premazom in več sive venetske keramike.498 Te vrste je domorodna naselbina Calstelvecchio di Flagogna na prehodu reke Arzino v ravnino.499 POT OB NADIŽI IN SOČI Stara pot je potekala ob rekah Nadiži in zgornji Soči, čez prelaz Predel (1156 m n. m.; it. Predil), preko prehoda Vrata (nem. Thorl) v dolini Ziljice in dalje v spodnjo Ziljsko dolino (sl. 112). V rimski dobi je bila to stranska cesta, saj se ne pojavlja v itinerarjih.500 Sl. 113: Izbrane naselbine in najdišča v Karniji in Julijskih Alpah z rimskim gradivom iz konca 2. in iz prve polovice 1. st. pr. Kr. Fig. 113: Selected settlements and sites in Carnia and the Julian Alps with Roman material from the end of the 2nd and the first half of the 1st century BC. The site Moggio with its Roman material dating to the second half of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC (late Greco-Italic amphorae or early Lamboglia 2 amphorae, central Adriatic oval amphorae, black-slip pottery) was an important post on the route along the Fella river.495 old Roman traces can be found in lulium Carnicum (present day Zuglio), in the river But valley. Roman material that might belong into the 2nd century BC, but certainly into the first half of the 1st century BC, was discovered in the settlement layers originating from the small scale excavations performed in the area of the later forum. La Tene graphite pottery that is hardly ever found south of Carnia, is well represented. Venetic kitchenware and grey Venetic tableware were also discovered. Typical Roman elements were represented by black-slip pottery, thin-walled pottery, oil lamps and Adriatic amphorae for wine and oil (Lamboglia 2 and central Adriatic oval amphorae). The composition of the small finds in Iulium Carnicum indicates that the Celts, Veneti and Romans co-habited in this settlement during the Late Republican period.496 In the side valleys of Carnia (for instance in the upper Tagliamento and Degano river valleys) Roma-nisation traces from the pre-Augustan period were rare.497 The settlements include a few pieces of imported pottery in which grey Venetic tableware prevails over black-slip pottery.498 This was certainly the situation in the indigenous settlement of Calstelvecchio di Flagogna, at the outflow of the Arzino river into the plain.499 THE ROUTE ALONG THE NADIŽA AND SOČA RIVERS The old route ran along the rivers Nadiža (It. Natisone) and upper Soča, across the Predel (1156 m a.s.l.; It. Predil) and Thorl passes into the Gailitz (It. Slizza, Slov. Ziljica) river valley and further into the lower Gail val- 496 Vitri 2001a, 54-57; Donat 2001a, 372-377, 388-389; Donat 2001b; Vitri et al. 2007, 45-47. 497 Vitri et al. 2007, 43. 498 Cassani et al. 2007, 253. 499 Vitri 2001a, 49-51. 500 Bosio 1991, 192-199; Maggi, Žbona Trkman 2007, 495 Faleschini 1993; Vitri et al. 2007, 43, fig. 2: 2,4-6. 496 Vitri 2001a, 54-57; Donat 2001a, 372-377, 388-389; Donat 2001b; Vitri et al. 2007, 45-47. 497 Vitri et al. 2007, 43. 498 Cassani et al. 2007, 253. 499 Vitri 2001a, 49-51. V Cezarjevem času je bil z ustanovitvijo mesta Forum lulii zavarovan prehod te poti v Furlansko nižino.501 Na utrjeni domorodni naselbini Barda - Roba, na strateški točki, kjer se zoža dolina Nadiže in kjer se priključita dolini rek Aborne (it. Alberone) in kozce (it. Cosizza), so bili odkriti rimski vojaški sledovi s konca 2. in začetka 1. st. pr. kr. Ti so bili interpretirani kot morebitna sled vojaških spopadov.502 Osrednja postojanka v dolini Soče, že na območju latenske idrijske skupnosti, je bila naselbina na Gradiču pri kobaridu. Tukaj je stalo staro svetišče, v katerem se je ohranilo bogato italsko gradivo, datirano vsaj od konca 2. st. pr. kr. dalje: bronasti kipci božanstev, vo-tivne ploščice, fibule in odlomki amfor Lamboglia 2.503 Na najdišču je bil najden viktoriat, ki ga lahko okvirno datiramo v prvo polovico ali sredino 2. st. pr. kr.504 Na Skrinjici, v neposredni bližini naselbine na Gradiču, je bil odkrit zaklad rimskih republikanskih novcev (asi in viktoriati) in dveh malih noriških srebrnikov iz druge polovice 2. st. pr. kr. (sl. 110).505 POTI ČEZ ALPE IN RAZDRTO Posamezne novčne in zakladne najdbe z območja Notranjske dokazujejo začetek močnejšega rimskega prometa čez Razdrto najpozneje sredi 2. st. pr. kr. Pozne grško-italske amfore ob srednjem Tilmentu kažejo, da sta se obe glavni poti iz Akvileje v Norik, čez Ploče in čez Žabnice, "odprli" za rimsko trgovino vsaj v drugi polovici 2. st. pr. kr (sl. 112, 113). Zdi se torej, da so se rimski prometni tokovi usmerili istočasno čez Alpe v Norik in čez Razdrto proti dolini Save; in to kmalu (ali celo hkrati) po dokončani gradnji cest, ki so sredi 2. st. pr. kr. povezale Akvilejo z Italijo. Zanesljivo pa so konec 2. st. pr. kr. delovale vse štiri prometne povezave čez Alpe, čez prelaze Ploče, Žabnice, Predel in Razdrto. V sredini 1. st. pr. kr. se je z ustanovitvijo novih administrativnih središč in postojank na ključnih prometnih točkah, kot so bile lulium Carnicum, Forum lulii, Tergeste in Navport, močno okrepil rimski nadzor nad potmi.506 Postojanki Mandrga in Preval na Razdrtem s konca 2. in prve polovice 1. st. pr. kr. se razlikujeta od drugih najdišč ob poteh, ker nista prostorsko povezani z nobeno obstoječo domorodno naselbino in tudi v drobni materialni kulturi ne kažeta stikov z okolico. Prav tako ley (fig. 112). During the Roman times this was a minor road, that did not appear in itineraries.500 The town Forum lulii was founded during the time of Caesar and secured the passage of route into the Friuli Plain.501 Roman military traces from the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 1st century BC were found in the fortified indigenous settlement Barda - Roba (located at a strategic position, where the Natisone river valley narrows and the valleys of the rivers Alberone and Cosizza merge with it). These were interpreted as possible military conflict traces.502 The central site in the Soča valley, positioned within the La Tene Idria group, was the settlement of Gradič near Kobarid. This was the location of the ancient sanctuary that provided a large amount of Roman objects dated from the end of the 2nd century BC onwards (bronze statuettes of gods, votive plaques, fibulae and fragments of Lamboglia 2 amphorae).503 A victoriatus that can be roughly dated into the first half or the mid 2nd century BC was discovered at the site.504 At the location of Skrinjica, in the vicinity of the settlement of Gradič, a hoard of Roman republican coins (asses and victoriati) and two small Norican silver coins from the second half of the 2nd century BC were discovered (fig. 110).505 THE ROUTES ACROSS THE ALPS AND RAZDRTO Individual coin finds and hoards from the Notranjska region indicate that the Roman transport across Razdrto increased by the mid 2nd century BC at the latest. The late Greco-Italic amphorae from the middle Tagliamento river valley indicate that both main routes from Aquileia to Noricum, across Monte Croce Carnico pass and across Camporosso, were 'open' for Roman trade at the latest in the second half of the 2nd century BC (figs. 112-113). It therefore seems that the Roman transport routes were directed across the Alps into No-ricum and across Razdrto towards the Sava river valley at the same period of time; this was the case soon after (or simultaneously) the roads that connected Aquileia and Italy were built in the mid 2nd century BC. There is no doubt that by the end of the 2nd century BC all four transport routes across the Alps (across the passes Monte Croce Carnico, Camporosso, Predel and 61-66, sl. 3; Montagnari Kokelj, Muzzioli, Riccobono 2007, 99-104; Magnani 2007b, 135-143. 501 Chiaba 2007, 54-55. 502 Chiaba 2007, 54. 503 Neobjavljeni podatki N. Osmuk; Osmuk 1987; Osmuk 1997; Osmuk 1998a; Osmuk 1998b. 504 Miškec 2007, 276; Miškec 2003. 505 Maggi, žbona Trkman 2007, 66, 70, 74, sl. 11, op. 69. 506 Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 484. 500 Bosio 1991, 192-199; Maggi, Žbona Trkman 2007, 61-66, fig. 3; Montagnari Kokelj, Muzzioli, Riccobono 2007, 99-104; Magnani 2007b, 135-143. 501 Chiaba 2007, 54-55. 502 Chiaba 2007, 54. 503 Unpublished data N. Osmuk; Osmuk 1987; Osmuk 1997; Osmuk 1998a; Osmuk 1998b. 504 Miškec 2007, 276; Miškec 2003. 505 Maggi, žbona Trkman 2007, 66, 70, 74, fig. 11, note 69. ne gre za vojaški postojanki. Ostanke lahko razložimo predvsem kot sled rimskih potnikov, ki so se na Razdrtem ustavili za krajši čas, ne gre pa za obsežnejšo naselitev iz območja Italije. Prometni tok, ki ga zaznavamo v arheološkem zapisu Razdrtega, je vodil predvsem iz Italije na vzhod. Vzhodno od Razdrtega je promet z rimskim blagom zelo slabo zaznaven. V mokronoški skupini se v prvi tretjini 1. st. pr. Kr. (LT D1b) pojavijo posebne oblike fibul, ki izvirajo iz Italije.507 Na domorodnih najdiščih Ljubljanske kotline in Dolenjske je bilo najdene zelo malo fine rimske keramike predavgustejskega časa.508 Kaže, da rimska keramika tukaj in v tem času ni bila pomembno trgovsko blago. Tudi ostanki amfor za vino vrste Lamboglia 2 so na jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru zelo redki.509 Onstran prvega alpskega grebena predstavljata izjemi z večjim številom amfor Lamboglia 2 samo keltsko svetišče na Frauenbergu na Štajerskem in Štalenska gora na Koroškem. Na Frauenbergu je bilo vino uporabljeno v keltskem verskem ritualu.510 Na Štalenski gori, v središču priseljevanja Italikov vsaj od sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. dalje, pa je bilo vino eno od osnov načina življenja priseljencev iz Sredozemlja.511 Ogromna količina ostankov amfor na Razdrtem po našem mnenju ne odseva obsežne trgovine z vinom na jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru na koncu 2. in v prvi polovici 1. st. pr. Kr. Zdi se, da je bilo vino v veliki meri namenjeno italskim popotnikom, ki so se ustavili na prelazu. Čez Razdrto je takrat verjetno potovalo predvsem takšno trgovsko blago, ki ga arheološko ne moremo dobro zaznati. Strabon, ki je črpal podatke iz starejših virov, opisuje trgovino v Akvileji okoli sredine 1. st. pr. Kr., torej blizu časa, ko so živele postojanke na Razdrtem.512 Iz Akvileje so izvažali vino, olje in "morske proizvode" (verjetno konzervirane ribe), iz podonavskih dežel so uvažali sužnje, živino in kože. Vino so prevažali predvsem v sodih,513 kar bi lahko razložilo pomanjkanje amfor na arheoloških najdiščih.514 Arheološke najdbe kažejo, da je uvoz že zelo zgodaj vključeval baltski jantar ter kovine (predvsem železo, baker in zlato) in minerale iz Alp. Italsko izvozno blago pa so predstavljali še kovinski izdelki, keramika in steklo.515 Strabonova omemba izvoza olja doslej še nima podpore v arheoloških najdbah. 507 Božič 2008, 48, 145: Almgren 65, zgodnje školjčne, Cenisola, Nova vas, Nauheim 11.1a. 508 Horvat 1995a, 37-38, sl. 3; Horvat 1997, 123-130. 509 Horvat 1995a, 37, sl. 2; Horvat 1997, 124-125, sl. 48. 510 Groh, Sedelmayer 2005; Groh, Sedelmayer 2007, 170-176. 5" Bezeczky 1994a, 13-15. 512 Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127, op. 34. 513 Strabon 5, 1, 8. 514 Zaccaria 1994, 57-59; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127-129; Vedaldi lasbez 2007, 46-51. 515 Zaccaria 1994, 57-60; Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127-131; Tassaux 2004, 170-174. Razdrto) were in use. In the mid 1st century BC new administrative centres and posts (lulium Carnicum, Forum lulii, Tergeste and Nauportus) were established at the key traffic positions, and this strengthened the Roman control over the routes.506 As they were not spatially linked to any of the existing indigenous settlements and did not show any contact with the surroundings even with their small objects the posts in the Razdrto area from the end of the 2nd and first half of the 1st century BC differ from the other sites along the East Alpine routes. These were not military posts either. Most of the remains can be explained as traces of Roman passengers who stopped at Razdrto for a shorter period of time and not as remnants of a significant Roman settlement. As noticed from the archaeological records the transport flow at Razdrto ran mainly from Italy towards the east. Evidence of traffic with Roman goods can be hardly noticed east of Razdrto. Special fibulae forms (derived from Italy) appeared within the frame of the Mokronog group in the first third of the 1st century BC (LT D1b).507 Indigenous sites in the Ljubljana basin and the Dolenjska region rarely included fine pre-Augustan Roman pottery.508 It seems that Roman pottery did not represent important merchandise at these locations in this period. Lamboglia 2 wine amphorae are also rare in the southeast Alpine space.509 Two exceptions with a large number of Lamboglia 2 amphorae were discovered on the northern side of the first Alpine ridge: the Celtic temple at Frauenberg in styria and Magdalensberg in Carinthia. In Frauenberg wine was used in a Celtic religious ritual.510 At Magdalensberg, in the centre of Italian immigration from at least the mid 1st century BC onwards, wine was one of the basics of the Mediterranean settlers' lifestyle.511 In our opinion the vast numbers of amphorae remains from Razdrto do not lead to the assumption as regards immense wine trade in the southeast Alpine space at the end of the 2nd and first half of the 1st century BC. It seems that the wine was predominantly intended for the Italian travellers who stopped at the pass. It is likely that predominantly archaeologically undetectable goods travelled across Razdrto. strabo, who used older sources, described the trade in Aquileia in the mid 1st century BC,512 i.e. close to the period in which the posts at Razdrto were in operation. Wine, oil and 'sea products' (probably conserved fish) 506 Vedaldi lasbez 2005, 484. 507 Božič 2008, 48-49, 145: Almgren 65, early conchoidal, Cenisola, Nova vas, Nauheim II.1a. 508 Horvat 1995a, 37-38, fig. 3; Horvat 1997, 123-130. 509 Horvat 1995a, 37, fig. 2; Horvat 1997, 124-125, fig. 48. 510 Groh, Sedelmayer 2005; Groh, Sedelmayer 2007, 170-176. 5" Bezeczky 1994a, 13-15. 512 Vedaldi lasbez 2003, 127, note 34. Pred avgustejskim obdobjem namreč ne srečamo amfor za olje na Razdrtem in tudi ne na drugih območjih ob trgovskih poteh v vzhodne Alpe in Podonavje.516 razdrto v zgodnjecesarskem obdobju Ob stari poti iz Akvileje preko Razdrtega oziroma Okre na vzhod sta se v sredini 1. st. pr. Kr. ali v predavgustejskem obdobju razvili dve rimski trgovski postojanki na ključnih strateških točkah: v Navportu, kjer se je začela vodna pot na vzhod po Ljubljanici, Savi in Donavi,517 in v Emoni, na osrednjem prometnem križišču jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora.518 Obdobje od 35 pr. Kr. (Oktavijanove vojne v Iliriku) do 14 po Kr. (upor panonskih legij) zaznamujejo vojaški premiki, priključitve velikih ozemelj rimski državi, spremembe v upravni organiziranosti, nastanek novih in opustitev starih naselij, dotok nove materialne kulture.519 Na območju Notranjske se velike spremembe arheološko najbolj jasno kažejo v ritmu življenja posameznih naselij (prekinitve poselitve nekaterih naselij, kontinuiteta na drugih)520 in v postopnem prevzemanju rimske materialne kulture in načina življenja.521 čez prelaz Razdrto je bila narejena cesta, nasuta s peskom. Odkrita je bila na Prevalu in na Šušcu, kjer so bili ohranjeni tudi ostanki kolesnic.522 Cesto lahko samo posredno datiramo. Na Prevalu so ob cesti in deloma čez njo ležali ostanki stavbe, ki je bila zgrajena verjetno v srednje- ali poznoavgustejskem obdobju in porušena v sredini 1. st. po Kr. Možno je, ni pa nujno, da je bila cesta zgrajena, še preden je bila stavba postavljena, gotovo pa sta bili sočasno v rabi. Zahodna polovica stavbe na Prevalu je bila namenjena bivanju. V tem delu močno prevladujeta fina in navadna keramika nad kuhinjsko, kar je bilo morda odraz posebne, težko razložljive funkcije objekta. Vzhodna polovica stavbe pa je bila skoraj brez najdb in je verjetno predstavljala gospodarski del objekta. Predmeti iz ruševine stavbe se popolnoma skladajo z gradivom na širokem prostoru vzhodnih Alp, katerega značilnost je močan uvoz iz območja Akvileje.523 V sredini 1. st. po Kr. je bila stavba na prelazu opuščena. Drenažni odtok, nameščen preko ruševine 516 Tassaux 2004, 173. 517 Horvat 1990; Šašel Kos 1998; Mušič, Horvat 2007; Horvat 2009; Istenič 2009a; Šašel Kos 2009. 518 Šašel Kos 1995; Šašel Kos 1998; Šašel Kos 2003; Vičič 2003; Istenič 2009b. 519 Šašel 1975-1976, 602-612; Horvat 1999. 520 Horvat 2005. 521 Npr. Istenič 1987; Horvat 1995b; Dugulin 2002; Bavdek 2005b. 522 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 523 Zaccaria 1994; Horvat 1999, 256-257; Tassaux 2004, 174-180. were exported from Aquileia, and slaves, cattle and skins were imported from the Danubian lands. Wine was usually transported in barrels,513 which could explain the absence of amphorae at archaeological sites.514 Archaeological records indicate that imports included Baltic amber and metals (especially iron, copper and gold) as well as minerals from the Alps already at an early stage. Italian exports were also presented by metal products, pottery and glass.515 So far Strabo's mention of oil exports cannot be supported by archaeological finds. prior to the Augustan period amphorae for oil were not to be found at Razdrto or in any other areas along the trade routes leading into the east Alps or the Danubian plains.516 razdrto in the early imperial period In the mid 1st century BC or in the pre-Augustan period two Roman trade posts developed at key strategic points along the old route leading eastwards from Aquileia across Ocra / Razdrto. One was Nauportus, where the eastward bound water route along the Ljubljanica, Sava and Danube rivers started,517 while the other was Emona, i.e. the central crossroads in the southeast Alpine region.518 The period between 35 BC (Octavian wars in Illyricum) and 14 AD (rebellion of the Panonnian legions) is marked by military movements, Roman annexations of large territories, changes in administrative organisation, the emergence of new and abandonment of old settlements and the influx of new material culture.519 The changes in the Notranjska region are most visible in the life pattern of individual settlements (the discontinuation of certain settlements, continuity of others)520 and in the gradual adoption of Roman material culture and lifestyle.521 A gravel covered road was constructed across the Razdrto pass. Its remains were discovered on Preval and Šušec, where wheel tracks were preserved.522 The road can only be indirectly dated. At Preval building remains 513 Strabo 5, 1, 8. 514 Zaccaria 1994, 57-59; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 127-129; Vedaldi Iasbez 2007, 46-51. 515 Zaccaria 1994, 57-60; Vedaldi Iasbez 2003, 127-131; Tassaux 2004, 170-174. 516 Tassaux 2004, 173. 517 Horvat 1990; Šašel Kos 1998; Mušič, Horvat 2007; Horvat 2009; Istenič 2009a; Šašel Kos 2009. 518 Šašel Kos 1995; Šašel Kos 1998; Šašel Kos 2003; Vičič 2003; Istenič 2009b. 519 Šašel 1975-1976, 602-612; Horvat 1999. 520 Horvat 2005. 521 E.g. Istenič 1987; Horvat 1995b; Dugulin 2002; Bavdek 2005b. 522 Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. Sl. 114: Žingarca, posamezne najdbe. 1 - odlomek bronaste fibule z ostanki rdečega emajla, 2 - bronast gumb (po Istenič 1997, 252, t. 2: 11-12). M. = 1 : 2. Fig. 114: Žingarca, individual finds. 1 - fragment of a bronze fibula with remains of red enamel, 2 - bronze button (po Istenič 1997, 252, pl. 2: 11-12). Scale = 1 : 2. stavbe, kaže na gradbene dejavnosti v drugi polovici 1. st. po Kr. ali še pozneje. Mlajših rimskih struktur na Prevalu ni bilo. Na Šušcu je od sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. do sredine 1. st. po Kr. stala preprosta stavba in več ognjišč na prostem. Verjetno gre za ostanke počivališča v zavetni legi, tik pod izpostavljenim vrhom prelaza.524 Na Žingarci, tik nad Prevalom, je bila najdena fibula iz 2. st. po Kr. (sl. 114: 1).525 Nadaljevanje rimske ceste proti vzhodu, po severnem robu Pivške kotline, nakazujeta verjetno naselbina na Dolgem griču nad Stranami, ki je po naključnih najdbah datirana v avgustejsko obdobje,526 in morda tudi Jama pod Jamskim gradom v Predjami.527 V avgustejskem obdobju je torej promet čez Razdrto potekal nemoteno. Opustitev postojank na Prevalu in Šušcu v sredini 1. st. po Kr. in morda tudi opustitev naselbine na Dolgem griču lahko verjetno najbolje razložimo s spremembami prometnih poti v širšem prostoru, to je s premikom trase magistralne ceste čez Hrušico. nova cestna mreža od avgustejskega obdobja dalje Gradnja cest je imela že v času republike velik političen pomen, cesar Avgust pa jo je vključil v politični sistem in program.528 Velikopotezne novogradnje in popravila obstoječih cest so neposredno sledili osvojitvi Alp in Ilirika.529 were found on the roadside and partly across the road. This building was most likely built in the middle or late Augustan period and demolished in the mid 1st century AD. It is possible - but not necessary - that the road was built before the building was erected; however it is certain that they were in use at the same time. The west part of the building on Preval was intended for the living quarters. Fine and coarse tableware prevail over kitchenware in this part of the building. This could be a reflection of a special and hard to define function of the object. The east part of the building had almost no finds and most likely represented the outbuilding. The objects from the destruction layer are in accordance with the material found in the broader east Alpine area, characteristic for its abundant imports from Aquileia.523 The building on the pass was abandoned in the mid 1st century AD. The drainage trench that ran across the destruction layer indicates construction activities in the second half of the 1st century AD or later. No later Roman structures were discovered at Preval. A simple building and a number of open air fireplaces on Šušec originate from between the mid 1st century BC and mid 1st century AD. It is likely that these are the remains of a sheltered post, located just below the exposed peak of the pass.524 A 2nd century AD fibula was found on Žingarca, just above Preval (fig. 114: 1).525 The settlement on Dolgi grič above Strane, dated with the aid of isolated finds into the Augustan period indicates the continuation of the Roman road towards the east, along the northern edge of the Pivka basin.526 This could also hold true for the cave Jama below the Jama castle in Predjama.527 It therefore appears that during the Augustan period transport ran undisturbed across Razdrto. The abandonment of the posts on Preval and Šušec in the mid of the 1st century AD as well as the abandonment of the settlement on Dolgi grič can be best explained by the changes in transport routes, i.e. with the shift of the main road to the Hrušica plateau. the new road network from the augustan period onwards Road construction was of great political importance already in the Republican period, and Augustus included it into his political system and programme.528 524 Najdišče še ni dokončno analizirano; Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 525 Istenič 1997, 252, t. 2: 11; Horvat 2005, 223. 526 Horvat 2005, 224. 527 FMRSl I, 92: 1; Horvat 2005, 224. 528 Mrozewicz 2004. 529 Zaccaria 1996, 143. 523 Zaccaria 1994; Horvat 1999, 232-234; Tassaux 2004, 174-180. 524 The site has not yet been fully analysed; Svoljšak D. 2003; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006. 525 Istenič 1997, 252, pl. 2: 11; Horvat 2005, 223. 526 Horvat 2005, 224. 527 FMRSl I, 92: 1; Horvat 2005, 224. 528 Mrozewicz 2004. iTonovcov grad ^ lA— PoUiograjska gora AnPiPMM /Jv.LanS " cSt^",".......* Križna gora ^ ^'Predjama ^ ^ \ -Razdrto TÉRGES^Îf- .škocjan Rodik ^ Claustra Alpiumluliarum ' cesta / road " O 20km Sl. 115: Poznoantično obdobje na območju zahodne in osrednje Slovenije. Fig. 115: Late Antiquity in west and central Slovenia. V avgustejskem obdobju, verjetno na njegovem koncu, je bila zgrajena nova cesta med Akvilejo in Emono, čez Julijske Alpe. Trasa je bila popolnoma nova, saj je bila speljana čez prej nenaseljeno visoko planoto Hrušico (prim. sl. 1,115). V to gradnjo so bile morda vključene tiste vojaške enote, ki so se uprle ob Avgustovi smrti.530 Iz Akvileje se je pot preko postaje Pons Sonti (most preko Soče) usmerila po Vipavski dolini.531 Pri postaji Fluvius frigidus (poznejša Castra; danes Ajdovščina) se je povzpela na planoto Hrušico, s postajo Ad Pirum (Hrušica) na najvišji točki (867 m n. m.). Najzgodnejše arheološke najdbe s Hrušice so datirane v drugo polovico 1. st. po Kr.532 Cesta se je spustila na Vodice pri Kalcah (488 m n. m.), kjer je bila verjetno locirana postaja In Alpe Iulia.533 Vodice ležijo na območju, kjer se je trasi nove ceste čez Hrušico verjetno priključila stara pot čez Razdrto, Postojnska 530 Rufius Festus, Brev. 7; Tacit, Ann. 1, 20, 1; Šašel 1975-1976, 604-606; Zaccaria 1992a, 86; Istenič 2009a, 78. 531 Bosio 1991, 201-211; Vidrih Perko, žbona Trkman 2005, 20-22. 532 Ulbert 1981, 38-39; Mackensen 1981; FMRSl IV, 13. 533 Bosio 1991, 209; Frelih 2003, 26; Pflaum 2007. The conquest of the Alps and Illyricum was immediately followed by new constructions and repairs on a grand scale.529 The new road between Aquileia and Emona was constructed across the Julian Alps in the Augustan period, most probably towards its end. It was built on a new route, for it ran across the previously uninhabited high plateau of Hrušica (cf. figs. 1, 115). Those military units that rebelled when Augustus died might have been included in its construction.530 The new road from Aquileia ran across the Pons Sonti station (the bridge on the Soča / Isonzo river) and along the Vipava valley.531 It started to ascend the plateau of Hrušica at Fluvius frigidus (later Castra; today Ajdovščina), and Ad Pirum (Hrušica) represented its highest point (860 m a.s.l.). The earliest archaeological finds from Hrušica are dated into the second half of the 1st century AD.532 The road descended towards Vodice at Kalce (488 m a.s.l.), 529 Zaccaria 1996, 143. 530 Rufius Festus, Brev. 7; Tacitus, Ann. 1, 20, 1; Šašel 1975-76, 604-606; Zaccaria 1992a, 86; Istenič 2009a, 78. 531 Bosio 1991, 201-211; Vidrih Perko, Žbona Trkman 2005, 20-22. 532 Ulbert 1981, 38-39; Mackensen 1981; FMRSl IV, 13. vrata in Planinsko polje.534 Od tod izvira nekaj novcev že iz 1. st. pr. Kr., več jih je iz 1. st. po Kr. in glavnina iz mlajšega časa.535 Nova pot med Akvilejo in Emono čez Ad Pirum je bila dolga okoli 125 km, stara pot čez Okro (Razdrto) pa približno 150 km.536 To je pomenilo en dan manj potovanja čez Ad Pirum.537 Gradnja ceste čez Hrušico se časovno ujema z ostalimi velikimi cestnimi gradnjami čez Alpe. Poti, po katerih je potekala rimska zasedba Alp in pozneje večina prometa, so bile kot ceste zgrajene v julijsko-klavdijskem obdobju.538 Tako je cesto ob Adiži čez retijske Alpe (via Claudia Augusta) načrtoval Germanik, zgradil pa Klavdij v letu 46 po Kr.539 čas gradnje rimske ceste ob zgornjem toku reke Pi-ave čez prelaz Monte Croce Comelico, 1636 m n. m., ni znan.540 Zanesljivega časa gradnje cest čez Ploče (proti Aguntumu) in čez Žabnice (proti Virunumu) prav tako ne poznamo.541 Ceste lulia Concordia-Ad Silanos (Ar-tegna), ki neposredno povezuje Konkordijo z Norikom, ni na itinerarjih, najdeni pa so bili miljniki, ki kažejo na gradnjo v letu 2 pr. Kr.542 Tudi ceste ob Nadiži in zgornji Soči ne najdemo v itinerarjih, vendar so bili v dolini Nadiže odkriti deli trase iz rimske dobe.543 Iz Akvileje mimo izvirov Timave ter naprej proti Istri in Dalmaciji je potekala stara pot, ki je bila, poleg obrežne plovbe, verjetno v rabi od samih začetkov kolonije.544 Pri Lisertu je bil odkrit napisni kamen, ki omenja gradnjo mostu. Kaže, da so ga zgradili vojaki legije Xlll Gemine v avgustejskem obdobju.545 Za postajo Fons Timavi se je cesta razcepila. En krak se je usmeril proti Tarsatiki in je dokumentiran z napisnim kamnom iz časa cesarja Klavdija,546 drugi krak je tekel proti Tergestu in Poli.547 Odsek od Tergesta do Pole, ki je verjetno sledil stari prazgodovinski trasi, je bil urejen 534 Bosio 1991, 209. 535 FMRSl lll, 95; FMRSl IV, 99; FMRSl V, 68. 536 Približna ocena po sodobnih cestnih razdaljah. 537 Šašel 1974, 16. 538 Fellmann 1990; Zaccaria 1992a, 83; Magnani 2007a. 539 Bosio 1991, 82-93, 132-147; Walde 1998. 540 Bosio 1991, 148-155. 541 Prim.: Bosio 1991, 160-161, 173; Bandelli 1992; Bandelli 2003a. Datacija gradnje ceste mimo postaje Ad Tricesi-mum v Furlanski nižini v sredino 1. st. pr. Kr. sloni na data-ciji napisa, ki omenja gradnjo vrat in obzidja (Bosio 1991, 160-161). Povezava tega napisa s postajo Ad Tricesimum ni preveč verjetna (Bandelli 2001, 23-26; Zaccaria 2007, 132), zato tudi ni uporabna za datiranje gradnje ceste Akvileja-Vi-runum. 542 Basso 1986, 204-213; Bosio 1991, 185-191; Buora 1999; Prenc 2000, 47; Vedaldi lasbez 2005, 485; Mainardis 2008, 118-123. 543 Bosio 1991, 193-199; Magnani 2007b, 135-143. 544 Buora 1990, 43-44; Bosio 1991, 215-216. 545 Bosio 1991, 215-218; Prenc 2000, 47. 546 Slapšak 1977; Bosio 1991, 218-221. 547 Bosio 1991, 221-235. where the station In Alpe Iulia was probably located.533 Vodice is positioned at the point at which the new road across Hrušica joined the old road across Razdrto, the Postojna Gate and the Planina plain.534 A few 1st century BC, a large number of Ist century AD and an even greater number of later coins were discovered at this location.535 The new road between Aquileia and Emona (via Ad Pirum) was about I25 km long while the old road across Ocra (Razdrto) measured approximately I50 km.536 This meant that the journey across Ad Pirum was shorter for an entire day.537 The construction of the road across Hrušica took place roughly at the same time as the remaining major road constructions across the Alps. The routes, along which the Roman conquest of the Alps and later most transport took place, were constructed as roads in the Iulio-Claudian period.538 The road that ran along the Adige river and across the Raetian Alps (via Claudia Augusta) was planned by Germanicus and built by Claudius in 46 AD.539 It is not known when the Roman road along the upper stream of the river Piave across the Monte Croce Comelico pass (I636 m a.s.l.) was constructed.540 A reliable date for the construction of the roads across Monte Croce Carnico (towards Aguntum) and across Camporosso (towards Virunum) is also not known.541 The road Iulia Concordia - Ad Silanos (Artegna), which provided a direct link between Concordia and Noricum, cannot be found on the itineraries, however milestones that indicate its construction in 2 BC were discovered.542 The road along the Natisone / Nadiža and upper Soča rivers also failed to appear in itineraries; however parts of the Roman road were discovered in the Natisone / Nadiža valley.543 An old road ran from Aquileia, past the springs of Timavo, and onwards towards Istria and Dalmatia. As 533 Bosio 1991, 209; Frelih 2003, 26; Pflaum 2007. 534 Bosio 1991, 209. 535 FMRSl III, 95; FMRSl IV, 99; FMRSl V, 68. 536 A rough estimate using the present day road distances. 537 Šašel 1974, 16. 538 Fellmann 1990; Zaccaria 1992a, 83; Magnani 2007a. 539 Bosio 1991, 82-93, 132-147; Walde 1998. 540 Bosio 1991, 148-155. 541 C.f.: Bosio 1991, 160-161, 173; Bandelli 1992; Bandelli 2003a. The mid 1st century BC date for the construction of the road passing the Ad Tricesimum station in the Friuli plains is based on the chronology of the inscription that mentions the construction of the gates and the walls (Bosio 1991, 160-161). The connection between this inscription and the Ad Tricesimum station is unlikely (Bandelli 2001, 23-26; Zaccaria 2007, 132), thus it is not of great use for dating the construction of the road Aquillea - Virunum. 542 Basso 1986, 204-213; Bosio 1991, 185-191; Buora 1999; Prenc 2000, 47; Vedaldi Iasbez 2005, 485; Mainardis 2008, 118-123. 543 Bosio 1991, 193-199; Magnani 2007b, 135-143. po Vespazijanovem odloku v letih 78-79 in poimenovan via Flavia.548 Zgodovinski pisni viri kažejo, da je čez Razdrto, to je antično Okro, potekal intenziven promet v prazgodovini in zgodnji rimski dobi (glej str. 19-22). Gradnjo ceste čez prelaz verjetno lahko datiramo v čas med sredino 1. st. pr. Kr. do srednjeavgustejskega obdobja. To je torej cesta, po kateri so se iz Italije na vzhod premikale vojske in po kateri je potovalo trgovsko blago v predavgustejskem in avgustejskem času. Z novo cesto čez Hrušico je postala cesta čez Razdrto v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr. stranska. Na Prevalu in na Šušcu sta v avgustejskem obdobju in v prvi polovici 1. st. po Kr. še stala skromna objekta. Po sredini 1. st. po Kr. je bilo počivališče na Šušcu opuščeno, porušena je bila tudi stavba na Prevalu. Mlajših objektov ne poznamo. le drenažni odvod na Prevalu (druga polovica 1. st. po Kr. ali še pozneje) in fibula z Žingarce (2. st.) kažeta na prisotnost ljudi. Preusmeritev tranzitnega prometa z Razdrtega na Hrušico je očitno potekala postopno, toda dosledno. Antični literarni viri po 1. st. po Kr. poti čez Okro ne omenjajo več, čeprav je tod čez še naprej šla naravna pot iz Tergesta in severne Istre v notranjost celine. razdrto v pozni rimski dobi Na Prevalu sta bila, kot posamični najdbi odkrita fibula s čebulastimi gumbi in novec iz 4. stoletja po Kr. (t. 51: 4,11). Na višinski točki Žingarca, tik nad prelazom, je bil najden dvojni gumb (sl. 114: 2) s konca 4. oziroma iz prve polovice 5. st. po Kr., ki je verjetno ostanek vojaške opreme.549 Tu je lahko stala manjša vojaška postojanka ali opazovalnica, žal pa je bilo najdišče uničeno brez predhodnih arheoloških raziskav. S to najdbo se Žin-garca dobro ujema z dvema drugima postojankama na širšem območju Notranjske, to je z jamskima najdiščema v jami pod jamskim gradom v Predjami550 in v Tomin-čevi jami v Škocjanu,551 od koder prav tako izvirajo vojaške najdbe iz druge polovice 4. in prve polovice 5. st. po Kr.552 V poznorimskem obdobju je prehode preko jugo-vzhodnoalpskega prostora v Italijo varoval sistem utrdb in dolgih zidov, imenovan Claustra Alpium luliarum (sl. 115). Na najvišji točki glavne ceste Akvileja-Emona je bil v sedemdesetih letih 3. st. postavljen kastel Ad Pi- 548 Bosio 1991, 223; Žerjal 2005, 264. 549 Istenič 1997, 252, t. 2: 12; Horvat 2005, 223. 550 Korošec J. 1956; Korošec P. 1982; Kos 1986, 210-211; FMRSl I, 92; Prottel 1996, 140-149. 551 Prottel 1996, 140-149. 552 Med poznoantična najdišča ne moremo vključiti Šu-šca: Horvat 2005, 222, op. 2 (drugače kot Svoljšak D. 2003, 264; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 167). an alternative to sailing along the coastline this road was probably in use from the very beginnings of the colony.544 An inscribed stone mentioning bridge construction was discovered at Lisert. It appears to have been constructed in the Augustan period by the soldiers of the legio XIII Gemina.545 Once it passed the Fons Timavi station the road split into two. One road led towards Tarsatica and is documented with an inscribed stone from the time of Claudius,546 while the other road led towards Tergeste and Pola.547 The section from Tergeste to Pola that most likely ran along the prehistoric traffic connection, was arranged according to the act passed by Vespasian and Titus in 78-79 and entitled via Flavia.548 Literary sources indicate that intense transport across Razdrto (i.e. Ocra) took place in the prehistoric times and the early Roman period (see pgs. 19-22). It is highly likely that the road construction across the pass can be dated into the period between the mid 1st century BC and the mid Augustan period. This means that this was the road used by the east bound armies as well as traders to move their merchandise in the pre-Augustan and Augustan period. When the new road across Hrušica was constructed in the first half of the 1st century AD the road across Razdrto became a minor road. In the Augustan period and in the first half of the 1st century AD two modest buildings stood on Preval and Šušec. Sometime after the mid 1st century AD the refuge at Šušec was abandoned, and the building at Preval was demolished. No traces of later buildings were discovered. Human presence is indicated merely by the drainage trench on Preval (second half of the 1st century AD or later) and the fibula from Žingarca (2nd century). The shift of transit from Razdrto to Hrušica obviously took place gradually, but consistently. Post 1st century AD written sources no longer mention the road across Ocra, even though this still represented the obvious route when travelling into the interior of the continent from Tergeste and northern Istria. razdrto in the late roman period Two individual 4th century AD finds were discovered at Preval, a crossbow fibula and a coin (pl. 51: 4,11). A double button (fig. 114:2) from the end of the 4th or the first half of the 5th century AD was discovered at Zingarca, the site just above the pass. The button was most likely a part of a military equipment.549 Zingarca 544 Buora 1990, 43-44; Bosio 1991, 215-216. 545 Bosio 1991, 215-218; Prenc 2000, 47. 546 Slapšak 1977; Bosio 1991, 218-221. 547 Bosio 1991, 221-235. 548 Bosio 1991, 223; Žerjal 2005, 264. 549 Istenič 1997, 252, pl. 2: 12; Horvat 2005, 223. rum (Hrušica). Zaledno trdnjavo Castra (Ajdovščina) v Vipavski dolini pred vzponom na Hrušico so verjetno postavili konec 3. st. Glavno in stranske prometne poti so varovale manjše trdnjave in dolgi zidovi s stolpi, ki verjetno izvirajo iz obdobja cesarja Valentinijana (3 64-3 75).553 Majhni utrdbi Lanišče in Martinj hrib sta bili uničeni konec 4. st., verjetno v času Teodozijevega pohoda leta 388. Kastel Ad Pirum je bil v veliki meri opuščen okoli leta 400,554 obcestna postojanka In Alpe lulia (Vodice) je obstajala do konca 4. st.,555 medtem ko je bila naselbina Castra poseljena še do zgodnjega 5. st.556 promet in vojaški premiki med Italijo in srednjim Podonavjem so od 1. do konca 4. st. po Kr. potekali po cesti čez Hrušico. V 5. in 6. st. pa so se glavni prometni tokovi izognili izpostavljeni Hrušici in Ljubljanski kotlini ter se prestavili proti jugu, na smer čez Razdrto, Pivško kotlino, Cerkniško polje in Bloško planoto.557 Ponovno je oživela stara prazgodovinska oziroma zgodnjerimska pot, ki jo dokazujejo arheološke najdbe558 in jo omenja Strabon: Tergeste-Lugeon-Korkoras.559 sicer skromne posamične najdbe z območja Razdrtega s konca 4. oziroma iz prve polovice 5. st. potrjujejo pravilnost rekonstrukcije te poti. Hkrati pa, ker vključujejo dele vojaške opreme, kažejo na prisotnost vojske. Podpirajo hipotezo, da so v prvi polovici 5. st. prehode v Italijo varovale samo manjše vojaške enote, katerih sledovi so bili odkriti predvsem v Tominčevi jami in v Jami pod Jamskim gradom (Predjama).560 odsotnost mlajših najdb pa nakazuje, da je bil prehod čez Razdrto za poznoantične in zgodnjesrednjeve-ške razmere na vratih Italije preveč izpostavljen, da bi tu lahko obstala kakršnakoli postojanka. 553 Šašel, Petru 1971; Ulbert 1981; Kos 1986, 195-207; Pröttel 1996, 133-140; Horvat 1999, 255-256. 554 Ulbert 1981, 158; Kos 1986, 201-207; Pröttel 1996, 133-137. 555 Pflaum 2007. 556 Pröttel 1996, 138-140. 557 Ciglenečki 1985, 267-270. 558 Laharnar 2009. 559 Strabon 7, 5, 2. 560 Pröttel 1996, 140-149. could be the location of a small military or observation post, unfortunately the site was destroyed before any archaeological research took place. With this isolated find Žingarca corresponds to two other sites in the Notranjska region, i.e. the cave sites in Jama under the Jama castle in Predjama550 and the tominčeva cave in Škocjan,551 which also provided military finds from the second half of the 4th and first half of the 5th century AD.552 In the Late Roman period the passes across the southeast Alps were protected by a system of fortifications and long walls known as Claustra Alpium luliarum (fig. 115). The fort Ad Pirum (Hrušica) was built on the highest point of the main road Aquileia - Emona in the eighth decade of the 3rd century. The fort Castra (Ajdovščina) in the Vipava valley, just below the ascent to Hrušica, was probably erected at the end of the 3rd century. The small fortifications and long walls with towers, which probably originate from the period of Valentinianus I (364-375), protected the main as well as minor transport roads.553 The small fortifications at Lanišče and Martinj hrib were destroyed at the end of the 4th century, probably during the Theodosius' march in 388. The Ad Pirum fort was abandoned around the year 400,554 the roadside post at Vodice (In Alpe Iulia) was in use until the end of the 4th century AD,555 and Castra was inhabited until the early 5th century AD.556 Between the 1st century and the end of the 4th century AD transport and military movements between Italy and the central Danubian area used the road across Hrušica. In the 5th and 6th century the main transport routes avoided the exposed Hrušica and the Ljubljana basin and moved to the south, towards Razdrto, the Pivka basin, the Cerknica plain and the Bloke plateau.557 The prehistoric and early Roman route tergeste - Lugeon -Corcoras that was indicated by archaeological finds558 and mentioned by Strabo559 was revived once again. The road revival is attested in the area of Razdrto by the modest individual finds from the end of the 4th and the first half of the 5th century AD. As the finds include parts of military equipment they indicate a military presence. They support the hypothesis that in the first half 550 Korošec J. 1956; Korošec P. 1982; Kos 1986, 210-211; FMRSl I, 92; Prottel 1996, 140-149. 551 Prottel 1996, 140-149. 552 Šušec cannot be placed amongst the Late Roman or Late Antiquity sites: Horvat 2005, 222, note 2 (in opposition to Svoljšak D. 2003, 264; Svoljšak D., Fabec 2006, 167). 553 Šašel, Petru 1971; Ulbert 1981; Kos 1986, 195-207; Prottel 1996, 133-140; Horvat 1999, 231-232. 554 Ulbert 1981, 158; Kos 1986, 201-207; Prottel 1996, 133-137. 555 Pflaum 2007. 556 Prottel 1996, 138-140. 557 Ciglenečki 1985, 267-270. 558 Laharnar 2009. 559 Strabo 7, 5, 2. of the 5th century the passes leading towards Italy were protected merely by small military units, the traces of which were discovered in Tominceva cave and in Jama under the Jama castle.560 The lack of later finds indicates that the pass across Razdrto was too exposed for any post to exist here - at the gates of Italy - in the Late Antiquity and Early Medieval conditions. 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Predmeti so opisani po naslednjem zaporedju: funkcija, material, keramična zvrst (ali popoln opis), tipologija (za tipologijo amfor prim. tudi str. 84-92), ohranjenost, okras in druge posebnosti, lega v prostoru, inventarna številka (inv. št.) ter predhodne objave. Risbe so objavljene v merilu, zato v katalogu ni posebej navedenih mer. keramične zvrsti All small finds are kept in the NMPo, with the exception of some coins that are preserved in the NMS (pls. 40:4,5; 51:7,8) and a single coin that is kept in a private collection (pl. 38:26). The catalogue contains objects from sites Goli vrh (fig. 18), Mandrga (pls. 1-39) and Preval (pls. 40-52). The objects within the individual sites are arranged into main contexts. The descriptions of the objects in the catalogue are compounded in the following sequence: function, material, ceramic fabric (or complete description), typology (for amphorae typology see also pgs. 85-92), state of preservation, decoration and peculiarities, location within the site, inventory number (inv. No.) and previous publications. The figures are published to scale, therefore measurements are not additionally indicated. Keramično posodje smo razdelili po namembnosti v velike skupine: fino namizno, navadno in kuhinjsko posodje, svitki, amfore ter oljenke. Med finim namiznim posodjem je bilo mogoče določiti skupine, ki so bile izdelane po posebnih tehnoloških postopkih in imajo značilen videz: keramika s črnim premazom, tera sigi-lata, skodelice Sarius in keramika tankih sten. velike funkcionalne in tehnološke skupine ne odražajo v celoti raznolikosti gradiva. Zato smo večino keramike (razen posameznih izjemnih primerkov) po videzu materiala in po obdelavi površine razdelili na ožje skupine, ki smo jih poimenovali keramične zvrsti. Keramične zvrsti so nam pomagale pri natančnejši klasifikaciji gradiva in lažjem kataloškem opisovanju. v nadaljevanju so bile pomembne za identifikacijo določenih skupin posodja. Lahko odražajo zelo razširjene tehnološke postopke (npr. N 1-5). Pri močnem ujemanju posamezne zvrsti s posebnimi oblikami posodja pa lahko domnevamo, da gre za izdelke ene ali več med ceramic fabrics Pottery has been classified into large groups according to its function: fine tableware, coarse tableware, kitchenware, ceramic rings, amphorae and oil lamps. Within fine tableware several groups were defined with regard to their characteristic appearance that derives from the special technological procedures used to make them: black-slip pottery, terra sigillata, Sarius cups and thin-walled pottery. The large functional and technological groups do not reflect entirely the diversity of the material. Therefore, most of the pottery, with the exception of a few special specimens, was also classified into smaller groups - fabrics - according to the appearance of the material and its surface treatment. Fabrics were used to systematize the ceramic material more precisely and make it easier to describe the pottery in the catalogue. In the continuation they seboj povezanih delavnic (npr. italska kuhinjska keramika, str. 78-80).561 Pri opredeljevanju keramičnih zvrsti smo se oprli na značilnosti materiala, ki so vidne s prostim očesom in določljive s preprostimi postopki. Keramika je mehka (razi jo noht), trda (razi jo železno rezilo) ali zelo trda (ne razi je železno rezilo). Površina je na otip gladka, milnata, prašnata, hrapava ali zelo hrapava. Na površini so lahko vidne luknjice (poroznost). Barve so določene po Munsell Soil Color Charts (New York 1992), tako z oznako kot tudi z imenom. Vidne primesi v keramiki vključujejo delce, ki so sestavljali glino v naravi, in tudi namerno primešane delce. Količina delcev primesi je redka, gosta ali zelo gosta. Po velikosti so delci zelo fini (okoli 0,1 mm), fini (od 0,2 do 0,5 mm), srednji (med 0,6 do 1 mm) ali veliki (nad 1 mm). Opisana je samo barva delcev, razen pri sljudi, ki jo lahko določimo s prostim očesom. Nikoli ni bil med primesmi ugotovljen apnenec (preizkus s kislino HCl, 7 %). Keramične zvrsti so v nadaljevanju opisane in označene s kraticami. Razporejene so po velikih funkcionalnih oziroma tehnoloških skupinah. v katalogu predmetov je uporabljena samo kratica, prav tako pri analizah gradiva. KERAMIKA S ČRNIM PREMAZOM ČP 1 Mehka keramika, prašnata, rdeče rumena (7.5YR 8/6 do 7/6), primesi niso vidne. Premaz je temno siv (okoli 5YR 4/1), nebleščeč ali bleščeč, trd do zelo trd, slabo do dobro ohranjen (sl. 42-43). were important for the identification of special pottery groups. They can reflect the widely used technological procedures (for instance C 1-5). On the other hand, a strong correlation between a fabric and a specific vessel form could represent evidence that the products originated from one workshop or a circle of connected workshops (for instance Italian kitchenware, pgs. 78-80).561 When defining fabrics only those pottery characteristics that can be seen with the naked eye or can be determined with simple procedures were observed. The pottery is soft (can be scratched with a fingernail), hard (can be scratched with a metal blade) or very hard (cannot be scratched with a metal blade). When touched the surface can be smooth, soapy, powdery, coarse or very coarse. Small cavities can be seen on the surface (porosity). The colours are defined by the Munsell Soil Color Charts (New York 1992), with the colour code and name. The visible inclusions in the pottery are represented by particles that were a part of the original clay as found in nature, as well as by grains that had been added to clay as temper. The quantity of the inclusions can be sparse, moderate or abundant. In size these inclusions can range from very fine (approx. 0.1 mm), fine (between 0.2 and 0.5 mm), medium (between 0.6 and 1 mm) to large (more than 1 mm). Only the colour of the particles was described, except with mica that can be defined with the naked eye. Limestone was never determined amongst the inclusions (test with 7 % HCl acid). The fabrics are defined below and arranged according to large functional or technological pottery groups. They are used to describe the pottery in the catalogue and to precisely define the finds. ČP 2 Trda keramika, rahlo prašnata, zelo bledo rjava (10YR 7/4), primesi niso vidne. Premaz je temno siv, bleščeč, zelo trd, dobro ohranjen. ČP 3 Mehka keramika, prašnata, zelo bledo rjava (10YR 8/4). Primesi so zelo fine, zelo redke, bele. Premaz je lisast, temno rdeče siv oziroma siv (2.5Y N3/ ; 10YR 5/1), nebleščeč, trd, slabo ohranjen (sl. 88). ČP 4 Mehka keramika, prašnata, rožnato bela (7.5YR 8/2), primesi niso vidne. Premaz je črn, bleščeč, zelo trd. BLACK-SLIP POTTERY 561 Keramična zvrst se le deloma pokriva s pojmom keramični fabrikat pri J. Istenič (1999, 83). Tam keramični fabrikat idealno predstavlja izdelek ene ali več med seboj povezanih delavnic. BS 1 Soft, powdery, reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6 to 7/6) pottery, inclusions are not visible. The slip is dark grey (approx. 5YR 4/1), matt or glossy, hard to very hard, poorly to well preserved (figs. 42-43). BS 2 Hard, slightly powdery, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) pottery, inclusions are not visible. The slip is dark grey, glossy, very hard, well preserved. BS 3 Soft, powdery, very pale brown (10YR 8/4) pottery. Inclusions are very fine, very sparse, white. The slip is 561 At Mandrga the term fabric corresponds only partially to the fabric as defined by J. Istenič (1999, 83). In Istenič' study the fabric ideally represents a product of one or several linked workshops. ČP 5 Trda keramika, zelo gladka milnata površina, zelo bledo rjava (10YR 8/3), primesi niso vidne. Premaz je lisast, svetlo rdeč (10R 6/8), rjav in temno rdeče siv (10R 3/1), slabo ohranjen. TERA SIGILATA TS 1 Padska sigilata B. Mehka keramika, prašnata, rdeče rumena (5YR 7/6), primesi niso vidne. Premaz rdeč (okoli 2.5YR 4/6), sijajen, zelo trd, srednje dobro ohranjen. SKODELICE SARIUS SAR 1 Mehka keramika, prašnata, rdeče rumena (5YR 6/8 do 7/8). Primesi so zelo redke, zelo fine, svetli delci in sljuda. Premaz rdeč (2.5YR 4/8 do 5/8), nebleščeč, zelo trd, na zunanji steni bolj sijajen kot na notranji. SAR 2 Enaka keramika kot SAR 1, samo svetlo rdeča (okoli 2.5YR 6/6). KERAMIKA TANKIH STEN Zvrsti KTS 1-6 so oksidacijsko žgane, KTS 7-8 pa sta redukcijsko žgani. Prehod med oksidacijsko žganimi zvrstmi je zelo tekoč in deloma temelji na količini primesi. KTS 1-4 nimajo vidnih primesi oziroma so primesi zelo redke, KTS 5 ima goste primesi, KTS 6 pa zelo goste primesi. KTS 1 Mehka keramika, gladka površina, ni prašnata. Rahlo lisasta, rdeča do rdeče rjava (2.5YR 5/8; 5YR 5/4). Primesi so zelo redke, zelo fine (pod 0,1 mm); sljuda in beli delci (sl. 116: 3). KTS 2 Zelo trda keramika, gladka površina, ni prašnata, rdeča (2.5YR 5/6) z deloma temno sivo zunanjo površino. Primesi so redke, fine (do 0,25 mm), bele. Na površini premaz iz čiste gline (sl. 116: 2). KTS 3 Mehka keramika, rahlo hrapava površina, ni prašna-ta, svetlo rjava in bledo rjava (7.5YR 6/4; 10YR 6/3). Primesi goste, zelo fine; sljuda in svetli delci (sl. 116: 1). mottled, dark reddish grey or grey (2.5Y N3/ ; 10YR 5/1), matt, hard, poorly preserved (fig. 88). BS 4 Soft, powdery, pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) pottery. Inclusions are not visible. The slip is black, glossy, very hard. BS 5 Hard, very smooth soapy surface, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) pottery. Inclusions are not visible. The slip is mottled, light red (10R 6/8), brown and dark reddish grey (10R 3/1), poorly preserved. TERRA SIGILLATA TS 1 Po Valley sigillata B. Soft, powdery, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) pottery, inclusions are not visible. The slip is red (approx. 2.5YR 4/6), glossy, very hard, medium preserved. SARIUS CUPS SAR 1 Soft, powdery, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8 to 7/8) pottery. Inclusions are very sparse, very fine, consisting of pale particles and mica. The slip is red (2.5YR 4/8 to 5/8), matt, very hard, glossier on the outer surface than on the inner one. SAR 2 Same pottery as SAR 1, but light red in colour (around 2.5YR 6/6). THIN-WALLED POTTERY Fabrics TWP 1-6 were fired in an oxidising atmosphere, while fabrics TWP 7-8 were reduction fired. The differences amongst the oxidation fired fabrics are rare and partially depend on the quantity of inclusions. TWP 1-4 have no visible inclusions or contain very sparse particles, TWP 5 has abundant inclusions, while TWP 6 has very abundant inclusions. TWP 1 Soft pottery with a smooth surface, not powdery. Slightly mottled, red to reddish brown (2.5YR 5/8; 5YR 5/4). Inclusions are very sparse, very fine (less than 0.1 mm); mica and white particles (fig. 116: 3). KTS 4 Mehka keramika, prašnata površina, svetlo rdeča do rdeče rumena (2.5YR 6/8; 5YR 7/6; 7.5YR 6/6). Primesi niso vidne (sl. 25:1-3,5; 116: 4). KTS 5 Mehka keramika, gladka oziroma malo hrapava površina, prašnata, rdeče rumena in rumeno rdeča (5YR 6/6 do 5/6). Primesi goste, fine, bele (sl. 25: 4; 117: 2). KTS 6 Mehka keramika, zelo hrapava površina, prašnata, rdeče rumena (5YR 6/8; 7/8). Primesi v obliki belih delcev, zelo gostih, finih do srednjih (okoli 0,5 mm); sljuda je redka (sl. 26; 117: 1). KTS 7 Zelo trda keramika, gladka površina, ni prašnata, siva ali rjava (5YR 5/1; 10YR 5/3). Primesi srednje goste, zelo fine in fine (0,3 mm in manj), svetle. KTS 8 Zelo trda keramika, hrapava površina z izstopajočimi kamenčki, ni prašnata, siva (10YR 5/1). Primesi številne, fine do srednje, bele; posamezni delci kremena ali sljude. OLJENKE TWP 2 Very hard pottery with a smooth surface, not powdery, red (2.5YR 5/6) with a partially dark grey outer surface. Inclusions are sparse, fine (up to 0.25 mm), white. The slip is made of a depurated clay layer (fig. 116:2) TWP 3 Soft pottery with a slightly coarse surface, not powdery, light or pale brown (7.5YR 6/4; 10YR 6/3). Inclusions are abundant, very fine; mica and bright particles (fig. 116: 1). TWP 4 Soft pottery with a powdery surface, light red to reddish yellow (2.5YR 6/8; 5YR 7/6; 7.5YR 6/6). Inclusions are not visible (figs. 25:1-3,5; 116: 4). TWP 5 Soft pottery with a smooth or slightly coarse surface, powdery, reddish yellow and yellowish red (5YR 6/6 to 5/6). Inclusions are abundant, fine, white (figs. 25: 4; 117: 2). TWP 6 Soft pottery with a very coarse surface, powdery, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8; 7/8). Inclusions in the form of white particles, very abundant, fine to medium in size (around 0.5 mm); mica is sparse (figs. 26; 117: 1). o 1 Mehka keramika, rožnata (7.5YR 8/4), gladka, prašnata površina. Primesi niso vidne. Zunaj premaz, rdeče rumen (okoli 5YR 6/6), zelo tanek, nebleščeč, slabo ohranjen. NAVADNA KERAMIKA Keramika je brez vidnih primesi oziroma ima redke primesi. Zvrsti N 1-5 so svetle barve (oksidacijsko žgane), N 6-7 pa temne (redukcijsko žgane). N 1 Mehka keramika, prašnata, zelo bledo rjava ali bledo rumena (okoli 10YR 8/4; 2.5Y 8/4), brez vidnih primesi. N 2 Mehka keramika, prašnata, rdeče rumena ali rožnata (okoli 7.5YR 7/6; 8/4). Primesi niso vidne ali pa so redke, fine, bele. TWP 7 Very hard pottery, smooth surface, not powdery, grey or brown (5YR 5/1; 10YR 5/3). Inclusions are moderate, very fine and fine (0.3 mm or less), light in colour. TWP 8 Very hard pottery, coarse surface with small particles standing out, not powdery, grey (10YR 5/1). Abundant inclusions, fine to medium in size, white; individual particles of silica and mica. OIL LAMPS O 1 Soft pottery, pink (7.5YR 8/4), smooth, powdery surface. Inclusions are not visible. The outer surface is covered by a reddish yellow slip (around 5YR 6/6), very thin, matt, poorly preserved. COARSE TABLEWARE N 3 Inclusions are not visible or are very sparse. Fabrics C 1-5 are bright in colour (oxidation firing), while C 6-7 are dark (reduction firing). (okoli 1 mm), beli delci in drobci, ki so po videzu grudice gline ali zdrobljena keramika. N 4 Trda keramika, gladka površina z drobnimi luknjicami, rdeče rumena (7.5YR 6/6). Primesi zelo redke, zelo fine, bele. N 5 Mehka keramika, rahlo hrapava površina, prašnata, oranžna (5YR 5/6), lahko tudi malo sivo ožgana. Primesi redke, fine, temni in svetli delci ter sljuda. Verjetno malo bolj groba različica zvrsti N 3. N 6 Zelo trda keramika, zelo gladka in bleščeča površina, temno siva (5Y 4/1), brez vidnih primesi. N 7 Siva venetska keramika Mehka keramika, površina prašnata, lisasto siva (okoli 10YR 6/1) ali tudi svetlejša rjavkasta. Primesi redke, zelo fine, kot sljuda in posamezni temni delci. Delci zdrobljene keramike (po videzu) so redki ali srednje gosti, srednje veliki (ok. 1 mm). Včasih temno siv premaz (okoli 10YR 4/1). KUHINJSKA KERAMIKA S skupnim izrazom kuhinjska keramika smo poimenovali tiste keramične zvrsti, ki v materialu vsebujejo številne primesi in so bile zato primerne za rabo na visokih temperaturah - torej za kuhanje in pečenje hrane. Na zunanjih stenah in robovih ustij so pogosto vidni sledovi ožganosti. K 1 Mehka keramika, rdeče rumena, rjava lisasta do temno rdeče siva (okoli 5YR 6/6 do 4/2), hrapava površina, rahlo luknjičasta, malo prašnata. Primesi so na površini slabo vidne, zelo goste, enotne velikosti - fine (okoli 0,5 mm); pojavljajo se svetli in temni delci ter sljuda. Ustja loncev in pokrovov ter zunanje stene pekačev so sivo ožgani (sl. 118). K 2 Trda keramika, lisasta rdeča do rdeče rjava (2.5YR 5/6 do 5YR 5/4), hrapava površina, malo prašnata. Primesi goste, fine do srednje (0,1 mm do 1 mm; velike so redke). Prevladuje sljuda, beli fini delci so redkejši (sl. 119). K 3 C 1 Soft pottery, powdery, very pale brown or pale yellow (around 10YR 8/4; 2.5Y 8/4), no visible inclusions. C 2 Soft pottery, powdery, reddish yellow or pink (around 7.5YR 7/6; 8/4). Inclusions are not visible or they are sparse, fine, white. C 3 Soft, powdery, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) pottery. No visible inclusions or sparse inclusions, medium in size (approx. 1 mm), consisting of white particles and grains that could originate (according to their appearance) from lumps of clay or crushed ceramics. C 4 Hard, smooth surface with small cavities, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) pottery. Very sparse inclusions, very fine, white. C 5 Soft, powdery, orange (5YR 5/6) pottery with a slightly coarse surface that can also be greyish fired. Sparse inclusions, fine, dark and light particles and mica. Most likely a slightly coarser version of type C 3. C 6 Very hard, very smooth and glossy surface, dark grey (5Y 4/1) pottery with no visible inclusions. C 7 Grey Venetic ware Soft pottery with a powdery surface, mottled grey (approx. 10YR 6/1) or brownish. Sparse inclusions, very fine, mica and individual dark particles. Grains could originate (according to their appearance) from lumps of clay or crushed ceramics. They are sparse or moderate, of medium size (around 1 mm). A dark grey slip (approx. 10YR 4/1) occasionally appears. KITCHENWARE The collective name kitchenware was given to fabrics with numerous inclusions in the clay that were appropriate for exposing to high temperatures - i.e. useful for cooking and baking food. The outer surface and rim edges often carry signs of burning. K 1 Soft, reddish yellow, mottled brown to dark reddish grey (around 5YR 6/6 to 4/2) pottery with a coarse surface, slightly porous, slightly powdery. The inclusions are poorly visible on the surface, however abundant in the core. They are uniform in size, fine (approx. 0.5 mm); primesi, od zelo finih (0,1 mm) do srednje velikih (1 mm) delcev, svetle barve. Pekač ima sivo ožgane zunanje stene in dno (sl. 120). K 4 Mehka keramika, zelo hrapava površina, prašnata. Svetlo rdeča (2.5YR 6/8). Na ustju pogosto delno rdeče rjava in temno siva ožgana površina (npr. 5YR 5/3; 4/1). Primesi goste, zelo fine do fine (0,1-0,5 mm) ter veliki (do 2 mm), beli, sivi in temno sivi delci. Izstopajoča značilnost zvrsti je raznobarvnost primesi ter kombinacija velikih in finih primesi (sl. 121). K 5 Trda keramika, hrapava površina. Rdeče rumena ali rožnata (5YR 7/6; 7.5YR 8/4), zunaj pogosto sivo ožgana, lisasta. Primesi: sivi delci so gosti, fini do srednje veliki (do 1 mm); delci sljude so gosti, fini (do 0,5 mm). Po izrazitih primeseh sljude blizu zvrsti K 2 (sl. 122: 2). K 6 Trda keramika, zelo hrapava površina, sivo rjava do svetlo rumeno rjava (okoli 10 YR 6/4). Primesi goste, fine, temni in svetli delci; malo sljude (sl. 123). K 7 Trda keramika, rdeča (2.5YR 5/6). Primesi goste, srednje, temni, sivi in svetli delci. Na površini premaz iz prečiščene gline, ki pogosto ni več ohranjen - tam se kaže hrapava površina (sl. 124). K 8 Mehka keramika, hrapava in prašnata površina. Notranja površina rdeče rumena (5YR 7/6), zunanja temno rdeče sivo ožgana (okoli 5YR 4/ 2). Primesi goste, fine (posamezni delci srednje veliki, redki veliki), svetli, sivi in rjavi delci (sl. 125). K 9 Zelo trda keramika, lisasta: svetlo rjava, rjava, zelo bledo rjava (okoli 7.5YR 6/4, 5/2, 4/2; 10YR 8/3). Primesi zelo goste, fine do srednje, beli in sivi delci ter sljuda. Na površini tanka prečiščena plast, ki je pogosto poškodovana - tam površina hrapava (sl. 126). K 10 Trda keramika, malo hrapava površina, siva (2.5YR 5/1). Primešan grafit. Ostale primesi so goste, fine do srednje, prevladujejo beli delci (sl. 122: 3). K 11 Zelo trda keramika, rjava in sivo rjava lisasta (okoli 7.5YR 5/2, 5/4; 2.5Y 5/2). Primesi dveh vrst: svetli delci, srednje gosti, zelo fini; svetli delci, redki, fini. Na površini plast prečiščene gline. Kjer je odpadla, je površina malo hrapava (sl. 127). dark and light particles appear as does mica. The rims of the pots and lids as well as the outer surface of the baking dishes are burnt grey (fig. 118). K 2 Hard, mottled red to reddish brown (2.5YR 5/6 to 5YR 5/4) pottery with a coarse surface, slightly powdery. Inclusions are abundant, fine to medium in size (0.1 mm to 1 mm; large are sparse). Mica prevails; fine white particles are sparse (fig. 119). K 3 Hard, red and reddish yellow (2.5YR 5/8 to 5/6; 5YR 7/8 to 6/8) pottery with a very coarse surface. Abundant inclusions, from very fine (0.1 mm) to medium in size (1 mm), light colours. The outer surface and the bottom of the baking dish are burnt grey (fig. 120). K 4 Soft pottery, very coarse surface, powdery. Light red (2.5YR 6/8). Rim often partially reddish brown with a dark grey burnt surface (for example 5YR 5/3; 4/1). Inclusions are abundant, very fine to fine in size (0.1-0.5 mm) and large (up to 2 mm), white, grey and dark grey. Characteristic for this fabric are the various colours of the inclusions and the combination of large and fine inclusions (fig. 121). K 5 Hard pottery, coarse surface. Reddish yellow or pink (5YR 7/6; 7.5YR 8/4), often burnt grey on the outside surface, mottled. Inclusions: grey particles are abundant, fine to medium in size (up to 1 mm); the mica particles are abundant, fine in size (up to 0.5 mm). With its characteristic mica inclusions this fabric is close to fabric K 2 (fig. 122: 2). K 6 Hard pottery, very coarse surface, greyish brown to light yellowish brown (approx. 10 YR 6/4). The inclusions are abundant, fine, dark and light; sparse mica (fig. 123). K 7 Hard pottery, red (2.5YR 5/6). Inclusions are abundant, medium in size, dark, grey and bright particles. The slip is of depurated clay that is often no longer preserved. The surface appears coarse in the areas that lack slip (fig. 124). K 8 Soft pottery, coarse and powdery surface. The inner surface is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), the outer surface is burnt and dark reddish grey (approx. 5YR 4/2). Inclusions are abundant, fine in size (individual medium K 12 Zelo trda keramika, gladka milnata površina, ki je luknjičava (luknjice do 1 mm). Primesi niso vidne. Značilna je večbarvnost preloma: jedro oranžno ali rožnato, zunanja in notranja površina pa temno sivi. Pojavlja se tudi temno sivo jedro, ki ga obdajata dve svetli plasti, na zunanji in notranji površini pa spet temno siva plast (sl. 128:1-2). K 13 Trda keramika, gladka in luknjičava površina. Žgana v neenakomerni atmosferi, zato lisasta, temno siva, svetlo siva in bledo rjava. Primešani delci sljude, fini, gosti (sl. 122: 1). K 14 Zelo trda keramika, temno siva, gladka in luknjičava površina. Primesi goste, srednje, oranžni in beli delci (sl. 122: 4). K 15 Zelo trda keramika, malo hrapava površina s posameznimi luknjicami izpadlih primesi (od 0,5 do 2 mm). Jedro temno sivo, zunanja in notranja površina svetlo rdeče rjava (5YR 6/3). K 16 Zelo trda keramika, temno siva, gladka površina, luknjičasta (velikost luknjic do 2 mm). Primesi niso vidne. Izdelana na lončarsko vreteno (sl. 129). K 17 Trda keramika, gladka površina, luknjičasta (velikosti do 1 mm). Žgana v neenakomerni atmosferi, temno siva do svetlo rjava. Primesi ni videti (sl. 128: 4). K 18 Trda keramika, lisasta črna in rjava, gladka površina, zelo porozna z drobnimi luknjicami. Posamezne zelo velike primesi (2-3 mm), ostale slabo vidne (sl. 128: 3a-b). SVITKI Zelo trda keramika, gladka površina. Jedro temno sivo, površina rdeče rumena (okoli 5YR 6/6). Primesi redke, zelo fine. AMFORE S 1 size particles, sparse large ones), light, grey and brown (fig. 125). K 9 Very hard pottery, mottled: light brown, brown, very pale brown (around 7.5YR 6/4, 5/2, 4/2; 10YR 8/3). The inclusions are very abundant, fine to medium in size, consisting of white and grey particles and mica. The surface is covered with a thin layer of depurated clay, which is often damaged - in the damaged areas the surface is coarse (fig. 126). K 10 Hard pottery, slightly coarse surface, grey (2.5YR 5/1). Graphite is added. Inclusions are abundant, fine to medium in size, white particles prevail (fig. 122: 3). K 11 Very hard pottery, mottled brown and greyish brown (approx. 7.5YR 5/2, 5/4; 2.5Y 5/2). Two types of inclusions appear: light particles, moderate, very fine; light particles, sparse, fine. The surface is covered with a layer of depurated clay. The surface is slightly coarse in areas were the slip fell off (fig. 127). K 12 Very hard pottery, smooth soapy surface, porous (cavities up to 1 mm). Inclusions are not visible. The colours of the fracture are typical: the core is orange or pink, the outer and inner surfaces are dark grey. A dark grey core can also appear, and this is surrounded by two light layers, while the outer and inner surfaces are covered with a dark grey layer (fig. 128:1-2). K 13 Hard pottery, smooth and porous surface. Burnt in an uneven atmosphere, very mottled, dark grey, light grey and light brown. Mica inclusions are fine and abundant (fig. 122: 1). K 14 Very hard pottery, dark grey, smooth and porous surface. Inclusions are abundant, medium in size, orange and white (fig. 122: 4). K 15 Very hard pottery, slightly coarse surface with individual cavities where the inclusions have fallen out (between 0.5 to 2 mm). Dark grey core, outer and inner surface light reddish brown (5YR 6/3). K 16 Very hard dark grey pottery with a smooth surface, porous (size of cavities up to 2 mm). Inclusions are not visible. Wheel-thrown vessels (fig. 129). K 17 Hard pottery with a smooth surface, porous (size of cavities up to 1 mm). Burnt in an uneven atmosphere, dark grey to light brown. No inclusions to be seen (fig. 128: 4). K 18 Hard pottery, mottled black and brown, smooth surface, very porous with small cavities. Individual very large inclusions (2-3 mm), others hardly visible (fig. 128: 3a-b). CERAMIC RINGS Very hard pottery, smooth surface. The core is dark grey, the surface reddish yellow (approx. 5YR 6/6). Inclusions are sparse, very fine. AMPHORAE S 1 Form Lamboglia 2 (fig. 130). For description see pg. 84. opisi predmetov / descriptions of the objects PREVODI / TRANSLATIONS KRATICE / ABBREVIATIONS Slovenian English bron bronze kamen stone keramika pottery kozarec beaker lonec pot melnica mortarium oblika form odl. (odlomek) fragment pekač baking dish pladenj tray pokrov lid posoda vessel predmet object premaz slip skleda bowl skodelica cup steklo glass vrč jug železo iron Slovenian English Fabric group ČP BS Black-slip pottery TS TS terra sigillata SAR SAR Sarius cups KTS TWP Thin-walled pottery O O Oil lamps N C Coarse tableware K K Kitchenware S S Amphorae GOLI VRH Sl. 18 1. Posoda; keramika; odl. ustja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj sivkasto rjava; površina zunaj hrapava, znotraj gladka; sestava drobnozrnata; okrogel odtis na robu ustja. Med profiloma 1 in 2. Inv. št. 2500. 2. Posoda; keramika; odl. ustja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj temno siva; površina hrapava; sestava drobnozrnata. Profil 4a. Inv. št. 2491. 3. Posoda; keramika; odl. ustja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj temno siva in rjavkasto rdeča, znotraj rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata. Profil 7. Inv. št. 2503. 4. Posoda; keramika; odl. ustja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata. Med profiloma 1 in 2. Inv. št. 2501. 5. Posoda; keramika; odl. ustja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj temno rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata. Profil 7. Inv. št. 2504. 6. Posoda; keramika; odl. držaja; izdelan prostoročno; zgoraj in spodaj prevladuje temno siva, lise opečnate; površina hrapava; sestava groba; po sredini žleb. Profil 4. Inv. št. 2496. 7. Posoda; keramika; odl. ročaja; izdelan prostoročno; rjava do opečnato rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata. Med profiloma 1 in 2. Inv. št. 2499. 8. Posoda; keramika; 2 odl. ostenja in ročaja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj rjava, znotraj svetlo rjava; površina zunaj hrapava, znotraj gladka; sestava drobnozrnata. Profil 4. Inv. št. 2493. 9.-10. Trinožnik; keramika; 2 odl. roba ustja in noge; izdelan prostoročno; zunaj in znotraj opečnato rjav; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata. Profil 4a. Inv. št. 2497, 2486. 11. Posoda; keramika; odl. ostenja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj in znotraj opečnato rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata; nalepljeno razčlenjeno rebro. Profil 4a. Inv. št. 2489. 12. Posoda; keramika; odl. ostenja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata; rebro. Profil 4a. Inv. št. 2485. 13. Posoda; keramika; odl. ostenja; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj in znotraj opečnato rjava; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata; nalepljeno razčlenjeno rebro. Profil 4. Inv. št. 2492. 14. Posoda; keramika; 15 odl. ostenja in dna; izdelana prostoročno; zunaj opečnato rjava, znotraj opečnato rjava s črnimi lisami; površina hrapava; sestava grobozrnata; nalepljeno razčlenjeno rebro. Profil 4. Inv. št. 2506. MANDRGA MANDRGA - JAREK Tabla 1 1. As, popolnoma obrabljen, 2. st. pr. Kr. Kv. B2, severni del jarka. Inv. št. 3890. FMRSl III, 47: 2. 2. As, popolnoma obrabljen, 2. st. pr. Kr. Severni del jarka, z = -0,5 m. Inv. št. 3889. FMRSl III, 47: 1. 3. Okov; bron. Narejen iz dveh ovalnih obročev. Notranji rob enega od ovalov je zapognjen preko drugega. Speta sta bila še z dvema zakovicama: ohranjena je ena zakovica in na drugi strani luknjica od zakovice. Zunanja robova ovalov sta zapognjena navzven. Domnevno okov usnjenega predmeta. Inv. št. 3559. 4. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3569. 5. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3561. 6. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3568. 7. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3567. 8. Ploščica, poškodovana; železo. 3 odl. Inv. št. 3566. 9. Oljenka; keramika ČP 3; odl. noska; premaz zunaj in znotraj slabo ohranjen. Inv. št. 3430. 10. Črepinjska ploščica; keramika ČP 1; prevrtana; izdelana iz dna krožnika. Inv. št. 3437. 11. Vrč; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ostenja in ročaja; zelo šibki ostanki premaza. Inv. št. 3512. 12. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3423. 13. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3422. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 2. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 2. 14. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3439. 15. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; poškodovana; slabo ohranjen premaz; 10 odl. Inv. št. 3421. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 8. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 6. 16. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja; premaz ni ohranjen. Inv. št. 3441. Tabla 2 1. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3440. 2. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja; slabo ohranjen premaz. Inv. št. 3427. 3. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3424. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 10. 4. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; poškodovana; 11 odl. Inv. št. 3420. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 7. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 1. 5. Kozarec; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna; znotraj ni premaza. Inv. št. 3426. 6. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; 7 odl. dna; premaz slabo ohranjen. Inv. št. 3432. 7. Skleda; keramika ČP 5; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3435. 8. Skleda; keramika ČP 5; 2 odl. dna. Inv. št. 3436. 9. Oljenka; keramika KTS 4; 2 odl. noska; ožgan rob; zelo fine primesi sljude, srednje goste. Inv. št. 3471. 10. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3456. 11. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3484. 12. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3464. 13. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 3 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3457. 14. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3465. 15. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 4 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3466. 16. Črepinjska ploščica; keramika KTS 4; prevrtana; narejena iz dna kozarca. Inv. št. 3459. 17. Skodelica; keramika KTS 4; 20 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3469. Tabla 3 1. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; mogoče 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3458/1. 2. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3455. Sl. 25: 4. 3. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3458. 4. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3468. 5. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna; na dnu vrezan križ, pred žganjem. Inv. št. 3467. 6. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; 3 odl. dna in ostenja; vodoravni žleb. Inv. št. 3463. 7. Skodelica; keramika KTS 5; 7 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3462. 8. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3461. 9. Kozarec; keramika KTS 6; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3454. 10. Kozarec; keramika KTS 6; poškodovan; 6 odl. Inv. št. 3460. 11. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3485. 12. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; odl. dna; na dnu vrezana črka B, pred žganjem. Inv. št. 3453. Sl. 26. 13. Kozarec; keramika KTS 7; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3470. 14. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ustja; mogoče je zelo slabo ohranjen temno siv premaz. Inv. št. 3428. 15. Vrč; keramika N 1; 2 odl. ustja in ročaja; eno- ali dvo-ročajen. Inv. št. 3534 in 3535. 16. Vrč; keramika N 1; 15 odl. ustja in ročaja. Inv. št. 3442. Tabla 4 1. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3438. 2. Vrč; keramika N 2; 9 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3555. 3. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja in ročaja. Inv. št. 3511. 4. Vrč; keramika N 2; 8 odl. vratu. Inv. št. 3556. 5. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3521. 6. Vrč; keramika N 2; 3 odl. ročaja. Inv. št. 3554. 7. Vrč; keramika N 2; 6 odl. ročaja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3444. 8. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Inv. št. 3897. 9. Skleda; keramika N 3; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3483. 10. Vrč; keramika N 2; 4 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3553. 11. Skleda; keramika N 3; 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3482. 12. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3481. 13. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ostenja. Inv. št. 3425. 14. Skleda; keramika N 5; odl. ustja; žleb. Inv. št. 3476. 15. Lonec; keramika N 5; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3526. 16. Vrč ali lonec; keramika N 5; 3 odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3523. 17. Lonec; keramika N 5; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3525. 3. Skleda; keramika N 7; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3540. 4. Skleda; keramika N 7; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3549. 5. Skleda; keramika N 7; poškodovana; žleb; 12 odl. Inv. št. 3537. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 13. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 9. 6. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3542. 7. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3541. 8. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3548. 9. Skleda; keramika N 7; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Inv. št. 3544. 10. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3547. 11. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3550. 12. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja; Inv. št. 3546. 13. Melnica; keramika N 7; odl. dna; notranja površina obložena s temnimi kamenčki. Inv. št. 3519. 14. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3539. 15. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3538. Tabla 6 1. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3499. 2. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. ustja; žleb na robu ustja. Inv. št. 4320. 3. Pekač; keramika K 1; 6 odl. ustja in dna. Inv. št. 3493. 4. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3489. 5. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. prstanastega držaja. Inv. št. 3492. 6. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. držaja. Inv. št. 3502. 7. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3501. 8. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3500. 9. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3499/1. 10. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3518. 11. Lonec; keramika K 1; 2 odl. ustja; rob ustja je sivo ožgan. Inv. št. 3473. 12. Pokrov; keramika K 2; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3494. Sl. 119: 2. 13. Pokrov; keramika K 2; 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3495. Sl. 119: 1. 14. Pokrov; keramika K 2; 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3496. 15. Pokrov; keramika K 3 (podobna K 8); odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3497. 16. Pokrov; keramika K 3 (podobna K 8); odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3498. 17. Lonec; keramika K 3; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3474. Sl. 120: 1. Tabla 7 Tabla 5 1. Lonec; keramika K 4; 16 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3488. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 11. Sl. 121. 2. Lonec; keramika K 4; 2 odl. ustja; rob ustja sivo ožgan. Inv. št. 3477. 3. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. ustja; notranji rob ustja sivo ožgan. Inv. št. 3479. 4. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3478. 5. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3480. 6. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3505. 7. Lonec; keramika K 4; 2 odl. dna. Inv. št. 3522. 8. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3504. 9. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. dna; malo manj primesi; zunaj sivo ožgan. Inv. št. 3529. 10. Črepinjska ploščica; keramika K 4; prevrtana; narejena iz stene lonca. Inv. št. 3472. 11. Lonec; keramika K 5; odl. dna in ostenja; glavničenje. Inv. št. 3520. Sl. 122:2. 12. Lonec; keramika K 8; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3475. Sl. 125: 2. 13. Pokrov; keramika K 8; odl. držaja. Inv. št. 3508. 14. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3517. 15. Lonec; keramika K 9; 3 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3516. 16. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3515. 17. Lonec; keramika K 9; 2 odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3513. 18. Lonec; keramika K 9; 13 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3528. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 10. Tabla 10 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 14 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3960. Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 2. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 4038. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. D4 in jarek. Inv. št. 4014. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3993. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 10 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 3995. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3986. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 4025. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3971. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3998. Bavdek 1996, sl. 9: 2. Tabla 8 Tabla 11 1. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3531. 2. Lonec; keramika K 9; 24 odl. ustja in ostenja. Inv. št. 3527. 3. Lonec; keramika K 10; odl. ostenja; metličenje. Inv. št. 3510. Sl. 122: 3. 4. Lonec; keramika K 13; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3558/1. 5. Lonec; keramika K 17; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3514. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 23 odl. ustja (oblika A 3), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3965. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 3) in ročaja (oblika R1). Inv. št. 3996. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 3). Inv. št. 4009. Tabla 9 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 3) in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3999. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Kv. AB4, jarek. Inv. št. 4127. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Inv. št. 4022. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Inv. št. 4008. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 17 odl. ustja (oblika A 6), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3964. Bavdek 1996, sl. 9: 1; Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 1. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 6), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1); na ročaju slabo ohranjen žig. Inv. št. 4006. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 6), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. AB4, jarek. Inv. št. 4124. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6) in vratu. Inv. št. 3981. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Inv. št. 4031. 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3990. Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 3. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3989. Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 4. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu; na vratu žlebovi. Inv. št. 3984. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 4024. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 8 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. AB4 (območje jarka) in kv. B5 (na površini). Inv. št. 4178. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4034. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4003. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 3980. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4036. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4001. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. AB4, jarek. Inv. št. 4129. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4015. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4026. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3978. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4033. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3977. 17. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4035. 18. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3975. 19. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 4020. 20. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3972. 21. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3969. 22. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4029. 23. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4018. 24. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 4013. 25. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3994. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 19 odl. ustja (oblika A 9), vratu, ročajev (oblika R 1) in ostenja. Inv. št. 3961. Tabla 14 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 23 odl. ustja (oblika A 10), dna (oblika DA 1/6), ostenja, vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1); na ustju žig. Inv. št. 3957. Tabla 15 Tabla 12 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4021. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4032. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4017. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3974. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 3973. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Inv. št. 4027. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 8), vratu in ročaja; na ročaju žig: CON. Inv. št. 3967. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 8), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 4000. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 17 odl. ustja (oblika A 8), vratu in ročajev (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3966. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; 10 odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Inv. št. 4039. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 8 odl. ustja (oblika A 8), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 4040. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 4005. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 3982. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 4012. Tabla 13 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 4030. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Inv. št. 4023. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 4002. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 3983. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Inv. št. 4004. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Inv. št. 3992. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Inv. št. 4011. 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 42 odl. ustja (oblika A 10), vratu, ročajev (oblika R 1) in ostenja. Inv. št. 3956. Bavdek 1996, sl. 8: 4. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 24 odl. ustja (oblika A 10), ročaja (oblika R 1) in ostenja. Inv. št. 3959. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 6 odl. ustja (oblika A 10) in vratu. Inv. št. 4007. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 10) in vratu. Inv. št. 3985. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 6 odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Inv. št. 3997. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10?). Inv. št. 4010. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 12). Kv. AB4, jarek. Inv. št. 4128. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 13.1), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 4019. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 14), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3991. Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 5. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 15). Inv. št. 3979. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 15) in vratu. Inv. št. 3987. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 15?). Inv. št. 4016. Tabla 16 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3970. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 3968. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3976. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3988. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 3). Inv. št. 4104. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 5). Inv. št. 4105. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 6). Inv. št. 4097. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 6). Inv. št. 4102. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ročaja (oblika R 1); ohranjen žig: SNO. Inv. št. 4052. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ročaja (oblika R 1); slabo ohranjen žig. Inv. št. 4062. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ročaja (oblika R 1) in vratu; na zgornjem delu ročaja slabo ohranjen žig in pod njim odtis prsta. Inv. št. 4077. Tabla 17 1. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 1; poškodovan. Inv. št. 3913. 2. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 2; 5 odl. Inv. št. 3900. 3. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 4 odl. Inv. št. 3902. 4. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; poškodovan. Inv. št. 3899. 5. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Inv. št. 3911. 6. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 8 odl. Inv. št. 3906. 7. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; poškodovan. Inv. št. 3910. 8. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Inv. št. 3905. 9. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; poškodovan. Inv. št. 3908. 10. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Inv. št. 3907. 11. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 4 odl. Inv. št. 3904. 12. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Inv. št. 3912. 13. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 4 odl. Inv. št. 3909. 14. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; 6 odl. Inv. št. 3898. 15. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; 2 odl. Inv. št. 3903. 16. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4-6; odl. gumba. Inv. št. 3915. 17. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 1-6; odl. gumba. Inv. št. 3916. 18. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6/8; odl. gumba. Inv. št. 3914. 19. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; 6 odl. Inv. št. 3901. MANDRGA- ZAHODNI DEL Tabla 17 20. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 3599. 21. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3597. 22. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3574. 23. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3581. 24. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; 2 odl. dna. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3582. 25. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3571. 26. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3584. 27. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3570. 28. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3583. 29. Kozarec; keramika KTS 5; 3 odl. dna. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3595. 30. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3596. 31. Vrč; keramika N 2; 3 odl. ročaja. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3578. Tabla 18 1. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3577. 2. Posoda; keramika N 2; 3 odl. izlivka. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3573. 3. Vrč; keramika N 2; 11 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3575. 4. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3592. 5. Vrč; keramika N 2; 3 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3593. 6. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. A3. Inv. št. 3591. 7. Skleda; keramika K 3; 2 odl. ostenja. Kv. A4. Inv. št. 3598. 8. Lonec; keramika K 6 (svetlo siva); 4 odl. ustja. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3587. 9. Pokrov; keramika K 6; 4 odl. držaja; na robu je niz vtisov. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3588. Sl. 123. 10. Lonec; keramika K 7; 8 odl. dna in ostenja; višje na ostenju vodoraven žleb. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3576. Sl. 124. 11. Lonec; keramika K 12; 2 odl. ostenja; prilepljeno vodoravno rebro. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3585. 12. Posoda; odl. horizontalnega cevastega ročaja velike posode; keramika žgana v neenakomerni atmosferi; jedro črno, zunaj sivo rjava in rdeča; zelo trda; redke svetle primesi. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3586. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 3). Kv. A0. Inv. št. 4132. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 6 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4135. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 4147. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. A3. Inv. št. 4151. 17. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. A2. Inv. št. 4145. 18. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4138. 19. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4139. 20. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4140. Tabla 19 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. A3. Inv. št. 4152. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. A0. Inv. št. 4133. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. A2. Inv. št. 4146. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 11) in vratu. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4137. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 13). Kv. A1. Inv. št. 4136. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; odi. ustja (oblika A 14 a). Kv. A3. Inv. št. 4154. 7. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 3; 2 odl. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3918. 8. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; poškodovan. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3919. 9. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3921. 10. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Kv. A1. Inv. št. 3917. 11. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; 5 odl. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3922. 12. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; 5 odl. Kv. A2. Inv. št. 3920. MANDRGA - VZHODNI DEL Tabla 19 13. As, popolnoma obrabljen, polovičen, 2. st. pr. Kr. Kv. B2, prva poglobitev. Inv. št. 3888. FMRSl III, 47: 3. 14. Fibula; certoška, vrsta VII f; bron, poškodovana. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3612. Bavdek 1996, sl. 6: 1. 15. Fibula; vrsta Picugi; bron, poškodovana. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3654. Bavdek 1996, sl. 6: 2. 16. Fibula; vrsta Nauheim; bron; ohranjen lok, vrezan okras. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3650. 17. Fibula; bron; ohranjen lok. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3761. 18.-20. Okov; bron; sestavljen iz dveh trikotnih ploščic s po dvema luknjicama, ki sta se prvotno prekrivali; pregib med ploščicama poškodovan; ostanki pločevine, katerih povezava z okovom ni jasna. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3613. 21. Jagoda; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3658. 22. Gumbek; bron; poškodovan. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3762. Tabla 21 1. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3617. 2. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3630. 3. Paličica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3615. 4. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3631. 5. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3733. 6. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3766. 7. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3729. 8. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D0. Inv. št. 3840. 9. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3795. 10. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3730. 11. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3731. 12. Nož, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3751. 13. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3787. 14. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3652. 15. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3750. 16. Ploščica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3695. 17. Del tulastega nasadišča, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3752. 18. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3734. 19. Orodje iz kamna, roženec; ohranjena samo polovica. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3727. 20. Jagoda; neprosojno, temno modro steklo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3656. 21. Skodelica; oblika Lazar 2.1.1.; prosojno steklo, barva olivno zelena; odl. ustja in ostenja; izdelana v kalupu, sledovi brušenja na notranji steni, pod ustjem na notranji strani žleb. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3805. Lazar 2003, 34, sl. 10: 2.1.1. 22. Oljenka; keramika ČP 1; odl. noska; zelo slabo ohranjen premaz. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3666. 23. Oljenka; keramika ČP 3; odl. noska. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3740. 24. Oljenka; keramika N 3; poškodovana; nosek odlomljen (moral je biti zelo majhen); 9 odl. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3674. Tabla 20 Tabla 22 1. Sulična ost, poškodovana; železo. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3802. 2. Sulična ost, poškodovana; železo; tulasto nasadišče. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3651. 3. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3632. 4. Predmet, poškodovan; železo; zaključek v obliki obročka. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3803. 5. Predmet, poškodovan; železo; zaključek v obliki obročka. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3732. 6. Predmet, poškodovan; železo; na eni strani zanka, na drugi kavelj. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3691. 7. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3634. 8. Predmet, poškodovan; železo; krožni zaključek z luknjico na sredini. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3635. 9. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3785. 10. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3764. 11. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3616. 12. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D0. Inv. št. 3839. 13. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3614. 14. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3619. 15. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3786. 16. Žebljiček, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3693. 1. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ustja. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3800. 2. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3600. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 6. 3. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3776. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 5. 4. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3669. 5. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3818. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 3. 6. Skleda; keramika ČP 1 (podobno ČP 3); odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3639. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 4. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 4. 7. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; 3 odl. ustja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3845. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 3. 8. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ustja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3775. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 1. 9. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. ostenja; zelo slabo ohranjen premaz. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3807. 10. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3777. 11. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3668. Tabla 23 1. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja; horizontalni žlebovi; luknja za vezavo poškodovane posode. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3704. 2. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3769. 3. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3706. 4. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; 6 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3774. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 9. 5. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3829. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 5. 6. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3797. 7. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3754. 8. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja; premaz ni ohranjen. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3705. 9. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja; zunanja stena poškodovana; premaz ni ohranjen. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3707. 10. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3697. Tabla 24 1. Posoda; keramika ČP 1; odl. ostenja; zelo slabo ohranjen premaz zunaj in znotraj. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3816. 2. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. dna; koncentrični žlebovi in štirje pravokotni radialni žigi. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3670. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 11. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 7. Sl. 42-43. 3. Krožnik; keramika ČP 2; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3778. 4. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna; koncentrični žlebovi. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3798. 5. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3789. 6. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3661. 7. Skodela; keramika ČP 1; 3 odl. dna. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3739. 8. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3698. 9. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. dna. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3663. 10. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. dna. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3662. 11. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna in ostenja; Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3827. Tabla 25 1. Posoda; keramika ČP 1; 7 odl. dna. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3756. 2. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3700. 3. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3699. 5. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3828. 6. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 4 odl. dna; slabo ohranjen premaz. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3637. 7. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3893. 8. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1; 4 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3735. 9. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3736. 10. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1 ali KTS 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3726. 11. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1 ali KTS 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3892. 12. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1 ali KTS 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3725. 13. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1 ali KTS 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3724. 14. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1; odl. dna. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3930. 15. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3792. 16. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3801. 17. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3737. 18. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3768. 19. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3819. 20. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3738. 21. Kozarec; keramika KTS 3 ali KTS 5; odl. dna. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3810. 22. Kozarec; keramika KTS 3; odl. dna. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3811. Tabla 26 1. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 30 odl. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3620. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 12; Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 8. Sl. 25: 2. 2. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 30 odl. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3621. Sl. 25: 1. 3. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 20 odl. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3603. Sl. 25: 3. 4. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 3 odl. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3820. 5. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 2 odl. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3604. 6. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; 3 odl. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3622. Sl. 25: 5. 7. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3623. 8. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3676. 9. Skodelica; keramika KTS 5; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3808. 10. Skodelica; keramika KTS 5; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3675. 11. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3849. 12. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; odl. ostenja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3850. 13. Krožnik; keramika N 2; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3817. 14. Skleda; keramika N 2; odl. dna in ostenja; koncentrični žleb. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3826. 15. Skleda; keramika N 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3794. 16. Skleda; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 3799. 17. Vrč; keramika N 2; 15 odl. ustja in vratu. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3601. 18. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja in ročaja. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3813. 19. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3647. 20. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja in ročaja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4328. Tabla 27 1. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 4325. 2. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3896. 3. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3716. 4. Vrč; keramika N 2; 2 odl. ročaja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3717. 5. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3602. 6. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3757. 7. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3681. 8. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3758. 9. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3895. 10. Vrč; keramika N 2; 6 odl. dna. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3923. 11. Vrč; keramika N 2; 3 odl. dna. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 4324. 12. Vrč; keramika N 2; 2 odl. dna. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3638. 13. Vrč; keramika N 3; 15 odl. ustja in ostenja; vodoravni žleb. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3941. 14. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ustja; sivkasto ožgano. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3648. 15. Krožnik; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 4332. 16. Vrč; keramika N 3; 4 odl. dna. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3784. 17. Skodela; keramika N 3; 4 odl. dna; spodaj na dnu sledi zelo slabo ohranjenega temnega premaza. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3831. 18. Vrč; keramika N 3; 2 odl. ročaja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3833. 19. Vrč; keramika N 3; 2 odl. ročaja in ostenja. Kv. D0. Inv. št. 3837. 20. Pokrovček; keramika N 3; narejen iz ostenja posode. Kv. D0. Inv. št. 4330. 21. Vrč; keramika N 5; odl. ustja; žleb. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3649. 22. Skleda; keramika N 5; odl. ustja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3679. 23. Vrč; keramika N 5; 6 odl. ostenja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3852. 24. Dno ali pokrov; keramika N 5; odl. gumba z ostenjem. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3744. 25. Pokrov; keramika N 5; 2 odl. ustja in ostenja; rob ustja ožgan. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3682. 26. Pokrov; keramika N 5; odl. prstanastega držaja. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3791. Tabla 28 1. Skodela; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb; zunaj temno siv premaz. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3708. 2. Skleda; keramika N 7; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3862. 3. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3824. 4. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3641. 5. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3821. 6. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja in ostenja; ostanki temno sivega premaza. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3640. 7. Lonec; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3847. 8. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. ustja in ostenja; žleb na robu ustja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3822. 9. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3624. 10. Skleda; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3712. 11. Pekač; keramika K 1; 2 odl. dna. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3711. 12. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3779. 13. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3780/1. 14. Pokrov; keramika K 1; 15 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3780. 15. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. D4. Inv. št. 3809. 16. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. D0. Inv. št. 3838. 17. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3644. 18. Pekač ali pokrov; keramika K 2; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3642. 19. črepinjska ploščica; keramika K 2; prevrtana; narejena iz dna pekača. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3677. Tabla 29 1. Lonec; keramika K 3; na površini plast prečiščene gline; 30 odl. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3611. 2. Lonec; keramika K 3; odl. ustja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3714. 3. Pokrov; keramika K 3; 2 odl ustja in ostenja. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3823. 4. Pokrov; keramika K 3; odl. prstanastega držaja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3709. 5. Pekač; keramika K 3; spodaj na dnu premaz čiste gline; dno in del zunanje stene temno sivo ožgana; 30 odl. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3683. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 16.; Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 13. 6. Lonec; keramika K 4; 3 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3894. 7. Lonec; keramika K 4; 12 odl. dna in ostenja; plitki vodoravni žlebovi. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3856. 8. Lonec; keramika K 4; 2 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3656/1. 9. Lonec; keramika K 4; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3793. 10. Pokrov; keramika K 4 ali K 3; odl. prstanastega držaja. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3771. 11. Lonec; keramika K 5; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3627. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 14. 12. Lonec; keramika K 5; 5 odl. dna in ostenja; navpično glavničenje. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3672. 13. Pokrov; keramika K 5; odl. gumba. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3671. 14. Pokrov; keramika K 6; odl. ustja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3606. Tabla 30 1. Lonec; keramika K 8; odl. ustja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3678. Sl. 125: 1. 2. Lonec; keramika K 8; odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3646. 3. Skledica; keramika K 8; 2 odl. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3684. 4. Pokrov; keramika K 8; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3609. 5. Pokrov; keramika K 8; 10 odl. ustja in ostenja; ožgan rob ustja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3610. Horvat 2008b, sl. 4: 12. 6. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3626. Sl. 126. 7. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3645. 8. Pokrov; keramika K 9; odl. ustja. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3781. 9. Lonec; keramika K 9; odl. dna. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3782. 10. Lonec; keramika K 11; 6 odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3857. Sl. 127:1a-b. 11. Pokrov; keramika K 11; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3643. Bavdek 1996, sl. 7: 15. 12. Lonec; keramika K 11; 5 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3685. 13. Lonec; keramika K 13; odl. ustja. Kv. B2. Inv. št. 3625. Sl. 122: 1. 14. Lonec; keramika K 14 (podobno K 12); metličenje; 13 odl. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3858. 15. Lonec; keramika K 14; 3 odl. ostenja; navpično glav-ničenje. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3719. Sl. 122: 4. 16. Lonec; keramika K 14 (podobno K 12); 8 odl. dna in ostenja; na zunanjem robu dna je niz vtisov. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 3859. 17. Lonec; keramika K 15; odl. dna. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3686. 18. Lonec; keramika K 16; odl. ustja. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3713. Tabla 31 1. Lonec; keramika K 17; 2 odl. dna. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3608. 2. Lonec; keramika K 17; 4 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 3607. 3. Lonec; keramika K 18; 2 odl. ustja in dna. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3783. Sl. 128: 3a-b. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 3), vratu in nastavka za ročaj (oblika R 1). Kv. B2. Inv. št. 4167. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 6 odl. ustja (oblika A 3), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. E6. Inv. št. 4295. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 9 odl. ustja (oblika A 3). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4200. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Kv. D4. Inv. št. 4280. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 3). Kv. B1. Inv. št. 4161. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 4). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4237. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Kv. B5. Inv. št. 4177. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 5). Kv. D6. Inv. št. 4284. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 5), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4199. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. B1. Inv. št. 4162. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. B3. Inv. št. 4173. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. B3. Inv. št. 4176. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C6. Inv. št. 4251. Tabla 32 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4236. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ustja (oblika A 6) in vratu. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 4185. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. D1. Inv. št. 4263. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C1. Inv. št. 4184. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ustja (oblika A 6) in vratu. Kv. D3. Inv. št. 4274. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4246. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C6. Inv. št. 4254. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C6. Inv. št. 4255. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. E6. Inv. št. 4297. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. D1. Inv. št. 4265. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 6). Kv. C1. Inv. št. 4187. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C1, C2. Inv. št. 4201. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; 11 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C1. Inv. št. 4182. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 30 odl. ustja (oblika A 7), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4198. Tabla 33 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 15 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Kv. B1. Inv. št. 4160. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. C1. Inv. št. 4186. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. C6. Inv. št. 4253. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. C3. Inv. št. 4228. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D1. Inv. št. 4261. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D2. Inv. št. 4269. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4245. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. B3. inv. št. 4172. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D2. inv. št. 4268. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D1. inv. št. 4264. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Kv. D6. inv. št. 4286. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7); slabo ohranjen žig. Kv. C4. inv. št. 4247. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D6. inv. št. 4285. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. E6. inv. št. 4296. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Kv. C3. inv. št. 4224. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7). Kv. D6. inv. št. 4288. Tabla 34 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8), vratu, ostenja in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. C6. inv. št. 4250. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Kv. C6. inv. št. 4252. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. D0. inv. št. 4258. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. E6. inv. št. 4299. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C2. inv. št. 4203. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. A2, C4. inv. št. 4234. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C1. inv. št. 4191. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. D1. inv. št. 4266. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. B1. inv. št. 4163. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. E6. inv. št. 4298. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C3. inv. št. 4227. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4235. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Kv. D1. inv. št. 4262. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4242. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. C6. inv. št. 4257. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 9), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1); slabo ohranjen žig na ročaju. Kv. E6. inv. št. 4293. 17. Amfora; keramika S 1; 7 odl. ustja (oblika A 9) in vratu. Kv. C3, D3, na površini. inv. št. 4225. 18. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4238. 19. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4239. 20. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4241. Tabla 35 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. D4. inv. št. 4277. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. D1. inv. št. 4260. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 10) in vratu. Kv. D6. inv. št. 4281. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10) in vratu. Kv. E6. inv. št. 4294. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 10), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. D6. inv. št. 4282. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. C1. inv. št. 4183. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. D6. inv. št. 4289. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Kv. D1. inv. št. 4259. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; 13 odl. ustja (oblika A 11), vratu in ročaja. Kv. C1, C2, C3. inv. št. 4181. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 11) in vratu. Kv. B2. inv. št. 4168. Horvat 2008b, sl. 3: 6. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 6 odl. ustja (oblika A 11) in vratu. Kv. D3. inv. št. 4275. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. D2. inv. št. 4270. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. C3. inv. št. 4229. Tabla 36 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. C3. inv. št. 4226. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. B3. inv. št. 4174. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. C2. inv. št. 4207. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4240. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Kv. C4. inv. št. 4244. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 12) in vratu. Kv. C2. inv. št. 4202. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 12). Kv. D6. inv. št. 4283. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 13). Kv. C0. inv. št. 4179. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 14). Kv. E6. inv. št. 4300. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 14). Kv. C1, C2. inv. št. 4206. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 5 odl. ustja (oblika A 14) in vratu. Kv. C3. inv. št. 4223. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 14). Kv. C2. inv. št. 4204. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 14). Kv. C2. inv. št. 4205. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 15). Kv. D4. Inv. št. 4279. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 15). Kv. C6. Inv. št. 4256. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 15?). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4243. 17. Amfora; keramika S 1; 40 odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. B2, C2, x = 13,92 m, y = -5,65 m. Inv. št. 4222. Sl. 31. Tabla 37 1. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ostenja; znaki?, vrezani pred žganjem. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4217. 2. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ročaja (oblika R 1); žig: VEN_. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4248. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ročaja; na stiku z ostenjem odtis prsta. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 4291. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ročaja (oblika R 1); na stiku z ostenjem odtis prsta. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 4230. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. vratu z ročajem (oblika R 1); na ročaju vboklina - odtis prsta. Kv. E6. Inv. št. 4301. 6. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 1). Kv. E6. Inv. št. 4307. 7. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 1). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4219. 8. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 6). Kv. D6. Inv. št. 4292. 9. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4220. 10. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. C3. Inv. št. 4233. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. C3. Inv. št. 4232. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. C4. Inv. št. 4249. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4221. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča z odebeljenim zaključkom (oblika DA 4). Kv. C2. Inv. št. 4218. 15. Posoda ali amfora; keramika S 1; odl. dna. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 4231. 8. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3942. 9. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 5 odl. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3935. 10. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Kv. D6. Inv. št. 3946. 11. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 5 odl. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3927. 12. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3924. 13. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; odl. gumba. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3940. 14. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; odl. gumba. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3939. 15. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 1-4; odl. gumba. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3929. 16. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; 4 odl. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 3928. 17. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; 5 odl. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3937. 18. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6. Kv. E2, x = 29,60 m, y = -7,85 m. Inv. št. 3950. 19. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; poškodovan. Kv. E2, x = 29,60 m, y = -7,85 m. Inv. št. 3948. Bavdek 1996, sl. 8: 2. 20. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; poškodovan. Kv. D2. Inv. št. 3945. 21. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; poškodovan. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3926. 22. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; poškodovan. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3932. 23. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; na dnu odtis lesene deske; 5 odl. Kv. E2, x = 29,60 m, y = -7,85 m. Inv. št. 3949. Bavdek 1996, sl. 8: 3. 24. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; 4 odl. Kv. C1. Inv. št. 3931. 25. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 10; narejen iz stene amfore; poškodovan. Kv. B2, okoli amfore t. 36: 17. Inv. št. 3925. MANDRGA - POVRŠINA Tabla 38 1. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 2. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3944. 2. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 2. Kv. D1. Inv. št. 3943. Bavdek 1996, sl. 8: 1. 3. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 2; 6 odl. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3936. 4. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 3. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3933. 5. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; poškodovan, sekundarno sivo ožgan. Kv. E2, x = 29,60 m, y = -7,85 m. Inv. št. 3947. 6. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 3 odl. Kv. E2, x = 29,60 m, y = -7,85 m. Inv. št. 3951. 7. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Kv. C2. Inv. št. 3934. Tabla 38 26. Denarij, 121 pr. Kr. Površinska najdba pred izkopavanji (glej str. 42). Privatna last. 27. Obesek, poškodovan; bron; v obliki konjička. Inv. št. 3874. Bavdek 1996, sl. 6: 3. Sl. 39. 28. Okov, poškodovan; bron; ohranjen en oval z zakovico in eno luknjico, zunanji rob zapognjen. Inv. št. 3877. 29. Gumb, poškodovan; bron; zanka posebej prilotana. Inv. št. 3873. 30. Paličica, poškodovana; bron; ostanek profilacije. Inv. št. 3875. 31. Predmet, poškodovan; bron; okrašen s prečnimi vrezi. Inv. št. 3876. Tabla 39 1. Skleda; keramika ČP 1; 3 odl. dna. Inv. št. 3863. 2. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 4334. 3. Skodela; keramika N 3; odl. ustja in ostenja; zunanja stena poškodovana. Inv. št. 3867. 4. Skleda; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3955. 5. Posoda; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3864. 6. Lonec; keramika N 5; odl. dna. Inv. št. 4333. 7. Vrč; keramika N 5; odl. dna in ostenja. Inv. št. 3870. 8. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3869. 9. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3868. 10. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3871. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; 4 odl. ustja (oblika A 7) in vratu. Inv. št. 4309. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 7?) in vratu. Inv. št. 4313. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 8) in vratu. Inv. št. 4308. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 9). Inv. št. 4314. 15. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Inv. št. 4311. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 10). Inv. št. 4310. 17. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 14 b), vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Inv. št. 4312. 18. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11?). Inv. št. 4317. 19. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ostenja in ročaja (oblika R 1); žleb na ostenju in odtis prsta na bazi ročaja. Inv. št. 4318. 20. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 4); zaključek odebeljen. Inv. št. 4319. 21. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; odl. Inv. št. 3954. 22. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; 2 odl. Inv. št. 3953. 23. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 6; odl. Inv. št. 3952. PREVAL 5. Mali noriški srebrnik, tip z rozeto (tip TKN IAd). Kv. B5, na izmetani zemlji. Inv. št. 3313. Shranjen v Numizmatičnem kabinetu NMS, inv. št. 3733. Šemrov 1996, 70, št. 18. 6a. Denarij, republika, 2.-1. st. pr. Kr. Kv. A4. Izgubljen (glej str. 103-104, op. 323). 6b. Kvinar, močno obrabljen, 88 pr. Kr. Kv. B5, ob drenaži, prva poglobitev. Inv. št. 3301. FMRSl III, 48: 2. 7. Kvinar, močno obrabljen, 88 pr. Kr. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3298. FMRSl III, 48: 5. 8. As, polovičen, močno obrabljen, Avgust, 19-4 pr. Kr. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3302. FMRSl III, 48: 7. 9. As, močno obrabljen, Avgust, 19-4 pr. Kr. Kv. B5, ob drenaži, druga poglobitev. Inv. št. 3303. FMRSl III, 48: 6. 10. Sesterc, močno obrabljen, Klavdij I., 41-54. Kv. B4, x = 8,8 m, y = 19 m. Inv. št. 3297. FMRSl III, 48: 9. 11. Sesterc, močno obrabljen, Klavdij I. (Agripina I.), 50-54. Kv. B5, z = -0.2 m. Inv. št. 3304. FMRSl III, 48: 12. 12. As, močno obrabljen, 1.-2. st. Kv. B4, prva poglobitev, z = -0,1 m. Inv. št. 3299. FMRSl III, 48: 15. 13. Fibula, poškodovana; bron; vrsta Aucissa. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3097. Bavdek 1996, sl. 10: 1. Sl. 97. 14. Fibula; bron; ohranjen lok. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2983. 15. Fibula; bron; vrsta Aucissa; odl. loka. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2927. 16. Predmet, poškodovan; bron. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 2956. 17. Obroček, poškodovan; bron; robova profilirana. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3228. 18. Pasna spona, poškodovana; bron; trn v obliki račje glavice. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2926. Bavdek 1996, sl. 10: 3. Sl. 98. 19. Ploščica, poškodovana; bron; 2 odl. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3099, 3100. 20. Obroček, poškodovan; bron. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2984. 21. Predmet, poškodovan; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3101. 22. Okov?, poškodovan; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3102. 23. Predmet, poškodovan; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3098. 24. Predmet, poškodovan; svinec; 2 odl. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3110. 25. Fibula; železo; odl. peresovine in loka; peresovina s štirimi navoji in zunanjo tetivo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2991. PREVAL - KURIŠČE V KV. D11 Tabla 40 1. Krožnik; keramika ČP 3; 8 odl.; koncentrični žlebovi. Inv. št. 3158. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 2. Sl. 88. 2. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. ostenja; okrašen z reliefnimi bunčicami. Inv. št. 3159. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 5. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 11). Inv. št. 3397. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 9. Tabla 41 1. Lopata, poškodovana; železo; teža 149 g. Kv. C3. Inv. št. 3125. 2. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3108. 3. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2928. 4. Dleto?; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2990. 5. Klin; železo. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3104. 6. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2985. 7. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2949. 8. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2999. PREVAL - RUŠEVINA Tabla 40 4. Mali vzhodnonoriški srebrnik, tip s konjičkom (tip Kos IBIIb). Kv. B5, na izmetani zemlji. Inv. št. 3314. Shranjen v Numizmatičnem kabinetu NMS, inv. št. 3732. Šemrov 1996, 70, št. 19. Tabla 42 1. Dleto; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2992. 2. Dleto; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2993. 3. Dleto, poškodovano; železo. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3106. 4. Paličica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2994. 5. Paličica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2935. 6. Paličica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3105. 7. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3107. 8. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2950. 9. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2930. 10. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2997. 11. Pločevina; železo; odl. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2953. 12. Žebelj; železo. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2951. 13. Žebelj; železo. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2952. 14. Žebelj; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2931. 15. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2934. 16. Žebelj; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2986. 17. Žebelj; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2989. 18. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2933. 19. Žebljiček, poškodovan; železo. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2995. 20. Rebrasta skodelica; oblika Lazar 2.1.4.; neprosojno steklo; odl. dna in ostenja; izdelana v kalupu; mozaični vzorec: bel, rumeno rjav in temno rjav. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3001. Lazar 2003, 37. Sl. 101: levo. 21. Skleda; neprosojno steklo; 3 odl. vboklega dna; mozaični okras: zelen in rumen vzorec. Kv. B3. Inv. št. 2957. Sl. 101: desno. 22. Posoda; naravno obarvano (modrikasto) steklo; 2 odl. dna; pihano. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3112. 23. Balzamarij; temno modro steklo; 3 odl. ostenja; pihano. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3111. 24. Kozarec; naravno obarvano (modrikasto) steklo; odl. ustja; pihano. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3115. 25. Vrč; naravno obarvano (modrikasto) steklo; odl. ročaja; pihano. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3113. 26. Volutna oljenka; keramika O 1; 2 odl. diska; okrašena z žlebovi. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3032. 27. Oljenka; keramika N 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3031. Tabla 43 15. Skodelica; keramika TS 1; 2 odl. dna; koncentrični žleb; pravokotni žig: DASI. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3014. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 3. 16. Skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. dna. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2963. 17. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; na zunanji strani dna koncentrični žlebovi; znotraj ni premaza. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2964. 18. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. roba dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3019/1. Tabla 44 1. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; 4 odl. dna; koncentrični žlebovi in peresni okras. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3006. 2. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrična žlebova. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3008. 3. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrična žlebova. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3007. 4. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrični žlebovi. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2903. 5. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrična žlebova. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2904. 6. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja; premaz zunaj in notri. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2960. 7. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja; premaz zunaj in notri. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2895. 8. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; znotraj ni premaza. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3023. 9. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; znotraj ni premaza. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2962. 10. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; znotraj ni premaza. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3025. 11. Vrč; keramika TS 1; 6 odl. dna; premaz zunaj in notri. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3024. 1. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja in ostenja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2940. 2. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2909. 3. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2939. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 1. 4. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2967. 5. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3037/1. 6. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. roba dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3037. 7. Krožnik; keramika ČP 1; odl. roba dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3036. 8. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3035. 9. Skodelica; keramika ČP 1; odl. dna; koncentrični žleb. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3034. 10. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2905. 11. Skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja; žleb na zunanjem robu ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3020. 12. Skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2902. 13. Krožnik ali skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3019. 14. Skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrični žleb; pravokotni žig: PROBVS. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2961. Tabla 45 1. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3011. 2. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2896. 3.-3a. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; 11 odl. ustja in ostenja; reliefni okras: jajčni niz in kantaros na stebru. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2894, 2894/1. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 4. 4. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ustja in ostenja; reliefni okras: niz listov. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2958. 5. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2899. 6. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 2; odl. dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2907. 7. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 2; odl. dna. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2941. 8. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ostenja; reliefni okras: javorov list. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2900. 9. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ostenja; reliefni okras: niz koncentričnih krogcev. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2901. 10. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ostenja; reliefni okras: prekrižana rebra. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3021. 11. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2898. 12. Skodelica vrste Sarius; keramika SAR 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2897. 13. Vrč ali skodelica; keramika TS 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3010. 14. Kozarec; keramika KTS 1; odl. dna in ostenja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2968. Sl. 116: 3. 15. Skodelica; keramika KTS 1; odl. ostenja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2943. Tabla 46 1. Skodelica; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3061. Sl. 116: 4. 2. Skodelica; keramika KTS 4; 3 odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3062. 3. Skodelica; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2913. 4. Skodelica; keramika KTS 5; odl. dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2911. 5. Kozarec; keramika KTS 6; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3043. Sl. 117: 1. 6. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; odl. dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2912. 7. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3063. 8. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3064. 9. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3067. 10. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3069. 11. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2945. 12. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2919. 13. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna in ostenja; zunaj deloma temno siva obloga. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3078. 14. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. prstanastega dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2918. 15. Vrč; keramika N 1; 2 odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3075. 16. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna in ostenja; zunaj deloma temno siva obloga. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3077. 17. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3076. 18. Vrč; keramika N 2; 5 odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3050. 19. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3065. 20. Vrč; keramika N 2; 2 odl. ustja in ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3059. 21. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3051. 22. Posoda; keramika N 2; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3038. 23. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2947. 24. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3052. 25. Skodelica; keramika N 2; 3 odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3060. 26. Posoda; keramika N 2; odl. prstanastega dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2908. 27. Posoda na nogi; keramika N 2; 2 odl. visoke noge z dnom; dno odlepljeno. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3058. 28. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2977. 29. Vrč; keramika N 2; odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2979. Tabla 47 1. Vrč; keramika N 3; 7 odl. ustja in dna. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2921. 4. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2915. 5. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2914. 6. Posoda; keramika N 3; odl. ostenja; polkrožen nalepljen držaj z odtisi prstov. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2969. 7. Vrč; keramika podobna N 3 (srednje goste, temne primesi); odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2974. 8. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2920. 9. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2976. 10. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2975. 11. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3072. 12. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3073. 13. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3074. 14. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2978. 15. Skleda; keramika N 7; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2925. 16. Vrč; keramika N 7; odl. ročaja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2944. 17. Pokrov; keramika K 1; 2 odl. prstanastega držaja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3046. 18. Pokrov; keramika K 1; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 2922. 19. Pekač; keramika K 1; odl. ustja; žleb na robu ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3045. Sl. 118. 20. Lonec; keramika K 2; odl. ustja. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3041. 21. Pokrov; keramika K 15; odl. ustja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2981. 22. Lonec; keramika K 3; odl. dna. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 2946. 23. Lonec; keramika K 12; odl. dna. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3053. Sl. 128: 1. Tabla 48 1. Utež, poškodovana; keramika; luknja za obešanje; keramika mazasta, svetlorumena (10YR 8/4), z velikimi in gostimi primesmi zdrobljene keramike. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3070. 2. Svitek; keramika; 3 odl. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 2973. 3. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3356. 4. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 8). Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3336. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 8. 5. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. ustja (oblika A 11) in vratu. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3357. 6. Amfora; vrsta Dr. 6 B; zelo trda keramika, oranžna (5YR 6/6), gladka površina, ni mazasta, ni vidnih primesi; 17 odl. ustja, vratu, ročaja (oblika R 1) in ostenja. Kv. B5, C3. Inv. št. 3373. 7. Amfora; vrsta Dr. 6 B; trda keramika, oranžna (7.5YR 7/6), gladka površina, ni mazasta, ni vidnih primesi; 7 odl. ustja, vratu in ročaja (oblika R 1). Kv. A5. Inv. št. 3317. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 10. 8. Amfora; vrsta Dr. 6 B; keramika S 1, oranžna (5YR 7/6); odl. ustja. Kv. A6. Inv. št. 3327. 9. Amfora; vrsta Dr. 6 B; keramika S 1, oranžna; odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 3319. 10. Amfora; vrsta Dr. 6 B; zelo trda keramika, oranžna (5YR 6/6), gladka površina, ni mazasta, ni vidnih primesi; 2 odl. ustja. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 3320. 11. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 1/6). Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3376. 12. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 4). Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3353. 13. Amfora; keramika S 1; odl. zatiča (oblika DA 1). Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3377. 14. Amfora; keramika S 1; 2 odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 1). Kv. A6. Inv. št. 3332. 15. Amfora; iz vzhodnega Sredozemlja (določila U. Ehmig, 2008); zelo trda keramika, malo groba površina, oranžna (5YR 6/6), primesi bele, zelo fine in goste oziroma srednje velike (do 0,5 mm) in redke; 3 odl. dna z zatičem (DA 7). Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3351. 16. Amfora; keramika S 1; oranžna; 2 odl. dna z zatičem (oblika DA 7). Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3352. 17. Amfora; rodoški tip (določila U. Ehmig, 2008); zelo trda keramika, gladka površina, zelo svetlo rjava (10YR 8/4), brez primesi, samo posamezni zelo redki kosi zdrobljene keramike; 3 odl. ostenja in ročaj. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3340. 18. Amfora; rodoški tip (določila U. Ehmig, 2008); trda keramika, malo groba površina, oranžna (5YR 6/6), primesi bele, zelo fine, redke; odl. rogatega ročaja. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3348. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 11. Tabla 49 1. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; poškodovan; reliefni okras: radialna rebra. Kv. A5. Inv. št. 3318. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 7. 2. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 2; poškodovan. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3339. Bavdek 1996, sl. 11: 6. 3. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 4; odl. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3355. 4. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 8; na dnu odtis lesene plošče. Kv. B4. Inv. št. 3338. 5. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 10; narejen iz ostenja amfore. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3354. 6. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; oblika PA 10; poškodovan; narejen iz ostenja amfore. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3368. PREVAL - JAREK 1 Tabla 49 25. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3146. 26. Žebelj; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3145. 27. Žebelj; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3144. Tabla 50 1. Prodnik; roženec; polovica prodnika z uporabnimi retušami. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3119. 2. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. roba dna. Inv. št. 3167. 3. Pladenj; keramika TS 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3168. 4. Krožnik; keramika TS 1; odl. dna; koncentrična žlebova; premaz samo na notranji površini. Inv. št. 3166. 5. Skodelica; keramika KTS 7; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3165. 6. Skodelica; keramika KTS 7; odl. dna. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3134. 7. Melnica; keramika N 1; 3 odl. ustja; notranja površina obložena s kamenčki; luknja za vezavo poškodovane posode. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3130. 8. Vrč; keramika N 1; 2 odl. dna. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3129. 9. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3175. 10. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. dna. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3128. 11. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3136. 12. Vrč; keramika N 1; odl. ročaja. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3135. 13. Balzamarij; keramika N 2; 2 odl. ostenja. Inv. št. 3172. 14. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3169. 15. Vrč; keramika N 3; odl. dna. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3149. 16. Lonec; keramika K 12; odl. dna. Kv. C4. Inv. št. 3127. 17. Amfora; keramika, rožnata (7.5YR 7/4); 2 odl. ustja in vratu. Inv. št. 3409. 18. Amfora; keramika S 1; 3 odl. ustja (oblika A 10) in ostenja. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3381. 19. Amfora; vrsta ante 6B ali Brindizi (določila U. Ehmig, 2008); keramika S 1, oranžna (7.5YR 7/6); odl. ustja (oblika A 15). Inv. št. 3410. 20. Svitek; keramika; odl. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3133. 21. Svitek; keramika; odl. Inv. št. 3173. 7. As, močno obrabljen, Avgust, 16 pr. Kr. Kv. B4, z = -0,40 m. Inv. št. 3300. FMRSl III, 48: 8. 8. As, polovičen, močno obrabljen, 2. st. pr. Kr. Kv. D7, druga poglobitev. Inv. št. 3306. FMRSl III, 48: 3. 9. As, močno obrabljen, Klavdij I., 41-54. Tretja poglobitev. Inv. št. 3308. FMRSl III, 48: 10. 10. Zapah; bron. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3140. 11. Obuvalo kopita; odlomek; železo. Inv. št. 3178. Bavdek 1996, sl. 10: 4. 12. Paličica, poškodovana; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3143. 13. Nož za usnje, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3179. 14. Dleto, poškodovano; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3142. 15. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D7. Inv. št. 3156. 16. Obroč; železo. Inv. št. 3177. 17. Obroč; železo. Inv. št. 3176. 18. Nož, poškodovan; železo. Kv. C6. Inv. št. 3153. 19. Predmet, poškodovan; železo; z luknjo. Inv. št. 3181. 20. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3183. 21. Predmet; železo. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3141. 22. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3182. 23. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Kv. D7. Inv. št. 3157. 24. Žebelj; železo. Inv. št. 3180. Tabla 51 1. Svitek; keramika; odl. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3131. 2. Svitek; keramika; odl. Kv. C5. Inv. št. 3132. PREVAL - DRENAŽA Tabla 51 3. Kvadrans, močno obrabljen, Tit, 80. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3396. FMRSl III, 48: 13. 4. Centenional, močno obrabljen, Valens, Gracijan ali Valen-tinian II., 364-378. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3891. FMRSl III, 48: 14. 5. Fibula, poškodovana; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3164. 6. Kozmetična sonda, poškodovana; bron. Kv. B5. Inv. št. 3103. PREVAL - POVRŠINA Tabla 51 7. Denarij, malo obrabljen, 121 pr. Kr. Kv. E6, x = 29,90 m, y = 29,67 m. PMPo inv. št. 3311. Shranjen v Numizmatičnem kabinetu NMS, inv št. 5679. FMRSl III, 48: 1. 8. Cistofor, malo obrabljen, 39 pr. Kr. Shranjen v Numizmatičnem kabinetu NMS, inv. št. 5947. FMRSl III, 48: 4. 9. As, močno obrabljen, Klavdij I., 41-54. Kv. B6; 0,1 m pod strojno odstranjeno površino. Inv. št. 3305. FMRSl III, 48: 11. 10. Novec, popolnoma obrabljen, 1.-2. st. Inv. št. 3312. FMRSl III, 48: 16. 11. Fibula s čebuličastimi gumbi; poškodovana; bron. Kv. B4, x = 12,62 m, y = 16,92 m. Inv. št. 3124. Bavdek 1996, sl. 10: 2. 12. Obroček s pločevinastim trakom; poškodovan; bron. Inv. št. 3233, 3234. 13. Paličica, poškodovana; bron. Inv. št. 3231. 14. Predmet, poškodovan; bron. Inv. št. 3229. 15. Kos svinca; staljen. Inv. št. 3269. 16. Rezilo, poškodovano; železo; luknjica. Inv. št. 3235. 17. Sulično kopito, poškodovano; železo. Inv. št. 3236. 18. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3241. 19. Zanka, poškodovana; železo. Inv. št. 3243. 20. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3244. 21. Nož, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3246. 22. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3240. 23. Obroček, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3242. 24. Nož, poškodovan; železo; verjetno ohranjena ena zakovica na ročaju. Inv. št. 3245. 25. Predmet, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3238. 26. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3256. 27. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3253. 28. Žebelj, poškodovan; železo. Inv. št. 3254. 29. Klina z izjedo; roženec. Inv. št. 3294. Tabla 52 1. Rebrasta skodelica; oblika Lazar 2.1.4.; naravno obarvano (zeleno) steklo; 14 odl. ustja in ostenja; izdelana v kalupu. Inv. št. 3270. Lazar 2003, 39. 2. Rebrasta skodelica; oblika Lazar 2.1.4.; naravno obarvano (modrikasto) steklo; 7 odl. ustja in ostenja; izdelana v kalupu. Inv. št. 3271. Bavdek 1996, sl. 10: 5, Lazar 2003, 39. 3. Rebrasta skodelica; oblika Lazar 2.1.4.; prosojno temno modro steklo; odl. ostenja; izdelana v kalupu. Inv. št. 3274. Lazar 2003, 38. 4. Posoda; prosojno temno modro steklo; 2 odl. ustja in dna; izdelana v kalupu. Inv. št. 3278. 5. Kozarec; oblika Lazar 3.2.1.; temno modro prosojno steklo; 2 odl. ustja; brušen žleb. Inv. št. 3275, 3276. 6. Balzamarij; naravno obarvano (modrikasto) steklo; 3 odl. dna; pihano. Inv. št. 3273. 7. Igralni žeton; neprosojno črno steklo. Inv. št. 3296. 8. Kozarec; keramika KTS 3; odl. ustja. Inv. št. 3212. Sl. 116: 1. 9. Skodelica; keramika KTS 6; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3210. 10. Kozarec; keramika KTS 2; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3211. Sl. 116: 2. 11. Kozarec; keramika KTS 7; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3214. 12. Kozarec; keramika KTS 4; odl. dna. Inv. št. 3209. 13. Pokrov amfore; keramika S 1; odl. ustja; narejen na vretenu. Inv. št. 3225. PREVAL - NOVOVEŠKI OBJEKT Tabla 52 14. Novec; Marija Terezija, 1762. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3309. 15. Novec; Franc Jožef, 1860. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3310. 16. Konica; železo; votla, ohranjena zakovica. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3190. 17. Pločevina, poškodovana; železo; ohranjeni dve luknjici. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3191. 18. Žebelj; železo; recentno. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3199. 19. Žebelj; železo; recentno. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3202. 20. Žebelj; železo; recentno. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3196. 21. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. ostenja; znotraj ni premaza. Kv. B13. Inv. št. 3121. 22. Vrč; keramika TS 1; odl. vratu; premaz zunaj in deloma v notranjosti. Plast nad novoveškim objektom. Inv. št. 3184. Sl. 116: Preval. Keramika tankih sten. 1 - KTS 3, t. 52: 8. 2 - KTS 2, t. 52:10. 3 - KTS 1, t. 45:14. 4 - KTS 4, t. 46:1. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 116: Preval. Thin-walled pottery. 1 - TWP 3, pl. 52: 8. 2 - TWP 2, pl. 52: 10. 3 - TWP 1, pl. 45: 14. 4 - TWP 4, pl. 46: 1. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 117: Preval. Keramika tankih sten. 1 - KTS 6, t. 46:5. 2 - KTS 5, ruševina, kv. B5, inv. št. 3083. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 117: Preval. Thin-walled pottery. 1 - TWP 6, pl. 46: 5. 2 - TWP 5, destruction layer, qu. B5, inv. No. 3083. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 118: Preval. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 1, zunanja stena pekača, t. 47:19. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 118: Preval. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 1, outer wall of baking dish, pl. 47:19. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 119: Mandrga, jarek. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 2, pokrova. 1 - t. 6:13. 2 - t. 6:12. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 119: Mandrga, ditch. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 2, lids. 1 - pl. 6:13. 2 - pl. 6:12. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 120: Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 3. 1 - Mandrga, jarek, t. 6: 17. 2 - Preval, jarek 1, kv. C6, inv. št. 3150. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 120: Italian kitchenware, fabric K 3. 1 - Mandrga, ditch, pl. 6:17. 2 - Preval, ditch 1, qu. C6, inv. No. 3150. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 121: Mandrga, jarek. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 4, t. 7: 1. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 121: Mandrga, ditch. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 4, pl. 7: 1. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 122: Mandrga, jarek in vzhodni del. Keltska keramika, zvrsti K 5, K 10, K 13 in K 14. 1 - zvrst K 13, t. 30:13. 2 - zvrst K 5, t. 7:11. 3 - zvrst K 10, t. 8: 3. 4 - zvrst K 14, t. 30:15. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 122: Mandrga, ditch and eastern part. Celtic pottery, fabrics K 5, K 10, K 13 and K 14. 1 - fabric K 13, pl. 30:13. 2 - fabric K 5, pl. 7:11. 3 - fabric K 10, pl. 8: 3. 4 - fabric K 14, pl. 30:15. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 123: Mandrga, zahodni del. Italska kuhinjska keramika, pokrov, zvrst K 6, t. 18: 9. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 123: Mandrga, western part. Italian kitchenware, lid, fabric K 6, pl. 18: 9. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 124: Mandrga, zahodni del. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 7, t. 18:10. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 124: Mandrga, western part. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 7, pl. 18:10. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 125: Mandrga, vzhodni del in jarek. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 8. 1 - t. 30:1. 2 - t. 7:12. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 125: Mandrga, eastern part and ditch. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 8. 1 - pl. 30:1. 2 - pl. 7:12. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 126: Mandrga, vzhodni del. Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 9, t. 30: 6. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 126: Mandrga, eastern part. Italian kitchenware, fabric K 9, pl. 30: 6. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 127: Italska kuhinjska keramika, zvrst K 11. 1a-b - Mandrga, vzhodni del, t. 30:10. 2 - Preval, ruševina, kv. B4, inv. št. 2980. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 127: Italian kitchenware, fabric K 11. 1a-b - Mandrga, eastern part, pl. 30:10. 2 - Preval, destruction layer, qu. B4, inv. No. 2980. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 128: Prazgodovinska keramika, zvrsti K 12, 17, 18. 1 - zvrst K 12, Preval, ruševina, kv. B5, t. 47: 23. 2 - zvrst K 12, Preval, ruševina, kv. A5, inv. št. 2924. 3a-b - zvrst K 18, Mandrga, vzhodni del, t. 31: 3. 4 - zvrst K 17, Preval, ruševina, kv. B5, inv. št. 3056. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 128: Prehistoric pottery, fabrics K 12, 17, 18. 1 - fabric K 12, Preval, destruction layer, qu. B5, pl. 47:23.2 - fabric K 12, Preval, destruction layer, qu. A5, inv. No. 2924. 3a-b - fabric K 18, Mandrga, eastern part, pl. 31:3. 4 - fabric K 17, Preval, destruction layer, qu. B5, inv. No. 3056. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 129: Keltska keramika, zvrst K 16. Preval, ruševina, kv. B5, inv. št. 3054, 3055. Foto: M. Prešeren. Fig. 129: Celtic pottery, fabric K 16. Preval, destruction layer, qu. B5, inv. Nos. 3054, 3055. Photo: M. Prešeren. Sl. 130: Mandrga. Amfore Lamboglia 2, zvrst S 1. Foto: T. Lauko. Fig. 130: Mandrga, Amphorae type Lamboglia 2, fabric S 1. Photo: T. Lauko. 2. St. pr. Kr. 10 13 / 14 12 T. 1: Mandrga. Jarek. 1-2 novca; 3 bron; 4-8 železo; 9-16 keramika. 3-16= 1 : 2. PL 1: Mandrga. Ditch. 1-2 coins; 3 bronze; 4-8 iron; 9-16 ceramics. Scale 3-16 = 1 : 2. \\ f (f^nciivNM ro. // O 10 A V\ / \ / 12 11 13 14 \ ^ 3 10 1 11 c 0)- 10 12 11 ■ /C % 13 14 15 0 16 17 —C-[_ 18 19 T 17: Mandrga. 1-19 jarek; 20-31 zahodni del. 20-21 železo, ostalo keramika. 1-19 =1:4; 20-29 = 1:2; 30-31 = 1:3. Pl 17: Mandrga. 1-19 ditch; 20-31 western part. 20-21 iron, the remaining ceramics. Scale 1-19=1:4; 20-29 = 1:2; 30-31 1 : 3. T 18: Mandrga. Zahodni del. Keramika. 1-12 = 1:3; 13-20 =1:4. Pl 18: Mandrga. Western part. Ceramics. Scale 1-12=1:3; 13-20 =1:4. 2. St. pr. Kr. T 13 \\ ■ ! 14 19 20 15 7 10 11 3 12 17 m 21 22 T 19: Mandrga. 1-12 zahodni del; 13-22 vzhodni del. 1-12 keramika; 13 novec; 14-22 bron. 1-12 = 1:4; 14-22 = 1:2. Pl 19: Mandrga. 1-12 western part; 13-22 eastern part. 1-12 ceramics; 13 coin; 14-22 bronze. Scale 1-12 = 1 : 4; 14-22 =1:2. "1' VI' i V- 13 11 19 20 23 24 T. 21: Mandrga. Vzhodni del. 1-18 železo; 19 kamen; 20-21 steklo; 22-24 keramika. M. = 1 : 2. Pl. 21: Mandrga. Eastern part. 1-18 iron; 19 stone; 20-21 glass; 22-24 ceramics. Scale = 1 : 2. 10 11 \\ \\ I / J \\ t / 12 / / 15 i :r 16 ( ) \\ 20 17 18 19 T 26: Mandrga. Vzhodni del. Keramika. 1-12 = 1:2; 13-20 = 1:3. Pl 26: Mandrga. Eastern part. Ceramics. Scale 1-12 =1:2; 13-20 = 1:3. // C35 , X I cz \\ A 4 \\ \\ 10 \\ 11 \\ 12 CCD- 19 13 14 15 D 20 \\ 23 16 17 / \\ / 21 22 25 26 / / r= H. v \ / \\ 13 10 11 14 15 T 38: Mandrga. 1-25 vzhodni del; 26-31 površina. 1-25 keramika; 26 novec; 27-31 bron. 1-25 = 1 : 4; 27-31 = 1:2. Pl 38: Mandrga. 1-25 eastern part; 26-31 surface. 1-25 ceramics; 26 coin; 27-31 bronze. Scale 1-25 = 1:4; 27-31 = 1:2. 20 / V__ 1 1 / 1 / 4 5 / ■— / V _1 — z/ w 10 12 11 14 15 18 17 KJ) 21 22 13 16 23 # 2.-Est. pr.Kr. 6a 6b 19-4 pr. Kr. Claudius I 50-54 11 1.-2. st. 12 13 0 ) 21 22 18 23 15 16 24 20 T. 40: Preval. 1-3 kurišče v kv. D11; 4-25 ruševina. 1-3 keramika; 4-12 novci; 13-23 bron; 24 svinec; 25 železo. 1-2, 13-25 = 1 : 2; 3 = 1 : 4. Pl. 40: Preval. 1-3 burnt surface in quadrant D11; 4-25 destruction layer. 1-3 ceramics; 4-12 coins; 13-23 bronze; 24 lead; 25 iron. Scale 1-2, 13-25 = 1 : 2; 3 = 1 : 4. - T. 42: Preval. Ruševina. 1-19 železo; 20-25 steklo; 26-27 keramika. M. = 1 : 2. Pl. 42: Preval. Destruction layer. 1-19 iron; 20-25 glass; 26-27 ceramics. Scale = 1 : 2. O 10 11 12 DAS i W 13 / 16 nL / \ 1 ................S II 15 17 18 I \ 3 V, r) ZD T. 49: Preval. 1-6 ruševina; 7-27 jarek 1.1-6 keramika; 7-9 novci; 10 bron; 11-27 železo. 1-6 = 1:4; 10-27 =1:2. Pl 49: Preval. 1-6 destruction layer; 7-27 ditch 1.1-6 ceramics; 7-9 coins; 10 bronze; 11-27 iron. Scale 1-6 = 1:4; 10-27 =1:2. T 50: Preval. Jarek 1. 1 kamen; 2-21 keramika. 1-6, 13 = 1 : 2; 7-12, 14-16 = 1 : 3; 17-21 = 1 : 4. Pl 50: Preval. Ditch 1. 1 stone; 2-21 ceramics. Scale 1-6, 13 = 1 : 2; 7-12, 14-16 = 1 : 3; 17-21 = 1 : 4. T. 51: Preval. 1-2 jarek 1; 3-6 drenaža; 7-29 površina. 1-2 keramika; 3-4, 7-10 novci; 5-6,11-14 bron; 15 svinec; 16-28 železo; 29 kamen. 1-2=1: 4; 5-6, 11-29 =1:2. Pl. 51: Preval. 1-2 ditch 1; 3-6 drainage; 7-29 surface. 1-2 ceramics; 3-4, 7-10 coins; 5-6, 11-14 bronze; 15 lead; 16-28 iron; 29 stone. Scale 1-2 = 1 : 4; 5-6, 11-29 = 1 : 2. - T. 52: Preval 1-13 površina; 14-22 novoveški objekt. 1-7 steklo; 8-13, 21-22 keramika; 14-15 novca; 16-20 železo. 1-12,16-22 = 1 :2; 13 = 1 :3. Pl. 52: Preval. 1-13 surface; 14-22 modern building. 1-7 glass; 8-13, 21-22 ceramics; 14-15 coins; 16-20 iron. Scale 1-12, 16-22 = 1 : 2; 13 = 1 : 3. - Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 1. Janez Dular, Slavko Ciglenečki, Anja Dular, Kučar. Železnodobno naselje in zgodnjekrščanski stavbni kompleks na Kučarju pri Podzemlju / Eisenzeitliche Siedlung und frühchristlicher Gebäudekomplex auf dem Kučar bei Podzemelj, 1995. (EUR 14.60) 2. Ivan Turk (ed.), Mousterienska "koščena piščal" in druge najdbe iz Divjih bab I v Sloveniji / Mousterian "bone flute" and other finds from Divje Babe I cave site in Slovenia, 1996. (EUR 14.60) 3. Jana Horvat (with contributions by Vesna Svetličič, Meta Bole, Metka Culiberg, Draško Josipovič, Marko Stokin, Nina Zupančič), Sermin. Prazgodovinska in zgodnjerimska naselbina v severozahodni Istri / A Prehistoric and Early Roman Settlement in Northwestern Istria, 1997. (EUR 14.60) 4. Slavko Ciglenečki (with contributions by Zvezdana Modrijan, Andreja Dolenc Vičič, Ivan Turk), Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu. Poznoantična in zgodnjesrednjeveška naselbina / Tinje oberhalb von Loka pri Žusmu. Spätantike und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung, 2000. (EUR 14.60) 5. Janez Dular, Irena Šavel, Sneža Tecco Hvala, Bronastodobno naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakošu / Bronzezeitliche Siedlung Oloris bei Dolnji Lakoš, 2002. (EUR 14.60) 6. Janez Dular, Halštatske nekropole Dolenjske / Die hallstattzeitlichen Nekropolen in Dolenjsko, 2003. (EUR 20.70) 7. Irena Lazar, Rimsko steklo Slovenije / The Roman glass of Slovenia, 2003. (EUR 27.40) 8. Anton Velušček (ed.), Hočevarica. Eneolitsko kolišče na Ljubljanskem barju / An eneolithic pile dwelling in the Ljubljansko barje, 2004. (EUR 52.40) 9. Ivan Turk (ed.), Viktorjev spodmol in / and Mala Triglavca. Prispevki k poznavanju mezolitskega obdobja v Sloveniji / Contributions to understanding the Mesolithic period in Slovenia, 2004. (EUR 42.40) 10. Anton Velušček (ed.), Resnikov prekop. Najstarejša koliščarska naselbina na ljubljanskem barju / The oldest pile-dwelling settlement in the Ljubljansko barje, 2005. (EUR 40.00) 11. Andrej Gaspari (ed.), Zalog pri Verdu. Tabor kamenodobnih lovcev na zahodnem robu Ljubljanskega barja / Zalog near Verd. Stone Age hunters' camp at the western edge of the Ljubljansko barje, 2006. (EUR 43.00) 12. Janez Dular, Sneža Tecco Hvala, South-Eastern Slovenia in the Early Iron Age. Settlement - Economy - Society / Jugovzhodna Slovenija v starejši železni dobi. Poselitev - gospodarstvo - družba, 2007. (EUR 58.00) 13. Ivan Turk (ed.), Divje babe I. Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji. I. del: Geologija in paleontologija / Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part I: Geology and Palaeontology, 2007. (EUR 82.00) 14. Andrej Pleterski (with Timotej Knific, Borut Toškan, Janez Dirjec, Benjamin Štular and Mateja Belak), Zgodnjesrednjeveška naselbina na blejski Pristavi. Najdbe / Frühmittelalterliche Siedlung Pristava in Bled. Funde, 2008. (EUR 51.00) 15. Benjamin Štular, Mali grad. Visokosrednjeveški grad v Kamniku / Mali grad. High Medieval Castle in Kamnik, 2008. (EUR 51.00) 16. Anton Velušček (ed.), Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen čas. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. / Stare gmajne pile-dwelling settlement and its era. The Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, 2009. (EUR 56.00) Benjamin Štular MALI GRAD. Visokosrednjeveški grad v Kamniku MALI GRAD. High Medieval Castle in Kamnik This in-depth archaeological research of a High Medieval castle is a unique case in Slovenia and also one of only a few in this part of Central Europe. The book is based on the analysis of the archaeological data gathered during more than a decade of archaeological excavations in the 1980s and 1990s. In the introductory chapters the written sources and interpretative models are presented, followed by the analysis of pictorial representations. The focus of the research is on the archaeological sources, above all on the analysis of the small finds, stratigraphy, the spatial analysis of the castle itself and its position within the landscape. 2009, (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, 15), 256 pages, b-w drawings, photos, tables, graphs and maps, 25 tabels, 21 x 29,5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 978-961-254-111-8. Anton Velušček (ed.) KOLIŠČARSKA NASELBINA STARE GMAJNE IN NJEN ČAS. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. STARE GMAJNE PILE-DWELLING SETTLEMENT AND ITS ERA. The Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC In the collected papers, entitled Stare gmajne pile-dwelling settlement and its era. The Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, a presentation is given of the results of multi-disciplinary research into the pile-dwelling settlements of Stare gmajne, Otavnik Ib and Blatna Brezovica. Special chapters are devoted to sedimentological and dendrochronological research studies, to archaeological finds - prominent among which are the wooden wheel with the axle, and the remains of yarn - and also to analysis of the raw materials used for smoothing stone tools and querns. 2009, (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, 16), 366 pages, 258 b-w drawings, photos, tables, graphs and maps, 45 plates, 3 appendices; 21 x 29,5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 978-961-254-155-2. Založba ZRC http://zalozba.zrc-sazu.si ZRC Publishing ISBN 978-961-254-163-7 51 € Strabo 7, 5, 2 ... 'Axo>.Tiiag unsQOeToi ttiv "Oxgav eioi atdöioi TQiaxooioi nevtfixovta, eig 4 Tiv al ötQ|id|j,a^ai xatdyovTai, töv TaoQiöxcov oüoav xatoixiav (evioi 5e Ttsvtaxoaioug (paoiv). (f| 5' "OxQa taneivoTaxov ixeQO^ twv "AXitecov eoti töv Siaxeivouaöv dnö tfjg Tamxfj^ [lexQig 'lanoScov"... . Pot od Akvileje do Navporta, naselja Tavriskov, do koder je treba pripeljati tovorne tozbve, znaša za tistega, ki potuje čez Okro, 350 stadijev, nekateri pravijo tudi da 500. Okra je namreč najnižji del tistih Alp, ki se raztezajo od Retije do Japodov. ... The road from Aquleia to Nauportus, a settlement of the Taurisci, whither cargo-wagons are brought, is 350 stadia long for those who travel across the Ocra; some, however, claim it is 500 stadia. Ocra is the lowest part of the Alps extending from Raetia to the lapodes. ... 9789612541637