ZDRAVJE OTROK IN MLADOSTNIKOV HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Zbornik povzetkov z recenzijo Book of Abstracts Edited by Ana Petelin Uredniški odbor Založbe Univerze na Primorskem Gregor Pobežin, UP Fakulteta za humanistične študije Ana Grdović Gnip, UP Fakulteta za management Vito Vitrih, UP FAMNIT in UP IAM Silva Bratož, UP Pedagoška fakulteta Simon Kerma, UP FTŠ – Turistica Ana Petelin, UP Fakulteta za vede o zdravstvu Janko Gravner, University of California Davis Krstivoje Špijunović, Učiteljski fakultet Užice Miloš Zelenka, Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích in Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre Jonatan Vinkler, Založba Univerze na Primorskem Alen Ježovnik, Založba Univerze na Primorskem zdravje otrok in mladostnikov health of children and adolescents Organizator Univerza na Primorskem ■ Fakulteta za vede o zdravju Università del Litorale ■ Facoltà di scienze del a salute University of Primorska ■ Faculty of Health Sciences Častni pokrovitelj konference Partnerji konference 6. znanstvena in strokovna konferenca z mednarodno udeležbo 6th scientific and professional international conference Zbornik povzetkov z recenzijo Book of Abstracts Sponzorji Donatorji dravje otrok in mladostnikov Health of children and adolescents 6. znanstvena in strokovna konferenca z mednarodno udeležbo 6th scientific and professional international conference Zbornik povzetkov z recenzijo Book of Abstracts Vsebina Contents 9 Uvodne misli Preface 13 Vabljeni predavatelji Invited lecturers 19 Plenarna predavanja Plenary lectures 29 Konferenčni povzetki Conference abstracts 29 Sekcija/Section Gibalna (ne)aktivnost otrok in mladostnikov Physical (in)activity of children and youth 93 Sekcija/Section IKT rešitve in storitve za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov ICT solutions and services for children and youth’s health 115 Sekcija/Section Otrok in mladostnik – okolje The child and youth – the environment 147 Sekcija/Section Prehrana otrok in mladostnikov Nutrition of children and youth 169 Sekcija/Section Psihosocialno zdravje v otroštvu in v mladosti Psychosocial health in childhood and youth 209 Posterji Poster presentations centslesdo and ldren ahif c o ealth| h stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 8 Uvodne misli Preface Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov Čas epidemije COVID-19, ki smo ga živeli od zadnje konference »Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov 2019«, je bil za celotno človeštvo velika preizkušnja. Sooča-li smo se z ukrepi, ki jih do same razglasitve še nismo poznali. Pravzaprav je le redko kdo verjel, kako velike družbene razmere se lahko zgodijo v zgolj treh letih. Zdi se, da so se ukrepi in omejitve, ki so bile prvenstveno namenjene ohranjanju in skrbi za zdravje vseh, posebej dotaknili starostne skupine otrok in mladostnikov. Izkazalo se je, kako pomembno je nemoteno izvajanje šolskega vzgojno-izobraževalnega procesa. cents Mnogi otroci so namreč le v šolskem okolju deležni primernih spodbud za njihov ce-lesdo losten razvoj. Do kakšnih izjemnih upadov, posebej na telesnem in gibalnem področ- a ju, pa tudi na področju duševnega zdravja otrok in mladostnikov je prišlo v zadnjih treh nd letih izkazujejo številne nacionalne in tuje raziskave. Odrasli smo dolžni z vso skrbnostjo varovati vsa področja razvoja naših otrok in mla-ldren ahi dostnikov. Pri načrtovanju ukrepov, omejitev in intervencij moramo skrbno preteh-f c o tati tako pozitivne kot negativne strani ukrepov. V času, ko se zdi, da so ukrepi zoper epidemijo COVID-19 ohlapnejši, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju Univerze na Primorskem ealth organizira drugo konferenco na temo zdravja otrok in mladostnikov, s katerem želi- | h mo naslavljati številne probleme, ugotovitve in primere dobrih praks, ki se izvajajo v širšem regijskem okolju. Avtorji prispevkov so v prispevkih predstavili rezultate in pri-stnikov mere dobrih praks v naslednjih tematskih sklopih: (1) psihosocialno zdravje v otroštvu in mladosti; (2) prehrana otrok in mladostnikov; (3) informacijsko-komunikacijske teh-lado nološke rešitve in storitve za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov; (4) otrok in mladostnik – n mk i okolje ter (5) gibalna (ne)aktivnost otrok in mladostnikov. tro Publikacija je namenjena raziskovalcem, visokošolskim učiteljem, študentom, strokovnjakom na področju zdravstva ter vzgoje in izobraževanja ter vsem, ki se zanimajo za dobro počutje otrok in mladostnikov. Želimo si, da bodo predstavljene teme in zdravje o prispevki poglobili znanje poslušalcev ter prispevali k ozaveščanju javnosti o pomenu zdravja otrok in mladostnikov. Letošnja konferenca zaokroža drugi triletni cikel konferenc Univerze na Primorskem, Fakultete za vede o zdravju, povezanih z zdravjem različnih starostnih skupin. doc. dr. Matej Plevnik, vodja programskega odbora konference 10 Health of Children and Adolescents The Covid-19 epidemic, which we have lived since the last conference „Health of Children and Adolescents 2019», has been a great test for all of humanity. We were faced with measures that we had never been familiar with until their announcement. In truth, hardly anyone imagined the extent to which social conditions could change in the course of merely three years. It seems that the implemented measures and restrictions during the Covid-19 pandemic, which were primarily intended to preserve and promote everyone’s health, have particularly affected the age reface group of children and adolescents. The uninterrupted implementation of the school educational process has turned out to be of key importance in this regard. Indeed, isli | p many children receive appropriate incentives for al -round development only in the school environment. Numerous Slovenian and foreign studies have during the last dne m three years evidenced considerable declines in children’s and adolescents’ physical de-uvo velopment and physical activity, as well as their mental health. As adults, we have a duty to conscientiously protect all areas of the development of our children and youth. When planning any kind of measures, restrictions and interventions, it should be ensured that we careful y consider both their positive and negative aspects. At a time when the measures against the Covid-19 epidemic seem to be laxer, the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Primorska is organizing its second conference on the topic of children’s and adolescents‘ health, which addresses many problems, findings and examples of good practices deployed in the wider regional environment. The authors of contributions have presented their research findings and examples of good practices in the fol owing thematic areas: (1) psychosocial health in childhood and youth; (2) nutrition of children and youth; (3) information and communication technology solutions and services for the health of children and youth; (4) the child and youth – the environment, and (5) physical (in)activity of children and youth. The publication is intended for researchers, university teachers, students, experts in the field of health and education, as well as anyone interested in the wel -being of children and adolescents. We hope that the discussed topics and presented contributions will deepen the knowledge of the audience and raise public awareness of the importance of children’s and adolescents’ health. This year‘s conference rounds off the second three-year cycle of conferences on the health of different age groups that have been organised by the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska. Assist. Prof. Matej Plevnik, PhD., chair of the Conference Programme Committee 11 Vabljeni predavatelji Invited lecturers D ona Hileti je predavateljica s področja prehrane in dietetike na Univerzi v Niko-ziji in klinična pediatrična dietetičarka. Je koordinatorka magistrskega študijskega programa Športna prehrana in ima dolgoletne izkušnje s poučevanjem športne prehrane in klinične dietetike. Poleg akademskega in pedagoškega dela opravlja tudi klinično, ki vključuje oceno prehranskega stanja in prehransko obravnavo odraslih in otrok. Njena klinična in raziskovalna zanimanja se osredotočajo predvsem na pediatrično prehrano in dietetiko. Na Cipru trenutno vodi prospektivno študijo o vlogi zgodnjega prehranjevalnega vedenja in razvoja debelosti pri otrocih. Izvaja tudi mentor-stvo doktorskim študentom, ki sodelujejo pri raziskavah o prehranjevalnem vedenju dojenčkov. Dr. Hileti ima akademske, pedagoške in klinične izkušnje tako v Združenem kraljestvu kot na Cipru. Delala je kot višja dietetičarka v londonski pediatrični bolnišni-ci Great Ormond Street Hospital, sodelovala pa je tudi pri raziskovalnih projektih in revizijah Inštituta za zdravje otrok. Dr. Hileti je avtorica poglavja v Učbeniku za pediatrično klinično dietetiko (Textbook of Clinical Paediatric Dietetics) in članka v Enciklo-pediji znanosti o hrani in prehrani (Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition). Sodelovala je tudi s Ciprskim pediatričnim društvom, s katerim je pripravila informacije o otroški prehrani za starše, ki so postale del otrokove osebne zdravstvene evidence. Poleg tega je bila dr. Hileti vabljena predavateljica na temo prehrane v zgodnjih letih življenja na številnih konferencah doma in v tujini. centslesdo Dona Hileti is a lecturer in Nutrition and Dietetics at the University of Nicosia and a a Clinical Paediatric Dietitian. She is the Coordinator of the MSc Sports Nutrition pro-nd gram and has experience in teaching Sports Nutrition as well as Clinical Dietetics for many years. Besides her academic and teaching work, Dr Hileti’s clinical work involves ldren ahi the nutritional assessment and dietary management of adults and children. Her Clin-f c ical and research interests focus primarily on Paediatric Nutrition and Dietetics. She o is currently leading a prospective study in Cyprus on the role of early nutrition behav-ealth ior and the development of childhood obesity. She is also currently supervising PhD | h students partaking research studies on the eating behavior of infants. Dr Hileti has academic, teaching and clinical experience both in UK and in Cyprus. She worked as a stnikov Senior Dietitian at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London and also participated in research projects and audits in col aboration with the Institute of Child lado Health. Dr Hileti authored a chapter in the Textbook of Clinical Paediatric Dietetics n mk i and an article for the Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. She also worked tro with the Cyprus Paediatric Society to develop information on Childhood nutrition for parents which forms part of the child’s personal health records. Furthermore, Dr Hileti has been an invited speaker on the topic of nutrition in the early years of life, in zdravje o a number of conferences both local y and abroad. 14 D ragana Milutinović je redna profesorica zdravstvene nege na Medicinski fakulteti Univerze v Novem Sadu. Njene več kot tridesetletne delovne izkušnje obsega-jo delo v različnih operacijskih enotah, kirurški kliniki, kliničnem centru, kot predavateljica je poučevala na Srednji zdravstveni šoli »7. april« v Novem Sadu. Od le-ta 2003 je zaposlena na Medicinski fakulteti, kjer predava na dodiplomskem, magistr-skem in doktorskem študiju zdravstvene nege. Z mentoriranjem štirih doktorskih dis-ertacij ter številnih magistrskih in diplomskih nalog je bistveno prispevala k razvoju mladih znanstvenikov. Je tudi gostujoča profesorica na Fakulteti za dentalno medicino in zdravstvo v Osijeku na strokovnem študijskem programu zdravstvene nege. Njen primarni znanstveni in strokovni interes je v razvoju, izobraževanju in raziskovanju zdravstvene nege. Objavila je več kot sto prispevkov v mednarodnih in domačih revi-jah ter zbornikih na znanstvenih konferencah. Poleg tega je avtorica učbenika o zdravstveni negi otroka. Sodelovala je pri projektih na področju izobraževanja, znanosti in bilateralnega sodelovanja, bila je predsednica Znanstvenega odbora Društva medicinskih sester in babic Srbije, in aktivno sodeluje pri številnih aktivnostih društva. Dragana Milutinović is a full professor in Nursing at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad. Her work life began more than thirty years ago in the Operating Room s Units, Surgical Clinic, Clinical Centre, and then as a nurse lecturer in the Secondary turer Medical School »7 April« in Novi Sad. Since 2003 she has been employed at the Facul-ec l ty of Medicine, where she taught in the baccalaureate, master’s, and doctoral nursing programs. In addition, she contributed to the development of young scientists through the mentorship of four defended doctoral dissertations and many masters and gradu-ji | invited ate theses. Also, she is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health in Osijek at the professional study of nursing. Her primary scientific and professional avatel interest is nursing development, education, and research. She published over one hun-redi p dred papers in international and national journals and proceedings at scientific conferences. In addition, she is the author of a textbook on pediatric nursing care. She has vabljen participated in projects in education, science, and bilateral cooperation, and she has been a president of the Scientific Board of Serbian Nurses and Midwives Association and participates in many activities for the nursing society in Serbia. 15 J ohan FM Molenbroek je študiral strojništvo na politehniki HTS Enschede in biome-dicinsko inženirstvo na univerzi Twente. Diplomiral je leta 1975 in magistriral leta 1978. Istega leta je začel delati kot docent za fizično ergonomijo na Tehnični univerzi v Delftu, na Fakulteti za industrijsko inženirstvo, Oddelek za ergonomijo izdelkov. Leta 1994 je doktoriral na Tehnični univerzi v Delftu. Leta 1995 je bil imenovan za izrednega profesorja industrijskega oblikovanja, specializiranega za fizično ergonomijo. V obdobju 2003-2011 je bil predsednik nizozemskega društva za ergonomijo. V letih 1998-2000 je bil predsednik, v letih 2000-2002 pa član izobraževalnega odbora za industrijsko oblikovanje. Bil je nizozemski predstavnik v svetu Mednarodnega združenja za ergonomijo (2003-2012) in član svetovalnega odbora Fundacije za raziskave kakovosti in uporabnosti za starejše in invalide med letoma 1996 in 2006. Je ustanovni član mednarodne skupine WEAR za 3D antropometrijo. Bil je ustanovitelj www.dined.nl, antropometrične platforme za oblikovalce in raziskovalce. Od leta 1979 je tudi član nacionalnih in evropskih odborov za standardizacijo na področju antropometrije (NEN, CEN in ISO) in šolskega pohištva. Na Tehnični univerzi v Delftu je poučeval predme-te kot so uporabna ergonomija, antropometrija, vključujoče oblikovanje, varnost izdelkov in ergonomija športne opreme. Letno je mentor 10-20 študentov zaključnega magistrskega študija. Oktobra 2016 se je upokojil s poučevanjem, vendar ima še vedno sklenjeno raziskovalno pogodbo za obdobje 2016-2021. Od leta 2000 se njegove tre-cents nutne raziskave osredotočajo na poškodbe zaradi ponavljajočih se obremenitev ter na les uporabnost ergonomskih in 3D-antropometričnih podatkov (3D-skeniranje) za obli-do kovalce. Med leti 2005 in 2011 je bil svetovalec na Politehniški univerzi v Hongkongu and za projekt Size China Project (www.sizechina.com), v okviru katerega so 3D-skenira-li oblike glave 2000 Kitajcev. Iz tega projekta je nastal doktorski projekt Rogerja Bal a na TUDelftu, ki je leta 2008 prejel zlato nagrado IDSA. ldren ahif c o Johan FM Molenbroek studied mechanical engineering at the Polytechnic HTS Enschede ealth and after finishing this in 1974, he studied biomedical engineering at the University | h Twente. He received his bachelor degree in 1975 and master’s degree in 1978. In 1994 he received his PhD from the Delft University of Technology. In Dec 1978 he started stnikov as an assistant professor in Physical Ergonomics at the Delft University of Technology, Faculty Industrial Design Engineering, Department Product Ergonomics. In 1995 he was lado appointed as Associate Professor Industrial Design Engineering specializing in Physical n mk i Ergonomics. He is active in the Dutch Society for Ergonomics and was President in the tro period 2003-2011. He was the Dutch representative in the Council of the International Ergonomics Association (2003-2012) and a member of the Advisory Board of The Foundation for Quality and Usability Research for Elderly and Handicapped (KBOH) zdravje o from 1996-2006. He is a founding member of the International WEAR-group about 3D Anthropometry. He was founder of www.dined.nl, an anthropometric platform for designers and researchers. He was chair from 1998-2000 and a member of the Educational Committee Industrial Design Engineering from 2000-2002. He is also a member of the National and European Standardization Committees on Anthropometry (NEN, CEN and ISO) and School furniture since 1979. He is teaching courses including topics like Applied Ergonomics, Anthropometry, Inclusive Design, Product Safety, Human factors of Sports equipment. He is supervisor of 10-20 final MSc students per year. He retired from teaching in October 2016 but still has a research contract for the period 2016-2021 for 0.2fte. Since 2000 his current research focuses on Repetitive Strain Inju-ry RSI and on the usability of ergonomical and 3D-anthropometrical data (3D scanning) for designers www.dined.nl 2005-2011 he is consultant at the Hong Kong Poly Technical University for the size China Project (www.sizechina.com), in which the head forms of 2000 Chinese people were 3D scanned. This project resulted into the PhD-project of Roger Ball at TUDelft with his daily supervision and an IDSA Gold Award 2008. 16 Ž eljko Pedišić je profesor, ki vodi raziskovalno skupino Active Living & Public Health na Inštitutu za zdravje in šport Univerze Victoria, Melbourne, Avstralija. Njegovo raziskovanje je osredotočeno na preprečevanje kroničnih bolezni in spodbujanje zdravega življenjskega sloga skozi učinkovito upravljanje s časom. Njegovi interesi vključujejo preučevanje razširjenosti, determinant in posledic nezdravega upravljanja s časom, javnozdravstvenega nadzora, politik in intervencij, statističnih metod v epidemiologiji, ter merilnih metod. Je eden od avtorjev smernic za »Viable Integrative Research in Time-Use Epidemiology (VIRTUE)«. Je predsednik mednarodne mreže »The International Network of Time-Use Epidemiologists (INTUE)«. Željko Pedišić, Professor, leads the Active Living & Public Health research group at the Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. His research is centred around chronic disease prevention and promotion of wel -being through healthy use of time. His interests span: prevalence, determinants, and outcomes of unhealthy time use; public health surveil ance, policies, and interventions; statistical methods in epidemiology; and measurement methods. He is one of the authors of the framework for Viable Integrative Research in Time-Use Epidemiology (VIRTUE). He is the President of the International Network of Time-Use Epidemiologists (IN-s TUE). turerec l ji | invited avatel redi p vabljen 17 Plenarna predavanja Plenary lectures Plenarno predavanje Vzajemna povezava med prehranjevalnim vedenjem in tveganjem za razvoj debelosti v otroštvu Dona Hileti1, Christiana Demetriou2 1 Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus 2 Medical School, University of Nicosia, Cyprus Izhodišča in namen: Razvoj debelosti sega v začetke življenja vsakega posameznika. Rodimo se s sposobnostjo samoregulacije vnosa energije, vendar genetski in okoljski dejavniki prispevajo k variabilnosti prehranjevalnega vedenja. Zgodnje otroštvo je kritično obdobje, ko se vzpostavi prehranjevalno vedenje. Ko je enkrat utrjeno, je prehranjevalno vedenje težko spremeniti. Zato je pomembno razumeti, kateri dejavniki prispevajo k povečani ali zmanjšani regulaciji apetita, z namenom da bi oblikovali ustrezne klinične intervencije za preprečevanje debelosti. Predstavitev vsebine: Med prehranjevalno vedenje vključujemo tudi apetit. Pridobljene n in razvite značilnosti apetita v zgodnjem življenju vplivajo na nagnjenost k debelosti in so povezane s povečanjem telesne mase v otroštvu. Pogosto uporabljeno orodje za pulatioo oceno prehranjevalnega vedenja otrok je vprašalnik o prehranjevalnem vedenju otrok ge p (CEBQ). Vprašalnik, v katerem odgovarjajo starši otrok, meri osem dimenzij prehranjevalnega sloga pri otrocih (odzivnost na hrano, uživanje v hrani, odzivnost na sitost, počasnost pri prehranjevanju, razburjenost, čustveno prenajedanje, čustveno podhra-rking-ao njenost in želja po pitju). Lahko se uporablja za otroke, starejše od enega leta. Vpra-he w šalnik o prehranjevalnem vedenju dojenčkov (BEBQ) je bil razvit iz CEBQ za merjenje f t prehranjevalnega vedenja dojenčkov. Čeprav lahko značilnosti apetita v otroštvu vplivajo na kasnejši pojav debelosti in povečanje telesne mase, pa ni dovolj raziskano, ali ealth o lahko višja telesna masa v zgodnjem otroštvu vpliva na kasnejše značilnosti apetita. Na | h telesno maso ne vpliva samo prehransko vedenje, temveč so vplivi lahko tudi vzajemni. Na živalskih modelih je bilo ugotovljeno, da je nizki porodni teži sledilo hitro poporo-pulacije dno povečanje telesne mase, ki je vodilo v hiperfagijo. Prekomerno hranjenje ob in po o rojstvu vodi do hitrejšega pridobivanja telesne mase v zgodnjem življenju in povečanega tveganja za debelost, kot predlaga »hipoteza pospeševanja rasti«. Možno je, da višji ktivne p vnos hrane v zgodnjem življenjskem obdobju poveča apetit, kar vodi v hitrejšo rast in posledično povečano tveganje za debelost. Zelo malo študij je preučilo povezavo med povečanjem telesne mase v otroštvu in nadaljnjim razvojem povečanega apetita, med-elovno a tem ko nobena študija ni preučila povezave med povečanjem telesne mase pri dojenč- kih in nadaljnjim povečanim apetitom tekom razvoja. Da bi raziskali to področje in po-zdravje d kazali na ključne parametre, ki so povezani z rastjo dojenčka in kasnejšimi značilnostmi apetita, smo vzpostavili prvo kohortno študijo na Cipru. Preliminarni rezultati te študije so prvič pokazali, da lahko hitro povečanje telesne mase pri dojenčkih, tako kot pri živalskih modelih, spodbuja razvoj obesogenega prehranskega vedenja. Sklepne ugotovitve: Zgodnje otroštvo je kritično obdobje, ko se vzpostavi prehranjevalno vedenje. Obojesmerna povezava med povečanim apetitom in zgodnjo rastjo ima pomembne klinične posledice pri preprečevanju debelosti pri otrocih. Ključne besede: apetit, prehranjevalno vedenje, vprašalnik CEBQ, vprašalnik BEBQ 20 Plenary lecture The bidirectional association between eating behaviour and risk of obesity in infancy Dona Hileti1, Christiana Demetriou2 1 Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus 2 Medical School, University of Nicosia, Cyprus Introduction and purpose: Obesity develops early in life. Infants are born with the ability to self-regulate energy intake but genetic and environmental factors contribute to variability in eating behaviour. Early childhood is a critical period where eating behaviours are established. Once established, eating behaviour can be difficult to change. It is therefore important to understand what factors contribute to the up-regulation and down-regulation of obesogenic appetite traits in order to design suitable clinical interventions to prevent obesity. Content presentation: Eating behaviour includes appetite traits. Appetite traits in early life influence predisposition to obesity and are associated with weight gain in infancy and childhood. A widely used tool to assess children’s eating behaviour is the Child ectures Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). This parent reported questionnaire meas-y l ures eight dimensions of eating style in children (food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, fussiness, emotional overeating, emo-lenar tional undereating and desire to drink and it can be used for children older than one ja | p year of age. The Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ) was developed from the CEBQ to measure feeding behaviour in infancy. Even though appetite traits in infancy can influence adiposity and weight gain, whether early weight gain can influence redavan p later appetite traits has not been sufficiently researched. Weight may not only be af-rna fected by obesogenic eating behaviour but may also affect a reciprocal reinforcing mechanism. In animal models low birth weight is fol owed by rapid postnatal weight plena gain and leads to hyperphagia. In human, smal -for-gestational age infants grow faster and have reduced satiety. Greater early post-natal nutrition leads to faster weight gain in early life and increased risk of obesity, as proposed by the ‘growth acceleration hypothesis’. It is possible that higher nutrition in early life upregulates appetite, leading to faster growth and subsequent increased obesity risk. Very few studies have examined the association between weight gain in childhood and prospective development of appetite traits, while no studies have examined the association between weight gain in infancy and the prospective appetite development. To investigate the direction and other determinants of any association between infant growth and subsequent appetite traits, we set up the first infant cohort study in Cyprus. Preliminary results from this study showed for the first time that, as in animal models, rapid weight gain in infancy may be driving the development of appetite traits. Conclusions: Early childhood is a critical period where eating behaviours are established. The bi-directional association between appetite traits and early growth has important clinical implications in the prevention of childhood obesity. Keywords: appetite, eating behaviour, CEBQ, BEBQ 21 Plenarno predavanje Povezava med zdravstveno pismenostjo in vedenji zdravega življenjskega sloga pri adolescentih Dragana Milutinović Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Uvod: Zdravstvena pismenost je ključna za razvoj z zdravjem povezanega znanja, pri-vzemanje zdravega življenjskega sloga ter optimalno koriščenje zdravstvenih storitev. V obdobju adolescence nastopijo številne spremembe telesnih, psiholoških in socialnih vidikov hitro in naenkrat. Zaradi teh sprememb predstavlja obdobje adolescence pri-meren čas za promoviranje zdravstvene pismenosti. Podpora adolescentom pri zado-voljevanju njihovih potreb po zdravstveni pismenosti je bistvenega pomena za razvoj zdravega življenjskega sloga v sedanjosti in prihodnosti. Pričujoča študija je zato skuša-la določiti razmerje med ravnmi zdravstvene pismenosti in vedenji zdravega življenjskega sloga na vzorcu srbskih srednješolcev. Metode: Naša raziskava je bila opisna/analitična in primerjalna presečna študija, izve-cents dli pa smo jo na priročnem vzorcu n = 568 adolescentov med 15. in 18. letom starosti. les Uporabljena raziskovalna orodja so vključevala test zdravstvene pismenosti za ado-do lescente HELMA (Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents), profil življenjskega slo-and ga adolescentov ALP (Adolescent Lifestyle Profile) ter socio-demografski vprašalnik. Zanesljivost testa HELMA je α = 0,93, sestavlja pa ga 44 postavk, ki pokrivajo osem področij: dostop, branje, razumevanje, ocenjevanje, uporabo, komunikacijo, samou-ldren ahi činkovitost in računsko pismenost. Na osnovi mejnih vrednosti smo zdravstveno pi-f c smenost adolescentov rangirali na štiri ravni: na nezadostno in problematično (opre-o deljeni kot ‚omejena‘ zdravstvena pismenost) ter zadovoljivo in odlično (opredeljeni ealth kot ‚zaželena‘ zdravstvena pismenost). Lestvica ALP ima zanesljivost α = 0,87, sesta- | h vlja pa jo 40 postavk in sedem podlestvic, ki vključujejo pozitiven pogled na življenje, gibalno dejavnost, prehrano, odgovornost za zdravje, obvladovanje stresa, medosebne odnose ter duhovno zdravje. Višji seštevek točk je nakazoval večjo pogostost ve-stnikov denj, ki spodbujajo zdravje. lado Rezultati: Povprečna vrednost skupnega seštevka točk na testu HELMA je znašala 77,2 n m (11,4) točk od stotih možnih; 4,1 % udeležencev raziskave je pokazalo nezadostno, k i 25,7 % problematično, 54,9 % zadovoljivo in 15,3 % odlično zdravstveno pismenost. tro Povprečje doseženega rezultata na lestvici ALP je bilo 2,82 (0,39) točke od štirih mo- žnih. Z bivariatno analizo se je pokazala statistično značilna pozitivna korelacija med skupnim seštevkom točk na testu HELMA in tistim na lestvici ALP (r = 0,48, p < 0,01). zdravje o Logistična regresija pa je razkrila, da kot napovedniki vedenj zdravega življenjskega sloga s p = 0,01 izstopajo raven zdravstvene pismenosti, odnos s starši, samoocena lastnega zdravja, zanimanje za teme, ki so povezane z zdravjem, ter odnosi s prijatelji. Razprava in zaključki: Vrednotenje zdravstvene pismenosti in vedenj zdravega življenjskega sloga pri adolescentih z uporabo veljavnih in zanesljivih orodij je ključnega pomena za spodbujanje njihovega zdravja. Rezultati so pokazali, da so za 29,8 % adolescentov značilna omejena zdravstvena pismenost ter zmerna zdravstvena vedenja. Glede na velik pomen te problematike, je potrebno torej posvetiti več pozornosti problemu zdravstvene pismenosti med adolescenti z uporabo izobraževalnih ukrepov. Izvedba izobraževalnih programov na srednjih šolah z avdio-vizualnimi in kinestetičnimi inter-vencijami bi lahko povečala zanimanje adolescentov za zdravje ter izboljšala njihovo pismenost na tem področju. Za zagotovitev cilja povečanja zdravstvene pismenosti in zvišanja kakovosti zdravstvene oskrbe pa je potrebno tudi sodelovanje s starši. Ključne besede: adolescenti, zdravstvena pismenost, vedenja spodbujanja zdravja, vprašalnik, zdravstvena nega 22 Plenary lecture Association of health literacy and healthy lifestyle behaviours in adolescents Dragana Milutinović Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Introduction: Health literacy is essential to developing health-related knowledge, adopting healthy lifestyles, and benefiting from healthcare services. During the adolescent period, many changes in physical, psychological, and social aspects occur alto-gether and rapidly. These changes make adolescence an appropriate time for improving health literacy. Supporting adolescents’ health literacy needs is crucial to adopting a healthy lifestyle in the present and future. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy levels and healthy lifestyle behaviours in a sample of Serbian high school adolescents. Methods: The research was a descriptive/analytical and comparative cross-sectional study with a convenience sample n = 568 adolescents aged 15–18. Instruments used in this study included: The health literacy measure for adolescents (HELMA), the Ad-ectures olescent Lifestyle Profile (ALP), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. HELMA reli-y l ability has been approved by α = 0.93, and it consisted of 44 items within eight areas: lenar access, reading, understanding, appraisal, use, communication, self-efficacy, and nu-meracy. Based on the cut-off points, adolescents’ health literacy ranked at four levels: ja | p inadequate and problematic (defined as ‘limited’ health literacy), sufficient and excellent (defined ‘desired’ health literacy). The ALP scale has a reliability of α = 0.87 and redavan p consists of 40 items and seven subscales, including positive life perspective, physical activity, nutrition, health responsibility, stress management, interpersonal relations, and rna spiritual health. A higher score indicated a higher frequency of health-promoting be-plena haviours. Results: The mean of the total HELMA score was 77.2 (11.4) out of 100, 4.1% had inadequate, 25.7% had problematic, 54.9% had sufficient, and 15.3% had excel ent health literacy. The total ALP score’s mean was 2.82 (0.39) out of 4. The total HELMA score significantly positively correlated with the total ALP scores in bivariate analysis (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, level of health literacy, relationship with parents, health self-assessment, interest in health topics and relationship with friends stood out as significant predictors of healthy lifestyle behaviours at p = 0.01. Discussion and conclusions: Evaluating health literacy and healthy lifestyle behaviours in adolescents using valid and reliable instruments is essential for promoting adolescent health. According to the obtained results, 29.8% of the adolescents had limited health literacy, and their health behaviours were moderate. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, it is necessary to pay more attention to the problem of adolescents’ health literacy through educational interventions. Implementation of training programs within high schools that apply audio-visual kinesthetic interventions could increase adolescents’ interest and improve their literacy. Cooperation with parents is also needed to meet this goal of improved health literacy and increased quality of care. Keywords: adolescents, health literacy, health-promoting behaviours, questionnaire, nursing 23 Plenarno predavanje Raziskave šolskega pohištva TUDleft od leta 1980 Johan FM Molenbroek1, Renate de Bruin2 1 TUDelft, Faculty Industrial Design Engineering, Section Applied Ergonomics and Design, Delft, Netherlands 2 Erin, Ergonomie en Industrieel Ontwerp, Nijmegen, Netherlands Uvod: V članku je predstavljen pregled raziskav s področja oblikovanja, izvedenih na Nizozemskem v preteklih 44 letih z namenom izdelave kakovostnejših stolov za otroke. Naše raziskovalne izkušnje na področju šolskega pohištva se uporabljajo: 1) pri pripravi boljših standardov Evropske unije za šolsko pohištvo, 2) pri pripravi orodja, ime-novanega El ips, ki služi raziskovanju 2D antropometrije, 3) v financiranem projektu, ki vključuje merjenje 40 telesnih mer pri 2400 otrocih do 12. leta starosti. Metode: Po zaključenih meritvah in stiku s šolskimi zdravniki smo pridobili informacijo o spremembah sekularne rasti. Slednje je predstavljalo pomemben dejavnik za oblikovanje šolskega pohištva, upoštevajoč rast nizozemskih otrok. Trend sekularne rasti cents na Nizozemskem je v povprečju znašal 1 mm/leto v preteklih 400 letih, medtem ko je lesdo med letoma 1960 in 1980 znašal 2,7 mm na leto. Omenjeni učinek se je znižal v 90. le-a tih in ustavil leta 2000. Danes se telesna višina nizozemskih otrok ne povečuje, ampak nd pridobivajo na telesni masi in posledično indeksu telesne mase. 50 % je prekomerno težkih, kar ima vpliv na oblikovanje šolskega pohištva. Sekularna rast v telesni višini na ldren ahi Nizozemskem je bil razlog, da sem postal dejaven v komisiji za standarde šolskega po-f c hištva, saj so me številni starši kontaktirali glede pritožb njihovih otrok, katerim niso o ustrezale mere obstoječega pohištva. ealth Rezultati: Po zajemu smo podatke poskusili vključiti v standarde za šolsko pohištvo na | h tri načine. Strmenje k sedem namesto šest različnih velikosti z namenom izboljšanja udobja za visoke dečke, tako da so imeli dovolj prostora za noge pod mizo in na sto-stnikov lu. Strmenje k bolj enostavnim in razumljivim brošuram, namenjenim staršem in učiteljem, ki obravnavajo zapletene in za branje zahtevne vsebine CEN Standarda za sploš- lado no javnost. Strmenje k temu, da bo spodnji del noge ključna mera namesto zgradbe ali n mk i starosti, ki so bile uporabljena v preteklosti. Dosegli smo vse tri omenjene cilje. Konč- tro ni izid je bil nov, enostavno uporaben instrument po imenu Leg Indicator (Beenmeter v nizozemščini), ki kaže, katera velikost je primerna za otroka. Renate de Bruin je sedaj izboljšala Leg indicator z vključevanjem razdalje od zadnjice do poplitealne jame. Drugi zdravje o pomemben vidik je logistika šolskega pohištva, s katero se mora soočati šolska upra-va. Antropometrične mere otrok se bodo namreč vsako leto raziskovale, zato bi bilo smiselno imeti razpoložljivo zalogo različnih velikosti šolskega pohištva. Razprava in zaključki: Kot znanstvenik lahko povečaš udobje šolskih otrok z uporabo šolskega pohištva preko sodelovanja v komisijah Evropske unije za standard, sodelovanja z ostalimi deležniki in objavljanja lastnih znanstvenih raziskav o antropometriji in ergonomiji. Ključne besede: otroci, šolsko pohištvo, antropometrija, standardi, ergonomija, člo-veški dejavniki 24 Plenary lecture School furniture research TUDelft since 1980 Johan FM Molenbroek1, Renate de Bruin2 1 TUDelft, Faculty Industrial Design Engineering, Section Applied Ergonomics and Design, Delft, Netherlands 2 Erin, Ergonomie en Industrieel Ontwerp, Nijmegen, Netherlands Introduction: This paper gives an overview of research en design studies done in the Netherlands in the last 44 years in relation to create better seats for children Our experience in research of school furniture is used in: 1) creating a better EU standard for school furniture, 2) creating a tool cal ed El ips to study 2D anthropometry, 3) a grant request to measure 40 body dimensions from 2400 children 0-12 years of age. Methods: After finishing the measurement study and our contact with school doctors we learned about secular growth shift. This was an important factor for long standing school furniture and the growth of the Dutch children. About secular growth trend, it was in average 1 mm per year during the last 400 years in the Netherlands but between 1960 and 1980 until 2.7 mm per year. This effect decreased in the 90th and ectures stopped at 2000. Now the Dutch don’t grow anymore vertical y but they grow in y l weight and so also in BMI. 50% has overweight which has also consequences for the lenar design of school furniture. In the Netherlands this secular growth in height has been the reason I became active in the standard committee for school furniture because ja | p several parents were cal ing about complaints about their young boys that would not fit with the existing school furniture. redavan p Results: After we col ected that dataset we tried to implement those data into the rna standard for school furniture in 3 ways. To strive at 7 in stead of 6 sizes for better comfort for the tall boys so they had enough room for their legs underneath the tables and plena on the chairs. To strive at a simple understandable booklet about the complex and un-easy to read content of the CEN Standard for the general public including the parents and the teachers. To strive the lower leg would be the best key dimension, better than the stature or age that was used in the past. The result was we reached all 3 above-mentioned goals. The result was a new easy to use instrument cal ed the Leg Indicator (Beenmeter in Dutch) that indicated which size fits the children. Renate de Bruin has now improved this Leg indicator by including also the buttock-popliteal length. Another important aspect is the logistics of school furniture the school management has to cope with because the children will differ in anthropometry each year in such a way it would be comfortable to have some furniture in stock ready for usage if needed. Therefore measuring each child 2x per year is enough. Conclusion: As a scientist, you can improve the comfort of schoolchildren using school furniture via participation in EU standard committees, cooperation with other stakeholders and publishing about your scientific research in anthropometry and ergonomics. Keywords: children, school furniture, anthropometry, standards, ergonomics, human factors 25 Plenarno predavanje (Ne)zdrava poraba časa med otroki in mladostniki: kaj že vemo in kako lahko izvemo več? Željko Pedišić Inštitut za zdravje in šport, Univerza Victoria, Melbourne, Avstralija Poraba časa je z zdravjem povezan dejavnik, ki mu je vsak otrok in mladostnik neizo-gibno izpostavljen vsak dan, 24 ur na dan. Z vidika javnega zdravja je zato pomembno raziskati determinante, pojavnost, porazdelitev in učinke vzorcev porabe časa, po-vezne z zdravjem, med otroki in mladostniki ter metode za preprečevanje nezdrave porabe časa in za doseganje optimalne porazdelitve časa pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Telesna dejavnost, sedentarno vedenje in spanje so najpogosteje preučevane sestavine porabe časa, povezanega z zdravjem. V epidemioloških raziskavah so jih tradi-cionalno preučevali ločeno in jih obravnavali kot neodvisne dejavnike. Vendar smo v seriji nedavnih prispevkov podali metodološke argumente, da je treba telesno dejavnost, sedentarno vedenje in spanje obravnavati kot sestavne dele porabe časa in da jih cents je treba analizirati z analizo kompozicijskih podatkov (CoDA). S tem se je začela noles va vrsta raziskav, ki jo danes imenujemo »epidemiologija porabe časa« in ki postaja do a vse bolj priljubljena na mednarodni ravni. Da bi olajšali raziskave na tem področju, nd smo razvili okvir »Viable Integrative Research in Time-Use Epidemiology (VIRTUE)«. Okvir vključuje raziskave o: [i] statističnih in merilnih metodah v epidemiologiji pora-ldren a be časa; [i ] rezultatih porabe časa povezanega z zdravjem; [i i] (ne)zdravi porabi časa hi ter njeni razširjenosti in trendih v populaciji; [iv] determinantah (ne)zdrave porabe ča-f c o sa; in [iv] posegih v porabo časa. Ta predstavitev bo vključevala opis ključnih elementov okvira VIRTUE in primere naših nedavnih študij iz področja epidemiologije pora-ealth be časa, opravljenih pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Vključevala bo tudi pregled smernic za | h 24-urno gibalno vedenje za otroke in mladostnike, ki vključujejo priporočila za telesno dejavnost, sedentarno vedenje in spanje. Predstavitev se bo zaključila s priporočilom stnikov profesorja Alberta Einsteina v zvezi z zdravo porabo časa. lado Ključne besede: epidemiologija porabe časa, telesna dejavnost, sedentarno vedenje, n m spanje k i tro zdravje o 26 Plenary lecture (Un)healthy use of time among children and adolescents: what do we know and how can we find out more? Željko Pedišić Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia Time use is a health-related factor that every child and adolescent is inevitably exposed to every day, 24 hours a day. From a public health perspective, it is therefore important to investigate determinants, incidence, distribution, and effects of health-related time-use patterns among children and adolescents, and methods for preventing unhealthy time use and achieving the optimal distribution of time for health in this population group. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are the most commonly studied components of health-related time use. In epidemiological research, they were traditional y examined in isolation and considered as independent factors. However, in a series of recent papers we provided methodological arguments that physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep should be treated as integral parts of a time-use composition, and that they should be analysed using the compositional data anal-ectures ysis (CoDA). This started a new line of research that we now call »time-use epidemi-y l ology« and that is becoming increasingly popular internationally. To facilitate research in this area, we developed the Viable Integrative Research in Time-Use Epidemiolo-lenar gy (VIRTUE) framework. The framework incorporates research on: [i] methods and ja | p measures in time-use epidemiology; [i ] outcomes of health-related time-use compositions; [i i] (un)healthy time use and its prevalence and trends in the population; [iv] redavan determinants of (un)healthy use of time; and [iv] time-use interventions. This pres-p entation will include a description of key elements of the VIRTUE framework and ex-rna amples of our recent studies in time-use epidemiology conducted among children and adolescents. It will also include an overview of the 24-hour movement guidelines for plena children and adolescents that integrate recommendations on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. The presentation will conclude with a recommendation made by Professor Albert Einstein in relation to healthy use of time. Keywords: time-use epidemiology, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep 27 Konferenčni povzetki Conference abstracts Sekcija/Section Gibalna (ne)aktivnost otrok in mladostnikov Physical (in)activity of children and youth Vabljeno predavanje Ukrepi za preprečevanje telesne nedejavnosti otrok med pandemijo COVID-19 Shawnda A. Morrison, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Negativne posledice izolacije, zaprtja in telesne nedejavnosti zaradi omejitev gibanja od začetka pandemije COVID-19 so dobro dokumentirane in vključujejo tudi ukrepe za ublažitev posledic telesne zmogljivosti otrok. V zadnjih dveh letih smo bili zaradi izolacije priča spremembam v fizičnem zdravju. Hkrati lahko izolacija vpliva tu-di na duševno zdravje, predvsem dolgočasje, finančno izgubo, stigmatizacijo in poveča strah pred daljšim trajanjem karantene in strah pred okužbo. Člani raziskovalne eki-pe SLOfit so zaradi teh sprememb uvedli več strategij za obveščanje in bolj proti nega-tivnim spremembam 24-urnega gibalnega vedenja (24-UGV) v pediatrični populaciji. Metode: V osrednjem govoru bo predstavljenih več trenutnih zbirk podatkov, evropskih projektov in objavljenih člankov, ki opisujejo ukrepe s katerimi pozitivno vplivamo cents na 24-UGV otrok. V metodologijo so vključen presečne in longitudinalne raziskave ter lesdo raziskave usklajenih vzorcev. and Rezultati: V zadnjih dveh letih so raziskovalci SLOfit: (1) oblikovali multidisciplinarno delovno skupino za pripravo nacionalnih smernic telesne dejavnosti v skladu s priporočili Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije in Nacionalnega inštituta za javno zdravje, (2) ldren ahi preučevali negativne učinke omejitve gibanja na 24-UGV otrok, (3) vzpostavili evrop-f c o ski spletni portal za brezplačno povratno informacijo o telesni zmogljivosti, (4) obde-lali na tisoče pridobljenih podatkov o telesni dejavnosti otrok in odraslih, (5) oblikovali ealth nacionalni barometer, in (6) svetovali Svetovni zdravstveni organizaciji o uspešnih stra- | h tegijah, ki bi jih lahko uvedli na evropski ravni. Razprava in zaključek: Nujno je, da se na nacionalni in mednarodni ravni uskladi pristo-stnikov pe, ki omogočajo telesno dejavnost in jo spodbujajo za vse državljane v trenutnem ča-lado su in v vseh prihodnjih valovih te svetovne pandemije. Državna politika mora državljan m nom zagotoviti dostop do zunanjih površin, vključno z zelenimi površinami, bistveno k i spremeniti učni načrt v šolah, in ohraniti odprto športno infrastrukturo predvsem za tro najbolj ranljive generacije, kot npr. otroci. Ključne besede: spremljanje telesne zmogljivosti, COVID-19, okoljska epidemiologija, zdravje o vadba, 24-urno gibalno vedenje 30 Invited lecture Countermeasures to Combating Child Physical Inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic Shawnda Morrison, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The negative impact of isolation, confinement, and physical (in)activity due to pandemic movement restriction has been wel -documented since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the impact of mitigation policies on children’s physical fitness. In addition to physical detriments observed during the past two years, confinement alone can cause negative psychological effects, including fears of longer quarantine duration, infection, frustration, boredom, financial loss, and stigma. With these concerns in mind, SLOfit researchers have implemented several strategies to combat, inform, and hopeful y reverse negative trends observed in 24-hour movement behaviour (24-HMB) in the paediatric population. Methods: This keynote address will describe several ongoing data col ections, Europe-utho an projects, and published papers describing countermeasures to positively affect children’s 24-HMB. Methodologies of the studies include cross-sectional, longitudinal, and nd y matched-control works. Results: Over the past two years, SLOfit researchers have: (1) created a multidisci-hildren a plinary task force to draft a set of national physical activity guidelines for use during f c COVID-19, in-line with WHO and NIJZ recommendations, (2) examined the negative effect of lockdown measures on 24-HMB in children, (3) launched a free-for-use European fitness surveil ance feedback web portal, (4) processed thousands of di-in)activity o rect-measurement fitness tests on both children and adults, (5) created a national barometer for public health engagement, and (6) advised the WHO on successful policies which could be introduced at the European level. hysical ( Discussion and conclusions: Ultimately, there is an urgent need for national and international harmonized approaches to ensuring physical activity opportunities are both stnikov | p encouraged and accessible to all citizens now, and through any future rol ing waves of this global pandemic. Government policies must ensure citizens are able to access out-lado door space, including greenspaces, substantial y modify classroom curricula, and keep n mk i sport infrastructure open, especial y for those who are most vulnerable, like children. tro Keywords: fitness surveil ance, COVID-19, environmental epidemiology, exercise, iso-st o lation, 24-hour movement behavior ne)aktivno gibalna ( 31 Aktivnosti v naravi za razvoj gibalnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti otrok z avtizmom Diana Batista1, Klavdija Krušec1, Tjaša Filipčič2, Erna Žgur2 1 Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Projekt Aktivnosti v naravi za razvoj gibalnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti otrok z avtizmom se je odvil kot trimesečni interni projekt med CIRIUS Vipava in Pedago- ško fakulteto Univerze v Ljubljani. Izvedbeni del projekta je potekal v okviru delavnic na domačiji Naglost, kjer sta nastanjena konja, primerna za terapevtske aktivnosti. Aktivnosti so potekale enkrat tedensko, v prostem času. Pred vsako izvedbo aktivnosti s konjem smo opravili gibalni poligon. Poligon je bil sestavljen iz šestih gibalnih nalog, pri katerih smo opazovali moč, hitrost, koordinacijo, gibljivost, ravnotežje in vzdržljivost udeleženca. Sestavljen je bil po zahtevnostnih stopnjah, od enostavnih do kompleksnejših gibalnih nalog. Po uspešno izvedenem poligonu je sledila aktivnost s konjem ali na njem. Aktivnosti smo stopnjevali in jih sprotno prilagajali otrokovim zmožnostim. Dejavnosti smo izvedli z večkratnimi ponovitvami, z namenom, da se jih otrok nauči, si jih zapomni in izboljša ter avtomatizira določene gibalne vzorce potrebne pri vsako-cents dnevnih opravilih. lesdo Metode: V projekt smo vključili šest otrok z avtistično motnjo in pridruženimi intelek-a tualnimi ter drugimi primanjkljaji, dve udeleženki ženskega spola in štiri udeležence nd moškega spola, v starosti od 4 do 12 let. Otroci so bili testirani pred začetkom aktivnosti v naravi in bo zaključku. Testirani so bili s pomočjo inštrumentarija ABC giba-ldren ahi nje 2, BOTMP, 3-min Kasch Pulse Recovery Test KPR test, ki so bili v preteklosti že f c preverjeni. Vključen je bil individualno sestavljen inštrumentarij za posamezne gibal-o ne sposobnosti ter spretnosti. Merili smo: agilnost (tek), ravnotežje (stoja), dinamič- ealth no ravnotežje (koraki), moč (skok v daljino z mesta), bilateralno koordinacijo (ista ro- | h ka/ista noga) in koordinacijo rok (število uspelih poskusov). Za analizo rezultatov smo zaradi majhnega in namenskega vzorca uporabili formulo izračuna individualnega na-stnikov predka posameznika, tako imenovano relativno razliko. Zaradi številnih posebnosti lado otrok smo se odločili za primerjavo rezultatov, ki jih je posameznik dosegel, in ne za n m primerjavo rezultatov vseh otrok glede na začetno ter končno merjenje. k i tro Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da so vsi udeleženci napredovali na področju izbranih gibalnih aktivnosti. Največji napredek smo izmerili na področju koordinacije (3 primeri povečanje za 100%, v enem za 40%) in ravnotežja (v 3 primerih za 100%), najmanjšega zdravje o na področju agilnosti (v 3 primerih izboljšali, v 3 primerih poslabšali). Razprava in zaključek: Aktivnost v naravi s pomočjo konja je vplivala na posameznikovo gibalno učinkovitost in izboljšanje dobrega počutja z vrstniškim vključevanjem. Udele- ženci so bili za projektne aktivnosti zelo motivirani, zlasti pri skrbi za konja in pri pripravi na jahanje. Poleg izmerjenih gibalnih komponent, so bila ugotovljena pomembna opažanja na ravni izboljšanja splošnega počutja udeležencev in zadovoljstva njihovih staršev. Ključne besede: terapija, terapevt, aktivnosti, konj 32 Nature activities for the development of motor and functional abilities of children with autism Diana Batista1, Klavdija Krušec1, Tjaša Filipčič2, Erna Žgur2 1 Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The project Nature activities for the development of motor and functional abilities of children with autism was conceived as a three-month internal project in cooperation between CIRIUS Vipava and the Faculty of Education of the University of Ljubljana. The implementation part of the project took place at the Naglost farm, which accommodates two horses suitable for therapeutic activities. The selected activities took place once a week, during free time. Before each activity with the horse, we executed a movement polygon. The polygon consisted of six movement tasks, where we observed the participant’s strength, speed, coordination, flexibility, balance and endurance. The polygon was structured according to difficulty levels, from simple to more complex movement tasks. After a successful completion of the movement polygon, an activity with or on a horse fol owed. We intensified and adapted the activities according to the abilities of the participant. We repeated the activities sever-uth al times in order for the child to learn, remember and improve them and to automate o certain movement patterns needed in everyday activities. nd y Methods: The project involved two female and four male participants with autism spectrum disorders and associated intel ectual and other deficits, aged between 4 hildren a and 12 years. They were tested with the help of ABC2 instruments (Movement As-f c sessment Battery for Children), BOTMP, 3-min Kasch Pulse Recovery Test - KPR test, which have been tested in the past. We prepared an individual y composed instrument for individual motor skil s and abilities. We measured: agility, balance, dynamic balance, strength, bilateral coordination and hand coordination. Due to the small and in)activity o purposeful sample, we decided to use a formula for calculating the individual progress, the so-cal ed relative difference, to analyze the results. Due to the many specificities hysical ( of the children, we have chosen to compare the results achieved by each individual rather than comparing the results of all children on the initial and final measurements. Results: The results showed that all participants made progress in their chosen motor stnikov | p test. We measured the greatest progress in the area of coordination ( 3 cases increase lado 100%, 1 for 40%) and balance (3 cases increase 100%), while we found lass progress in n m the area of agility (3 cases improved, 3 cases worsened). k i Discussion and conclusion: Being active in nature with the help of a horse had an impact tro on the individual’s physical performance and improved wel -being through peer in-st o volvement. The participants were highly motivated for all the project activities, especial y in caring for the horse and preparing for riding. In addition to the measured exercise components, we concluded important findings at the level of improvement in the ne)aktivno participant’s general well-being the satisfaction of their parents. Keywords: therapy, therapist, activities, horse gibalna ( 33 Kolo kot terapevtsko sredstvo Mojca Bolčina, Matejka Moderc Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Kolesarjenje je motorična aktivnost, ki omogoča zdrav način življenja, razvoj gibalnih spretnosti in funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Z njo pridobivamo različ- ne informacije iz okolja in nove izkušnje. Namen prispevka je predstavitev kolesa in otroškega tricikla (trokolo/terapevtsko kolo) kot pripomočka pri delu z otroki in mladostniki s posebnimi potrebami, ki so gibalno ovirani in imajo motnjo v duševnem razvoju. Predstavitev vsebine: Kolesarjenje kot del vsakodnevnega življenja ima znaten vpliv na zdravje in dobro počutje. Otrok in mladostnik na kolesu ali otroškem triciklu z vključevanjem v ožje in širše okolje pridobiva izkušnje organizacije in načrtovanja aktivnosti, sprošča čustvene napetosti, razvija komunikacijo z okoljem in postaja samozavestnej- ši. V terapevtski obravnavi se s pomočjo kolesa in otroškega tricikla razvija gibljivost, mišična jakost, koordinacija in ravnotežje. Spodbuja se vzdrževanje in spreminjanje osnovnega telesnega položaja ter stopnjevanje ritma in hitrosti kolesarjenja. Kolesarjenje izboljšuje respiratorno funkcijo in pretok krvno-žilnega sistema. Vpliva na zmanj-cents ševanje in preprečevanje nastanka kontraktur ter deformacij spodnjih okončin. Otroci lesdo in mladostniki s težjo in težko gibalno oviranostjo ne zmorejo oziroma se težje nauči-a jo vožnje s kolesom. Zaradi želje po vožnji s kolesom se jih uči uporabe otroškega tri-nd cikla. Otroški tricikel je prilagojena različica kolesa, ki z dvema zadnjima kolesoma nu-di otroku in mladostniku širšo podporno ploskev in večjo stabilnost. Otroški tricikel ldren a je medicinski pripomoček, ki ga predpiše zdravnik specialist. Otrok ali mladostnik ga hif c dobi v izposojo za obdobje petih let, do starosti 15 let pri Zavodu za zdravstveno za-o varovanje Slovenije. ealth Sklepne ugotovitve: Kolo oziroma otroški tricikel je pripomoček, ki je lahko tudi sestavni | h del terapevtske obravnave. Pri otroku in mladostniku s posebnimi potrebami povečuje motivacijo, samoiniciativnost in željo po gibanju. S tem pridobiva motorične spretnosti stnikov in nove gibalne vzorce. Namen terapevtskega učenja kolesarjenja je, da otrok ali mladostnik s posebnimi potrebami osvojeno znanje prenese v domače okolje. lado n m Ključne besede: kolo, otroški tricikel, otroci in mladostniki s posebnimi potrebami, te-k i rapevtska obravnava, zdravje. tro zdravje o 34 Bicycle as a therapeutic aid Mojca Bolčina, Matejka Moderc Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Cycling is a motor activity that enables a healthy lifestyle, development of motor skil s and functional abilities. It helps us to learn about our environment and gain new experiences. The aim of our contribution is to present the bicycle and the children’s tricycle (trol ey/therapy bicycle) as a tool for working with children and adolescents with special needs, who are physical y disabled and have mental development disorders. Content presentation: Cycling as part of everyday life has a significant impact on health and wel being. By getting involved in the wider and narrower environment, the child and young person on a bicycle or a children’s tricycle gains experience in organizing and planning activities, releases emotional tensions, develops communication with the environment and becomes more self-confident. In the therapeutic treatment, mobility, muscle strength, coordination and balance are developed with the help of a bicycle and a children’s tricycle. Maintaining and changing the basic body position and increasing the rhythm and speed of cycling are encouraged. Cycling improves respira-utho tory function and the circulation of the circulatory system. It helps to reduce and prevent contractures and deformities of the lower limbs. Children and young people with nd y severe and profound physical disabilities are unable to ride a bicycle or find it more difficult to learn to. Because they want to ride a bike, they are taught how to use a chil-hildren a dren’s tricycle. A children’s tricycle is a modified version of a bicycle which, with two f c rear wheels, offers children and young people a wider support surface and greater stability. A children’s tricycle is a medical device prescribed by a specialist doctor. The child or young person borrows it from the Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia for a period of five years, until the age of 15. in)activity o Conclusions: The bicycle or children’s tricycle is a device that can also be an integral part of therapeutic treatment. It increases the motivation, self-initiative and desire to hysical ( move in children and young people with special needs. This helps them acquire motor skil s and new movement patterns. The aim of therapeutic cycling lessons is to transfer the knowledge acquired by a child or young person with disabilities to the home stnikov | p environment. lado Keywords: bicycle, children’s tricycle, children and adolescents with disabilities, thera-n m peutic treatment, health. k i tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 35 »Mali prostor« – pripomoček za razvoj otrokove prostorske predstavljivosti Ivan Jakob Cervo Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Uvod: Otroci z več motnjami imajo enake potrebe po aktivnostih, kot jih imajo zdravi otroci. Prek njih se učijo, razvijajo in spoznavajo svet okrog sebe, pridobivajo samostojnost. Okolje mora biti ustrezno prilagojeno in otroke z različnimi stimulusi spodbujati k lastnim aktivnostim, lastnemu gibanju. Pomembno je, da ciljno in sistematično razvijamo gibalne sposobnosti otrok. V CIRIUS Vipava smo izdelali in uporabili prilagojen »mali prostor«. Deluje kot senzorna soba v malem, ki z različnimi dražljaji na vseh ravneh spodbuja posameznika k lastnim aktivnostim. Modifikacija pripomočka omogoča prilagajanje posameznikovim potrebam in sposobnostim. Tako smo poveča-li njegovo uporabnost, saj vanj lahko namestimo tudi mladostnike. Metode: Uporabnost »malega prostora« smo raziskovali s kvalitativno metodo. V »malem prostoru« smo opazovali heterogeno skupino desetih otrok (pet deklic, pet dečkov) z več motnjami (gibalno ovirani, slepi in slabovidni, otroci z razvojnim zaostan-kom), starih od dveh do dvajset let. Razdelili smo jih glede na stopnjo gibalne ovirano-cents sti: na težko gibalno ovirane otroke, tj. tiste z omejenim gibanjem telesa, na otroke, ki lesdo se obrnejo na bok, in na otroke, ki zadržijo sedeči položaj. V pripomoček smo jih na-a meščali enkrat tedensko v časovnem obdobju petih mesecev. Aktivnosti in odzivnost nd otrok v pripomočku smo analizirali s pomočjo Likertove lestvice (nizka, srednja, visoka stopnja). Merili smo, kako se spremeni otrokova vztrajnost, aktivnost, sproščenost, ldren a premikanje telesa, uporaba čutil od prve do zadnje namestitve v pripomoček. S po-hif c močjo polstrukturiranih intervjujev s specialno rehabilitacijskimi pedagoginjami in te-o rapevti smo ugotavljali pozitiven vidik uporabe pripomočka pri otrocih z več motnjami. Statističnih analiz nismo opravili zaradi premajhnega vzorca. ealth| h Rezultati: Pri evalvaciji rezultatov opazovanj učinkovitosti pripomočka smo ugotavljali, kako se je spremenila stopnja aktivnosti otroka od prvega do zadnjega nameščanja v stnikov prostoru. Pri vseh opazovanih otrocih in mladostnikih smo ocenili, da se je njihova aktivnost na vseh opazovanih področjih povečala, posebej na področju gibanja. lado n m Razprava in zaključki: S prilagojenim pripomočkom »mali prostor« ustvarimo ustrezno k i prilagojeno okolje, ki otrokom in mladostnikom z več motnjami omogoča širšo čutno tro zaznavo, jih spodbuja k različnim lastnim aktivnostim. Z rednim nameščanjem v ta pripomoček otroci pridobijo nove izkušnje, usvojijo znanje in spretnosti v okviru svojih zmožnosti. Pri mladostnikih pa redno nameščanje v ta pripomoček predstavlja enega zdravje o od možnih načinov, s katerim lahko upočasnimo deterioracijo oziroma ohranjamo že usvojene spretnosti. Pomembno je, da obravnava posameznika v »malem prostoru« poteka ciljno in interdisciplinarno. Ključne besede: otroci z več motnjami, mali prostor, samostojna aktivnost, senzorna soba 36 The »Little room« - more than a tool Ivan Jakob Cervo Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction: Children with multiple disabilities have the same needs for activities as healthy children. Through activities they learn, develop, explore the world around them and gain independence. Their environment has to be equipped with various stimuli which encourage them to be active, to move. Systematic, targeted development of children’s motor abilities is very important. At CIRIUS Vipava we made and used an adapted »little room«. It works as a sensory room which encourages an individual to engage in activities of their own choice. Possible modifications to the tool al-low it to be adapted to the needs and abilities of each individual. This increases its applicability, as it can be suitable for children as well as adolescents. Methods: We used a qualitative research method to investigate the applicability of the »little room«. We observed a heterogeneous group of ten children (five girls, five boys) with multiple disabilities (mobility impaired, blind and partial y sighted, children with intel ectual disabilities) aged 2 to 20 years. We were distributed them into three groups: children with severe mobility impairment, i.e. limited mobility, children who utho can roll onto one side and children who can hold a sitting position. Each of the children was put into the tool once a week over a five-month period. The activities and nd y responsiveness of the children in the tool were analyzed using a Likert scale (low, medium, high). We observed the change in the child’s persistence, activity, relaxation, hildren a body movement, and use of senses. We carried out a semi-structured interview with f c special education and rehabilitation teachers and therapists to identify, the positive aspects of using the tool with children with multiple disabilities. Statistical analyses were not performed due to insufficient sample size. in)activity o Results: We determined how the child’s activity level changed, from the first to the last placement in the »Little room« by evaluating the efficiency of the tool. It was assessed that the activity of all the children and adolescents observed, increased in all the are-hysical ( as, in particular, in the field of movement. Discussion and conclusions: By selecting a suitable tool like our »little room«, we try to stnikov | p create an adapted environment that al ows children and adolescents with multiple disabilities to have a broader sensory perception and stimulates them to engage in their lado self-initiated. Regularly fitting into this tool, enables children acquisition of new experi-n m ences, knowledge and skil s within one’s abilities. In adolescents, regular use of the tool k i can be a way to slow down deterioration or maintain previously acquired skil s. It is im-tro portant that the treatment of an individual is targeted and interdisciplinary. st o Keywords: children with multiple disabilities, little room, own-initiative activity, sensory room ne)aktivno gibalna ( 37 Izmerjena količina in intenzivnost gibalne/športne aktivnosti skupine gimnastičark Urška Čeklić Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Gibalna/športna aktivnost (GŠA) ima pozitivne učinke na zdravje otrok in mladostnikov, predvsem na uravnoteženo telesno maso, povečano kostno gostoto, preprečevanje pojava kronično nenalezljivih bolezni, izboljša kognitivne sposobnosti itd. V zadnjih tridesetih letih so merilniki pospeškov zelo uporabna in razširjena objektivna metodo za ugotavljanje gibalne/športne aktivnosti (GŠA) otrok in mladostnikov. Zato smo si kot cilj postavili ugotoviti ali izbrana skupina gimnastičark, ki so v popoldanskem času vključene v organizirano in vodeno vadbo v SK Saltu, zadošča dnevnim priporočilom o GŠA. Nadalje smo želeli ugotoviti ali obstajajo razlike v povprečni količini in intenzivnosti GŠA med tednom in med koncem tedna, ter koliko časa v povprečju preiskovanke preživijo sede na dan. Metode: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 29 gimnastičark, od tega smo pridobili 25 uporab-nih podatkov. Preiskovanke so bile stare med 8 in 16 let (12,26 ± 2,21; telesna viši-na 152,08 ± 11,33; telesna masa 43,74 ± 8,69; BMI 18,70 ± 1,59). Preiskovanke so cents nosile merilnike pospeška ActiGraph GT3X+, devet dni zaporedoma v obdobju od lesdo 3.10.2020 do12.10.2020. Pridobljene spremenljivke o povprečni količini in intenzivno-a sti GŠA ter sedentarnosti smo uporabili za nadaljnjo analizo. nd Rezultati: Z analizo dobljenih rezultatov smo ugotovili, da preiskovanke dosegajo dnevna priporočila o količini in intenzivnosti GŠA, tako med tednom kakor tudi med vi-ldren ahi kendom. V povprečju so na dan sodelovale 205,22 ± 62,19 min v srednje in visoki in-f c tenzivnosti (SVI-GŠA), kar znaša 3,42 ± 1,04 h/dan. Od tega so v srednji intenzivnosti o sodelovale 156,62 ± 42,22 min, medtem ko so v visoki intenzivnosti GŠA sodelovale ealth 30,03 ± 15,35 min. Pri ugotavljanju razlik smo ugotovili, da so gimnastičarke statistič- | h no značilno več časa sodelovale v SVI-GŠA, v primerjavi s koncem tedna (t(24) = 6,57; p < 0,001). Vzorec gimnastičark preživi tako med tednom kot koncem tedna več kot stnikov 9 ur na dan v gibalni neaktivnosti (sedentarnosti). Kljub temu nismo opazili statistično značilnih razlik (p = 0,07). lado n m Razprava in zaključki: Rezultati kažejo, da preiskovanke iz SK Salto dosegajo dnevna k i priporočila o srednje in visoki GŠA. Kljub temu so bile več kot 9 ur na dan gibalno ne-tro aktivne tako med tednom kot med koncem tedna. GŠA, predvsem ženska gimnastika, lahko bistveno pripomore k dvigu priporočene dnevne količine GŠA in s tem pripomore k zmanjšanju posledic sedentarnosti. zdravje o Ključne besede: merilniki pospeška ActiGraph GT3X+, otroci in mladostniki, sedentarnost 38 Amount and intensity of physical activity of a group of gymnasts Urška Čeklić University of Primorksla, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Physical activity (PA) has many health benefits for children and adolescents and can contribute to adequate body mass, increase bone density, prevent as chronic noncommunicable diseases and improve cognitive skil s. Accelerometers are valid and useful devices for assessing the intensity and volume of PA in children and adolescents. Therefore, accelerometry has become one of the most objective methods to measure PA in children and adolescents. The aim of our study was to investigate whether our sample of gymnasts achieved the daily recommendations of PA. We hypothesized that there would be differences in mean of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between weekdays and weekends. We also hypothesized that our sample would be less sedentary than their peers, which has been found in several studies. Methods: Twenty-nine female gymnasts (Salto club) participated in our study, from which we obtained 25 useful data. The participants were aged between 8 and 16 years (12.26 ± 2.21 years; body height 152.08 ± 11.33; body mass 43.74 ± 8.69; BMI 18.70 ± utho 1.59). Participants were measured with an accelerometer (GT3X+, ActiGraph, USA) for 10 consecutive days between 3.10.2020 and 12.10.2020 (from Saturday to Mon-nd y day). The variables obtained on the average amount and intensity of PA and sedentary time, were used for further analysis. hildren a Results: By analyzing the obtained results, we found that the participants achieved the f c daily recommendations of amount and intensity of PA during the week and at the weekend. On average, they participated in MVPA for 205.22 ± 62.19 minutes, which is equivalent to 3.42 ± 1.04 hours per day. They spent 156.62 ± 42.22 minutes at mod-in)activity o erate intensity PA, while they spent 30.03 ± 15.35 minutes at vigorous PA. The dependent t-test showed that the participants spent statistical y significantly more time in MVPA during the week than at weekends (t(24) = 6.57; p < 0.001). In addition, the hysical ( sample of gymnasts tended to spend more than 9 hours per day in physical inactivity (sedentariness) during the week and at the weekend, but the analysis did not show statistical significance (p = 0.07). stnikov | p Discussion and conclusions: The results of the present study show that the partici-lado pants achieved daily recommendations for the amount and intensity of PA. In addin m tion, sample of gymnasts tended to spend more than 9 hours, both during the week k i and at weekends. PA, especial y gymnastics can help increase the recommended daily tro amount of PA and thus might reduce the consequences of a sedentarism. st o Keywords: accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X+, children and adolescents, sedentarism ne)aktivno gibalna ( 39 Učenje šolskih veščin skozi gibanje Anja Frank Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Otroci s posebnimi potrebami so del našega vsakdana in tudi del našega šolskega sistema. Z uvajanjem načel inkluzije se tudi v osnovnih šolah srečujemo z različnimi skupinami otrok s posebnimi potrebami. Otroci imajo tako drugačne potrebe in potrebujejo drugačne načine poučevanja. Naloga nas kot učiteljev pa je, da se tem potrebam prilagodimo ter učencem ponudimo takšno pomoč in takšne načine učenja, kot jih, glede na svoje potrebe, potrebujejo. Predstavitev vsebine: Kot mobilna učiteljica nudim dodatno strokovno pomoč učencem v osnovnih šolah. Moje delo zajema premagovanje primanjkljajev, velik poudarek pa je tudi na učni snovi. Učencem poskušam pri podajanju učne snovi pomagati na način, ki je posameznemu učencu najbližji. Veliko šolskih veščin se lahko učimo tudi skozi gibanje. Takšno učenje je učencem zanimivo. Velikokrat se sploh ne zavedajo, da se učijo. Zanje je to namreč igra. Otroci v obdobju odraščanja potrebujejo veliko gibanja, šo-la pa je v veliki večini sedeče naravnana. Otroci se tako v šoli kot tudi izven nje premalo gibajo. Zato je še toliko bolj pomembno, da za gibanje izkoristimo vsak trenutek. Z cents malo domišljije se lahko skoraj vsako šolsko veščino in vsako učno snov uči z gibanjem. lesdo Pri urah dodatne strokovne pomoči tako na razredni stopnji črkujemo, glaskujemo in a prepoznavamo črke z gibanjem. V gibanje vključujemo tudi računanje in utrjevanje po-nd števanke. Zanimivo je tudi učenje pesmic, ki jih za lažjo zapomnitev ponazorimo z gibanjem. V višjih razredih osnovne šole je gibanje v učenje vključeno drugače. Z giba-ldren a njem se učimo besedišče pri tujem jeziku, pravil pri matematiki, ponazorimo pojave hif c pri fiziki in podobno. o Sklepne ugotovitve: Gibanje pozitivno vpliva na razvoj in delovanje možganov, s tem pa ealth tudi na procese učenja. Ker gibanje aktivira vse možganske podsisteme, je učenje z gi- | h banjem bolj učinkovito. Poleg tega pa je za učence tudi zanimivo in zabavno, saj je veči-na pouka še vedno naravnana statično. Pri urah dodatne strokovne pomoči s takšnim stnikov načinom dela hkrati zasledujemo več ciljev, saj poleg utrjevanja učne snovi delamo tudi na koordinaciji, fini motoriki, grobi motoriki, gibljivosti, ravnotežju, slušni in vidni po-lado zornosti, usmerjanju pozornosti in drugem, kar je, glede na posebnosti otroka, opre-n mk i deljeno v njegovem individualiziranem programu. tro Ključne besede: učenci s posebnimi potrebami, učenje, šolske veščine, gibanje zdravje o 40 Learning school skills through movement Anja Frank Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Children with special needs are part of our daily lives and al-so part of our school system. With the introduction of the principles of inclusion, we also meet different groups of children with special needs in primary schools. Children thus have different needs and require different ways of teaching. The teachers’ task is to adapt to these needs and offer students the kind of help and learning they need, depending on their needs. Content presentation: As a mobile teacher, I offer additional professional help to students in primary schools. My work involves overcoming deficits, and there is also a strong emphasis on learning. I try to help students with learning in the way that is clos-est to the individual student. Many school skil s can also be learnt through movement. Such learning is interesting to students. Many times they are not even aware that they are learning. For them, this is a game. Children need a lot of movement during adolescence, and the school is mostly sedentary. Children do not get enough exercise both in and out of school. That is why it is all the more important to use every moment to utho move. With a little imagination, almost any school skill and any learning material can be learnt through movement. In the hours of additional professional help, we spel , vocal-nd y ise and recognize letters with movement at the grade level. We also include calculation the movement. It is also interesting to learn songs that are il ustrated with movement hildren a to make them easier to remember. In the upper grades of primary school, movement f c is included in learning differently. With movement we learn vocabulary in foreign languages, mathematical rules, il ustrate phenomena in physics and the like. Conclusion: Physical activity has a positive effect on the development and functioning of in)activity o the brain and thus on learning processes. Movement activates all brain subsystems and makes learning more effective. In addition, it is more interesting and fun for students as the majority of lessons are still static. During the additional professional help lessons hysical ( we pursue several goals at the same time using these methods, i.e. because in addition to revising the subject matter, we also work on coordination, fine motor skil s, gross motor skil s, mobility, balance, visual and auditory attention, focus and others which stnikov | p are specified in the student’s individualized program. lado Keywords: children with special needs, learning, school skil s, physical activity n mk i tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 41 Telesna pripravljenost mladih plesalk Aleksandra Ilic1, Sasa Jovanovic2, Dragan Marinkovic1 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and sport, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Uvod: Trenutno razpoložljivi dokazi močno podpirajo potrebo po ocenjevanju telesne pripravljenosti (TP) pri otrocih. Čeprav različne športne dejavnosti vodijo k povečanju parametrov, ki bi lahko predstavljali dobro podlago za srčno-žilni in motorični razvoj, je bilo doslej le malo razprav o razlikah v TP glede na vključenost v športne dejavnosti. Cilj naše študije je bil razširiti znanje o TP in o razlikah med deklicami, ki se ukvarjajo s plesom, in deklicami, ki se s plesom ne ukvarjajo. Metode: Vzorec je obsegal 53 deklic (starost 6,54 ± 0,29 let; višina 121,9 ± 5,0 cm; teža 24,4 ± 4,5 kg; ITM 16,3 ± 2,23 kg/m2), od katerih se jih je 21 redno udeleževalo treningov plesa, 31 pa ne-plesnih športnih dejavnosti. Baterija PREFIT je obsegala naslednje teste: antropometrija (teža, višina in obseg pasu; razmerje med obsegom pasu in višino je bilo predlagano kot alternativno merilo); PREFIT 20 m tek z obrati za oceno kardiorespiratorne pripravljenosti, stisk pesti in skok v daljino za oceno mišične jakosti cents in moči zgornjih in spodnjih udov), 4 x 10 m tek z obrati za oceno hitrosti in agilnosti. lesdo Rezultati: Multivariatna analiza variance je pokazala, da so imele deklice v plesni skupi-and ni značilno boljšo telesno pripravljenost v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino (p < 0,001). Univariatna analiza variance je pokazala, da imajo deklice v plesni skupini bistveno bolj- še rezultate pri obsegu pasu (p = 0,027; f = 5,16; g = -0,62; 95 % CI = [-1,2, - 0,04]); ldren ahi razmerju med obsegom pasu in višino (p = 0,004; f = 9,013; g = -0,82; 95 % CI = [-1,41, f c - 0,23]); 4 x 10 m teku z obrati (p = 0,016; f = 6,25; g = -0,68; 95 % CI = [-1,26, - 0,09]); o skoku v daljino (p = 0,000; f = 21,6; g = 1,29; 95 % CI = [0,67, 1,91]); PREFIT 20 m teku ealth z obrati (p = 0,02; f = 5,76; g = 0,67; 95 % CI = [0,08, 1,25]); PREFIT 20 m teku z obrati | h (p = 0,018; f = 5,94; g = 0,68; 95 % CI = [0,09, 1,26]). Pri stisku pesti ni bilo ugotovlje-ne značilne razlike (p = 0,596; f = 0,285; g = -0,14; 95 % CI = [-0,71, 0,42]). stnikov Razprava in zaključki: Rezultati študije kažejo, da deklice, ki se ukvarjajo s plesom, raz-lado vijejo boljšo TP v primerjavi z deklicami, ki se ukvarjajo z drugimi športnimi dejavn m nostmi. Telesna dejavnost, zlasti ples, lahko zagotavlja zdravo rast, kardiorespirator-k i ni in motorični razvoj deklic. Ples kot šport bi bilo potrebno uvrstiti med dejavnosti z tro večdimenzionalnim pristopom, kar bi lahko bila odlična strategija v ne-šolskih okoljih. Ključne besede: ples, zdravje, otroci, telesna pripravljenost zdravje o 42 Physical fitness in young female dancers Aleksandra Ilic1, Sasa Jovanovic2, Dragan Marinkovic1 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and sport, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction: Currently available evidence strongly supports the need to assess physical fitness (PF) in children. Different sport activities lead to increase parameters that could present good basis for cardiovascular and motor development. However, there has been little discussion on differences in PF according to their involvement in sport activities. Therefor the aim of our study was to extend knowledge of PF and differences between girls who participate in dance and non-dance girls. Methods: The study sample comprised of 53 girls (e.g. 6.54 ± 0.29 years; height 121.9 ± 5.0 cm; weight 24.4 ± 4.5 kg; BMI 16.3 ± 2.23 kg/m2), of whom 21 participated regularly in dance training and 31 in non-dance sport activities. The PREFIT battery comprises the fol owing tests: weight, height and waist circumference to assess anthropometry; Waist circumference to height ratio was been proposed as an alternative measure; PREFIT 20m shuttle run test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, Handgrip utho strength and Standing long jump test to assess muscular strength (upper and lower limbs, respectively), 4x10m shuttle run test to assess speed and agility. nd y Results: According to multivariate analysis of variance children girls in the dance group had significantly better physical fitness compared to the control group (p<0.001). Uni-hildren a variate analysis of variance indicate that children girls engaged in dance training have f c significantly better results in Waist circumference (p=0.027; f=5.16; g=-0.62; 95% CI=[-1.2, -0.04]); Waist circumference-to-height ratio (p=0.004; f=9.013; g=-0.82; 95% CI=[-1.41, -0.23]); 4x10m shuttle run (p=0.016; f=6.25; g=-0.68; 95% CI=[-1.26, in)activity o -0.09]); Standing long jump (p=0.000; f=21.6; g=1.29; 95% CI=[0.67, 1.91]); PREFIT 20m shuttle run (p=0.02; f=5.76; g=0.67; 95% CI=[0.08, 1.25]); PREFIT 20m shuttle run level (p=0.018; f=5.94; g=0.68; 95% CI=[0.09, 1.26]). No differences were detect-hysical ( ed in Handgrip strength (p=0.596; f=0.285; g=-0.14; 95% CI=[-0.71, 0.42]) Discussion and conclusions: The results from the present study indicate that children stnikov | p girls who participate in dance develop better PF than children girls who participate in other sport activities. Physical activity, especial y dance could ensure healthy growth, lado cardiorespiratory fitness and motor development in young girls. Moreover, dance as n m sport should be listed as activity with multidimensional approach which could be ex-k i cellent strategy in non-school settings. tro st o Keywords: Dance, health, children, physical fitness ne)aktivno gibalna ( 43 Kako spodbuditi spremljanje zadoščanja gibalne aktivnosti v izvedbenem kurikuluma predšolske vzgoje Tatjana Jakovljević, Brigita Urbanija, Liana Cerar Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik v svoje oddelke vključuje 925 otrok. V zadnjih 12 letih smo delovanje vrtca usmerili v prilagoditev izvedbene ravni kurikula, ki naslavlja gibalno aktivnost predšolskega otroka kot izhodiščno platformo izvedbe kurikularnih področij. V letih 2018 in 2019 smo na vzorcu 56 oddelkov izvedli poglobljeno analizo izvedbe kurikularnih področjih glede na vidik gibalne aktivnosti in sedentarnosti predšolskega otroka. Analiza izvedbene ravni kurikula je pokazala, da je gibalna neaktivnost prevladujoči element izvedbene ravni kurikularnih področij. Glede na izsledke analize in priporočila Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije (ang. World Health Organization - WHO, 2019), ki na eni strani opredeljuje priporočljivo količino in intenzivnost gibalne aktivnosti predšolskega otroka in na drugi strani predlaga smernice za omejevanje gibalne neaktivnosti (t. i. sedentarnosti) (WHO Global Plan of Action for Physical Activity 2018–30), smo izvedli akcijski načrt (2019– 2023) spremljanja cents in zasledovanja realizacije priporočljive gibalne aktivnosti otroka v predšolskem obdo-les bju ter spremljanja in intervencij na področju zniževanja gibalne neaktivnosti. do a Predstavitev vsebine: v okviru prvega dela akcijskega načrta, ki postavlja prenos javno nd zdravstvenih priporočil za gibalno dejavnost otrok v predšolskem obdobju (WHO, 2019) v izvedbeno raven kurikuluma, smo v sodelovanju z Inštitutom za kineziološke ldren ahi raziskave, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, izvedli raziskavo o količini in in-f c tenzivnosti gibalne/športne aktivnosti v različnih zunanjih okoljih (gozd, igrišče, preo novljeno igrišče). V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 63 otrok obeh spolov, starih od 3 do ealth 6 let. Med 60-minutnimi spontanimi/prostimi aktivnostmi v gozdu in igrišču so otroci | h nosili merilnik pospeška (wGT3X-BT, Actigraph, USA). Pridobljeni rezultati so se refe-rirali na celokupno gibalno aktivnost in odstotke časa v gibalni neaktivnosti, nizki, sre-stnikov dnji in visoki gibalni aktivnosti (MVPA). Ob primerjavi dejavnosti v gozdu in na igrišču lado smo v gozdu ugotovili 27,6 % (p < 0,001) manjšo količino gibanja, 9,4 % (p < 0,001) n m daljši čas gibalne neaktivnosti, 1,8 % (p 0 0,045) več nizke gibalne aktivnosti, 5 % manj k i srednje (p = 0,003) in 6,2% (p < 0,001) manj visoke gibalne aktivnosti, oziroma 11,2 % tro manj MVPA. Sklepne ugotovitve: glede na dejstvo, da otroci v vrtcu v povprečju preživijo 2/3 budne-zdravje o ga dela dneva, je treba stremeti k doseganju 2/3 priporočljive količine in intenzivnosti gibalne aktivnosti v času bivanja v vrtcu. Glede na izsledke naše raziskave so ukrepi za doseganje priporočil usmerjeni tako v spremljanje in zadoščanje količine; v našem primeru je to približno 3 ure bivanja v gozdu dnevno ali približno 2 uri bivanja na igri- šču, oziroma se ukrepi lahko osredotočajo na izobraževanja strokovnega kadra z namenom pridobivanja znanj za izbiro ustreznega okolja in dejavnosti, ki facilitirajo zmerno do visoko gibalno/športno aktivnost, da se optimizira časovna komponenta gibalne aktivnosti. Ključne besede: predšolski otrok, metodologija, gibalna (ne)aktivnost, vrednotenje 44 Ways to promote monitoring sufficiency of physical activities in implementation of the National kindergarten curriculum (i. e. Preschool Curriculum) Tatjana Jakovljević, Brigita Urbanija, Liana Cerar Kindergarten Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenia Background and purpose: Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik preschool institution integrates 925 children. For the past 12 years, the implementation of the National Curriculum has been continuously improved and upgraded in terms and for the purpose of putting physical activity at the forefront of all the curricular fields. Based on the sample of 56 preschool classes, an in-depth analysis has been done in 2018 and 2019 to figure out how implementation of the established curricular fields affects physical activity/capability or rather sedentary behavior of a child. The analysis of curricular implementation shows that the actual execution of the curriculum exhibits a great lack of physical activity. Based on the findings presented by the World Health Organization, which define the recommended amount and intensity of physical activity of a preschool child on one hand, and recommendations relating to physical inactivity (sedentary) on the other hand, (WHO, Global Plan of Action for Physical Activity 2018–30), an action uth plan (2019–2023) has been implemented with the purpose of monitoring and tracing o the actual level of the recommended amount of physical activity in preschool children. nd y Furthermore, the action plan is aimed at monitoring and taking measures in the field of decreasing the level of physical inactivity. hildren a Content presentation: The first part of the action plan, which aims to transfer public f c health recommendations for physical activity of children in preschool (WHO, 2019) to the implementation level of the curriculum, comprised a study on the amount and intensity of physical activity in various outdoor environments (e.g. forest, playground, renovated playground), which was conducted in cooperation with the Institute for Ki-in)activity o nesiology Research at the Science and Research Centre Koper. The study included 63 children of both sexes aged 3–6 years. During a 60-minute period of spontaneous/ hysical ( unconducted activities in the forest and playground, the children were provided with an accelerometer (wGT3X-BT, Actigraph, USA). The results obtained referred to the total physical activity and the percentages of time spent either in physical inactivity or stnikov | p at low, moderate and high levels of physical activity (MVPA). The comparison of the results recorded in the forest and on the playground showed that it the forest there lado was 27.6% (p <0.001) less movement detected, 9.4% (p <0.001) longer period of phys-n mk i ical inactivity, 1.8% (p < 0 0.045) higher level of low physical activity, 5% lower level tro of moderate (p = 0.003) and 6.2% (p <0.001) lower level of high physical activity, or 11.2% lower level of MVPA. st o Conclusions: Given the fact that, on average, children are in the kindergarten 2/3 of the total time they are awake, it is necessary to aim for achieving 2/3 of the recommended ne)aktivno amount and intensity of physical activity during their stay in kindergarten. Pertaining to the results of our research, measures to achieve the recommended levels are aimed at both monitoring as well as ensuring the appropriate quantity; which in our case it is gibalna ( approx. 3 hours per day spent in the forest or approx. 2 hours per day spent on the playground. The measures can also be taken in the direction of professional trainings for the purpose of acquiring knowledge providing the staff with sensibility for choosing appropriate environments and activities that facilitate moderate to high physical/ sports activity in order to optimize the time spent for physical activity. Keywords: preschool children, methodology, physical (in)activity, evaluation 45 Spremljanje in optimiziranje količine bivanja v zunanjih učnih okoljih v predšolskem obdobju Tatjana Jakovljević1, Brigita Urbanija1, Zdenka Peklaj2 1 Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenija 2 Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: v času sodobne družbe prevzema kognicija vodilno vlogo v razvoju predšolskega otroka, kar pa izpodriva zakonitosti, pri katerih ima gibalni razvoj temelj-no vlogo v celostnem razvoju. Nadalje družbene smernice postavljajo razvoj sodob-nega otroka, v nasprotju z ontogenetskim razvojnim izhodiščem, v pojavljanje gibalne neaktivnosti. Na nivoju vrtcev je posledično nujno spremljanje in optimiziranje dejavnikov, ki prispevajo k povečevanju vključevanja gibalne aktivnosti, saj le-ta predstavlja razvojno osnovo usvajanja kurikularnih področij predšolskega otroka. Predstavitev vsebine: glede na sodobna spoznanja o tem, da naravna učna okolja pomembno vplivajo na gibalni razvoj in tako spodbujajo optimalen celostni razvoj pred- šolskega otroka, je Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik (VAMK) pred 12 leti pričel z uvajanjem sprememb v izvedbenem kurikulumu, ki so temeljile na spremljanju in op-cents timizaciji bivanja v zunanjih učnih okoljih. V vzorec spremljanja števila dni v mesecu, ki les jih otroci preživijo v zunanjem učnem okolju v odstotkih, je bilo vključenih 56 oddelkov do a v različnih časovnih obdobjih (pred in po uvajanju sprememb). V letu 2010 je bilo za nd opredeljeno časovno obdobje zabeleženih 66,71 % dni v mesecu, ki so jih otroci pre- živeli v zunanjih učnih okoljih, v letu 2011 pa 80 % dni za izbrano obdobje. V letu 2022 ldren a smo po 12 letih uvajanja sprememb v izvedbeni kurikulum, ki temeljijo na zmanjševa-hi nju sedentarnosti in povečevanju gibalne aktivnosti (GA) predšolskega otroka, opravili f c o ponovno spremljanje in vključili še Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani, ki je na vzorcu 16 skupin ugotovil, da po uvajanju opredeljenih smernic skupine preživijo 81 % ealth| h dni spremljajočega obdobja v zunanjih učnih okoljih. VAMK pa je v mesecu marcu leta 2022 spremljal količino časa, ki ga otroci dnevno preživijo v zunanjem učnem okolju. Rezultati so pokazali, da 20 oddelkov otrok 1. starostnega obdobja v zunanjem okolju stnikov preživi 60 min/dan ter 25 oddelkov 2. starostnega obdobja 120 min/dan. Pridobljeni lado podatki ustrezajo parametrom opredeljenega časa za bivanje na prostem v korelaciji z n mk i umestitvijo zunanjih učnih okolij v dnevno rutino, ki smo ga opredelili v sodelovanju s tro 131 strokovnimi delavci vrtca. Za 1. starostno obdobje smo priporočili 1–1,5 h dnevno in za 2. starostno obdobje 1,5–2 h dnevno ob ustrezno izbrani kurikularni vsebini, ki opredeljuje tudi intenzivnost GA. zdravje o Sklepne ugotovitve: Oba vrtca ugotavljata, da z vidika optimizacije GA v predšolskem obdobju predstavlja priporočena količina bivanja v zunanjih učnih okoljih ob ustrezno izbrani kurikularni vsebini, ki opredeljuje tudi intenzivnost GA, pomemben doprinos zmanjševanju celokupne sedentarnosti in povečevanju količine in intenzivnosti GA. Posledično je ključnega pomena izbira stimulativnih učnih okolij za izvajanje kurikularnih področij, pri katerih zavzemajo vodilno mesto zunanja učna okolja, ki s svojo ra-znovrstnostjo otrokom ponujajo razvojno platformo za gibalni razvoj. Ključne besede: bivanje v zunanjih učnih okoljih, spremembe izvedbenega kurikula, predšolski otrok, gibalni razvoj 46 Monitoring and optimizing the amount of spending time in outdoor learning environments in the preschool period Tatjana Jakovljević1, Brigita Urbanija1, Zdenka Peklaj2 1 Kindergarten Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenia 2 Kindergarten at Primry school Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani, Slovenia Background and purpose: In the age of modern society, cognition takes a leading role in the development of a preschool child. It is modern society that is displacing the laws stating that motor development has a determining role in integrated development. Furthermore, in contrast to the ontogenetic platform of development, social guidelines favour the development of the modern child based on motor inactivity. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and optimize the factors that contribute to the promotion of striving after higher levels of physical activity in the preschool period, since this represents the developmental basis for a preschool child to achieve goals across al the curricular areas. Content presentation: According to modern findings that describe natural learning environments as having a significant impact on motor development and thus promote optimal integrated development of preschool children, the Vrtec Antona Medveda Kam-utho nik (VAMK), began introducing changes 12 years ago in the implementation of the nd y curriculum, which were primarily based on monitoring and optimizing the time spent in external learning environments. The sample of children for monitoring the number of days-per-month that children spend in the outdoor learning environment included hildren a 56 departments in different time periods (before and after the introduction of chang-f c es). In 2010 the observations showed that 66.71% of the days per month were spent in external learning environments, while in 2011 the percentage amounted to 80%. In 2022, after 12 years of the first introduction of the changes to the implementing curriculum based on reducing sedentary activities and increasing physical activity of pre-in)activity o school children, another round of monitoring was carried out, upgraded and the Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra Dol pri Ljubljani joined the project, where the results showed hysical ( that after the introduction of the guidelines proposed, 16 preschool classes (280 children) were spending 81% of the days (during the period September 20–September 22, 2022) in external learning environments. In 2022, the VAMK has carried out the mon-stnikov | p itoring of the amount of daily time spent in outdoor learning environments in March 2022. The results show that 20 classes of children aged from 1 to 3 spend 60 minutes/ lado day outside and 25 classes of children aged from 3 to 6 spend at least 120 minutes/day n mk i outside. The data obtained correspond to the parameters of the time recommend-tro ed for daily outdoor stay in correlation with the use of external learning environments in the daily routine. The daily time recommendations were defined by 131 preschool st o professionals. The recommendation for the classes of children aged from 1 to 3 was 1–1.5 hours/day, while the recommendation for children ages 3 to 6 was 1.5–2 hours/ day accompanied by curricural contents that define the intensity of physical activity. ne)aktivno Conclusions: Both participating preschool institutions confirm that the time recommended for daily outdoor stay accompanied by curricural contents that define the gibalna ( intensity of physical activity in preschool period significantly to lowering the level of overall sedentary as well as to increasing the amount and intensity of physical activity. Consequently, it is crucial to choose stimulating learning environments for the implementation of curricular areas in which external learning environments play a leading role, since the diversity of such environments provides for an aid to achieve physical development. Keywords: outdoor learning environment, practical changes to the curriculum, preschool children, motor development 47 Obogateno okolje v predšolskem obdobju Tatjana Jakovljević1, Brigita Urbanija1, Zdenka Peklaj2 1 Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenija 2 Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: sodobne generacije predšolskih otrok usvajajo razvojne faze ob znatnem upadu spontane fizične aktivnosti in povečevanju sedentarne oblike preživljanja prostega časa. Spremenjeno družbeno življenje v preteklih dveh letih je razvoj predšolskih otrok podvrglo visokim hipokinetičnim pogojem. Sedanje generacije predšolskih otrok so prve, ki bodo čutile in kazale posledice razvoja v znatno spreme-njenih evolucijskih pogojih v odnosu do sile težnosti. Hitra odzivnost predšolskih za-vodov v smislu namenjanja pozornosti gibanju v naravnih okoljih, ki prinaša pozitivne učinke na zmožnost prilagajanja sili težnosti, je z vidika preprečevanja negativnih posledic odraščanja v sedentarnih pogojih strokovno smiselna. Predstavitev vsebine: Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik (VAMK) in Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani sta preoblikovala obstoječa igrišča pri vrtcih z namenom optimizacije obogatenega zunanjega okolja, ki posnema značilnosti naravnega okolja cents (gozd). Tako na starem kot na prenovljenem igrišču enote VAMK smo v sodelovales nju z Inštitutom za kineziološke raziskave pri Znanstveno-raziskovalnem središču Ko-do a per izvedli raziskavo o količini in intenzivnosti gibalne/športne aktivnosti na obstoje-nd čem in prenovljenem igrišču. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 14 vrtčevskih otrok (starih od 3 do 5 let, 50 % dečkov). V prvem terminu so imeli 85-minutne nevodene aktiv-ldren ahi nosti na starem igrišču (reprezentativen primer igrišča, zasnovanega za potrebe pred-f c hodnih generacij (tobogan, peskovnik, ravna tla, itd.)). Leto dni pozneje pa so bile ne-o vodene aktivnosti ponovljene na novem igrišču, ki predstavlja obogateno in za otroke ealth stimulativnejše zunanje okolje. Pri tem so otroci uporabljali merilnik pospeška (wG- | h T3X-BT, Actigraph, USA), nameščen na desnem boku, ki je beležil njihovo gibalno aktivnost (GA) v 15-sekundnih epohah. Po opravljenih meritvah smo izračunali celoku-stnikov pno gibalno aktivnost (sunki na minuto, cpm) in odstotke časa v gibalni neaktivnosti, lado nizki, srednji in visoki gibalni aktivnosti. Pri izračunu smo uporabili naslednje meje med n m posameznimi intenzivnostmi gibalne aktivnosti. Pri tem je bila meja gibalne neaktivno-k i sti določena pod 800 cpm, meja nizke intenzivnosti med 801 in 1680 cpm, srednje intro tenzivnosti med 1681 in 3368 cpm ter meja visoke intenzivnosti nad 3368 cpm. Poro- čali smo aritmetično sredino s standardnim odklonom in primerjavo med okoljema naredili s t-testom za odvisne vzorce in se odločali pri α = 0,010. zdravje o Sklepne ugotovitve: Na novem igrišču smo ugotovili 65,5 % (p = 0,014) večjo celokupno gibalno aktivnost, 9,1 % (p = 0,082) manj gibalne neaktivnosti, 7,6 % (p = 0,034) več časa srednje gibalne aktivnosti in 9,7 % (p = 0,063) daljši čas srednje in visoke gibalne aktivnosti, napram staremu igrišču. Glede na rezultate raziskave lahko potrdimo, da prenos značilnosti naravnega okolja v zasnovo igrišča pri vrtcih pozitivno vpliva na GA predšolskega otroka in posledično vpliva na preprečevanje negativnih posledic odra- ščanja v sedentarnih pogojih. Ključne besede: predšolski otroci, obogateno okolje, igrišča pri vrtcih, gibalna aktivnost 48 Environmental enrichment in the preschool period Tatjana Jakovljević1, Brigita Urbanija1, Zdenka Peklaj2 1 Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik, Kamnik, Slovenia 2 Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani, Slovenia Background and purpose: Modern generations of preschool children acquire developmental stages by a significant lack of spontaneous physical activity and increasingly high amount of the sedentary forms of leisure time activities. In respect to the general social changes in the past two years, when hypokinetic conditions were highly present, the current generations of preschool children are to be the first to feel the consequences of development in significantly changed evolutionary conditions as opposed to the wel -established patterns. In terms of preventing adverse consequences of growing up in sedentary environments, the most appropriate possible response of pre-school education professionals is to incorporate the positive effects of the force of gravity through the activation of the system promoting wel -balanced motorial behavior in order to avoid negative consequences of growing up in sedentary conditions. Content presentation: The Vrtec Antona Medveda Kamnik (VAMK) Preschool Institution and the Vrtec pri OŠ Janka Modra, Dol pri Ljubljani Preschool Institution man-utho aged to refurbish the existing playgrounds for the purpose of optimizing an upgraded outdoor environment simulating natural features of the forest. In cooperation with nd y the Institute for Kinesiological Research, Koper Science and Research Center, we conducted a survey on the amount and intensity of physical/sports activities on the exist-hildren a ing as well as the adapted VAMK playground. Fourteen kindergarten children (aged 3 f c to 5 years, 50% boys) were included in the study. In the first session, they performed 85-minute free (non-guided) activities on the old playground (a representative example of a playground designed for the needs of previous generations (slide, sandpit, flat floor, etc.). A year later, non-guided activities on the new playground were carried in)activity o out again, which provides preschool children with more stimulating outdoor environment. Meanwhile, the children wore an accelerometer (wGT3X-BT, Actigraph, USA) hysical ( on their right side, which recorded their motor activity (GA) over 15-second epochs. Later, we calculated total motor activity (shocks per minute, cpm) and and percentages of time in motor inactivity, low, medium, and high motor activity. The fol owing lim-stnikov | p its between individual intensities of motor activity were used in the calculation, namely motor inactivity below 800 cpm, low intensity between 801 and 1680 cpm, medium lado intensity between 1681 and 3368 cpm and high intensity above 3368 cpm. We reportn mk i ed the arithmetic mean with standard deviation and made the comparison between tro the environments with the t-test for the dependent samples and decided at α = 0.010. st o Conclusions: At the new playground we found 65.5% (p = 0.014) higher total physical activity, 9.1% (p = 0.082) less physical inactivity, 7.6% (p = 0.034) more time of medium physical activity and 9.7% (p = 0.063) longer time of medium and high physical ac-ne)aktivno tivity, compared to the old playground. According to the results of the research, we can confirm that the transfer of the characteristics of the natural environment in the design of the playground in kindergartens has a positive effect on the GA of preschool gibalna ( children and consequently affects the prevention of negative consequences of growing up in sedentary conditions. Keywords: preschool children, environmental enrichment, kindergarten playgrounds, physical activity. 49 Zanesljivost Vprašalnika o spanju, sedenju in telesni dejavnosti med mladostniki Kaja Kastelic1,4, Petra Starbek2, Nejc Šarabon3,4 1 Univerza na Primorskem, Inštitut Andrej Marušič, Koper, Slovenija 2 Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenija 3 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija 4 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Količine udejstvovanja z različnimi gibalnimi in ne-gibalnimi vedenji skupno vplivajo na razvoj, zdravje in dobro počutje mladostnikov. Sodobne smernice združujejo priporočila, da naj mladostniki spijo 8 do 10 ur na noč, omejijo prostočasno rabo zaslonskih medijev na največ 2 uri na dan, ter da naj se ukvarjajo z zmerno-visoko intenzivno telesno dejavnostjo (ZVTD) vsaj 60 minut na dan. Namen naše študije je bil preveriti zanesljivost novega vprašalnika, ki omogoča oceno doseganja smernic za 24-urno gibalno vedenje med mladostniki. Metode: V raziskavi so sodelovali dijaki iz Slovenije. Preiskovance smo prosili naj izpol-nijo spletni Vprašalnik o spanju, sedenju in telesni dejavnosti (SST) ob dveh priložnostih in dodatna socio-demografska vprašanja. Z uporabo intraklasnega korelacijskega cents koeficienta (dvosmerni mešan model) in njegovim 95 % intervalom zaupanja (IZ) smo lesdo preverili absolutno strinjanje med prvim in drugim vprašalniškim zajemom količine a spanja, časa pred zasloni in ZVTD. Dodatno, uporabili smo Cohen-ov kappa in preve-nd rili strinjanje glede ocene doseganja smernic za 24-urno gibalno vedenje med prvim in drugim vprašalniškim zajemom. ldren ahi Rezultati: Zanesljivost vprašalnika smo preverjali na podlagi podatkov 58-ih preisko-f c vancev (starih med 15 in 18 let, 34 deklet). Intraklasni korelacijski koeficienti za spanje, o rabo zaslonov in ZVTD so bili 0.49 (95 % CI: 0.32, 0.63), 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.69, 0.85) in ealth 0.66 (95 % CI: 0.57, 0.78). Glede na drugi vprašalniški zajem, je bil delež mladostnikov, | h ki dosegajo priporočilo o spanju 34 %, o rabi zaslonov 42 % in o ZVTD 38 %. Le en preiskovanec (2 %) dosega vsa tri priporočila hkrati. Strinjanje glede ocene doseganja stnikov priporočil med prvim in drugim vprašalniškim zajemom je bilo za priporočilo o spanju 69 % (κ = 0.39, 95 % CI: 0.15, 0.62), o rabi zaslonov 77 % (κ = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.22, lado 0.81) in o ZVTD 88 % (κ = 0.75, 95 % CI: 0.58, 0.92). n mk i Razprava in zaključek: Naši rezultati so pokazali, da je zanesljivost vprašalnika SST za tro oceno mladostnikovega časa spanja zmerna, medtem ko je odlična za oceno prosto- časne rabe zaslonskih medijev in dobra za oceno količine udejstvovanja v ZVTD. Podobno je bilo ugotovljeno, da je zanesljivost glede ocene doseganja priporočil za spa-zdravje o nje, rabo zaslonov in ZVTD zmerna, srednja in znatna. Zanesljivost vprašalnika SST je primerljiva z zanesljivostjo drugih že uveljavljenih vprašalnikov o gibalnem vedenju. Ka-korkoli, vprašalnik SST je eden prvih vprašalnikov, ki omogoča vrednotenje 24-urnega gibalnega vedenja z uporabo enega vprašalnika, kar predstavlja njegovo pomembno prednost. Prihodnje študije bi morale preveriti še veljavnost vprašalnika SST med mladostniki. Ključne besede: 24-urno gibalno vedenje, epidemiologija porabe časa, priporočila za telesno dejavnost, dijaki 50 Reliability of Daily Activity Behaviours Questionnaire among adolescents Kaja Kastelic1,4, Petra Starbek2, Nejc Šarabon3,4 1 University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia 2 Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia 3 University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia 4 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Time spent in various movement and non-movement behaviours col ectively impact the development, health, and wel -being of adolescents. Modern guidelines recommend that adolescents should sleep for 8 to 10 hours per night, limit recreational screen time to no more than 2 hours per day and accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of novel questionnaire that enable to assess the adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines among adolescents. Methods: A convenience sample of Slovenian high-school students participated in our study. They were asked to complete a web-based Daily Activity Behaviours Questionnaire (DABQ) on two occasions and to provide a socio-demographic information. utho We evaluated absolute agreement between the test and re-test estimates of sleep, screen time, and MVPA using two-way mixed model intraclass correlation coefficients nd y and their 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Additional y, Cohen’s kappa was calculated to test the agreement between test and re-test adherence to the 24-hour movement hildren a guidelines. f c Results: Fifty-eight participants (aged 15 to 18 years, 34 females) provided data to estimate test-retest reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.49 (95 % CI: 0.32, 0.63), 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.69, 0.85), and 0.66 (95 % CI: 0.57, 0.78) for sleep, screen time, in)activity o and MVPA, respectively. Based on the re-test estimates, the proportion of adolescents that met sleep, screen time, and MVPA recommendations were 34 %, 42 %, and 38 %. Only a single participant (2 %) met all three recommendations. The test-retest hysical ( percentage agreement on adherence to sleep, screen time, MVPA, and all three recommendations were 69 % (κ = 0.39, 95 % CI: 0.15, 0.62), 77 % (κ = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.22, 0.81), and 88 % (κ = 0.75, 95 % CI: 0.58, 0.92), respectively. stnikov | p Discussion and conclusions: We found that test-retest reliability of DABQ to estimate lado adolescent’s sleep time is fair, while excel ent for screen time, and good for time spent n m in MVPA. Similarly, the test-retest reliability on adherence to sleep, screen time and k i MVPA recommendations were found to be fair, moderate, and substantial, respec-tro tively. Reliability of DABQ is comparable with reliability of other already established st o movement behaviours questionnaires. However, DABQ is one of the first questionnaires that enable assessment of 24-hour movement behaviours using a single questionnaire, which present its important advantage. Future studies should also examine ne)aktivno the validity of DABQ among adolescents. Keywords: 24-hour movement behaviours, time-use epidemiology, physical activity gibalna ( recommendations, high-school students 51 Vpliv učenja v naravi na zdravje učencev s posebnimi potrebami Mateja Kete Černe Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Članek se osredotoča na mladostnike z zmerno, težjo in težko motnjo v duševnem razvoju, z gibalno oviranostjo in pridruženimi motnjami. Predstavlja prednosti, slabosti, učinke učenja v naravi. Prikazano je delo z učenci v CIRIUS Vipava, zakaj smo začeli s tako obliko dela, do kje smo dejavnost razširili, kakšni so naši cilji in kaj smo ugotovili. Otroci in mladostniki s posebnimi potrebami so v življenju za marsi-kaj prikrajšani. Ne smemo dovoliti, da jim je prikrajšano tudi bivanje v naravi, ki predstavlja priložnost za razvoj, sprostitev, vir znanja in izkušenj. Bivanje v naravi predstavlja zdrav način življenja. Predstavitev vsebine: Narava je zakladnica učenja na vseh nivojih, v vseh življenjskih obdobjih. Narava je ustrezno terapevtsko in razvojno okolje, ki spodbuja razvoj možganov, krepi otrokove sposobnosti in zdravje ter počutje. Narava ima pozitivne učinke tudi na otroke s posebnimi potrebami, saj imajo prav ti učenci največ težav na podro- čjih, kjer ima narava pozitivne rezultate. Učenje izven učilnice izboljša koncentracijo, poveča ustvarjalnost, komunikacijske sposobnosti, sodelovanje pri delu v skupinah, cents poveča samozavest, samostojnost, razvija ljubezen do narave, razvija pozitiven od-lesdo nos do zdrave prehrane, poveča telesno kondicijo, krepi zdravje, zadovoljstvo, umir-a jenost in skrbi za dobro počutje. Učenje v naravi ima pozitivne rezultate pri otrocih z nd avtističnimi motnjami, ADHD, zmanjšuje napadalno, agresivno vedenje. Učenje izven učilnice nudi nove izkušnje, izzive tako za učenca kot tudi za učitelja. Narava je prostor ldren a vse-življenjskega učenja za vse ljudi, tudi na osebe s posebnimi potrebami, saj poskr-hif c bi za psihofizično kondicijo in zdravje. Narava nudi terapevtsko pomoč, socialno re-o habilitacijo, izobraževanje. Vedno gre za interakcijo elementov: narava, učitelj, posameznik, skupina. ealth| h Sklepne ugotovitve: Pri svojem delu smo ugotovili, da imajo učenci izredno radi tak na- čin dela, so radovedni, motivirani, bolj aktivni. Gre za večje medpredmetno povezo-stnikov vanje, bolj individualno delo zaradi večjega števila mentorjev, torej za bolj kvalitetno delo v primerjavi z delom v razredu. Med učitelji in vzgojitelji smo izvedli tudi anke-lado to o izvajanju učenja izven učilnice, kar nam je bila osnova za nadaljnje načrte. V CI-n mk i RIUS Vipava smo začeli s sistematičnim delom izven učilnice, ki sovpada z učnim na-tro črtom Prilagojenega program za predšolske otroke, Prilagojenega programa z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom in Posebnega programa vzgoje in izobraževanja. Le tako lahko zagotovimo kontinuirano delo izven učilnice, zato lahko vidimo napredke ter re-zdravje o zultate dela zunaj. Ključne besede: učenje v naravi, zdravje, učenci s posebnimi potrebami 52 Learning in nature and impact on the health of pupils with special needs Mateja Kete Černe Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: The article focuses on adolescents with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities combined with physical disabilities. It presents the advantages, disadvantages and effects of learning in nature. It shows how we work with students at CIRIUS Vipava, why we started with such a form of work, what our goals are and what are our findings. Children and adolescents with special needs are disadvantaged in life. We must not al ow them to be deprived of the experience of nature, which is an opportunity for development, relaxation, a source of knowledge and experience. Content presentation: Living in nature represents a healthy way of life at all stages of life. Nature is a therapeutic environment that promotes brain development and enhanc-es a child’s abilities, health and wel -being. These positive effects are even more pro-nounced when children with special needs are exposed to the therapeutic environment of the nature. Learning outside the classroom improves concentration, increases creativity, communication skil s, group participation, increases self-esteem, develops utho a love of nature develops positive attitudes towards healthy eating, increases physical fitness, improves health, satisfaction and wel -being. Learning in nature has positive re-nd y sults in children with autism disorders, ADHD, reduces aggressive behaviour. Teaching outside the classroom offers new experiences, chal enges for the student and the hildren a teacher. Nature is a place of lifelong learning for all people, including those with spe-f c cial needs, because it provides psychophysical fitness and health. Nature offers therapeutic assistance, social rehabilitation, education. It’s an interaction of nature, teacher, individual, group. in)activity o Conclusions: In our work we have found the students real y like this work, they are curious, motivated, more active. It is about better connection between school subjects, more individual work due to the increased number of teachers, more quality work hysical ( compared to classroom work. We have also carried out a survey among the teachers about the implementation of learning outside the classroom, which was the basis for further planning of lessons in nature. In CIRIUS Vipava we have started systemat-stnikov | p ic work outside the classroom, which is linked to the curriculum of the Adapted Pro-lado gramme for Pre-School Children, Adapted Program with Lower Educational Standard n m and Special Education Programme. This is the only way to ensure continuous work k i outside the classroom, so we can see the progress and results of the teaching outside. tro Keywords: teaching in nature, health, students with special needs st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 53 Izbira gibalnih vsebin in strojne opreme za razvoj video igre z gibalno vsebino Andrej Kocjan Univerza na Primorskem, Pedagoška fakulteta, Koper, Slovenija Uvod: Trend preživljanja prostega časa pred različnimi zasloni je med mladimi zelo raz- širjen. Dolgotrajno sedenje, nizka raven lokalne vzdržljivosti trupnih mišic in igranje video iger so nekateri dejavniki tveganja za pojav bolečine v ledvenem predelu hrbta (BSH) pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Z namenom motiviranja otrok za redno gibalno aktivnost, so se na trgu pojavile gibalne video igre (ang. exergames), cilj prispevka je opraviti pregled literature na področju gibalnih vsebin za povečanje stabilnosti trupa in pregled strojne opreme za učinkovito sledenje gibanja. Z namenom bolj natanč- ne določitve vadbenih vsebin, je bil drugi cilj ovrednotiti povezanost med največjo ja-kostjo trupa (v bočni in čelni ravnini) in uspešnostjo izvedbe testa stabilnosti ledvenega predela hrbta. Metode: Osredotočili smo se na bazo Pubmed ter članke objavljene leta 2010 in novej- še. V študijo povezanosti je bilo vključenih je bilo 9 preiskovancev, starih 20,4 ± 6,1 let, visokih 178,8 ± 6,1 centimetrov in težkih 70,8 ± 13,5 kilogramov. Preiskovanci so bili v cents povprečju gibalno aktivni tri krat tedensko. Za analizo povezanosti smo uporabili Spe-lesdo armanov korelacijski koeficient. and Rezultati: V analizo je bilo vključenih 40 člankov. Največja jakost tako v bočni kot v čel-ni ravnini ni značilno povezana s spremenljivko površine projekcije centra pritiska (r < 0,10, p > 0,79). ldren ahi Razprava in zaključek: Raziskovalci so enotni, da je uspešen preventivno-kurativni pri-f c o stop reševanja BSH sestavljen iz več faz. Pri pregledu strojne opreme so raziskovalci poudarili pomen zajemanja gibanja s senzorji brez markerjev, saj je njihova veljavnost ealth| h pri izvedbi enostavnih gibov, primerljiva z zlatim standardom. Ključne besede: otroci, mladostniki, sedenje, video igrice stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 54 Selection of movement and hardware content for exergame development Andrej Kocjan University of Primorska, Faculty of Education, Koper, Slovenia Introduction: The trend of spending leisure time in front of various screens is wide-spread among children and adolescents. Prolonged sitting, low level of local muscular endurance, and playing video games are some of the risk factors for low back pain development among children and adolescents. In order to motivate children for regular physical activity, exercise video games (exergames) have appeared on the market. The aim of this paper is to review the literature in the field of movement content to increase spine stability and hardware options for an effective motion tracking. In order to more accurately determine the game content, the second aim was to evaluate the correlation between maximal trunk strength (in the lateral and frontal planes) and the performance of the lumbar stability test. Methods: We focused on Pubmed database, where we searched articles published since 2010. The correlation study included nine healthy participants (age 20,4 ± 6,1 years, height 178,8 ± 6,1 centimetres, weight 70,8 ± 13,5 kilograms) who were phyisi-utho cal y active 3 times per week. We used Spearman coefficient for correlation analysis. nd y Results: 40 articles were included in the analysis. Maximal trunk strength in sagittal and frontal planes did not significantly correlate with total centre of pressure area (r < 0,10, p > 0,79). hildren af c Discussion and Conclusions: In general, researchers agreed that a successful preventive-curative approach to manage low back pain consists of several phases. In review-ing the hardware, the researchers stressed the importance of motion tracking with marker-less sensors, as their validity in performing simple movements is comparable in)activity o to the gold standard. Keywords: childrens, adolescents, sedentary lifestyle, exercise video games hysical ( stnikov | p lado n mk i tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 55 Terapevtske gibalne dejavnosti za otroke s posebnimi potrebami Klavdija Krušec1, Diana Batista1, Erna Žgur2, Tjaša Filipčič2 1 Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Terapevtske gibalne dejavnosti za otroke s posebnimi potrebami, na kratko Te-ra/Gib, je individualno zasnovan gibalni program za pridobivanje novih gibalnih spretnosti pri otrocih, mladostnikih in odraslih in je rezultat sodelovanja CIRIUS-a Vipava in Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani. Program Tera/GIB temelji na izbranih te-rapevtskih aktivnostih, ki vključujejo posnemanje gibanja dvanajstih živali, kače, gose-nice, raka, psa, mačke, žabe, zajca, konja, koale, slona, opice in žirafe. Za izbrane živali je značilna podobnost njihovega gibanja z gibalnimi vzorci, ki se pojavijo pri otroku v normalnem gibalnem razvoju. Upoštevali smo koncept razvojno nevrološke obravnave otrok (RNO koncept), na način, da smo spodbujali učinkovite vzorce gibanja, upo- števali kronološki razvoj gibanja in posameznika obravnavali celostno. Metode: Za raziskovalne namene projekta smo uporabili namenski vzorec. Vključili smo deset mladostnikov z intelektualnimi primanjkljaji (vsi so opredeljeni kot zmerna motnja v duševnem razvoju) ter drugimi pridruženimi primanjkljaji (5-Motnja avtistič- cents nega spektra, 3-Downov sindrom, 1-sindrom Ruvacaba). Sodelovalo je šest posame-lesdo znikov moškega spola in štiri posameznice ženskega spola, v starosti od 15 do 24 let. a Aktivnost je trajala 3 mesece. Udeleženci so gibalni program Tera/GIB izvedli enkrat nd tedensko. Gibanja so sledila stopnjevanju zahtevnosti, prehajanju iz položaja v položaj, zadrževanju posameznega položaja in razvoju variabilnosti gibanja v posameznem po-ldren a ložaju. Opravili smo inicialno in finalno testiranje, v začetku marca 2021 in konec maja hif c 2021. Za merjenje gibalnih sposobnosti smo izbrali teste, ki so v predhodnih raziska-o vah pokazali ustrezno veljavnost in zanesljivost. Merili smo sedem sposobnosti, in sicer skok v daljino z mesta, modificiran predklon, hojo po ravni črti, hojo nazaj v opo-ealth| h ri po vseh štirih, stojo na eni nogi, dotikanje prstov rok za hrbtom in agilnost. Po vsaki aktivnosti smo s prilagojeno VAS lestvico merili počutje. S prilagojeno VAS lestvico, so mladostniki označili sliko obraza, ki je najbolj ustrezalo njihovemu počutju (smešen, stnikov nevtralen, vesel obraz). Druga stran lestvice je numerična označena od 1 do 10 in te-lado rapevt je odčital pripadajočo numerično oceno. n mk i Rezultati: Povprečne vrednosti pri drugem testiranju so bile večje, t-test pa je pokazal tro statistično pomembno razliko pri modificiranem testu sede, gibljivosti v ramenskem obroču in pri testu agilnosti. Z oceno počutja po dejavnosti, smo ugotovili, da je bila večina udeležencev (7 od 10) z izvedbo dejavnosti zadovoljna, dobro so se počutili in zdravje o bili primerno razpoloženi. Razprava in zaključki: Ugotovili smo, da je aktivnost Tera/GIB primerna za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti. Otrokom in mladostnikom je omogočila, da so pridobili na zavedanju telesa, dobri drži, variabilnosti gibanja, občutku svobode in uresničili željo po gibanju. Posnemanje gibanja živali je spodbudilo razmišljanje o načinu, organizaciji, mehkobi in estetiki gibanja. Naslednja ugotovitev projekta je nakazala, da lahko udeleženci izbrana gibanja izvedejo v različnih okoljih, doma, na stadionu, na igrišču, itd. Udeleženci projekta so nove oblike gibanja sprejeli in izvajali z navdušenjem. Ključne besede: gibanje živali, fizioterapija, gibalna učinkovitost, razvojno nevrološka obravnava 56 Therapeutic movement activities for children with special needs Klavdija Krušec1, Diana Batista1, Erna Žgur2, Tjaša Filipčič2 1 Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Therapeutic Movement Activities for Children with Special Needs, Tera/ GIB for short, is an individual y designed movement program for children, adolescents and adults to acquire new movement skil s. It is the result of col aboration between CIRIUS Vipava and the Faculty of Pedagogy at the University of Ljubljana. The Tera/ GIB program is based on selected therapeutic activities involving imitation of movements of twelve animals, a snake, a caterpil ar, a crayfish, a dog, a cat, a frog, a rabbit, a horse, a koala, an elephant, a monkey and a giraffe. The selected animals are characterized by the similarity of their movements to the movement patterns that occur in a child during normal motor development. We have fol owed the approach of neurode-velopmental treatment of children (NDT) in a way that encourages efficient movement patterns, takes into account the chronological development of movement and treats the individual holistically. Methods: We used a purposive sample. We included ten adolescents with intel ectu-utho al (all participants are defined as moderate intel ectual disability) and other associated deficits (5-Autism Spectrum Disorder, 3-Down Syndrome, 1- Ruvacaba Syndrome), nd y six male and four female, aged between 15 and 24. The activity lasted three months. Participants executed the Tera/GIB exercise program once a week. The movements hildren a fol owed the progression of difficulty, movement from position to position, holding a f c position and development of the variability of movements in each position. We carried out initial and final testing, at the beginning of March 2021 and at the end of May 2021. We chose tests that had shown adequate validity and reliability in previous research. We measured seven skil s: long jump from a standing position, modified forward bend, in)activity o straight line walk, backward braced walk on all fours, standing on one leg, touching the fingers of the hands behind the back and agility. After each activity we used VAS scale hysical ( to measure wel -being. With a customized VAS scale, participants mark the image of the face that best suits their wel -being (funny, neutral, happy face). The other side of the scale is numbered from 1 to 10. Therapist read number which belongs to the nu-stnikov | p merical grade. lado Results: The mean values of the second tests were higher and the t-test showed a stan m tistical y significant difference for the modified sit test, shoulder flexibility and agility k i test. In the post-activity wel being assessment, we found that the majority of partici-tro pants (7 out of 10) were satisfied with the activity, felt good and exhibited good mood. st o Disscusion and conclusions: We found that the Tera/GIB activity is suitable for developing motor skil s. It enabled participants to gain body awareness, good posture, variability of movement, a sense of freedom and a desire to move. The imitation of animal ne)aktivno movement stimulated thinking about the manner, organization, softness and aesthet-ics of movement. Another finding of the project was that participants can perform the selected movements in different environments, at home, in a stadium, on a play-gibalna ( ground, etc. The participants accepted and implemented the new forms of exercise with enthusiasm. Keywords: animal movement, physiotherapy, motor efficiency, developmental neurological treatment 57 Statična posturalna stabilnost: razlike med gimnastičarkami in gimnastičarji Dragan Marinkovic1, Dusan Djordjevic2, Dejan Madic1, Milos Paunovic2, Danilo Radanovic1, Petar Velickovic2, Mima Stankovic2, Andrea Aleksic2 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University of Nis, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Nis, Serbia Uvod: Gimnastika je šport, ki zahteva dober občutek za položaj in gibanje telesa v prostoru ter visoko posturalne stabilnosti (PS). Čeprav so vadbene vsebine različnih gimnastičnih disciplin podobne, med spoloma obstajajo določene razlike v smislu ravnotežja, stabilnosti in posturalne kontrole. Cilj naše raziskave je ugotoviti, ali obstajajo razlike v statični posturalni stabilnosti med gimnastičarkami in gimnastičarji. Metode: Vzorec je sestavljalo 64 gimnastičarjev (20 deklic in 44 dečkov; starost 13,2 ± 3,6 let; teža 44,8 ± 13,13 kg; višina 152,9 ± 13,1 cm), ki redno sodelujejo in tekmu-jejo v različnih gimnastičnih disciplinah. Preverjali smo statično posturalno stabilnost v sonožni in enonožni stoji na tenziometrični plošči. Udeleženci so izvedli 3 posku-se 30-sekundne stoje (oba pogoja) z 2-minutnim premorom med vsakim poskusom. Spremenljivke PS so bile določene s serijo sistematičnih analiz površine in nihanja sre-cents dišča pritiska (COP) v medio-lateralni in anteriorno-posteriorni smeri. lesdo Rezultati: Multivariatna analiza variance je pokazala statistično značilne razlike med and spoloma v parametrih PS (p<0,001). Vrednosti statične PS so bile značilno boljše pri gimnastičarkah (p<0,05), in sicer v sonožni stoji v anteriorno-posteriorni smeri (es = 0,7; p < 0,0001); Površina COP desne noge (es = 0,79; p < 0,0001) in nihanje tež- ldren ahi išča v medio-lateralni smeri (es = 1,0; p < 0,0001) kot tudi površina COP leve noge f c (es = 0,83; p < 0,0001), nihanje težišča leve noge v anterio-posteriorni (es = 0,55; p < o 0,0001) in medio-lateralni smeri (es = 1,08; p < 0,0001) (enosmerna analiza variance). ealth Nihanje COP v sonožni stoji v medio-lateralni smeri ter nihanje COP desne noge v an- | h terio-posteriorni smeri se med spoloma ni razlikovalo. Razprava in zaključki: Statistične analize so pokazale značilne razlike med gimnastičar-stnikov ji in gimnastičarkami, ugotovitve te študije pa kažejo, da imajo gimnastičarke boljšo PS lado v primerjavi s svojimi vrstniki. Prejšnje raziskave so pokazale, da ženske, ki se ukvar-n m jajo z gimnastiko, kažejo boljši PS v različnih pogojih v primerjavi z moškimi. Vadbene k i vsebine različnih gimnastičnih disciplin so podobne, vendar obstajajo nekatere razlike tro med ženskimi in moškimi disciplinami. Vadba ženske gimnastike teži k popolnemu izvajanja sestav na gredi, preskoku, dvovišinski bradlji in parterju, ki imajo drugačne ravnotežne zahteve. zdravje o Ključne besede: gimnastika, ravnotežje, vadba, posturalna stabilnost 58 Static postural stability: differences between male and female gymnasts Dragan Marinkovic1, Dusan Djordjevic2, Dejan Madic1, Milos Paunovic2, Danilo Radanovic1, Petar Velickovic2, Mima Stankovic2, Andrea Aleksic2 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University of Nis, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Nis, Serbia Introduction: Gymnastics is a sport that requires a great sense of body awareness, perception and high level of postural stability (PS). Although the training regimens of the gymnastic disciplines are similar, there are some differences between genders in term of balance, stability and postural control. Therefore, the aim of our study is to determine whether there is a difference in static postural stability between male and female gymnasts. Methods: The study sample comprised of 64 gymnasts (20 girls & 44 boys; age 13.2 ± 3.6 years; weight 44.8±13.13 kg; height 152.9±13.1 cm), who regularly participate and compete in different gymnastics disciplines. Static postural stability in double and single leg stance was assesses with a Force plate. Participants performed 3 trials of a 30-second test with a 2-minute break between each trial. The fol owing PS parame-utho ters were determined through a series of systematic analyses of the center of pressure (COP) surface and oscil ation in medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. nd y Results: A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences on general level between male and female in PS parameters (p<0.001). The values of static PS hildren a were significantly better in female gymnasts (p<0.05) in Double leg Anterior-poste-f c rior oscil ation (es = 0.7; p < 0.0001); Right Leg COP surface (es = 0.79; p < 0.0001) and Right Leg Medio-lateral oscil ation (es = 1.0; p < 0.0001) as well in Left Leg COP surface (es = 0.83; p < 0.0001), Left Leg Anterior-posterior oscil ation (es = 0.55; p in)activity o < 0.0001), Left Leg Medio-lateral oscil ation (es = 1.08; p < 0.0001) as determined by one-way analysis of variance. However, in Double Leg COP surface, Double Leg Medio-lateral oscil ation and Right Leg anterior-posterior oscil ation no differences be-hysical ( tween genders were detected. Discussion and conclusions: The statistical analyses identified differences between the stnikov | p male and female gymnasts and findings of this study indicate that female gymnasts have better PS compared to their male peers. Previous research has shown that females en-lado gaged in gymnastic exhibit better PS in various conditions compared to males. Train-n m ing routine of the gymnastic disciplines are similar, however there are some distinc-k i tions between genders. Female gymnastics training leads to perfect performance of tro the routines on the balance beam, vault, uneven bars, and floor. st o Keywords: gymnastics, balance, exercise, postural stability ne)aktivno gibalna ( 59 Učinek vadbe moči vdišnih mišic na ohranjanje plavalnih sposobnosti Matija Maršič1, Matej Plevnik2 1 Zdravstveni dom Izola, Center za krepitev zdravja, Izola, Slovenija 2 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakuteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Plavanje, predvsem tekmovalno, predstavlja za dihalne mišice enega izmed največjih izzivov. V vodoravnem položaju so mišice šibkejše, hidrostatski tlak zahteva ve- čjo silo mišic pri vdihu, poleg tega pa dihalne mišice sodelujejo pri stabilizaciji trupa med plavanjem. Omejen čas za vdih pomeni še dodaten izziv. Namen naše raziskave je bil preveriti, ali vadba vdišnih mišic vpliva tudi na ohranjanje plavalnih sposobnosti v času plavalnega premora. Metode: V raziskavi so sodelovali študentje prvega letnika programa Aplikativne kine-ziologije (n = 19), ki so bili razdeljeni v intervencijsko (n = 11) in kontrolno skupino (n = 8). V sklopu študijskega predmeta, so bili vključeni v program enajstdnevnega tečaja plavanja, po katerem smo opravili prve meritve. Druge meritve so bile izvedene deset dni po koncu tečaja. V vmesnem času je intervencijska skupina dvakrat dnevno izvajala vadbeni program za izboljšanje moči vdišnih mišic s pripomočkom Powerbreathe Plus. cents Med tem nihče od preiskovancev ni izvajal plavalnega treninga. lesdo Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali trend izboljšanja rezultata v maksimalni vdišni moči, to-and ku, testu tolerance na CO2 in zadrževanju diha po sproščenem izdihu (Buteykov test). Neznačilno se je izboljšal tudi rezultat zadrževanja diha pod vodo. Značilen učinek ča-sa se je pokazal pri testih plavanja od 50–100 m in 0–100 m. Pri obeh testih se je re-ldren ahi zultat poslabšal tako pri intervencijski kot pri kontrolni skupini, a smo zaznali pomem-f c ben trend, in sicer se je v obeh testih pri kontrolni skupini čas plavanja bolj podaljšal o kot pri intervencijski. ealth| h Razprava in zaključki: V pregledani literaturi smo ugotovili, da hkratna vadba vdišnih mi- šic v trajanju vsaj štiri tedne, v večini primerov vpliva na izboljšanje dihalnih funkcij in rezultatov v različnih športnih disciplinah. Glede na rezultate naše raziskave, in pregle-stnikov dano literaturo, lahko povzamemo, da vadbeni program krepitve vdišnih mišic v ob-lado dobju brez plavalnospecifičnega treninga kaže trend pozitivnega učinka na ohranjanje n m plavalnega rezultata. k i Ključne besede: dihanje, vadba, plavanje, podpora tro zdravje o 60 The effect of inspiratory muscle training on the maintenance of swimming abilities Matija Maršič1, Matej Plevnik2 1 Health center Izola, Health promotion center, Izola, Slovenia 2 University of Primorska, Faculty of health sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Swimming, especial y competitive, is one of the biggest chal enges for the respiratory muscles. Muscles are weaker in the horizontal position, the hydrostat-ic pressure requires greater muscle force during inhalation, in addition the respiratory muscles are also involved in stabilizing the torso during swimming. Limited breathing time is an additional chal enge. The purpose of our study was to examine weather respiratory muscle exercise also affects the maintenance of swimming abilities during a swimming break. According to the literature, increasing the strength of the inspiratory muscles has a major impact on improving respiratory and swimming efficiency and performance. Methods: The study involved first-year students of the Aplied kinesiology program (n = 19, age: 19.7 ± 0.9 years), who were divided into an intervention group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 8). They were included in the program of an eleven-day swimming utho course, after which we performed the first measurements. The second measurements were performed ten days after the end of the course. In the intervening period, none nd y of the subjects performed any swimming training. The intervention group conducted an inspiratory muscle training program twice a day with the Powerbreathe Plus device. hildren a Results: The results showed a trend of improving the results in maximal inspiratory f c strength, maximal inspiratory flow, test of CO2 tolerance, breath holding after a relaxed exhalation (Buteyko test) and in under water breathe holding test. A statistical-ly significant effect of time was shown in the 50-100 m and 0-100 m swimming test. In in)activity o both tests the result deteriorated in the intervention and control group, but a significant trend was shown. Namely, in both tests the swimming time in the control group was longer than the swimming time in the intervention group. hysical ( Discussion and conclussion: In the literature reviewed, we found that simultaneous exercises of specific sports and inspiratory muscles for at least four weeks, in most cases, stnikov | p affect the improvement of respiratory functions and results in various sports. Based on the results of our research and the literature reviewed, we can conclude that the lado inspiratory muscle training in the period without swimming-specific training shows a n m trend of positive effect on maintaining swimming results. k i tro Keywords: breathing, exercise, swimming, support st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 61 Razlike v poročanju telesne dejavnosti med različno zmogljivimi mladostniki Kaja Meh, Jerneja Premelč, Gregor Jurak Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Zaznavanje intenzivnosti telesne dejavnosti (TD) je zelo subjektivno, saj se po-vezuje z zaznavo lastnega telesa, razumevanjem in poznavanjem telesa, dojemanjem fizioloških odzivov telesa ter s samim razumevanjem koncepta TD in njene intenzivnosti. Za merjenje TD se tudi pri mladostnikih pogosto uporabljajo vprašalniki, ki pa so primerni za uporabo po 11. letu starosti, ko otroci lahko dovolj razumejo koncept TD. Posameznikova zaznava intenzivnosti TD je povezana z zaznavo napora, ki pa je povezan s telesno zmogljivostjo posameznika. S tem namenom smo preverili, ali prihaja do razlik v samoporočanju TD med različno zmogljivimi mladostniki. Metode: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 118 učencev iz 9 slovenskih osnovnih šol. Vzorec je sestavljalo 48 fantov in 60 deklet, starih od 11 do 14 let (12,4 ± 1,1). Za merjenje TD smo uporabili triosni pospeškometer UKK RM42, ki so ga udeleženci nosili 24 ur dnevno en teden. Po tednu dni nošenja pospeškometra so udeleženci samoporočali o TD cents z uporabo vprašalnika SHAPES (The School Health Action, Planning, and Evaluation les System), njihovo telesno zmogljivost pa smo izmerili s tekom na 600m. Na podlagi re-do a zultatov telesne zmogljivosti smo vzorec razdelili na tretjine in ustvarili skupine: nizko nd zmogljivi (NZ), srednje zmogljivi (SZ) in visoko zmogljivi (VZ). Rezultati: Med TD izmerjeno s pospeškometrom in z vprašalnikom SHAPES je prihaja-ldren ahi lo do pomembnih razlik. Merjenci so bili zmerno do visoko telesno dejavni 97,8 ± 35,6 f c min. Na podlagi vprašalnika so svojo dejavnost ocenili na 117,3 ± 55,7 minut. Ne glede o na skupine telesne zmogljivosti je bilo največ razlik pri poročanju intenzivne TD, kjer ealth so merjenci poročali o 298% večji TD, kot je bila izmerjena s pospeškometrom. Naj- | h večje in statistično značilne razlike med skupinami telesne zmogljivosti so prav tako bi-le pri poročanju intenzivne TD (p = 0,51): pri čemer so NZ poročali precej več od SZ stnikov in VZ, kjer so bile razlike med nizko zmogljivimi posamezniki in preostalima skupina-lado ma statistično značilne. n m Razprava in zaključki: Pri uporabi vprašalnikov za spremljanje TD prihaja do poročanja k i o več TD, kot jo izmerijo pospeškometri, pri tem pa prihaja do večjih in statistično zna-tro čilnih razlik med različno zmogljivimi posamezniki. Pri najmanj zmogljivih posameznikih prihaja do največje razlike med izmerjeno in samoporočano TD. V primerjavi z bolj zdravje o zmogljivimi vrstniki smo pri njih s pospeškometrom izmerili najmanj TD, razlika med izmerjeno in samoporočano TD pa je bila največja. Ker so različne intenzivnosti TD v vprašalnikih opisane z različnimi fiziološkimi odzivi telesa, je poročanje o TD odvisno od razumevanja teh opisov. Hkrati pa so manj zmogljivi posamezniki prej zadihani in se hitreje utrdijo, ker so manj telesno dejavni. Predvidevamo, da je zaradi tega njihovo samoporočanje o telesni dejavnosti manj veljavno in prihaja do večjih razhajanj med izmerjeno TD in njihovim poročanjem, kar je potrebno upoštevati pri uporabi vprašalnikov in njihovem vrednotenju. Ključne besede: mladostniki, samoporočanje, vprašalnik telesne dejavnosti, veljavnost, merske značilnosti, gibalne sposobnosti 62 Differences in physical activity self-reporting among differently fit adolescents Kaja Meh, Jerneja Premelč, Gregor Jurak University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Perception of physical activity (PA) intensity is subjective, as it is strongly connected to perception of one’s body, knowing and understanding the body, understanding physiological responses of the body and understanding the concept of PA and PA intensity. PA questionnaires are usual y used for PA measurement in adolescents, but their use is appropriate only for children above the age of 11, when concept of PA is ful y developed. Perception of PA intensity is connected to perception of physiological responses to physical strain, which is connected to adolescents’ physical fitness and PA. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine, if there are differences in self-reported PA between adolescents in different fitness groups. Methods: 118 pupils from 9 Slovene primary schools were included; 48 boys and 60 girls, aged 11 to 14 years (12,4 ± 1,1). Triaxial accelerometer UKK RM42 was used for PA measurement, that participants wore 7 days for 24 hours. The School Health Action, Planning, and Evaluation System (SHAPES) was used as a PA self-report tool and utho physical fitness was assessed with 600m run. Based on the 600m run results we split the sample in three equal parts and have created physical fitness groups: low fitness nd y group (LF), intermediate fitness group (IF) and high fitness group (HF). Results: We found significant differences between accelerometer measured PA and hildren a self-reported PA. The participants were moderately to vigorously active (MVPA) for f c 97,8 ± 35,6 min. With the SHAPES questionnaire they self-reported their MVPA 117,3 ± 55,7 min per day. Between all 3 groups, Vigorous PA was the most overreported intensity, 298% more compared to accelerometer. Furthermore, we found the largest in)activity o discrepancies between groups in vigorous intensity PA (p = 0,51): LF had more overreporting compared to IF and HF and the differences were statistical y significant. hysical ( Discussion and conclusions: When using PA questionnaires for assessing the volume and intensity of the PA, overreporting is commonly observed. In this study, we found statistical y significant differences in overreporting between groups of children with dif-stnikov | p ferent fitness levels. We measured the lowest amount of PA among LF participants, but the difference between self-reported and measured PA was the largest, compared lado to the other two groups. As PA intensities in questionnaires are described using de-n m scriptions of physiological responses to strain, individuals understanding of them af-k i fects their reporting. Less fit children experience heavy breathing sooner since they tro are less active. This might be the reason for larger differences in measured and self-re-st o ported PA and lower validity of PA self-report in LF, which should be considered in future research. Keywords: adolescents, self-report, physical activity questionnaires, validity, measure-ne)aktivno ment characteristics, motor abilities gibalna ( 63 Prvi koraki v gibalno-športne aktivnosti Kristina Mohorčič Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Gibanje in športno-gibalne aktivnosti so pomembne celotno življenje. Učenje gibanja je za večino otroške populacije enostavno in pridobljeno vzpo-redno z vsakodnevnimi dejavnostmi. Za otroke z motnjo v duševnem razvoju, ki so ena izmed podskupin otrok, s posebnimi potrebami pa predstavlja gibanje vsakodnevno učenje z večkratnimi ponovitvami in minimalnim napredkom. Napredek je viden v daljšem časovnem obdobju. Zato je vloga ali naloga ljudi, ki delamo z otroci s posebnimi potrebami, da jim gibanje in športne aktivnosti približamo in prilagodimo njihovim potrebam in sposobnostim. V članku bo predstavljeno delo na področju gibalno-športnih aktivnosti pri predšolskih otrocih z motnjo v duševnem razvoju ter pri otrocih z več motnjami v naši ustanovi. Predstavitev vsebine: V CIRIUS Vipava že več let izvajamo program Mladi športnik, ki v Sloveniji poteka pod okriljem Specialne olimpiade Slovenije. Program je namenjen otrokom z in brez motenj v duševnem razvoju od drugega do sedmega leta starosti. Program vključuje osem gibalnih spretnosti: osnovne motorične spretnosti, hoja in cents tek, ravnotežje in skoki, odbijanje in lovljenje, metanje, udarjanje, brcanje, sestavlje-lesdo ne spretnosti. Vzporedno otroci razvijajo motorične, socialne in kognitivne spretno-a sti. Otroci s pomočjo aktivne igre, pesmi in prilagojenih gibalnih dejavnosti spoznajo, nd se učijo in osvojijo temeljne gibalne elemente. Ti temeljni gibalni elementi v nadaljnjem otrokovem življenju pomenijo prvi korak v svet športnih aktivnosti. ldren ahi Sklepne ugotovitve: Program Mladi športnik spodbuja vključevanje predšolskih otrok in f c njihovih družin v gibanje specialne olimpiade in integracijo na področju gibalno-šporo tnih aktivnosti v širše socialno okolje. V naši ustanovi smo v program vadbe vključi-ealth li otroke iz prilagojenega programa za predšolske otroke in otroke iz Otroškega vrtca | h Vipava. Pri otrocih s posebnimi potrebami je pomembno, da začnemo z gibalno-športnimi aktivnostmi dovolj zgodaj, saj le te pozitivno vplivajo na kvaliteto življenja ne sa-stnikov mo v otroštvu ampak tudi kasneje v času mladostništva in v odrasli dobi. lado Ključne besede: otroci s posebnimi potrebami, gibanje, športna aktivnost n mk i tro zdravje o 64 First steps in physical and sports activities Kristina Mohorčič Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpouse: Movement and physical and sports activities are important throughout life. Learning to move is easy for the majority of children and is acquired in paral el with daily activities. For mental y handicapped children, which are one of the subgroups of children with special needs, movement means daily learning with multiple repetitions and minimal progress. Progress is visible over a longer period of time. Therefore, the role or task of people who work with children with special needs is to bring their movement and sports activities closer to them and to adapt these activities to their needs and abilities. The article will present work in the field of physical and sports activities in preschool mental y handicapped children and children with multiple disabilities in our institution. Content presentation: For several years, CIRIUS Vipava has been implementing the Young athlets program, which takes place in Slovenia under the auspices of the Special Olympics Slovenia. The program is aimed at children with and without intel ectual disabilities from the age of two to seven. The program includes eight movement skil s: utho foundational skills, walking and running, balance and jumping, trapping and catching, throwing, striking, kicking, and advanced sport skil s. In paral el, children develop mo-nd y tor, social and cognitive skil s. Through active play, songs, and adapted movement activities children get to know, learn and conquer the basic movement elements. These hildren a fundamental motor skil s in the child’s future life represent the first step into the world f c of sports activities. Conclusions: The Young athletes program promotes the inclusion of preschool children and their families in the Special Olympics movement and the integration of physical in)activity o and sports activities into the wider social environment. In our institution, we included children from the adapted program for preschool children and children from the Vipava Kindergarten in the exercise program. For children with special needs, it is impor-hysical ( tant to start physical and sports activities early enough, as they have a positive impact on the quality of life not only in childhood but also later in adolescence and adulthood. stnikov | p Keywords: children with special needs, movement, sports activity lado n mk i tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 65 Vloga mišične in maščobne mase pri izražanju eksplozivne moči otrok v predšolskem obdobju Miran Muhič1, Klavdija Rančnik2 1 Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta, Maribor, Slovenija 2 Vrtec Velenje, Velenje, Slovenija Uvod: Motorični razvoj, motorične sposobnosti in raven telesne pripravljenosti pri otrocih so močan biomarker zdravja že od zgodnjega otroštva. Za oceno motorič- nih sposobnosti in telesne pripravljenosti pri majhnih otrocih v šolah in športnih klu-bih so potrebni praktični in enostavni testi. Eksplozivna moč je opredeljena kot sposobnost izvajanja največjega napora v najkrajšem možnem času. Najpogostejši test za eksplozivno moč nog je skok v daljino z mesta. Telesna sestava pomembno vpliva na motorične sposobnosti ter posledično na motorični razvoj in na zdravstveni status. Z raziskavo želimo ugotoviti, kakšna je vloga mišične in maščobne mase pri izražanju eksplozivne moči pri otrocih v predšolskem obdobju glede na njihov status telesne teže. Metode: Za pridobivanje podatkov je bila uporabljena kavzalna neeksperimentalna metoda. Vzorec predstavljajo 5-6 let stari otroci obeh spolov, razdelejen v tri skupine otrok na osnovi indeksa telesne mase (WHO BMI for age 5-19 years). Izmerjena je cents bila eksplozivna moč nog s testoma skok v daljino z mesta in skok z nasprotnim giba-lesdo njem na ARS ravnotežni plošči. Mišična in maščobna masa je bila izmerjena z analiza-a torjem telesne sestave Tanita DC 430-MA. Za primerjavo rezultatov med skupinami nd uporabljena ANOVA (Eta squared/Efect Size), za razlike med skupinami je bila izraču-nana Pearsonov korelacijski koeficient. ldren ahi Rezultati: Otroci skupine normalna telesna teža so dosegli najboljše rezultate na testih f c eksplozivne moči nog, otroci skunine debelost pa najslabše rezultate. Vendar pa razli-o ke med skupinami niso statistrično značilne (p > 0,05), velikost učinka je srednja (η2 < ealth 1,28). Stopnja povezanosti ekxplozivne moči in mišične mase je največja v skupini nor- | h malna teža (r = -0,337; p < 0,05), stopnja povezanosti eksplozivne moči in maščobne mase je največja v skupini prekomerna telesna teža (r = 0,847; p > 0,05). stnikov Razprava in zaključki: Zmanjšanje deleža maščobne mase v telesu in povečanje dele-lado ža mišične mase v predšolskem obdobju je pomembno za dobro razvito eksplozivno n m moč. Otrokom je potrebno ponuditi dovolj gibalnih/športnih dejavnosti, ki vključuje-k i jo skoke in teke. tro Ključne besede: mišična masa, telesna sestava, eksplozivna moč, predšolski otroci zdravje o 66 The role of muscle and fat mass in the expression of explosive power in preschool children Miran Muhič1, Klavdija Rančnik2 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Education, Maribor, Slovenia 2 Kindergarten Velenje, Velenje, Slovenia Introduction: Motor development, motor abilities, and physical fitness level in children are potent biomarkers of health from an early age. In order to assess motor abilities and physical fitness in young children practical and easy-to-perform tests are necessary. Explosive power is defined as the ability to perform a maximum effort in a min-imum amount of time. Body composition has a significant impact on motor skil s and consequently on motor development and health status. With this research we want to find out what the role is a muscle and fat mass in the expression of explosive power in preschool children according to their body weight status. Methods: A causal non-experimental method was used to obtain the data. The sample consists of 5-6 year old children of both gender (N=75), divided into three groups based on body mass index (WHO BMI for age 5-19 years) – Normalweight (N=54), Overweight (N=5) and Obesity (N=16). The explosive power of the legs was meas-utho ured with the motor test long jump from the site and the motor test counter movement jump tests on the ARS balance plate. Muscle and fat mass were measured with nd y a Tanita DC 430-MA body composition analyzer. ANOVA (Eta squared / Efect Size) was used to compare results between groups and Pearson correlation for differenc-hildren a es between groups. f c Results: Children in the normal body weight group achieved the best results on explosive power tests, and children in obesity group achieved the worst results. However, the differences between the groups are not statistical y significant (p>0.05), Eta in)activity o Squared was medium (η2 < 1.28). The degree of correlation between explosive power and muscle mass is the highest in the group normal weight group (r = -0.337; p < 0.05), the degree of correlation between explosive power and fat mass is the highest hysical ( in the overweight group (r = 0.847; p > 0.05). Discussion and conclusions: Reducing the proportion of fat mass in the body and increas-stnikov | p ing the proportion of muscle mass in the preschool period is important for wel -developed explosive power. Children need to be offered enough exercise and sports activ-lado ities, including jumping and running. n mk i Keywords: muscle mass, fat mass, explosive power, preschool children tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 67 Telesna zmogljivost slovenskih študentov z mersko baterijo SLOfit odrasli Tjaša Ocvirk, Jaka Kramaršič, Kaja Meh, Gregor Jurak Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: SLOfit odrasli je nadgradnja uveljavljenega nacionalnega sistema spremljave telesnega in gibalnega razvoja otrok in mladine – Športnovzgojnega kartona, ki omogo- ča vseživljenjsko spremljanje telesne zmogljivosti. Za odraslo populacijo so pripravlje-ne posebne merske naloge. V meritve smo v 2021 vključili tudi študente, ki lahko na ta način nadaljujejo spremljanje svoje telesne zmogljivosti iz šolskega obdobja. Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov smo želeli primerjati njihovo telesno zmogljivost z njihovi-mi vrstniki po svetu. Metode: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 86 zdravih merjencev (moških=46), starih od 18 do 22 let (x̄=20,44 ± 0,76 let). Znotraj meritev SLOfit odrasli smo najprej izvedli meritve obsega pasu, telesne mase in višine, nato pa so sledile gibalne merske naloge v naslednjem vrstnem redu: tek v osmici, stisk pesti, dotikanje plošče z roko in 6-minutni test hoje. cents Rezultati: Povprečen indeks telesne mase (ITM) (moški x̄=25,43 ± 13,70 kg/m2; ženles ske x̄=22,5 ± 4,40 kg/m2) in povprečen obseg pasu (moških x̄=83,13 ± 7,64 cm; žen-do ske x̄=75,91 ± 10,64 cm) sta pokazala normalno prehranjenost udeležencev v raziska-and vi. Rezultati stiska pesti moške (x̄=50,86 ± 9,74 kg) uvrščajo v najvišji kvartil, ženske (x̄=29,90 ± 4,31 kg) pa dosegajo rahlo nadpovprečne rezultate. Nadpovprečne rezultate so študenti dosegli tudi pri merskih nalogah tek v osmici (moški x̄= 5,67 ± 0,72 s; ldren ahi ženske x̄= 6,21 ± 0,61 s) in 6-minutni test hoje (moški x̄=744,68 ± 183,11 m ; ženske f c x̄=683 ±131,5 m). Pri testu dotikanje plošče z roko so ženske dosegle v povprečju ena-o ke rezultate kot slovenske 18-letnice (x̄=45,83 ± 4,77), moški pa so bili v primerjavi s ealth 18-letnimi dijaki za eno ponovitev boljši od povprečja (x̄= 49,50 ± 4,80). | h Razprava in zaključki: Slovenski otroci in mladostniki so v primerjavi s svojimi vrstniki po svetu bolj telesno zmogljivi, zato tudi primerjave na študentski populaciji ne pre-stnikov senečajo. Pri vseh gibalnih nalogah so tako moški kot ženske v našem vzorcu dosegali lado nadpovprečne rezultate v primerjavi z vrstniki iz drugih držav. Kljub temu, da so rezul-n m tati ITM pokazali nekoliko višje vrednosti pri moških, na podlagi dobrih rezultatov te-k i lesne zmogljivosti sklepamo, da so bili normalno prehranjeni, kar je pokazal tudi obseg tro pasu. Nekoliko višjo telesno težo pa lahko pripišemo večjemu odstotku mišične ma-se pri bolj zmogljivih posameznikih. Rezultate naloge dotikanje plošče z roko smo primerjali s povprečnimi rezultati dijakov zadnjih letnikov srednjih šol in ugotovili, da so zdravje o rezultati študentov primerljivi s povprečjem slovenskih srednješolcev in srednješolk. Glede na zadnjo študijo telesne zmogljivosti študentske populacije ugotavljamo, da je uporabljen vzorec pristranski, ugotovitev ne moremo posploševati. Hkrati pa ugotavljamo, da sistem SLOfit sedaj ponuja izjemno priložnost za redno spremljanje podatkov o telesni zmogljivosti študentov, tako na ravni posameznika kot populacije. Ključne besede: mladi, telesne značilnosti, razvoj, antropometrija, gibalne sposobnosti 68 Physical fitness of Slovenian students with the SLOfit adults fitness battery Tjaša Ocvirk, Jaka Kramaršič, Kaja Meh, Gregor Jurak Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija Introduction: SLOfit is an extension of established national surveil ance system for monitoring the physical and motor development of children and adolescents – Sports Educational Chart which enables lifelong monitoring of physical fitness. Specific measurement tasks have been developed for the adult population. In 2021 students have been included in the measurements which means they can continue monitoring their physical performance after high school. Based on the data col ected, we wanted to compare their physical fitness with their peers around the world. Methods: 86 perfectly healthy adults (male=46) aged between 18 and 22 (x̄=20,44 ± 0,76 let) were included in the study. Waist circumference, body mass and height were measured at baseline, fol owed by the motor tests: figure 8 running, hand grip strength, plate tapping and 6-minute walk test. Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) (men x̄=25,43 ± 13,70 kg/m2; women uth x̄=22,5 ± 4,40 kg/m2) and waist circumference (men x̄=81,03±8,18 cm; women o x̄=73,93±9,32 cm) showed that participants were in the healthy weight range. The re-nd y sults of the hand grip test put men (x̄=50,86 ± 9,74 kg) in the top quartile, while women (x̄=29,90 ± 4,31 kg) scored slightly above average. Students also performed above average on the figure 8 running (men x̄= 5,67 ± 0,72 s; women x̄= 6,21 ± 0,61 s) and hildren a 6-min walk test (men x̄=744,68 ± 183,11 m; women x̄=683 ±131,5 m). In the hand tap-f c ping test, females performed on average the same as 18-year-old women (x̄=45,83 ± 4,77), while males’ score was on average one repetition better compared to 18-year-old men (x̄= 49,50 ± 4,80). in)activity o Discussion and conclusions: Slovenian children and adolescents are more physical y fit compared to their peers around the world, hence results from the student popula-hysical ( tion are not surprising. Compared to peers around the world, both males and females in our sample performed above average in all motor tasks. Although the BMI results showed slightly higher values for men, excel ent physical performance results stnikov | p and waist circumference within the normal ranges suggest that they are in the healthy weight range. The slightly higher body weight can be attributed to the higher percent-lado age of muscle mass in participants that performed better in motor tasks. We com-n m pared the results of the hand-tapping task with the results of students in their final k i year of secondary school and found that performance was comparable in both groups. tro Considering the last study on students’ physical performance we conclude that the st o sample is biased, and the findings cannot be generalised. At the same time, we note that the SLOfit system now offers an excel ent opportunity to regularly monitor data on the physical performance of students, both at the individual and population level. ne)aktivno Keywords: youth, physical characteristics, development, anthropometry, motor skills gibalna ( 69 RED-simptomi pri mladih slovenskih športnikih Eva Peklaj1,2, Nina Reščič3, Barbara Koroušić Seljak3, Nada Rotovnik Kozjek4,5 1 Univerzitetni rehabilitacijski inštitut Republike Slovenije Soča, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 3 Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija 4 Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 5 Onkološki Inštitut, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Sindrom relativnega energijskega pomanjkanja v športu (RED-S) lahko ogro-zi več telesnih sistemov, kar ima negativen vpliv na zdravje kot na telesno zmogljivost. V našem delu smo raziskovali prevalenco simptomov, povezanih z RED-S pri slovenskih tekmovalnih športnikih. Posebno pozornost smo namenili mlajšim športnikom, kjer smo športnike adolescente (14-17 let) primerjali s starejšimi mladimi športniki (18-21 let). Metode: V retrospektivno raziskavo smo vključili 118 športnikov, starih od 14 do 21 let. Vključenih je bilo 61 žensk in 57 moških; od tega je bilo 84 športnikov mladih (14–17 let), 34 pa elitnih športnikov (18-21 let). Pridobljene podatke smo statistično analizirali. RED-S smo diagnosticirali s pomočjo orodja Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clicents nical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). lesdo Rezultati: Večina športnikov je imela vsaj en simptom povezan z RED-S; samo 7 špor-and tnikov je bilo brez znakov RED-S. Število ogroženih telesnih sistemov je bilo pri špor-tnicah (3,0 ± 0,2) bistveno večje v primerjavi s športniki (1,6 ± 0,2). Število ogroženih telesnih sistemov je signifikantno višje tudi pri športnikih adolescentih (2,6 ± 0,2) v pri-ldren ahi merjavi s starejšimi mlajšimi športniki (1,9 ± 0,2). Nadaljnja analiza je pokazala, da ima-f c jo adolescentne športnice najvišje število ogroženih telesnih sistemov in prav tako najo višje tveganje za razvoj RED-S. ealth| h Razprava in zaključki: Prevalenca z zdravjem povezanih simptomov RED-S pri mladih športnikih je zastrašujoča. Najbolj so ogrožene adolescentne športnice. Trenutne ugotovitve naše raziskave nakazujejo, da je potrebno v redne zdravstvene preglede stnikov športnikov vključiti tudi presejanje za simptome RED-S. Specifično in enostavno pre-lado sejalno orodje, ki nam bo omogočilo identifikacijo športnikov s prehransko ogroženon m stjo oziroma športnikov, ki imajo tveganje za razvoj RED-S znakov, je zato velikega po-k i mena in ga nameravamo razviti kot del našega nadaljnjega dela. tro Ključne besede: energijski primanjkljaj, mladi športniki, športniki v mladostništvu, zdravniški pregled zdravje o 70 RED-symptoms in young Slovenian athletes Eva Peklaj1,2, Nina Reščič3, Barbara Koroušić Seljak3, Nada Rotovnik Kozjek4,5 1 University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia Soča, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Bioteghnical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 4 University of Ljubljana, Medical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia 5 Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Relative Energy Deficiency Syndrome (RED-S) can threaten multiple body systems, negatively impacting both health and performance. Our work investigated the prevalence of REDS-related symptoms in Slovenian competitive athletes. We paid particular attention to younger athletes, comparing adolescent athletes (14-17 years old) with older young athletes (18-21 years old). Methods: We performed retrospective research based on a dataset of 118 Slovenian athletes aged 14 to 21 who had nutritional assessments as a part of their medical examination. Data were col ected, refined and statistical analysis was performed. Six-ty-one women and 57 men were included; 84 were classified as young athletes (14–17 years) and 34 as elite athletes (17-21 years). RED-S was diagnosed using the Relative utho Energy Deficiency Tool and the Sports Clinical Assessment Tool. nd y Results: Most athletes had at least one RED-S-related symptom; only seven athletes were without RED-S symptoms. The number of compromised body systems was significantly higher in female athletes (3.0 ± 0.2) compared to male athletes (1.6 ± 0.2). hildren a The number of compromised body systems is also significantly higher in adolescent f c athletes (2.6 ± 0.2) compared to older younger athletes (1.9 ± 0.2). Further analysis showed that adolescent female athletes have the highest number of compromised body systems and the highest risk of developing RED-S. in)activity o Discussion and Conclusions: The prevalence of health-related RED-S symptoms in young athletes is frightening. Adolescent athletes are most at risk. Current findings from our hysical ( research suggest that screening for RED-S symptoms should be included in regular medical examinations of athletes. Therefore, a specific and simple screening tool that will enable us to identify athletes with nutritional risk or athletes who are at risk of de-stnikov | p veloping RED-S signs is essential, and we intend to develop it as part of our further work. lado Keywords: energy deficiency, youth athletes, adolescent athletes, medical examination n mk i tro st o ne)aktivno gibalna ( 71 Gibalna neaktivnost postaja resen problem Ivo Perko Osnovna šola Dobje, Dobje pri Planini, Slovenija Uvod: Kar nekaj let že opažamo skromnejše dosežke otrok na gibalnem, vzdržljivo-stnem in na splošno na športnem področju. V zadnjem času je bilo izvedenih kar nekaj raziskav na področju gibalne aktivnosti otrok in kako vplivajo aktivnosti na samopodobo, učni uspeh itn. Kopova in Kikelova (2012) sta v svoji raziskavi katero sta opravljali na trinajstletnikih ugotovili, da med telesnimi značilnostmi, gibalnimi sposobnostmi ter samopodobo obstaja velik medsebojen vpliv. Vedul, Sigmundsson, Steindotter in Haga (2017), so glede na rezultate ugotovili in potrdili relacijo med gibalnimi in motoričnimi spretnostmi ter samopodobo, specifično splošno in telesno samopodobo ter športnimi kompetencami. Glede na vedno skromnejše rezultate športno vzgojnega kartona v Sloveniji, smo se odločili da izvedemo raziskavo, kjer smo poskušali ugotoviti ali je povezava med vzdržljivostjo in telesno samopodobo pomembna. Metode: Leta 2019 smo izvedli raziskavo, katere namen je bil ugotavljanje razlik v posameznih parametrih telesne samopodobe med nizko, srednje in visoko vzdržljivimi merjenci. S pomočjo Beep testa smo testirali sposobnosti aerobne vzdržljivosti, ozicents roma njihovo maksimalno porabo kisika. Za ugotavljanje telesne samopodobe mlado-lesdo stnikov smo uporabili prevod francoskega vprašalnika PSI-SF – The Physical SelfInven-a tory-short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, Florent idr., 2008), nd ter pridobili podatke, ki so nam pomagali pri oblikovanju ugotovitev na izbranem področju pri dečkih starih od 10 do 12 let. Anketni vprašalnik je bil razdeljen na šest sklo-ldren a pov in sicer splošno samopodobo, telesno samopodobo, vzdržljivost, športne kom-hif c petence, telesni videz in telesno moč. Vsak sklop je obsegal tri vprašanja na katera so o učenci odgovarjali s številsko lestvico od 1–6. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 218 otrok 2. triletja osnovnih šol Severovzhodnega dela Slovenije. ealth| h Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo dečki z nizko aerobno vzdržljivostjo tudi precej nižjo telesno samopodobo, kot tisti dečki, ki imajo visoko raven vzdržljivosti. Med stnikov srednje in visoko vzdržljivimi dečki razlik ni. Razliko smo opazili samo pri telesni moči, kjer so se rezultati minimalno razlikovali med merjenci nizke, srednje in visoke vzdržlji-lado vosti, saj so tudi tisti z nižjo vzdržljivostjo vrednotili telesno moč visoko. Iz rezultatov n mk i lahko torej razberemo, da vzdržljivost močno vpliva na telesno samopodobo merjen-tro cev, saj imajo višjo samopodobo prav tisti merjenci z višjo vzdržljivostjo. Zaključek: Rezultati raziskave nam dajejo tudi določene smernice kako postopati v praksi z učenci, ter jih spodbujati k športu in športnim udejstvovanjem. Iz raziskave zdravje o lahko razberemo, da dečki, ki so visoko vzdržljivi višje vrednotijo svojo telesno samopodobo kot tisti dečki, ki so nizko vzdržljivi. Ključne besede: telo, gibanje, moč, vzdržljivost 72 Physical inactivity is becoming a significant problem Ivo Perko Elementary school Dobje, Dobje pri Planini, Slovenia Introduction: Children’s achievements in physical activity and endurance in sport in general have been on decline for some years now. There has been a lot of research on children’s physical activity and its impact on self-esteem, academic achievement, etc. conducted recently. A study was conducted among 13-year-olds by Kop and Kikel (2012). They discovered that there is a strong correlation between physical characteristics, motor skil s and self-esteem. Vedul, Sigmundsson, Steindotter and Haga (2017) discovered and confirmed a relationship between motor and locomotor skil s and self-esteem, specific, general, and physical self-esteem, and sport competences. According to the increasingly modest results of the physical education chart in Slovenia, we decided to conduct a study to find out whether the relationship between endurance and physical self-esteem is significant Methods: In 2019 we conducted a study to determine the differences in individual body self-image parameters - between low, medium, and high endurance subjects. The Beep test was used to test aerobic endurance capacity, including their maximum utho oxygen consumption. We used a translation of the French questionnaire PSI-SF - The Physical Self-Inventory-short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, nd y Florent et al., 2008) to measure adolescents’ physical self-image and to obtain da-ta that helped us to draw conclusions in specific areas for boys aged 10-12 years. The hildren a questionnaire was divided into six sections: general self-image, physical self-image, en-f c durance, sport competence, physical appearance, and physical strength. Each set included three questions and were answered on a numerical scale from 1 - 6. The study involved 218 children in the 2nd trimester of primary schools in the North-Eastern part of Slovenia. in)activity o Results: The results showed that boys with low aerobic endurance also have significantly lower body selfesteem than boys with high endurance. There is no difference hysical ( between boys with medium and high endurance. The only difference was in physical strength, where the results differed minimal y among boys with low, medium, and high endurance. Afteral , those with lower endurance scored high on physical strength. stnikov | p Furthermore, the results show that endurance has a strong influence on body self-es-lado teem, because higher self-esteem is significant for subjects with higher endurance. n m Conclusion: The results of the survey also give us some guidelines on how to work with k i students in practice and how to encourage them to take part in sport and physical ac-tro tivity. The study shows that boys who are high in stamina, rate their body self-esteem st o higher than boys who are low in stamina. Keywords: Body, movement, strength, endurancev ne)aktivno gibalna ( 73 Smernice za s šolo povezano sedentarno vedenje za otroke in mladostnike Nastja Podrekar Loredan1,4, Petra Starbek2, Barbara Jurša Potocco1, Kaja Kastelic3,4 1 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija 2 Alma Mater Europea, Maribor, Slovenija 3 Univerza na Primorskem, Inštitut Andrej Marušič, Koper, Slovenija 4 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Mednarodno združenje za preučevanje sedentarnega vedenja (Sedentary Behaviour Research Network) je v začetku leta 2022 izdalo prve mednarodne smernice za s šolo povezano sedentarno vedenje za otroke in mladostnike. Smernice temeljijo na najboljših razpoložljivih znanstvenih dokazih, soglasju strokovnjakov in prispevku deležnikov. Njihov namen je izboljšanje zdravja in dobrega počutja šolajo- čih se otrok in mladostnikov. Predstavitev vsebine: Snovanje smernic se je pričelo leta 2020, ko so avtorji izvedli pregled obstoječih smernic za omejevanje sedentarnega vedenja in sistematičen pregled znanstvene, strokovne in sive literature o vplivih (s šolo povezanega) sedentarnega vedenja na zdravje in učno uspešnost otrok in mladostnikov. Zasnovali so osnutek novih centsles smernic, ki so ga v začetku leta 2021 predstavili strokovnjakom, odločevalcem, razi-do skovalcem in drugi zainteresirani javnosti ter jih pozvali h kritični presoji. Ob upošte-and vanju mnenj deležnikov so septembra 2021 sprejeli končno verzijo smernic, ki so bile aprila 2022 tudi javno objavljene. V začetku leta 2022 so avtorji smernic javno pozvali k prevodu smernic v različne jezike, na kar se je odzvala tudi naša raziskovalna skupina. ldren ahi Prevod smernic v slovenski jezik je potekal skladno z navodili za prevajanje dokumen-f c o tov. Tri avtorice (N.P.L, K.K. in P.S.) smo smernice neodvisno prevedle iz angleškega v slovenski jezik ter ob kritični primerjavi prevodov oblikovale en poenoten prevod ealth smernic. Nato je četrta avtorica (anglistka B.J.P.) poenoten slovenski prevod prevedla | h nazaj v izvirni jezik. Slednji dokument smo poslali avtorjem smernic, ki so preverili skladnost prevedenega (angleškega) in izvirnega dokumenta smernic (angleškega). Upo-stnikov števajoč njihove komentarje smo oblikovali končno slovensko verzijo smernic. Smer-lado nice vključujejo (1) opredelitev uporabljenih izrazov, (2) smernice za s šolo povezano n m sedentarno vedenje za otroke in mladostnike ter (3) usmeritve, kako smernice ure-k i sničevati v praksi. Ključna sporočila smernic so, da zdrav šolski dan vključuje: 1) preki-tro njanje dolgotrajnega sedentarnega vedenja z načrtovanimi in nenačrtovanimi gibalnimi odmori, glede na starostno skupino, 2) vključevanje različnih vrst gibanja kot del do-mače naloge, kadar je to mogoče, in omejevanje domačih nalog, ki zahtevajo sedentar-zdravje o no vedenje, 3) omejevanje s šolo povezanega časa, preživetega pred zasloni, ki naj bo preživet smiselno, miselno aktivno ali telesno dejavno, 4) nadomeščanje oblik učenja, ki zahtevajo sedentarno vedenje, z oblikami učenja, ki temeljijo na gibanju. Sklepne ugotovitve: Otroci in mladostniki so v šolah in med s šolo povezanimi aktivnostmi pogosto izpostavljeni dolgotrajnemu sedenju, kar ima lahko številne negativne posledice na njihovo zdravje, razvoj in počutje. Z namenom spodbujanja zdravega življenjskega sloga šolajočih se otrok in mladostnikov so bile izdane prve smernice za omejevanje s šolo povezanega sedentarnega vedenja. Namenjene so učiteljem, strokovnim delavcem, odločevalcem, staršem/skrbnikom in zdravnikom, ki bi morali s pozitivno spodbudo, zagotavljanjem časovnih in prostorskih možnosti in ne nazadnje z lastnim zgledom, otroke in mladostnike podpirati pri doseganju smernic. Avtorice slovenskega prevoda si prizadevamo, da bi uresničevanje smernic zaživelo tudi v slovenskem prostoru. Ključne besede: priporočila, sedenje, učenci, dijaki, zdravje, izobraževalne ustanove 74 School-Related Sedentary Behaviour Recommendations for Children and Youth Nastja Podrekar Loredan1,4, Petra Starbak2, Barbara Jurša Potocco1, Kaja Kastelic3,4 1 University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia 2 Alma Mater Europea, Maribor, Slovenia 3 University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia 4 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: At the beginning of the year 2022, Sedentary Behaviour Research Network, the international association for research on sedentary behaviour, released the first international recommendations on school-related sedentary behaviour for children and youth. These recommendations are based on the best available evidence, expert consensus, and stakeholder input. The purpose of the recommendations is the improvement of health and wel being of school-attending children and youth. Content presentation: The drafting of the recommendations began in 2020, when the authors conducted a review of the existing recommendations for limiting sedentary behaviour and a systematic review of scientific, professional and grey literature on the effects of (school-related) sedentary behaviour on health and learning performance uth in children and youth. The draft of the new recommendations was at the beginning o of 2021 presented to experts and stakeholders. The finalised version of the recom-nd y mendations, which incorporated the stakeholder’s comments, was adopted in September 2021 and made public in April 2022. In the beginning of 2022, the authors of the recommendations issued a call for translations of the recommendations into var-hildren a ious languages, to which our research group responded. The translation of the rec-f c ommendations into the Slovenian language was done in accordance with the general guidelines for translating documents. Three of the authors (N.P.L, K.K. and P.S.) independently translated the recommendations from English to Slovenian. The three (Slovenian) translations of the recommendations were then critical y compared and rec-in)activity o onciled into a single unified translation. The latter was then back-translated into the original language by the fourth author (B.J.P., an English studies graduate). The docu-hysical ( ment thus created was sent to the authors of the recommendations, who checked the translated (English) text’s compliance with the original document of the recommendations (English). The finalised Slovenian version of the recommendations incorporat-stnikov | p ed their comments. The recommendations provide (1) glossary of included terms, (2) guidelines on school-related sedentary behaviour for children and youth, and (3) guid-lado ance on how to implement these recommendations in practice. To summarise the key n m messages of the recommendations, a healthy school-day includes: 1) breaking up pe-k i riods of extended sedentary behaviour with both scheduled and unscheduled move-tro ment breaks, whose duration depends on the age group, 2) incorporating different st o types of movement into homework whenever possible, and limiting sedentary homework, 3) limiting school-related screen time and making the latter meaningful, mental-ly or physical y active, 4) replacing sedentary learning activities with movement-based ne)aktivno learning activities. Conclusions: Children and youth are frequently exposed to prolonged sitting at school and during school-related activities, which can have several adverse effects on their gibalna ( health, development, and wel being. The first recommendations for limiting school-related sedentary behaviour were released with the aim of promoting a healthy lifestyle among the school-attending children and youth. They are addressed to educators, school administrators, policy makers, parents/guardians, and physicians who should support children and youth to meet these recommendations. The authors of the Slovenian translation are endeavouring to ensure that the implementation of these recommendations will come to life in Slovenia, too. Keywords: recommendations, sedentary lifestyle, children, youth, health 75 Predstavitev projekta SLOfit krivulje Jerneja Premelč1, Maroje Sorić2, Shawnda Morrison1, Gregor Starc1, Gregor Jurak1 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Zagrebu, Fakulteta za kineziologijo, Zagreb, Hrvaška Uvod: Človeški razvoj je pospešen v razvojnih stopnjah dojenčka in malčka ter se nadaljuje od otroštva do odraslosti. Pomembno obdobje hitrega razvoja je puberteta. Ena od njenih ključnih značilnosti je pospešena stopnja rasti, tako imenovani »rastni sunek«, ki vpliva na razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti in telesno zmogljivost. Hkrati se v tem času pojavijo tudi intelektualni rastni sunki. Obdobje hitre rasti predstavlja izziv za mlado osebo, njegove starše in učitelje, saj izzivi ne zajemajo le telesnih sprememb posameznika, temveč tudi to, kako najbolje izmeriti in oceniti njegovo telesno zmogljivost ter spremembe vedenja in spoznavanja, ki so povezane z učnimi dosežki. Raziskovalna skupina SLOfit iz Fakultete za šport na Univerzi v Ljubljani je v preteklih letih, v sodelovanju z Inštitutom Jožef Štefan, s pomočjo umetne inteligence razvila metodo t.i. Primerjave krivulje rasti, s katero znotraj spletnega mesta Moj SLOfit omogoča uporabnikom napoved telesne višine in zrelosti v obdobju pubertete. Namen raziskave SLOfit krivulje je posodobiti to metodo, in sicer na vzorcu slovenskih mladostnikov, cents v 12-letni longitudinalni študiji. Tako bomo lahko bolj natančno ugotovili, kako proces les dozorevanja vpliva na gibalno učinkovitost, vedenje, kognitivne procese mladostnikov do a in natančneje napovedali telesno zmogljivost v prihodnosti ter bolje prepoznali posa-nd meznike, pri katerih obstaja tveganje za škodljive zdravstvene izide. Želimo razviti napovedni model telesne zmogljivosti v prihodnosti, na podlagi sodobnih vzorcev telesne ldren a rasti, 24-urnega gibalnega vedenja in kazalnikov telesne zmogljivosti ter ga implemen-hi tirati v aplikacijo Moj SLOfit. f c o Metode: Vzorec bo predstavljalo 640 učencev iz ljubljanskih šol obeh spolov, med 7. in 19. letom. Meritve bodo zajemale mesečno merjenje antropometrije in merjenje tele-ealth| h sne zmogljivosti 4-krat letno, z uveljavljenim sklopom merskih nalog ŠVK (tek na 60m in 600m, upogibanje trupa, vesa v zgibi, predklon stoje, skok v daljino z mesta, premagovanje ovir nazaj in dotikanje plošč z roko 20 s). Dvakrat letno bomo s pametnimi stnikov zapestnicami spremljali 24-urno gibalno vedenje otrok. Kognitivne sposobnosti bomo lado ocenili enkrat letno, s pomočjo Testa pozornosti d2 in Testa prepoznavanja struktur. n m Družinsko okolje otrok bo ovrednoteno z veljavnimi merskimi instrumenti. Udeležen-k i ci bodo samoporočali o svojem socialno-ekonomskem statusu. tro Zaključek: Pridobljeni rezultati bodo prvič zagotovili celovito in podrobno sliko razvoja sedanje generacije mladostnikov. Z longitudinalnim spremljanjem bomo ugotovili, ka-zdravje o ko pospeševanje rasti vpliva na telesno zmogljivost mladih in ali se poznejši učinki prenašajo na njihovo 24-urno gibalno vedenje ter kakšne so povezave s kognitivnim razvojem. Ključne besede: puberteta, telesni in gibalni razvoj, telesna zmogljivost, otroci in mladostniki, telesna dejavnost, kognitivni razvoj, antropometrija 76 Presentation of SLOfit curves project Jerneja Premelč1, Maroje Sorić2, Shawnda Morrison1, Gregor Starc1, Gregor Jurak1 1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia Introduction: Human development is accelerated at different points across the lifespan as seen in infanthood, through childhood and continuing into early adulthood. An important period of rapid development is adolescence. One of its key features is an accelerated growth rate, the so-cal ed ‘adolescent growth spurt’. Simultaneously, intel ectual growth spurts also occur around this time, improving concertation and memory. The growth spurt period presents many chal enges for a young person, their parents, and teachers, because the chal enges young people experience encompass not only the physical changes of the child per se, but also how best to measure and evaluate a child’s physical performance, as well as changes in their behavior and cognition, each associated with academic achievement. In recent years, the SLOfit research group of the Faculty of Sport at the University of Ljubljana, in col aboration with the Jožef Stefan Institute, has developed a method of the so-cal ed »Sports Cardboard« using artificial intel igence. The Growth Curve Comparison, which can be seen on the My uth SLOfit website, al ows users to predict height and maturity during puberty. The pur-o pose of the SLOfit curve study is to update this method on a sample of Slovenian ado-nd y lescents in the 12-year longitudinal study. This will help us more accurately determine how maturation affects adolescent movement performance, behaviour, and cognitive processes, to predict future fitness levels more accurately and hence better identify hildren af c youth who may be at risk for future adverse health outcomes. Final y, we aim to develop a prediction model which estimate one’s future physical fitness based on modern physical growth patterns, 24-hours movement behavior (HMB), and physical performance markers, and incorporate it into the My SLOfit application. in)activity o Methods: The sample includes 640 students of both sexes aged 7 to 19 years from schools in the Ljubljana district. Variables measured include standard monthly anthro-hysical ( pometric procedures and children’s physical fitness measured 4 times per year using established measurement methods (60 and 600-meter run, bent arm hang, stand and reach, standing broad jump, backwards obstacle course, 20-s arm plate tapping). We stnikov | p will monitor 24-HMB in children twice per year using wearable physical activity monitors. The fol owing categories will be recorded: minutes of low, moderate, and vigor-lado ous physical activity, number of steps, minutes of sedentary behavior, and minutes of n mk i sleep. Children’s cognitive abilities will be assessed using the »d2 test of attention« and tro the »Structure recognition test« once per year. The children’s family environment wil be evaluated using valid instruments. For socio-economic status assessment, self-re-st o port questionnaires will be used. Conclusions: The results obtained in the proposed project wil , for the first time, pro-ne)aktivno vide a comprehensive and detailed picture of development in the current generation of adolescents. By monitoring youth longitudinal y, this study will unearth how growth accelerations impact physical fitness, and whether subsequent carry-over effects are gibalna ( present in young people’s 24-HMB and what are the links with cognitive development. Keywords: puberty, physical development, physical performance, children and adolescents, physical activity, cognitive development, anthropometry. 77 Zimski športi z učenci CIRIUS Vipava Tanja Princes Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: V CIRIUS Vipava si prizadevamo učencem pomagati, da bi prese-gli omejitve zaradi številnih motenj in da bi se kljub šolanju v instituciji za usposabljanje čim več vključevali v širše socialno okolje. Šport ni samo najboljši način za učenje in psihosocialni napredek posameznika, temveč tudi most do inkluzije. Enotedensko bivanje na zasneženih hribih in učenje smučanja je za učence z motnjami v duševnem in gibalnem razvoju še posebno močna motivacija in koristna učna izkušnja. Predstavitev vsebine: Na učenje pomembno vpliva učenčevo zavedanje o lastnih spo-sobnostih. Kadar je učenec uspešen na enem področju, se poveča motivacija in posledično lažje usvaja tudi druge vsebine. Naravno in sproščeno okolje, uporaba vseh čutil, različne dejavnosti, ki vključujejo um in telo, vse to vpliva na zadovoljstvo in uspeh učencev. Šola smučanja za osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju (MDR) temelji na slovenski šoli smučanja, ki je prilagojena potrebam in zmožnostim posameznikov. V CIRIUS-u Vipava organiziramo šolo smučanja vsako zimo od leta 1991. Vključujemo učence z lažjimi gibalnimi ovirami. Učenje poteka v majhnih skupinah, parih ali celo incents dividualno, vadbo pa izvajajo strokovni delavci CIRIUS-a z licenco Učitelj smučanja. lesdo Osebe z MDR običajno potrebujejo daljši čas za usvajanje določenih gibalnih nalog in a prilagojene metode in pristope dela. Potrebno je ustvarjati razmere, ki izzovejo zaže-nd lene odzive. Učenje poteka preko igre in uporabe različnih pripomočkov, kot so obro- či, palice, metlice, koli, barvne oznake, žogice ipd. Upoštevati je potrebno načelo po-ldren a stopnosti in usvojena znanja dolgo utrjevati. Ne glede na stopnjo znanja smučanja ima hif c vsak posameznik možnost nastopiti na tekmovanju specialne olimpijade. Organizator o mora izvesti tekmovanja v disciplinah, za katere so prijavljeni vsaj trije tekmovalci in sicer v disciplinah za različne nivoje sposobnosti in znanj. Uradne smučarske discipline ealth| h zajemajo hojo na 10 m, drsenje ter slalom in veleslalom na treh težavnostnih nivojih. Sklepne ugotovitve: Učenje smučanja je za učence z MDR lahko dolgotrajen, tudi večle-stnikov tni proces, ki pa z vztrajnim in dobro načrtovanim delom pripelje do rezultatov. Katera pot je pri učenju alpskega smučanja najučinkovitejša, je odvisno od vsakega posame-lado znika, njegovih posebnosti, motoričnih sposobnosti, motivacije, stopnje znanja. Mnogi n mk i zaradi svojih gibalnih težav usvajajo smučarska znanja zelo počasi. Pogosto ne osvoji-tro jo smučarske tehnike v celoti, ampak izoblikujejo individualen način drsenja in smučanja po blagih terenih. Velikokrat pa srečamo osebe z MDR, ki obvladajo nadaljevalne oblike smučanja. Končni cilj učenja smučanja je varno in samostojno gibanje na snegu zdravje o in uživanje v njem. Ključne besede: učenci z motnjami v duševnem in gibalnem razvoju, alpsko smučanje, specialna olimpiada, inkluzija. 78 Winter sports with students from CIRIUS Vipava Tanja Princes Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: In CIRIUS Vipava, we strive to help students overcome the limitations caused by multiple disorders and to integrate them as much as possible into the wider social environment, despite studying in the institution. Sport is not just the best way for an individual to learn and psychosocial y progress but it is also a bridge to inclusion. A week-long stay in the snowy hil s and learning to ski is a particularly strong motivation and useful learning experience for students with intel ectual and motor disabilities. Content presentation: Learning is significantly influenced by the child’s awareness of their own abilities. When a student is successful in one area, motivation increases and as a result it is easier for them to master other content. A natural and relaxed environment, the use of all the senses, various activities involving the mind and body all affect the satisfaction and success of students. The ski school for people with intel ectual disabilities (ID) is based on the Slovenian ski school which is adapted to the needs and abilities of individuals. CIRIUS Vipava has been organizing a ski school every winter utho since 1991. People with ID usual y need a longer time to master certain motor tasks and adapted methods and approaches to work. It is necessary to create conditions nd y that provoke the desired responses. Learning takes place through play and use of various aids such as rings, sticks, colored markers, bal s, etc. The principle of graduality hildren a must be fol owed and the acquired knowledge must be repeated for a long time. Re-f c gardless of the level of ski ng knowledge, each individual has an opportunity to participate in a Special Olympics competition. The organizer must conduct competitions in disciplines for which at least three competitors have applied, namely in disciplines for different levels of ability and knowledge. The official ski disciplines include 10 m walkin)activity o ing, skating and slalom and giant slalom on three difficulty levels. C onclusions: Learning to ski can be a time-consuming process for pupils with ID, it can hysical ( also be a multi-year process, but with persistent and wel -planned work it can lead to good results. The most effective way of learning alpine ski ng depends on each individual, their specialties, motor skil s, motivation, level of knowledge. Many pupils acquire stnikov | p their ski ng skil s very slowly due to their motor problems. Often, they do not master lado ski ng techniques completely but form an individual way of skating and ski ng on mild n m terrain. However, we frequently meet people with ID who master advanced forms of k i ski ng. The ultimate goal of learning to ski is safe and independent movement on snow tro and enjoying in it. st o Keywords: students with intel ectual and motor disabilities, alpine ski ng, Special Olympics, inclusion. ne)aktivno gibalna ( 79 Povezanost indeksa telesne mase z nekaterimi motoričnimi sposobnostmi predšolskih otrok Klavdija Rančnik1, Miran Muhič2 1 Vrtec Velenje, Velenje, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta, Maribor, Slovenija Uvod: Indeks telesne mase je sicer grob, a najpogostejši uporabljen kazalnik za ugotavljanje prehranjenosti otrok. Je pokazatelj telesne sestave, le ta lahko med drugim vpliva tudi na motorične sposobnosti, ki so v določeni meri prirojene, so pa zelo odvisne tudi od okolja, v katerem otrok živi. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti povezanost indeksa telesne mase (ITM) z eksplozivno močjo nog, ravnotežjem in koordinacijo otrok v predšolskem obdobju. Metode: V vzorec je bilo vključenih petinsedemdeset 5–6 let starih predšolskih otrok, katerim smo s pomočjo motoričnih testov (skok v daljino z mesta, enonožni poskoki po levi nogi, enonožni poskoki po desni nogi, hoja skozi obroče nazaj, hoja vzvratno po gredi, vrtenje okrog svoje osi, stoja na eni nogi z odprtimi očmi) izmerili nekatere motorične sposobnosti in izračunali ITM. Ta predstavlja razmerje med vrednostjo telesne cents višine in telesne teže. Vrednost ITM smo skladno z doktrino Svetovne zdravstvene orles ganizacije/WHO (BMI-for-age 5–19 years) razvrstili v tri kategorije: normalna telesna do a teža (N=54), prekomerna telesna teža (N=5) in debelost (N=16). Za analizo razmer-nd ji med ITM in rezultati motoričnih testov eksplozivne moči ter med rezultati motorič- nih testov ravnotežja in rezultati motoričnih testov koordinacije smo izračunali Pear-ldren a sonov koeficient korelacije. hif c Rezultati: V kategoriji normalna telesna teža pri izračunih motoričnih testov zazna-o mo med spremenljivkama ITM in rezultati motoričnih testov eksplozivne moči nog ealth negativno neznatno povezanost (r= -0,059). Torej se z naraščanjem vrednosti ene | h spremenljivke (vrednost ITM), vrednosti druge (rezultat motoričnih testov eksplozivne moči nog) zmanjšuje. Negativno neznatno povezanost (r= -0,013) zaznamo v tej stnikov kategoriji tudi med spremenljivkama ITM in rezultatom motoričnih testov ravnotežja. Šibko povezanost (r= 0,264) je moč opaziti med spremenljivkama ITM in rezultatom lado motoričnih testov koordinacije v kategoriji prekomerna telesna teža. Prav tako v tej n mk i kategoriji zaznamo neznatno povezanost med spremenljivkami ITM in rezultatom tro motoričnih testov eksplozivne moči (nog) (r=0,012) ter med ITM in rezultatom motoričnih testov ravnotežja (r=0,045). V kategoriji debelost med spremenljivkama ITM in rezultatom motoričnih testov ravnotežja obstaja negativna šibka povezanost zdravje o (r= -0,21). Torej se z naraščanjem vrednosti ene spremenljivke (vrednost ITM), vrednost druge spremenljivke (rezultat motoričnih testov ravnotežja) zmanjšuje. Med spremenljivkama ITM in rezultatom motoričnih testov koordinacije je v tej kategoriji zaznana negativna neznatna povezanost (r= -0,129). Razprava in zaključki: Ugotovili smo, da višji kot je ITM, večji je standardni odklon pri rezultatih motoričnih testov tako eksplozivne moči nog, ravnotežja in koordinacije. Otroci z nižjim ITM so tako dosegali boljše rezultate pri motoričnih testih. Med omenjenimi spremenljivkami rezultati sicer niso statistično značilni (p>0,05). Iz dobljenih korelaciji, ugotavljamo, da bi lahko obstajal določen vpliv indeksa telesne mase na motorične sposobnosti. Ključne besede: ITM, motorične sposobnosti, predšolski otroci 80 Relationship of body mass index with some motor abilities of preschool children Klavdija Rančnik1, Miran Muhič2 1 Kindergarten Velenje, Velenje, Slovenia 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Education, Maribor, Slovenia Introduction: The body mass index (BMI) is a rough, but the most commonly used indicator for determining children’s nutrition. It is an indicator of body composition, which can also affect motor abilities, which are to some extent innate but are also highly dependent on the environment in which the child lives. The study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index and explosive leg power, balance, and coordination of children in the preschool period. Methods: The sample included seventy-five 5–6-year-old preschool children, for whom we measured some motor skil s (long jump from the city, one-legged jumps on the left leg, one-legged jumps on the right leg, walking through hoops back, walking backwards on the shaft, rotating around its axis, standing on one leg with open eyes) with the help of motor tests and calculated BMI (body mass index). This represents the ratio between the value of body height and body weight. By the doctrine of the utho World Health Organization (BMI-for-age 5–19 years), BMI was classified into three categories: normal body weight (N = 54), overweight (N = 5), and obesity (N = 16). nd y To analyze the relationship between BMI and the results of motor tests of explosive power, and between the motor balance tests and the results of motor coordination hildren a tests, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient. f c Results: In the category of normal body weight, in the calculations of motor tests, a negative insignificant correlation was detected between the variables BMI and the results of motor tests of explosive leg power (r = -0.059). Thus, as the value of one var-in)activity o iable (BMI value) increases, the value of the other (the result of motor tests of the explosive leg power) decreases. A negative insignificant correlation (r = -0.013) is also observed in this category between BMI variables and the result of motor balance tests. hysical ( A weak correlation (r = 0.264) can be observed between BMI variables and the result of motor coordination tests in the overweight category. There is also a slight correlation in this category between the variables BMI and the result of motor tests of explo-stnikov | p sive leg power (r = 0.012) and between BMI and the result of motor tests of balance lado (r = 0.045). In the obesity category, there is a negative weak correlation between BMI n m variables and the result of motor balance tests (r = -0.21). Thus, as the value of one k i variable (BMI) increases, the value of the other variable (the result of motor balance tro tests) decreases. A negative negligible correlation was detected between the BMI vari-st o ables and the result of motor coordination tests in this category (r = -0.129). We found that the higher the BMI, the greater the standard deviation in the results of motor tests of both explosive leg power, balance, and coordination. ne)aktivno Discussion and conclusions: Children with lower BMIs thus achieved better results in motor tests. Among the mentioned variables, the results are not statistical y significant (p> 0.05). From the obtained correlations indicated that there could be some in-gibalna ( fluence of BMI and motor abilities. Keywords: BMI, motor abilities, preschool children 81 Socioekonomski in starševski dejavniki v povezavi s časom uporabe zaslona pri predšolskih otrocih Sanja Šalaj, Paula Spretnjak Fakulteta za kineziologijo, Univerza v Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvaška Uvod: V prizadevanjih za zmanjšanje prekomerne telesne mase in debelosti pri otrocih in mladostnikih se uvajajo ukrepi za spodbujanje telesne aktivnosti in zmanjšanja ča-sa preživetega v sedečem položaju. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija in različne dr- žave so določile priporočilo o dnevni telesni aktivnosti pri predšolskih otrocih, ki zajema od 60 do 180 minut zmerne do visoko intenzivne telesne aktivnosti ob hkratnem čim večjem omejevanju časa preživetega v sedečem položaju. Pri predšolskih otrocih je priporočljivo omejiti čas rekreativne uporabe ekranov na 60 minut, pri starej- ših otrocih pa na 120 minut dnevno. Sedentarno vedenje, še posebej rekreativni čas uporabe zaslona, je prepoznano kot neodvisni dejavnik tveganja za več zdravstvenih stanj in prezgodnje umrljivosti. Objavljenih je bilo več pregledov, ki se osredotočajo na demografske, biološke, okoljske, socialne in psihološke povezave telesne aktivnosti pri mladostnikih. Povezave sedentarnega vedenja še niso bile obsežno raziskane. Hin-cents key in sodelavci (2010) so prikazali, da so dejavniki, kot so starost, indeks telesne males se, stopnja izobraževanje staršev in rasa imeli nedoločeno povezavo s časom zaslona. do a Poleg tega v nekaterih raziskavah ni bilo skupnih povezav, ki so vplivale na sedentar-nd no vedenje tako pri fantih kot pri dekletih. Namen te študije je bil določiti socioeko-nomske in starševske dejavnike, ki so povezani s časom uporabe zaslona pri predšol-ldren a skih otrocih. hif c Metode: V študiji je sodelovalo 1944 predšolskih otrok (52,6 % fantov, povprečna sta-o rost 5,17 let). Starši so izpolnili vprašalnik o sociodemografskem in sedentarnem ve-ealth denju (NPAQ). Skupni dnevni čas uporabe zaslona v minutah je bil merilna spremen- | h ljivka, starost otrok in spol, stopnja izobrazbe staršev, zaposlenost, dohodek, stanje telesne mase in telesna aktivnost so bile napovedovalne spremenljivke. Za določitev stnikov socioekonomskih in starševskih dejavnikov, povezanih s sedentarnim vedenjem, je bi-lado la uporabljena multivarijatna regresijska analiza. n m Rezultati: Regresijski model je bil statistično značilen (R = 0,419, R2 = 0,176, p < 0,01). k i Starost, spol, stopnja izobrazbe matere in dohodek so bili statistično značilni pri sto-tro pnji tveganja p < 0,01. Omenjeni dejavniki so se izkazali za pomembne povezave sedentarnega vedenja. Starejši otroci in fantje so preživeli več časa pred zaslonom med-zdravje o tem, ko so otroci z bolj izobraženimi materami in tisti z večjim dohodkom, preživeli manj časa pred zaslonom. Razprava in zaključek: Nedavne raziskave so pokazale podobne rezultate, da je izobrazba napovednik nezdravih prehranskih navad in visokega časa uporabe zaslona pri otrocih. Poleg omenjenega je kategorija z najnižjo izobrazbo matere povezana s pove- čanim tveganjem za preseganje 120 min uporabe zaslona na dan. Rezultati naše raziskave nakazujejo, da bi lahko otroci z nizko izobrazbo mater veljali za posebno ciljno skupino za intervencije, namenjene povečanju ozaveščenosti o pomembnosti zmanj- šanja sedentarnega časa in povečanja telesne aktivnosti pri otrocih. Ključne besede: sedentarno vedenje, telesna neaktivnost, povezava, mladina 82 Socioeconomic and parental correlates of screen time in preschool children Sanja Šalaj, Paula Spretnjak Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Introduction: In efforts to reduce overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, actions are being made to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary time. World Health Organization and different countries set their recommendation on daily physical activity in preschool children from 60 to 180 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, while limiting ST as much as possible. In preschool children it is recommended to limit recreational screen time to 60 minutes, while for older children to 120 minutes daily. Sedentary behavior, especial y recreational screen time, is now recognized as an independent risk factor for several health outcomes and premature mortality. Several reviews focusing on demographic, biological, environmental, social, and psychological correlates of physical activity in youth have been published. Correlates of sedentary behavior have not been widely investigated. In Hinkley and associates review (2010) it was found that factors such as age, body mass index, parental education and race had an indeterminate association with screen time. Furthermore, in uth some research there were no common correlates that influenced sedentary behavior o for both boys and girls. Purpose of this study was to determine socioeconomic and pa-nd y rental factors that correlate to recreational screen time in preschool children. Methods: 1944 preschool children participated in this study (52,6% boys, average age hildren a 5,17 years). Parents filled sociodemographic and sedentary behavior questionnaire f c (NPAQ). Total daily screen time in minutes was criteria variable, while childs’ age and gender, parental education level, employment, income, weight status and physical activity level were predictor variables. To determine socioeconomic and parental factors related to sedentary behavior a multivariate regression analysis was used. in)activity o Results: Regression model was significant (R= 0,419, R2=0,176, p<0.01). Age, gender, mother’s education level and house income were significant at p<0.01 and considered hysical ( significant correlates of sedentary behaviour in the present study. Older children and boys spent more screen time, while less screen time was found in children with more educated mothers and from home with larger house income. stnikov | p Discussion and Conclusions: Recent research similarly showed that education is a pre-lado dictor for unhealthy dietary habits and high screen time in children, and that being in n m the lowest maternal educational category was associated with an increased risk of ex-k i ceeding screen time of 120 min per day. Our results suggest that children with low ed-tro ucated mothers might be considered a special target group for interventions aiming at st o rising awareness on importance of reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity in children. Keywords: sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, correlation, youth ne)aktivno gibalna ( 83 Plavanje v CIRIUS Vipava – od rekreacije do tekmovanja Katarina Trbanc Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Plavanje je pomembna življenjska veščina, saj ima gibanje v vodi pozitivne učinke na celo telo. Omogoča vključenost skoraj vseh mišic, je odličen aerob-ni trening in zaradi navidezne breztežnosti aktivnost brez obremenitev na sklepe in skelet. Plavanje vpliva na dobro počutje, zdravje, fizično kondicijo in ga zato uvrščamo med najbolj zdrave športne aktivnosti. Namen prispevka je predstaviti pomen plavanja za učence s posebnimi potrebami v CIRIUS Vipava. Na naši šoli deluje več intere-snih dejavnosti med katerimi je tudi Plavanje. Predstavitev vsebine: V trening plavanja so vključeni: gibalno ovirani, osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju, osebe z avtističnimi motnjami, čustveno vedenjskimi motnjami, osebe z več motnjami, osebe z govorno jezikovnimi motnjami, dolgotrajno bolni otroci in naglušni. Plavanje učencem poleg sprostitve omogoča prosto, nemoteno in samostojno gibanje, posebno učencem z gibalno oviranostjo. Z upoštevanjem njihovih posebnosti, z uporabo pravega pristopa in izbiro ustreznih metod učenja plavanja, za-vedanjem postopnosti, upoštevanju zrelosti učenca, učenja elementov tehnik plavanja cents preko igre, sodelovanja, spodbujanja in tekmovanja v skupini, lahko plavanje iz sprosti-lesdo tvene dejavnosti v vodi preraste v šport in udeležbo na tekmovanju. Učenci se že ob a vključitvi v CIRIUS seznanijo z vodo kot medij v terapevtske namene. Prve izkušnje gi-nd banja v vodi in hkrati plavalne izkušnje dobijo ob pomoči terapevtov in učiteljev z znanjem koncepta učenja plavanja po Hal iwicku. Preko iger v vodi, vzpostavitve kontrole ldren a dihanja, doseganja ravnotežja v vodi, obvladovanja rotacij, dosežejo bazo, ki predsta-hif c vlja osnovo za učenje specifičnih plavalnih tehnik. Tudi v nadaljnjih fazah učenja plava-o nja in usvajanja plavalnih tehnik ostaja igra vodilo treningov in pridobivanja plavalnega znanja. Učiteljeva ustvarjalnost, sproščen pristop, domišljija, vzbujajo v učencih rado-ealth| h vednost in željo po igranju. Po drugi strani pa vodeno igralno učenje z jasnim ciljem in zaporedjem vaj, učenca nevede nauči gibanja v vodi za določeno plavalno tehniko in kondicijsko okrepi. stnikov Sklepne ugotovitve: Z znanjem plavanja, vztrajnostjo in zagnanostjo postane plavanje ne lado le rekreacija, ampak pravo športno tekmovanje. Plavalec postane tekmovalec. Neka-n mk i teri plavalci se redno udeležujejo tekmovanj v plavanju za osnovne šole s prilagojenim tro programom z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom, paraolimpijskih tekmovanj in tekmovanj v okviru gibanja Specialna olimpiada Slovenije, ki je opredeljen kot poseben športni in kulturni program za osebe z zmernimi in težjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju zdravje o in drugimi pridruženimi motnjami. Omogoča jim ne le učenje novih spretnosti in do- življanje uspeha, ampak krepi pogum, prijateljstvo, razvija sodelovanje, omogoča ob- čutenje sreče in zadovoljstva ter delitev uspehov s prijatelji, trenerji, drugimi športniki in družinskimi člani. Ključne besede: plavanje, sprostitev, učenje, tekmovanje, osebe s posebnimi potrebami 84 Swimming in CIRIUS Vipava – from recreation to competition Katarina Trbanc Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Swimming is an important skil , because movement in water has positive effect on the whole body. It al ows the involvement of almost all muscles, is an excel ent aerobic workout and, due to its apparent weightlessness it is an activity without straining the joints and skeleton. Swimming has a good effect on mood, health, physical condition and is therefore one of the healthiest sports activities. The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of swimming for students with special needs in CIRIUS Vipava. Content presentation: There are several interesting activities at our school, including Swimming. Students who participate in swimming training are: people with reduced mobility, people with intellectual disabilities, people with autism, emotional and behavioral disorders, people with multiple disorders, people with speech and language disorders, long-term sick children and the deaf. Swimming al ows students to move freely and independently which is great for students with reduced mobility. By considering their specifics, using the right approach and choosing appropriate methods utho of learning to swim, awareness of gradual learning, consideration of student maturity, learning elements of swimming techniques through play, participation, promotion nd y and group competition, swimming can become a sport and participation in the competition. Upon joining CIRIUS, students become familiar with water as a medium for hildren a therapeutic purposes. They get their first experience of movement in water with help f c of therapists and teachers with knowledge of the concept of learning to swim according to Halliwick. Through games in the water, establishing control of breathing, achieving balance in the water, control ing rotations, they reach the base, which is basis for learning specific swimming techniques. Even in the further stages of learning to swim in)activity o the game remains a guide for training and acquiring swimming knowledge. The teacher’s creativity, relaxed approach, imagination, arouse students’ curiosity and desire to hysical ( play. On the other hand, learning through game with a clear goal and sequence of exercises, unknowingly teaches the student movements in water for a particular swimming technique and strengthens the condition. stnikov | p Conclusions: With the knowledge of swimming, perseverance and enthusiasm, swim-lado ming becomes not only a recreation but a real sports competition. The swimmer be-n m comes a competitor. Some swimmers regularly participate in swimming competitions k i for primary schools with a customized program, Paralympic competitions and compe-tro titions within the Special Olympics Slovenia movement, which is defined as a special st o sports and cultural program for people with moderate and severe mental disabilities and other additional disorders. It not only enables them to learn new skil s and experience success, but also strengthens courage, friendship, develops cooperation, al ows ne)aktivno for a sense of happiness and satisfaction, and shares success with friends, coaches, other athletes, and family members. Keywords: swimming, relaxation, learning, competition gibalna ( 85 Vpliv terapevtske vadbe Žoga bend na otroke s posebnimi potrebami Manuela Urankar, Nataša Pregelj Škvarč Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Žoga bend je skupinska terapevtska vadba motoričnih, kognitiv-nih in perceptivnih spretnosti ob glasbi, ki se je razvila iz vadbe Drums Alive. Pri terapevtski vadbi Žoga bend z namensko izbranim terapevtskim ciljem otroci z bobnarski-mi palicami udarjajo po velikih gimnastičnih žogah. Koreografija je vnaprej pripravljena za posamezno glasbeno ali ritmično spremljavo, pri čemer se upoštevajo psihofizične sposobnosti posameznika. Terapevtska vadba Žoga bend otrokom med drugim nu-di tudi sprostitev, druženje, socializacijo, smeh in izražanje samega sebe. S testiranjem sva želeli preveriti ali skupinska terapevtska vadba Žoga bend vpliva na motorične in gibalne spretnosti otrok s posebnimi potrebami. Predstavitev vsebine: V skupinsko terapevtsko vadbo Žoga bend je vključenih 11 učencev od prvega do petega razreda prilagojenega programa z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom, od katerih je bilo testiranih 9 otrok z različnimi diagnozami. Terapevtska vadba Žoga bend poteka enkrat tedensko po 45 minut, otroci pa so redno vključeni tudi v fizioterapevtsko, delovno terapevtsko in logopedsko obravnavo. Cilj terapevtske vad-cents be Žoga bend je vzdrževanje in izboljšanje koordinacije, ravnotežja, sinergije mišičnih lesdo skupin, gibalnih spretnosti, gibljivosti sklepov, mišične moči, posturalne kontrole, psi-a hofizične vzdržljivosti, percepcije, pozornosti, koncentracije, orientacije v prostoru in nd delovanja kardiovaskularnega sistema. V šolskem letu 2021/22 smo otroke, ki obiskujejo terapevtsko vadbo Žoga bend, testirali dvakrat; začetnemu testiranju je po treh ldren a mesecih vadbe sledilo končno testiranje. Ocenjevalni testi so bili izbrani glede na ele-hif c mente motoričnih in gibalnih spretnosti, na katere terapevtska vadba Žoga bend vpli-o va: Test usklajenosti gibanja – koordinacije, Modificirani test funkcijskega dosega se-de ali Dosega naprej v predročenju in Meritev gibljivosti sklepov – zgornjih okončin. ealth| h Sklepne ugotovitve: Ob končnem testiranju je bil ugotovljen napredek otrok pri koordinaciji, ravnotežju in gibljivosti sklepov zgornjih okončin. Meniva, da tovrstna terapev-stnikov tska vadba vsekakor pozitivno vpliva na motorične in gibalne spretnosti otrok s posebnimi potrebami. Fizioterapevte vzpodbuja k nadaljnjemu razmišljanju in raziskovanju lado koristnega vpliva vadbe Žoga bend na telo kot celoto. Priporočava, da bi evalvacije po-n mk i tekale ob začetku in koncu šolskega leta, oziroma ob vidnih spremembah v napredku tro ali upadu motoričnih in gibalnih spretnosti. Ključne besede: otroci s posebnimi potrebami, žoga bend, motorično učenje, motorič- ne spretnosti, fizioterapija zdravje o 86 Impact of therapeutic workout Žoga bend on children with special needs Manuela Urankar, Nataša Pregelj Škvarč Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Žoga bend is a group therapeutic workout of motor, cognitive and perceptive skil s accompanied by music. It has evolved from Drums Alive Workout. Children attending therapeutic workout Žoga bend beat drums sticks on big gymnastic bal s with a purposeful y selected therapeutic goal. In addition to the choreog-raphy, which is pre-prepared for a particular music or rhythmic accompaniment, the psychophysical abilities of the individual are taken into account as wel . Children taking part in therapeutic workout Žoga bend are also offered relaxation, socialising, socialization, laughter and self-expression. By putting the children with special needs to the test, we wanted to check whether group therapeutic workout Žoga bend affects their motor and movement skil s. Content presentation: Therapeutic workout Žoga bend includes 11 pupils that span first through fifth class of the customized educational programme with lower educational standard, 9 of them with various diagnoses were tested. Therapeutic workout Žo-utho ga bend takes place once a week for 45 minutes, additional y, children are regularly involved in physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. The goal of ther-nd y apeutic workout Žoga bend is to maintain and improve coordination, balance, syner-gy of muscle groups, movement skil s, joint mobility, muscle strength, postural con-hildren a trol, psychophysical endurance, perception, attention, concentration, orientation in f c the space and cardiovascular function. In 2021/22 school year, children attending the therapeutic workout Žoga bend were tested twice, the initial testing was fol owed by the final testing after three months of therapeutic workout. The assessment tests were selected according to the elements of motor and mobility skil s affected by the in)activity o therapeutic workout Žoga bend: Motor coordination test, Modified functional reach test or Functional reach test and Measurement of Upper Limb Range of Motion. hysical ( Conclusions: The final testing indicates children’s progress in coordination, balance and mobility of upper limb joints. We believe that this kind of therapeutic workout certainly has a positive impact on the motor and mobility skil s of children with special needs. stnikov | p Physiotherapists are encouraged to further think about and research on the beneficial lado impact of therapeutic workout Žoga bend on the body as a whole. We recommend n m evaluations to take place at the beginning and the end of the school year or if visible k i changes in the progression or decline of motor and mobility skil s are detected. tro Keywords: children with special needs, Žoga bend, motor learning, motor skil s, phys-st o iotherapy ne)aktivno gibalna ( 87 Uspešnost tabora »Moj izziv« po 14 dneh in šestih tednih spremljanja Nina Vajd1, Breda Franetič Prunk2, Tamara Poklar Vatovec1 1 Univerza na primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija 2 Mladinsko zdravilišče in letovišče Rdeči križ, Ankaran, Slovenija Uvod: Debelost otrok in mladostnikov je v zadnjih letih dosegla razsežnosti epidemije. V veliki meri vpliva doba modernizacije, saj se družba usmerja k lajšanju napora za posameznika. Ob tem svoj delež prispevajo sedentarno vedenje, pomanjkanje spanja in zmanjšana gibalno športna aktivnost. Vse od naštetega lahko pripelje do debelosti, oslabljenega srčno-presnovnega zdravja, upada stopnje telesne pripravljenosti in prosocialnega vedenja. Med pandemijo SARS-CoV-2 je bil tako zabeležen nepresenetljiv porast debelosti pri otrocih. Metode: Vzorec raziskave zajema 11 otrok in mladostnikov iz celotne Slovenije, ki so bili vključeni v dvotedenski program za prekomerno hranjene otroke »Moj izziv«. Stari so bili med 7 in 14 let. Antropometrične meritve smo izvedli z bioimpedančnim anali-zatorjem Tanita. Za testiranje telesnih sposobnosti smo uporabili naslednje teste: število sklec v 1 min, število sonožnih preskokov kolebnice v 1 min, zadrževanje položa-ja deske in premagovanje poligona. Za dokazovanje razlik smo uporabili parni t–test. cents Za vpogled v njihove prehranjevalne navade smo uporabili vprašalnik o prehranjeval-lesdo nih navadah otrok z orodjem Odprta platforma za klinično prehrano. Ocenili smo tu-a di spalne navade. nd Rezultati: Rezultat analize je pokazal, da je dnevni energijski vnos fantov (µ = 8805 kJ vs. 7590 kJ) in deklet (µ = 10290 kJ vs. 7113 kJ) višji od priporočenih vrednosti. Rezulta-ldren ahi ti antropometričnih meritev pri fantih kažejo na statistično značilno razliko v povpreč- f c ni vrednosti telesne mase (Δ = -3,83 kg; t = 12,824, p = 0,001), obsega pasu (Δ = -10 o cm; t = 7,385, p = 0,005), količnika obseg pasu/višina in ITM v prvem opazovanem ob-ealth dobju, kar se je pokazalo tudi pri dekletih (ΔTM = -2,8 kg; t = 6,006, p = 0,001, ΔOP = | h -7,9 cm; t = 6,228, p = 0,001). Pri testih telesne pripravljenosti so fantje v prvem opazovanem obdobju izboljšali rezultat poligona, v drugem pa rezultat zadrževanja polo-stnikov žaja deske, medtem ko so dekleta vidno izboljšala rezultat zadrževanja položaja deske (Δ = +29,7 s; t = -1,632, p = 0,154) v drugem opazovanjem obdobju. Otroci in mlado-lado stniki v povprečju navajajo, da na noč spijo več kot 9 ur. n mk i Razprava in zaključki: Antropometrične meritve so pokazale večji napredek v povpreč- tro nih rezultatih v prvem opazovanem obdobju. Ne smemo pa zanemariti tendence po napredku tudi v drugem opazovanem obdobju. Pri testih telesne pripravljenosti ni bilo zaznati večjih odstopanj. Pomemben napredek se kaže v pravilnosti izvedbe vaj. Glede zdravje o na opaženo tendenco po izboljševanju rezultatov, bi bilo definitivno smiselno nadalje-vati s testiranjem telesnih sposobnosti, tako bi dobili jasnejši vpogled v uspešnost spopadanja z vpeljevanjem gibalno športne aktivnosti v vsakdan otrok. Sodelujoči otroci in mladostniki na noč spijo zadostno število ur. Cilj je, da pridobljeno znanje iz tabora uporabijo, kot orodje za izboljšanje kvalitete življenja. Ključne besede: debelost, energijski vnos, gibalno športna aktivnost 88 The success of the »My challenge« camp after 14 days and six weeks of follow-up Nina Vajd1, Breda Franetič Prunk2, Tamara Poklar Vatovec1 1 University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia 2 Youth health and summer resort of red cross Slovenia Debeli rtič, Ankaran, Slovenia Introduction: Child and adolescent obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years. It is largely influenced by the age of modernisation as society is moving towards easing the effort for the individual. In addition sedentary behaviour, sleep deprivation and reduced physical activity are all contributing factors. All of these can lead to obesity, impaired cardiorespiratory health, declining fitness levels and prosocial behaviour. So, no wonder a large increase in childhood obesity was recorded during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: The study sample consisted of 11 children and adolescents from all over Slovenia who were enrol ed in a 2-week programme for overweight children »My Challenge«. They were 7 to 14 years old. Anthropometric measurements were performed using a Tanita bioimpedance analyser. The fol owing tests were used to test physical uth abilities: number of push-ups in 1 min, number of rope jumps in 1 min, holding the o plank position and overcoming the polygon. Paired t-test was used to demonstrate dif-nd y ferences. To gain insight into their eating habits we used a questionnaire on children’s eating habits using the Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition. We also assessed their sedentary and sleeping habits. hildren af c Results: The analysis showed that the daily energy intake of boys (µ = 8805 kJ vs. 7590 kJ) and girls (µ = 10290 kJ vs. 7113 kJ) is higher than the recommended values. The results of the anthropometric measurements in boys show a statistical y significant dif-in)activity o ference in the mean value of body weight (Δ = -3,83 kg; t = 12,824, p = 0,001), waist circumference (Δ = -10 cm; t = 7,385, p = 0,005) as well as in girls (ΔBW = -2,8 kg; t = 6,006, p = 0,001, ΔWC = -7,9 cm; t = 6,228, p = 0,001), waist circumference/height hysical ( ratio and BMI during the first observation period. In the fitness tests boys improved their polygon score in the first observation period and their plank hold score (Δ = +29,7 s; t = -1,632, p = 0,154) in the second observation period. Girls showed a signifi-stnikov | p cant improvement in the plank hold score in the second observation period. Children lado and adolescents sleep more than 9 hours per night. n mk i Discussion and conclusion: Anthropometric measurements showed a greater improve-tro ment in average scores during the first observation period. However, the tendency for st o progress in the second observation period should not be ignored. No significant devi-ations were observed in the physical fitness tests. Significant progress is shown in the correct execution of the exercises. In view of the observed tendency for improvement ne)aktivno in the results it would definitely make sense to continue with the physical fitness tests. This would give a clearer picture of how well children are coping with the introduction of physical activities into their daily lives. Children and adolescents also get enough gibalna ( sleep daily. The aim is to use the knowledge gained at the camp as a tool to improve their quality of life. Keywords: obesity, energy intake, physical activity 89 Vpliv mišične bolečine in penastega valjanja na pasivno togost in gibljivost zadnjih stegenskih mišic Rok Vatovec, Anja Grandovec, Matej Voglar Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola. Slovenija Uvod: Intenzivna vadba pogosto vodi v pojav zakasnjene mišične bolečine. Kljub po-manjkanju znanstvenih dokazov se predpostavlja, da je mišična bolečina povezana s povišano togostjo mišic. Z vadbo povzročena mišična bolečina ima lahko negativen vpliv na prihajajoče treninge. V kliničnem okolju so zaželene intervencije, s katerimi bi izboljšali zmogljivost ob prisotnosti mišične bolečine. Namen raziskave je bil a) ugotoviti spremembe v togosti zadnjih stegenskih mišic in gibljivosti kolka v povezavi z mišič- no bolečino in b) ugotoviti, ali dodajan je penastega valjanja aerobnemu ogrevanju prispeva k zmanjševanju omenjenih sprememb lastnosti zadnjih stegenskih mišic. Metode: Opravili smo eksperimentalno raziskavo na 14 preiskovancih (7 moš kih, 7 žensk), v kateri je pri posameznem preiskovancu ena noga služila kot intervencijska in druga kot kontrolna. Dominantnost noge in vrstni red meritev smo nasprotno uravnotežili s pomočjo metode latinskih kvadratov. Meritve togosti dolge glave m. biceps femoris in pasivnega obsega upogiba kolka smo izvedli na treh obiskih (začetni obisk, cents 24 in 48 ur po ekscentrični vadbi). Na prvem obisku (po začetnih meritvah) so prei-lesdo skovanci opravili ekscentrično vadbo, ki je zajemala tri serije maksimalnih ekscentrič- a nih iztegov kolena in nordijske vaje. Na začetku drugega in tretjega obiska so preisko-nd vanci opravili aerobno ogrevanje na cikloergometru. Poleg tega je bila intervencijska noga deležna samomasaže s penastim valjem, ki je skupno trajala dve minuti. Opra-ldren a vili smo analizo variance za ponovljene meritve, pri čemer nas je zanimal učinek časa, hif c skupine in interakcije. o Rezultati: Naši rezultati so pokazali značilen učinek časa za pasivno gibljivost ealth (p < 0,001, η2 = 0,42), medtem ko učinek časa ni bil značilen za pasivno togost dolge | h glave m. biceps femoris (p = 0,09, η2 = 0,09). Nismo ugotovili značilnega učinka skupine ali interakcije za pasivno togost (skupina: p = 0,76, η2 < 0,01; interakcija: p = 0,74, stnikov η2 = 0,01) in pasivno gibljivost (skupina: p = 0,89, η2 < 0,01; interakcija: p = 0,78, η2 = 0,01). lado n m Razprava in zaključki: Naše ugotovitve kažejo, da je togost dolge glave m. biceps femo-k i ris kljub prisotnosti mišične bolečine in izrazitemu upadu pasivne gibljivosti ostala ne-tro spremenjena. Slednje nakazuje, da subjektivno poročan občutek togosti ne sovpada z dejansko togostjo mišice. Poleg tega, se je izkazalo, da dodajanje penastega valjanja aerobnemu ogrevanju nima dodatnega učinka na togost mišic in pasivno gibljivost kol-zdravje o ka ob prisotni mišični bolečini. Ključne besede: mišična poškodba, miofascialno sproščanje, elastografija, m. biceps femoris, obseg giba 90 Effects of muscle soreness and foam rolling on hamstring stiffness and flexibility Rok Vatovec, Anja Grandovec, Matej Voglar University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Strenuous exercise often leads to the occurrence of delayed onset of muscle soreness. Although research is lacking, it is postulated that muscle soreness is associated with increased muscle stiffness. Moreover, exercise-induced muscle soreness can have a negative impact on upcoming training. Therefore, in clinical settings interventions that improve performance in the presence of muscle soreness are war-ranted. The aim of this study was to a) assess changes of hamstring muscle stiffness and flexibility associated with exercise-induced muscle soreness and b) establish whether adding foam rol ing to an aerobic warm-up could ameliorate the aforementioned changes of hamstring properties. Methods: We conducted a within-subject randomized control ed trial on 14 participants (7 males, 7 females), with one leg serving as the intervention and one as the control. Leg dominance and order of measurements were counterbalanced using the Latin square method. Measurements of biceps femoris long head passive stiffness and utho passive hip flexion range of motion were performed on three occasions (at baseline, 24 hours and 48 hours post eccentric training). During the first visit (fol owing base-nd y line measurements) participants completed an eccentric training protocol which comprised three sets of maximal eccentric knee extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer hildren a and Nordic hamstring exercise. At the beginning of the two fol ow-up visits partici-f c pants engaged in an aerobic warm-up on a cycloergometer. Additional y, the intervention leg was foam rol ed for a total of two minutes. We performed a repeated measures analysis of variance to check for time, group and interaction effects. in)activity o Results: Our results revealed a significant time effect for passive hamstring flexibility (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.42), but not for biceps femoris long head passive stiffness (p = 0.09, η2 = 0.09). Group and interaction effects were not significant neither for passive stiffness hysical ( (group: p = 0.76, η2 < 0.01; interaction: p = 0.74, η2 = 0.01) nor for passive flexibility (group: p = 0.89, η2 < 0.01; interaction: p = 0.78, η2 = 0.01). stnikov | p Discussion and conclusions: Our findings indicate that despite the presence of muscle soreness and large reductions in hamstring flexibility, passive stiffness of biceps fem-lado oris long head remained unchanged. This implicates that a subjective reported feel-n m ing of tightness does not coincide with actual muscle stiffness. Furthermore, it seems k i that adding foam rol ing to warm-up does not affect biceps femoris muscle stiffness tro and passive hamstring flexibility in the presence of exercise-induced muscle soreness. st o Keywords: muscle damage, self-myofascial release, elastography, m. biceps femoris, range of motion ne)aktivno gibalna ( 91 Sekcija/Section IKT rešitve in storitve za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov ICT solutions and services for children and youth’s health Vabljeno predavanje Učenje temeljnih postopkov oživljanja odrasle osebe skozi igro pri predšolskih otrocih: Pregled literature Nino Fijačko Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za zdravstvene vede, Maribor, Slovenija Uvod: Nenadni srčni zastoj izven bolnišnice je globalni javnozdravstveni problem, ki ga vsako leto doživi približno 3,8 milijona ljudi na svetovni ravni. Najpogosteje se nenadni srčni zastoji izven bolnišnice zgodijo v domačem okolju, na delovnem mestu ali javnih mestih. Od leta 2015 Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija priznava projekt »Kids save lives« kot ključni projekt za promocijo konceptov kardiopulmonalnega oživljanja med otroci. V projektu je predlagano učenje temeljnih postopkov oživljanja (TPO) odrasle osebe pri otrocih, starih 12 let in več, en krat letno po dve uri. Pojavljajo pa se tudi dokazi o pozitivnih rezultatih že pri vrtčevskih otrocih, starimi med 3 in 6 let. Za učenje TPO odrasle osebe se v večini uporabljajo komercialno dosegljive in cenovno dostopne simulacijske lutke. Otroci se ne bi smeli učiti vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe na enak centsles način kot odrasli, zato je potrebno učno gradivo posebej oblikovati in prilagoditi. Na-do men prispevka je prikazati izobraževalne pristope (npr. učenje skozi igro), ki se upora-and bljajo za posredovanje vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe predšolskim otrokom. Metode: V mesecu maju 2022 smo izvedli preliminarni pregled literature v iskalniku ldren a Google Scholar in v tuji podatkovni bazi PubMed/Medline. Z angleškimi ključnimi be-hif c sedami »cardiopulmonary resuscitation«, »basic life support«, »kindergarten«, »prio mary school«, »schoolchildren« in »pupils« smo v končno analizo s pomočjo PRISMA ealth diagrama vključili raziskave, ki so predšolske otroke, stare do 8 let, učile TPO odrasle | h osebe ter izključili raziskave, ki so predšolske otroke učile ostalih vsebin prve pomo- či (npr. Heimlichov manever). stnikov Rezultati: Na podlagi iskalnega niza smo dobili 321 zadetkov, s sekundarnim. oz. roč- lado nim iskanjem pa dodatna 2 zadetka. V končno analizo smo vključili 5 raziskav (5/323; n m 1,5 %). Identificirane raziskave so bile izvedene v dveh državah, in sicer v Španiji (4/5; k i 80 %) in Koreji (1/5; 20 %), med leti 2015 in 2021. Predšolski otroci v raziskavah so bi-tro li stari med 5 in 8 let. Tri raziskave so uporabljale izobraževalne pristope za posredovanje vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe v obliki igrač (plišasti medvedek, kocka in knjižica), zdravje o ena raziskava je uporabljala kombinacijo igrač (otroške lutke) in odraslo osebo, preo-stala raziskava pa je uporabljala simulacijsko lutko z nizko stopnjo resničnosti podje-tja BT Sherpa Manikin. Razprava in zaključki: Raziskave so pokazale, da ima učenje skozi igro pomembnejšo vlogo kot komercialno dostopne simulacijske lutke pri posredovanju vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe, saj se lahko otroci skozi ustvarjalno igro učijo in hkrati usvajajo nova znanja. Učenje otrok vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe skozi igro tako povečuje njihov razvoj razumevanja korakov, ki so potrebni za reševanje nujnih primerov, kot je nenadni srčni zastoj, ter zmanjšuje njihov strah pred nudenjem pomoči. Študije prikazujejo, da je za smiselnost učenja določenih korakov (npr. stisi prsnega koša) TPO odrasle osebe nujno potrebno uvesti prilagojene izobraževalne pristope za posredovanje vsebin iz TPO odrasle osebe, tako za predšolske kot tudi šolske otroke, ter upoštevati njihove antropometrične predispozicije, kot sta starost in indeks telesne mase. Ključne besede: temeljni postopki oživljanja, igra, predšolski otroci 94 Invited lecture Teaching basic life support through play to pre-school children: a literature review Nino Fijačko University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maribor, Slovenia Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global public health problem, affecting an estimated 3.8 mil ion people worldwide every year. Most often, OHCA occur at home, at work, or in public places. Since 2015, the World Health Organisation has recognised the »Kids save lives« project as a key incentive to promote adult basic life support (BLS) among children. The project recommends that adult BLS should be taught to children aged 12 years and older once a year for two hours. There is also emerging evidence of positive results already in the pre-school phase for kindergarten children aged between 3 and 6 years. Most commercial y available and afforda-ble simulation manikins are used to teach BLS to adults. Children should not learn BLS in the same way as adults, therefore learning materials need to be tailored special y to ealth their needs. This contribution aims to present educational approaches (e.g., teaching through play) used to deliver adult BLS to pre-school children. uth’s ho Methods: A preliminary literature review was carried out in May 2022 in Google Schol-nd y ar and the PubMed/Medline database. Using the English keywords »cardiopulmonary resuscitation«, »basic life support«, »kindergarten«, »primary school«, »school children« and »pupils«, studies that taught adult BLS to preschool children up to 8 years hildren a of age were included into the final analysis using the PRISMA diagram, while studies r co that taught other first-aid content (e.g., Heimlichov manever) to preschool children were excluded. ervices f Results: The search string yielded 321 hits, and the secondary, i.e., manual search, nd s yielded an additional 2 results. We included 5 studies (5/323; 1.5%) in the final anal-ns a ysis. The identified studies were conducted in 2 countries, namely Spain (4/5; 80%) and Korea (1/5; 20%), between 2015 and 2021. Preschool children in the studies were lutioo 5 to 8 years old. Three studies used educational approaches to deliver content from ct s adult BLS in the form of toys (teddy bear, cube, and booklet), one used a combination of toys (baby dol s) and an adult, and the remaining study used a low-reality simulation manikin from the company BT Sherpa Manikin. stnikov | i Discussion and conclusion: Studies have shown that teaching through play is more im-lado portant than commercial y available simulation manikins in delivering adult BLS, as chil-n m dren learn through creative play and acquire new skil s at the same time. Teaching chil-k i dren adult BLS through play increases their development of understanding of the steps tro needed to deal with emergencies such as sudden cardiac arrest and reduces their fear of helping others. Studies show that to make it meaningful to teach certain steps (e.g., dravje o chest compressions) of adult basic life support, it is necessary to introduce tailored a z educational approaches to deliver adult BLS to preschool and school children, and to consider their anthropometric predispositions, such as age and body mass index. ritve zto Keywords: basic life support, game, pre-school children n s ešitve i ikt r 95 Ocena prehranskega vnosa s pomočjo digitalnih fotografij Tadeja Jakus, Blaž Grmek Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Natančna ocena prehranskega vnosa z uporabo tradicionalnih metod beleženja (prehranski dnevnik na papirju, 24 h recal ) je velik izziv, saj ljudje ve-likokrat napačno poročajo o vrsti in količini zaužite hrane, bodisi zaradi tega ker ne zapisujejo takoj, ne zapišejo vsega kar so zaužili, napačne ocene količine/velikosti, obremenitve s tehtanjem itd. Uporaba ocene prehranskega vnosa na podlagi poslanih fotografij iz mobilnih naprav, ki jih imamo danes ves čas pri roki, se kaže kot možen nov pristop pri prehranskih obravnavah, ki lahko zmanjša zgoraj naštete napake. Do danes sta bila raziskana dva pristopa uporabe slik za oceno prehranskega vnosa: aktivni pristop ter pasivni pristop. Pasivni pristop se uporablja predvsem z namenom lažjega priklica živil ob uporabi tradicionalnih metod beleženja in rezultati študij kažejo, da je preračunan energijski vnos ob souporabi slik višji. Aktivni pristop pa lahko poleg ocene prehranskega vnosa služi tudi kot pripomoček pri spreminjanju prehranskih navad. Predstavitev vsebine: Elektronska ocena prehranskega vnosa na podlagi pošiljanja slik cents podpira prej nedosegljive metodologije ocenjevanja vnosa, kot je ocena prehranske-les ga vnosa v realnem času, takojšnjo razjasnitev nejasnosti vnosa itd. Ena izmed uporab-do a nih, zanesljivih in validiranih metod je »Snap and send«. Ta temelji na treh korakih: fo-nd tografiranje obroka, pošiljanje slike z opisom preko aplikacije za sporazumevanje (npr. Messenger) ter preračun vnosa s strani dietetika. Vendar pri tem velja poudariti, da iz-ldren a račun temelji na natančnosti ocene velikosti porcije na podlagi slike. Rezultati nekate-hif c rih študij navajajo, da je manj kot tretjina usposobljenih dietetikov zmožna natančne o ocene na podlagi slik, zato je zelo pomembno, da fotografiranje poteka na površini po-znane velikosti npr. A4 list, pogrinjek, kjer je velikost lažje primerljiva, ter da stranka ealth| h pod fotografijo priloži še besedni opis obroka. Postopek pregleda slik zahteva usposo-bljene osebe, ki imajo znanje s področja prehrane in le tako lahko posnete slike obro-stnikov kov in morebitnih ostankov hrane zagotavljajo objektivne informacije, ki pomagajo pri oceni prehranskega vnosa. Po drugi strani obstajajo danes že avtomatizirani sistemi, ki lado samodejno prepoznavajo velikost porcije in hrano, vendar so ti zaradi kompleksnosti n mk i živil in obrokov zelo nezanesljivi. Opisano metodo lahko izkoristimo tudi za izobražetro vanje. Študije nam kažejo, da uporaba metode z namenom izobraževanja o prehrani daje boljše rezultate kot tradicionalne metode, saj lahko stranke poučujemo v realnem času, ko potrebujejo pomoč npr. že pri nakupu živila, odmerjanju porcije, umestitvi ži-zdravje o vila v dnevni ritem. Sklepne ugotovitve: Uporaba klasičnega vodenja prehranskega dnevnika z zapisi je sicer še vedno zelo uporabna metoda, vendar študije kažejo, da je natančnost metode pri mladih, ki obvladajo sodobno telekomunikacijsko tehnologijo boljša ob uporabi po-snetih fotografij, ki jih pregleda ustrezno usposobljena oseba. Ključne besede: analiza fotografije, prehranski vnos, telefon, prehrana 96 Image assisted dietary assessment Tadeja Jakus, Blaž Grmek University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introdiction and purpose: Accurately estimating food intake using traditional recording methods (food diary, 24-hour recal ) is chal enging because people often misreport the type and amount of food consumed, either because they do not write it down right away, do not write down everything they ate, misestimate the amount/size, weigh loads, etc. The use of nutritional intake estimates based on sent photos from mobile devices is emerging as a potential new approach to nutritional treatments that can reduce the above-mentioned problems. To date, two approaches to using images to assess dietary intake have been studied: the active approach and the passive approach. The passive approach is mainly used to facilitate food intake using conventional recording methods. The results of the studies show that the recalculated energy intake is higher when image-assisted method is used. In addition to assessing food intake, an active approach can also serve as an aid in changing eating habits. Content presentation: Electronic dietary intake assessment supports previously un-achievable assessment methodologies, such as real-time food intake assessment, in-ealth stant clarification of food intake uncertainties, and so on. One of the useful, reliable and validated methods is »snap and send«. It is based on three steps: taking picture uth’s ho of a meal, sending the picture with a description via a communication application (e.g. nd y Messenger), and recalculation of the record by a nutritionist. However, it should be noted that the calculation is based on the accuracy of the portion size estimate based on the image. The results of some studies indicate that less than one-third of trained hildren a dietitians are able to make accurate estimates based on images. Therefore, it is very r co important that the image is taken on a surface of known size, such as an A4 sheet or a placemat, where the sizes are easier to compare, and that the client includes a descrip-ervices f tion of the meal below the image. The process of image evaluation requires trained individuals with nutritional knowledge. Only then can the captured images of meals and nd s possible food remnants provide objective information to evaluate food intake. On the ns a other hand, advanced systems exist that enable automatic food recognition, portion lutio size estimation, and nutrient content estimation, but they are very unreliable due to o the complexity of food and meals. The described method can also be used in educa-ct s tion. Studies show us that its use in nutrition education leads to better results compared to traditional methods, because we can teach clients in real time when they stnikov | i need help, e.g. already when buying food, dosing a portion, or introducing food into a daily rhythm. lado n m Conclusions: The use of a classic food diary is still a very useful method, but studies k i show that the accuracy of the method is better in young people who have mastered tro modern information and communication technology using photographs examined by a suitably qualified person. dravje o Keywords: image analysis, nutrition assessment, nutrition, mobilphone a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 97 Mobilna izobraževalna aplikacija za mlade WASABY – za zmanjševanje ogroženosti z rakom Katja Jarm, Urška Ivanuš Zveza slovenskih društev za boj proti raku, Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen. Zveza slovenskih društev za boj proti raku (Zveza) skrbi, da v naši družbi ne bi nihče zbolel ali umrl za rakom zaradi lastne nevednosti ali zaradi brezbri- žnosti države, in pri tem uporablja pripomoček - Evropski kodeks proti raku (Kodeks). Kodeks vsebuje 12 nasvetov, kako lahko posameznik z upoštevanjem enostavnih, na dokazih temelječih priporočil, pomembno poskrbi za svoje zdravje in zmanjša tveganje, da bo zbolel ali umrl zaradi raka. Mednarodna agencija za raziskovanje raka pri Svetovni zdravstveni organizaciji ocenjuje, da lahko z upoštevanjem teh 12 enostavnih priporočil Kodeksa preprečimo okrog 40 % vseh novih primerov raka in okrog po-lovico vseh smrti zaradi raka. Z nasveti za zdravo življenje brez raka moramo začeti čimbolj zgodaj, v otroštvu ali vsaj v mladostništvu. WASABY je izobraževalna mobilna aplikacija, ki mladim pomaga razumeti sporočila Evropskega kodeksa proti raku in se odločati za zdrave izbire. Predstavitev vsebine. WASABY je aplikacija za mobilne naprave, ki jo je razvila Evrop-cents ska liga za boj proti raku, prek katere najstniki na zabaven in interaktiven način spozna-lesdo vajo nasvete za zdravo življenje brez raka. Zasnovana je po načelu intervalnega uče-a nja z igrifikacijo. Aplikacija ima 10 interaktivnih izobraževalnih modulov o možnostih nd preprečevanja raka. Vsak modul vsebuje video posnetke, praktične nasvete in interak-tivne kvize. Ciljna skupina so mladostniki od 14 do 19 let. Ključna značilnost aplikaci-ldren a je WASABY je možnost, da uporabniki delijo svoj napredek in rezultate kvizov s svoji-hif c mi prijatelji in drugimi igralci ter tako ustvarijo mednarodno lestvico najboljših učencev o v Evropi. Na koncu vsakega uspešno opravljenega modula osvojijo nagradno znač- ko. Vse naštete funkcionalnosti spodbujajo tekmovalnega duha, občutek uspešnosti in ealth| h večkratno uporabo aplikacije. WASABY je prvo orodje te vrste učenja z igrifikacijo na zdravstvenem področju. stnikov Sklepne ugotovitve. V evropskem prostoru si Evropska liga za boj proti raku, katere pol-nopravna članica je tudi slovenska Zveza, prizadeva, da bi Kodeks dosegel čimveč lju-lado di, torej da bi bila večina prebivalcev seznanjena o tem, kako si lahko zmanjšajo tvegan mk i nje za raka. Prepoznavnost 12 priporočil naslavlja tudi Evropski načrt za obvladovanja tro raka (Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan), ki je bil lansiran v letu 2021; eden izmed ciljev te-ga načrta je tudi, da bi z osveščanjem o 12 priporočilih do leta 2025 dosegli kar 80 % populacije. K vsem tem uresničitvam lahko veliko pripomorejo mladi tako z vrstniški-zdravje o mi spodbudami kot medgeneracijskim osveščanjem. Ključne besede: mladostniki, rak, zdravje, mobilni telefon, igrifikacija, WASABY 98 Mobile educational application for the youth WASABY – decreasing the cancer risk Katja Jarm, Urška Ivanuš Association of Slovenian Cancer Societies, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose. Association of Slovenian Cancer Societies (Association) aims to help building a society where nobody would get diagnosed with cancer or die of cancer because of his own ignorance or indifference of the national policy. European Code Against Cancer (The Code) is beeing used by the Association to disseminate the messages of cancer prevention. The Code aims to inform people about actions they can take for themselves or their families to reduce their risk of cancer. Leading cancer scientists from across Europe compiled The Code based on the latest scientific evidence on cancer prevention, coming up with twelve recommendations that most people can fol ow without any special skil s or advice. World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates, that more than 40% of all cancer cases and almost 50% of cancer deaths can be prevented fol owing those recommendations. Promotion of healthy lifestyle should be educated already in childhood and in youth. WASABY is an educational app helping young people learn the messages with-ealth in The Code and informing them about the importance of healthy lifestyle choices for cancer prevention. uth’s ho Content presentation. WASABY is a mobile application developed by the Association nd y of European Cancer Leagues (ECL) to help teenagers learn about The Code in a fun and interactive way. The app specifical y targets young people aged 14 to 19 and is using spaced-repetition with gamification to enhance learning. The app is made up hildren a of 10 interactive modules, busting common cancer prevention myths. Each module r co contains videos, practical recommendations and interactive quizzes. A key feature of the WASABY app is the possibility for users to share their progress and quizzes re-ervices f sults with their friends and other players, thus creating an international ranking list of ‘top learners’ around Europe. In addition, reward badges are unlocked at the end of nd s each module. These features stimulate a competitive spirit, a sense of accomplishment ns a and the repeated use of the app. WASABY represents the first digital tool in tackling lutio non-communicable diseases. o Conclusions. In Europe, the ECL organisation (Slovenian Association being full mem-ct s ber of the ECL) targets to reach as many people as possible with the messages of The Code, how to reduce individual cancer risk. Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan, launched stnikov | i in 2021, addresses The Code, too, with the goal towards 80% awareness of the The Code in 2025. To achieve this ambitious milestone, every intervention of the youth lado with peer and intergenerational encouragement for cancer prevention is important. n mk i Keywords: the youth, cancer, health, mobile phone, gamification, WASABY tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 99 COMFOCUS: evropska iniciativa za razvoj infrastrukture v podporo znanosti potroštništva na področju Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Tome Eftimov, Gjorgjina Cenikj, Eva Valenčič Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: V evropskem prostoru se je v zadnjih letih oblikovalo več različnih raziskovalnih infrastruktur, preko katerih se združujejo domenski strokovnjaki in oblikujejo zbirke odprtih podatkov ter storitev in orodij za upravljanje s tovrstnimi podatki. COMFOCUS je evropski projekt iz programa Obzorij 2020 (COMFOCUS, 2022), katerega namen je oblikovati tovrstno infrastrukturo v podporo znanosti potroštni- štva na področju živilstva in prehrane (angl. Food consumer science). Koordinator projekta je Univerza z Wageningnu iz Nizozemske, Institut »Jožef Stefan« sodeluje kot partner projektnega konzorcija 20 evropskih institucij. V projektu razvijamo platformo znanja (angl. Knowledge platform), preko katere bodo raziskovalci in ostali dele- žniki (npr. živilska industrija, odločevalci ipd.) dostopali do podatkov, orodij, različnih informacij (npr. o standardih za pripravo raziskovalnih podatkov) itd. Trenutno se oblikuje ontologija, ki formalno opisuje znanje s koncepti iz domene znanosti potroštni- štva ter relacijami med temi koncepti. Ontologija je ključna pri računalniško podprtem cents povezovanju raznovrstnih podatkov iz različnih domen, na osnovi česar je možno poles iskati odgovore na kompleksna raziskovalna vprašanja. do a Predstavitev vsebine: Pripravljen je standard za poenoteno zbiranje podatkov ključnih nd za razvoj znanosti potroštništva na področju živilstva in prehrane. V kratkem bo raz-pisan klic za zbiranje podatkov v skladu s tem standardom, kar bo omogočilo pridobi-ldren a tev ključnih podatkov. Z uporabo naprednih računalniških metod (npr. umetne inteli-hif c gence) in orodij razvitih v projektu COMFOCUS bomo zbrane podatke analizirali in o poskusili odgovoriti na zahtevna vprašanja. ealth Sklepne ugotovitve: Bližajoči se klic za zbiranje podatkov je lepa priložnost tudi za slo- | h vensko raziskovalno skupnost, ki deluje na področju živilstva in prehrane tako otrok in mladostnikov kot tudi drugih skupin prebivalstva. Ker bodo ti podatki usklajeni z onto-stnikov logijo, bo njihovo povezovanje s podatki iz drugih domen (recimo z zdravstvenimi podatki), relativno enostavno, predvsem pa izvedljivo z uporabo računalniških metod. V lado prispevku bomo predstavili osnovne pojme, kot so npr. koncepti, terminologija, onto-n mk i logija ipd., ki so ključni za razumevanje problematike. Namreč pri razvoju podporne tro tehnologije je ključno sodelovanje strokovnjakov računalništva in domenskih strokovnjakov, kar pa zahteva vzpostavitev ‘skupnega jezika’ in predvsem tesno sodelovanje. Bioinformatika je zgledna domena, kjer se je vzpostavilo tovrstno sodelovanje med zdravje o strokovnjaki iz področij zdravstva, informatike in naravoslovja, čemur smo začeli sledi-ti tudi na področjih živilstva in prehrane. Ključne besede: odprti podatki, znanost potroštništva, povezljivost podatkov 100 COMFOCUS: European Initiative for Infrastructure Development in Support of Consumer Science in Food and Nutrition Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Tome Eftimov, Gjorgjina Cenikj, Eva Valenčič Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: In recent years, several different research infrastructures have been set up in Europe, bringing together domain experts to create databases of open data and services and tools for managing such data. COMFOCUS is a European project from Horizon 2020 (COMFOCUS, 2022), which aims to create such an infrastructure in support of food consumer science. The project coordinator is the University of Wageningen in the Netherlands, and the Jožef Stefan Institute is cooperating as a partner in a project consortium of 20 European institutions. In the project, we are developing a knowledge platform through which researchers and other stakeholders (e.g., food industry, policy makers, etc.) will access data, tools, various information (for instance, on standards for the preparation of research data), etc. An ontology is currently being developed that formal y describes knowledge with concepts from the domain of consumer science and the relations between these concepts. Ontology is crucial in the computer-assisted integration of heterogeneous data from different domains, on the basis of which it is possible to find answers to complex research questions. ealth Content presentation: A standard for the unified col ection of data crucial for the devel-uth’s h opment of consumer science in the field of food and nutrition has been prepared. An o open call for data col ection in accordance with this standard will be launched shortly, nd y which will enable the acquisition of key data. Using advanced computer methods (e.g., artificial intel igence) and tools developed in the COMFOCUS project, we will analyze the col ected data and try to answer complex questions. hildren a r c Conclusions: The upcoming open call for data col ection is also a good opportunity for o the Slovenian research community, which works in the field of food and nutrition for children and adolescents as well as other groups of the population. Because this data ervices f will be aligned with the ontology, linking it to data from other domains (e.g., health da-nd s ta) will be relatively easy, but above all feasible, using computer methods. In this paper, we will present basic concepts such as concepts, terminology, ontology, etc., which ns a are key to understanding the issue. Namely, the cooperation of computer experts and lutioo domain experts is crucial in the development of assistive technology, which requires the establishment of a ‘common language’ and, above al , close cooperation. Bioin-ct s formatics is an exemplary domain, where such cooperation has been established between experts in the fields of health, informatics and natural sciences, which we have stnikov | i also started to fol ow in the fields of food and nutrition. lado Keywords: open data, consumer science, data interoperability n mk i tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 101 Pregled informacijsko komunikacijskih tehnologij in njihov pomen pri vodenju prehranskega vnosa Sara Medja, Karin Šik Novak, Boštjan Žvanut Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: V Sloveniji se kar 113.563 oseb starih od 16 do 24 let poslužuje informacijsko komunikacijskih tehnologij za izboljšanje svojega zdravja. Uporaba omenjene tehnologije predstavlja lepo priložnost za nove načine izvajanja prehranskih intervencij v populaciji mladostnikov s pomočjo raznih aplikacij. Na voljo so številne aplikacije, vendar konč- nim uporabnikom ni znano, katere od njih so dejansko primerne za uporabo. Metode: Izveden je bil pregled in testiranje obstoječih prehranskih aplikacij, kjer smo primerjali: skladnost z referenčnimi vrednostmi za energijski vnos in vnos hranil ter prikaz le-teh, možnost vnosa, vnos živil in enote, podrobnosti sestave živil, funkcionalnosti v osnovni in plačljivi različici aplikacij. Rezultati: Aplikacije za enako vnesene podatke podajo različne izračune prehranskih vnosov. Največje odstopanje med obroki je bilo pri kosilu, kjer so znotraj referenčne-ga območja 90 % in 110 % le tri aplikacije. Pri celodnevnem energijskem vnosu so pod cents referenčno mejo 90 % štiri aplikacije. Pri celodnevnih vnosih za: ogljikove hidrate – sta les pod referenčno mejo dve aplikaciji; beljakovine – devet aplikacij nad 110 % referenč- do ne vrednosti, ena pod 90 % ter le dve sta bili znotraj referenčnih vrednosti; maščobe and – vse aplikacije, z izjemo dveh so pod referenčno mejo. Pregledali smo tudi funkcije, ki skrajšajo čas izpolnjevanja prehranskega dnevnika, s čimer je uporaba aplikacije še laž- ja in privlačnejša. ldren ahi Razprava in zaključki: Omenjenja odstopanja lahko povzročajo pri uporabnikih zme-f c o do, zato je potrebno uporabnike, še posebej mladostnike, ustrezno usmeriti k uporabi preverjenih aplikacij. Obstajajo različni razlogi za uporabo ali neuporabo prehran-ealth| h skih aplikacij. Poleg tega ne obstaja poenoten pristop, ki bi ustrezal vsem uporabnikom za dolgotrajno uporabo. Potrebna je prilagoditev prehranskih aplikacij glede na ciljne skupine uporabnikov. Od situacije in konteksta je odvisno, ali bo njihova uporaba pov-stnikov zročila fiziološko pomembne učinke ter klinično pomembne izboljšave zdravja. Z vidi-lado ka javnega zdravstva pa so že majhne spremembe na populaciji mladostnikov zelo po-n m membne. k i Ključne besede: mladostniki, e-zdravje, m-zdravje, prehranske aplikacije, prehranski tro dnevnik zdravje o 102 Review of information and communication technologies and their importance in nutritional management Sara Medja, Karin Šik Novak, Boštjan Žvanut Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: In Slovenia, 113,563 people in the age group of 16 to 24 years use information and communication technology for health purposes. The use of this technology provides a good opportunity to conduct nutrition interventions in the adolescent population using various apps. While there are a number of apps available, it is not yet known which ones are actual y appropriate. Methods: A review and test of 12 apps was conducted in which we compared: adherence to recommended energy and nutrient intake, the ability to enter various dietary intake parameters with the corresponding units and nutrient composition. In addition, the functions of the basic and paid versions of the apps were also compared. Results: The apps provided different food intake calculations for the same entered da-ta. The greatest variation between meals was for lunch, where only three apps were within the reference range. For total energy intake, there were four apps below the reference range. For al -day intake of: carbohydrates – two apps are below the refer-ealth ence range; protein – nine apps above, one was below and only two were within the reference range; fat – all apps (except two) were below the reference range. We re-uth’s h viewed features that reduce the time required to complete the food diary and make it o even easier and more attractive to use. nd y Discussion and conclusions: These discrepancies may cause confusion among users. Hence, users, especial y adolescents, should be encouraged to use verified apps. hildren a There are several reasons for (non) use of nutrition apps. In addition, there is no sin-r c gle approach that is suitable for long-term use for all users. Nutrition apps need to be o adapted to different user groups. It depends on the situation and context whether their use is sufficient to produce physiological y significant effects and clinical y mean-ervices f ingful health improvements. From a public health perspective, even small improve-nd s ments in adolescent nutrition are of utmost importance. ns a Keywords: adolescent, e-health, m-health, nutrition applications, food diary lutioo ct s stnikov | i lado n mk i tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 103 Ozavestimo mladostnika o zdravih spalnih navadah Žiga Podplatnik1, Marija Urbančič Suhadolnik2 1 Srednja tehniška in poklicna šola Trbovlje, Trbovlje, Slovenija 2 Srednja šola Zagorje, Zagorje, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Spanje je osnovna fiziološka potreba človeka, tako kot potreba po hrani, vodi in kisiku. Ne samo odrasli tudi mladostniki in otroci spijo premalo. Poleg zdrave prehrane in redne telesne vadbe je spanje ključen dejavnik za ohranjanje in krepitev zdravja. Med pandemijo se je spremenil ritem spanja in budnosti. Stroka ugotavlja, da so posledice okužbe s Covid-19 tudi nespečnost in motnje spanja. Naše izhodišče je bila anketa, ki so jo za raziskovano nalogo izvedle dijakinje na dveh šolah, in naša opažanja pri pouku. Rezultati ankete so pokazali, da mladostniki spijo premalo in nimajo ustreznih spalnih navad. Opažamo, da se mladostniki ne zavedajo posledic pomanjkanja spanja, pogosteje posegajo po energijskih pijačah in niso seznanjeni s priporočili za dobro spanje. Sklepamo, da informacije mladostnikov ne dosežejo tudi zaradi načina podajanja. Za namen osveščanja mladostnikov o pomenu spanja in o dobrih spalnih navadah smo razvili spletno aplikacijo. Predstavitev vsebine: Aplikacija Spalko je namenjena učencem tretje triade osnovne šole cents in srednješolcem. Pripravljena je za uporabo na razrednih urah. V pomoč učitelju smo lesdo pripravili gradivo z navodili za delo, priporočili za dobro spanje in povzetki raziskav o a spanju. Aplikacija je delno prosto dostopna, delno pa z uporabniškim imenom in ge-nd slom. Sestavljajo jo trije deli: dva sta namenjena uporabi v razredu, zadnji je namenjen individualni uporabi. Prvi del (uvodno testiranje) je namenjen poznavanju dejavnikov, ldren a ki vplivajo na spanje. Vsebuje tudi povratno informacijo s kratko strokovno razlago. hif c Drugi del (skupinsko testiranje) je namenjen raziskovanju spalnih navad mladostnikov o v razredu. Rezultati se sproti prikazujejo in omogočajo učitelju iztočnice za pogovor in odkrivanje dobrih spalnih navadah. Tretji del (individualno testiranje) je namenjen pre-ealth| h verjanju, kako pomanjkanje spanja vpliva na spomin, koncentracijo in motorične sposobnost. Aplikacija je primerna tudi za uporabo pri odraslih npr. v preventivnih delavnicah v zdravstvenih domovih in na delovnih mestih. stnikov Sklepne ugotovitve: Navade v odrasli dobi težje spreminjamo, hkrati se posledice po-lado manjkanja spanja kopičijo. Mladostnikom želimo omogočiti razvoj zdravih spalnih n mk i navad, saj kvalitetno spanje preprečuje zdravstvene težave oziroma že nastalih ne tro poslabšuje, omogoča učinkovito učenje in opravljanje vsakodnevnih obveznosti. Predvidevamo, da zdrave spalne navade zmanjšajo odsotnosti zaradi zdravstvenih razlogov, preprečujejo izgorelost ter zmanjšajo potrebo po uporabi farmacevtskih sredstev, do-zdravje o voljenih in nedovoljenih psihoaktivnih snovi in energijskih napitkov. Ključne besede: zdravje, spanje, mladostnik 104 Adolescents and sleep: raising awareness of sleep as a healthy behaviour Žiga Podplatnik1, Marija Urbančič Suhadolnik2 1 Trbovlje Technical and Vocational Secondary School, Trbovlje, Slovenia 2 Secondary School Zagorje, Zagorje, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Sleep is a basic physiological need. Physiological needs must be met for us to survive. Biological requirements for human survival are also food, drink, air. Not getting enough sleep is a problem not only for active adults, but also for adolescents and even children. In addition to a healthy diet and regular physical activity, sleep is a key factor for maintaining and enhancing health and wel being. During COVID-19 pandemic the sleep/wake circadian rhythm has changed. Experts note that among the consequences of COVID-19 infection are also sleep disorders and insomnia. The basis of our study and our starting point was a survey that was carried out on two schools and our observations during the lessons. The survey showed that adolescents do not get enough sleep. Furthermore, they do not have healthy sleeping habits. Our observations are that the adolescents are unaware of the consequences of sleep deprivation and are more likely to resort to energy drinks. They do not fol ow the guidelines, recommendations, and policy statements related to sleep health. The reason why the relevant information does not reach the adolescents lies in the meth-ealth od of passing this same information. The goal of the Awareness- Raising App is to raise awareness of the importance of quality sleep for life. uth’s ho Content presentation: The target audience of our Awareness-Raising App are the stu-nd y dents of third triad and secondary school students. It is ready for use in class. The app comes with teaching resources, such as materials that include instructions for work, recommendations for quality sleep and summaries of related research. A part of the hildren a app is intended for public use and another part demands a username and a password. r co It consists of three parts. Two are intended for use in the classroom and the last is intended for individual use. The first part, cal ed introductory testing, informs and tests ervices f you on sleep quality factors. It also contains feedback with a brief expert explanation. The second part, which involves group testing, is dedicated to researching the sleep-nd s ing habits of adolescents in the classroom. The results are streamed as they come in ns a and they provide conversational points. The teacher can use these points for talking lutio and learning about healthy sleeping habits. The third part, that is intended for testing o of the individuals, is designed to examine how sleep deprivation affects memory, con-ct s centration, and motor skil s. The app is also suitable for adults. We can use it for different workshops, health centres and workplaces. stnikov | i Conclusions: Old habits die hard. It gets even harder as we get older. The consequences of sleep deprivation get worse since it is hard to break a habit. We would like to en-lado able adolescents to develop healthy sleeping habits, since they prevent health prob-n mk i lems and does not worsen the existing ones. Sleep also affects learning and fulfil ing daily obligations. We believe that fol owing recommendations for quality sleep could tro reduce sick leaves and prevent burn out. Furthermore, healthy sleeping habits would reduce the need to use pharmaceuticals, permitted and il icit psychoactive substanc-dravje o es, and energy drinks. a z Keywords: health, sleep, adolescent. ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 105 Moj SLOfit, diagnostično in izobraževalno orodje za gibalno pismenost Žan Luca Potočnik, Marjeta Kovač, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen. Že od šolskega leta 1989/90 se v okviru podatkovne zbirke Športnovzgojni karton spremlja telesni in gibalni razvoj šolajoče populacije. Rezultati meritev so v pomoč učiteljem pri načrtovanju pouka športne vzgoje, učencem pri spoznavanju telesne zmogljivosti, odločevalcem pri uvajanju novosti na področju izobraževanja in staršem pri razumevanju otrokovega razvoja. Merske naloge so nespremenjene že od začetka Športnovzgojnega kartona, vendar pa se spreminja informacijska struktu-ra podatkovne zbirke, ki se je razvila v napreden sistem, danes poznan kot SLOfit. V tem prispevku bomo predstavili spletno aplikacijo Moj SLOfit, ki je orodje za napre-dno vrednotenje rezultatov meritev in hkrati medij za prenos informacij med različni-mi deležniki. Kot diagnostično in izobraževalno orodje ima potencial, da šolarjem ponudi veliko več kot le informacijo o telesni zmogljivosti ter tako pripomore k razvoju gibalne pismenosti. Predstavitev vsebine. Moj SLOfit učiteljem omogoča vnos rezultatov neposredno v zbir-cents ko podatkov. Zaradi pametnih algoritmov čiščenja in obdelave podatkov v Moj SLO-lesdo fit, so učiteljem kmalu po meritvah na voljo povratne informacije o telesnem in gibala nem razvoju na ravni šole, razredov ter posameznih učencev. Od leta 2016 se rezultati nd prikazujejo v centilnih vrednostih in s semaforjem zdravstvenega tveganja, kar omogo- ča intuitivno interpretacijo rezultatov. Učencem in staršem so takojšen vpogled, raz-ldren a laga rezultatov in zbirka strokovnih, a poljudnih SLOfit nasvetov v pomoč pri skrbi za hif c telesno zdravje in dobro počutje. Tako lahko pripomorejo h gibalni pismenost, ki jo o razumemo kot sklop motivacije, samozavesti, gibalne kompetentnosti, znanja in razumevanja, ki je potreben za vseživljenjsko telesno dejavnost. Čeprav na sistemski ravni ealth| h povezava med Moj SLOfit in sistemom družinske medicine trenutno še ne deluje kot bi želeli, pa Moj SLOfit omogoča, da posameznik svoje podatke deli z izbrano osebo, kot je npr. pediater, družinski zdravnik ali kineziolog. Ko bo ta povezava sistematizirana, stnikov bodo ustvarjeni pogoji, da bo Moj SLOfit kot diagnostično orodje lahko pomembno lado prispeval tudi k zdravstveni pismenosti. Moj SLOfit stalno razvijamo na podlagi upo-n m rabniških izkušenj in novih raziskovalnih spoznanj. V sodelovanju s kolegi z Inštituta Jo-k i žefa Stefana smo razvili na umetni inteligenci temelječ model za napovedovanje konč- tro ne (odrasle) telesne višine in biološke zrelosti. Nedavno smo sistem nadgradili tudi za spremljanje telesne zmogljivosti odraslih in starostnikov ter tako kot prvi na svetu na zdravje o nacionalni ravni omogočamo pregled nad spremembami telesne zmogljivosti skozi celotno življenjsko obdobje. V prihodnosti načrtujemo še povezavo s pametnimi napravami, ki spremljajo 24-urno gibalno vedenje, ki poleg telesne dejavnosti vključuje še sedenje z uporabo zaslonskih elektronskih naprav in spanje. Tovrstne nadgradnje bodo omogočile naprednejše načrtovanje individualnih ali skupinskih intervencij, s pomočjo umetne inteligence pa tudi napovedovanje njihovih rezultatov. Sklepne ugotovitve. Športnovzgojni karton učiteljem in staršem že več kot 30 let omogoča spremljavo razvoja otrok in mladostnikov. S tehnološko nadgradnjo in konceptualnim razvojem je ta sistem pridobil številne nove funkcije, ki bodo s pomočjo orodja Moj SLOfit pomembno prispevale k razvoju gibalne in zdravstvene pismenosti v šolskem prostoru in širše. Ključne besede: otroci, mladostniki, zdravje, diagnostika, gibalna pismenost 106 My SLOfit, diagnostic and educational tool for physical literacy Žan Luca Potočnik, Marjeta Kovač, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction. In the Slovenian school population, physical and motor development has been monitored since the 1989/90 school year. The monitoring system is cal ed Sports Education Chart. The results are useful for teachers in planning lessons, for children in understanding physical fitness, for decision makers in introducing innovations in the education system, and for parents in understanding the child’s physical and motor development. Fitness tests have remained the same since the beginning, however the information infrastructure has been evolving and has developed into an advanced system, now known as SLOfit. Here we introduce the My SLOfit web-based application, a tool for advanced evaluation and visual presentation of results, as well as a platform for information sharing among stakeholders. As a diagnostic and educational tool, My SLOfit offers much more than just information about physical fitness; it also contributes to the development of physical literacy. Content presentation. With My SLOfit, teachers can easily enter measurement results into the database on the spot. Thanks to smart algorithms for data checking and pro-ealth cessing, they receive feedback on the results shortly afterwards. They gain insight in-to children’s physical and motor development at the school level, at the class level, and uth’s h at the individual level. Through My SLOfit, children and their parents also gain insight o into the data, and together with the col ection of SLOfit advice, they are empowered nd y to take charge of their own health and wel -being. In this way, they contribute to their physical literacy, which consists of motivation, self-confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding necessary for a lifelong physical activity. Although the hildren a connection between My SLOfit and the medical system is not yet as far along as we r co would like, there is an option for users to share their data with trusted individuals of their choice, such as pediatricians, physicians, or kinesiologists. When this connec-ervices f tion becomes part of the national health system, SLOfit as a diagnostic tool will also be able to contribute to health literacy. Thanks to continuous development, SLOfit of-nd s fers modern, technology-based features. In col aboration with the Jožef Stefan Instins a tute, artificial intel igence-based models for predicting adult height and maturity status lutio have been developed. Recently, we included adults and the elderly in the monitor-o ing, and My SLOfit became the first system to provide nationwide fitness monitoring ct s on a lifelong basis. We plan to connect My SLOfit with wearables that record 24-hour movement behavior, including sedentary activities, screen time and sleep. The upgrades presented will enable more advanced planning of individual or group interven-stnikov | i tions and, with the help of AI, prediction of their impact. lado Conclusion. For more than 30 years, the Sports Education Chart has helped teachers n mk i and parents understand their children’s physical and motor development. With tech-nological upgrades and conceptual development, the system has added important fea-tro tures that are included in My SLOfit and contribute to physical and health literacy in the school environment as well as the broader community. dravje o a z Keywords: children, youth, health, diagnostics, physical literacy ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 107 10 IKT orodja za učenje in poučevanje na področju reproduktivnega zdravja Patrik Pucer, Boštjan Žvanut Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Število rojstev v Evropi se je v zadnjih desetih letih zmanjšalo. Glavni problem, ki povzroča nižjo rodnost, je odlašanje rojstva prvega otroka in pomanjkanje znanja o številnih dejavnikih tveganja za plodnost. Če se odločitev za rojstvo otroka preloži po optimalni plodni dobi, postane ključnega pomena ohranjanje reproduktivnega zdravja v tem obdobju. Trenutno mediji (spletne strani, članki v časopisih in revi-jah, knjige itd.) podajajo pogosto nejasne, kontroverzne in ne vedno zanesljive podatke o plodnosti. Poleg tega v učnih načrtih za zdravstvene delavce v Evropi področje reproduktivnega zdravja in skrbi zanj ni zadostno pokrito. Predstavitev vsebine: V okviru projekta Erasmus+ KA2 »PreconNet – Reproduktivno zdravje mladih: s pomočjo izobraževanja nad primanjkljaj znanja« smo razvili digitalna orodja za poučevanje in učenje ter samoučenje, predvsem pa usmerjanje vseh strokovnjakov, učiteljev in posameznikov, ki jih zanima področje reproduktivnega zdravja. Omenjena, na dokazih temelječa orodja so bila ustvarjena skladno z najnovejšimi priporočili in ugotovitvami zanesljivih študij s področja reproduktivnega zdravja in cents pred zanositvijo s strani učiteljev in študentov babištva in zdravstvene nege. Omenje-lesdo na orodja lahko brezplačno uporabljajo vsi in so trenutno na voljo na spletni platfor-a mi projekta: https://preco.tamk.fi. Trenutno je na voljo 36 orodij, razvrščenih v osem nd kategorij, ki so povezane z vsebinami plodnosti in reproduktivnega zdravja: Starost in plodnost, Razumevanje reprodukcije, Obstoječa zdravstvena stanja, Dejavniki življenj-ldren a skega sloga, Tveganja za okužbe, Okoljski dejavniki, Poklicno okolje in Socialno oko-hif c lje. Na voljo so različne vrste orodij, od preprostih plakatov in kartic (razvitih za predo stavitev situacije ali sprožitev razprave in refleksije) do animiranih videov, interaktivnih kvizov in na scenarijih temelječih vsebin. Vsa orodja so na voljo v angleškem jeziku, ve-ealth| h čina je tudi prevedenih in so na voljo v slovenskem, nemškem in italijanskem jeziku, nekaj orodij je na voljo tudi v hrvaškem in vietnamskem jeziku. stnikov Sklepne ugotovitve: Da bi ta orodja dosegla svoj namen, je zelo pomembno jih dati na voljo ciljni populaciji in jih prevesti v različne jezike. Naši načrti so razviti še ostala lado orodja na tem področju glede na potrebe mladostnikov. n mk i Ključne besede: plodnost, reproduktivno znanje, promocija zdravja, informacijsko ko-tro munikacijska tehnologija, digitalna orodja zdravje o 108 Teaching and learning ICT tools about preconception health Patrik Pucer, Boštjan Žvanut University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: The number of births in Europe has decreased during the last ten years. The main problem that causes lower birth rates is delayed parenthood and the lack of knowledge of fertility multiple risk factors. If the decision for a child is postponed after the optimal fertility age, it becomes crucial to maintain reproductive health during that period. Currently confusing, controversial and not always reliable data about fertility are too often provided by media (websites, newspaper article, journal articles, books, etc.). Furthermore, preconception health and care are absent or not sufficiently covered in European curricula for health professionals. Content presentation: During the Erasmus+ KA2 project PreconNet - Preconception health of youth, bridging the gap in and through education, we’ve developed teaching and learning digital tools for self-study, teaching and guidance of all professionals, teachers and individuals who are interested in preconception health. All evidence-based digital tools were created fol owing latest recommendations and reliable research findings from the field of preconception health and care by midwifery and ealth nursing teachers and students. The teaching and learning digital tools are free to use by everyone and are currently available on the project’s web platform available here: uth’s h https://preco.tamk.fi. Currently there are 36 tools, which are organized in eight cate-o gories that are associated with fertility and reproductive health contents: Age and fer-nd y tility, Understanding reproduction, Pre-existing medical conditions, Lifestyle factors, Infection risks, Environmental factors, Occupational environment and Social environment. There are different types of digital tools; from simple posters and cards (devel-hildren a oped to present a situation or trigger a debate and/or reflection) to animated videos, r co interactive quizzes and scenario-based interactive contents. All tools are in English language. The majority of tools is translated and available in German, Italian and Sloveni-ervices f an language, some of them are in Croatian and Vietnamese language. nd s Conclusions: To make these tools effective it is very important to make them available to the target population and to translate them in different languages. Our plans are to ns a develop other tools in this field according to the needs of adolescents. lutioo Keywords: fertility, preconception health, health promotion, information and commuct s nication technology, digital tools stnikov | i lado n mk i tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 109 Eatvisor: nadgradnja Odprte platforme za klinično prehrano (OPKP) s sodobno mobilno aplikacijo Andraž Simčič, Gjorgjina Cenikj, Tome Eftimov, Gordana Ispirova, Tina Kondic, Simon Mezgec, Robert Modic, Gregor Novak, Matevž Ogrinc, Eva Valenčič, Barbara Koroušić Seljak Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Prehrana je pomemben del našega življenja in pri določenih posameznikih zahteva posebno obravnavo. V podporo prehranski obravnavi se uporabljajo različna orodja, med drugim tudi spletne in mobilne aplikacije. V uporabi je več različnih aplikacij, katerim skupna pomankljivost je uporaba tujih baz podatkov o sestavi živil. Na Institutu »Jožef Stefan« razvijamo mobilno aplikacijo Eatvisor, ki temelji na Odprti platformi za klinično prehrano (OPKP), preko katere se zbirajo in urejajo tako podatki o sestavi živil iz slovenske baze, kot tudi znanstveno-potrjena priporoči-la za zdravo prehranjevanje različnih skupin zdravih in bolnih ljudi. Aplikacija temelji na naprednih računalniških tehnologijah za beleženje in analizo prehranskih navad (npr. avtomatsko prepoznavanje hrane iz fotografij), napovedovanje ciljev, receptov in prehranskih nasvetov na osnovi umetne inteligence itd. cents Predstavitev vsebine: Eatvisor smo v sodelovanju s številnimi strokovnjaki tako iz podro-lesdo čja računalništva, oblikovanja, kot tudi živilstva in prehrane zasnovali na sodoben način a in omogoča beleženje in obravnavo prehranskih navad ter personalizirano načrtova-nd nje prehrane. Podpira komunikacijo uporabnika z izbranim dietetikom in se sproti prilagaja uporabnikovim trenutnim potrebam. Na ta način smo združili zmogljivosti ume-ldren a tne inteligence z domenskim znanjem strokovnjakom, ki predstavljajo pomemben člen hif c v prehranski obravnavi. Aplikacija omogoča tudi obravnavo prehrane otrok, kot po-o moč staršem oz. njihovim skrbnikom. Eatvisor razvijamo za mobilni platformi iOS in Android. ealth| h Sklepne ugotovitve: Aplikacija Eatvisor je v zaključni fazi razvoja in bo jeseni 2022 na voljo za testiranje z različnimi skupinami uporabnikov, od zdravih do nosečnic in doječih stnikov mater, športnikov in sladkornih bolnikov. Zasnovana je tako, da se zlahka nadgrajuje tako s svežim znanjem, kot tudi z novimi podatki in algoritmi. lado n m Ključne besede: mobilna aplikacija, načrtovanje prehrane, leksikon živil k i tro zdravje o 110 Eatvisor: Upgrade of the open platform for clinical nutrition (OPKP) with a mobile application Andraž Simčič, Gjorgjina Cenikj, Tome Eftimov, Gordana Ispirova, Tina Kondic, Simon Mezgec, Robert Modic, Gregor Novak, Matevž Ogrinc, Eva Valenčič, Barbara Koroušić Seljak Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Nutrition is an important part of our lives and requires special treatment for certain individuals. Various tools are used to support dietary treatment, including web-based and mobile applications. There are several applications in use, the common drawback of which is the use of foreign food composition databases. At the Jozef Stefan Institute, we are developing a new mobile app named Eatvisor, which is based on the Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition (OPKP) where compositional data on Slovenian foods and evidence-based dietary recommendations for various groups of the population are compiled. The app applies advanced computer technologies for food tracking and analyzing dietary habits (e.g., automated food image recognition), predicting goals, recipes and nutrition tips based on artificial intel igence, etc. Content presentation: In col aboration with many experts from the domains of comput-ealth er science, design, as well as food and nutrition, we have designed Eatvisor in a modern way in order to enable the recording and treatment of eating habits and personal-uth’s h ized diet planning. The app supports a user to communicate with the selected dietitian o and it constantly adapts to the user’s current needs. In this way, we have combined the nd y capabilities of artificial intel igence with the domain knowledge of experts, which represent an important link in nutrition. The app also al ows the treatment of children’s nutrition, as an aid to parents or their caregivers. We are developing Eatvisor for iOS hildren a and Android mobile platforms. r co Conclusions: The Eatvisor app is in the final stages of development and will be available in the fall of 2022 for testing with a variety of user groups, from healthy users to ervices f pregnant and nursing mothers, athletes and patients with diabetes. It is designed to be nd s easily upgraded with up-to-date knowledge as well as with new data and algorithms. ns a Keywords: mobile app, healthy eating planning, food lexicon lutioo ct s stnikov | i lado n mk i tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 111 Posodobitev slovenske zbirke podatkov o sestavi živil Eva Valenčič1, Peter Novak1, Matevž Ogrinc1, Robert Modic1, Andraž Simčič1, Tina Kondic1, Gregor Novak1, Blaž Ferjančič2, Anja Bolha2, Tanja Pajk Žontar2, Mojca Korošec2, Tamara Bucher3, Barbara Koroušić Seljak1 1 Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Oddelek za živilstvo, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 3 University of Newcastle, School of Health Sciences, Col ege of Health, Medicine and Wel being, NSW, Australia Izhodišča in namen: Zbirke podatkov o sestavi živil predstavljajo pomemben vir informacij, ki se na področju prehrane in zdravja uporabljajo v različne namene. Dandanes je pričakovano, da so urejene kot podatkovne baze in dostopne preko programskih vmesnikov (angl. Application Programming Interfaces). Tovrstne zbirke zajemajo številne in raznovrstne podatke, s katerimi so živila opisana (npr. imena in fotografije živil) in klasificirana (npr. skupine živil, kode živil glede na različne standarde) ter nosijo informacijo o njihovi hranilni vrednosti in vsebnostih ostalih spojin v živilih. Ker je sestava živila odvisna tudi od geografskega porekla, vsaka država ureja svojo zbirko podatkov. Leta 2006 je Slovenija pripravila prvo bazo podatkov, ki je sprva vsebovala podatke o cents sestavi mesa in mesnih izdelkov in je bila kasneje nadgrajena s podatki o sestavi živil rales stlinskega izvora. Baza je urejena v skladu z evropskim standardom CEN Food Data do a Standard, kar omogoča njeno povezljivost z drugimi bazami v t.i. porazdeljeni podat-nd kovni ekosistem. To je ključnega pomena, saj je preko takšnih ekosistemov, ki so nadalje povezani s platformami, kot je na primer FNS oblak kot del Evropskega oblaka od-ldren a prte znanosti, omogočen velik doseg podatkov. hif c Predstavitev vsebine: Na Institutu »Jožef Stefan« smo skrbniki slovenske baze podatkov o o sestavi živil in v okviru projekta, ki ga sofinancira Ministrstvo za zdravje, posodablja-mo tako podatke kot tudi sistem za upravljanje s podatki. V sodelovanju z Biotehniško ealth| h fakulteto Univerze v Ljubljani smo pregledali in posodobili celotno zbirko podatkov živil analiziranih v Sloveniji (14.064 podatkov za 443 živil, vključno z živili, ki se prednostno vključujejo v prehrano otrok in mladostnikov) ter jih opremili z ustrezno doku-stnikov mentacijo. S pomočjo sistema za upravljanje s podatki, ki je zasnovan kot napredna lado spletna aplikacija, smo slovenske podatke povezali z tujimi podatkovnimi zbirkami, iz n m katerih črpamo manjkajoče podatke. k i tro Sklepne ugotovitve: V prispevku bomo natančno opisali celotni postopek posodobitve slovenske baze podatkov o sestavi živil ter predstavili možnosti uporabe sistema za njeno upravljanje in dopolnjevanje s strani različnih deležnikov, kot je npr. Društvo za zdravje o zdravje srca in ožilja Slovenije, ki podeljuje znak varovalnega živila. Ključne besede: podatki o sestavi živil, baze podatkov, povezljivost odprtih podatkov 112 Upgrade of the Slovenian food composition database Eva Valenčič1, Peter Novak1, Matevž Ogrinc1, Robert Modic1, Andraž Simčič1, Tina Kondic1, Gregor Novak1, Blaž Ferjančič2, Anja Bolha2, Tanja Pajk Žontar2, Mojca Korošec2, Tamara Bucher3, Barbara Koroušić Seljak1 1 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 University of Newcastle, School of Health Sciences, Col ege of Health, Medicine and Wel being, NSW, Australia Introduction and purpose: Food composition tables present an important source of information to be used for various purposes in the field of nutrition and health. Today, they are expected to be structured as databases and are accessible through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Such col ections include numerous and diverse data that describe food items (e.g., by food names and photographs), classify them (e.g., by food groups, and terms and facets with respect to different standards), and provide information about their composition. As the composition of foods also depends on their geographical origin, each country regulates its own food composition database (FCDB). In 2006, Slovenia compiled the first FCDB, which initial y contained data on the composition of meat and meat products and was later upgraded with data ealth on the composition of foods of plant origin. The database is structured in accordance with the CEN Food Data Standard, which al ows its connectivity with other databases uth’s ho in a distributed data ecosystem (EuroFIR, 2022). Through such ecosystems, which are nd y further connected to platforms, like the FNS cloud that is part of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), data can be easily accessed. Content presentation: At the Jožef Stefan Institute, we are the compilers of the Sloveni-hildren a an FCDB. In the project that is cofinanced by the Ministry of Health, both the data and r co the database management system (DBMS) have been upgraded. In cooperation with the Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, we reviewed and updated the ervices f entire database of food items analyzed in Slovenia (14,064 data for 443 foods, including foods that are primarily included in the diet of children and adolescents) and enriched nd s them with relevant documentation. Using a DBMS designed and developed as an ad-ns a vanced web application, we connected Slovenian FCDB with foreign databases, from lutio which we can borrow missing data. o Conclusions: In this paper, we will describe in detail the entire process of updating the ct s Slovenian FCDB and introduce the possibilities of using the DBMS for data management and upgrading by various stakeholders, such as the Society for Cardiovascular stnikov | i Health of Slovenia, which awards the label of protective food. lado Keywords: food composition data, databases, open data connectivity n mk i tro dravje o a z ritve zton s ešitve i ikt r 113 Sekcija/Section Otrok in mladostnik – okolje The child and youth – the environment Vabljeno predavanje Otrok, mladostnik in družina med bolnišnico in domom Majda Oštir Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana, Pediatrična klinika, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Otroci in mladostniki s kroničnim obolenjem, ki so odpuščeni iz bolnišnice, so v stabilni fazi bolezni, vendar niso zdravi in je obseg njihovih potreb večji. Problem kroničnih bolezni ni samo v naraščanju števila otrok, ki so bolni, ampak tudi v kompleksnosti bolezni. Za potek zdravljenja teh bolezni je ključno, da jih čim prej prepoznamo in ustrezno zdravimo ter s tem zmanjšamo njihove zaplete in tudi izboljša-mo kakovost življenja in čas preživetja pacientov. Uspeh zdravljenja je odvisen od sodelovanja vseh, ki pri njem sodelujejo, vključno pacienta in njegove družine. Celovita oziroma integrirana obravnava, v kateri zdravstveni delavci k pacientu pristopajo na- črtovano in usklajeno, upošteva ob zdravstvenem stanju pacienta tudi socialne in druge okoliščine in si prizadeva za opolnomočenje pacienta oziroma njegove družine, da sami v največji meri prispevajo k uspehu zdravljenja. Namen prispevka je predstaviti cents pomen in dejavnike, ki vplivajo na sam potek opolnomočenja otrok in mladostnikov s les kronično boleznijo ter njihovih družin. do a Predstavitev vsebine: Z vidika otrokovega in mladostnikovega razvoja so poleg vrste bo-nd lezni pomembne tudi njene posledice. Otrok in mladostnik s kronično boleznijo potrebuje poleg medicinske oskrbe v primerjavi z zdravimi vrstniki tudi psihološko pod-ldren a poro in različne prilagoditve in pomoč tako v domačem okolju kot v vrtcu ali šoli. Pri hif c tem je zelo pomembna poučenost otrokovega okolja o ustreznih razvojno psiholoških o pristopih glede na raven otrokovega oziroma mladostnikovega razvoja. Njihove razvojne potrebe upoštevamo tudi pri organizaciji zdravstvene dejavnosti in bolnišnične ealth| h oskrbe. Pričakovanja staršev v vlogi skrbi za bolnega otroka v bolnišnici in odnosi z medicinsko sestro so se dramatično razvila v zadnjih 40 letih. Starši pričakujejo, da bodo ostali s svojim otrokom in se v veliki meri vključili v zdravljenje in zdravstveno nego, kar stnikov pa omogoča dobro načrtovano poučevanje staršev pri aktivnostih za doseganje maksi-lado malnega zdravja pri otroku in mladostniku. Glede na potrebe otroka in družine zdra-n m vstveni tim izdela načrt, ki bo omogočal vrnitev v domače okolje in upošteva možnost k i potencialnih problemov ter reševanje le teh. Učenje izvaja tako dolgo, dokler otrok ali tro starši, aktivnosti ne izvajajo pravilno in samostojno ter razumejo pomen samoobvla-dovanja kronične bolezni. Ob tem je zadostna podpora okolja pomemben varovalni dejavnik, ki blaži delovanje stresorjev, pozitivno vpliva na proces zdravljenja in celostni zdravje o razvoj otroka in mladostnika. Sklepne ugotovitve: Zdravstvena nega usmerjena v družino je osnovno načelo, ki poudarja dinamičen odnos med družinskimi člani in zdravstvenimi delavci ter poskuša ohraniti normalno delovanje družine, ko otrok zboli. Samo celovita obravnava omogo- ča varen prehod iz bolnišnice v domače okolje in kakovostno življenje celotne družine. Ključne besede: zdravje, kronična bolezen, družina, otrok, mladostnik 116 Invited lecture Child, adolescent and family between hospital and home Majda Oštir University clinical centre Ljubljana, Pediatric clinic, Department of Pulmonary Diseases Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Children and adolescents with chronic il ness who are dis-charged from the hospital are in a stable phase of the disease but are not healthy and their needs are bigger. The problem of chronic diseases is not only in the growing number of children who are il , but also in the complexity of the disease. It is crucial for the treatment of these diseases to be identified and treated as soon as possible, thus reducing their complications and also improving the quality of life and survival of patients. The success of treatment depends on the participation of all those involved, including the patient and his family. Comprehensive or integrated treatment, in which healthcare professionals approach the patient in a planned and coordinated manner, takes into account social and other circumstances in addition to the patient’s health condi-ent tion and strives to empower the patient or his family to contribute to the success of nm treatment. The purpose of this paper is to present the importance and factors that influence the empowerment of children and adolescents with chronic diseases and their nviro families. he e Content presentation: From the point of view of child and adolescent development be-uth – t side the type of the disease, there are also important its consequences. In addition to o medical care, a child and adolescent with a chronic il ness needs psychological support nd y and various adjustments compared to healthy peers and help in both - the home environment and in kindergarten or school. It is very important to teach the child’s envi-hild a ronment about appropriate developmental psychological approaches according to the he c level of the child’s or adolescent’s development. Their developmental needs are also taken into account in the organization of health care and hospital care. The expecta-lje | tko tions of parents in the role of caring for a sick child in the hospital and the relationship with the nurse have evolved dramatical y over the last 40 years. Parents expect to stay with their child and become heavily involved in treatment and nursing, whath al ows stnik – o wel -planned parenting education in activities to achieve maximum health in the child lado and adolescent. Depending on the needs of the child and the family, the medical team n m plan that will enable them to return to their home environment and take into account k i the possibility of potential problems and solving them. Educastion is carried out as otro long as the child or parents do not perform the activities correctly and independently and understand the importance of selfmanagement of chronic il ness. At the same time, sufficient environmental support is an important protective factor that al eviates the action of stressors, has a positive effect on the healing process and the overall development of the child and adolescent. Conclusions: Family-oriented nursing is a basic principle that emphasizes the dynamic relationship between family members and health professionals and seeks to maintain the normal functioning of the family when a child is il . Only comprehensive treatment enables a safe transition from the hospital to the home environment and the quality of life of the whole family. Keywords: health, chronic disease, family, child, adolescent 117 Teaching to Be – za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov prek spodbujanja dobrega počutja učiteljev Ana Bogdan Zupančič, Matej Košir, Sanela Talič, Lea Avguštin Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: »Teaching to be« je triletni mednarodni projekt, ki se zaključi 2024 in je namenjen razvijanju in raziskovanju inovativnih strategij poučevanja in profesional-nega razvoja, ki podpirajo psihofizično dobro počutje učiteljev. Slednje je temelj pozitivnega emocionalnega ozračja in dobrih odnosov, ki so ključne sestavine spodbudne-ga učnega okolja, v katerem se učenci optimalno učijo in razvijajo. Predstavitev vsebine: Juul (2014) je zapisal, da gre otrokom/mladostnikom v šolah tako, kot gre odraslim, s čimer je želel poudariti pomen (tudi sistemske) skrbi in podpore psihofizičnemu dobremu počutju učiteljev. Tudi sami menimo, da v praksi prepogosto pozabimo, kako pomembno je govoriti o dobrih delovnih pogojih, klimi, profesional-nih kompetencah, asertivnosti in odpornosti na stres ter drugih komponentah psihofizičnega dobrega počutja učiteljev, ki posledično vplivajo tudi na (celostno) zdravje otrok/mladostnikov. V projektu zato skupaj z učitelji (s praktiki za praktike) razvijmo digitalno platformo, ki bo spodbujala razvijanje čustvenih, socialnih in drugih profesio-cents nalnih kompetenc pri učiteljih in tako prispevala k psihofizičnemu dobremu počutju le-lesdo -teh. Izhajamo iz prosocialnega modela oddelka, ki poudarja pomen in sovplivanje raza ličnih dejavnikov (zdravi odnosi med učitelji in med učitelji in učenci, uspešno vodenje nd in usmerjenje učencev, udejanjanje socialnih in čustvenih kompetenc (SEL kompetence), vpliv celotne šolske skupnosti) na zdravo oddelčno klimo in socialno/čustvene/ ldren a kognitivne dosežke učencev, kar potrjujejo tudi številne druge raziskave. V prispevku hif c bomo tako predstavili dosedanji potek aktivnosti projekta v razvojni fazi, usmerjenih o tako na subjektivne (osebne) kot poklicne (profesionalne) vidike psihofizičnega dobrega počutja učiteljev. ealth| h Sklepne ugotovitve: O zdravju otrok in mladostnikov ne moremo govoriti ločeno od zdravja njihovih staršev, vzgojiteljev, učiteljev in drugih pomembnih odraslih, zato se stnikov nam zdi projekt dober uvod v razpravo o psihofizičnem dobrem počutju vseh naštetih pomembnih odraslih in hkrati priložnost, da začnemo končno preventivo na področju lado duševnega (oz. celostnega) zdravja ljudi in družbe na sploh izvajati celovito. n mk i Ključne besede: psihofizično dobro počutje, učitelji, učenci, duševno zdravje, šola tro zdravje o 118 Teaching to Be – contributing to the health of children and adolescents through the promotion of well-being of teachers Ana Bogdan Zupančič, Matej Košir, Sanela Talič, Lea Avguštin University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: »Teaching to be« is a three-year EU-funded project ending in 2024 and is aimed at developing and researching innovative teaching and professional development strategies that support the wel -being of teachers. The latter is the foundation of a positive emotional climate and good relationships, which are key components of a stimulating learning environment in which students learn and develop optimally. Content presentation: Juul (2014) wrote that children/adolescents perform in school the same way adults do, in order to emphasize the importance of (including systemic) care and support for the wel -being of teachers. We also think that in practice we too often forget how important it is to talk about good working conditions, climate, professional competencies, assertiveness and stress resilience and other components of wel -being of teachers, which consequently affect the (overal ) health of children/ adolescents. Therefore, in the project, we are developing a digital platform together ent with teachers (with practitioners for practitioners) that wil encourage the develop-nm ment of emotional, social, and other professional competencies in teachers and thus nviro contribute to their wel being. We start from the prosocial model of the department, he e which emphasizes the importance and interaction of various factors (e.g., healthy relationships between teachers and between teachers and students, successful leader-uth – t ship and guidance of students, implementation of social and emotional competencies o (SEL competencies), influence of the whole school community) on a healthy classroom nd y climate and social/emotional/cognitive achievement of students, as confirmed by numerous other studies. In this paper, we will present the current course of project ac-hild a tivities in the development phase, focused on both subjective (personal) and occupa-he c tional (professional) aspects of wel -being of teachers. lje | t Conclusions: We cannot talk about the health of children and adolescents separately ko from the health of their parents, educators, teachers, and other important adults, so we think the project is a good introduction to the discussion of wel -being of all important adults, and at the same time the opportunity to start implementing preven-stnik – o tion in the field of mental (or holistic) health of people and society in general compre-lado hensively. n mk i Keywords: wel -being, teachers, students, mental health, school otro 119 Šolsko pohištvo kot dejavnik tveganja za razvoj bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta – bilateralni projekt SLO-CRO, Faza 1 Danijela Domljan1, Nastja Podrekar Loredan2,3, Zoran Vlaović1, Tanja Jurčević Lulić4, David DeVallance3,5, Nejc Šarabon2 1 Univerza v Zagrebu, Gozdarska fakulteta, Zagreb, Hrvaška 2 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija 3 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenija 4 Univerza v Zagrebu, Fakulteta za strojništvo in ladjedelništvo, Zagreb, Hrvaška 5 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije, Koper, Slovenija Uvod: Bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta (BSH) so pogoste pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Ugotovitve, ki jih navajajo Domljan idr. (2010) so bile pobuda za bilateralni projekt Šolsko pohištvo kot dejavnik tveganja za razvoj bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta: bio-mehansko vrednotenje in predlog oblikovne izboljšave (2020-2022) med slovenski in hrvaški raziskovalci. Cilj bilateralnega projekta je obravnavati razširjenost BSH med otroci in mladostniki ter predlagati prototipni šolski stol za analizo sedenja učencev med poukom, ki vključuje vgrajevane biološke senzorje v lesne kompozite, oblikova-cents ne kot sedalo oziroma naslonjalo šolskega stola. V tem prispevku so predstavljeni reles zultati prve faze projekta. do a Metode: Projekt je potekal v več korakih. Sprva je bila z uporabo Nordijskega mišično-nd -skeletnega vprašalnika ocenjena razširjenost BSH med učenci v slovenskih šolah. So- časno so bili razviti napredni karbonizirani senzorji na biološki osnovi, vgrajeni v raz-ldren a lične prototipe kompozitov, ki so bili zasnovani kot sedalo šolskega stola. Uporabljeni hif c piezoelektrični senzorji na biološki osnovi iz poli(vinil alkohola)/karboniziranega lesa o so bili uporabljeni za spremljanje tlaka v kompozitih in oceno njihovih možnosti za uporabo v šolskih stolih. ealth| h Rezultati: V prvem delu raziskave je sodelovalo 96 učencev (starost 11,0 ± 1,6 let; 56 % žensk, 44 % moških). Skoraj petina učencev (19,8 %) je navedla, da so vsaj enkrat v stnikov življenju občutili BSH. Enoletna prevalenca BSH je bila 12,5 %, medtem ko je 10,4 % učencev navedlo, da so imeli v zadnjih sedmih dneh BSH. Dodatno je bilo izdelanih več lado prototipov šolskih stolov z vgrajeno tehnologijo karboniziranega senzorja na biološki n mk i osnovi, ki bodo preizkušeni v drugi fazi projekta. tro Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovljena je bila visoka razširjenost BSH med učenci v slovenskih šolah, kar kaže na potrebo po oblikovanju inovativnih rešitev šolskega pohištva za obravnavo BSH med učenci. V okviru projekta smo zasnovali prototip inovativnega zdravje o šolskega stola, v katerega smo vgradili tehnologijo karboniziranih senzorjev na biolo- ški osnovi, s katerimi bi lahko zaznali gibanje učencev med sedenjem na šolskem stolu in na ta način pristopili k obravnavi BSH. Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave za opredelitev zanesljivosti in veljavnosti senzorjev ter izboljšave, vezane na umestitev senzorjev v sedalo ali naslonjalo šolskega stola z vidika velikosti in piezoresistivnih lastnosti. Ključne besede: otroci, bolečina v spodnjem delu hrbta, sedenje, senzorji na biološki osnovi, šolsko pohištvo 120 School Furniture as Risk Factor for Low Back Pain – Bilateral project SLO-CRO, Phase 1 Danijela Domljan1, Nastja Podrekar Loredan2,3, Zoran Vlaović1, Tanja Jurčević Lulić4, David DeVallance3,5, Nejc Šarabon2 1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Zagreb, Croatia 2 University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia; 3 InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia 4 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia 5 University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia Introduction: Lower back pain (LBP) is a commonly noticed and observed problem in children and adolescents. The findings from Domljan et al. (2010) were the impetus for the Bilateral project School Furniture as Risk Factor for Low Back Pain: Biomechani-cal Evaluation and Proposed Design Solutons (2020-2022) conducted by Slovenian and Croatian researchers. The goal of the bilateral project was to address the prevalence of LBP among pupils and to propose prototype school chair to analyze pupil behav-ent ior while sitting. Also, the study performed preliminary work on utilizing embedded nm biobased sensors within wood-based composites that could serve as chair seats and backs to monitor pupil behavior while sitting. The results of the first phase of the pro-nviro ject are presented here. he e Methods: The project took place in several steps. Firstly, the prevalence of LBP among uth – t students in Slovenian schools was assessed using a modified Nordic musculoskeletal o questionnaire. Additional y, advanced bio-based carbonized sensors were developed nd y and embedded into several prototypes composites that have been designed to serve as a basis for testing school chair seats. Specifical y, bio-based, poly(vinyl alcohol)/car-hild a bonized wood piezoelectric sensors were used to monitor pressure in the composites he c and to assess their potential for use in school chairs. lje | t Results: A total of 96 pupils (age 11.0 ± 1.6, 56 % female, 44 % male) participated. Al-ko most one fifth of the pupils (19,8 %) reported suffering from LBP at some point in their life. The one-year prevalence of LBP was 12.5 % and 10.4 % of pupils stated to have LBP in the last seven days. In addition to these results, several school chair prototypes stnik – o with embedded bio-based carbonized sensor technology are prepared to be tested in lado the second phase of the project. Results on piezoresistive changes in the embedded n m sensors and a prototype chair utilizing these sensors will be presented. k i Discussion and Conclusion: Concerning prevalence of LBP among primary school pupils otro in Slovenian schools was identified, indicating there is a need to design innovative solutions of school furniture to address LBP among pupils. During the project we aimed to design a prototype of innovative school chair embedded with bio-based carbonized sensor technology which could help us to detect movement of pupils while sitting on a school chair. Further research is needed to define the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the sensors and to optimize their placement, size, and piezoresistive behavior. Keywords: bio-based sensors, children, low back pain, school furniture, sitting, wel -being 121 Pomen sistematičnega načrtovanja in izvajanja športa v prvem triletju osnovne šole Jera Gregorc, Saša Arh Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Namen prispevka je analizirati pomen sistematičnega načrtovanja in izvajanja športa v prvem triletju osnovne šole za razvoj vzdržljivosti. Pomen vzgojno-izobraževalnega dela v živo na področju športa se je v Sloveniji že pokazal v padcu splošne gibalne učinkovitosti učencev ob vrnitvi v šolo po njihovi daljši fizični odsotnosti. V tem prispevku pa analiziramo kolikšen pomen za razvoj aerobne moči ima sistematično na- črtovanje in izvajanje predmeta šport. Metode: V vzorec raziskovanja smo v ta namen vključili dve osnovni šoli, ki delujeta v podobnih geografskih okoljih (jezero, gore, bližina gozdov in travnikov, bližina in pestrost varnih poti ipd.), vendar imata različne načine načrtovanja in izvajanja predmeta šport. Prva je slovenska osnovna šola, ki ima vsako leto v letnem učnem načrtu sistematično načrtovanih in izvajanih 105 ur športa in 5 športnih dni, druga pa je avstrij-ska osnovna šola, ki ima v prvem in drugem razredu 105, v tretjem razredu pa 70 ur športa in v nobenem razredu nič športnih dni, poleg tega pa imajo ohlapen letni načrt cents za šport, brez priprav na posamezne ure športa. Vzorec predstavljajo le zdravi učen-lesdo ci iz obeh osnovnih šol, in sicer ob zaključku prvega triletja (t.j. 66 učencev tretjega ra-a zreda, od tega 33 iz Slovenije in 33 iz Avstrije). Vzorec spremenljivk predstavlja »beep nd test« za merjenje aerobne moči (Leger in Lampert, 1982). Vsi vključeni učenci so prostovoljno sodelovali pri testu. Izvedba in način motivacije je bil za vse enak. Učenci so ldren a morali čim večkrat preteči 20 metrsko razdaljo in pri tem upoštevati tempo teka, ki se hif c je vsako minuto povečeval za 0,5 km/h z začetno hitrostjo 8,5 km/h. Rezultate smo o zapisali kot seštevek vseh podstopenj, ki jih je bil učenec še zmožen preteči v vsilje-nem tempu. ealth| h Rezultati: Slovenski učenci so v povprečju pretekli 33,4 (SD = 12,9) podstropenj testa, medtem ko so avstrijski učenci dosegli v povprečju 26,7 (SD=11,8) podstopenj. Anali-stnikov za rezultatov je pokazala, da so slovenski učenci v povprečju pretekli skoraj 7 podsto-pnji več kot avstrijski. Dečki in deklice se med seboj niso razlikovali ne med slovenskimi lado ne med avstrijskimi učenci. Zaradi nenormalno porazdeljenih podatkov smo uporabi-n mk i li alnetrnativni neparametrični Mann Whitney U test, za ugotavljanje statistično značil-tro nih razlik med učenci. Slovenski učenci so v primerjavi z avstrijskimi dosegli statistično značilno boljše rezultate, (U = 373,0, p = 0,028). Razprava in zaključki: Na podlagi rezultatov sklepamo, da sistematično načrtovanje zdravje o predmeta šport, ki zahteva od učitelja poglobljeno in sistematično izvajanje, pomembno prispeva k razvoju aerobne moči. Aerobna moč pa je kazalnik vzdržljivosti, ki je eden pomembnih dejavnikov zdravja. Kljub številnim posrednim vplivom na razvoj aerobne moči menimo, da ima učitelj morda pomembnejšo vlogo pri njenem razvoju, kot se je morebiti zaveda. Ključne besede: vzdržljivost, aerobna moč, načrtovanje in izvajanje, prva triada 122 The importance of systematic planning and implementation of physical education in the first three years of elementary school Jera Gregorc, Saša Arh University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of systematic planning and implementation of physical education in the first three years of primary school for the development of endurance. The importance of physical education »in person« has already been proven in Slovenia by the fact that the general physical performance of students decreases when they return to school after a long period of distance learning. In this paper we analyze the importance of systematic planning and implementation of physical education for the development of aerobic power. Methods: In this research sample, we included two elementary schools that are located in a similar geographic environment (lake, mountains, proximity to forests and mead-ows, proximity and variety of safe routes, etc.) but have different ways of planning and implementing physical education. The first is the Slovenian elementary school, where 105 physical education lessons and 5 sports days are systematical y planned and included in the annual curriculum each year. The second is the Austrian elementary ent school, where there are 105 physical education lessons in the first and second grades nm and 70 physical education lessons in the third grade, however they have no sports days nviro in any class and there is a loose annual plan for physical education, without preparation he e of individual physical education lessons. The sample consists only of healthy students from the two elementary schools at the end of the first three years (i.e. 66 third grade uth – t students, 33 from Slovenia and 33 from Austria). The sample of variables represents o a »beep test« for measuring aerobic power (Leger and Lampert, 1982). All participat-nd y ing students volunteered for the test. The procedure and method of motivation was the same for al . Students had to run a distance of 20 meters as many times as possi-hild a ble, taking into account the running pace, which increased by 0.5 km/h every minute he c at an initial speed of 8.5 km/h. Results were recorded as the sum of all partial distances the student could still run at the forced pace. lje | tko Results: Slovenian students completed an average of 33.4 (SD = 12.9) stages of the test, while Austrian students completed an average of 26.7 (SD = 11.8) stages. Analysis of the results shows that Slovenian students completed on average almost 7 more stages stnik – o than Austrian students. Boys and girls did not differ among either Slovenian or Austri-lado an students. Because of the abnormal y distributed data, we used the alternative non-n m parametric Mann Whitney U test to detect statistical y significant differences between k i students. Slovenian students performed statistical y significantly better than Austrian otro students (U = 373.0, p = 0.028). Discussion and conclusions: Based on the results, we conclude that systematic planning of the subject of physical education, which requires in-depth and systematic implementation from the teacher, contributes significantly to the development of aerobic power. Aerobic power is an indicator of endurance, which is one of the most important factors for health. Despite the many indirect influences on the development of aerobic power, we believe that the teacher plays a more important role in its development than he may realize. Keywords: endurance, aerobic performance, conception and implementation, first triad 123 Vključevanje osnovnošolcev v raziskovanje epidemiologije okolja preko načel ljubiteljske znanosti David Kocman1, Jure Ftičar1, Miha Pratneker1, Johanna Amelia Robinson1, Rok Novak1, Renata Filipič2 1 Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Osnovna šola Valentina Vodnika, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Aktivno vključevanje otrok in mladostnikov v raziskovalne dejavnosti, ki temeljijo na načelih ljubiteljske znanosti, omogoča pridobivanje praktičnih iz-kušenj, pomembnih za razvoj njihovega kritičnega mišljenja in sposobnosti reševanja problemov. V prispevku poročamo o pridobljenih izkušnjah pri izvajanju posameznih dejavnosti, kjer so se osnovnošolci ukvarjali z raziskovanjem kakovosti svojega življenjskega okolja. Predstavitev vsebine: V ta namen je bil v Ljubljani organiziran tematski naravoslovni dan, na katerem je sodelovalo 180 učencev, starih od 14 do 15 let, iz osmih različnih razredov. Namen naravoslovnega dneva je bil spoznati poklic raziskovalca in proučiti značilnosti šolskega okoliša po načelih sooblikovanja in soustvarjanja po strukturnem okviru CitieS-Health (citieshealth.eu). Začeli smo s skupinsko razpravo o značilnostih centsles šolskega okolja, ki lahko vplivajo na zdravje in dobro počutje. Pri tem smo se posluži-do li tudi uporabe spletnega vprašalnika in sodelujočim predstavili senzorske tehnologije and za spremljanje stanja okolja. To nas je pripeljalo do raziskovalnih vprašanj in hipotez/ predpostavk, ki so jih predlagali učenci. Ko so bila raziskovalna vprašanja postavljena, je sledila razprava o tem, kako se lotiti raziskovanja. Osrednje raziskovalno delo je bi-ldren ahi lo sestavljeno iz dveh faz. V prvi fazi, ko smo raziskovali onesnaženost zraka in stopnjo f c o hrupa, so bili podatki zbrani na podlagi opazovanj in meritev. Vsaka skupina, ki je izvajala terensko delo, je bila opremljena z več napravami, ki spremljajo kakovost zraka ealth in izpostavljenost hrupu. Vse meritve so bile na voljo na licu mesta, rezultate meritev | h pa smo z učenci prediskutirali, da bi se naučili prepoznali učinke urbane infrastrukture in vedenja posameznikov na izmerjeno izpostavljenost mestnim stresorjem (one-stnikov snaženost zraka in hrup). Druga faza je potekala v učilnici, na podlagi vnaprej obdela-lado nih podatkov v obliki tematskih kart. Polovica učencev je raziskavo opravila ravno v n m obratnem vrstnem redu. Ob koncu dneva so učenci v skupinah povzeli svoje ugotovi-k i tve na plakatih, ki so jih svojim vrstnikom predstavili preko Zooma. Pred in po ometro njenih dejavnostih je bila med učenci izvedena anketa, da bi ugotovili, koliko so že vedeli o obravnavani temi in koliko novega so se naučili v enem dnevu. zdravje o Sklepne ugotovitve: V tem prispevku se bomo osredotočili na dodano vrednost vključevanja načel ljubiteljske znanosti v šolski kurikulum ter na izzive izvajanja omenjenih dejavnosti, tako z vidika učencev kot raziskovalcev. Med dejavnostmi so učenci na primer pokazali sposobnost kritičnega razmišljanja s prepoznavanjem dejavnikov, ki bi lahko vplivali na spremembe kakovosti zraka in ravni hrupa. Jasen primer je bilo njihovo razumevanje protihrupnih ovir, kot so zgradbe in mestna vegetacija, ki drastično zmanj- šajo raven hrupa na manjših razdaljah. Poleg tega so lahko smiselno povzeli in samostojno predstavili rezultate svojega dela. Po drugi strani smo bili soočeni s številnimi izzivi, kot je na primer raziskovanje velikim številom učencev v obdobju koronavirusa, ko združevanje otrok iz različnih razredov ni bilo mogoče. Da so dejavnosti lahko sin-hrono potekale v ločenih skupinah, je moralo pri aktivnostih sodelovati veliko več raziskovalcev, nekatere dejavnosti, ki bi običajno potekale iz oči v oči, pa so bile presta-vljene na splet. Ključne besede: ljubiteljska znanost, šolski kurikulum, urbani stres, izpostavljenost, zdravje 124 Engagement of pupils in citizen science study in environmental epidemiology David Kocman1, Jure Ftičar1, Miha Pratneker1, Johanna Amelia Robinson1, Rok Novak1, Renata Filipič2 1 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Valentin Vodnik Elementary School, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Actively engaging children and adolescents in research activities based on citizen science principles enables gaining hands-on experience important for developing their critical thinking and problemsolving skil s. In this contribution, we report lessons learned conducting respective activities where elementary school pupils were engaged in an investigation of the quality of their living environment. Content presentation: To this end, a themed science day was organized with the participation of 180 pupils from eight classes aged 14-15 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The aim of the science day was to learn about the profession of the researcher and to study the characteristics of the school district based on co-design and co-creation principles, following the CitieS-Health (citieshealth.eu) framework. We started by discussing different characteristics of the school environment that can affect health and wel -being, by ent means of groups discussion and using an online questionnaire, including a demonstra-nm tion of sensing technologies for monitoring of the environment. This led us to devel-nviro op some research questions and hypotheses/predictions suggested by the students. he e Once they had been identified, a discussion on how to investigate them fol owed. The core research work consisted of two phases. In one airand noise pol ution field da-uth – t ta was col ected based on observations and measurements. Each group conducting o fieldwork was equipped with several devices that monitor air quality and exposure to nd y noise. All of the measurements were available on the spot and were communicated with the pupils to open up discussions on the effects of urban infrastructure and lay-hild a out, and the behaviour of individuals, on the measured exposure to urban stressors he c (air pol ution and noise). The other phase was carried out in the classroom, based on data prepared in advance in form of thematic maps. Half of the pupils made the re-lje | tko search in reverse order. At the end of the day, pupils worked in groups to summarise their findings in a form of a poster and present it to their peers over Zoom. Before and after the aforementioned activities, a survey was carried out among the pupils to find stnik – o out how much they already knew about the topic and how much they had learned in lado the course of a day. n m Conclusions: In this presentation, we will focus on added value of incorporation of cit-k i izen science principles in the school curriculum, as well as chal enges conducting the otro aforementioned activities, from both pupils’ and researchers’ perspectives. For example, during the activities, pupils demonstrated a capacity for critical thinking by identifying factors that could potential y influence changes in air quality and noise levels. A clear example was their understanding of noise barriers, such as buildings and urban vegetation that drastical y reduce noise levels at a small distance. Moreover, they were able to meaningful y summarise and independently present the results of their work. On the other hand, there were chal enges related to conducting activities with such a large group of students during the COVID period. Namely, combining all students from different classes for a group activity, such as an introduction or presentation was not possible, and consequently, a large number of researchers were needed to super-vise activities in different groups and some activities which would normal y take place face to face were moved online. Keywords: citizen science, school curriculum, urban stress, exposure, health 125 Novi tobačni in nikotinski izdelki ter njihova uporaba med mladimi v Sloveniji Helena Koprivnikar, Tina Zupanič, Darja Lavtar, Maruša Rehberger, Aleš Korošec Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: V času, ko v številnih državah zaostrujejo ukrepe nadzora nad to-bakom, znižujeta pa se potrošnja tobačnih izdelkov in odstotek kadilcev, je tobačna industrija začela ponujati alternativne tobačne izdelke in izdelke z nikotinom (elektronske cigarete, tobačni izdelki, v katerih se tobak segreva, nikotinske vrečke), popularni postajajo tudi tobačni izdelki za oralno uporabo. V prispevku želimo predstaviti različ- ne izdelke in njihovo uporabo med mladimi v Sloveniji. Predstavitev vsebine: Novi izdelki so zasnovani tako, da še posebej privlačijo otroke, mladostnike in mlade odrasle (v nadaljevanju mlade). Ključne pri tem so številne privlačne arome, ki zmanjšujejo zaznavanje škode in povečujejo pripravljenost poskusi-ti izdelke. Odstotki uporabnikov novih izdelkov so v tujini in Sloveniji med mladimi višji kot v splošni populaciji, uporaba se povečuje izraziteje med mladimi. Po podatkih raziskave Z zdravjem povezano vedenje v šolskem obdobju 2020 je med učenci 9. razredov osnovnih šol elektronske cigarete (tobačne izdelke, v katerih se tobak segreva) kacents darkoli v življenju uporabilo 13 % (4 %), med dijaki 4. letnikov srednjih šol pa 25 % (11 lesdo %), v zadnjih 30 dneh pa 4 % (2 %) učencev 9. razredov in 5 % (4 %) dijakov 4. letnikov. a Po podatkih Nacionalne raziskave o zdravju in zdravstvenem varstvu 2019 je med pre-nd bivalci Slovenije, starimi 15 let in več, 4 % (3 %) oseb uporabilo te izdelke kadarkoli v življenju in 2 % (1 %) v zadnjih 30 dneh. Tobak za oralno uporabo je v 2020 uporablja-ldren a lo 2 % učencev 9. razredov osnovnih šol in 9 % dijakov 4. letnikov srednjih šol, medtem hif c ko po podatkih Nacionalne raziskave Z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog med prebi-o valci, starimi 18 do 74 let, beležimo 2 % uporabnikov. Na trgu se pojavljajo vedno novi izdelki, med zadnjimi so t.i. nikotinske vrečke. Uporaba izdelkov, ki vsebujejo nikotin, ealth| h je med mladimi še posebej zaskrbljujoča zaradi razvoja zasvojenosti, škodljivih učinkov na hitro razvijajoče se možgane in povečanega tveganja za začetek kajenja ter uporabe drugih psihoaktivnih snovi. Novi izdelki pa vsebujejo tudi številne druge zdravju ško-stnikov dljive snovi, ki lahko vodijo v različne bolezni in zdravstvene težave. Učinki dolgoročne lado uporabe na zdravje še niso raziskani, saj so v uporabi še premalo let. n mk i Sklepne ugotovitve: Uporaba novih tobačnih izdelkov ali izdelkov z nikotinom med mla-tro dimi ima lahko pomembne negativne učinke na javno zdravje. Ključno je, da uporabo teh izdelkov med mladimi preprečujemo in zmanjšujemo, ne le uporabo klasičnih to-bačnih izdelkov. Doseči moramo visoko ozaveščenost in znanje tako mladih kot tudi zdravje o staršev in vseh, ki delajo z mladimi, o lastnostih, škodljivih učinkih in razširjenosti uporabe teh izdelkov. Elektronske cigarete in tobačni izdelki, v katerih se tobak segreva, so z zakonodajo regulirani podobno kot klasični tobačni izdelki, nekateri, npr. nikotinske vrečke, pa niso regulirani, kar kliče tudi po posodobitvi zakonodaje. Ključne besede: mladi, tobak, nikotin, zdravje 126 New tobacco and nicotine products and their use among young people in Slovenia Helena Koprivnikar, Tina Zupanič, Darja Lavtar, Maruša Rehberger, Aleš Korošec National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: While tobacco control measures are being tightened in many countries and the consumption of tobacco products and the percentage of smokers are declining, the tobacco industry has started offering alternative tobacco and nicotine products (electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches), and tobacco products for oral use are also becoming popular. In this article we want to present various products and their use among young people in Slovenia. Content presentation: The new products are designed to attract children, adolescents and young adults (hereinafter referred to as youth). One of their most important characteristic are many attractive flavours that reduce the perception of harm and increase the wil ingness to try these products. The percentages of users of new products abroad and in Slovenia are higher among youth than in the general population, and also the use is increasing more markedly among youth. According to the study Health Behavior in School-Aged Children 2020, 13% (4%) of 9th-graders in primary ent schools and 25% (11%) of 4th-year high school students used e-cigarettes (heated to-nm bacco products) at any time in their lives, while in the last 30 days 4% (2%) of 9th-grad-nviro ers and 5% (4%) of 4th-year high school students used them. According to the Euro-he e pean Health Interview Study 2019, 4% (3%) of the population of Slovenia aged 15 and over used these products at any time in their lives and 2% (1%) in the last 30 days. To-uth – t bacco for oral use was used by 2% of the 9th-graders in primary schools and 9% of o 4th-year high school students, while according to the CINDI Health Monitor Study nd y 2020 there were 2% current users among the population aged 18 to 74. New tobacco or nicotine products are emerging, nicotine pouches are among the latest. The use of hild a nicotine-containing products is of particular concern to youth due to the development he c of addiction, adverse effects on the rapidly developing brain and the increased risk of smoking initiation and the use of other psychoactive substances. These products al-lje | tko so contain many other harmful substances that can lead to various diseases and health problems. The effects of long-term use of these products on health have not yet been studied, as they are in use for a limited number of years. stnik – o Conclusions: The use of new tobacco products or nicotine-containing products among lado young people can have significant negative effects on public health. It is crucial to pren m vent and reduce the use of these products among young people, not only the use of k i traditional tobacco products. High awareness and knowledge of young people, par-otro ents and all those who work with young people about the properties, harmful effects and prevalence of the use of these products is necessary. In Slovenia, electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products are regulated similarly to conventional tobacco products, while some, e.g. but nicotine bags are not regulated, which also cal s for legislative updates. Keywords: adolescent, tobacco, nicotine, health 127 Ozaveščenost staršev ob pojavu vročinskih krčev in povišani telesni temperaturi Rebeka Kuzelj1, Katarina Merše Lovrinčević2, Tjaša Hrovat Ferfolja3 1 Zdravstveni dom Koper, Otroško šolski dispanzer, Koper, Slovenija 2 Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija 3 Šolski center Nova Gorica, Gimnazija in zdravstvena šola, Nova Gorica, Slovenija Uvod: Veliko staršev je prepričanih, da je telesna temperatura prek 39,0°C škodljiva, da otroka ogroža in jo je potrebno takoj zniževati. Povišana telesna temperatura je le simptom, ne bolezen. Povišana telesna temperatura je izrednega pomena za premagovanje bolezni otroka. Vročinski krči so najpogostejša oblika krčev v otroškem obdobju, starše prestrašijo saj so podobni epileptičnim napadom. Pomembno je, da starši osvojijo znanje o stopnjah povišane telesne temperature, o njenih pozitivnih in negativnih učinkih in kako zniževati povišano telesno temperaturo. Poznavanje le-teh je ključ do uspešnega preprečevanja nastanka vročinskih krčev in njihovega poteka. Metode: Izvedli smo kvantitativno empirično raziskavo s tehniko zbiranja podatkov. Podatke smo pridobili z vprašalnikom, ki smo ga oblikovali s pomočjo pregleda literature. V vzorec raziskave smo zajeli 50 naključnih staršev otrok. centsles Rezultati. Ob analizi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da so starši dokaj dobro seznanjeni s po-do javom povišane telesne temperature. Večina staršev pozna načine zniževanja poviša-and ne telesne temperature, vendar več kot polovica staršev prične z zniževanjem poviša-ne telesne temperature prehitro ter telesu ne dovoli, da se z boleznijo bori samo. V raziskavi smo namenili poudarek poznavanju vročinskih krčev. Iz raziskave je razvidno, ldren ahi da bi le 10 % vseh anketiranih staršev otroka med vročinskim krčem obrnilo na bok, f c manjši delež staršev bi otroku med vročinskim krčem apliciralo zdravila skozi usta. o Glede na pridobljene podatke sklepamo, da starši dobro poznajo znake vročinskih kr-ealth čev in bi pojav takoj prepoznali. Zaskrbljujoč je podatek, da kar 54 % anketiranih star- | h šev trdi, da v otroško šolskem dispanzerju niso bili poučeni o pojavu vročinskih krčev. Razprava in zaključki: Starši se s povišano telesno temperaturo pri otroku srečujejo stnikov skozi vse njegove otroške dni. Veliko ponujenih informacij o povišani telesni tempera-lado turi je nepreverjenih, pomanjkljivo napisanih kar lahko staršem povzroči veliko zmedo. n m Staršem bi bilo informacije potrebno predati s strani zdravstvenega osebja. Zdravstve-k i ni delavci so strokovno usposobljeni tudi na področju zdravstveno vzgojne dejavno-tro sti. Starši zdravstvenemu osebju večinoma zaupajo in se radi zanesejo nanj. Kakovostno znanje in dobra informiranost lahko staršem olajšata srečanje z vročinskimi krči, saj bi dogodek prepoznali in vedeli, da ob pravilnem ukrepanju to ni življenjsko ogro-zdravje o žajoče stanje. Za starše bi moral biti najbolj kakovosten vir informacij zdravstveno osebje, vendar je pomembno, da znajo staršem predati ključne informacije in izbrati pravi način za predajo le-teh. Ključne besede: povišana telesna temperatura, vročinski krči, starši 128 Parent awareness about the onset of febrile seizures and fever Rebeka Kuzelj1, Katarina Merše Lovrinčević2, Tjaša Hrovat Ferfolja3 1 Health Clinic Koper, Outpatient Department for Children and Schoolchildren, Koper, Slovenia 2 University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia 3 School Centre Nova Gorica, Grammar and Secondary School of Health Sciences, Nova Gorica, Slovenia Introduction: Many parents believe that a body temperature of 39.0°C is harmful, puts their child at risk, and must be reduced immediately. But fever is merely a symptom, not a disease. In fact, it is essential for a child to successful y recover from their disease. Febrile seizures, which are the most common type of convulsions among children, often raise concern among parents since they resemble epileptic seizures. It is important to raise awareness among parents about the different stages of fever, the positive and negative effects of fever, and the methods used to reduce fever. This knowledge is the key to the successful prevention and treatment of febrile seizures. Methods: We conducted a quantitative empirical study based on data col ection. The ent data was acquired by means of a questionnaire, which was drawn up fol owing a liter-nm ature review. The research sample included 50 randomly selected parents. nviro Results: Upon analyzing the results, we found that parents are relatively well acquaint-he e ed with the occurrence of fever. Most are familiar with the different methods of reducing fever, but more than half of them start reducing it too early, which ultimately pre-uth – t vents the body from fending off the disease on its own. Our study focused on parents’ o familiarity with febrile seizures. The results indicate that only 10% of parents partici-nd y pating in the study would turn their child on the side during a febrile seizure, and that hild a only a small percentage would administer oral medications to their child during a febrile seizure. Based on the data acquired, we conclude that parents are well acquaint-he c ed with the symptoms of febrile seizures and that they would immediately recognize lje | t its onset. Raising concern is the finding that 54% of parents participating in the study ko claim that the outpatient department for children and schoolchildren failed to provide any information on febrile seizures. stnik – o Discussion and conclusions: Parents are faced with fever in their child throughout the en-lado tire childhood. Much of the available information on fever is non-fact-checked and in-n m complete, which may stir confusion among parents. Such information should be pro-k i vided to parents by healthcare professionals, who are also professional y trained in otro health care education. Parents mostly trust healthcare professionals and are quick to rely on their guidance. In-depth knowledge and awareness can facilitate encounters with febrile seizures for parents, since it makes it easier for them to recognize the onset of the condition and reassures them such convulsions are not life-threatening. Healthcare professionals should be the most reliable source of information for parents; however, it is vital that healthcare professionals are able to provide the key information and choose the most suitable method of passing it on. Keywords: fever, febrile seizures, parents 129 Vpliv izobraževanja Rominj o reproduktivnem zdravju na zdravje njihovih otrok Marjeta Logar Čuček Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Vpliv izobraževanja o reproduktivnem zdravju Rominj – žensk s svojstvenim na- činom življenja v posebnih skupnostnih razmerah – na zdravje njihovih otrok, je v Sloveniji malo raziskan. Namen raziskave je bil analizirati zaznane posledice zdravstveno-vzgojne intervencije na osveščenost Rominj o reproduktivnem zdravju in s tem posledično na zdravje romskih otrok. Metode: V raziskavi smo uporabili kvalitativni raziskovalni pristop. Pri izvedbi treh fokusnih skupin, julija in avgusta 2015, je sodelovalo 11 zdravstvenih delavk, ki se pri svojem delu srečujejo s skrbjo za reproduktivno zdravje Rominj in zdravjem otrok. Rezultati: Izdvojenih je bilo 10 kategorij, v katerih smo ugotovili 147 kod s skupno fre-kvenco 187. Združili smo jih v 4 teme. Te so: (1) Splošna izobrazba Rominj in njihovo izobraževanje na področju reproduktivnega zdravja. (2) Koristnosti zdravstveno-vzgojnega letaka in pričujoče raziskave. (3) Skrb za reproduktivno zdravje in zdravje otrok. cents (4) Zdravstvene težave in obiskovanje zdravnika. les Razprava in zaključek: Priložnosti napredka pri skrbi za reproduktivno zdravje Rominj do a se nakazujejo s pomočjo osveščanja o možnostih dostopa do reproduktivnih storitev nd in obravnave, ki jo ponujajo zdravstvene službe in vključevanja v zdravstveno-vzgojne programe. Pomanjkljiva osnovna izobrazba Rominj, ki obiskujejo zdravstveni dom ldren a oziroma ginekološki dispanzer, je tesno povezana z odklanjanjem izobraževanja o re-hi produktivnem zdravju. Izobraževanje mora biti prilagojeno njihovemu razumevanju, f c o z uporabo slikovnega materiala in enoznačnih sporočil. Dodatno se jih da pritegni-ti z obiski oziroma organizacijo predavanj v njihovem domačem okolju, z veliko mero ealth| h empatije in izkazane pozornosti ter upoštevanju organizacije časovnih terminov. Rominje še vedno premalo vedo o nosečnosti in porodu, tudi zato, ker se znanje o pomenu in skrbi za reproduktivno znanje med generacijami prenaša slabše kot v prete-stnikov klosti. Pri negi otroka po porodu pa je zaznati določen napredek, predvsem pri higieni lado in izboljševanju življenjskega standarda. Večjo težavo predstavlja nezdrav slog življenja, n m predvsem kajenje mater v času nosečnosti, bivanje otroka v zakajenih prostorih in ne-k i kakovostna prehrana tako mater kot otrok. Problematično je tudi (ne)upoštevanje na-tro svetov, ki jih dobijo ob obiskih ginekološkega dispanzerja in negativnih izkušenj, sicer redkih, v načinu komunikacije in občutka diskriminiranosti. zdravje o Ključne besede: Rominje, reproduktivno zdravje, osveščenost, intervencijska raziskava, izobraževanje 130 The influence of Roma women’s education regarding their reproductive health on the health of their children Marjeta Logar Čuček University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The influence of education regarding their reproductive health on Ro-ma women women with a unique way of life in special community conditions - on the health of their children has been little researched in Slovenia. The objective of the research was to analyse the perceived consequences of health education intervention on the awareness of Roma women regarding their reproductive health and consequently on the health of Roma children. Methods: Qualitative research approach was used. In July and August 2015 three focus groups were created; 11 health professionals, who deal with the reproductive health of Roma women and the health of children, participated. Results: 10 categories were identified, in which 147 codes with a total frequency of 187 were identified. They were grouped under 4 topics. These are: (1) General education of Roma women and their knowledge in the field of reproductive health. (2) The ben-ent efits of a health education leaflet and this research. (3) Care for reproductive health nm and children’s health. (4) Medical problems and doctor’s appointments. Discussion and conclusion: Opportunities for progress in Roma women’s reproductive nviro health care lie in raising their awareness of the possibilities of access to reproductive he e services, the treatment offered by health services, and their inclusion in health education programs. Roma women’s lack of general education is closely linked to their uth – to rejection of reproductive health education. Education must be adapted to their un-nd y derstanding, using pictorial material and straightforward messages. Furthermore, using a great deal of empathy and time considerations, they can be encouraged by visits hild a or organization of lectures in their home environment. Roma women do not possess he c enough knowledge about pregnancy and childbirth, which is also due to the fact that reproductive health care knowledge is no longer passed down between generations lje | t as it used to be. However, there has been some progress in the care of infants, es-ko pecial y regarding the hygiene and improved living standards. A major problem is unhealthy lifestyle, especial y smoking of pregnant women, smoking indoors near chil-stnik – o dren, and poor nutrition of both mothers and children. Some major issues are also their reluctance to fol ow the advice received when visiting a gynaecological dispensa-lado ry and occasional negative experiences with communication styles and feelings of dis-n mk i crimination. otro Keywords: Roma women, reproductive health, awareness, intervention study, education 131 Dejavniki z ustnim zdravjem povezane kakovosti življenja med otroki in mladostniki v Sloveniji Anja Magajna1, Barbara Artnik2, Martin Ranfl3 1 Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Maribor, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 3 Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Murska Sobota, Slovenija Uvod: Ustno zdravje je del splošnega zdravja. Težave z ustno votlino in/ali zobmi povzročajo bolečine, nelagodje in omejitve pri opravljanju funkcij orofacialnega področja in drugih vsakodnevnih opravil ter slabšajo kakovost življenja. S kakovostjo življenja, povezano z ustnim zdravjem (KŽpUZ), lahko ocenimo vpliv ustnega zdravja na posameznikovo življenje, samopodobo, socialne interakcije in delovno/šolsko uspešnost. Poznavanje demografskih in socioekonomskih značilnosti skupin prebivalstva s slabšo KŽpUZ je ključno za pripravo uspešnih in učinkovitih javnozdravstvenih pristopov za izboljšanje in krepitev ustnega zdravja. Metode: V »Nacionalni raziskavi o ustnem zdravju otrok in mladostnikov v Sloveniji le-ta 2019« smo s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika spremljali tudi 6 kazalnikov KŽpUZ. cents Vprašanja so se nanašala na pogostost težav pri uživanju hrane, napeto počutje zaradi les težav z ustno votlino in z zobmi, težave pri opravljanju šolskih obveznosti, prisotnost do a zobobola, prisotnost ranic/razjed ter nerodnega počutja zaradi videza zob. V razi-nd skavo so bili vključeni otroci, stari 6–17 let (N = 725). V skupino otrok, ki imajo slab- šo KŽpUZ, smo uvrstili posameznike, ki so na vsaj eno vprašanje odgovorili z obča-ldren a sno ali pogosteje. hif c Rezultati: Vsaj ena omejitev KŽpUZ, ki se pojavlja občasno ali pogosteje, je bila priso-o tna pri 22,5 % preiskovancev. Najpogosteje so se pojavljale boleče dlesni/ranice v ustih ealth (10,6 %), 6,6 % otrokom in mladostnikom je bilo nerodno zaradi videza njihovih zob, | h 6,0 % se jih je zaradi težav z ustno votlino in z zobmi počutilo napete, 5,5 % jih je imelo zobobol, 4,8 % jih je imelo težave pri hranjenju in 4,1 % jih je zaradi težav z ustno votli-stnikov no in zobmi imelo težave pri opravljanju šolskih obveznosti. Ena ali več omejitev je bi-la pogostejša pri dekletih (24,9 %, fantje 20,4%). Vsaj ena izmed omejitev je bila pogo-lado stejša pri otrocih, starih 6–7 let (24,5 %). Delež je upadel v starostni skupini 8–10 let n mk i (19,5 %) in ponovno narastel na 25,2 % v starosti 15–17 let. Delež otrok in mladostni-tro kov z eno ali več omejitvami je upadal z višanjem dosežene stopnje izobrazbe staršev (35,7 % z osnovnošolsko, 18,7 % z univerzitetno izobrazbo). zdravje o Razprava in zaključki: Več kot tri četrtine otrok in mladostnikov ni občutilo omejitev v vsakdanjem življenju zaradi težav z ustno votlino in/ali zobmi. V najmlajši starostni skupini so bile težave verjetno povezane z menjalnim zobovjem in s še prisotnimi mleč- nimi zobmi, v najstarejši starostni skupini pa zaradi nakopičenosti posameznih težav v ustni votlini in psiholoških sprememb, povezanih z odraščanjem. Otroci in mladostniki staršev z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe so imeli boljšo KŽpUZ kot otroci in mladostniki star- šev z nižjo stopnjo izobrazbe. Znano je, da imajo bolj izobraženi prebivalci boljšo skrb za ustno zdravje, kar se izrazi na boljšem ustnem zdravju in pomembno vpliva tudi na KŽpUZ. Javnozdravstvene programe in intervencije s področja ustnega zdravja je potrebno nadgraditi in vanje vključiti aktivnosti promocije ustnega zdravja za ranljive skupine otrok in mladostnikov. Ključne besede: otroci, mladostniki, ustno zdravje, kakovost življenja, izobrazba staršev 132 Factors related to oral health-related quality of life among children and adolescents in Slovenia Anja Magajna1, Barbara Artnik2, Martin Ranfl3 1 National Institute of Public Health, Maribor, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 National Institute of Public Health, Murska Sobota, Slovenia Introduction: Oral health is a part of general health. Problems with the oral cavity and/ or teeth cause pain, discomfort and limitations in performing the function of the orofacial system and other daily tasks and reduce quality of life. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) can be used to assess the impact of oral health on an individual’s life, self-image, social interactions and work/school performance. Understanding the demographic and socio-economic characteristics groups of individuals with poorer OHRQoL is crucial for the preparation of successful and effective public health approaches to improve and strengthen oral health. Methods: In the »National Survey on Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in Slovenia in 2019« we used questionnaire with which we also monitored 6 indicators of OHRQoL. Questions related to the difficulties with eating food, tense feelings be-ent cause, difficulties in carrying out school work, the presence of toothache, the pres-nm ence of sores/ulcers and awkwardness due to the appearance of teeth. Children aged nviro 6–17 were included in the study (N = 752). In the group of children with poorer he e OHRQoL we included individuals that answered at least one question with occasional y or more often. uth – t Results: At least one OHRQoL limitation occurred occasional y or more often in 22.5% o of participants. Painful gums/sores in the mouth were the most common (10.6%), nd y 6.6% of children and adolescents were embarrassed because of the appearance of their teeth, 6.0% felt tense because of oral cavity/teeth problems, 5.5% had tooth-hild a ache, 4.8% experienced difficulties with eating food due to oral cavity/teeth problems he c and 4.1% had difficulties carrying out school work due to problems with their oral cav-lje | t ity/teeth. One or more limitations were more frequent in girls (24.9%, boys 20.4%). At ko least one of the limitations was more common in children aged 6–7 (24.5%), the proportion decreased in the age group 8–10 (19.5%) and increased to 25.2% at age 15–17 years. The proportion of children and adolescents with one or more limitations de-stnik – o creased with higher levels of parental education (35.7% with primary education, 18.7% lado with a university degree). n mk i Discussion and conclusions: More than three quarters of children and adolescents did not experience limitations in their daily lives due to problems with the oral cavity and/ otro or teeth. In the youngest age group, the problems were probably related to changing teeth and still present deciduous teeth. In the oldest age group problems with teeth and oral cavity accumulate, and at the same time, they were probably linked to psychological changes related to growing up. Children and adolescents of parents with a higher level of education had a better OHRQoL than children and adolescents of parents with a lower level of education. Oral health care is higher among the more educated individuals, which was reflected in the oral health of children and had also an impact on OHRQoL. Dental public health programs and interventions should be upgraded to incorporate activities of oral health promotion for those groups of children and adolescents. Keywords: children, adolescents, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), parental education 133 Razvoj, gibanje in sposobnosti predšolskih otrok z vadbo joge Sandra Martinuč Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Vadba joge predšolskim otrokom ni namenjena le razvoju motoričnih sposobnosti, gibljivost, moč in prožnost posameznih mišičnih sklopov, vendar z jogo sam otrok pripomore k občutenju lastnega telesa, razvijanju dobre komunikacije in sposobnosti koncentracije ter sprostitve. Otroci v predšolskem obdobju se težje osredotočajo na neko dejavnost, ki traja dlje časa, vendar se jih popelje v vadbo joge skozi igro in domišljijo. Vaje se izvajajo na igriv, otrokom bližji način, saj se predšolski otroci težje osredotočajo na neko dejavnost, ki traja dlje časa. Pozornost otrok se pri-tegne s pravljicami, posnemanjem različnih živali in uporablja se prispodobe iz vsak-danjega življenja. Pri gibanju se izbira vaje za posamezne sklope, kot so vaje za roke in noge, vrat in glavo, za trup in hrbtenico. Z omenjenimi vajami vplivamo na krepitev in utrditev mišic. Predstavitev vsebine: Predšolskim otrokom z vadbo joge dajemo možnost, da se z gibanjem na poudarku zavestnega dihanja sprostijo in napolnijo z novo energijo. Med izva-janjem samih vaj se otroci naučijo tehnik pravilnega dihanja (povezano trebušno, pr-cents sno in ključnično dihanje) ter zavestno vodijo svoj gib z dihanjem. Otroci se naučijo lesdo opazovati mentalne, fizične in emocionalne procese v sebi in jih skušajo ozavestiti in a razumeti (npr. z opazovanjem dihanja, usmerijo tok misli in občutke). Na tak način se nd bolje spoznavajo in razumejo sebe ter ostale vrstnike. Kadar otroci obvladajo fizične procese telesa se naučijo obvladovati tudi psihičnih procesov. Otrokom se poveča ve-ldren a selje do življenja in to vodi do uravnovešenega zdravega razvoja celotnega organizma hif c ter duhovne uravnoteženosti. Pozitivni učinki in prednosti joge pri predšolskih otrocih o so: razvijajo se motorične in koordinacijske sposobnosti, krepi se nadzor nad čustvi, otrok ima pravilno držo telesa, izboljša se otroku imunski sistem, poveča se kapacite-ealth| h ta pljuč, kar omogoča bolj globoko in lažje dihanje, telo postane bolj gibljivo, okrepijo se mišice, izboljša se kontrola nad telesom, pospeši se regeneracija telesa in spodbuja se ustvarjalnost. Otrokom pomaga, da se razvijejo v samostojne odrasle osebe, ki sle-stnikov dijo sebi in imajo dobro samopodobo. S pomočjo joge so otroci razviti na vseh nivojih lado in znanje jim ostane za vedno. n mk i Sklepne ugotovitve: Z jogo se otroci igrajo, vadijo in krepijo telo in duha. Z rednim giba-tro njem in izvajanem vaj se izboljša koordinacija gibanja, motorika, otroci so bolj samoza-vestni in odgovorni pri vsakodnevnih izzivih. Vsak starš si za svojega otroka želi da ima zagotovljeno srečno, zdravo in toplo pot v življenju. S spodbudo k gibanju in zdravi pre-zdravje o hrani otrok pripomoremo k zdravemu in kakovostnemu življenjskemu slogu. Ključne besede: predšolski otroci, joga, razvoj, gibanje, moč, sposobnosti 134 Development, movement and skills of preschool children through yoga practice Sandra Martinuč University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Practicing yoga for preschool children not only helps develop motor skil s, agility, strength and flexibility of individual muscles, but also helps the child feel his own body, develop good communication and the ability to concentrate and relax. Preschoolers find it harder to concentrate on an activity that takes longer, but they practice yoga in a playful and imaginative way. The exercises are done in a playful, child-friendly way, as preschoolers find it harder to concentrate on an activity that takes longer. Children’s attention is drawn to fairy tales, various animals are imitated and similes from everyday life are used. In movement, exercises are selected for individual sets, for example, exercises for arms and legs, neck and head, torso and spine. With the above exercises we influence the strengthening and toning of the muscles. Content presentation: By practicing yoga, we give preschoolers the opportunity to re-ent lax and recharge their batteries by focusing on conscious breathing. During the exer-nm cises themselves, children learn proper breathing techniques (connected abdominal, chest and col arbone breathing) and consciously control their movements with their nviro breathing. The children learn to observe mental, physical and emotional processes he e within themselves and try to become aware of and understand them (e.g. by observing breathing, directing the flow of thoughts and feelings). In this way, they come to know uth – to and understand themselves and other peers better. When children master the physi-nd y cal processes of the body, they also learn to master the mental processes. Children’s zest for life increases and this leads to balanced healthy development of the whole hild a organism and mental equilibrium. The positive effects and benefits of yoga in prehe c school children are: Motor and coordination skil s are developed, emotional control is strengthened, the child has correct posture, the child’s immune system improves, lung lje | tko capacity increases, which al ows deeper and easier breathing, the body becomes more flexible, strengthens muscles, improves body control, accelerates the regeneration of the body and promotes creativity. It helps children develop into independent adults stnik – o who fol ow themselves and have a good self-image. With the help of yoga, children are lado developed at all levels and the knowledge remains with them forever. n mk i Conclusions: With yoga, children can play, exercise and strengthen their body and mind. With regular movement and exercise, movement coordination and motor skil s otro improve, and children are more confident and responsible in the chal enges of everyday life. Every parent wants their child to have a happy, healthy and warm life. We promote a healthy and quality lifestyle by encouraging exercise and a healthy diet. Keywords: preschool children, yoga, development, movement, strength, abilities 135 Predšolski otroci – raziskovalci in skrbniki zdravja Lucija Matič Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Zdravje otrok je v veliki meri odvisno od njihovih staršev/skrbnikov in od družbe v kateri živijo. V Sloveniji se veliko pozornosti namenja pravilnemu tele-snemu, duševnemu in socialnemu razvoju, medtem ko duhovno zdravje povečini ni-ti ni ozaveščeno, temveč ga naslavljamo kvečjemu na intuitivnem nivoju. Prispevek želi prikazati dva primera dobre prakse izvedbe dveh zdravstveno vzgojnih učnih delavnic za predšolske otroke, kjer je v vzgojne vsebine vključen celovit pogled na človeka in na njegovo zdravje. Pri obeh vsebinah je bil pomemben tudi vidik spoznavanja/približevanja dela zdravstvenih delavcev ter aktivna vloga otrok. Predstavitev vsebine: V prvi delavnici so bile za otroke starostne skupine 4-5 let predstavljene naslednje vsebine: dejavniki krepitve zdravja; skrb za varnost; samopomoč in strokovna pomoč; celovita skrb za obolele idr. Vsebine so bile predstavljene z metodo debate in igre vlog, pri čemer so obolele/poškodovane igrali plišasti ljubljenčki, ki so jih od doma prinesli otroci ali pa otroci sami/prostovoljci. Igra vlog se je izvajala v obliki delovnih postaj v igralnici vrtca gostitelja. Izvajalci zdravstvenih intervencij (aplikacija cents infuzije in injekcije, preveza akutne rane idr.) so bili otroci, avtorica je bila v vlogi men-lesdo torja. Debata se je izvajala skupinsko sede v krogu na tleh igralnice ali ob delovnih po-a stajah. V drugi delavnici so bile za otroke iste starostne skupine predstavljene vsebine: nd delovanje živčevja: čutila, gibala in višje možganske funkcije, pomen empatije in sodelovanja za življenje. Vsebine so bile prav tako predstavljene v obliki delovnih postaj, ven-ldren a dar tokrat v strokovni učilnici Srednje zdravstvene šole Ljubljana. Delavnica je bila ena hif c od 17-ih v ponudbi projekta SZŠL Dan odprtih vrat – Z znanjem do zdravja. o Sklepne ugotovitve: Predšolski otroci so izjemno občinstvo za obravnavo na videz zah-ealth tevnih tem. Ob pravilnem pristopu lahko otrokom ponudimo kakovostne vsebine, ki | h jih še dolgo navdušujejo in jih kasneje samoiniciativno dodatno raziskujejo in nadgra-jujejo. Ob pogovoru o skrbi za zdravje človeka so otroci navezovali tudi svoje znanje stnikov o skrbi za zdravje živali in skrbi za okolje. Refleksije obeh delavnic so bile zelo pozitivne, v primeru 1. delavnice je raziskovanje teme s strani otrok po navedbah vzgojiteljic lado in staršev trajalo več mesecev. Pri opazovanju skupinske dinamike je bilo pri drugi skun mk i pini opaziti prevladovanje tekmovalnega pristopa in celo izključevanja, pri prvi pa več tro sodelovalnega pristopa, kritičnega prijateljstva in povezanosti. Te ugotovitve prav tako dajejo priložnosti za nadaljnje delo. Ključne besede: predšolski otroci, zdravstvena vzgoja, učne delavnice zdravje o 136 Preschool children – researchers and guardians of health Lucija Matić University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: The health of children depends to a large extent on their parents/guardians and the society in which they live. In Slovenia, a lot of attention is paid to proper physical, mental and social development. At the same time care for spiritual health is mostly unaware and is addressed mainly on an intuitive level. These presentation aims to present two examples of good practice in the implementation of holistic approach to health which was provided within two workshops for preschool children. In both workshops the aspect of getting acquainted to the work of health professionals and achieving the active role of children was also important. Content presentation: In the first workshop, the fol owing contents were presented for children in the age group of 4-5 years: health-promoting factors; security concerns; self-help and professional help; holistic care for the sick, etc. The contents were presented using the method of debate and role play, where the sick / injured were played by plush pets brought from home by children or by the children themselves / volunteers. The role play takes place in the form of workstations in the host kindergarten ent playroom. The providers of medical interventions (infusion and injection, acute wound nm dressings, etc.) were children, and the author was a mentor. The debate takes place in nviro a group sitting in a circle on the floor or next to workstations. In the second workshop, he e the fol owing topics were presented for children of the same age group: nervous system function: senses, movements and higher brain functions, the importance of em-uth – t pathy and cooperation in life. The contents were also presented in the form of worko stations, but this time in the professional cabinets of the Secondary School of Nursing nd y Ljubljana. The workshop was one of 17 which were provided during Open Day project - With knowledge to health. hild a Conclusions: Preschoolers are an exceptional audience for dealing with seemingly chal-he c lenging topics. With the right approach workshops can offer quality and demanding lje | t contents that children would fol ow and later make further research for a long time. ko During the discussion on human health care children also linked their knowledge of animal health care and environmental care. The reflections of both workshops were very positive, in the case of the 1st workshop, the further research of the topic by the stnik – o children, according to the educators and parents, took several months. In observing lado group dynamics, the predominance of a competitive approach and phenomenon of n m exclusion was observed in 2 nd group, while in the 1st there was more of a col abo-k i rative approach, critical friendship and connection. These findings also provide an op-otro portunity for further work. Keywords: preschool children, health education, learning workshops 137 Odnos do cepljenja in uporaba cepiva proti HPV med hrvaškimi študenti Ivan Miškulin, Nika Pavlović, Ivan Vukoja, Matea Matić Ličanin, Ivica Fotez, Maja Miškulin Medicinska fakulteta Osijek, Osijek, Hrvaška Uvod: Stališča do cepljenja so pomembna za napovedovanje cepilnega vedenja posameznikov in so povezana z njihovim znanjem o cepivih. Raziskave so pokazale, da so študenti nizko deležni cepljenja proti humanemu papiloma virusu (HPV). Namen te študije je bil raziskati povezave med stališči do cepljenja in znanjem o HPV in cepivu proti HPV, ter raziskati povezavo med prej omenjenimi stališči in sprejemanjem cepiva proti HPV med hrvaškimi študenti. Metode: Od februarja do maja 2021 je bila izvedena presečna raziskava na medfakul-tetnem reprezentativnem vzorcu študentov Univerze v Osijeku v vzhodni Hrvaški. Kot raziskovalno orodje smo uporabili validiran, anonimen vprašalnik, ki so ga izpolnili študenti in je vseboval vprašanja o demografskih podatkih, podatkih o cepljenju proti HPV, podatkih o poznavanju virusa HPV in o cepljenju, ter o lestvici preverjanja stališč o cepljenju (lestvica VAX). Nižje ocene na lestvici VAX odražajo bolj pozitiven odnos do cepljenja. centsles Rezultati: Vzorec je vključeval 840 oseb s srednjo starostjo 20 let (interkvartilni razpon do 20-21), 45,8 % moških in 54,2 % žensk. Mediana ocene na lestvici VAX je bila 39,0 (in-and terkvartilni razpon 32,0–46,0). Prevalenca cepljenja proti HPV v opazovani populaciji je bila 20,8 %. Glede znanja o virusu HPV in cepljenju med vsemi udeleženci raziskave je bilo 25,6 % tistih s slabim, 26,4 % z dobrim in 48,0 % z zelo dobrim znanjem. Udele-ldren ahi ženci, ki so bili cepljeni s cepivom proti HPV, so imeli značilno bolj pozitiven odnos do f c cepljenja v primerjavi z necepljenimi udeleženci (p<0,001). Udeleženci z zelo dobrim o znanjem o virusu HPV in cepljenju so imeli bistveno bolj pozitiven odnos do cepljenja ealth v primerjavi z ostalimi udeleženci (p<0,001). | h Razprava in zaključek: Čeprav je večina hrvaških univerzitetnih študentov imela zadovoljivo raven znanja o virusu HPV je sedanja raziskava o cepljenju pokazala, da je ime-stnikov la opazovana populacija veliko zadržkov v povezavi s cepljenjem, pa tudi nizko udelež- lado bo pri cepljenju proti HPV. Raziskava je potrdila povezave med odnosom do cepljenja, n m znanjem o virusu HPV ter samim cepljenjem proti HPV v populaciji hrvaških študen-k i tov. Boljše razumevanje stališč, ki so osnova za oklevanje pri cepljenju, in dejavnikov, tro ki preoblikujejo ta stališča, so pomembni za razvoj javnozdravstvenih intervencij, na-menjenih povečanju uporabi cepiva proti HPV med hrvaškimi študenti. Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave. zdravje o Ključne besede: humani papiloma virus, cepljenje, študenti, stališča, znanje, Hrvaška 138 Vaccination attitudes and HPV vaccine uptake among Croatian university students Ivan Miškulin, Nika Pavlović, Ivan Vukoja, Matea Matić Ličanin, Ivica Fotez, Maja Miškulin Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Introduction: The attitudes regarding vaccination are significant for predicting individuals’ vaccination behavior and are connected with one’s knowledge about vaccines. Studies have shown the low uptake of the human papil omavirus (HPV) vaccine among university students. This study aimed to explore associations between the attitudes regarding vaccination and knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine as well as to explore the association between the aforementioned attitudes and HPV vaccine uptake among Croatian university students. Methods: From the February to May 2021 period a cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in a cross-faculty representative student sample of the University of Osijek in Eastern Croatia. A validated, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire that contained questions regarding demographic data, data about HPV vaccine uptake, data regarding knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination as well as the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX scale) served as a research tool. The ent lower scores on the VAX scale reflect more positive vaccination attitudes. nm Results: The study sample included 840 subjects with, median age of 20 years (inter-nviro quartile range 20-21), 45.8% males, and 54.2% females. The median VAX scale score he e was 39.0 (interquartile range 32.0-46.0). The prevalence of HPV vaccination uptake in the observed population was 20.8%. Regarding the knowledge about the HPV vi-uth – t rus and the vaccination among all study participants, there were 25.6% of those with o poor, 26.4% of those with good, and 48.0% of those with very good knowledge. The nd y participants who were vaccinated with the HPV vaccine had significantly more positive vaccination attitudes in comparison to non-vaccinated participants (p<0.001). The hild a participants with very good knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination had he c significantly more positive vaccination attitudes in comparison to other participants lje | t (p<0.001). ko Discussion and conclusions: Even though the majority of Croatian university students had a satisfactory level of knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination pres-stnik – o ent study revealed that the observed population had strong general vaccine hesitancy as well as low HPV vaccine uptake. The study confirmed the existence of associations lado between vaccination attitudes, knowledge about the HPV virus, and the vaccination n mk i and HPV vaccination uptake in the Croatian university student population. A better understanding of the attitudes that underlie vaccine hesitancy and factors that mod-otro ify these attitudes are important for developing public health interventions intended to increase HPV vaccine uptake among Croatian university students. Further studies are needed. Keywords: human papil omavirus, vaccination, university students, attitudes, knowledge, Croatia 139 Ekonomsko breme najpogostejših nalezljivih bolezni pri otrocih v Sloveniji Tatjana Pokrajac Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Nalezljive bolezni pri otrocih so v Sloveniji še vedno pogost vzrok obiska pri zdravniku, sprejema v bolnišnico in vzrok smrti. Predstavljajo tudi precejšnje finanč- no breme. Metode: V raziskavi smo analizirali podatke iz treh podatkovnih zbirk Nacionalnega in- štituta za javno zdravje Republike Slovenije iz obdobja 2005. To so Zbirka zunajbolni- šničnih obravnav, Zbirka skupine primerljivih primerov (SPP) in Zbirka umrlih. Osredotočili smo se na nalezljive bolezni oz. najpogostejše diagnoze nalezljivih bolezni pri otrocih. Naša ocena stroškov je narejena po metodi ocenjevanja stroškov bolezni, vključuje pa neposredne in posredne stroške. V ta strošek so vključeni stroški prvih pregledov v otroških in šolskih diapanzerjih, stroški, izračunani iz cene prvega pregleda pri specialistu na sekundarni ravni, stroški hospitalnega zdravljenja in stroški, izgubljen prihodnji zaslužek, zaradi smrti otroka (vlaganje v otroka in delovna produktivnost do 65. leta starosti je izgubljena). Medicinske diagnoze smo izbrali iz priporočene literatu-cents re Centra za preventivo in nadzor bolezni iz Atlante in iz ICD-9 prekodirali v MKB-10. lesdo Rezultati: Za izbrane nalezljive bolezni je leta 2005 cena znašala 14,620.187 EUR, za and otroke, stare 0–6 let in 4,408.773 EUR za otroke, stare 7–14 let, kar zavzema 16,97 odstotni delež vseh bolezni otrok, starih od 0–6 let in 17,3 odstotni delež vseh bolezni otrok, starih od 7–14 let. Med vsemi izbranimi nalezljivimi boleznimi so okužbe spo-ldren ahi dnjih dihal predstavljale pri otrocih starih 0–6 let, največji strošek zaradi hospitalnega f c zdravljenja in zaradi prezgodnje smrti, okužbe zgornjih dihal pa zaradi pogostega obio ska pri zdravniku. Pri otrocih, starih 7–14 let, je bil strošek najvišji pri trebušnih in čre-ealth vesnih okužbah zaradi hospitalnega zdravljenja in okužbe zgornjih dihal zaradi obiska | h pri zdravniku. Povzročitelja nalezljivih bolezni, nam izbrane zbirke ne dajejo. Razprava in zaključki: V raziskavi smo s posameznimi kazalniki, to so število sprejemov stnikov v otroški in šolski dispanzer, število sprejemov v bolnišnico in oceno teže bolezni ter lado števila umrlih, prikazali ekonomsko breme izbranih nalezljivih bolezni in z njimi pove-n m zanih nekaterih ekonomskih stroškov pri otrocih in mladostnikih v Sloveniji. Najpogo-k i steje so stroški povezani z obiskom otrok pri zdravniku na primarni ravni, sledi tudi tro pregled pri specialistu in hospitalizacija za težje bolezni, število umrlih otrok je majhno, vendar kadar umre otrok je to velika izguba, tudi ekonomska. Tovrstni podatki so pomembni za spremljanje stanja in napovedovanja gibanj na področju zdravstvenega var-zdravje o stva in porabe sredstev v Sloveniji. Obenem pričakujemo, da bodo informacije o bre-menu nalezljivih bolezni povečale pozornost izvajalcev zdravnikov do zbirk podatkov, ter vplivale na kakovost in popolnost posredovanih podatkov. Ključne besede: ekonomsko breme, neposredni stroški, posredni stroški, otroci in mladostniki 140 Economic burden of the most common infectious diseases in children in Slovenia Tatjana Pokrajac University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: In Slovenia, infectious diseases are in children are common cause of visits to primary care physicians, of hospital admissions and the cause of death. They al-so represent a significant economic burden. Methods: We analyzed routinely calculated data from Slovenian National Institute of Public Health in 2005. These are the Col ection of Outpatient Hearings, the Group of Comparable Cases (SPP) and the Col ection of Deaths. Our cost estimate is made by using the method of estimation of the cost of diseases and includes direct and indirect costs. This cost included the cost of first examination in pediatric dispensers at the primary level, costs, prices calculated from the first examination by a specialist at the secondary level, the cost of hospital of treatment, and the cost of the lost human capital (investment in the child and employment productivity up to the age of 65 is lost). We analyzed data with the particular attention on the most frequent infectious diseases of children, Data were classified from recommended literature from CDC Atlanta, ent according to the most to the International Classification of diagnoses ICD-9 preced-nm ed to ICD-10. nviro Results: The cost was amounted to 14,620.187 EUR for children aged 0 to 6 years and he e 4,408.773 EUR for children aged 7 to14 years, which account a 16.97% share of all diseases for children aged 0-6 years and 17.3% of all diseases for children aged 7-14 years. uth – t For children aged 0 to 6 years has the highest costs due to lower respiratory tract in-o fectious due to hospital treatment, and upper respiratory infectious due to visit a doc-nd y tor. For children aged 7 to 14 years costs were higher of abdominal and intestinal infectious due to hospital treatment and upper respiratory infections due to visit a doctor. hild a he c Conclusions: In the analysis, we estimated the burden of common infectious diseases of children in Slovenia and related economic costs by using routinely col ected data. This lje | t cost included the cost of first examination of pediatric dispensers at the primary level, ko costs, prices calculated from the first examination by a specialist at the secondary level, the cost of hospital of treatment, and the cost of the lost human capital. Most of-stnik – o ten, the costs are related to visiting children at the primary level, fol owed by a specialist examination and hospitalization for serious diseases, the number of children dying lado is smal , but when a child dies, it is a major loss, even economical y. The results are n mk i important for monitoring and forecasting health care and health care cost in Slovenia. We expect that the use of information on the burden will bring about more attention otro to the quality and completeness of the clinical data. Keywords: burden, direct costs, undirect costs, children and adolecsents 141 Zdravstveno-vzgojno delo v vrtcih Kristina Rakuša Krašovec Univerza v Novem mestu, Fakulteta za zdravstvene vede, Novo mesto, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Zdravstvena vzgoja in promocija zdravja sta odraz splošne kultu-re v določeni družbi. Zdravstvenovzgojno delo je temeljna aktivnost izvajalcev zdravstvene nege, ki pripomore k samodejavnosti posameznika k izboljševanju in ohranjanju svojega zdravja in preprečevanja bolezni. Predstavitev vsebine: Zdravstveno-vzgojno delovanje se mora pričeti že v otroški dobi, saj se tako že otroci naučijo, kako živeti čim bolj zdravo, kar je dobra naložba za prihodnost. Namen raziskave je bil preučiti pomen zdravstveno-vzgojnega delovanja v vrtcih in ugotoviti, kakšno je stališče vzgojiteljev glede tega. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako so vzgojitelji zdravstveno-vzgojno aktivni s predšolskimi otroci in kako so otroci sprejemljivi za te vsebine. Raziskava je temeljila na kvalitativni metodi dela, primarni podatki so bili pridobljeni s tehniko intervjuvanja. Vzorec v raziskavi je bil namenski, v intervjuju je sodelovalo 6 intervjuvank iz treh različnih vrtcev. Rezultati kažejo, da vrtci sodelujejo z zdravstvenimi zavodi, vendar se število obiskov zdravstvenih delavcev razlikuje glede na posamezni vrtec. Otroci so dovzetni za informacije, katere jim cents posreduje zdravstveno osebje in v aktivnostih radi sodelujejo. Za vzgojitelje so name-lesdo njena izobraževanja v sklopu programa Zdravje v vrtcu, ostalih izobraževanj na temo a zdravstvene vzgoje pa nimajo predvidenih. Ena izmed intervjuvanih je dejala, da se je nd udeležila izobraževanja iz prve pomoči, kar bi morala biti stalna praksa za vse, ki delajo z otroci, saj so ti nepredvidljivi in ustrezno ukrepanje ob nesrečah lahko reši življenje. ldren ahi Sklepne ugotovitve: Zdravstveno-vzgojnem delovanju se danes daje veliko večji pomen f c kot v preteklosti. Bi pa morale biti zdravstveno-vzgojne dejavnosti v vzgojno-izobraže-o valnih ustanovah pogostejše. Predvsem v času epidemije so te dejavnosti obstale. Prav ealth je, da se otroci že v zgodnji starosti naučijo skrbeti za svoje zdravje, vendar, da lahko to | h udejanjijo, morajo najprej pridobiti ustrezne informacije na takšen način, da jih bodo razumeli. Žal se veliko otrok prvič seznani z zdravstvenimi informaciji šele v vrtcih oz. stnikov šolah, saj doma starši nimajo ustreznega znanja ali pa se jim takšne zadeve ne zdijo pomembne. Intervjuvanke se strinjajo, da so zdravstveno-vzgojne vsebine pomembne, lado vendar je od vsake ustanove odvisno, kolikšen poudarek daje na njih. Potreben bi bil n mk i enotni učni načrt, ki bi zajemal zdravstveno-vzgojne vsebine v vrtcih in bi zajemal vse-tro bine za otroke, vzgojitelje in tudi starše, saj so starši v prvi vrsti zgled svojemu otroku. Ključne besede: zdravstvena vzgoja, vzgoja in izobraževanje, delo v vrtcih, zdravstvene vsebine in vrtec. zdravje o 142 Health-education work in kindergartens Kristina Rakuša Krašovec University of Novo mesto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Novo mesto, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Health-education and health promotion are a reflection of the general culture in a given society. Health-education work is a basic activity of care providers, which helps individuals themselves to become active in improving and maintaining their health and preventing diseases. Content presentation: Health-education must start at a young age, because children learn how to live as healthy as possible, which is a good investment for the future. The purpose of the research was to examine the importance of health-educational activities in kindergartens and to determine the position of educators in this regard. The aim of the research was to determine how educators are active in health education with preschool children and how children are acceptable for these contents. The research was based on a qualitative working method, and the primary data were obtained through interview techniques. The sample in the research was engaged, 6 respondents from three different kindergartens participated in the interview. The results show that kindergartens col aborate with health facilities, but the number of visits ent by health personnel varies from kindergarten to kindergarten. The children are recep-nm tive to the information provided by the health personnel and are happy to participate nviro in the activities. In-service training is provided for kindergarten teachers as part of the he e »Health in Kindergarten« program, while other in-service training on health education is not planned. One of the interviewees said that she participated in first aid training, uth – t which should be a constant practice for all those who work with children, as they are o unpredictable and appropriate action in case of accidents can save lives. nd y Conclusions: Much more importance is given to health education today than in the past. However, health-education activities should be more frequent in educational institu-hild a tions. Especial y during the epidemic, these activities continued. It is true that children he c learn to take care of their health at an early age, but to do so, they must first be given lje | t relevant information in a way that they can understand. Unfortunately, many children ko are not introduced to health information until they are in kindergarten or school because parents do not have the relevant knowledge at home or do not consider such topics important. Interviewees agree that the content of health-education is impor-stnik – o tant, but it depends on each institution how much emphasis they place on it. There lado would be a need for a unified curriculum that includes health and education content n m in kindergartens and includes content for children, educators, and also parents, since k i parents are first and foremost role models for their child. otro Keywords: health education, education, work in kindergartens, health content and kindergarten. 143 Izpostavljenost kemikalijam v življenjskem okolju pri otrocih in mladostnikih v Sloveniji Janja Snoj Tratnik1, Darja Mazej1, Marta Jagodic Hudobivnik1, Anja Stajnko1, Zdenka Šlejkovec1, Tina Kosjek1, Žiga Tkalec1, David Kocman1, Rok Novak1, Ingrid Falnoga1, Ivan Eržen2, Milena Horvat1 1 Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Nacionalni Inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: V vsakdanjem življenju smo izpostavljeni mešanici kemikalij iz različ- nih virov, npr. hrana, embalaža za živila, izdelki za osebno nego in zrak. Kljub napredku analitičnih tehnik in orodij je izpostavljenost kemikalijam v splošni populaciji še vedno nezadovoljivo opredeljena. V skladu s strategijo EU za okolje in zdravje, smernicami Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije, pa tudi z nacionalno zakonodajo in obstoječimi podatki (vključno s prvo nacionalno študijo humanega biomonitoringa pri odraslih) je cilj študije oceniti izpostavljenost izbranim obstojnim in ne- obstojnim kemikalij pri otrocih in mladostnikih z različnih območij po Sloveniji, identificirati ranljive skupine, geografske razlike in narediti oceno tveganja za zdravje. Predstavitev vsebine: Drugi nacionalni humani biomonitoring (HBM) je tekoči program cents (2018–2023), ki se osredotoča na otroke (6–9 let) in mladostnike (12–15 let). Študijsko lesdo populacijo rekrutiramo na devetih območij (v vsakem 100 otrok in 100 mladostnikov): a Jesenice, Mežiška dolina, Celje, Zasavje, Bela krajina, Vrhnika, Idrija in Posočje, Prek-nd murje (vključeno kot pilotna študija) in Koper. Izpostavljenost kemikalijam ocenjujemo z meritvami izbranih kemikalij v bioloških vzorcih (kri, prvi jutranji urin, lasje) preisko-ldren a vancev: kovine in polkovine, ftalati in DINCH, bisfenoli, perfluoroalkilne in polifluo-hif c roalkilne snovi, pesticidi, zaviralci gorenja, poliklorirani bifenili, dioksini in furani ter o policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki, in sicer z uporabo najsodobnejše analitske metodologije. Za identifikacijo potencialnih virov in determinant izpostavljenosti, podatke o ealth| h življenjskem slogu (vključno s prehranjevalnimi navadami), osnovne informacije o zdravstvenem in socialno-ekonomskem statusu pridobivamo z vodenimi intervjuji s starši ter preko prostorskih podatkovnih baz. Glede na do sedaj zbrane podatke smo ugo-stnikov tovili nekaj pomembnih razlik med študijskimi območji, starostnimi skupinami in spo-lado loma. Vendar pa zbiranje in analiza podatkov še potekata, slednja pa obsega uporabo n m klasičnih statističnih metod, vključno z analizo variance, multiplo linearno regresijo ter k i prostorsko vizualizacijo podatkov. V ta namen zbiramo morebitne pojasnjevalne spre-tro menljivke glede virov in poti izpostavljenosti iz obstoječih prostorskih podatkovnih ni-zov, ki so na voljo na nacionalni ravni. zdravje o Sklepne ugotovitve: Na področju zdravja okolja je HBM pomembno orodje za oceno integrativne izpostavljenosti okoljskim kemikalijam iz več virov. Otroci in mladostniki so še posebej občutljivi na biološke spremembe, ki jih povzroča zunanji stres (vključ- no s kemikalijami), zato je dolgoročni cilj HBM varovanje zdravja otrok in mladostnikov pred škodljivimi učinki kemikalij iz njihovega življenjskega okolja. Ključne besede: kemikalije, otroci in mladostniki, okolje 144 Exposure to chemicals from the ambient environment in children and adolescents from Slovenia Janja Snoj Tratnik1, Darja Mazej1, Marta Jagodic Hudobivnik1, Anja Stajnko1, Zdenka Šlejkovec1, Tina Kosjek1, Žiga Tkalec1, David Kocman1, Rok Novak1, Ingrid Falnoga1, Ivan Eržen2, Milena Horvat1 1 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: We are exposed to a mixture of chemicals in our everyday lives from various sources, e.g. food, food packaging, personal care products, and ambient air. Despite the advancement of analytical techniques and tools, the overall exposure to chemicals in the general population is still insufficiently characterized. In line with EU Strategy on Environment and Health, World Health Organization guidelines, as well as with national legislative basis and existing data (incl. the first national human biomonitoring study in adults), the objective is to estimate exposure to selected persistent and non-persistent chemicals in children and adolescent from different areas across Slovenia, identify vulnerable groups, geographical differences and perform a health risk assessment. ent Content presentation: The second national human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ongoing nm program (2018-2023) focusing on children (6-9 years) and adolescents (12-15 years). nviro The study population is being recruited from nine study areas (each targeting 100 chil-he e dren and 100 adolescents): potential y contaminated areas of Jesenice, Mežica Val-ley, Celje, Zasavje, Bela Krajina, Vrhnika, Idrija and Posočje, rural area of Prekmurje uth – t (included as the pilot study) and urban area of Koper. Exposure to chemicals is being o assessed through measurements of selected chemicals in biological samples (blood, nd y first morning urine, hair) provided by the subjects: metals and metal oids, phthalates and DINCH, bisphenols, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, hild a flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, and polycyclic aro-he c matic hydrocarbons, using a stateof-the-art analytical methodology. For identification of potential sources and determinants of exposure, lifestyle (incl. dietary habits), ba-lje | tko sic health and socio-economic status information is obtained through the guided interviews with parents, as well as through the environmental spatial y resolved datasets. According to the data col ected up to this point, there were some important differ-stnik – o ences discovered between the study areas, age groups and sexes. However, data col-lado lection and analysis are still in progress, and the latter comprises the use of classical n m statistical methods, including analysis of variance, multiple linear regression as well as k i geospatial visualization of data. To this end, potential explanatory variables regarding otro sources and exposure pathways from the existing spatial y resolved datasets available at the national level are being compiled. Conclusions: In the field of environmental health, HBM is an important tool for the estimation of integrative exposure to environmental chemicals from multiple sources. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to biological changes caused by external stress (incl. chemicals), therefore a long-term aim of the HBM is to protect children’s and adolescents’ health from the harmful effects of chemicals from their living environment. Keywords: chemicals, children and adolescents, environment 145 Sekcija/Section Prehrana otrok in mladostnikov Nutrition of children and youth Vabljeno predavanje Ocena prehranskega stanja pediatrične populacije Neža Lipovec, Evgen Benedik Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Ocena prehranskega stanja dojenčkov, otrok in mladostnikov je nujno potrebna saj lahko le z rednim spremljanjem zagotovimo optimalen razvoj. Z oceno prehranskega stanja želimo opredeliti morebitne težave povezane s prehrano, ki jih je mogoče odpraviti in se tako izogniti kompleksnejšim težavam v prihodnosti. Ocena prehranskega stanja je osnova prehranske obravnave pri kateri gre za podrobno in poglobljeno oceno posameznika, ki jo opravi usposobljen zdravstveni delavec. Namen prispevka je opraviti pregled aktualne literature in predstaviti izbor orodij in pristopov za objektivno oceno prehranskega stanja pediatrične populacije. Predstavitev vsebine: Pri oceni prehranskega stanja gre za interpretacijo antropometričnih (telesna dolžina/višina, telesna masa, indeks telesne mase, analiza sestave telesa), biokemičnih (laboratorijskih), kliničnih (vrsta bolezenskega stanja, presejanje na cents prehransko ogroženost) in prehranskih podatkov (metoda 3-dnevnega prehranskega les dnevnika, priklic jedilnika prejšnjega dne, vprašalnik o pogostosti uživanja živil in teko-do a čin), s čimer ugotovimo, ali je otrok ustrezno ali neustrezno prehranjen (podhranjen nd ali čezmerno hranjen). Za zagotovitev pravočasne in učinkovite prehranske intervencije je bistvenega pomena multidisciplinarni pristop k oceni prehranskega stanja. Oce-ldren a na prehranskega stanja je zahteven in dinamični proces, pri katerem z objektivnimi hif c meritvami ocenimo stanje posameznika in se nato odločimo za ustrezno (prehrano sko) zdravljenje bolnika. Optimalno prehransko stanje (preskrbljenost z vsemi hrani-li in ustreznost telesne mase) je pomemben dejavnik za krepitev zdravja in prepreče-ealth| h vanje ter zdravljenje bolezni. Prehransko stanje namreč med drugim vpliva tudi na naš imunski sistem in odziv posameznika na določeno terapijo. stnikov Sklepne ugotovitve: Prehransko stanje ocenjujemo iz več razlogov, v prvi vrsti, da zgodaj prepoznamo otroke in mladostnike s tveganjem za razvoj podhranjenosti, podhra-lado njene otroke primerno obravnavamo, spremljamo njihovo rast in razvoj in na podlagi n mk i ocene prehranskega stanja pripravimo ustrezen prehranski načrt, s katerim dosežemo tro hitrejše okrevanje oziroma boljši izid same bolezni. Ključne besede: ocena prehranskega stanja, prehrana, dojenček, otrok, mladostnik zdravje o 148 Invited lecture Assessment of the nutritional status of pediatric population Neža Lipovec, Evgen Benedik University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Nutritional assessment of infants, children and adolescents is crucial, as only regular monitoring can ensure optimal development. Nutritional assessment aims to identify potential nutritional deficiencies that can be corrected to prevent more complex complications in the future. A nutritional assessment is the basis for nutritional treatment, which is a detailed and in-depth assessment of a person by a qualified health professional. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on tools and approaches to objectively assess the nutritional status of the paediatric population. Content presentation: The assessment of nutritional status is a matter of interpreting anthropometric (body length/height, body mass, body mass index, body composition analysis), biochemical (laboratory), clinical (type of condition, screening tools for nu-utho tritional risk) and nutritional data (3day food diary method, 24-h recal , food and flu-id frequency questionnaire) to determine whether the child is malnourished (under-nd y nourished or overnourished). A multidisciplinary approach to nutritional assessment is essential to ensure timely and effective nutritional intervention. Nutritional assess-hildren a ment is a complex and dynamic process of using objective measurements to assess f c the person’s condition and then determining appropriate (nutritional) treatment for n o the patient. Conslusions: Optimal nutritional status (supply of all nutrients and adequacy of body utritio weight) is an important factor in promoting health and preventing and treating disease. Among other things, nutritional status influences our immune system and the individual’s response to certain therapies. We assess nutritional status for a number of stnikov | n reasons, primarily to identify children and adolescents at risk of malnutrition early, to lado treat malnourished children appropriately, to monitor their growth and development, n m and to develop an appropriate nutritional plan based on the assessment of nutritional k i status, leading to faster recovery or better outcome of the disease itself. tro Keywords: nutritional assessment, nutrition, infant, child, adolescent prehrana o 149 S projekti v osnovnih šolah do boljših prehranjevalnih navad učencev Bine Dobnikar, Tamara Poklar Vatovec Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Na Osnovni šoli Stane Žagar v Kranju potekata dva projekta, na katera smo se osredotočili in opredelili njuno vlogo pri izobraževanju o prehrani. Projekt 2° Zelene strehe je pretežno namenjen učilnici na prostem, hkrati pa učenci skrbijo za rastline, ki rastejo na strehi. Tradicionalni slovenski zajtrk je projekt, namenjen izobraževanju o pomenu zajtrka, lokalno pridelani hrani, čebelarstvu in obdelavi slovenskega podeželja ter lokalnih kmetov. Sestavljajo ga mleko, kruh, maslo in jabolko ali drugo sveže ali suho sadje brez dodanega sladkorja. Metode: Spomladi leta 2021 smo izvedli anketiranje. V vzorcu je bilo 59 učencev iz treh sedmih razredov. Z anketnim vprašalnikom smo ugotavljali, kakšne so njihove prehranjevalne navade, in na podlagi rezultatov sklepali, kakšno je njihovo znanje o prehrani. Izvedli smo tudi kviz na platformi Kahoot, ki je vseboval vprašanja o predstavljenih vsebinah. Z računalniškim orodjem OPKP smo izračunali hranilne in energijske vrednosti tradicionalnega slovenskega zajtrka. centsles Rezultati: S tradicionalnim slovenskim zajtrkom učenci povprečno zaužijejo 1604 kJ do energije, kar za starostno skupino 13–14 let ustreza 16 % celodnevnih potreb. Energij-and ski delež beljakovin v zajtrku predstavlja 10 %, maščob 26 % in ogljikovih hidratov 64 %. Iz rezultatov ankete smo ugotovili, da manj kot polovica učencev zajtrkuje vsak dan. ldren a Nizka je tudi pogostost uživanja polnovrednih kosmičev in zdrobov ter stročnic. Veči-hi na učencev uživa eno ali dve vrsti sadja na dan (68 %), 17 % pa sadja ne uživa vsak dan. f c o Zelenjavo jih vsak dan uživa 47 %, a večina le eno ali dve vrsti na dan. Pri dekletih je odstotek tistih, ki uživajo izdelke iz polnozrnate moke, večji, in sicer 36 %. Le 27 % fan-ealth| h tov uživa polnozrnate izdelke. Večina učencev, 67 % deklet in 74 % fantov, največ posega po vodi. 76 % učencev uživa med 3 in 5 obrokov dnevno. S kvizom na platformi Kahoot smo preverili njihovo znanje o prehranskih smernicah. Pogovor o pravilnem stnikov odgovoru se je najbolj razživel pri vprašanju ‘Kaj se nahaja v spodnjem delu prehran-lado ske piramide?’, saj smo jim predstavili prenovljeno prehransko piramido, ki je pri po-n m uku še niso spoznali. k i tro Razprava in zaključki: Projekta imata velik potencial pri izobraževanju učencev in izbolj- ševanju njihovih prehranjevalnih navad. Na zeleni strehi rastejo užitne rastline, predvsem jagodičevje. V rastlinski hrani se nahajajo zaščitne snovi, ki zmanjšujejo tveganje zdravje o za pojav nekaterih nenalezljivih kroničnih bolezni. Menimo, da bi bila ena od rešitev lahko nadgrajevanje takšnih projektov z več interaktivnimi vsebinami, s katerimi bi učencem predstavili pomen uživanja uravnotežene prehrane. Izvajanje takšnih projektov je smiselno, saj smo ugotovili, da na nekaterih področjih prehrana učencev ni skladna s priporočili. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da je tudi njihovo znanje pomanjkljivo. Z nadgradnjo projektov bi zagotovili večjo informiranost in s tem spodbujali spremembo prehranjevalnih navad. Ključne besede: Prehranjevalne navade, tradicionalni slovenski zajtrk, zelena streha, rast linska hrana, znanje učencev 150 Elementary school projects as a possibility of improving pupils’ eating habits Bine Dobnikar, Tamara Poklar Vatovec University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: At the Stane Žagar primary school in Kranj, there are two projects taking place we had focused on, defining their role on education about nutrition. Projekt 2° Zelene strehe and Tradicionalni slovenski zajtrk. The first provides an additional space for high quality learning environment. Pupils need to take care of the green roof and plants, which helps them to learn about responsibility. The latter provides them knowledge not only about importance of breakfast consumtion, but also about local y produced food, beekeeping and local farming. It consists of bread, milk, butter, honey and an apple or other fresh or dried fruit without any added sugars. Methods: In spring 2021 we conducted a survey. There were 59 pupils in the sample from three 7th grade classes. The purpose was to determine what their eating habits are like. Based on those we inferred what their knowledge is on nutrition. We conducted a quiz on Kahoot platform, there were 10 questions regarding the content we uth presented. We used an OPKP programme to calculate nutritional and energy values o of traditional Slovenian breakfast. nd y Results: On average, this breakfast provides 1604 kJ (382 kcal), which is 16 % of daily energy requirements for pupils in age group 13–14 years. 10 % of the breakfast is hildren a composed of protein, 26 % of fats and 64 % of carbohydrates. Results of the ques-f c tionnaire have shown that less than half of pupils eat breakfast daily. The frequency of n o wholegrains and legumes consumption is also low. Pupils mostly consume one or two sorts of fruit per day (68 %), but 17 % of them don’t include fruits in their diet every utritio day. 47 % of pupils eat vegetables every day, mostly one or two sorts per day. Females consume more wholegrain product (36 %) than males (27 %). Most pupils, 67 females stnikov | n and 74 % males, drink water. 76 % of pupils have between 3 and meals per day. We used quiz on Kahoot platform to evaluate their knowledge on guidelines for balanced lado nutrition. The most pupils expressed their opinion on the issue of ‘What is in the lown mk i est layer of the nutrition pyramid scheme?’ as we have presented the new nutrition tro pyramid scheme, which they have not met yet. Discussion and conclusion: Some edible plants are grown on the green roof, mostly ber-ries. In plant-based foods there are bioactive compounds. They not only have antiox-prehrana o idant properties but also play a role in lowering risk for some noncommunicable diseases. Both projects carry a great potential in educating pupils and improving their eating habits. We suggest upgrading the projects with interactive contents, thus pupils would be more effectively presented the purpose of balanced nutrition. Questionnaire results show pupils’ eating habits are not suitable, hence we inferred their knowledge on nutrition is insufficient. Implementing such projects might be beneficial for their knowledge. By upgrading the projects, additional information would be provided and changes in eating habits would be encouraged. Keywords: Eating habits, traditional Slovenian breakfast, green roof, plant foods, anti-oxidants 151 Prehranjevalne navade otrok 2. starostnega obdobja Anja Furlan, Petra Furlan Univerza na Primorskem, Pedagoška fakulteta, Koper, Slovenija Uvod: Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so prehranjevalne navade otrok 2. starostnega obdobja. Predvsem nas je zanimalo, kako pogosto in kakšno sadje/zelenjavo uživajo, v kolikšni meri nadomeščajo zdrave obroke s prigrizki, ter koliko in kakšno te-kočino najpogosteje pijejo. Metode: Kvantitativna raziskava je bila izvedena decembra 2021. Oblikovali smo spletno anketo, ki jo je izpolnilo 754 staršev predšolskih otrok 2. starostnega obdobja. Ve- čina (92,4 % otrok je vključenih v vrtec. Anketni vprašalnik je bil anonimen, vseboval je 16 vprašanj. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da se predšolski otroci 2. starostnega obdobja prehra-njujejo zdravo. V povprečju imajo štiri do šest obrokov dnevno, ob tem pa je potrebno poudariti, da so starši otrok ocenjevali skupni vnos obrokov doma in v vrtcu. Sve- že sadje (98,0 %) in zelenjavo (92,8 %) vsak dan uživa večina otrok. Najpogosteje (74,3 %) pijejo vodo, vendar zaskrbljujoč podatek predstavlja količina zaužite tekočine. Pocents lovica (52,1 %) otrok namreč zaužije manj kot liter dnevno, kar je premalo. Obenem les pa 68,7 % staršev otrokom dnevno ponudi slane oz. sladke prigrizke namesto zdrave-do ga obroka. and Razprava in zaključki: Prehranjevalne navade otrok se začnejo oblikovati v družini, z opazovanjem in posnemanjem odraslih. Zaradi visokega deleža staršev, ki otrokom ldren a zdrave obroke nadomešča s prigrizki in zaradi zauživanja prenizke količine tekočine, hi velja razmisliti o vključevanju staršev predšolskih otrok v izobraževanja z vsebinami f c o zdravega prehranjevanja in pomenu le tega za fizično in psihično zdravje, rast in razvoj ter pridobivanje zdravih prehranskih navad otrok. ealth| h Ključne besede: prehranjevalne navade, predšolski otroci, uravnotežena prehrana, sadje in zelenjava, prigrizki stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 152 Food habits of children attending the second age group Anja Furlan, Petra Furlan University of Primorska, Faculty of Education, Koper, Slovenia Introduction: The aim of the herewith study is to establish what in fact are the general eating habits of children, belonging to the second-age range. In particular, we were interested in finding out how often and what range of fruit / vegetables children eat, to what extent they most likely replace healthy meals with snacks and final y, how much and what kind of liquid children most often drink on a daily basis. Methods: The quantitative method of research was undertaken in December 2021. We designed an online survey that was completed by 754 parents whose children are part of the secondage range. Most children (92,4 %) are enrol ed in kindergartens. The survey, as a research tool, was anonymous and it included a list of 16 specific questions. Results: The findings revealed that preschool-age children, being part of the second-age group, eat healthy meals. On average, they consume from four to six meals per day. It is necessary, however, to specify that the parents of the children estimated the overal food intake and in particular, the total intake of meals eaten both at home and in kin-utho dergarten. In fact, fresh fruit (98,0 %) and vegetables (92,8 %) are eaten by the major-nd y ity of children every day. When it comes to drinking liquid, it was established that preschoolers tend to drink plenty of water (74,3 %), however, a worrisome concern is shown in the gathered data as far as the amount of liquid children consume. It was es-hildren a tablished that half (52,1 %) of children consume less than one liter per day, which is un-f c questionably too little or not enough. At the same time, 68,7 % of all parents offer sug-n o ar-sweetened and flavored-salty snacks instead of a good healthy meal. utritio Discussion and Conclusions: Children’s eating habits do begin to take shape in a family, from watching and imitating their own parents. Due to a much higher than average proportion of parents who replace good healthy meals with snacks, and after consid-stnikov | n ering that preschoolers do not consume enough liquids, consideration may be given as to whether encourage parents of preschool children to take part in the learning pro-lado cesses and strategies that are about healthy eating habits and the very importance of a n m healthy diet for children’s physical and mental wel -being, their growth and further de-k i velopment, and lastly, to help them build their own healthy eating habits as wel . tro Keywords: children’s eating habits, preschool children, balanced diet, fruit and vegetables, snacks prehrana o 153 Ključni dejavniki za normalno asimilacijo kalcija ter rast in razvoj kosti pri otrocih in mladostnikih Rok Kopinč Medex d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Kalcij je najbolj pogost mineral v človeškem telesu. Kar 99 % kalcija se nahaja v kosteh in zobeh. V obdobju rasti so zadostni vnosi kalcija izrednega pomena za pravilno rast in mineralizacijo kosti. Nezadostni vnosi kalcija v tem obdobju so povezani z doseganjem nižje kostne gostote in upočasnjeno rastjo, dolgoročno pa predstavljajo povečano tveganje za osteoporozo kasneje v življenju. Raziskave kaže-jo, da kar 79 % predšolskih otrok v Sloveniji ne dosega priporočenih dnevnih vnosov kalcija. Predstavitev vsebine: Za zadosten vnos kalcija pri otrocih je potrebno poskrbeti z uvajanjem prehrane, ki je bogat vir kalcija. Pri tem je potrebno imeti v mislih tudi samo učinkovitost absorbcije, ki je zlasti iz rastlinskih virov precej slabša kot na primer iz mlečnih izdelkov. Za učinkovito asimilacijo kalcija v kosti pa so ključni tudi drugi mikronutrien-ti, ki so vpleteni v metabolizem kalcija na poti iz prebavnega trakta, preko krvi, v kosti. Ključni dejavniki v tem procesu so vitamin D, ki omogoča absorpcijo kalcija iz prebav-cents nega trakta, magnezij, ki deluje kot kofaktor pri pretvorbi vitamin D v aktivno obliko in lesdo vitamin K2, ki omogoča prenos kalcija v kosti. Nezadostna preskrbljenost z vitaminom a D in K2 pri otrocih lahko prispeva k slabši asimilaciji kalcija in s tem povečanim tvega-nd njem za slabšo mineralizacijo kosti. Sklepne ugotovitve: Za normalno asimilacijo kalcija pri otrocih v obdobju rasti je ključ- ldren ahi na zadostna preskrbljenost otrok z vitaminom D, magnezijem in vitaminom K2. Zlasti f c pri neješčih otrocih in otrocih, ki ne prebavljajo laktoze ter tistih, z enolično prehrano, o v obdobju rasti priporočamo dnevno uživanje prehranskega dopolnila Junglemix juni-ealth or, z dodanim biorazpoložljivim Ca in Mg, vitaminom D3 in K2. | h Ključne besede: otroci, kosti, mladostniki, vitamin D, vitamin K, kalcij stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 154 Key factors for normal calcium assimilation and bone growth and development in children and adolescents Rok Kopinč Medex d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia Background and purpose: Calcium is the most common mineral in the human body. As much as 99% of calcium is found in bones and teeth. During the growth period, sufficient calcium intakes are extremely important for proper bone growth and mineralization. Insufficient calcium intake during this period is associated with achieving lower bone density and slowed growth, and in the long run poses an increased risk of osteo-porosis later in life. Research shows that as many as 79% of preschool children in Slovenia do not reach the recommended daily calcium intake. Presentation of the content: Adequate calcium intake in children should be ensured by introducing a diet that is a rich source of calcium. It is also necessary to keep in mind the absorption efficiency, which is lower from plant sources than, for example, from dairy products. Other micronutrients involved in calcium metabolism on the way from the digestive tract, through the blood, to the bone are also crucial for the effective assimilation of calcium in bone. Key factors in this process are vitamin D, which al ows utho calcium to be absorbed from the digestive tract, magnesium, which acts as a cofac-tor in converting vitamin D to the active form, and vitamin K2, which al ows calcium nd y to be transferred to the bone. Insufficient supply of vitamin D and K2 in children may contribute to poor calcium assimilation and thus an increased risk of poor bone min-hildren a eralization. f c Conclusions: Adequate supply of vitamin D, magnesium and vitamin K2 is crucial for the n o normal assimilation of calcium in children during the intensive growth period. Especial-ly in children lacking apetite, children who do not digest lactose and those with a mo-utritio notonous diet, we recommend daily consumption of food supplement Junglemix jun-ior, with added bioavailable Ca and Mg, vitamin D3 and K2. stnikov | n Keywords: children, bones, adolescents, vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium lado n mk i tro prehrana o 155 Prehrana zdravega dojenčka in vloga črevesne mikrobiote Katja Kramberger, Katja Bezek Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Prehrana v prvem letu življenja dojenčka ima ključno vlogo pri pravilnem razvoju otroka, neposredno z vnosom hranil, kakor tudi posredno z vplivom na sestavo črevesne mikrobiote. Neustrezen način prehranjevanja že v začetku življenja lahko pomembno vpliva na nastanek številnih presnovnih in ostalih kroničnih bolezni otrok in mladostnikov. Obdobje od rojstva do dveh let starosti je ključno tudi za razvoj okusa in prehranjevalnih navad. Metode: Opravili smo sistematični pregled literature v svetovnih podatkovnih bazah in trenutno veljavnih smernic v Republiki Sloveniji. V analizo smo vključili študije, ki so obravnavale vpliv prehrane in črevesne mikrobiote na zdravje v prvih letih življenja. Rezultati: Prisotnost mikroorganizmov v placenti in mekoniju nakazuje na prvi stik prebavnega trakta z mikrobioto že med samo nosečnostjo. Do obsežnejše kolonizaci-je pride med rojstvom in prvih mesecih življenja, medtem ko na razvoj in zorenje mikrobiote močno vplivajo dejavniki, kot so gestacijska starost, način poroda, prehrana, cents okolje in zdravljenje z antibiotiki. Sestava črevesne mikrobiote, ki je v prvem letu življe-les nja zelo neraznolika in predvsem individualno specifična, se med tretjim in petim letom do starosti dokončno oblikuje. Med pomembnimi dejavniki, ki vplivajo na sestavo čreve-and sne mikrobiote je tudi uvajanje mešane prehrane. Sodobne smernice priporočajo, da se začne postopno uvajati mešano prehrano po dopolnjenem šestem mesecu starosti. Uvajanje mešane prehrane pred dopolnjenim 17. tednom starosti lahko privede do ldren ahi nastanka debelosti, motenj dihalnega sistema ter ekcemov v kasnejšem otroštvu. Ob f c kasnejšem uvajanju mešane prehrane (pet do sedem mesecev) pa tvegamo, da ener-o gijska vrednost hranil v materinem mleku oz. nadomestku za materino mleko ne zado-ealth stuje več za dojenčkovo hitro rast. | h Razprava in zaključki: Prehrana in njen posreden vpliv na sestavo in številčnost črevesne mikrobiote sta ena izmed najpomembnejših dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na metabolizem stnikov hranil, odpornost na okužbe in razvoj imunskega sistema. Tako lahko z izbiro prehra-lado ne že v zgodnjem otroštvu doprinesemo k boljšemu zdravstvenemu stanju kasneje v n m življenju. k i Ključne besede: dojenčki, prehrana, črevesna mikrobiota, zdravje tro zdravje o 156 Nutrition for healthy term infants and the role of gut microbiota Katja Kramberger, Katja Bezek University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Nutrition in the first year of life plays an important role in the child’s development, directly through the intake of nutrients, as well as indirectly by influencing the composition of the gut microbiota. Improper diet already at the very beginning can significantly affect the onset of metabolic and other chronic diseases in children and adolescents. Moreover, this period is crucial also for the development of taste and eating habits. Methods: A systematic review of the literature in the world databases and currently valid guidelines in the Republic of Slovenia was made. The analysis included studies examining the impact of diet and gut microbiota on health in the first years of life. Results: The presence of microorganisms in the placenta and meconium indicates the first contact of the digestive tract with the microbiota already during pregnancy. Extensive colonization occurs during birth and in the first months of life, while the development and maturation of the microbiota is strongly influenced by factors such as gestational age, mode of delivery, diet, environment, and antibiotic treatment. The utho composition of the gut microbiota in the first year of life is very uniform and individ-nd y ual y specific and develops toward an adult-like structure between the age of three and five. Among the important factors influencing the composition of the gut microbiota is also the introduction of complementary diet. Current guidelines recommend hildren a that a complementary diet should be introduced gradual y after the age of six months. f c The introduction of complementary diet before the age of 17 weeks can lead to oben o sity, respiratory disorders and eczema in later childhood. With the later introduction of complementary diet (five to seven months), there is a risk that the energy value of utritio nutrients in breast milk or infant formula is no longer sufficient for the baby’s rapid development. stnikov | n Discussion and Conclusion: Diet and its indirect influence on the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota are one of the most important factors influencing metabo-lado lism, resistance to infections and development of the immune system. Thus, by choos-n m ing an appropriate diet in the early childhood, we can significantly contribute to health k i later in life. tro Keywords: infants, nutrition, gut microbiota, health prehrana o 157 Vsebine zdravega življenjskega sloga v predmetniku osnovne šole Špela Osolnik1, Stojan Kostanjevec2 1 Zavod za gluhe in naglušne Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Življenjski slog je način življenja, ki ga posameznik oblikuje predvsem na osnovi različnih vrednot, okolja, kjer živi, ožjih socialnih stikov ter ekonomskih dejavnikov. Obdobje odraščanja je pomembno obdobje življenja, ko se otroci in mladostniki v ča-su obveznega izobraževanja seznanijo z vsebinami zdravega življenjskega sloga. Pomembno je, da mladi oblikujejo zdrav življenjski slog, saj tako vplivajo tudi na kvaliteto življenja v kasnejših življenjskih obdobjih. Namen raziskave je bil identificirati vsebine zdravega življenjskega sloga, ki se pojavljajo v učnih načrtih obveznih in izbirnih predmetov osnovnošolskega izobraževanja v Sloveniji. Metode: Raziskava temelji na kvalitativnem raziskovalnem pristopu. Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda raziskovanja, ki temelji na študiji dokumentov. Glede na vsebine zdravega življenjskega sloga, ki jih podpira zdravstvena stroka, je bila izdelana klasifika-cija dejavnikov zdravega življenjskega sloga, ki so: telesna dejavnost, prehrana, količi-na spanja, duševno zdravje, sedeča vedenja, odgovoren odnos do drog in higiena. Na cents osnovi klasifikacijskih dejavnikov so bili identificirani cilji in vsebine zdravega življenjske-lesdo ga sloga v učnih načrtih vseh osnovnošolskih predmetov. and Rezultati: V raziskav je bilo ugotovljeno, da se vsebine in izobraževalni cilji zdravega življenjskega sloga pojavljajo v 23 obveznih in izbirnih predmetih. Pogosto se pojavljajo vsebine, ki obravnavajo pomen telesne dejavnosti, prehrane in odgovoren odnosa do ldren ahi drog in higiene. Ugotavljamo, da se najbolj intenzivno obravnavajo vsebine telesne de-f c javnosti, ki so vključene v predmetnik celotnega obveznega izobraževanja. Prehranske o vsebine so najbolj podrobno obravnavane pri predmetu Gospodinjstvo v 6. razredu, ealth prehrani pa sta namenjena tudi izbirna predmeta Načini prehranjevanja in Sodbna pri- | h prava hrane. Vsebine, ki se v učnih načrtih pojavljajo manj pogosto, so zmanjšanje se-dečih vedenj in pomen količine spanja. stnikov Razprava in zaključki: Ocenjujemo, da je pri obravnavanju vsebin zdravega življenjske-lado ga sloga v obveznem izobraževanju pomembno, da so vsebine ustrezno umeščene v n m predmetnik osnovne šole in v celotni vertikali. Vsebine in cilji morajo biti prilagoje-k i ni kognitivnemu razvoju otrok in njihovemu življenjskemu stilu. Predmet, s katerim se tro učenci srečajo vsako šolsko leto (npr. Športna vzgoja), nudi boljše možnosti za dopolnjevanje in nadgrajevanje vsebin zdravega življenjskega sloga v primerjavi s predme-tom, ki vključuje vsebine le v enem šolskem letu ali vzgojnoizobraževalnem obdobju zdravje o (npr. Gospodinjstvo). Priporočljivo je, da učenci posamezne vsebine spoznajo, preden se srečajo z dilemami in dvomi na določenem področju. Ključne besede: zdrav življenjski slog, prehrana, osnovnošolci, osnovna šola, predmetnik, učni načrt 158 Healthy life style topics in the elementary school curriculum Špela Osolnik1, Stojan Kostanjevec2 1 Zavod za gluhe in naglušne Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Lifestyle is a way of life that persons shape primarily on the basis of their different values, the environment in which they live, their close social contacts and economic factors. The time of growing up is an important period of life when children and adolescents are introduced to healthy lifestyle topics during their compulsory education. It is important for young people to develop healthy lifestyles, as these influence their quality of life in later life periods. The aim of the study was to identify the topics of healthy lifestyles that appear in the curricula of compulsory and optional subjects in elementary education in Slovenia. Methods: The study is based on a qualitative research approach. A descriptive research method based on a document study was used. A classification of healthy lifestyle factors was developed according to the healthy lifestyle topics supported by the health care professionals, which are: physical activity, nutrition, amount of sleep, mental health, sedentary behaviours, responsible attitude towards drugs, and hygiene. utho Based on the classification of the factors, the objectives and topics of healthy lifestyles in the curricula of all elementary school subjects were identified. nd y Results: It was found in the study that the topics and educational objectives of healthy lifestyles appear in 23 compulsory and optional subjects. Topics that appear frequently hildren a include the importance of physical activity, dietary patterns and responsible attitudes f c towards drugs and hygiene. It has been established that the most intensive coverage n o found in the curricula of all compulsory education refers to physical activity topics. Nutrition is the subject covered most extensively in the Home Economics subject in utritio Grade 6 and elective subjects Ways of Eating and Modern Food PeparationTopics that appear less frequently in the curricula are the reduction of sedentary behaviour and the importance of getting enough sleep. stnikov | n Discussion and conclusions: When addressing healthy lifestyle topics in compulsory ed-lado ucation, we believe it is important to ensure that it is properly integrated into the n m elementary school curriculum and across the whole vertical. Topics and objectives k i should be adapted to children’s cognitive development and lifestyle. A subject that pu-tro pils encounter every school year (e.g. Physical Education) offers better opportunities for complementing and building on healthy lifestyle topics than a subject that includes these topics only in one school year or educational period (e.g. Home Economics). It prehrana o is advisable for pupils to be familiar with some topics before they are confronted with dilemmas and doubts in those particular areas. Keywords: healthy lifestyle, nutrition, elementary school pupils, elementary school, curriculum, syllabus 159 Sladkor v šolskih malicah in možnosti spremljanja sladkorja s spletnim orodjem PISKR Rok Poličnik1, Barbara Koroušić Seljak2, Eva Valenčič2, Ana Raner1, Jerneja Farkaš Lainščak1,3,4 1 Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Inštitut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenija 3 Splošna bolnišnica Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenija 4 Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Smernice zdravega prehranjevanja omejujejo vsebnosti enostavnih sladkorjev v šolskih obrokih. Spremljanje sestave obrokov je v praksi pomemben izziv organizatorja šolske prehrane, saj potrebuje vpogled v sestavo obroka in primerjavo s smernicami v realnem času. Z namenom spremljanja energije in hranil v šolskih jedilnikih je bilo razvito spletno orodje za načrtovanje šolske prehrane PISKR, ki temeljni na Smernicah za zdravo prehranjevanje v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih. Metode: V obdobju od 2020 do začetka 2022 je bila v okviru ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta V3-1902 izvedena nacionalna raziskava o šolski prehrani, ki je vključevala analizo 445 dopoldanskih malic (89 kompozitnih vzorcev 5-dnevnih malic) iz 50 naključno cents izbranih osnovnih šol. Analiza vsebnosti sladkorja v malicah je potekala s pomočjo lesdo računalniškega programa Odprta Platforma za klinično prehrano. V sklopu raziskave a je bila med osnovnimi šolami izvedena spletna anketa, ki je vključevala sklop vprašanj nd o načrtovanju šolskih jedilnikov. Rezultati: Analiza šolskih malic, ponujenih mladostnikom v starosti 10-13 let je pokaza-ldren ahi la, da so vrednosti enostavnih sladkorjev v dopoldanskih malicah (mediana: 19,4 gram-f c ov / obrok) presegale prehransko priporočilo (< 10 gramov / obrok). Ugotovljeno je o bilo tudi, da več kot 65 % osnovnih šol ne uporablja računalniških orodij za načrtovan-ealth je jedilnikov, ker pogrešajo možnosti primerjave sestavljenih obrokov z normativnimi | h priporočili prehranskih smernic. Razprava in zaključki: Prekomeren vnos sladkorja je eden izmed večjih javnozdravst-stnikov venih problemov in predstavlja veliko tveganje za zdravje in razvoj kroničnih bolezni. lado Vsebnosti enostavnih sladkorjev v šolskih malicah so bile v naši raziskavi pričakovano n m prekoračene, saj malice večinoma vključujejo kombinacije industrijsko predelanih živ-k i il in napitkov ter jedi, pripravljenih v šolskih kuhinjah. V prihodnje bi bilo med organi-tro zatorji šolske prehrane pomembno spodbujati usposabljanja za uporabo brezplačne-ga spletnega orodja PISKR, saj temelji na nacionalnih prehranskih smernicah in bazah živil. PISKR vključuje možnost spremljanja enostavnih sladkorjev na nivoju obroka, zdravje o kot tudi na nivoju dnevnega, tedenskega in mesečnega jedilnika. Dolgoročno, orodje PISKR pomembno prispeva k spodbujanju časovno učinkovite priprave šolskih re-ceptur in jedilnikov, ki vključujejo manj sladkorja. Nenazadnje strokovno načrtovani obroki omogočajo možnost zagovorništva dela organizatorja prehrane pred različni-mi deležniki v sistemu šolske prehrane. Ključne besede: otroci, mladostniki, šolski obrok, šolska malica, računalniško orodje, sladkor 160 Sugar content in school morning snacks and the opportunity of its monitoring with the PISKR online tool Rok Poličnik1, Barbara Koroušić Seljak2, Eva Valenčič2, Ana Raner1, Jerneja Farkaš Lainščak1,3,4 1 National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia 4 University in Ljubljana, Medical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The national dietary guidelines include recommendations regarding the sugar content in school meals. In the practice, the monitoring of school meals composition presents an important chal enge for stuff, responsible for school meals planning, as they must first assess the nutritional composition of individual meals to then be able to compare it to the current guidelines - in a reasonable time. With the aim of energy and nutrients monitoring in school meals, the PISKR online tool for school meals planning, based on dietary recommendations for educational institutions, has been developed. uth Methods: In the period from 2020 to the beginning of 2022, a national school meals o survey was conducted within the targeted research project no. V3-1902, which includ-nd y ed an analysis of 445 school morning snacks (89 composite samples of 5-day morning snacks) from 50 randomly, selected Slovenian primary schools. The analysis was carried out by using the OPEN online tool (Platform for Clinical Nutrition). As part of the hildren af c research, an online survey was conducted among primary schools, which included a n o set of questions on school meals planning. Results: The results of our survey have shown that the sugar content of school morn-utritio ing snacks (median: 19.4 grams/meal), intended for the population aged 10-13 years, exceeded the dietary recommendations (< 10 grams/meal). Survey have also shown that over 65 % of Slovenian primary schools do not use e-tools for school menus plan-stnikov | n ning, due to the absence of a feature that would enable them to compare school meal lado composition to dietary recommendations. n mk i Discussion and conclusions: Excessive sugar consumption is one of the major public tro health problems, representing an important health risk factor in the terms of chronic disease development. Our study confirmed exceeded sugar levels in school meals, which has met our expectations, as morning snacks mostly consist of both, processed prehrana o foods and beverages/dishes, prepared by school kitchen staff. It is necessary to highly promote the training and the use of the PISKR tool to the staff responsible for school meal planning, especial y as the tool is free of charge and is based on national dietary guidelines and an extensive food database. Furthermore, the PISKR tool enables monitoring of sugar content in school meals on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, and can thus contribute to encouraging the preparation of school recipes and menus with lower sugar content, in the long term. Final y, professional y planned school meals enable the opportunity to represent the work of the school meal organizers to various stakeholders of the school meal system. Keywords: children, adolescents, school meal, school morning snacks, computer tools, sugar 161 Analiza kombinacij živil v dopoldanskih malicah slovenskih osnovnih šol Ana Raner1, Rok Poličnik1, Jerneja Farkaš Lainščak1,2,3 1 Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Splošna bolnišnica Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenija 3 Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Smernice za prehranjevanje v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih poleg priporočil za zdravo prehrano otrok in mladostnikov določajo kategorije priporočenih in odsve-tovanih živil ter njihovo pogostnost v jedilnikih, ne določajo pa kombinacij posameznih živil v obroku. Glede na to, da pestrost živil pomembno vpliva na hranilno in energijsko sestavo obrokov, je bila opravljena analiza sestave dopoldanskih malic v slovenskih osnovnih šolah. Metode: V sklopu ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta o šolski prehrani V3-1902, ki je potekal od januarja 2020 do aprila 2022, je bila opravljena podrobnejša analiza vključenosti živil v dopoldanskih malicah petdesetih naključno izbranih osnovnih šol iz Slovenije. Analiza je vključevala 448 dopoldanskih malic, ki so bile ponujene mladostnikom v starosti od 10 do 13 let. Z metodo opisne statistike so bile določene najpogostejše kombinacije vključenih živil. centsles Rezultati: Analiza je pokazala, da dopoldanske malice najpogosteje sestavlja kruh do (vključno žemlje) v kombinaciji z namazom (21,6 %) ali mesnim izdelkom (14,5 %) ali and sirom (3,8 %), z dodanim sadjem oz. zelenjavo in napitkom. Sledijo naslednje kombinacije: mlečne jedi (npr. mlečni zdrob s posipom oz. kosmiči z mlekom) in sadje (12,5 %); pekovsko pecivo (mlečne štručke, makovke, pletenice…) (11,4 %) ter sladko peko-ldren ahi vsko pecivo (rogljički, žepki z nadevom…) (6%) in sadje ter napitek oz. jogurt. Vsaj 49 f c % vseh napitkov je vsebovalo dodan sladkor in kar 38 % vseh namazov (npr. čokoladni, o med, marmelada) je bilo sladkih. ealth| h Razprava in zaključki: V Sloveniji večina (98,4 %) otrok in mladostnikov uživa dopoldansko malico v šoli, zato je izjemnega pomena, da so le-te hranilno in energijsko skladne s prehranskimi smernicami. Slednje je možno dosegati s prehransko pestrostjo oz. z stnikov ustreznim vključevanjem in kombinacijami živil v šolskih malicah. Kruh z namazom je lado najpogostejša kombinacija dopoldanskih šolskih malic, zelo pogosto so vključeni tudi n m mesni izdelki in sladka živila (namazi, pekovska peciva…) in sladkani napitki (čaj, kakav, k i sokovi…). Omenjena živila so pomemben vir sladkorja, nasičenih maščob ali soli, za-tro to jih je potrebno v jedilnik vključevati redko, jih nadomeščati z ustreznimi zamenjava-mi ter jih ponujati v kombinacij s priporočenimi živili. Glede na rezultate analize bi bilo v bodoče pomembno, da se v sklopu strokovnega spremljanja šolske prehrane, poleg zdravje o analize frekvence vključenosti živil v šolskih jedilnikih upošteva tudi kakovost vključenih živil/jedi v malicah. Ob tem bi bilo ključno zagotavljati kontinuirano ozaveščanje in usposabljanje za organizatorje prehrane in šolske kuharje glede nabave živil z ugodnej- šo sestavo ter ustreznega kombiniranja le-teh in priprave jedi. Ključne besede: otroci, mladostniki, šolska prehrana, šolska malica, kombinacije živil 162 The analysis of food combination of morning snacks in Slovenian primary schools Ana Raner1, Rok Poličnik1, Jerneja Farkaš Lainščak1,2,3 1 National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia 3 University in Ljubljana, Medical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The National Dietary Guidelines for Educational Institutions include nutritional recommendations for school children and adolescents, which among other things, determine the categories of recommended and not recommended foods, along with the proposed frequencies of their use in school meals. The guidelines, however, do not advise on the appropriate combining of different foods in one meal. Considering the importance of food variety on the nutritional and energy value of a meal, we have performed an analysis of the composition of morning snacks, offered in Slovenian primary schools. Methods: In the period from January 2020 to April 2022, a national school meal study was conducted, which included an analysis of 448 morning snacks offered to pupils aged 10 – 13 years, from 50 randomly selected Slovenian primary schools. Fol owing utho the data col ection and organization, the method of the descriptive statistic was used to determine the most common combinations of food in morning snacks. nd y Results: The most common food combinations of morning snacks in Slovenian schools include bread with different toppings, particularly the spread (21,6 %) or processed hildren a meat (14,5 %) or cheese (3,8 %) with added fruit or vegetable and a beverage. This f c was fol owed by: dairy meals (semolina with sweet toppings, cereals with milk…) com-n o bined with fruits (12,5 %), non-sweet bakery products (milk bread, bread plait…) (11,4 %), or sweet pastry (e.g. croissants with sweet fil ings) (6 %), both combined with fruits utritio and a beverage or yogurt. Roughly 49 % of all beverages included added sugar and 38 % of all spreads were sweet (chocolate, jam, honey…). stnikov | n Discussion and Conclusions: The majority (98,4 %) of Slovenian primary-schooled children and adolescents consume morning snacks in the school, thus their nutritional val-lado ue must be consistent with the official dietary guidelines. That can be achieved by en-n m suring adequate food variety through the appropriate inclusion of foods in each meal. k i Our findings have shown that commonly included foods in the morning snacks, apart tro from bread, are spreads, processed meat, sweet food (pastries, toppings) and sweetened drinks (tea, cocoa, juice), which are high in sugar, saturated fat and/or salt. Accordingly, those foods should be rarely included on the school menu and be thus re-prehrana o placed or accompanied with recommended alternatives. These results suggest that professional monitoring for school nutrition, should in the future focus not only on the general food inclusion in the menus, but also on the quality of foods/dishes included in snacks. To reach a suitable standard, it is important to ensure continuous education for the kitchen staff of Slovenian primary schools, particularly regarding the optimal food preparation, purchasing of nutritional y more favorable foods and their appropriate inclusion in individual meals. Keywords: children, adolescents, school meal, school snack, food combination 163 Prehransko vedenje otrok in mladostnikov v času epidemije COVID-19 Katja Simić1, Stojan Kostanjevec2 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Epidemija COVID-19 je vplivala na življenjski slog otrok in mladostnikov v Sloveniji. Zaznan je bil povečan delež otrok in mladostnikov s povečano telesno maso, kar bi lahko bilo povezano s spremenjenimi gibalnimi navadami in neustreznim prehranje-vanjem. Z raziskavo smo ugotavljali, kako se je v času izvajanja pouka na daljavo spre-menilo prehransko vedenje osnovnošolcev. Metode: Podatke smo pridobili s spletnim anketiranjem in uporabo odprtokodne aplikacije 1KA. Vzorec so predstavljali osnovnošolci drugega in tretjega izobraževalnega obdobja, stari med 9 in 16 let. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 275 osnovnošolcev, od tega 43,0 % fantov in 57,0 % deklet. 52,0 % jih je živelo v mestu in 48,0 % na vasi. Podatke smo analizirali s statističnim programom SPSS. Uporabljene so bile metode deskriptiv-ne in inferenčne statistike. cents Rezultati: Več kot polovica anketiranih (55,0 %) je ocenila, da se je njihov način prehra-les njevanja v času šolanja na daljavo spremenil. Ugotovili smo, da so v času šolanja na da-do ljavo pogosteje uživali zajtrk in manj pogosto dopoldansko malico. Hrana v domačem and okolju je bila osnovnošolcem bolj razpoložljiva in dostopna in so pogosteje kot v času pouka v šoli uživali nenačrtovane prigrizke, ki so običajno vključevali živila z več sladkorja in hrano, ki jo imajo radi. Pogosto so uživali sladke pijače, ki so v šolski prehrani ldren ahi uvrščene med nezaželena živila. Ocenjujemo, da je to vplivalo na zmanjšanje raznoli-f c kosti zaužite hrane, ki jo običajno zaužijejo v šoli. Hrano so pogosto uživali tudi v času, o ko so spremljali pouk na daljavo. ealth| h Razprava in zaključki: Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da so se prehranjevalne navade osnovnošolcev v času izvajanja pouka na daljavo spremenile. Dostopnost hrane se je povečala, kar je vplivalo na način prehranjevanja in vrsto zaužite hrane. Z nadaljnjimi stnikov raziskavami je potrebno ugotoviti, kakšen je vpliv spremenjenega načina prehranjeva-lado nja na zdravje osnovnošolcev. Na osnovi rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da je za zdrav na-n m čin prehranjevanja osnovnošolcev v času pouka pomembna dobra prehranska oskrba, k i ki upošteva priporočila zdravega načina prehranjevanja, saj je v času šolanja doma pre-tro hransko vedenje osnovnošolcev lahko manj zdravo. Ključne besede: prehrana, osnovnošolci, prehransko vedenje, SARS-CoV-2, pouk na zdravje o daljavo 164 Dietary behaviour of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 epidemic Katja Simić1, Stojan Kostanjevec2 1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechical faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic affected the lifestyle of children and adolescents in Slovenia. We observed an increased proportion of overweight children and adolescents, which could be linked to changed exercise habits and inadequate diet. Our study investigated how the dietary behaviour of elementary school children changed during the times when distance education was taking place. Methods: The data was col ected through an online survey using 1KA, an open-source application. The sample consisted of elementary school pupils in the second and third education period, aged between 9 and 16 years. 275 elementary school pupils participated; 43.0% of them were boys and 57.0% girls. 52.0% of pupils lived in the city and 48.0% in the countryside. The data were analysed using the SPSS statistical software. The methods of descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: More than half of the respondents (55.0%) estimated that their eating patterns utho changed during their distance education. We found that during that period they ate nd y breakfast more often and less often a regular morning snack. In the home setting, food was easily available and accessible to elementary school pupils and contrary to school setting, they were more likely to have unplanned snacks, which usual y included foods hildren a with more sugar and foods they liked. They often consumed sugary drinks, which are f c classified as undesirable foods in the school diet. We estimate that this has had the ef-n o fect of reducing the variety of foods which are typical y consumed at school. In addition, food was often consumed while pupils were fol owing distance lessons. utritio Discussion and conclusions: The results of the study showed that the eating habits of elementary school pupils changed during the distance education period. Food availa-stnikov | n bility increased, which had an impact on the way pupils ate and the type of food they consumed. Further research is needed to determine the impact of changed dietary lado patterns on the health of elementary school pupils. The results suggest that the pro-n m vision of good nutritional diet that fol ows healthy eating recommendations is impor-k i tant for healthy eating during school hours, as the nutritional behaviour of elementary tro school pupils may be less healthy when they fol ow their lessons from home. Keywords: nutrition, elementary school children, dietary behaviour, SARS-CoV-2, distance education prehrana o 165 Povezava med črevesno mikrobioto in debelostjo pri mladostnikih Karin Šik Novak, Zala Jenko Pražnikar, Ana Petelin Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Prevalenca debelosti se je v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih močno povečala, posebno pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Njena etiologija je kompleksna in nanjo vpliva veliko dejavnikov, kot so neuravnotežena prehrana, sedeči način življenja, socialni in okoljski dejavniki. Tudi črevesna mikrobiota sodeluje pri regulaciji energijske presnove in telesne mase gostitelja. Intervencije za zdravljenje debelosti so pogosto neuspešne, zato se razvija nove strategije, kot je modulacija črevesne mikrobiote. Metode: Zanimala nas je povezava med črevesno mikrobioto in debelostjo pri mladostnikih, zato smo v podatkovni bazi PubMed z uporabo ključnih besed »črevesna mikrobiota«, »mladostniki«, »debelost«, »modulacija« poiskali znanstveno literaturo, objavljeno v zadnjih 5 letih. Zanimali so nas tudi načini modulacije črevesne mikrobiote, zato smo vključili rezultate dveh kliničnih študij o modulaciji mikrobiote s spremembo življenjskega sloga zaradi karantene v času epidemije COVID-19 in višjim vnosom polifenolov z uživanjem dveh vrst čaja iz smilja. cents Rezultati: Črevesna mikrobiota pri dojenčku se kolonizira preko materine in okoljske les mikrobiote in se stabilizira pri približno treh letih starosti. Oblikuje jo način rojstva, do dojenje ali hranjenje s formulo, materina telesna masa med nosečnostjo in spol. Raz-and vijajočo se mikrobioto otrok lahko v obdobju otroštva pomembno oblikuje tudi prehrana. Neravnovesje med energijskim vnosom in telesno aktivnostjo predstavlja najpomembnejši dejavnik pri razvoju debelosti v otroštvu in mladostništvu, pomembni ldren ahi pa so tudi okoljski dejavniki. Debelost v mladostništvu se nadaljuje tudi v odraslosti f c in s tem poveča tveganje za bolezni skozi celotno življenjsko dobo. V interakcijo med o debelostjo in mikrobi v črevesju je vključenih več genetskih in presnovnih patofiziolo-ealth ških mehanizmov. Sestava črevesne mikrobiote otrok in mladostnikov z normalno te- | h lesno maso se razlikuje od tistih z debelostjo, pri slednjih je opazna višja zastopanost Firmicutes, nižja zastopanost Bifidobacterium in manjša alfa raznolikost. Modulacija čre-stnikov vesnih bakterijskih vrst bi lahko pomagala preoblikovati presnovni profil posameznikov z debelostjo. Črevesno mikrobioto lahko moduliramo s spremembo prehrane, na lado primer z višjim vnosom polifenolov s prehrano. Pri posameznikih s prekomerno tele-n mk i sno maso, ki so uživali dve vrsti čaja iz smilja, se je razmerje med debloma Bacteroi-tro detes/Firmicutes povišalo, zastopanost Proteobacteria pa se je zmanjšala. Poleg prehrane lahko črevesno mikrobioto moduliramo tudi s spremembo življenjskega sloga. Alfa raznolikost mikrobiote se je zaradi spremembe življenjskega sloga kot posledica zdravje o karantene v času epidemije COVID-19 zmanjšala, povečala pa se je zastopanost Proteobacteria. Razprava in zaključki: Potrebnih je več raziskav na ljudeh, da bi bolje razumeli povezavo med črevesno mikrobioto in debelostjo. Tako bi lahko razvili klinične intervencije na podlagi modulacije črevesne mikrobiote z namenom preventive in zdravljenja debelosti pri mladostnikih. Ključne besede: črevesna mikrobiota, debelost, mladostniki, modulacija 166 The relationship between gut microbiota and obesity in adolescents Karin Šik Novak, Zala Jenko Pražnikar, Ana Petelin University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: The prevalence of obesity has massively increased over the last few decades, especial y in children and adolescents. Its etiology is complex and is influenced by many factors, such as unbalanced diet, sedentary lifestyle, social and environmental factors. The gut microbiota is also involved in the regulation of host energy metabolism and body mass. Interventions to treat obesity are often unsuccessful, and new strategies are being developed, such as modulation of the gut microbiota. Methods: We were interested in the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity in adolescents, so we searched for scientific literature published in the last 5 years through the database PubMed, using the fol owing keywords: »gut microbiota«, »adolescents«, »obesity«, »modulation«. We were also intrested in gut microbiota modulation, so we included the results of two clinical studies on microbiota modulation by lifestyle change due to lockdown during the COVID-19 epidemic, and higher polyphe-uth nol intake by consuming two types of immortel e tea. o nd y Results: The gut microbiota of infants is colonized with maternal and environmental microbiota and stabilizes at about the age of three. It is shaped by mode of delivery, breastfeeding or feeding with formula, maternal weight during pregnancy, and gender. hildren a The evolving gut microbiota of children can also be significantly shaped by nutrition f c during childhood. An imbalance between energy intake and physical activity repren o sents the most important factor in the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence, but environmental factors are also important. Obesity during adolescence utritio continues into adulthood, increasing the risk of diseases across the lifespan. There are several genetic and metabolic pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the interac-stnikov | n tion between obesity and gut microbes. The gut microbiota composition of children and adolescents with normal body weight differs from those with obesity, with higher lado abundance of Firmicutes, lower abundance of Bifidobacterium, and lower alpha diver-n mk i sity were observed in the latter. The modulation of gut bacterial strains could help to tro reshape the metabolic profile of individuals with obesity. Gut microbiota can be modulated by changes in diet, such as higher dietary polyphenol intake. In overweight individuals that consumed two types of immortel e tea, the ratio of phyla Bacteroidetes/ prehrana o Firmicutes increased and Proteobacteria abundance decreased. In addition to diet, the gut microbiota can also be modulated by lifestyle changes. Alpha diversity of the microbiota decreased due to lifestyle changes as a result of lockdown during the COVID-19 epidemic, while the abundance of Proteobacteria increased. Discussion and conclusions: More human studies are needed to better understand the link between the gut microbiota and obesity. Thus, clinical interventions based on gut microbiota modulation could be developed for the prevention and treatment of obesity in adolescents. Keywords: gut microbiota, obesity, adolescents, modulation 167 Sekcija/Section Psihosocialno zdravje v otroštvu in v mladosti Psychosocial health in childhood and youth Vabljeno predavanje Anksiozne motnje pri otrocih in mladostnikih – pojavnost in prepoznavanje Peter Janjušević Svetovalni center za otroke, mladostnike in starše Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Povišane ravni anksioznosti, ki ovirajo vsakodnevno delovanje otroka oz. mladostnika ter anksiozne motnje, veljajo za eno najpogostejših težav ali motenj duševnega zdravja. Povezane so s pomembno oviranim delovanjem na mnogih področjih življenja in doseganja razvojnih nalog, kot so učenje, osamosvajanje, vrstniški odnosi, pridobivanje in vadba vsakodnevnih veščin. Metode in rezultati: Sistematični pregled študij kaže na razliko v pojavnosti med spoloma, saj so pogostejše med dekleti, vendar je pojavnost različnih podtipov oz. diagnoz anksioznih motenj odvisna tudi od starosti. Medtem, ko je separacijska anksioznost bolj značilna za otroke, pa je pri mladostnikih pogostejša socialna anksioznost. Podatki o prevalenci v populaciji se med študijami precej razlikujejo in segajo od nekaj pa tja cents do dobrih 20 odstotkov. To kaže, da so v osnovi tako velikih razlik predvsem metodoles loški dejavniki posameznih študij, kot so na primer viri informacij, metode ocenjeva-do a nja, diagnostični kriteriji za postavitev diagnoze in upoštevanje komorbidnosti, ki je v nd razvojnem obdobju otroštva in mladostništva pravilo, ne izjema. Nedavna metaanaliza epidemioloških študij, opravljenih za Evropsko komisijo, je pokazala, da se prevalenca ldren a vseh anksioznih motenj v otroštvu in mladostništvu najverjetneje giblje nekje okoli še-hif c stih odstotkov, kar v slovenski populaciji potrjujejo tudi podatki raziskav Nacionalne-o ga inštituta za javno zdravje. ealth Razprava in zaključki: Poznavanje podatkov o pojavnosti anksioznosti in anksioznih mo- | h tenj z upoštevanjem razlik glede na spol in starost ter posledično različnih trajektorij razvoja različnih anksioznih motenj in komorbidnosti je pomembno tako za informi-stnikov ranje politih na področju varovanja duševnega zdravja, resursov, preventivnih programov, itd. pa tudi same klinične prakse. Ker je strah povsem normalno čustvo in so v lado določenih razvojnih obdobjih specifični strahovi, tudi, če so intenzivni, povsem norma-n mk i tivni, je to razlikovanje lahko zahtevno, a je izjemno pomembno. Ker imajo povišane tro ravni anksioznosti in anksiozne motnje pomemben negativen vpliv tako na trenutno kot prihodnje delovanje na vseh področjih in kasnejše duševno zdravje otrok in mladostnikov, je ob dejstvu, da imajo v primerjavi z drugimi čustvovanja oz. razpoloženja zdravje o zgodnejši začetek, je izjemno pomembno ustrezno prepoznavanje otrok in mladostnikov, ki jih zaradi nekaterih dejavnikov lahko opredelimo kot rizične. Bistveni med dejavniki v samem otroku, so predvsem temperament, višja čustvena občutljivost, pomembni pa so tudi dejavniki okolja, kot so stopnja stresov, vzgojne prakse, šolsko okolje, vrstniški vplivi. Tisti otroci in mladostniki, katerih težave z anksioznostjo so ta-ko intenzivne, da je njihovo delovanje že ovirano, pa morajo biti deležni ustrezne ocene, ki naj bi sledila principom multidimenzionalnosti, in razvojne občutljivosti, saj le ustrezna ocena omogoča, da so tudi izvedbe intervencij, ki so podprte z dokazi o njihovi učinkovitosti, prilagojene značilnostim otroka, pa tudi njegove družine in življenjske situacije. Ključne besede: anksioznost, anksiozne motnje, čustvena občutljivost, mladostniki 170 Invited lecture Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Prevalence and Identification Peter Janjušević The Counsel ing Centre for Children, Adolescents and Parents Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Elevated levels of anxiety that interfere with day-to-day activities of a child or adolescent and anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental health problems or disorders. They are linked with impaired functioning on many areas of life and performing of developmental tasks, such as learning, developing independence, peer relations, gaining and performing everyday life skills. Methods and results: A systematic review of studies show some important gender differences in prevalence of anxiety disorders, since they seem to be more prevalent in girls compared to boys, but frequency of different subtypes of anxiety disorders al-so varies through different ages of childhood and adolescence. Separation anxiety is more typical in children, but in adolescence, social anxiety is leading type of disorder. utho Data on prevalence of anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence differs in different studies and spans from a few percent up to 20 and above. Studies show that this nd y d a huge different prevalence rates can be contributed to methodological factors, such o as sources of information, assessment methods, cut-off criteria for making a diagnostic decision, and consideration of comorbidity, which is a rather a rule and not an ex-hildho ception in developmental period of childhood and adolescence. Recent meta-analysis, n c conducted for the European Commission showed that the prevalence of all anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence is probably around six percent, which has ealth i been also confirmed in Slovenia by data from the research, done by the National Incial h stitute of Public Health. so Discussion and conclusions: Knowledge about the prevalence of anxiety problems and sycho anxiety disorders with consideration of the gender and age differences, and consequently different trajectories of development and comorbidity if important not only sti | p for informing policies in the area of mental health care, resources, prevention etc, but lado also for clinical practice. Since fear is a normal human emotion and different for developmental phases there are typical specific fears, which are – even if intense, conn v m sidered normative, the differentiation between normal and clinical presentations can be difficult, but non the less very important. Because of the significant negative impact štvu i and present and longitudinal impairment because of the elevated anxiety and anxiety tro disorders in addition that in comparison with other emotional disorders, anxiety disorders have an earlier onset, effective identification of the at-risk children is very im-dravje v o portant. Key such factors within individual child are temperament and elevated emotional sensitivity, but environmental – societal factors also play an important role, such as levels of stress, parenting, school environment, peer influences etc. Those children cialno z and adolescents who have problems with anxiety in such intensities, that their day-to so day functioning is already hindered, should be included in proper assessment, which psiho must be multidimensional and developmental y sensitive. Only proper assessment can be the basis for evidence-based interventions that are effective and adapted to characteristics of individual child, his or her family and life situation. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorder, emotional sensitivity, adolescents 171 Motnje prehranjevanja pri mladostnikih: pomen anksioznosti in telesne mase Katarina Adamič, Maša Černelič Bizjak Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Čas otroštva in mladostništva je kritičen za razvoj motenj prehranjevanja, kot je hranjenje z izgubo nadzora, ki je danes najpogostejša motnja prehranjevanja med otroci ter mladostniki z debelostjo. Zaradi težavnega ugotavljanja in ocenjevanja hranjenja z izgubo nadzora ter dejavnikov tveganja zanj se raziskovalci na področju pediatrije običajno zanašajo na ugotovitve raziskav hranjenja z izgubo nadzora med odraslo populacijo. Med pomembne psihološke in demografske dejavnike, ki vplivajo na razmerje s hranjenjem z izgubo nadzora sodita anksioznost ter izračunan indeks telesne ma-se. Namen pričujoče raziskave je bil preveriti povezanost hranjenja z izgubo nadzora z anksioznostjo, kot dejavnikom tveganja zanj in ugotoviti razlike v teh psiholoških spre-menljivkah glede na indeks telesne mase pri mladostnikih iz splošne populacije. Metode: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 75 mladostnikov iz splošne populacije. Za potrebe raziskave smo uporabili vprašalnik, s pomočjo katerega smo pridobili demografske in psihološke podatke, kot so izračunan indeks telesne mase ter simptomi anksiozno-cents sti in hranjenja z izgubo nadzora. Za preučevanje psiholoških spremenljivk smo upora-lesdo bili standardizirane merske pripomočke. and Rezultati: Mladostniki, ki so poročali o več simptomih anksioznosti in so imeli višjo telesno maso, so poročali tudi o večji pogostosti hranjenja z izgubo nadzora. ldren a Razprava in zaključki: Raziskava kaže na pomembno vlogo anksioznosti in indeksa te-hi lesne mase kot pomembnih dejavnikov v razmerju s hranjenjem z izgubo nadzora ter f c o opozarja na problematiko visokih stopenj anksioznosti med mladostniki. Raven motenj hranjenja in debelosti, ki sta povezana s številnimi drugimi zdravstvenimi zapleti, je ealth| h v svetovnem porastu. Zato je pomembno zgodnje odkrivanje otrok z anksioznostjo in povišano telesno maso, saj sta to lahko dva nevarna dejavnika, za poznejši razvoj mo-tenega prehranjevanja, s čimer ogrožata duševno ter fizično zdravje otrok in mladostnikov stnikov. lado Ključne besede: motnje prehranjevanja, hranjenje z izgubo nadzora, anksioznost, in-n m deks telesne mase, mladostniki k i tro zdravje o 172 Disordered eating among adolescents: the importance of anxiety and body mass Katarina Adamič, Maša Černelič Bizjak University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Period of childhood and adolescence is critical for the development of disordered eating behaviors such as binge-eating, which is now the most common disordered eating behavior in obese children and adolescents. Because it is difficult to identify and assess binge-eating and its risk factors, pediatric researchers typical y rely on findings through research on the adult population. Important psychological factors such as anxiety and demographic factors such as calculated body mass index, influence the relationship between eating and binge-eating. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between binge-eating and anxiety (as a risk factor) and to determine the differences between these two psychological variables and body mass index in adolescents from the general population. Methods: Seventy-five adolescents from the general population participated in the research, for which we used a questionnaire to col ect demographic and psychological data such as calculated body mass index and symptoms of anxiety and binge-eating. utho Standardized measurement tools were used to examine the psychological variables. nd y Results: Adolescents, who reported more anxiety symptoms and were overweight, al-d a so reported an increased frequency of binge-eating. o Discussion and conclusions: Our research demonstrates the important role of anxie-hildho ty and body mass index as important factors in the relationship to binge-eating and n c draws attention to the problem of high levels of anxiety among adolescents. The level of eating disorders and obesity, which are associated with many other health compli-ealth i cations, is increasing. Therefore, early detection of overweight children with anxiety is very important, as these two factors can be dangerous risk factors for the later devel-cial hso opment of disordered eating and thereby endangering the mental and physical health of children and adolescents at risk. sycho Keywords: disordered eating, binge-eating, anxiety, body mass index, adolescents sti | p lado n v m štvu i tro dravje v o cialno zso psiho 173 Ustna higiena in uporaba zobnih past s fluoridi pri otrocih in mladostnikih v Sloveniji v 2019 Barbara Artnik1, Martin Ranfl2 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Murska Sobota, Slovenija Uvod: Predstavljamo rezultate »Nacionalne raziskave o ustnem zdravju otrok in mladostnikov v Sloveniji leta 2019«, s katero smo prvič na nacionalni ravni ugotavljali raven skrbi za ustno zdravje med otroki in mladostniki. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti stanje na področju skrbi za ustno zdravje otrok in mladostnikov ter oblikovati priporoči-la za njegovo promocijo. Podrobneje poročamo o rezultatih in ugotovitvah v povezavi z ustno higieno in uporabo fluoridov. Metode: Ciljna populacija so bili otroci in mladostniki, stari 0–17 let. Vzorec, reprezentativen za spol in starost, je zajemal 3.200 otrok in mladostnikov (1 % te populacije v Sloveniji). Anketiranje smo izvedli s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika EGOHID. Podatki so bili uteženi po starosti in spolu. Porazdelitve deležev med različnimi skupinami (po spolu ali starosti) in primerjave smo testirali s testom hi-kvadrat in testom CCP za primerjavo deležev med različnimi skupinami. centsles Rezultati: Med otroki, starimi 0–5 let, si redno čisti zobe (oziroma jim pri tem poma-do gajo starši) le 62 % otrok. Delež otrok, ki si/jim redno čistijo zobe, se nekoliko poveča and po 5. letu starosti (80 % otrok). V starostih 6–10 let in 11–17 let si v povprečju zob ne čisti redno 20 % otrok/mladostnikov. Med mladostniki, starimi 15–17 let, si redno čisti zobe 91 % deklet in le 66 % fantov (test hi-kvadrat = 17,4, p < 0,001; p < 0,001). Po ldren ahi 4. letu starosti močno upade delež otrok, ki jim starši pomagajo pri čiščenju zob, in si-f c cer pomagajo 81 % 5-letnikov, 71 % 6-letnikov in 62 % 7-letnikov. Le 30 % otrok pred o prvim letom starosti uporablja zobno pasto, ki vsebuje fluoride. Med otroki in mlado-ealth stniki, starimi 3–13 let, naj bi jih zobno pasto, ki vsebuje fluoride, uporabljalo 66 %. Po | h 14. letu se poveča delež mladostnikov, ki ne vedo, ali njihova pasta vsebuje fluoride in kar 33 % mladostnikov navaja, da ne uporabljajo zobne paste, ki vsebuje fluoride. 47 % stnikov staršev meni, da je dnevno čiščenje zob z zobno pasto, ki vsebuje fluoride, koristno za zobe otroka, 13 % pa meni, da je to škodljivo. Kar 20 % staršev otrok, starih 0–5 let, lado meni, da je zobna pasta, ki vsebuje fluoride, škodljiva za zobe v primerjavi s 9 % star-n mk i šev otrok, starih 6–10 let. tro Razprava in zaključki: Nadzorovano čiščenje zob z zobno pasto, ki vsebuje fluoride, vsaj dvakrat dnevno se priporoča kot učinkovit ukrep za preprečevanje zobnih in ustnih bolezni. Priporoča se, da s čiščenjem zob pri otrocih pričnemo takoj, ko v ustno vo-zdravje o tlino izraste prvi zob in jim pri tem pomagamo, dokler ne pridobijo motoričnih spretnosti. Ugotovitve in priporočila za izboljšanje ustnega zdravja predstavljajo korak k zmanjšanju bremena zobnih in ustnih bolezni ter stroškov v sistemu (zobo)zdravstvenega varstva. Ključne besede: ustno zdravje, otroci, mladostniki, ustna higiena, fluoridi 174 Oral hygiene and the use of fluoride toothpastes in children and adolescents in Slovenia in 2019 Barbara Artnik1, Martin Ranfl2 1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 National Institute of Public Health, Murska Sobota, Slovenia Introduction: We present the results of the »National Survey on Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in Slovenia in 2019«, which established for the first time at the national level, the level of oral health care among children and adolescents. The aim of our study was to assess the state of oral health of children and adolescents and provide recommendations for its promotion. We report in more detail the results and findings related to oral hygiene and fluoride use. Methods: The target population were children and adolescents aged 0–17 years. The sample, representative for gender and age, included 3,200 children and adolescents (1% of this population in Slovenia). The survey was conducted using the EGOHID questionnaire. Data were weighted by gender and age. The distributions of proportions between different groups (by gender or age) and comparisons were analysed uth with the chi-square test and the CCP test to compare proportions between differ-o ent groups. nd y Results: Only 62% of children aged 0–5 regularly brush their teeth (or are assisted by d ao parents). The proportion of children who brush their teeth regularly increases slightly after the age of 5, with 80% of children brushing their teeth regularly. On average, 20% hildho of children/adolescents do not brush their teeth regularly between the ages of 6–10 n c and 11–17. Among adolescents aged 15–17, 91% of girls and only 66% of boys regularly brush their teeth (hi-square test = 17.4, p <0.001; p <0.001). After the age of 4, the ealth i proportion of children whose parents help clean their teeth decreases sharply, with cial h 81% of 5-year-olds, 71% of 6-year-olds and 62% of 7-year-olds being helped. Only 30% so of children before the age of 1 use fluoride-containing toothpaste. 66% of children/ad-sycho olescents, aged 3–13, are expected to use fluoride-containing toothpaste. After the age of 14, the proportion of adolescents who do not know if their toothpaste contains sti | p fluoride increases, and as many as 33% of adolescents state that they do not use tooth-lado paste that contains fluoride. 47% of parents believe that daily cleaning of teeth with fluoride-containing toothpaste is good for the child’s teeth, and 13% think that it is harm-n v m ful. As many as 20% of parents of children aged 0–5 believe that fluoride-containing štvu i toothpaste is harmful to their teeth, compared to 9% of parents of children aged 6–10. tro Discussion and conclusions: Control ed cleaning of teeth with fluoride-containing toothpaste at least twice a day is recommended as an effective measure to prevent dental and oral diseases. It is recommended that children start brushing their teeth as soon dravje v o as the first tooth erupts into the oral cavity and help them until they develop the necessary motor skil s. Findings and recommendations for improving oral health repre-cialno z sent a step towards reducing the burden of dental and oral diseases and costs in the so (dental) health care system. psiho Keywords: oral health, children, adolescents, oral hygiene, fluorides 175 Svetovanje otrokom in mladostnikom po telefonu in na spletu Tjaša Bertoncelj Nacionalna mreža TOM telefona za otroke in mladostnike Zveza prijateljev mladine Slovenije Izhodišča in namen: Namen je prestavitev pogovora, kot osrednji prostor procesa po-moči, je posebej pomemben v luči možnosti, da otrok v tem prostoru pridobi izkušnje lastne sposobnosti in pripravljenosti iskanja pomoči. Sposobnost iskanja pomoči je namreč varovalni dejavnik in temelj, na katerem otrok gradi obvladovanje težav. Varoval-no funkcijo ima zagotovo tudi TOM telefon s svojim osnovnim poslanstvom – omogo- čiti otrokom in mladostnikom, da svoja vprašanja, dileme, stiske, ter strahove delijo in pripeljejo v varno pristanišče odrasle odzivnosti. Predstavitev vsebine: Usposobljeni svetovalec otroka ali mladostnika spodbuja, da ob njegovi pomoči sam aktivno razrešuje svoja vprašanja ali težave. Vodi ga skozi štiri fa-ze razgovora. Ob navezavi stika ustvari prijazno vzdušje in vzpostavi zaupanje na na- čin, da se na otroka odziva spoštljivo, sočutno, z iskrenim zanimanjem, predvsem pa ga aktivno posluša. Ta korak je pomemben del svetovalnega razgovora, saj je temelj, na katerem poteka celoten proces pomoči. V drugi fazi opredelitve problema oz. raz-cents jasnitve situacije svetovalec pridobi razumevanje glede otrokove situacije, njegovih po-lesdo treb in občutkov. Otroku pomaga, da obsežen problem razdeli in razčleni na manjše a dele, da ob prisotnosti več stisk hkrati izbere tisto, o kateri želi najprej govoriti. Fa-nd za je končana, ko je tema razjasnjena in dosežena razumna slika problema. Svetovalec fazo običajno zaključi s povzetkom in otroka povabi, da se premakneta na drugo ldren a raven. V tretji fazi iskanja rešitev je treba postaviti cilje in definirati spremembe, ki jih hif c otroke želi doseči. Koristno je, da so cilji majhni, konkretni, realni oz. dosegljivi. V na-o sprotnem primeru bi lahko preveliki ali nerealni cilji v otroku povzročili občutek fru-striranosti in preobremenjenosti. Svetovalec zato otroka spodbuja, da opisujejo prve ealth| h korake, ki jih mora narediti, in ne končnega želenega izida. Pri tem svetovalec osve-tljuje otrokove moči, sposobnosti, kompetentnosti, potenciale, zdrave dele, pozitivne občutke sebe, življenjske načrte, socialno mrežo in pomembne socialne vezi. V četr-stnikov ti fazi zaključevanja je naloga svetovalca, da pogovor zaključi in da ga zaključi pravoča-lado sno ter na zadovoljiv način. Na kratko povzame celoten pogovor in dogovorjene ko-n m rake, preveri, ali ostaja še kaj nejasnega in preveri počutje. Potrdi otrokove občutke, k i uvide in vsak napredek, dosežen med pogovorom. Izdatno ga pohvali, mu razjasni, da tro ceni njegovo prizadevanje in se mu preprosto zahvali, da je navezal stik. S toplim opo-gumljanjem spodbuja otroka, da nadaljuje in vztraja pri reševanju težave, s katero se zdravje o je obrnil na svetovalca. Sklepne ugotovitve: Pogovor, voden na takšen način, odpira prostor, v katerem lahko otrok sprevidi, da ima sam na voljo potrebne spretnosti in vire, da se izkoplje iz stiske in spozna, da je sposoben iskanja pomoči. Ključne besede: otroci, svetovalni razgovor, varovalni dejavniki, usmerjenost na vire in rešitve 176 Child and adolescent telephone and online counselling Tjaša Bertoncelj National Network TOM Telefon, a child helpline Slovenian Association of Friends of Youth (SAFY) Introduction and purpose: The purpose is to present a conversation is the central space of a help process that is also key in enabling a child to experience their own competencies and readiness to ask for help. Being able to ask for help is a protective factor and a foundation on which a child can start solving their problems. Child helpline TOM Telefon definitely has a protective function as its key mission is enabling children and adolescents to share their questions, dilemmas, distress, and fears – and making adults give a safe response. Content presentation: Offering support, a trained counsel or encourages a child or adolescent to actively search for answers to their own questions or solve dilemmas. A counsel or guides a child through four conversation stages. When contact is established, the counsel or responds in a kind and trustworthy way, they are respectful and empathetic towards the young cal er, show sincere interest in them, and listen actively. This is an important stage of counsel ing, a foundation on which the whole helping utho process is being built. In the second stage, when defining a problem or making a situation clear, the counsel or gains perspective on the child’s situation, needs, and feel-nd y ings. They help the child to split a comprehensive problem into smal er parts and, in d ao case of several forms of distress, to choose the one that the child wishes to discuss first. This stage is over when the theme and problem are clarified. The counsel or usu-hildho al y ends this stage by summarizing the issue and inviting the child to move to the next n c stage. The third stage is about defining goals and changes that the child wishes to make. It is useful to define goals that are smal , concrete, realistic or achievable. If too big or ealth i unrealistic, these goals may make the child feel frustrated and overwhelmed. This is cial h why the counsel or encourages the child to describe the first steps they plan to take, so and not the final outcome. Doing so, the counsel or emphasizes the child’s strengths, capabilities, competencies, potentials, healthy characteristics, positive feelings about sycho themselves, life plans, a social network, and key social relationships. In the fourth, fi-sti | p nal stage, the counsel or finishes the conversation in due course and in a satisfactory manner. They make a short summary of the whole conversation and the steps which lado are to fol ow, check if anything has been left unclarified, and ask the child about their n v m feelings. The counsel or confirms the child’s feelings, insights, and progress made during the conversation. They give extensive praise and explain that they appreciate the štvu i child’s effort, and simply say thank you for making contact. By warmly providing stimu-tro lation, they encourage the child to persist with trying to solve the problems they were discussing. Conclusions: Such a guided conversation makes room for the child to see that they pos-dravje v o sess their own skil s and sources for coping with distress, and realize they are capable of seeking help. cialno zso Keywords: children, counselling, protective factors, being source- and solution-directed psiho 177 Poznavanje koncepta duševno blagostanje med mladostniki Leona Cilar Budler1, Owen Barr1, Gregor Štiglic2, Majda Pajnkihar2 1 Ulster University, Ulster, Northern Ireland 2 Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za zdravstvene vede, Maribor, Slovenija Uvod: Duševno blagostanje mladostnikov je aktualen in relativno nov koncept na področju zdravstvene nege. Nanaša se na stanje v katerem mladostnik deluje pozitivno, se dobro počuti, se spopada z vsakdanjimi stresorji, dobro deluje ter prispeva k skupnosti. Razumevanje duševnega blagostanja med mladostniki še ni dobro raziskano. Namen prispevka je predstaviti razumevanje koncepta duševnega blagostanja med mladostniki. Metode: Izvedena je bila raziskava mešanih metod. V raziskavi, katera je potekala v izbranih osnovnih in srednjih šolah v Sloveniji, so sodelovali mladostniki med 10 in 19 let starosti. Za izvedbo raziskave smo pridobili soglasja inštitucij, udeležencev, star- šev in Komisije Republike Slovenije za medicinsko etiko. V fokusni skupini je sodelovalo šestnajst mladostnikov, ki so privolili v raziskavo. Podatke smo analizirali po korakih, ki sta jih predlagala Corbin & Strauss (2008). cents Rezultati: Osnovnošolci so imeli težave pri razumevanju koncepta duševnega bla-les gostanja. Sprva so težave z duševnim zdravjem opisali kot povezave z duševno motnjo. do Osnovnošolci so koncept opisali kot način življenja in razmišljanja ter odsotnost slabih and medosebnih odnosov. Med tem, so srednješolci navedli, da je duševno blagostanje pozitiven pojem in je tesno povezan z duševnim zdravjem, vsakodnevnim počutjem, re-akcijo na določene situacije, svobodo uživanja v določenih situacijah in samopodobo. ldren ahi Mladostnikovo razumevanje duševnega blagostanja se razlikuje glede na njegove vred-f c note, dojemanja, pričakovanja in okolja. o Razprava in zaključki: Osnovnošolci ne razumejo v celoti koncepta duševnega bla-ealth| h gostanja. Srednješolci so opisali duševno blagostanje mladostnikov kot kakovost življenja, način razmišljanja in življenja (psihološko počutje) ter pozitiven izraz, ki vpliva na njihovo čustveno počutje (subjektivno počutje). Navedli so, da družina in prijatelji vpli-stnikov vajo na njihovo duševno počutje. Velik poudarek je bil tudi na sprejemanju drugih, ki lado so vključeni v medosebne odnose (psihosocialno počutje). Na splošno mladostniki po-n m gosto zamenjujejo dva pojma, to je duševno zdravje in duševna bolezen. Potrebno je k i nadaljnje raziskovanje koncepta duševnega blagostanja in uvedba pozitivnih intervencij tro za krepitev duševnega zdravja mladostnikov. Ključne besede: duševno blagostanje, otroci in mladostniki, zdravstvena nega zdravje o 178 Knowledge of the concept of mental well-being among adolescents Leona Cilar Budler1, Owen Barr1, Gregor Štiglic2, Majda Pajnkihar2 1 Ulster University, Ulster, Northern Ireland 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maribor, Slovenia Introduction: The adolescents´ mental wel -being is a current and relatively new concept in the field of nursing. It refers to a state in which the adolescent acts positively, feels good, copes with everyday stressors, works well and contributes to the community. The understanding of mental wel -being among adolescents has not yet been wel researched. The purpose of this paper is to present an understanding of the concept of mental wel -being among adolescents. Methods: A study of mixed methods was performed. The research, which took place in selected primary and secondary schools in Slovenia, involved young people between the ages of 10 and 19. For the implementation of the research, we obtained the consent of institutions, participants, parents and the Commission of the Republic of Slovenia for Medical Ethics. Sixteen young people who agreed to the research participated in the focus group. The data were analyzed according to the steps proposed by Corbin & Strauss (2008). utho Results: Primary school students had difficulty understanding the concept of mental nd y wel -being. Initial y, mental health problems were described as links to a mental dis-d a order. Secondary school students described the concept as a way of life and thinking o and the absence of bad interpersonal relationships. Meanwhile, secondary school students stated that mental wel -being is a positive concept and is closely related to men-hildho tal health, daily wel -being, reaction to certain situations, freedom to enjoy certain n c situations, and self-esteem. Adolescents’ understanding of mental wel -being varies ealth i according to their values, perceptions, expectations and environment. Discussion and conclusions: Primary school students do not ful y understand the con-cial hso cept of mental wel -being. Secondary school students described the mental wel -being of adolescents as a quality of life, a way of thinking and living (psychological wel -being), sycho and a positive expression that affects their emotional wel -being (subjective wel -being). They stated that family and friends affect their mental wel -being. Great emphasis sti | p was also placed on accepting others involved in interpersonal relationships (psycho-lado social wel -being). In general, adolescents often confuse two concepts, namely mental health and mental il ness. Further research into the concept of mental wel -being n v m and the introduction of positive interventions to strengthen the mental health of ad- štvu i olescents is needed. tro Keywords: mental wel -being, children, adolescents, nursing care dravje v o cialno zso psiho 179 Varnost in zaščita otrok ter njihovih družin v digitalnem okolju Nataša Demšar Pečak Ministrstvo za delo, družino, socialne zadeve in enake možnosti, Ljubljana, Slovenija Študijsko raziskovalni center za družino, Radomlje, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Prispevek osvetli pomen varnosti in zaščite otrok ter njihovih dru- žin v digitalnem okolju. Za Slovenijo je značilna široka dostopnost do spleta, zato posledice prekomerne rabe zaslonov pri mladih postajajo vse večji izziv. Predstavitev vsebine: V zadnjem obdobju je opazna vse pogostejša raba zaslonov tako pri otrocih kot tudi mladostnikih, kar je še posebno osvetlila epidemija COVID-19. Zaradi omenjenega porasta uporabe zaslonov so zelo opazni njeni škodljivi učinki na du- ševno zdravje otrok in mladostnikov. Ker so otroci zelo ranljiva skupina prebivalstva in imajo pogosto premalo izkušenj in znanja, da bi znali oceniti tveganja in posledice spletnega okolja, jim je treba zagotovili zaščito in varnost ter jih, kot tudi njihove starše ali skrbnike ter druge osebe, ki pri svojem delu z otroki uporabljajo digitalno tehnologijo, ozaveščati in usposobiti za varno rabo digitalnih medijev. Prevelika izpostavljenost zaslonom in spletnim dejavnostim je zaskrbljujoča za zdravje in duševno dobrobit otrok in mladostnikov, saj povzroča povečan stres, pomanjkljivo pozornost, težave z vidom cents ter pomanjkanje telesne dejavnosti in športa, lahko pa privede tudi do zasvojenosti. Za lesdo doseganje največje koristi otrok je treba torej uravnotežiti oziroma uskladiti otrokovo a pravico do zaščite oziroma varnosti s pravico do izražanja in sodelovanja. V obdobju nd COVID19 se je znatno povečal čas, ki ga otroci in mladostniki preživijo na spletu, saj se je šolanje ter kulturno in družbeno življenje prestavilo na splet. To je privedlo do večjih ldren a spletnih tveganj in povečanja digitalne neenakosti. V prispevku so predstavljeni inter-hif c ventni psihosocialni programi v podporo in zaščito otrok ter njihovih družin za varnost o v digitalnem okolju, financiranih s strani Ministrstva za delo, družino, socialne zadeve in enake možnosti (MDDSZ). Programi so namenjeni nudenju individualne strokovne ealth| h in skupinske pomoči zasvojenim z digitalnimi napravami, oziroma celostnem urejanju oseb z nekemičnimi oblikami zasvojenosti zasvojenim, njihovim svojcem, medinstitu-cionalnim povezovanjem z individualnim, družinskim, partnerskim in skupinskim nači-stnikov nom dela. Gre za kakovostne in široko dostopne brezplačne programe, ki temeljijo lado na sodobnih konceptih podpore in (samo) pomoči ter so prednostno namenjeni otro-n m kom, mladostnikom in njihovim družinam ter pozitivno vplivajo na dvig kakovosti ži-k i vljenja tako posameznika kot družbe. tro Sklepne ugotovitve: S prispevkom želimo osvetliti zavedanje, da so informacije in uporaba IKT pomembno orodje v življenju otrok in mladostnikov pri doseganju izobraz-zdravje o be, socializacije, izražanja in vključevanja, obenem pa jih lahko njena uporaba izposta-vi tveganju, izkoriščanju in zlorabam. Ključne besede: digitalno okolje, varnost, otroci in mladostniki 180 Safety and protection of children and their families in the digital environment Nataša Demšar Pečak Ministry of Labour, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Ljubljana, Slovenia The Family Study and Research Centre, Radomlje, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: The paper highlights the importance of safety and protection of children and their families in the digital environment. Slovenia is characterized by wide access to the Internet, so the consequences of excessive use of screens by young people are becoming an increasing chal enge. Content presentation: Recently, the increasing use of screens in both children and adolescents has been noticeable, which has been particularly highlighted by the COVID-19 epidemic. Due to the mentioned increase in the use of screens, its harmful effects on the mental health of children and adolescents are very noticeable. As children are a very vulnerable group of the population and often lack the experience and knowledge to assess the risks and consequences of the online environment, they need to be protected and safe and, as well as their parents or guardians and others involved in their work with children use digital technology, raise awareness and train them to use digi-utho tal media safely. Excessive exposure to screens and online activities is a concern for the health and mental wel -being of children and adolescents, as it causes increased stress, nd y lack of attention, vision problems and lack of physical activity and sports, but can also d ao lead to addiction. To achieve the greatest benefit for children, it is therefore necessary to balance or harmonize the child’s right to protection or safety with the right to ex-hildho pression and participation. The COVID-19 period has significantly increased the time n c children and young people spend online, as schooling and cultural and social life have shifted to the Internet. This has led to greater cyber risks and an increase in digital in-ealth i equality. The article presents intervention psychosocial programs in support and pro-cial h tection of children and their families for safety in the digital environment, funded by the so Ministry of Labor, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities (MDDSZ). The programs are intended to provide individual professional and group assistance to addicts sycho with digital devices, or integrated management of persons with non-chemical forms of sti | p addiction to addicts, their relatives, inter-institutional connection with individual, family, partnership, and group work. These are highquality and widely available free pro-lado grams based on modern concepts of support and help, which are primarily intended n v m for children, adolescents and their families and have a positive impact on raising the quality of life of both individuals and society. štvu i Conclusions: The paper aims to highlight the awareness that information and the use of tro ICT are important tools in the lives of children and adolescents in achieving education, socialization, expression, and inclusion, and at the same time its use can expose them to risk, exploitation, and abuse. dravje v o Keywords: digital environment, safety and protection, children and adolescents cialno zso psiho 181 Opolnomočenje svetovalnih delavcev srednjih šol za izvajanje indicirane preventive na področju drog Lea Furlan, Vesna Šmarčan Nacionalni Inštitut za javno zdravje, Maribor, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Poseganje po drogah v mladostništvu postaja vedno večji javno- -zdravstveni problem, ki ogroža telesno in duševno zdravje, varnost in uspešnost mladih ter povečuje tveganje za razvoj zasvojenosti. Da bodo strokovni delavci, bolj kompetentni na področju promocije zdravja mladostnikov ter preprečevanja pojava bolezni zasvojenosti, je NIJZ, območna enota Maribor, v šolskem letu 2018/2019 pri- čel s preventivnimi aktivnostmi za opolnomočenje svetovalnih delavcev srednjih šol za delo z mladostniki, ki posegajo po drogah. Namen pristopa je zgodnje prepoznavanje mladostnikov, ki posegajo po drogah ter naslavljanje in reševanje omenjene problematike. S tem je nadaljnja obravnava mladostnikov lahko bistveno krajša, saj posledice uporabe drog še niso tako kompleksne in nepopravljive. Predstavitev vsebine: Pristop temelji na znanjih iz preventive zasvojenosti ter smernic EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) ter je skladen z javnozdravstvenimi načeli in strategijami na nacionalni ravni za področje drog. Pristop cents zajema individualen razgovor s šolskim svetovalnim delavcem na izbrani šoli, kjer se iz-lesdo postavijo in opredelijo potrebe oziroma dileme, s katerimi se šola srečuje na področju a drog. Spregovori se še o načinih ravnanj šole ob zaznavi mladostnikov, ki posegajo po nd drogi. Svetovalna delavka šole se po opravljenem uvodnem razgovoru vključi v delovno skupino svetovalnih delavcev (10-12 ljudi), ki se v šolskem letu sreča tri krat, pri če-ldren a mer vsako srečanje traja 3 ure. Tekom srečanj (z metodami dela: predavanja, diskusija, hif c metoda primerov, učenje s simulacijo) pridobijo šolski svetovalni delavci ustrezna sta-o lišča v odnosu do mladostnikovega poseganja po drogah, ustrezna znanja s področja adiktologije za ustrezno izvajanje indicirane preventive ter občutek koherentnosti sko-ealth| h zi razreševanje dilem in strahov pri svojem delovanju. Oblikuje se strategija ukrepa-nja na ravni šole v primeru problematike drog. Po vsakem srečanju se izvede evalvacija zadovoljstva z izvedbo srečanja, z načinom dela in posredovanjem vsebin, s podanimi stnikov vsebinami, uporabnostjo vsebin pri njihovem delu ter vzdušjem v skupini. Evalvacija je lado pokazala visoko zadovoljstvo na vseh zastavljenih kazalnikih. n mk i Sklepne ugotovitve: Za ustrezno naslavljanje področja drog med mladimi ter zagotavlja-tro nja pomoči mladim je ključno, da ima skupnost, tako širša, še posebej pa strokovna javnost ustrezna, poenotena stališča ter ustrezna znanja, pridobljena na strukturiran in sistematičen način. Za zmanjševanje uporabe drog ter težav povezanih z uporabo drog zdravje o je ključno delo na zgodnji preventivi, da do zasvojenosti sploh ne pride. Ključne besede: zgodnja preventiva, zasvojenost, droge, mladostniki, stališča 182 Empowering school counselors to implement indicated drug prevention Lea Furlan, Vesna Šmarčan National Institute for Public Health, Maribor, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Drug abuse in adolescence is becoming an increasing public health problem that threatens the health, safety, and performance of young people and increases the risk of developing addiction and other health and mental health problems. In order for professionals working with young people to promote the health of adolescents and prevent the occurrence of addiction and become more competent in the field of drugs, NIJZ, Maribor regional unit, began preventive activities to empower counselors to work with adolescents who use drugs, in the 2018/2019 school year. The purpose of the intervention is to identify adolescents who use drugs as soon as possible and to offer them appropriate assistance, which is possible through education and work with professionals who work with adolescents. The aim is also to increase the effectiveness of treatment of adolescents who use drugs, because due to early identification, the consequences of drug use have not yet affected all areas of adolescent activity and therefore shorter treatment can be effective. Content presentation: The approach is based on addiction prevention knowledge and utho on the guidelines of the EMCDDA (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction) and is consistent with public health principles and strategies at the nation-nd y al level in the field of drugs. The approach includes an individual visit to the school by d ao a selected counselor in order to talk about the needs / dilemmas that the school faces in the field of drugs and the ways in which the school behaves when perceiving ad-hildho olescents who use drugs. After the introductory interview, the school counselor joins n c the working group of counselors (10-12 people), which meets three times during the school year, with each meeting lasting 3 hours. During the meetings (with work meth-ealth i ods: lectures, discussion, case study, simulation learning), school counselors gain ap-cial h propriate attitudes towards adolescent drug use, appropriate knowledge in the field of so addictology for the proper implementation of indicated prevention and a sense of co-herence through resolving dilemmas and fears. A strategy for action at the school level sycho in the event of drug problems has been developed. After each meeting, an evaluation sti | p is carried out. It includes a satisfaction with the implementation of the meeting, a satisfaction with the way of working and providing the content, the usability of the con-lado tent in their work and the atmosphere in the group. The evaluation showed high satis-n v m faction with all the set indicators. Conclusions: In order to properly address the field of drugs among young people and štvu i to provide assistance to young people who use drugs, it is crucial that the community, tro both the wider and especial y the professional public, has appropriate, unified views and relevant knowledge. To reduce drug use and drug-related problems, it is crucial to work on early prevention to prevent addiction at al . dravje v o Keywords: indicated prevention, addiction, drugs, adolescents, attitudes cialno zso psiho 183 Duševno zdravje študentov in študentk Univerze v Ljubljani: skrb namesto spregleda Anja Gruden, Tomaž Vec Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: V predstavitvi bova osvetlila del analize raziskave Položaj študentov in študentk UL v razmerah COVID19, ki smo jo izvedli na Oddelku za socialno pedagogiko Pedagoške fakultete v Ljubljani v obdobju od junija do septembra 2021 in je bila namenjena študentski populaciji Univerze v Ljubljani. Obdobje porajajoče odraslosti je namreč zaradi številnih sprememb in s tem povezanih občutkov nepredvidljivosti že samo po sebi izvor številnih duševnih stisk. Poleg tega se večina, namreč kar 75 % duševnih stisk, pojavi do 25. leta starosti oz. takrat doseže »vrh«. V času epidemije se je pojavnost du- ševnih stisk med različnimi bolj ranljivimi družbenimi skupinami še povečala, mednje sodijo tudi študenti. Za namen pridobivanja podatkov smo oblikovali spletni vprašalnik Položaj študentov in študentk UL v razmerah Covid-19. Metode: Vprašalnik je pokrival pet področij, poleg splošnih demografskih tudi stano-vanjsko in materialno področje, področje medosebnih odnosov, interesov in prostega časa ter študijsko področje. Za potrebe prispevka, v katerem se osredotočava na ducents ševne stiske študentov in soočanja z njimi, so bila relevantna naslednja vprašanja zapr-lesdo tega tipa: ali ste se v tem letu soočali z duševnimi stiskami?; na kakšen način se v tem a študijskem letu soočate z duševnimi stiskami?; na koga se obrnete ob soočanju s stiska-nd mi?; kako pogosto ste v tem študijskem letu pri sebi prepoznavali oz. doživljali duševne stiske in kako pogosto ste v tem študijskem letu pri sebi prepoznavali oz. doživljali ugo-ldren a dne občutke in emocije. Vzorec celotne študije je zajemal 1094 oseb ženskega (77 %) hif c in 300 oseb moškega spola (21 %); na vprašanja, vezana na področje duševnih stisk, pa o je v povprečju odgovorilo 915 sodelujočih, ki so na začetno vprašanje, ali ste se v tem letu soočali z duševnimi stiskami, odgovorilo pritrdilno (to je veljalo za kar 77 % oseb, ealth| h ki so posredovale svoj odgovor, namreč za 81 % vseh študentk in 63 % vseh študentov). Rezultati: V prikazu rezultatov se osredotočava na različne pojavnosti duševnih stisk, stnikov na soočanje s stiskami in na vire medosebne podpore v času epidemije. Izpostavljava nekatere statistično pomembne povezave med različnimi stiskami in načini soočanja z lado njimi ter z medosebnimi viri podpore, prav tako pa tudi z doživljanjem ugodnih občut-n mk i kov in emocij. Prisotnost duševnih stisk se je statistično pomembno povezovala s spo-tro lom, namreč ženskim, in z rednim načinom študiranja (napram izrednim). Glede na letnik študija, regijo bivanja in okolje bivanja (podeželsko napram mestno) raziskava ni pokazala razlik, ki bi bile statistično pomembne. Prisotnost skrbi za ekonomsko pre-zdravje o živetje študenta se je statistično pomembno povezovala s prepoznanim doživljanjem duševnih stisk. Razprava in zaključki: V prispevku osvetliva pomen stare-nove odgovornosti institucij visokega šolstva za prepoznavanje in naslavljanje težav v duševnem zdravju svojih študentov in študentk. Posodobljena odgovornost le-teh pomeni tudi spremembo v hi-erarhiji védnosti, večjo občutljivost za različne življenjske položaje mladih odraslih, omogočanje psihološko pogumnih podpornih okolij, tudi v imenu razvijanja potencia-lov in posledičnih inovacij, namerno razpiranje družbenih ‘mehurčkov’ in vzpostavlja-nje skupnostne kondicije za sprejemanje različnosti – zunaj in znotraj sebe. Ključne besede: duševne stiske, vrste duševnih stisk, podpora, mladi odrasli 184 Mental health issues of University of Ljubljana’ students: care instead of neglect? Anja Gruden, Tomaž Vec University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: In this paper we present a partial analysis of a survey conducted by the Department of Social Pedagogy at the Faculty of Education of the Univ. of Ljubljana entitled Positions of Students at the University of Ljubljana during COVID-19. Methods: The online survey was addressed to students of the University and was collected in the period between June and September 2021. The part of the survey presented here focuses on students’ mental health and coping strategies. The COVID-19 era has led to problems with mental health overal , with students being just one of many vulnerable social groups affected. We know that several studies have highlighted the importance of supporting student mental health even before COVID-19, as mental health problems are common among university students. The emerging adulthood is associated with many simultaneous changes and feelings of unpredictability, which in themselves are a source of many mental health problems. In addition, 75% of all mental health problems occur or peak in young adulthood. For data col ection, we utho designed an online survey entitled Position of students at the University of Ljubljana in the period COVID-19. The survey included five domains, in addition to general de-nd y mographic questions, questions about general living and material conditions, interper-d ao sonal relationships, interests and leisure time, and the area of study. This presentation focuses on the area of student mental health, for which we asked the fol owing ques-hildho tions: Did you struggle with mental health issues this year?;How did you you cope with n c mental health problems this year?;Who did you turn to when you were struggling with mental health problems?;How often did you identify various mental health problems ealth i this academic year?;and How often did you perceive various feelings of wel -being dur-cial h ing this study year?.Of all students who participated in the study, 1094 or 77 % were so female and 300 or 21 % were male. On average, 915 respondents participated in the mental health section of the study, after they answered in the affirmative to the ques-sycho tion about whether they had experienced mental health issues during the academic sti | p year, an alarming 77% of all who posted their answer, 81% of all female and 63% of al male respondents. lado Results: In our study, results show a statistical y significant association between specific n v m mental health problems, specific coping strategies, and interpersonal sources of support, as well as recognition of feelings related to wel -being. The occurrence of mental štvu i health problems is statistical y significantly related to female gender and to regular stu-tro dents (as opposed to students who study and work regularly). We found no significant associations with year of study, region, or place of residence (urban or rural). When students confirmed that they were worried about their economic survival, there was dravje v o a statistical y significant association with psychological problems. Discussion and conclusions: The presentation concludes by highlighting the new-old responsibility of higher cialno z education institutions to identify and address student mental health issues. The updat-so ed responsibility also means an internal change in the hierarchy of knowledge recog-psiho nized in the higher education system, greater awareness of the different life situations of students, enabling a psychological y courageous, supportive environment also in the name of developing potential and consistent innovation, deliberately opening »social bubbles« and creating dispositions to accept diversity within and outside us. Keywords: mental health, mental health care, university students, higher education 185 Odraščanje v družini z zasvojenostjo z alkoholom in pomen varovalnih dejavnikov za zdravje otroka Karmen Henigsman Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Zasvojenost z alkoholom je kljub svoji množični prisotnosti v slovenski kulturi še vedno sivo področje raziskav, o čemer pričajo že težje sledljivi podatki o prevalenci te bolezni. Namen prispevka je podrobneje predstaviti dejavnike tveganja in možnosti delovanja v smeri krepitve varovalnih dejavnikov na različnih področjih dela, kar bi lahko zmanjšalo negativne izide za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov, ki prihajajo iz družin, kjer je prisotna zasvojenost z alkoholom. Predstavitev vsebine: Poleg uveljavljenih ukrepov v smeri zdravljenja zasvojenosti pri po-samezniku obstaja v slovenskem prostoru še vedno pomanjkanje na področju zaveda-nja vplivov posebnih okoliščin, v katerih odraščajo otroci staršev, ki so zasvojeni, in na področju zdravljenja ter podpore svojcev iz tovrstnih družin. Zasvojenost z alkoholom namreč ne vpliva samo na pojav mnogih škodljivih posledic za posameznika, ki pi-je, ampak tudi za vse člane njegove družine, še posebej otroke. Kaotično in nestabilno družinsko okolje, ki ga zaznamuje zasvojenost z alkoholom, predstavlja širok spekter cents dejavnikov tveganja za psihosocialno in telesno blagostanje otroka. Prisotnost zasvoje-lesdo nosti v družini, in s tem posebne okoliščine odraščanja, pred otroka postavlja mnoge a izzive, ki od njega zahtevajo razvoj različnih mehanizmov preživetja in pogosto zane-nd marjanje zadovoljevanja lastnih potreb na račun zadovoljevanja potreb staršev. Dodaten izziv pred njega postavlja tudi stigmatizirajoče okolje izven družine, kar otroku do-ldren a datno omejuje možnost izkušnje varnega okolja. hif c Sklepne ugotovitve: Navedene okoliščine lahko vplivajo na mnogotere izide, ki predsta-o vljajo tveganje za otrokovo duševno in telesno zdravje, kot so depresivna in anksiozna ealth stanja, težave pozunanjenja in ponotranjenja, težave v medosebnih odnosih, tvegana | h vedenja, slabše telesno zdravje itd. Na to ima lahko vpliv zgodnja psihosocialna obravnava otroka, osveščanje skupnosti o problematiki alkohola in osveščanje otrok in mla-stnikov dostnikov o bolezni, kot je zasvojenost. Prav tako sta pomembni krepitev in promocija virov pomoči, kot npr. omogočanje otroku varnega prostora z nudenjem podpore lado s strani okolja izven družine (šolsko okolje, društva, lokalna skupnost). n mk i Ključne besede: zasvojenost z alkoholom, otroci iz družin z zasvojenostjo z alkoholom, tro psihosocialne posledice, varovalni dejavniki. zdravje o 186 Growing up in a family with alcohol addiction and the importance of strengthening protective factors to maintain the health of a child Karmen Henigsman National Institute for Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Despite its mass presence in Slovenian culture, alcohol addiction is still a gray area of research, as evidenced by how difficult it is to trace data on the prevalence of this disease. The purpose of this paper is to present in more detail the risk factors and possibilities of action to strengthen protective factors in various areas of work, which could reduce the negative health outcomes of children and adolescents coming from families with alcohol addiction. Content presentation: In addition to the already established measures to treat addiction in individuals, there is still a lack of awareness of the impact of special circumstances in which children of addicted parents grow up and in the treatment and support of relatives from such families. Alcohol addiction not only affects the occurrence of many harmful consequences for the individual who drinks, but also for all members of his family, especial y children. The chaotic and unstable family environment, characterized by alcohol addiction, represents a wide range of risk factors for the child’s psychoso-utho cial and physical wel -being. The presence of addiction in the family and thus the special circumstances of growing up poses many chal enges to the child, which require him to nd y develop various mechanisms of survival and often neglect to meet their own needs at d ao the expense of meeting the needs of the parents. An additional chal enge for a child is the stigmatizing environment outside the family, which further limits the child’s ability hildho to experience a safe environment. n c Conclusions: These circumstances can affect many outcomes that pose a risk to a child’s ealth i mental and physical health, such as depressive and anxiety states, externalizing and in-ternalizing problems, interpersonal problems, risky behaviors, poor physical health, cial h and so on. Approaching this need is possible by early psychosocial treatment of the so child, raising awareness of the community about the problem of alcohol and raising awareness of children and adolescents about diseases such as addiction. It is al-sycho so important to strengthen and promote sources of assistance, such as providing a sti | p safe space for the child, by enabling support from the environment outside the family lado (school environment, NGOs, local community). Keywords: alcohol addiction, children from families with alcohol addiction, psychosocial n v m counsequences, protective factors. štvu i tro dravje v o cialno zso psiho 187 Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov med pandemijo COVID-19 v Sloveniji Helena Jeriček Klanšček, Tina Zupanič, Maja Roškar, Andreja Drev, Helena Koprivnikar, Varineja Drašler, Vesna Pucelj Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Tudi otroci in mladostniki so bili v času pandemije izpostavljeni številnim spremembam v družinskem, socialnem in šolskem življenju. Ugotovitve številnih tujih raziskav kažejo, da so se pri mladostnikih med pandemijo poslabšali fizično in duševno zdravje, kakovost življenja, življenjski slog ter tvegana vedenja. Nekatere študije ugota-vljajo, da so imeli otroci in mladostniki iz manj premožnih družin med pandemijo slabše kazalnike zdravja in z zdravjem povezanih vedenj, v primerjavi z vrstniki iz bolj premo- žnih družin. Namen prispevka je predstaviti nekatere ključne ugotovitve raziskave »Z zdravjem povezano vedenje v šolskem obdobju« (angl. »Health Behaviour in School- -aged Children«, HBSC) v času pandemije COVID-19. Metode: Raziskava HBSC 2020 je bila izvedena med 5. in 23. oktobrom 2020, s po-močjo spletnega anonimnega vprašalnika. V raziskavo je bil vključen isti reprezenta-cents tivni vzorec všolanih mladostnikov, ki so bili v raziskavo vključeni že v šolskem letu les 2017/2018 (n = 3052, in sicer učenci 9. razredov osnovnih šol (n = 1854) in dijaki 4. le-do a tnikov srednjih šol (n = 1198)). Zbrani podatki so bili statistično analizirani s progra-nd mom SPSS 25. Rezultati: Rezultati raziskave HBSC 2020 kažejo, da so bili med pandemijo COVID-19 ldren ahi slovenski mladostniki bolj nezadovoljni s svojim življenjem kot leta 2018, medtem ko v f c samooceni zdravja ni prišlo do večjih sprememb. Med pandemijo se je poslabšalo tudi o duševno zdravje mladostnikov, povečal se je delež mladostnikov, ki so tedensko doži-ealth vljali psihosomatske simptome ter tistih z visoko verjetnostjo klinično pomembnih te- | h žav v duševnem zdravju in depresije. Zmanjšal se je delež mladostnikov, ki so doživljali občutke žalosti ali obupanosti in tistih, ki so razmišljali o samomoru. Mladostniki so stnikov imeli manj ustrezne prehranjevalne navade, zmanjšala se je stopnja telesne dejavnosti, bolj prisotna pa so bila sedeča vedenja in več tveganih vedenj (kajenje tobaka, pitje lado alkoholnih pijač, opijanje, uporaba konoplje). Mladostniki, ki so družinsko blagostanje n mk i ocenili kot podpovprečno so bili bolj nezadovoljni z življenjem in so slabše ocenjeva-tro li svoje zdravje, prav tako so kazali več težav v duševnem zdravju, meli manj ustrezne prehranjevalne navade, bili manj telesno dejavni in imeli več sedečih in tveganih vedenj. zdravje o Razprava in zaključki: Ugotavljamo, da so mladostniki leta 2020 imeli večinoma slabše kazalnike zdravja in z zdravjem povezanih vedenj, kar je lahko povezano s tem, da ve- čina nezdravih vedenj v adolescenci s starostjo narašča. Glede na to, da smo med pandemijo leta 2020 anketirali iste mladostnike kot leta 2018 iz primerjav med letoma ne moremo sklepati ali in v kakšni meri je k razlikam (poslabšanju) v izbranih kazalnikih med letoma prispevala pandemija. Se pa tudi leta 2020 (kot že pri prejšnjih izvedbah) kažejo neenakosti v zdravju in z zdravjem povezanimi vedenji. Mladostniki iz družin z najslabšim socialno ekonomskim statusom so najbolj ranljiva skupina. Ključne besede: nezdrava vedenja, duševno zdravje, kakovost življenja, mladostnik, COVID-19 188 Health and health-related behaviors of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic Helena Jeriček Klanšček, Tina Zupanič, Maja Roškar, Andreja Drev, Helena Koprivnikar, Varineja Drašler, Vesna Pucelj National Institute for Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic children and adolescents were exposed to several changes in family, social and academic life. Numerous studies have found that the pandemic negatively affected physical and mental health, quality of life, lifestyle and risky behaviors of young adults. In addition, some studies have shown that children and adolescents of lower socioeconomic status had poorer health and health-related behaviors during the pandemic, compared to their peers of higher socioeconomic status. The aim of this abstract is to present some of the key findings of the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, from the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The HBSC 2020 study was conducted between 5 and 23 October 2020, using an online anonymous questionnaire. The study included the same representative sample of children and adolescents who were already included in the HBSC study uth conducted in the school year 2017/2018 (n = 3052, of those 9th grade primary school o students (n = 1854) and 4th year high school students (n = 1198)). The col ected data nd y were statistical y analyzed using the SPSS 25 program. d ao Results: The results of the HBSC 2020 study show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, Slovenian adolescents were more dissatisfied with their lives than in year 2018, hildho while there were no major changes in the self-assessment of health. During the pan-n c demic, the mental health of adolescents also worsened, and the proportion of adolescents who were experiencing psychosomatic symptoms weekly and those with a high ealth i probability of clinical y significant mental health problems and depression increased. cial h The proportion of adolescents experiencing feelings of sadness or despair and those so with suicidal thoughts decreased. Adolescents had poorer eating habits, level of physi-sycho cal activity decreased, and more sedentary behaviors and risky behaviors (smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, binge drinking, cannabis use) were present. Adolescents who sti | p assessed their family affluence as below average were more dissatisfied with their life lado and reported poorer health, showed more mental health problems, had poorer eating habits, were less physical y active, and had more sedentary and risky behaviors. n v m Discussion and conclusions: In year 2020 adolescents from Slovenia had poorer health štvu i and health-related behaviors, which may be related to the fact that unhealthy behav-tro iors in adolescence increase with age. In HBSC study conducted in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the same young people as in HBSC 2018 study were included. Therefore, we cannot conclude whether and to what extent the pandemic contrib-dravje v o uted to the differences (worsening) in behaviors between those years. However, inequality in health and health-related behaviors was found in 2020 (as in previous stud-cialno z ies). Adolescents from families with the worst socio-economic status show to be the so most vulnerable group. psiho Keywords: unhealthy behavior, mental health, quality of life, adolescents, COVID-19 189 Psihosocialni viri opolnomočenja in ranljivosti pri otrocih v rejništvu Alenka Kolar Osnovna šola dr. Mihajla Rostoharja Krško, Krško, Slovenija Izhodišče in namen: Da bi okrepili psihosocialno zdravje otrok v rejništvu bomo, teoretično in praktično preučili varovalne in ogrožajoče dejavnike razvoja vezane na rejništvo. V razvojne teorije Bronfenbrennerja, Eriksona in Bowlbya bomo vključili sodobne ugotovitve s področja nevroznanosti in epigenetike. Praktično bomo prikazali raziskave in interpretirali objavljene slovenske izkušnje otrok v rejništvu. Predstavitev vsebine: Socialna služba namesti otroka v rejniško družino, da ga umakne iz ogrožajočih dejavnikov (zanemarjanje, zlorabe, nasilje, hude odvisnosti staršev, itd.) v biološki družini in mu omogoči ustreznejše pogoje za odraščanje. Zaradi hudih neu-godnih izkušenj v biološki družini, ločitvenega in prilagoditvenega stresa se otrok v rejništvu težje sooča z razvojnimi nalogami kot vrstniki brez tovrstnih težav. Eriksonova razvojna teorija, Bowlbyeva teorija navezanosti in spoznanja s področja nevroznanosti ter epigenetike poudarjajo, da neugodni pogoji v otroštvu povzročajo mnoge psihosocialne težave in močno povečano tveganje za psihične, čustvene, medosebne, vedenj-cents ske in socialne težave, bolezni in motnje tekom celotnega življenja. Ugotovitve s po-lesdo dročja rezilientnosti pa kažejo, da dejavniki, ki krepijo psihično odpornost omogočijo a pozitivne psihosocialne izide. Bistveno je, da otrok v rejniški družini pridobi in stabili-nd zira varno čustveno navezanost, strategije za spoprijemanje z razvojnimi nalogami, da ustrezno predela negativne izkušnje iz biološke družine in integrira izkušnjo rejništva. ldren a Bronfenbrenner poudari, da je ugoden psihosocialni razvoj otroka možen ob uskla-hif c jenosti in podpori vseh sfer sistemov skozi daljše časovno obdobje. Raziskave kaže-o jo, da imajo otroci v rejništvu desetkrat več čustvenih (močna žalost, jeza, depresivno in anksiozno razpoloženje, strahovi in fobije, obrambni mehanizmi zanikanja, sanjarje-ealth| h nja, idealiziacije, itd.) in vedenjskih težav (hiperaktivnost, impulzivnost, samopoškodbe, uničevanje stvari, laganje, kljubovalno vedenje, itd.) kot ostali otroci. Kljub temu pa so nekateri otroci v rejništvu psihično in socialno odporni in kažejo tekom odrašča-stnikov nja ugodne psihosocialne izide ter dobro čustveno in socialno prilagojenost. Izkušnje lado otrok v rejništvu in rejnikov kažejo, da ima odraščanje v rejniški družini svoje specifič- n m nosti, zahtevnosti in težave, s katerimi se soočajo. Najtežja je integracija izkušenj iz bi-k i ološke in rejniške družine. tro Sklepne ugotovitve: Z namenom povečanja pozitivnih in zmanjšanja negativnih izidov na področju psihosocialnega zdravja otrok v rejništvu je potrebno poglobljeno in sistema-zdravje o tično preučevanje varovalnih in ogrožajočih dejavnikov, ki so povezani s konkretnim otrokom. Bistvena je zgodnja intervencija, odkrivanje in ustrezna pomoč otrokom v rejništvu. Ob kompleksnejših težavah je smotrno razmišljati tudi o novih oblikah rejništva in še v večji meri sistemsko in zakonodajno podpreti otroke v rejništvu in rejni- ške družine. Ključne besede: otrok v rejništvu, sistemski pristop, psihosocialne težave, rizični dejavniki, varovalni dejavniki 190 Psychosocial sources of empowerment and vulnerability of children in foster care Alenka Kolar Elementary school dr. Mihajla Rostoharja Krško, Krško, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: In order to strengthen the psychosocial health of children in the foster care, we will theoretical y and practical y examine the protective and risk factors of development related to foster care. In the developmental theorys of Bronfenbrenner, Erikson and Bowlby we will include current findings of neuroscience and epigenetics. Practical y we will present and interpret researches and published Slovenian experiences of children in foster care. Content presentation: The social service places the child in a foster family to remove him from risk factors (neglect, abuse, violence, severe parental dependence, etc.) in the biological family and to provide him with more suitable conditions for growing up. Due to severe unfavorable experiences in the biological family, separation and adjustment stress, a foster child finds it more difficult to cope with developmental tasks than peers without such problems. Erikson’s developmental theory, Bowlby’s theory of uth attachment and knowledge in neuroscience and epigenetics emphasize that adverse o childhood conditions cause many psychosocial problems and a greatly increased risk nd y of mental, emotional, interpersonal, behavioral and social problems, diseases and dis-d ao orders throughout life. Findings from the field of resilience, however, show that factors that strengthen psychological resilience enable positive psychosocial outcomes. It hildho is essential that the child in the foster family acquires and stabilizes a secure emotional n c attachment, strategies for coping with developmental tasks, to properly process negative experiences from the biological family and to integrate the foster care experi-ealth i ence. Bronfenbrenner emphasizes that favorable psychosocial development of a child cial h is possible with the coordination and support of all spheres of systems over a long so period of time. Researches show that foster children have ten times more emotional (strong sadness, anger, depressed and anxious moods, fears and phobias, defense sycho mechanisms of denial, dreaming, idealization, etc.) and behavioral problems (hyper-sti | p activity, impulsivity, self-harm, destruction of things, lying, defiant behavior, etc.) like other children. Nevertheless, some foster children are mental y and social y resilient lado and show favorable psychosocial outcomes and good emotional and social adjustment n v m during adolescence. The experience of foster children and foster parents shows that growing up in a foster family has its own specifics, chal enges and problems they face. štvu i The most difficult is the integration of experience from the biological and foster family. tro Conclusions: In order to increase the positive and reduce the negative outcomes in the field of psychosocial health of foster children, is needed thoroughgoing and system-dravje v o atic study of protective and threatening factors related to a particular child. Essential are early intervention, detection and appropriate assistance to foster children. In ad-cialno z dition to more complex problems, it is advisable to think about new forms of foster so care and, to an even greater extent of systemic and legislatively support of children in psiho foster care and foster families. Keywords: foster child, systemic approach, psychosocial problems, risk factors, protective factors 191 Konoplja in kanabinoidi v terapiji otrok z epilepsijo in/ali drugimi razvojnimi motnjami Jasna Kovač1, David Neubauer2, Roman Štukelj1 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Zdravstvena fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Pediatrična klinika Ljubljana, Klinični oddelek za razvojno, otroško in mladostniško nevrologijo, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Konvencionalna zdravila so pogosto prva izbira za zdravljenje epilepsije pri otrocih. Vedno več pa je pritiskov laične/splošne javnosti, v našem primeru staršev otrok s hudimi oblikami epilepsije na zdravstvene ustanove, zdravnike ter tudi medicinske sestre in ostale zdravstvene delavce. Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela s pregledom slovenske in tuje literature s pomočjo mednarodnih podatkovnih baz CINAHL, PubMed (Medline), ScienceDirect, ProQuest ter Whiley Online Library. Za iskanje literature je bil uporabljen tudi spletni brskalnik Google Scholar. Iskali smo literaturo, ki je izhajala od leta 2012 do 2022, poudarek je bil na novejši literaturi. Rezultati: V RS je s prenovljeno uredbo o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog leta 2016 bicents lo izdano dovoljenje za uporabo konopljinih lastnih kanabinoidov (fitokanabinoidov). V lesdo vseh državah članicah EU, tudi v RS, imamo registrirano zdravilo, ki se imenuje Epidyo-a lex in, ki ima od 19. septembra 2019 dovoljenje za promet. Vsebuje naravni kanabidi-nd ol (CBD) in se uporablja za posebne, trdovratne oblike epilepsije in epileptične sindro-me. Zdravniki poleg tega lahko tudi na svojo lastno odgovornost predpišejo pacientom ldren ahi magistralno zdravilo z učinkovinami tetrahidrokanabinol (THC), kanabidiolom (CBD) f c o ali kombinacijami le-teh. Dolgoletne pred-klinične raziskave na modelih glodalcev so dokazale protikonvulzivne učinke kanabinoidov, zlasti CBD. Med drugim nekatere raz-ealth iskave kažejo tudi na antikonzultivne učinke kanabinoida THC. Raziskovalci so na tem | h področju opravili že kar nekaj opazovalnih študij, tudi takšnih, ki so vključevale star- še otrok z najhujšimi epileptičnimi sindromi. Na enem od oddelkov Pediatrične klinike stnikov v Ljubljani je v letu 2018 skupina otroških nevrologov opravila retrospektivno študijo lado na 66 otrokih s trdovratno epilepsijo, ki so prejemali 98% čisti, enomolekularni CBD. n m Študija je pokazala zelo dobre rezultate, saj so se pri 32 (48,5%) otrocih napadi zmanj-k i šali za kar 50% ali več. Obstaja pa tudi nekaj preliminarnih študij, ki kažejo na to, da je tro zdravljenje s CBD – obogateno konopljo zelo uspešno za odpravljanje trdovratnih vedenjskih težav pri avtizmu in nekaterih drugih razvojnih motnjah ter, da je morda tak zdravje o izdelek še učinkovitejši od enomolekularnega CBD. Razprava in zaključki: Kanabinoidi imajo zagotovo terapevtski potencial. Nekatere študije kažejo na to, da bi lahko bili kanabinoidi v veliko pomoč pri različnih stanjih in bo-leznih, zlasti pri epilepsiji v otroštvu, ki je odporna na zdravljenje. Vsekakor je pri nas potrebno še veliko izobraževanja na tem področju, zlasti pri zdravniškem in medicin-skem osebju. Ker je uporaba konoplje in pripravkov iz konoplje v našem zdravstvenem sistemu še relativno nova praksa, bi bilo potrebno to tematiko čim prej vključiti v študijski kurikulum zdravstvenih in medicinskih fakultet pri nas. Ključne besede: konoplja, kanabinoidi, otroška epilepsija Ključne besede: cannabis, kanabinoidi, epilepsija v otroštvu 192 Cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of children with epilepsy and / or other developmental disorders Jasna Kovač1, David Neubauer2, Roman Štukelj1 1 University of Ljubljana Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: Conventional medications are often the first choice for treating epilepsy in children. However, there is more and more pressure from the lay / general public, in our case the parents of children with severe epilepsy, on medical institutions, doctors, as well as nurses and other health professionals. Methods: We used a descriptive method of working with a review of Slovenian and foreign literature with the help of international databases CINAHL, PubMed (Medline), ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Whiley Online Library. The Google Scholar web brows-er was also used to search for literature. We were looking for literature that was published from 2012 to 2022, with an emphasis on more recent literature. Results: In the RS, a renewed Regulation on the classification of il icit drugs in 2016 is-utho sued a permit for the use of cannabis’s own cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids). In al nd y EU states, including the RS, we have a registered medicinal product cal ed Epidyolex, d a which has been authorized since 19. September 2019. It contains natural cannabidiol o (CBD) and is used for specific, persistent forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes. In addition, physicians may, at their own risk, prescribe to patients a magistral y prepa-hildho n c rations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or combinations thereof. Long-term pre-clinical studies in rodent models have demonstrated the anticonvul-ealth i sant effects of cannabinoids, particularly CBD. Among other things, some research al-so points to the anticonsultant effects of the cannabinoid THC. Researchers have con-cial hso ducted quite a few observational studies in this area, including those involving parents of children with the most severe epileptic syndromes. In 2018, a group of pediatric sycho neurologists, at one of the departments of the Pediatric Clinic in Ljubljana, conducted a retrospective study of 66 children with persistent epilepsy who received 98% pure, sti | p single-molecular CBD. The study showed very good results, as in 32 (48.5%) children lado the attacks decreased by as much as 50% or more. However, there are also some n v m preliminary studies that suggest that CBD-enriched cannabis treatment is very effective in addressing persistent behavioral problems with autism and some other devel- štvu i opmental disorders, and that such a product may be even more effective than mono-tro molecular CBD. Discussion and conclusions: Cannabinoids certainly have therapeutic potential. Some dravje v o studies suggest that cannabinoids could be of great help in a variety of conditions and diseases, especial y treatmentresistant childhood epilepsy. In any case, we still need a lot of education in this area, especial y with medical staff. Since the use of cannabis cialno zso and cannabis preparations in our healthcare system is still a relatively new practice, it would be necessary to include this topic in the study curriculum of health and medical psiho faculties in our country as soon as possible. Keywords: cannabis, cannabinoids, childhood epilepsy. 193 Pomen okolja pri stiskah in samomorilnem vedenju otrok in mladostnikov Meta Lavrič, Monika Brdnik, Vanja Gomboc, Nuša Zadravec Šedivy, Vita Poštuvan Univerza na Primorskem, Inštitut Andrej Marušič, Koper, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Samomor je resen javno-zdravstveni problem, pri čemer so ena izmed ranljivih skupin za samomorilno vedenje mladostniki. V prispevku bomo predstavili okolijske dejavnike tveganja in varovalne dejavnike za samomorilno vedenje med mladostniki. Med temi se bomo še posebej osredotočili predvsem na pomen vrstni-kov, šolskega okolja, širše skupnosti ter medijev, ki predstavljajo pomemben vir mo- žnosti za preventivne dejavnosti pri preprečevanju samomorilnega vedenja med otroki in mladostniki. Predstavitev vsebine: Vrstniki so v obdobju mladostništva izjemnega pomena, saj zagotavljajo okolje, v katerem se lahko mladostnik poveže, spregovori o temah, o katerih z drugimi ne želi govoriti, hkrati pa se lahko uči (bolj ali manj konstruktivnega) reševanja problemov. Enega izmed največjih stresorjev naj bi sicer za večino mladostnikov predstavljal šolski uspeh oziroma neuspeh. Poleg slednjega med dejavnike tveganja v šolskem okolju prištevamo medvrstniško nasilje, socialno izključenost in druge. Nacents sprotno lahko vključenost v različne oblike fizične aktivnosti v sklopu šolskih in obšol-lesdo skih dejavnosti, vključenost staršev v mladostnikove obveznosti, pomoč pri reševanju a problemov in spodbujanje mladostnika pozitivno vplivajo na duševno zdravje mlado-nd stnikov in delujejo kot varovalni dejavnik. Poleg šolske skupnosti ima pomembno vlogo tudi širša skupnost, saj so mladostniki še posebej vpeti vanjo. Dostopnost do različ- ldren a nih virov pomoči, prisotnost stigme do iskanja pomoči in do težav v duševnem zdravju hif c oziroma dobri odnosi s skupnostjo ter kulturna in skupnostna prepričanja, ki mlado-o stnika odvračajo od samomorilnega vedenja, lahko zmanjšujejo ali povečujejo tveganje za samomorilno vedenje. Slednje lahko sicer zmanjšujejo ali povečujejo tudi me-ealth| h diji in način prikazovanja samomorilnega vedenja v medijih. Mladostniki so še posebej dovzetni za posnemanje poročanega oz. medijsko prikazanega samomorilnega vedenja, kadar slednje ni prikazano v skladu s smernicami odgovornega poročanja o samo-stnikov moru. Obenem so mladostniki tudi ena izmed skupin, med katerimi so splet in (novi) lado mediji še posebej priljubljeni, zato imajo lahko neprimerne vsebine na takega uporabn m nika še večji vpliv. k i tro Sklepne ugotovitve: Preko opisanih dejavnikov lahko vsak od nas prispeva k preprečevanju samomorilnega vedenja med mladostniki, na način, da o teh temah ustrezno spre-govorimo, o njih ustrezno poročamo, mlade pa opolnomočamo za reševanje stisk in zdravje o iskanje pomoči preko ustvarjanja varnega in sprejemajočega okolja. Ključne besede: samomorilno vedenje, mladostnik, okoljski dejavniki tveganja, varovalni dejavniki 194 The impact of the environment on the distress and suicidal behaviour of children and adolescents Meta Lavrič, Monika Brdnik, Vanja Gomboc, Nuša Zadravec Šedivy, Vita Poštuvan University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Suicide is a serious public health problem, with adolescents being one of the most vulnerable groups for suicidal behaviour. In this contribution, we will present environmental risk factors and protective factors for suicidal behaviour in adolescents. Among these, we will focus on the importance of peers, the school environment, the wider community and the media as important sources of opportunities for preventive action to prevent suicidality in children and adolescents. Content presentation: Peers are extremely important in adolescence as they provide an environment where the adolescent can socialise, talk about topics he or she does not want to tell others about, and at the same time learn (more or less constructive) solutions to problems. One of the biggest stressors for most young people is academic success or failure. Risk factors in the school environment also include peer violence, social exclusion and others. Conversely, various forms of physical activity at school and in extracurricular activities, parental involvement in adolescents’ tasks, help in solving utho problems and encouragement can have a positive effect on adolescents’ mental health and act as a protective factor. In addition to the school community, the wider commu-nd y nity in which the young people are particularly involved also plays an important role. d ao Access to various sources of help, the presence of a stigma associated with help-seeking and mental health problems, or good community relations, as well as cultural and hildho community beliefs that discourage young people from suicidal behaviour, can reduce n c or increase the risk of suicidal behaviour. The latter may also be reduced or increased by the media and the way suicidal behaviour is portrayed in the media. Young people ealth i are particularly at risk of imitating suicidal behaviour reported in the media or other-cial h wise displayed if this is not done by fol owing guidelines for responsible reporting of so suicide. At the same time, young people are also among the groups for whom the internet and (new) media are particularly popular, so inappropriate content can have an sycho even greater impact on these users. sti | p Conclusions: Through the factors described, each of us can contribute to the preven-lado tion of suicidality among young people by speaking about these issues properly, reporting them responsibly and empowering young people to resolve difficulties and n v m seek help by creating a safe and welcoming environment. štvu i Keywords: suicidal behavior, adolescent, environmental risk factors, protective factors tro dravje v o cialno zso psiho 195 Vpliv prekomerne uporabe zaslonov na razvoj predšolskih otrok Marta Macedoni Lukšič1,2, Ana Bezenšek1,3 1 Inštitut za avtizem Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Univerza v Mariboru, Medicinska fakulteta, Maribor, Slovenija 3 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Delež otrok z razvojnimi težavami na področju komunikacije, govora in jezika, gibanja ter čustev se povečuje. Eden od pomembnejših dejavnikov tveganja za te težave je prekomerna uporaba zaslonov. V prispevku bodo predstavljene študije in lastne klinične izkušnje o vplivu prekomerne uporabe zaslonov na razvoj in s tem zdravstveno stanje predšolskega otroka. Predstavitev vsebine: Razvoj na senzornem, gibalnem, emocionalnem, govorno-jezikovnem, socialnem in kognitivnem področju poteka najintenzivneje v prvih dveh-treh letih življenja. V tem obdobju so možgani najbolj plastični, kar pomeni da je njihova občutljivost za senzorno in socialno učenje največja. Otrok se v tem obdobju uči s posnemanjem oseb v svojem okolju, predvsem staršev. Mehanizem za učenje na osnovi iz-kušenj iz okolja poteka preko epigenetike, nevrološka osnova pa so zrcalni nevroni. Prekomerna uporaba zaslonov pomembno omejuje otrokove izkušnje na vseh podro-cents čjih vsakodnevnega funkcioniranja ter zmanjšuje njegov interes za dogajanje v okolju. lesdo Ob tem, ko se povečuje čas pred zasloni, se zmanjšuje čas za igro in skupni čas, preži-a vet s sovrstniki in družinskimi člani. Nedavne študije kažejo, da prekomerna uporaba nd zaslonov v tem obdobju pomembno korelira s slabšimi rezultati na razvojnih testih, z upočasnjenim razvojem na govorno-jezikovnem področju, z motnjo aktivnosti in po-ldren a zornosti ter slabšo akademsko učinkovitostjo. Sekcija za primarno pediatrijo Združe-hif c nja za pediatrijo je lani izdala nacionalne smernice za uporabo zaslonov pri otrocih in o mladostnikih. Glede na smernice se uporaba zaslonov do 2. let starosti povsem odsve-tuje. Od 2. leta do vstopa v šolo naj bi otrok preživel pred zasloni postopoma do naj-ealth| h več ene ure dnevno, priporočeno skupaj s starši. Sklepne ugotovitve: Prekomerna uporaba zaslonov pomembno vpliva na razvoj in s tem stnikov zdravstveno stanje predšolskih otrok. Potrebna je široka akcija ozaveščanja strokovnjakov in staršev o škodljivem vplivu prekomerne uporabe zaslonov na različna podro-lado čja otrokovega funkcioniranja. n mk i Ključne besede: uporaba zaslonov, otrokov razvoj, nacionalne smernice, ozaveščanje tro zdravje o 196 The impact of excessive screen time on preschool children development Marta Macedoni Lukšič1,2, Ana Bezenšek1,3 1 Institute for autism Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia 3 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: The share of children with developmental difficulties in communication, speech, language, movement and emotions is increasing. One of the important risk factors for these difficulties is the excessive use of screens. We are going to present recent studies and own clinical experiences on the impact that excessive use of screens has on the development of preschool children. Content presentation: Development in the sensory, motor, emotional, speech, language, social and cognitive domains is the most intensive in the first years of life. During this period, the brain is most plastic, which means that its sensitivity to sensory and social learning is greatest. Children learn by imitating people in his environment, especial-ly parents. The learning mechanism based on environmental experiences takes place through epigenetics, and the neurological basis are mirror neurons. Excessive use of screens significantly limits the child’s experience in all areas of daily functioning and re-utho duces his interest in what is happening in the environment. As the time in front of the screens increases, the time for play and the time spent with peers and family mem-nd y bers decreases. Recent studies show that excessive use of screens during the sensi-d ao tive period correlates significantly with poorer results on developmental tests, slow-er development in speech and language, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and hildho poorer academic performance. Primary Pediatrics Section of Pediatric Association of n c Slovenia last year issued the national guidelines for the use of screens in children and adolescents. According to the guidelines the use of screens is not recommended until ealth i the age of 2. From the age of 2 until entering school the child should spend in front of cial h the screen gradual y up to a maximum of one hour a day, if possible with the parents. so Conclusions: Excessive use of screens has a significant impact on the development and thus the health status of preschool children. There is a big need for a broad campaign sycho to raise awareness among professionals and parents about the harmful effect of exces-sti | p sive use of screens on various areas of a child’s functioning. lado Keywords: use of screens, child’s development, national guidelines, awareness raise n v m štvu i tro dravje v o cialno zso psiho 197 Doživljanje patelofemoralne bolečine pri mladostnikih po usmerjeni gibalni terapiji Denisa Manojlović, Nejc Sarabon, Mirko Prosen Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Patelofemoralna bolečina (PFB) mladostnikom omejuje zmožnost sodelovanja v šolskih in športnih aktivnostih. Ker imajo mladostniki s PFB različne biomehanske zna- čilnosti v primerjavi z odraslimi, usmerjena gibalna terapija lahko vpliva na njihovo kakovost življenja in zmanjšanje PFB. Cilj te študije je bil raziskati doživljanje PFB pred, med in po vključitvi mladostnikov v usmerjeno gibalno terapijo. Ta poglobljeni vpogled lahko izboljša razumevanje PFB pri mladostnikih in spodbudi nove pristope v fiziote-rapevtski praksi. Metode: Izvedena je bila kvalitativna deskriptivna študija. Devet mladostnikov je bilo vključenih v štiri fokusne skupine z namenom ugotovitve njihovih izkušenj pred vklju- čitvijo v usmerjeno gibalno terapijo, med njeno izvedbo in deset do dvanajst mesecev po zaključku usmerjene gibalne terapije. Izvedba fokusnih skupin je potekala na daljavo decembra 2020. Uporabljena so bila pol-strukturirana vprašanja za ugotovitev različnih vidikov PFB v povezavi z izvedeno gibalno terapijo. centsles Rezultati: Mladostniki so podali podroben in izčrpen opis svojega življenja pred vklju-do čitvijo v usmerjeno gibalno terapijo, čemer so sledile njihove izkušnje z gibalno terapi-and jo in spremembe vedenja po njenem zaključku. Pojavile so se tri glavne teme: 1) značilnosti PFB in njihov vpliv na vsakdanje življenje mladostnikov, 2) doživljanje usmerjene gibalne terapija in 3) spremembe PFB in vsakodnevnega vedenja po usmerjeni gibalni ldren ahi terapiji. Šest mladostnikov je poudarilo, da je pred vključitvijo v gibalno terapijo imelo f c občutek pomanjkanja razumevanja družbe in zaupanja. Mladostniki so bili zelo motivi-o rani za sodelovanje v gibalni terapiji, saj so hitro opazili pozitivne spremembe. Čeprav ealth so nekateri imeli težave pri ohranjanju motivacije po zaključku gibalne terapije, sedem | h mladostnikov je poročalo dolgoročne pozitivne učinke gibalne terapije. Razprava in zaključki: Naše ugotovitve kažejo, da je usmerjena gibalna terapija učin-stnikov kovita pri zmanjšanju kratko- in dolgo- ročne PFB in pri izboljšanju kakovosti življenja lado mladostnikov s PFB. Potrebne so nadaljnje študije, ki bi ugotovile izkušnje mladostni-n m kov z različnimi oblikami gibalne terapije in, ki bi razjasnile pomen motivacije pri ohra-k i njanju doseženih rezultatov. tro Ključne besede: sprednja kolenska bolečina, vadbeni program, motivacija zdravje o 198 The experience of patellofemoral pain in adolescents after a targeted exercise program Denisa Manojlović, Nejc Sarabon, Mirko Prosen University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Patel ofemoral pain (PFP) limits the ability of adolescents to participate in school and sports activities. As adolescents with PFP present different biomechan-ical profiles compared to adults, a targeted exercise program may help improve their quality of life and al eviate PFP. The objective of this study was to explore the adolescents’ experience of PFP before, during and after the inclusion in a targeted exercise program. This in-depth perspective could improve the understanding of PFP in adolescents and help promote a novel approach in physiotherapy research and intervention planning. Methods: This study was a qualitative descriptive study. Nine adolescents were included into four focus groups in order to investigate their experience prior to the implementation of the targeted exercise program, during its duration, and ten to twelve months after its conclusion. The focus groups were conducted in December 2020. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data on various aspects of PFP in re-utho lation to the conducted targeted exercise program. The data were analysed using the method of content analysis. nd y d a Results: Adolescents provided a detailed and exhaustive description of their lives prio or to the enrol ment in the targeted exercise program fol owed by their experience of the targeted exercise program and behavioral changes that persisted after its con-hildho clusion. Three main themes emerged from the FG data: 1) PFP characteristics and its n c influence on their daily life, 2) experience with the targeted exercise program, and 3) ealth i changes in PFP and daily behaviours fol owing the targeted exercise program. Six adolescents expressed a lack of social understanding and confidence regarding their PFP cial h prior to the inclusion in the targeted exercise program. Adolescents seem to be high-so ly motivated to participate in the program as they noticed positive changes soon after the inclusion. Although some of them struggled to maintain the high level of commit-sycho ment after the conclusion in the exercise program, positive long-term effects were ex-sti | p pressed by seven adolescents. lado Discussion and conclusions: Our findings suggest that a targeted exercise program is effective in reducing short- and long-term PFP and increasing overall wel -being of ad-n v m olescents with PFP. Further research is needed to investigate the adolescents’ expe- štvu i rience with PFP and various forms of exercise programs, as well as to investigate into tro the importance of self-motivation in maintaining the achieved results. Keywords: anterior knee pain, therapeutic exercise, self-motivation dravje v o cialno zso psiho 199 Učinki pandemije COVID-19 na doživljanje stresa pri mladostnikih Kristina Martinović, Lucija Gosak, Dušanka Mičetić-Turk Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Pandemija novega koronavirusa (COVID-19) je poleg gospodarske, ekonomske in zdravstvene krize povzročila številne težave v duševnem zdravju. Mladostniki so še posebej ranljiva skupina za razvoj negativnih posledic pandemije na duševno zdravje. S pregledom literature smo želeli analizirati učinke pandemije COVID-19 na doživljanje stresa pri mladostnikih. Metode: V marcu 2022 smo sistematično pregledali literaturo v mednarodnih podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in Cochrane Library. Pri tem smo uporabili ključne besede v angleškem jeziku in njihove sopomenke ter Boolova operatorja AND in OR. Oblikovan je bil iskalni niz (»adolescent«) AND (»stress«) AND (»pandemic« OR »COVID-19« OR »Coronavirus«) AND (»mental health«). Vključitveni kriteriji so bili: (1) kvalitativne in/ali kvantitativne raziskave ter sistematični pregledi člankov z metaanali-zo oziroma brez nje, (2) angleški jezik, (3) raziskave, ki so bile opravljene med pandemijo COVID-19, (4) mladostniki, (5) stres pri mladostnikih. Izključitveni kriteriji so bili: (1) ostale duševne bolezni, (2) druga populacija, (3) drugi tipi raziskav ter (4) drug tuj cents jezik. Rezultate smo sintetizirali na podlagi vsebinske analize. lesdo Rezultati: Od skupno 72 pregledanih zadetkov smo jih 39 vključili v končno analizo. and Pregled zadetkov je pokazal, da se mladostniki glede na stopnjo mentalnega razvoja in okolja, v katerem bivajo, različno odzivajo na stres. Doživljanje stresa pri mladostnikih je odvisno od odzivov staršev in spopadanja s stresom odraslih oseb, s katerimi je ldren ahi mladostnik v interakciji. Pravi pristop in podpora z njihove strani lahko pomagata po-f c vrniti ravnotežje in preprečiti trajno psihofizično škodo v telesu mladostnika. 13 razo iskav je pokazalo, da je pandemija COVID-19 povečala stopnjo stresa pri mladostni-ealth kih, prav tako je bila stopnja stresa v tej skupini v času pandemije najvišja v primerjavi | h z drugimi populacijami. V prihodnosti, v obdobju odraslosti, bi to lahko predstavljalo večjo možnost za razvoj različnih bolezni, kot so depresija, odvisnosti, nespečnost stnikov in anksioznost. lado Razprava in zaključki: Čeprav je pandemija COVID-19 le redko težje prizadela telesno n m zdravje mladostnikov, pa je povzročila povečan stres v tej ranljivi skupini. Vpliv pan-k i demije na duševno zdravje mladostnikov je neizogiben. Glede na možne dolgoroč- tro ne posledice stresa med mladostniki bi ta problematika s strani zdravstvene službe in odgovornih vladnih institucij morala biti obravnavana kot javnozdravstveni problem. Potrebno bo izobraževanje staršev, učiteljev in mladostnikov o strategijah spopada-zdravje o nja s stresom. Nujno bodo potrebne longitudinalne študije za spremljanje duševnega zdravja mladostnikov. S pomočjo dokazov bo mogoče zagotoviti učinkovite javnozdravstvene strategije in priporočila za ublažitev posledic povečanega stresa v času pandemije. Ključne besede: stres, pandemija, mladostnik, duševno zdravje, COVID-19. 200 Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on stress in adolescents Kristina Martinović, Lucija Gosak, Dušanka Mičetić-Turk University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused numerous mental health problems in addition to the economic, financial and health crisis. Adolescents are more exposed to the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and with lasting cognitive changes in adulthood. We conducted literature review to analyse the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on stress in adolescents. Methods: In March 2022, we systematical y reviewed the literature in the PubMed and Cochrane Library international databases. We used keywords in English and their synonyms, as well as the Boolean operators AND and OR. A search string (»adolescent«) AND (»stress«) AND (»pandemic« OR »COVID-19« OR »Coronavirus«) AND (»mental health«) was created. Inclusion criteria were: (1) qualitative and/or quantitative research and systematic reviews of articles with or without metaanalysis, (2) English, (3) research conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, (4) adolescents, (5) stress in adolescents. Exclusion criteria were: (1) other mental il ness, (2) other population, (3) other types of research, and (4) another foreign language. The results utho were synthesised on the basis of a substantive analysis. nd y Results: Out of a total of 72 results reviewed, 39 were included in the final analysis. The d a review of results has shown that adolescents respond to stress differently, depending o on their level of mental development and the environment in which they live. The experience of stress in adolescents depends on the reaction of parents and an adult’s ex-hildho perience of stress. The correct approach and support on their part may help to re-n c store balance and prevent permanent psychophysical harm in the adolescent’s body. ealth i 13 researches have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the level of stress in adolescents, and the level of stress in this group during the pandemic was the cial h highest compared to other populations. In the future, in adulthood, this could represo sent a greater chance of developing various diseases such as depression, addictions, insomnia and anxiety. sycho Discussion and conclusions: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has rarely severely af-sti | p fected the physical health of adolescents, it has caused increased levels of stress in this lado vulnerable group. The impact of the pandemic on the mental health of adolescents is inevitable. Given the potential longterm consequences of stress among adolescents, n v m this issue should be considered as a public health problem by the health service and štvu i competent government bodies. It will be necessary to educate parents, teachers and tro adolescents on strategies for coping with stress. Longitudinal studies will be urgent-ly required to monitor mental health of adolescents. Effective public health strategies and interventions should be evidence-based to mitigate the consequences of in-dravje v o creased levels of stress during the pandemic. Keywords: stress, pandemic, adolescent, mental health, COVID-19 cialno zso psiho 201 Legalizacija in uporaba konoplje med mladimi: razmišljanje o mitih in dejstvih Dušan Nolimal ICANNA - Mednarodni inštitut za kanabinoide, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Zaščita mladih pred morebitno škodo, povezano z uporabo konoplje, se pogosto uporabljala kot utemeljitev proti njeni legalizaciji in regulaciji za zdravstvene namene. V tem prispevku bodo ponovno pretehtani argumenti o možnih po-sledicah legalizacije in regulacije »medicinske konoplje« za mlade. Prispevek se bo osredotočil na dva ključna pomisleka: da bi se razširjenost konoplje, zaradi legalizacije znatno povečala in da bi se med mladimi pogosteje pojavljale hude duševne bolezni, povezane z rabo konoplje. Obravnaval bo tudi zanemarjene povezave med prepo-vedjo konoplje ter kriminalizacijo in družbenimi neenakostmi, kjer so nesorazmerna obremenjene posebej ranljive in marginalizirane skupine mladih. Iskanje ranljivih skupin je še posebej pomembno, da jih lahko usmerimo v zgodnje preventivne in terapevtske programe. Predstavitev vsebine: Poleg trditve, da legalizacija vodi do večje razširjenosti uporabe pri mladih, kritiki regulacije konoplje v zdravstvu pogosto navajajo, da vsaka upora-cents ba škodi duševnenu zdravju mladih. Vendar se, zaradi številnih in zapletenih povezav z lesdo družbenimi vrednotami, razprav o tem le malokdo loteva brez predsodkov. Vpliv teh a predsodkov ne seže le v končno ralago zbranih ugotovitev, temveč se pokaže že pri za-nd stavljanju raziskovalnih vprašanj in zbiranju dejstev. Konoplja je tudi zelo kompleksna rastlina z več kot 400 kemičnimi entitetami, od katerih jih je več kot 60 kanabinoidnih ldren a spojin, z različnimi- včasih tudi nasprotnimi, učinki za posamezne uporabnike. hif c Sklepne ugotovitve: Na splošno velja, da je razširjenost in nevarnost rabe konoplje po-o sebej velika med mladimi ter da narašča med starejšimi bolniki, ki jim lahko koristi kot ealth dopolnilno zdravljenje ali pa ponavadi za zdravljenje manj hudih bolezenskih stanj. De- | h cembra 2013 je civilna družba v Državni zbor RS vložila predlog Zakona o konoplji, s katerim je med drugim predlagala, da bi bila tudi v Sloveniji dovoljena uporaba kono-stnikov plje za zdravstvene namene. Vlada je predlog zakona zavrnila, vendar je leta 2014 potrdila spremembo Uredbe o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog in z njo omogočila upora-lado bo zdravil na osnovi kanabinoidov za zdravljenje tistih bolezni, pri katerih so ta zdravila n mk i dokazano učinkovita. Kljub temu se morajo bolniki, njihovi svojci, aktivisti in strokov-tro njaki nenehno boriti za širšo dostopnost do »medicinske konoplje«. Zaradi neurejene regulacije na tem področju imajo bolniki, ki bi »medicinsko konopljo« potrebovali, do nje dostop le na črnem trgu. Potencialne zdravilne lastnosti in škodljivosti konoplje in zdravje o njenih sestavin so že desetletja predmet raziskav in burnih razprav. Raziskovalci si niso enotni, ali je rastlina konoplja varna in učinkovita kot zdravilo. Ključne besede: konoplja, mladi, legalizacija, politika, javno zdravje, duševno zdravje, Slovenija 202 Legalization and use of cannabis among young people: thinking about myths and facts Dušan Nolimal ICANNA- International Institute for Cannabinoids, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Protecting young people from possible harm related to cannabis use has often been used as a justification against its legalization and regulation for health purposes. In this paper, arguments on the possible consequences of legaliz-ing and regulating »medical cannabis« for young people will be reconsidered. The paper will focus on two key concerns: that the prevalence of cannabis would increase significantly due to legalization, and that severe mental il ness associated with cannabis use would be more common among young people. It will also address the neglected links between cannabis ban and criminalization and social inequalities, where vulnerable and marginalized groups of young people are disproportionately burdened. Finding vulnerable groups is especial y important so that we can focus them on early prevention and therapeutic programs. Content presentation: In addition to arguing that the legalization lead to greater use among young people, critics of the regulation of cannabis in healthcare often state that utho any use harms the mental health of young people. However, due to the many and complex connections with social values, few people engage in discussions without preju-nd y dice. The impact of these prejudices does not only reach the final level of col ected d ao findings, but is also evident in asking research questions and gathering facts. Cannabis is also a very complex plant with more than 400 chemical entities, of which more hildho than 60 are cannabinoid compounds, with different - sometimes opposite, effects for n c individual users. ealth i Conclusions: It is general y accepted that the prevalence and risk of cannabis use is particularly high among young people and is increasing among older patients, who may cial h benefit from it as an adjunct treatment or usual y for the treatment of less severe conso ditions. In December 2013, civil society submitted a proposal to the Cannabis Act to the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia, proposing, among other things, sycho that the use of cannabis for medical purposes be al owed in Slovenia as wel . The gov-sti | p ernment rejected the bil , but in 2014 approved an amendment to the Ordinance on lado the Classification of Il icit Drugs, al owing it to use cannabinoid-based drugs to treat those diseases for which these drugs have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, n v m patients, their relatives, activists and professionals must constantly fight for wider access to »medical cannabis«. Due to unregulated regulation in this area, patients who štvu i would need »medical cannabis« have access to it only on the black market. The poten-tro tial medicinal properties and harms of cannabis and its ingredients have been the subject of research and heated debate for decades. Researchers disagree on whether the cannabis plant is safe and effective as a medicine. dravje v o Keywords: cannabis, youth, legalization, politics, public health, mental health, Slovenia cialno zso psiho 203 Spanje otrok in mladostnikov ter promocija pomena spanja in priporočil za dobro spanje Marjeta Peperko, Brigita Zupančič-Tisovec, Nuša Konec Juričič Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Urejeno spanje je osnovna človekova potreba in je eden od temeljev zdravja. Povezano je z boljšo kakovostjo življenja v vseh starostnih obdobjih. Šolski otroci in mladostniki pogosto spijo premalo. Pomanjkanje spanja ima posledice na duševnem, kognitivnem in telesnem razvoju. Motnje spanja so po ocenah somnolo-gov prisotne pri 10 do 30 odstotkih otrok in mladostnikov in so pogosto neprepozna-ne. Namen prispevka je predstaviti aktivnosti, ki jih Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje (NIJZ) izvaja na področju promocije spanja. Predstavitev vsebine: V mednarodni raziskavi Z zdravjem povezana vedenja v šolskem obdobju (HBSC), smo leta 2014 prvič zajeli vprašanje o spanju. Raziskava je pokazala, da je med šolskim tednom skladno s priporočili spala tretjina slovenskih mladostnikov (30,6 %). Na podlagi izsledkov iste raziskave iz leta 2018 pa ugotavljamo, da skladno s priporočili spi le še petina (22,1 %) mladostnikov. Čas spanja se s starostjo zmanjšuje. NIJZ se zato od leta 2017 bolj intenzivno ukvarja s promocijo pomena spanja. Tema-cents tika je bila predstavljena na strokovnem posvetu ob svetovnem dnevu zdravja 2018 v lesdo Celju, v marcu 2019 smo s somnologinjo pripravili sporočilo za medije. Leta 2020 smo a v sodelovanju s somnologi izdali priporočila za zdravo spanje otrok in odraslih v elek-nd tronski obliki, ki smo jih v letu 2022 natisnili ter jih distribuirali do ključnih deležnikov. V letih 2021 in 2022 smo ob sodelovanju različnih partnerjev obeležili svetovni dan ldren a spanja s sporočilom za medije. Vseskozi izvajamo izobraževanja strokovnih delavcev v hif c okviru Slovenske mreže zdravih šol. Za šolarje smo pripravili delovne liste, s katerimi o aktivno spoznavajo pomen spanja in priporočil za dobro spanje. Poleg gradiv za otroke in odrasle smo pripravili infografiki o pomenu spanja ter priporočilih za spanje šolarjev ealth| h in mladostnikov v elektronski obliki in bodo ob podpori programa MIRA - nacionalnega programa za duševno zdravje - kot plakati diseminirani tudi v tiskani obliki. V marcu 2022 smo organizirali nacionalno strokovno srečanje z naslovom Mladostniki in spanje stnikov z več kot 300 udeleženci. Promotorji programa MIRA so izvedli preventivno akcijo na lado ljubljanskih ulicah z razdeljevanjem gradiv ter čajnih vrečk z mešanico, ki spodbuja span m nec. V marcu 2022 je bilo na socialnih omrežjih NIJZ in Zgeni.se, z več kot 90.000 slek i dilci, veliko objav na temo spanja. Na NIJZ spletni strani je zaživel zavihek spanje, kjer tro so zbrani prispevki na tematiko spanja. Sklepne ugotovitve: Spanje je najučinkovitejši način za vsakdanje uravnavanje telesnega zdravje o in duševnega zdravja. V času otroštva in mladostništva je spanje izjemnega pomena, zato je ozaveščanje javnosti o pomenu spanja in priporočilih za dobro spanje za javno zdravje nujno potrebno. Jeseni 2022 načrtujemo objavo podatkov raziskave HBSC 2022, ki bo osvetlila trenutno stanje na področju spalnih navad mladostnikov. Rezultati bodo služili ključnim usmeritvam za nadaljnje aktivnosti NIJZ in naših partnerjev v tej populacijski skupini. Ključne besede: spanje, otroci, mladostniki, zdravje, priporočila, promocija 204 Sleep in children and adolescents and the promotion of the importance of sleep and recommendations for regular sleep Marjeta Peperko, Brigita Zupančič-Tisovec, Nuša Konec Juričič National Institute for Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Regular sleep is a basic human need and is one of the foundations of health. It is associated with better quality of life at all ages. Schoolchildren and adolescents often do not get enough sleep. Lack of sleep has consequences for mental, cognitive and physical development. Somnologists estimate that sleep disorders are present in 10 to 30 percent of children and adolescents and are often unrecognized. The aim of this paper is to present the activities carried out by the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ) in the field of sleep promotion. Content presentation: We have included the question on sleep for the first time in international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in 2014. The study showed that one third of Slovenian adolescents (30.6%) slept in accordance with the recommendations during the school week. Based on the results of the same study from 2018, we find that only one fifth (22.1%) of adolescents sleep in accordance with the recommendations. Sleep time decreases with age. Therefore, since 2017, the NI-utho JZ has been more intensively involved in the promotion of the importance of sleep. The topic was presented at an expert conference in Celje on the occasion of World nd y Health Day 2018, and in March 2019 we prepared a press release with a somnolo-d ao gist. In the cooperation with somnologists, we issued recommendations for healthy sleep for children and adolescents in e-form in 2020, which was printed and distribut-hildho ed to key stakeholders in 2022. In 2021 in 2022, we celebrated World Sleep Day by n c issuing a press release in col aboration with various partners. We constantly provide training for professional workers in schools within the Slovenian Network of Healthy ealth i Schools. We have prepared worksheets for schoolchildren, with which they actively cial h learn about the importance of sleep and recommendations for regular sleep. In addi-so tion to materials for children and adults, we have prepared infographics in e-form on the importance of sleep and recommendations for sleep for schoolchildren and ad-sycho olescents. With the support of the MIRA Programme (National Mental Health Prosti | p gramme), these materials will be disseminated in the form of printed posters. In March 2022, we organized a national expert meeting entitled Adolescents and Sleep with lado more than 300 participants. The promoters of the MIRA Programme carried out a n v m preventive campaign on the streets of Ljubljana by distributing materials and teabags with a sleep-promoting blend. In March 2022, there were many sleep-promoting top- štvu i ics posted on the NIJZ and Zgeni.se social networks, with more than 90,000 fol ow-tro ers. The Sleep tab has been launched on the NIJZ website, where articles on the topic of sleep are posted. Conclusions: Sleep is the most effective way to regulate physical and mental health on a dravje v o daily basis. Sleep is extremely important during childhood and adolescence, therefore raising awareness of the importance of sleep and recommendations for regular sleep cialno z is essential for public health. In the autumn of 2022, we plan to publish data from the so HBSC 2022 study, which will shed light on the current situation in the field of adoles-psiho cents’ sleeping habits. The results will serve as key guidelines for further activities of NIJZ and our partners in this population group. Keywords: sleep, children, adolescents, health, recommendations, promotion 205 Motnje hranjenja in zloraba alkohola med mladimi kategoriziranimi športniki Uroš Perko, Maša Černelič Bizjak Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Uvod: Slovenija je v samem svetovnem vrhu glede količine popitega alkohola na osebo. Mladi se vedno bolj zgodaj srečujejo z alkoholom. Motnje hranjenja so v strmem porastu, obolevajo tako dekleta kot fantje. Najpogosteje se pojavljajo pri mladostni-cah in mlajših ženskah, običajno iz višjih slojev, ki živijo v tekmovalnem in perfekcioni-stičnem okolju. Aktivno preživljanje prostega časa in telesno gibalna aktivnost spadata med najpomembnejše dejavnike preventive pred zlorabo alkohola in nezdravim načinom prehranjevanja. Na drugi strani pa raziskave kažejo, da je alkohol najbolj zlora-bljena substanca v športu, pojavnost motenj hranjenja med vrhunski športniki pa viš- ja kot med splošno populacijo. Sodelovanje v športu naj bi bilo povezano s pretiranim uživanjem alkohola zaradi večjega odobravanja pitja med sotekmovalci, širše socialne mreže, proslavljanja uspehov in povečanega stresa, ki ga občutijo športniki. Motnje hranjenja pa so pogostejše pri športnikih ki znižujejo težo z namenom izboljšave rezultatov, so manj zadovoljni s svojo telesno samopodobo ali pa so daljše obdobje necents uspešni. Namen pričujoče raziskave je bil ugotoviti pojavnost simptomov motenj hra-les njenja in zlorabe alkohola mladimi kategoriziranimi športniki. do a Metode: V vzorec smo zajeli 212 mladih športnikov, 121 moških, 91 žensk, starih od 18 nd do 21 let (M=18,74, SD=0,92). Za namen zbiranja podatkov smo uporabili merska in-strumenta EAT-26 in AUDIT, ki sta namenjena zaznavanju tveganj motenj hranjenja in ldren a preverjanju tveganih vzorcev pitja. hif c Rezultati: Analiza odgovorov je pokazala, da mlade kategorizirane športnice dosegajo o značilno višje vrednosti na testu EAT-26, mladi kategorizirani športniki pa značilno viš- ealth je povprečne vrednosti na testu AUDIT. Značilno višji delež športnic poroča o klinično | h pomembnih simptomih motenj hranjenja, med spoloma ni razlik v klinično pomembnih tveganih vzorcih pitja. Analiza rezultatov je še pokazala pomembno a nizko pove-stnikov zanost med starostjo in bolj tveganimi vzorci pitja. lado Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da mladi kategorizirani športniki pogosto poro-n m čajo o simptomih motnjah hranjenja in zlorabi alkohola. Na prvi pogled rezultati niso k i visoki, vendar je pri interpretaciji potrebna previdnost. Upoštevati je potrebno nizko tro starost udeležencev in vseprisotnosti alkohola v Sloveniji ter pogosto močno zanika-nje pri poročanju o simptomih motenj hranjenja. V kolikor izhajamo iz dejstva, da je pri mladih vsako pitje alkohola tvegano, je 73 % delež mladih športnikov, ki se vsaj ob-zdravje o časno srečuje z alkoholom in 12 % delež, ki ima tvegane in škodljive vzorce pitja alkohola, visok in zaskrbljujoč. Razvidno je tudi, da 2,5 % sodelujočih poroča o simptomih odvisnosti od alkohola. Po vsej verjetnosti simptomi motenj hranjenja in tvegani vzorci pitja alkohola med mladimi kategoriziranimi športniki niso ustrezno prepoznani, kar kaže na potrebo po ustrezno strokovnem timu, ki bo usposobljen za prepoznavanje težav in pomoč. Ključne besede: šport, mladi, kategorizacija, motnje hranjenja, alkohol 206 Eating disorders and alcohol abuse among young categorized athletes Uroš Perko, Maša Černelič Bizjak University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction: Slovenia is among the countries with the highest alcohol consumption per person in the world. Eating disorders are increasing sharply in both sexes, most frequently among young upper-class women who live in a competitive and perfection-ist environment. Active leisure time and physical activity are among the most important factors in preventing alcohol abuse and unhealthy eating habits. On the other hand, research shows that alcohol is the most commonly abused drug in sports and the prevalence of eating disorders is higher than in the general population. Participation in sports is associated with excessive alcohol consumption due to greater approv-al of alcohol use among teammates, larger social networks, celebration of success, and increased stress experienced by athletes. Eating disorders are more common among those athletes that intentional y control their weight with regard to their sport results. They also have a poorer self-image and may be less successful over a longer period of time. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and alcohol abuse among young categorized athletes. utho Methods: The questionnaire sample included 212 young athletes, 121 males and 91 females, aged 18 to 21 years (M = 18.74, SD = 0.92). For data col ection, we used the nd y measurement instruments EAT -26 and AUDIT, designed to test risk for eating disord ao ders and risky drinking patterns. Results: Analysis of questionnaire responses showed that young, categorized female hildho athletes had significantly higher mean EAT -26 test scores and male athletes had signifi-n c cantly higher mean AUDIT test scores. Female athletes report significantly higher clin-ealth i ical y important eating disorder symptoms. There are no gender differences in clinical y important risk drinking behaviors. There is an important, albeit smal , association cial h between age and riskier drinking patterns. so Discussion and conclusion: It was found that young categorized athletes frequently re-sycho port eating disorder symptoms and frequently engage in risky and harmful drinking patterns. At first glance, the test results may not seem alarming, but interpretation sti | p could be tricky, depending on age and due to the ubiquity of alcohol in Slovenia. Strong lado denial is common when reporting eating disorder symptoms. Our results show, that 73% of young athletes consumed alcohol at least occasional y and 12% of young ath-n v m letes had risky drinking patterns. Considering the fact that alcohol consumption is dan- štvu i gerous for young people, the results can be interpreted as exaggerated and indeed tro disturbing. It is also apparent that 2.5% of participants report symptoms of alcohol dependence. In al likelihood, symptoms of an eating disorder and risky drinking behavior are not properly recognized in young, categorized athletes. Therefore, it would be ad-dravje v o visable to assemble an appropriate team of trained professionals to identify and treat the problems in question. cialno z Keywords: sports, youth, categorization, eating disorders, alcohol so psiho 207 Posterji Poster presentations Telesna dejavnost študentov med pandemijo Covid-19: pilotna študija Brigita Banjac University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia Uvod: Omejitve zaradi pandemije COVID-19 so vplivale na vsakdanje življenje študentov in posredno tudi na spremembe v telesni dejavnosti (TD). Namen naše raziskave je bil preveriti vpliv pandemije COVID-19 in študijskega programa na raven TD pri študentih za obdobje zadnjih treh let. Metode: V pilotni študiji je sodelovalo 50 študentov (66 % žensk, 24 ± 1,78 let) z Univerze v Novem Sadu. Na podlagi študijskih programov so bili razdeljeni v dve skupini. Prvo so sestavljali študenti Fakultete za šport in športno vzgojo in drugo študenti Fi-lozofske fakultete, Fakultete za medicino in Znanstvene fakultete. Podatki o TD so bili izmerjeni s kratko različico Mednarodnega vprašalnika o telesni dejavnosti (IPAQ-SF) v treh časovnih obdobjih: pred pandemijo, med prvim in drugim valom pandemije in po drugem valu pandemije. Udeleženci so izpolnjeni vprašalnik med 2. in 17. februar-jem 2022. Statistična analiza je bila izvedena v programu SPSS kjer sta bila za preverja-nje razlik uporabljena Mann-Whitney in Friedmanov test. centsles Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali značilno razliko v ravni TD študentov med tremi ob-do dobji (pred pandemijo (4422,6 MET-min/teden), med prvim in drugim valom (3260,8 a MET-min/teden) in po drugem valu (4175,1 MET-min/teden)) x2 (df = 2) = 28.011, p nd = < 0,01. Ko je bil v analize kot faktor vključen študijski program, se je izkazalo, da so bili študenti Fakultete za šport in športno vzgojo (PE) v obdobjih pred COVID-19 (U ldren ahi = 165, p = 0,004) in med prvim in drugim valom (U= 185, p= 0,014) pandemije v pri-f c merjavi z drugo skupino študentov več telesno dejavni. Kljub temu, da razlika za obdo-o bje po pandemiji ni bila značilna, so bili študenti PE več telesno dejavni. ealth Razprava in zaključki: Ugotovitve kažejo, da lahko študijski program vpliva na ohranja- | h nje ravni TD v težkih in zahtevnih okoliščinah, kot je pandemija COVID-19. Ključne besede: študenti, gibalna aktivnost, pandemija COVID-19 stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 210 Physical activity of students during the Covid-19 pandemic: a pilot study Brigita Banjac University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, with its restrictive measures, affected the student’s everyday life and resulted in changes in physical activity (PA) behaviors. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the study program on the student’s level of PA for the period of the last three years. Methods: A total of 50 students (66% female, 24 ± 1.78 years old) from the University of Novi Sad participated in this pilot study. They were divided into two groups based on their study programs. In the first group were students from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, and in the second were from the Faculty of Philosophy, Faculty of Medicine and from the Faculty of Sciences. Their PA level was measured with the adapted version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire- short form (IPAQ-SF), which included three time periods: before the pandemic, during the I + II second wave of the pandemic, and the period after that (nowadays). The participants completed the ques-s tionnaire between the 2nd and 17th of February in 2022. In addition, the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests were performed to examine the differences in the SPSS protation gram. resen Results: The results showed a significant difference in the students PA level in general p during the three-time period (before the pandemic (4422.6 MET-min/week), during stero the I + II wave (3260.8 MET-min/week) and nowadays (4175.1 MET-min/week)) x2 (df ji | p = 2) = 28.011, p = < 0.01. Furthermore, when we include a study program as a factor ster and divide the students into two groups, the students from the Faculty of Sport and po Physical Education (PE students) maintained a higher level of PA for the time period before the COVID-19 (U = 165, p = 0.004) and for the I + II wave (U=185, p= 0.014) of the pandemic compared to the second group. Even though the difference for nowadays was not significant, the PE students had a higher level. Discussion and conclusions: The findings indicate that the study program may have a little influence on maintaining the PA level during a more extended period or under difficult and chal enging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: students; physical activity; COVID-19 pandemic 211 Primarno zdravstveno varstvo otrok pred in med epidemijo COVID-19 Sanja Berčnik Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: V skladu z Resolucijo nacionalnega plana zdravstvenega varstva 2016-2025, ki v središče postavlja tudi krepitev in varovanje zdravja, se v prispevku osredinjam na zdravstveno varstvo predšolskih in šolskih otrok na primarni ravni. V teoretičnem delu prikažem pravice otrok in mladostnikov znotraj formalno-pravnega okvira, saj je zdrav otrokov razvoj naložba za zdravje v prihodnosti. Za doseganje tega cilja, potrebujemo učinkovite celostne in dolgoročne programe vzgoje za zdravje. V času epidemije, so bile ustavljene vse zdravstvene storitve, razen nujnih. Moj namen je ugotoviti stanje in kritično ovrednotiti primarno zdravstvo otrok in mladine v času epidemije (tako zdravstvene storitve kot izvajanje programov za zdravje). Metode: analiza (pravnih) dokumentov, analiza statističnih podatkov Rezultati: Podatki Zdravstvenega statističnega letopisa kažejo, da se je število preventivnih obiskov predšolskih otrok (0-5 let), med letoma 2019 in 2020, zmanjšalo kar za 12,2%, šolskih otrok in mladine (6-19 let) pa kar za 23,2%, ravno tako pa podatki o placents nu in realizaciji za zdravstvene storitve (ZZZS, 2022) kažejo, da je bilo v letu 2021 izve-les denih le slabih 30% dejavnosti zdravstvene vzgoje vezane na otroke in mladino. Posle-do dice epidemije so se kazale v pogostejših zdravljenjih anksioznih in depresivnih motenj and pri otrocih in mladostnikih, v Evropi pa živi kar devet milijonov otrok in mladostnikov z duševnimi motnjami (Poročilo Unicefa »Položaj otrok po svetu: v mojih mislih« 2021). ldren a Razprava in zaključki: Epidemija je dejavnik tveganja za telesno in duševno zdravje, za-hi to se je pomembno zavedati, da z varovanjem in krepitvijo zdravja preprečujemo na-f c o stanek duševnih bolezni ter izboljšujemo kakovost življenja. Po oceni strokovnjakov, otroci in mladostniki nosijo najhujše psihološko breme in, ker težave na področju du-ealth| h ševnega zdravja z izzvenevanjem epidemije ne bodo izzvenele, je pomembno, da vrtec in šola služita kot podporna mreža pri izvajanju vzgoje za zdravje. stnikov Ključne besede: duševno zdravje, preventiva, zdravstvena vzgoja, vrtec, šola lado n mk i tro zdravje o 212 Primary health care for children before and during the COVID-19 epidemic Sanja Berčnik University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: In accordance with the Resolution of the National Health Care Plan 2016-2025, which also focuses on strengthening and protecting health, I focus on the health care of preschool and school children at the primary level. In the theoretical part, I present the rights of children and adolescents within the formal legal framework, as healthy child development is an investment in health in the future. To achieve this goal, we need effective integrated and long-term health education programs. At the time of the epidemic, all health services except emergency services were stopped. My purpose is to identify the situation and critical y evaluate the primary health care of children and young people during the epidemic (both health services and the implementation of health programs). Methods: analysis of (legal) documents, analysis of statistical data Results: Data from the Health Statistical Yearbook show that the number of preventive s visits to preschool children (0-5 years) decreased by as much as 12.2% between 2019 and 2020, and that of school children and youth (6-19 years) by as much as 23.2%, as tation well as data on the plan and implementation for health services (ZZZS, 2022) show resen that in 2021 less than 30% of health education activities related to children and youth p were carried out. The consequences of the epidemic have been reflected in more fre-stero quent treatments of anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents, and ji | p as many as nine mil ion children and adolescents with mental disorders live in Europe ster (UNICEF Report on the Situation of Children in the World: 2021). po Discussion and conclusions: The epidemic is a risk factor for physical and mental health, so it is important to be aware that by protecting and promoting health, we prevent the development of mental il ness and improve the quality of life. According to experts, children and adolescents carry the worst psychological burden, and since mental health problems will not go away with the epidemic, it is important that kindergarten and school serve as a support network in the implementation of health education. Keywords: mental health, prevention, health education, kindergarten, school 213 Uvajanje oralno-senzornega pristopa k učenju hranjenja skupine učencev v CIRIUS Vipava Nina Bizjak Bajec, Lucija Batič, Sara Trošt Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Uvod: Prehranski status, prehranski vnos in prehranjevalne navade otroka so pomembni dejavniki, ki vplivajo na otrokovo zdravje in postavljajo temelje posamezniko-vega zdravja v odraslem obdobju. V obdobju odraščanja je uravnoteženo prehranjevanje pomembno, ker omogoča optimalno zdravje, rast in razvoj otroka in preprečuje nekatere zdravstvene probleme kot so prenizka/prekomerna telesna teža ali neza-dostna preskrba z esencialnimi hranilnimi snovmi. Težave na področju hranjenja so pri otrocih z motnjami v nevrološkem razvoju zelo pogoste. Z namenom preučitve možnosti uvajanja celostnih pristopov, ki bi omogočali oceno, načrtovanje in izvedbo obravnave otrok s težavami na področju hranjenja, smo v CIRIUS Vipava pilotno pre-izkusili stopenjsko oralno-senzorni pristop k učenju hranjenja (Sensory oral stimulation, SOS), ki ga je razvila pediatrična psihologinja dr. Kay Toomey v sodelovanju s so-delavkami. cents Metode: SOS pristop k učenju hranjenja temelji na igri in postopnem senzoričnem nales vajanju otroka na hrano. Obravnavo v ustanovi izvajamo v oddelku posebnega pro-do a grama vzgoje in izobraževanja, v katerega je vključenih 5 otrok starih med 7 in 8 let nd z motnjo v duševnem razvoju in različno stopnjo gibalne oviranosti. Načrtovanih je 12-tedenskih intervencij, na katerih se otroci preko igre srečujejo s senzorično in hra-ldren a nilno različnimi živili. Uvodni gibalni aktivnosti sledi strukturiran ritual s posedanjem za hif c mizo ter vodenimi igralnimi aktivnostmi spoznavanja in sprejemanja živil. Na podlagi o 25-stopenjske lestvice ocenjujemo stopnjo otrokove interakcije s hrano. V interdisciplinarno timsko obravnavo so v ožjo strokovno skupino vključeni logoped, delovni te-ealth| h rapevt, specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagog, varuh in dietetik. Rezultati: Intervencija še ni zaključena, ugotovitve na podlagi vmesnih rezultatov pa ka-stnikov žejo, da se je sprejemanje živil z različnimi senzoričnimi in hranilnimi lastnostmi bistveno izboljšalo v primerjavi s sprejemanjem živil pred pričetkom intervencije. Ugotovi-lado n m tve veljajo tako na nivoju skupine kot individualno. k i Razprava in zaključki: Otroci in mladostniki z motnjami v nevrološkem razvoju se ve-tro likokrat soočajo s težavami na področju hranjenja, ki so posledica motorične okvare struktur, ki sodelujejo pri hranjenju ali njihove funkcije in/ali senzorične preobčutljivo-zdravje o sti. Omenjene težave opažamo tudi pri številnih otrocih in mladostnikih, ki so vključe-ni v CIRIUS Vipava. Z namenom obravnave teh težav smo se odločili za pilotno izvedbo SOS celostne intervencije v skupini otrok znotraj vsakdanje šolske rutine. Avtorji ugotavljamo, da uporaba SOS pristopa z interdisciplinarnim sodelovanjem v šolskem okolju pozitivno vpliva na otrokovo pripravljenost spoznavanja različnih vrst živil. Pridobljene izkušnje nakazujejo smiselnost vključitve stopenjsko oralno-senzornega pristopa k učenju hranjenja kot sestavnega nabora programov strokovne terapevtske obravnave pri naslavljanju problematike prehranjevanja otrok z motnjami v nevrolo- škem razvoju. Ključne besede: interdisciplinarna prehranska obravnava, otroci z motnjami v nevrolo- škem razvoju, stopenjska senzorna stimulacija 214 Oral sensory approach to feeding - a school-based intervention addressing feeding difficulties of children in CIRIUS Vipava Nina Bizjak Bajec, Lucija Batič, Sara Trošt Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction: The nutritional status, dietary intake and eating habits of a child are important factors that affect a child’s health and lay the foundations of an individual’s health in adulthood. During adolescence, a balanced diet is important because it enables optimal health, growth and development of the child and lowers risk of many health conditions. Nutritional problems are very common in children with neurological disorders. In order to examine the possibility of introducing integrated approaches that would enable the assessment, planning and implementation of nutrition interventions for children with feeding problems CIRIUS Vipava piloted a sequential oral-sensory approach to feeding (Sensory oral stimulation, SOS) developed by paediatric psy-chologist dr. Kay Toomey in collaboration with her colleagues. Methods: The SOS approach to feeding is based on play and gradual sensory accustoming of the child to food. The treatment in the institution is carried out in a group s form. 5 children aged between 7 and 8 with a mental development disorder and various levels of mobility impairment attend therapy sessions. 12-week interventions are tation planned, in which children encounter different sensory properties (appearance, smell, texture) and nutritional composition (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) of foods through resen p play. The introductory movement activity is fol owed by a structured ritual with sit-ster ting at a table, washing hands, guided play activities of getting to know and accepting o food. Based on a 25-point scale, the child’s level of interaction with food is then as-ji | p sessed. The interdisciplinary team treatment includes a speech therapist, an occupa-ster tional therapist, a special and rehabilitation pedagogue and a dietitian. po Results: The intervention is not yet complete. However, the interim results show that after only four meetings, the children were more wil ing to accept foods with different sensory and nutritional properties than before the intervention. The findings apply both at the group level and individual y. Discussion and Conclusions: Children and adolescents with neurological disorders often face eating problems due to motor impairment of the structures involved in feeding or their functions and/or sensory hy-persensitivity. These problems are also observed in many children and adolescents involved in CIRIUS Vipava. In order to address these issues, we decided to pilot an SOS integrated intervention in a group of children within the daily school routine. The authors find that use of the SOS approach to feeding combined with interdisciplinary cooperation in the school environment has a positive effect on the child’s wil ingness to learn about different types of food. The gained experience supports the inclusion of a sequential oral-sensory approach to feeding as an integral part of professional therapeutic treatment programs in addressing the issue of nutrition of children with neurological disorders. Keywords: interdisciplinary nutrition support, children with neurological disorders, sensory oral approach 215 Gibanje in šport – priložnost tudi za učence z najtežjimi motnjami Erika Čuk Center za izobraževanje, rehabilitacijo in usposabljanje Vipava, Vipava, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Osebe s težjimi in težkimi kombiniranimi motnjami v duševnem in gibalnem razvoju imajo zaradi številnih težav v procesu zorenja in učenja manj gibalnih in senzoričnih izkušenj. Znižane intelektualne in gibalne sposobnosti jim otežujejo razumevanje navodil in samostojnost pri izvedbi aktivnosti. Kako učenca vključiti v športni program oziroma kako mu privzgajati rekreativne aktivnosti za zdravo preživljanje prostega časa? V CIRIUS-u Vipava smo našli odgovor v programu MATP (Motor Activities Training Program), prilagojeni športni vadbi ali obliki rekreacije za osebe s težji-mi in težkimi motnjami v duševnem in gibalnem razvoju. Ponuja individualno načrtovano vadbo in prilagoditve športnih dejavnosti. Predstavitev vsebine: Cilji programa MATP so tekmovalcem zagotoviti redne treninge, dati priložnost, da pokažejo svoje rezultate, in omogočiti sodelovanje na uradnih tekmovanjih Specialne olimpiade. Ob vključitvi tekmovalca v program izdelamo njemu prilagojen program s spretnostmi, ki se jih uči v povezavi s pripadajočim športom, nikoli izolirano. Zaznavanja okolja in sebe se ne da naučiti, zato moramo premišljeno cents ustvarjati situacije, v katerih bo tekmovalec najrazličneje zaznaval senzorne dražlja-lesdo je in s tem pridobival izkušnje. MATP zajema aktivnosti na področju gibljivosti, ročnih a spretnosti, udarjanja, brcanja, upravljanja vozičkov na ročni in električni pogon ter vo-nd dne aktivnosti. Veščine, ki jih tekmovalci pridobivajo, so usmerjene h gibalnemu razvoju v povezavi s športom. Treningi potekajo strukturirano v telovadnici ali na prostem. ldren a Športne spretnosti učimo preko igre in zabave ter se usmerjamo k napredku. Aktiv-hif c nosti morajo biti načrtovane tako, da tekmovalci dosegajo uspeh. Homogene skupine o oblikujemo glede na sposobnosti tekmovalcev. V trening vključujemo tudi pomočni-ke, tako trening poteka individualno, vendar v skupini. Pri izvedbi aktivnosti je tako na ealth| h treningih kot na tekmovanju dovoljena pomoč trenerja. Vajo lahko izvede tekmovalec sam, lahko pa mu nudimo delno ali popolno pomoč. Pri izvedbi se beleži raven samo-stojnosti. Tekmovalci imajo možnost nastopiti na tekmovanjih MATP, ki jih Specialna stnikov olimpiada Slovenije organizira vsako leto. Na teh dogodkih, ki so redke priložnosti za lado samopotrjevanje, so v središču pozornosti in lahko pokažejo svoj napredek. Vsi prej-n m mejo enake medalje, saj ne gre za medsebojno primerjanje rezultatov, ampak za prik i kaz osebnih dosežkov. Vodne igre organiziramo prostorsko in časovno ločeno od dvo-tro ranskih. V bazenu potekajo aktivnosti v treh sklopih in na treh težavnostnih ravneh. Sklepne ugotovitve: Program MATP vključuje v športne aktivnosti osebe s težjimi in tež- zdravje o kimi motnjami v razvoju. Z redno vadbo se izboljšujejo njihove motorične sposobnosti, fizična kondicija, funkcionalne sposobnosti in samopodoba. Tekmovalci več časa preživijo na prostem, kar pozitivno vpliva na njihovo počutje in zdravje. Z vključevanjem prostovoljcev in zunanjih sodelavcev v program se krepi prijateljstvo in povezanost s širšo skupnostjo. Ključne besede: težja in težka motnja v duševnem in gibalnem razvoju, prilagojena vadba, specialna olimpiada, MATP 216 Training and sport – an opportunity for students with the most severe disabilities Erika Čuk Centre for Education, Rehabilitation and Habilitation Vipava, Vipava, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: People with combined severe and profound intel ectual and motor disabilities have less motor and sensory experience due to a number of difficulties in the maturation and learning process. Their reduced intel ectual and motor skil s make it difficult for them to understand instructions and perform activities independently. How to involve the pupil in a sports program or how to introduce recreational activities for healthy leisure time? At CIRIUS Vipava, we have found the answer in the MATP (Motor Activities Training Program), an adapted sports training or recreation program for people with the most severe and profound intel ectual and motor disabilities. It offers individual y planned exercise and adaptations to sports activities. Presentation of content: The objectives of the MATP program are to provide athletes with regular training, the opportunity to showcase their achievements, and the opportunity to participate in official Special Olympics competitions. When an athlete joins s the program, we create a tailor-made program with skil s that are taught in conjunction with the sport, never isolated. The perception of the environment and self-aware-tation ness cannot be taught, so we need to deliberately create situations in which the athlete will perceive sensory stimuli in a variety of ways and thus gain experience. MATP resen p includes activities in the areas of flexibility, manual dexterity, striking, kicking, manual ster and powered wheelchair control, and aquatic activities. The skil s acquired by the atho letes are geared towards motor development in conjunction with sport. Training ses-ji | p sions are structured and take place in the gym or outdoors. Sports skil s are taught ster through play and fun, with a focus on progression. Activities should be planned to help po athletes achieve success. Homogeneous groups are formed according to the abilities of the athletes. We also involve assistants in the training, so training is individual but in a group. Coaching assistance is al owed for both training and competition activities. The exercise can be performed by the athlete alone, with partial or full assistance. The level of independence is recorded during the performance. Athletes have the opportunity to compete in the MATP events, which are organized annual y by Special Olympics Slovenia. At these events, which are rare opportunities for self-affirmation, they are in the spotlight and can show their progress. They all receive the same medals, as it is not about comparing results with each other, but about showing personal achievements. We organize the Water Games in a seperate space and at a different time from the indoor games. In the pool, activities take place in three sections and at three levels of difficulty. Conclusions: The MATP program involves people with severe and profound developmental disabilities in sporting activities. Regular exercise improves their motor skil s, physical fitness, functional abilities, and self-esteem. Athletes spend more time outdoors, which has a positive impact on their wel -being and health. The involvement of volunteers and external col aborators in the program strengthens friendships and links with the wider community. Keywords: severe and profound mental and motor development disorders, adapted exercise, Special Olympics, MATP 217 Vpliv prava na zdravje šolajočih se posameznikov v času pandemije SARS-CoV-2 Tatjana Devjak1, Natja Lavrič2 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 MLC Fakulteta za management in pravo Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Avtorici v prispevku analizirata pravne dokumente Evropske Unije in Slovenije v luči dejavnikov za zdravo in uspešno izobraževanje šolajoče se populacije. Izha-jata iz pravno formalnega pogleda (ne)podpore učenja in poučevanja na daljavo. Ne glede kakšen je bil naš pogled do ukrepov za omejitev korona virusa, je namen prispevka ugotoviti in kritično ovrednotiti nekatere prakse izobraževanja na daljavo, ki so podpirale fizično in psihično zdravje šolajočega se posameznika. Metode: analiza pravnih dokumentov, deskriptivna metoda in študija primera. Rezultati: Skrb za psihično in fizično zdravje šolajočih se posameznikov je na prvem mestu. Iz pravnih dokumentov in rezultatov raziskave, izvedene na MLC Ljubljana med študenti in profesorji zaključimo, da je učenje in poučevanje na daljavo pod sprejetimi pogoji bila nuja za zaščito fizičnega zdravja posameznika. V študiju na daljavo so tako cents profesorji kot študenti videli več prednosti kot pomanjkljivosti. Kot največjo poman-les jkljivost so navedli socialno izoliranost, kar je pri nekaterih vplivalo na njihovo psihično do zdravje. and Razprava in zaključki: Za zagotavljanje zdravja šolajočih se posameznikov v izrednih razmerah je najprej pomembna odgovornost države, ki mora pravočasno zagotovi-ldren a ti ustrezne pravne sistemske rešitev za zagotavljanje zdravja posameznikov, kot tudi hi posameznika, individuuma, da krepi svoje zdravje in kompetence za čimbolj kakovost-f c o no in uspešno pridobivanje znanja in novih kompetenc, potrebnih v današnjem času in družbi. ealth| h Ključne besede: pravni dokumenti, fizično in psihično zdravje, šolanje na daljavo stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 218 Impact of the legislation on the health of schooling individuals during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Tatjana Devjak1, Natja Lavrič2 1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 MLC Management and Law Col ege Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction: In this paper, the authors analyse the legal documents of the European Union and Slovenia with regard to the factors for healthy and successful education of the school population. They take a legal y formal view of the (non-)support of distance learning and teaching. Regardless of where we stand on measures to limit the Corona virus, the purpose of this paper is to identify and critical y evaluate certain practices of distance learning that support the physical and mental health of a schooling individual. Methods: Analysis of legal documents, descriptive method and case study. Results: Concern for the mental and physical health of schooled individuals is para-mount. From the legal documents and the results of the survey conducted at MLC Ljubljana among students and professors, we conclude that distance learning and teaching under accepted conditions was a necessity for the protection of the physical health s of individuals. Both professors and students saw more advantages than disadvantages in distance learning. The largest disadvantage mentioned was social isolation, which aftation fected their mental health. resen p Discussion and conclusions: In order to ensure the health of schooling individuals in ster emergency situations, it is first a foremost an important responsibility of the state, o which must provide an appropriate legal systematic solution in a timely manner to ji | p ensure the health of the individual. But it is also the responsibility of the individual to ster strengthen his or her health and competences to maximize the quality and successful po acquisition of knowledge and new competences needed today in society. Keywords: legal documents, physical and mental health, distance education 219 Samopregledovanje dojk pri mlajših Vesna Jašič, Sabina Ličen Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za vede o zdravju, Izola, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Po podatkih Registra raka RS (SLORA) predstavlja rak dojke približno petino vseh rakov pri ženskah. Rezultat zdravljenja je odvisen od zgodnjega odkritja bolezni, k čemur lahko veliko prispevajo predvsem ženske same s samopregle-dovanjem dojk že v mladosti in poznavanjem dejavnikov tveganja za nastanek raka dojke. Zdravstvena vzgoja mladih v boju proti raku dojk je velik problem, še toliko bolj pri mladih, ki mislijo, da za rakom ne morejo zboleti. Poster ima namen predstaviti korake pri samopregledovanju dojk in pomembnost samopregledovanja ter poznavanja dejavnikov tveganja za nastanek raka dojk. S pregledovanjem dojk naj bi se začelo po 20. letu, ko je verjetnost nastanka bolezni dojk manjša. Tako bi lažje in hitreje opazile spremembo v višji starosti. Z zdravstveno vzgojo bi morali vse mlajše naučiti samopregledovanja in jih motivirati, da si svoje dojke pregledajo enkrat mesečno. Predstavitev vsebine: Samopregledovanje dojk bi moralo biti rutina za vse ženske. Številne raziskave kažejo, da so mladi ljudje dovzetni za zdravstvenovzgojne akcije samo, če menijo, da so neposredno ogroženi. Čeprav je znanje o raku dojk in o samopre-cents gledovanju pomemben začeten korak, pa ni dovolj, če mlajši ne vedo, kako samo-lesdo pregledovanje opravljati v praksi. Zato je potrebno mlade v delavnicah naučiti samo-a pregledovanja v obliko demonstracije. Zdravstvena vzgoja se najpogosteje uporablja nd pri mlajši populaciji, kar pomeni, da ima medicinska sestra v tem obdobju z njimi največ kontakta. Zdravstveno-vzgojno delo o znanju in samopregledovanju dojk lahko ldren a medicinska sestra opravi med vsakim sistematskim pregledom, kurativnim pregledom, hif c pri urah zdravstvene vzgoje ter pri urah spolne vzgoje. Na tej stopnji opozarja na ne-o varnosti za zdravje, ki izhajajo iz delovnega in življenjskega okolja. Mlade opozarja, da do odkritja sprememb lahko pridejo le z ustreznim znanjem, pravilnim samopregle-ealth| h dovanjem, poznavanjem dejavnikov tveganja in znakov, ki se pojavljajo ob tej bolezni. Sklepne ugotovitve: Vloga medicinske sestre je zdravstvenovzgojno delo mlajših o stnikov pomenu in pravilnem izvajanju samopregledovanja dojk zelo pomembna. Na področ- ju preventive in ozaveščanja je še veliko neizkoriščenih možnosti. Posterji so lahko lado eden izmed načinov, s katerimi se lahko mladim prikaže, jih seznanja in opozarja o tej n mk i bolezni. tro Ključne besede: mladostniki, rak dojke, samopregledovanje, zdravstvena vzgoja. zdravje o 220 Self-examination of breast in younger women Vesna Jašić, Sabina Ličen University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: According to the Cancer Registry of the Republic of Slovenia (SLORA), breast cancer accounts for about a fifth of all cancers in women. The outcome of treatment depends on the event of the discovery of the disease, which can greatly contribute to the self-examination of the woman herself with the breast at an early age and knowledge of risk factors for breast cancer. Health education of young people in the fight against breast cancer is a big problem, especial y for young people who think that they cannot get cancer. The poster aims to present the steps in breast self-examination and the importance of self-examination and knowledge of risk factors for breast cancer. Breast screening should be started after the age of 20, when the likelihood of developing breast disease is lower. This would make the change in older age easier and faster. With up bringing, he should teach all young people health self-examinations and motivate them to have their breasts examined once a month. Content Presentation: Breast self-examination should be a routine for all women. Nu-s merous studies show that young people are accepted for health education campaigns only if they feel they are directly threatened. Although knowledge of breast cancer and tation self-examination is part of the initial step, it is not enough if young people do not know how to perform self-examination in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to teach young resen p people in workshops self-examination in the form of demonstrations. Health educa-ster tion is most often used in the younger population, which means that the nurse has the o most contact with them at the time. Health education work on knowledge and self-ex-ji | p amination of the breast can be performed by a nurse during each systematic examina-ster tion, curative examination, in health education classes and in sex education classes. At po this stage, it draws attention to health hazards arising from the work and living environment. He reminds young people that the discovery of change can only come with the right knowledge, proper self-examination, knowledge of risk factors and signs that occur with this disease. Conclusions: The role of the nurse is very important for the health education work of young people on the importance and proper implementation of breast self-examination. There are still many untapped opportunities in the field of prevention and awareness. Posters can be one of the ways in which young people can be shown, informed and alerted to this disease. Keywords: adolescents, breast cancer, self-examination, health education. 221 Pri pouku angleščine se gibamo Ana Krompič Osnovna šola Košana, Košana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Učitelji smo pogosto v skrbeh, ker med učenci opažamo padec v koncentraciji, nizko motiviranost za učenje ter vsesplošno neaktivnost med poukom. Vsi ti dejavniki lahko negativno vplivajo na učne rezultate ter na slabo učno okolje za vse udeležence. Odločila sem se, da nekaj spremenim v svoji učni praksi ter najti način, kako učence spodbuditi k razmišljanju, aktivnosti in posledično boljšemu učenju. V pouk sem začela vključevati gibalne aktivnosti. Z njihovo vključitvijo sem dosegla večjo aktivnost učencev, sprostitev med poukom, pozitivno motivacijo ter boljši psihofizični razvoj učencev. Predstavitev vsebine: V nadaljevanju bo predstavljenih nekaj gibalnih dejavnosti, ki so bile izvedene v okviru kombiniranih ur angleščine v 3. in 5. razredu. Učenci nižjih razredov z veseljem sodelujejo v takih dejavnostih, saj vsebujejo elemente igre, ki pa je za učenje seveda neprecenljiva, saj se tako učijo nezavedno. Pred poukom – gibalne dejavnosti, ki so uporabljene za aktivacijo možganov, npr. hoja po učilnici, kjer se učenci dotaknejo vseh miz ali pa v določenem lasu se usesti na pet različnih stolov. Med poucents kom: ponavljanje besedišča s skakanjem, branje med sprehajanjem po učilnici, skupin-lesdo sko črkovanje besed s telesi. and Sklepne ugotovitve: Učenci v šoli preživijo velik del svojih dni. Večino teh dni presedijo, kar pa dolgoročno ne prinaša pozitivnih učinkov za zdravo življenje. Vnašanje gibanja v pouk je vsekakor eden od načinov postavljanja temeljev zdravega načina življenja. ldren ahi Gibanje med poukom je pri učencih pozitivno vplivalo na aktivnost, zbranost, pozor-f c nost ter nenazadnje tudi na medsebojne odnose v razredu, saj so morali pri večini ak-o tivnosti sodelovati, si pomagati ter se spodbujati. ealth| h Ključne besede: gibanje, pouk, osnovna šola, tuj jezik angleščina stnikov lado n mk i tro zdravje o 222 We move while learning english Ana Krompič Primary school Košana, Košana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Teachers often worry about the students’ drop in concentration and independence during class, low motivation to learn and, above al , their overall (in)activity. All of the latter can lead to poor results and a bad learning environment in general for all participants. I wanted to do something about that and change my teaching practice. My aim was to get students to think, be active and, consequently, learn better. I started including motor didactic methods in my lessons. In including those, I achieved active students’ participation, relaxation during lessons, positive motivation and in the long term, their better motor and mental development. Content presentation: In the fol owing, some physical activities that were performed as part of the combined English lessons in 3rd and 5th grade will be presented. Lower grade students are happy to take part in such activities. They contain elements of play, which is of course an invaluable asset in learning, for students learn unconsciously. Before the lesson: motor activities used to activate the brain, such as walking around s the classroom and touching every desk or sitting on five different chairs and returning quickly to their seats. During the lesson: revising vocabulary in pairs by jumping up and tation down, walking and reading or in groups, spelling words with their bodies. resen Conclusion: Pupils spend a large part of their days in school. Most of these days are p spent sitting down, which does not bring positive effects for a healthy life. Bringing stero movement into the classroom is definitely one of the ways to lay the foundations of a ji | p healthy lifestyle. Movement during lessons had a positive effect on the students’ activ-ster ity, concentration, attention and, last but not least, on the relationships in the class-po room, as they had to participate in each other’s activities, help each other and encourage each other. Keywords: movement, lessons, primary school, English as a foreign language 223 Značilnosti internetne zasvojenosti pri hrvaških študentih med pandemijo COVID-19 Maja Miškulin, Nika Pavlović, Marina Marković, Ivana Milovanović, Marija Drmić, Ivan Miškulin Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Uvod: V času pandemije COVID-19 so študenti poleg izobraževanja na daljavo pogosto uporabljali internet za različne namene, kot so socialno mreženje, spletne igre, izpolnjevanje univerzitetnih nalog in pridobivanje informacij o različnih predmetih. Povečan-je časa, preživetega na spletu med pandemijo, se je predstavljalo kot pomemben dejavnik tveganja za razvoj odvisnosti od interneta pri tej populaciji. Namen te študije je bil raziskati razširjenost in značilnosti zasvojenosti z internetom pri hrvaških študentih med pandemijo COVID-19. Metode: Aprila 2022 je bila na reprezentativnem vzorcu študentov Univerze v Osijeku v vzhodni Hrvaški izvedena presečna študija, v kateri je bil uporabljen validiran, anonimni vprašalnik, ki je vseboval vprašanja v zvezi z demografskimi podatki, in Youn-gov test odvisnosti od interneta. cents Rezultati: V vzorec raziskave je bilo vključenih 792 študentov, povprečna starost je biles la 21 let, 40,3 % moških in 59,7 % žensk. Skupna razširjenost zasvojenosti z internetom do je bila 71,7-odstotna. Lažjo, zmerno in hudo odvisnost od interneta je bilo zaznati pri and 48,7 %, 20,7 % in 2,3 % študentov. Glavni razlogi za uporabo interneta so bili učenje in fakultetne naloge (23,2 %), družabna omrežja in zabava (72,0 %) ter spletne igre (4,8 %). Pri zasvojenosti z internetom ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik glede na spol štu-ldren ahi dentov, vrsto študija, vrsto študentskega stanovanja in status študentov. Pokazala pa f c se je statistično značilna razlika v zasvojenosti z internetom glede na glavni razlog za o uporabo interneta, kjer je bilo spletno igranje veliko bolj tvegano v primerjavi z drugi-ealth mi opazovanimi razlogi za uporabo interneta. | h Razprava in zaključki: Zasvojenost z internetom je pomemben javnozdravstveni problem med hrvaškimi študenti, zaradi pandemije COVID-19 pa je ta problem pri tej ran-stnikov ljivi populaciji še bolj izrazit. Da bi lahko z ustreznimi preventivnimi ukrepi ustrezno lado odgovorili na ta izziv, je potrebno boljše razumevanje dejavnikov tveganja za odvisnost n m od interneta med študenti v času pandemije COVID-19. Potrebne so nadaljnje študi-k i je za identifikacijo drugih možnih dejavnikov tveganja za zasvojenost z internetom pri tro proučevani populaciji med pandemijo. Ključne besede: zasvojenost z internetom, študenti, dejavniki tveganja, pandemija zdravje o COVID-19, Hrvaška 224 The features of internet addiction in Croatian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic Maja Miškulin, Nika Pavlović, Marina Marković, Ivana Milovanović, Marija Drmić, Ivan Miškulin Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic university students commonly used the internet for different purposes such as social networking, online gaming, fulfil ing the university assignments, and obtaining information on various subjects, in addition to participating in distance education. Increased time spent online during the pandemic posed itself as a significant risk factor for the development of internet addiction in this population. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and features of internet addiction in Croatian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In April 2022 a cross-sectional study that employed a validated, anonymous questionnaire containing questions regarding demographic data, as well as Young’s Internet Addiction Test, was conducted in a cross-faculty representative student sample of the University of Osijek in Eastern Croatia. s Results: The study sample included 792 university students, the median age was 21 years, 40.3% males, and 59.7% females. The overall prevalence of internet addiction was tation 71.7%. There were 48.7%, 20.7%, and 2.3%, students with mild, moderate, and seve-resen re internet addiction, respectively. The main reasons for internet usage were learning p and faculty assignments (23.2%), social networking and entertainment (72.0%), and stero online gaming (4.8%). There were no statistical y significant differences in internet ad-ji | p diction considering students’ gender, faculty subject area, type of student housing, and ster students’ status of employment. However, there was a statistical y significant differen-po ce in internet addiction regarding the main reason for internet usage, where online gaming was much riskier in comparison to other observed reasons for internet usage. Discussion and conclusions: Internet addiction is a significant public health issue among Croatian university students, and the COVID-19 pandemic made this problem even more prominent in this vulnerable population. To be able to adequately respond to this challenge with appropriate preventative measures, a better understanding of risk factors for internet addiction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic is needed. Further studies are needed to identify other possible risk factors for internet addiction in the studied population during pandemics. Keywords: internet addiction, university students, risk factors, COVID-19 pandemic, Croatia 225 Odnos študentov predšolske vzgoje do ukrepov za zajezitev širjenja okužbe s SARS-CoV-2 v vrtcih Laura Rožman Krivec Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Uvod: Zdravje je v vrtcih zmeraj pomembna tema. Še bolj pomembna pa je postala s pojavom epidemije SARS-CoV-2. Cilj raziskave je ugotoviti, kakšen odnos in mnen-je imajo študenti predšolske vzgoje o ukrepih za zajezitev širjenja okužbe s SARS-CoV-2 v vrtcih. Ukrepi za zajezitev okužbe so namreč zajeli tudi vrtce, ki so, tako kot ostale institucije, svoja vrata zaprli marca 2020. S 18.5.2020 pa so vrtci po več kot dveh mesecih postopoma začeli odpirati svoja vrata. Pokazala se je nujnost ponovne-ga odpiranja vrtec, ki temelji na več razlogih. Prvi je vzpostavitev rednega procesa predšolske vzgoje, drugi socialnoekonomski dejavniki in možnost varstva otroka za to, da starši lahko opravljajo svoje delo. Zavod RS za šolstvo (2020) je s tem namenom pripravil priporočila za vračanje otrok v vrtce. Namen priporočil je, ‘’da ob vračanju otrok v vrtce z usmeritvami na nacionalnem nivoju aktivnosti usmerimo tako, da bo-do otroci v vrtcih v čim krajšem času ponovno pridobili občutek varnosti in zaupanja« (ZRSŠ, 2020, str. 2). Pri tem dodajajo, naj bo načrtovanje in izvedba aktivnosti za cents ponovno uvajanje otrok v vrtec izvedeno tako, da bo to za otroke čim manj stresno, les Kurikulum pa naj se izvaja fleksibilno in v skladu s potrebami otrok v oddelku glede na do a trenutno stanje. Dodatni poudarek pa je namenjen delovanju na področju čustvenih nd in vedenjskih odzivov otrok ter sodelovanju s starši (prav tam). Temu pa so sledili tu-di higienski in zdravstveni ukrepi z navodili s strani NIJZ. Nekaj raziskav, ki se ukvar-ldren a jajo z ugotavljanjem odnosa študentov do ukrepov za zajezitev okužbe, je bilo opravl-hi jenih, predvsem v tujini na vzorcih študentov medicine, nege in zobozdravstva. Vse te f c o raziskave kažejo, da so študentje sprejeli stroge ukrepe za zajezitev epidemije kot nu-jne. Med študenti, bodočimi učitelji, pa so bile izvedene raziskave, ki vsebinsko ugotav-ealth ljajo odnos le-teh do študija na daljavo. | h Metode: Izvedli smo raziskavo z uporabo spletnega vprašalnika na vzorcu 150 študentov predšolske vzgoje. Študente smo med drugim vprašali, kakšna je stopnja strinjanja stnikov s posameznimi ukrepi za preprečevanje širjenja okužbe s COVID-19 v vrtcih. lado Rezultati: Študenti so izrazili največje strinjanje z ukrepi, ki so v praksi najbolj uporabn mk i ni, smiselni in so bili v preteklosti že v uporabi (higiena kašlja, umivanje rok, preživljan-tro je časa zunaj, prezračevanje prostorov …). Najnižje strinjanje pa so izrazili z ukrepi, kot je varnostna razdalja med zaposlenimi in takšnimi, ki jih je v praksi najtežje izvesti. Razprava in zaključki: Visoka stopnja strinjanja z ukrepi je spodbudna za soočanje s to in zdravje o tudi drugimi boleznimi, ki se lahko pojavijo v vrtcih in na splošno v družbi. Ključne besede: SARS-CoV-2 ukrepi, vrtci, študenti 226 Attitudes of preschool students towards measures to stop the spread SARS-CoV-2 infection in kindergartens Laura Rožman Krivec University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction. Health has always been an important topic in kindergartens. With the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, it has become even more important. The aim of the study is to find out what attitudes future preschool teachers have toward measures to stop the spread of the COVID-19 in kindergartens. Measures to stop the infection included kindergartens, which, like other facilities, closed their doors in March 2020. In May 2020, kindergartens gradual y began to open their doors after more than two months. The need to reopen the kindergarten became clear for several reasons. The first is the establishment of a regular process of preschool education, the second is the socio-economic factors and the possibility of protecting the child so that parents can do their work. For this purpose, the National Institute of Education of the Republic of Slovenia (2020) has prepared recommendations for the return of children to kindergarten. The purpose of the recommendations is »to guide activities when chil-s dren return to kindergartens with guidelines at the state level so that children in kindergartens regain a sense of security and confidence in the shortest possible time« tation (ZRSŠ, 2020, p. 2). They add that the planning and implementation of activities to re-integrate children into kindergarten should be done in a way that is as stress-free as resen p possible for the children, and that the curriculum should be implemented flexibly and in accordance with the needs of the children. Additional emphasis is placed on work-stero ing in the area of children’s emotional and behavioural responses and working with ji | p parents (ibid.). Hygienic and health measures with the instructions were also present-ster ed. Some studies of student attitudes toward infection control measures have been po made, mainly abroad, on samples of medical, nursing, and dental students. All of these studies show that students consider strict epidemic control measures to be necessary. Some surveys were made among students, future teachers, but mainly to determine their attitudes toward distance education. Methods: We used an online questionnaire on a sample of 150 future preschool teachers. We asked students how strongly they agree with certain measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in kindergarten. Results: Students expressed the highest level of agreement with the measures that are most useful in practice and have been used before (coughing, washing hands, spending time outdoors, room ventilation …). The lowest level of agreement is for measures such as distance between employees, as these are the most difficult to implement in practice. Conclusion: A high level of agreement with the measures is encouraging news for the management of this and also other diseases that may occur in the kindergarten and society. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, kindergarten, students 227 Stres in strategije obvladovanja med dijaki srednjih zdravstvenih šol med klinično prakso: analiza latentnih profilov Dragana Simin1, Dragana Pejić2, Dragana Milutinović1 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 Secondary Medical School »Draginja Nikšić«, Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia Uvod: Klinična praksa je ključnega pomena za izobraževanje v zdravstveni negi, a tu-di velik vir stresa. V zadnjih letih so bile raziskave usmerjene v strategije obvladovanja stresa med učenci. Namen tega prispevka je bil identificirati profile učencev s podob-nimi simptomi, povezanimi s stresom, in razlike med temi profili pri uporabi strategij spoprijemanja z uporabo analize latentnega profila (LPA) kot na osebo osredotočenega statističnega pristopa. Metode: Izvedena je bila presečna raziskava na vzorcu 390 dijakov dveh srednjih zdravstvenih šol. Poleg sociodemografskega vprašalnika smo v študiji za zbiranje podatkov uporabili lestvico fizio-psiho-socialnih odzivov in popis vedenja obvladovanja. Rezultati: Z uporabo LPA so bili identificirani štirje različni profili, ki so predstavljali: 1) nizke telesne, psihološke in socialne simptome (60 %), 2) zmerne telesne, psihološke cents in socialne simptome (30,2 %) 3) zmerne psihološke in socialne simptome ter nizke les telesne simptome (7,1 %), 4) zmerne psihološke in socialne simptome z visoko stopnjo do telesnih simptomov (2,8 %). Multivariatna analiza variance je bila uporabljena za ana-and lizo razlik med temi profili pri uporabi strategij obvladovanja. Razlike med profilih so bile zabeležene za tri od štirih strategij obvladovanja: izogibanje, reševanje problemov in ohranjanje optimizma. Profil 1 je imel najnižjo oceno pri izogibanju, sledil mu je pro-ldren ahi fil 2, medtem ko sta imela profila 3 in 4 najvišje ocene pri izogibanju, brez opaznih raz-f c lik. Profil 4 je imel najnižjo oceno pri reševanju problemov, medtem ko pri ostalih treh o profilih razlike ni bilo. Profil 3 je imel najnižjo oceno ohranjanja optimizma, sledili so ealth mu profili 4, 2 in 1. | h Razprava in zaključki: Rezultati te študije so skladni s predhodnimi študijami, ki kažejo, da bo zavedanje stresa pri učencih med klinično prakso s strani medicinskih sester, in stnikov potreba po zagotavljanju ustrezne podpore, osredotočene na učence, pomagalo pri lado učenju zdravih načinov prilagajanja stresu. n m Ključne besede: učenci, klinična praksa, stres, strategije obvladovanja, analiza latentnega k i profila tro zdravje o 228 Stress and coping strategies among secondary medical school pupils during clinical practice: an analysis of latent profiles Dragana Simin1, Dragana Pejić2, Dragana Milutinović1 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 Secondary Medical School »Draginja Nikšić«, Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia Introduction: Clinical practice is crucial for nursing education, but also a major source of stress. In recent years, research has been directed towards stress coping strategies among pupils. The purpose of the present paper was to identify student profiles with similar stress-related symptoms and differences between these profiles in the use of coping strategies by employing latent profile analysis (LPA) as a person-centered statistical approach. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 390 pupils from two secondary medical schools. Apart from the Socio-demographic Questionnaire, this study used Physio-psychosocial Response Scale and Coping Behavior Inventory to col ect the data. Results: Using LPA, four distinct profiles were identified accounting for: 1) low physical, s psychological and social symptoms (60%), 2) moderate physical, psychological and social symptoms (30.2%) 3) moderate psychological and social symptoms, and low phys-tation ical symptoms (7.1%), 4) moderate psychological and social symptoms with high-level resen physical symptoms (2.8%). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze differ-p ences among these profiles in the use of coping strategies. Differences in profile types stero were recorded for three out of four coping strategies: avoiding, problem solving, and ji | p optimism retention. Profile 1 had the lowest score on avoidance, fol owed by Profile ster 2, while Profiles 3 and 4 had the highest scores on avoidance, without differences ob-po served. Profile 4 had the lowest score on problem solving, whereas the difference was not found in the other three profiles. Profile 3 had the lowest score on optimism retention, fol owed by profiles 4, 2 and 1, respectively. Discussion and conclusions: This study results are consistent with several prior studies indicating that awareness of stress in pupils during clinical practice by nurse educators and the necessity of providing appropriate pupil-centered supports will help them learn healthy ways to adapt to stress. Keywords: pupils, clinical practice, stress, coping strategies, latent profile analysis 229 Pogostost uporabe rekvizitov za aktivno sedenje učencev med poukom na razredni stopnji Vesna Štemberger1, Andraž Zaplotnik2, Tanja Petrušič1 1 Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija 2 Osnovna šola Artiče, Artiče, Slovenija Uvod: Med poukom je pri učencih razredne stopnje moč opaziti nemirno sedenje, saj vsakih nekaj sekund iščejo nov udoben položaj. Razlog za to je v nezmožnosti neak-tivnega sedenja v takšnih časovnih intervalih, kakršna je dolžina učnih ur. Namen naše raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako pogosto učitelji svojim učencem ponudijo možnost uporabe rekvizitov za aktivno sedenje in katerih se poslužujejo v največji meri. Metode: V procesu pridobivanja podatkov je z izpolnjevanjem spletnega vprašalnika sodelovalo 71 učiteljev (6 moških in 65 žensk) razrednega pouka na slovenskih osnovnih šolah. Za raziskovalni pristop smo uporabili kvantitativno raziskovanje, metoda pa je bila kavzalno-neeksperimentalna. Rezultati: Več kot polovica učiteljev (58 %) pri pouku svojim učencem ne ponuja možnosti uporabe kakršnih koli rekvizitov za aktivno sedenje. Znotraj tega deleža jih cents je največ odgovorilo, da je razlog za takšno stanje v težji dostopnosti do virov njihovega les financiranja (54 %) ter v neznanju svetovanja učencem o njihovi pravilni uporabi (32 %). do Učitelji, ki rekvizite za aktivno sedenje vključujejo v pouk, pa v ta namen najpogoste-and je uporabljajo blazino za sedenje (67 %), gimnastično žogo (60 %), napeto elastiko na nogah stola (57 %) in teniško žogico (30 %). Le 37 % učiteljev omenjene rekvizite uporablja vsako učno uro, 33 % do trikrat tedensko, 10 % do petkrat mesečno. ldren ahi Razprava in zaključki: Iz pridobljenih podatkov lahko razberemo, da je delež učiteljev, ki f c o pri pouku svojim učencem omogočajo in ponujajo nabor različnih rekvizitov za aktivno sedenje, relativno nizek. Na podlagi njihovih odgovorov lahko sklepamo, da večina ealth| h učiteljev ni dovolj dobro seznanjena o namenu in načinih uporabe takšnih rekvizitov, zaradi česar posledično tudi ne poznajo prednosti njihove uporabe. Priporočljivo je, da bi učitelji učencem za omogočanje aktivnega sedenja in posledično izboljšano kon-stnikov centracijo, motivacijo in sodelovanje najprej ponudili različne rekvizite le pri določenih lado učnih urah, po ustrezni prilagoditvi učencev na takšen pouk, pa bi morali zvišati po-n m gostost njihove uporabe. k i Ključne besede: aktivno sedenje, rekviziti, učenci, razredna stopnja tro zdravje o 230 The frequency of use of active seating props in primary school Vesna Štemberger1, Andraž Zaplotnik2, Tanja Petrušič1 1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Primary School Artiče, Artiče, Slovenia Introduction: During class, you can see upper class students sitting restlessly, trying to find a new comfortable position every few seconds. This is because they are not able to sit idle for as long as the class lasts. The purpose of our study was to find out how often teachers offer their students the opportunity to use active sitting aids, and which ones are used most often. Methods: A total of 71 primary school teachers (6 male and 65 female) in Slovenian elementary school participated in the data col ection by completing an online questionnaire assessing the intensity and volume of PA in children and adolescents. The research approach was quantitative and the method was causal and non-experimental. Results: More than half of the teachers (58%) do not provide their students the opportunity to use active seating aids during classes. Within this proportion, most respondents indicated that this was due to the difficulty in obtaining sources of funding for s these aids (54%) and the lack of knowledge on how teach students to use them properly (32%). However, teachers who incorporate active seating aids into their lessons tation most often use a seat cushion (67%), an exercise ball (60%), a rubber band on the chair resen legs (57%), and a tennis ball (30%) for this purpose. Only 37% of teachers use these p tools every classes, 33% use them up to three times per week, and 10% use them up stero to five times per month. ji | p Discussion and conclusions: The obtained data show that the proportion of teachers ster who provide their students with a range of active seating aids in the classroom is rel-po atively low. Based on their responses, it can be concluded that most teachers are not sufficiently familiar and educated about the purpose and use of such props and consequently do not know the benefits of their use. In order to enable students to sit actively and consequently improve their concentration, motivation and participation, it is recommended that teachers initial y offer various props only in certain lessons and, once students have become accustomed to them, increase the frequency of their use. Keywords: active sitting, props, pupils, primary school 231 Z gibanjem do uspešnejšega dela pri pouku Antonija Tomšič Osnovna šola Košana, Košana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Otrok mora biti aktiven delček v lastnem življenju. Starši morajo vanj zaupati in mu to z odgovornimi nalogami dokazati. Na ta način bo otrok zaupal v svoje sposobnosti in motiviran bo za nadaljnje delo. Zavedati se moramo, da so prve vzpodbude za njegov nadaljnji razvoj izjemno pomembne. Otrok se rodi z določeno dovzetnostjo, ki mu je prirojena v že vnaprej. V kolikšni meri se bodo njegove dispozicije razvile, je odvisno od otrokove lastne aktivnosti in od okolja, ki nanj vpliva. Predstavitev vsebine: Z raziskavo, sem želela potrditi in dokazati, kako pomembna je gibalna aktivnost za uspešno delo. Preveriti sem želela povezave med gibalno aktivnostjo otrok, starih 13 in 14 let – 11 učencev 8. razreda in 5 učencev 9. razreda in vplivom le tega na njihovo učinkovitejše delo pri razumevanju, raziskovanju in spoznavanju sveta okoli sebe. Izvajala sem ure, in sicer tako, da sem en mesec imela klasičen pouk brez gibanja med samim poukom, brez aktivnega odmora in tudi brez minute za zdravje. Drugi mesec sem izvajala učne ure z vsemi pristopi, tako da sem za pouk upora-bila gibalne aktivnosti prepletene z igro, saj se otrok z gibanjem uči, veseli, sprosti, in cents tako se mu izboljšuje telesno zdravje, razvijejo se socialne veščine, intelektualne funk-lesdo cije in oblikuje se njegov značaj. Vključila sem FIT aktivno sedenje (učence sem med a poukom spodbujala k spremembi položaja sedenja na stolu in pa FIT metode – ABEC-nd EDA (Zapišem besedo na tablo. Učenci razdeljeni v dve skupini, vsak zase zapišejo na delovni list vseh 25 črk. Z iskanjem črk po prostoru sestavijo besedo. Besede na-ldren a to povežejo v smiselno zvezo) AKTIVNI BALONI (vsak učenec si vzame en balon, hif c nanj zapiše besedo, ki se je navezovala na učno snov. Med seboj si odbijajo balone, o toliko časa dokler ne reče učitelj stop. Poišče si nato vsak najbližjega soseda in tvorita par. Skupaj tvorita smiselno besedno zvezo) in KOMAR (učenec z zavezanimi očmi ealth| h (človek, na katerega se prisesajo komarji) postavimo na sredino igralne površine za čr-to. Okrog njega se igralci s ščipalkami pripenjajo, istočasno dve osebi. Če se ga človek dotakne se zamenja vloga. Pomembno je, da se vsi otroci čim večkrat zvrstijo v vlogi stnikov človeka). Vsak mesec posebej sem analizirala njihovo učinkovitost, tako, da sem merila lado čas koncentracije in podatke beležila. Po dveh mesecih dela sem rezultate primerjala. n m Na željo otrok in po moji presoji, da je padla koncentracija in storilnost pri pouku sem k i vključila minuto za zdravje, pred in med učenjem – krajši odmor (3-5 min), ter aktivni tro odmor 15-20 min. Že krajši odmori med učenjem in aktivni so zmanjšali nemir, hiperaktivnost in zasanjanost ter olajšali pomnjenje, mišljenje in koncentracijo. zdravje o Sklepne ugotovitve: Rezultati so pokazali, da so bili učenci, z vključitvijo gibalne aktivnosti, bolj umirjeni, že med samo uro, lažje so sodelovali pri pouku, imeli so večjo motivacijo za delo. Učenje je potekalo hitrejše in kvalitetnejše. Ključne besede: Otroci, gibalna/športna aktivnost, dejavniki tveganja, anketa 232 Using movement towards more successful work in the classroom Antonija Tomšič Primary school Košana, Košana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Children must be active parts in their own lives. Parents have to trust them and prove it to them with responsible tasks. In this way, children wil have confidence in their abilities, and will be motivated to continue working. We must be aware that the first stimuli are extremely important for the children’s further development. A child is born with a certain susceptibility that is innate in a pre-determined environment. The extent to which the dispositions will develop, depends on the child’s own activity and the environment that affects him or her. Presentation of content: I wanted to confirm and prove how important physical activity is for students’ successful work. I wanted to check the connections between the physical activity of children aged 13 and 14 – 11 students from 8th class and 5 students from 9th class - and the impact of this on their efficiency in understanding, researching and learning about the world around them. I practiced classes in such a way that for one month I carried out a classic lesson without movement during the lesson itself, without s an active break and also without a minute for health. In the second month, I conducted lessons with all approaches, using play activities, as the child learns, has fun, relaxes tation with movement, thus improving his physical health, developing social skil s and intel ectual functions. I included FIT active sitting (I encouraged students to change the posi-resen p tion of sitting on a chair during classes and FIT methods – ALPHABET (I write a word ster on the board. The students are divided into two groups, each writing all 25 letters on o the worksheet. They search for letters in the classroom and put words together. The ji | p words are connected into a meaningful phrase.), ACTIVE BALLOONS (each student ster writes a word that relates to the topic we are currently discussing on a bal oon. They po exchange bal oons with each other until I say stop. Then, each students finds the clos-est schoolmate and they form a pair. the pair forms a meaningful phrase.), and MOSQUITO (a blindfolded student – a man, bitten by a mosquito is placed in the middle of the play area behind a line. The other students pinch him with clothes pegs. If a »human« touches the mosquito, they switch roles. It is important that every student is a »human« as many times as possible). I analyzed the methods’ effects each month by measuring focus time, concentration and noted the data. After two months of activities, I compared the results. At children’s request and when I judged that the concentration and productivity of the class dropped, I included a minute for health, before and during learning - a short break (3-5 minutes), and an active break 15-20 minutes. Short movement breaks between learning and active breaks have reduced restless-ness, hyperactivity and drowsiness, stimulated and activated the body and brain, relaxed and facilitated memory and thinking, and helped to establish and maintain focus. Conclusions: The results showed that the students were calmer during the lesson, they participated in the class easier, they had more motivation to work and their learning was better. Keywords: children, physical activity, risk factors, survey 233 Psihosocialna svetovalnica na UL kot prostor skrbi za duševno zdravje študentov in študentk Tomaž Vec, Anja Gruden Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Izhodišča in namen: Na osnovi ugotovljenih potreb študentov po dostopnosti svetovanja na področju osebnih in študijskih težav je na Pedagoški fakulteti v Ljubljani le-ta 2014 začela delovati Psihosocialna svetovalnica za študente, študentke in zapos-lene. V prispevku predstaviva razvoj svetovanja na tem področju (od svetovalnice ene fakultete do svetovalnice za celotno Univerzo v Ljubljani, ki deluje na treh lokacijah, od začetkov s petimi svetovalci do sodelovanja s kar štirinajstimi svetovalci). Predstavitev vsebine: Psihosocialno svetovanje študentom je v svetu že uveljavljena praksa, medtem ko je pri nas, ob siceršnji zelo dobri podpori osnovnošolcem in srednješolcem (v šolskih svetovalnih službah), bilo to do sedaj le redko in v majhnem obsegu. Naraščajoče stiske študentk in študentov (predvsem na področju anksioznih motenj) in iz njih izhajajoče potrebe po duševnem zdravju, so pripeljale do razvoja svetovalnice. To se seveda odraža tudi v številu študentov, ki obiščejo svetovalnico kot v številu izvedenih svetovanj. Namen svetovalnice ni le v strokovnem predelovanju cents različnih študijskih, osebnih, družinskih, partnerskih ipd. težav, temveč nudi tudi var-lesdo no zavetje za kakršenkoli razgovor, t.i. skupni razmislek o katerikoli življenjski temi. a Varno okolje svetovalnice zagotavljamo z osnovnimi koncepti: prostovoljnosti, hitre nd dostopnosti, zagotavljanjem anonimnosti, diskretnosti in zaupnosti, ter zagotavljanjem strokovne usposobljenosti vseh svetovalcev in svetovalk. Kritično se bomo ozrli ldren a na načela delovanja, na razmejitev psihosocialnega svetovanja v razmerju s (psiho)ter-hif c apijo, informiranjem in nasvetovanjem ter na najpogosteje obravnavane teme – tako o tiste »vstopne«, s katerimi se študentje na začetku oglasijo v svetovalnici, kot tiste, ki jih naslavljajo nekoliko kasneje in so običajno v ozadju drugih, ponujenih simptomov. ealth| h Sklepne ugotovitve: Ob osvetljevanju pomena skrbi za duševno zdravje je pomembno osvetlili tudi, katere skupine študentov so posebej ranljive in, katere so bile specifike stnikov delovanja v času epidemije. lado Ključne besede: študentje in študentke, psihosocialno svetovanje, duševne stiske, podn m pora, skrb za duševno zdravje k i tro zdravje o 234 Psychosocial counseling center at the University of Ljubljana as a place of care for the mental health of students Tomaž Vec, Anja Gruden University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia Introduction and purpose: Due to the identified need of students (for counseling in personal and study problems), the Psychosocial Counseling Center for Students was established at the Faculty of Education in Ljubljana in 2014. In this paper we present the development of counseling in this area (from counseling at one faculty to counseling for the entire University of Ljubljana, operating at three locations, from the beginning with five to cooperation with up to fourteen counselors). Content presentation: Psychosocial counseling for students is already an established practice worldwide, while in Slovenia - where there is very good support for primary and secondary school students (within school counseling services) - it has been rare and limited. We intend to present in more detail the increasing distress of students (especial y in the area of anxiety disorders) and the resulting mental health needs that have led to the development of Counseling Center for Students. This is, of course, reflected in the number of stu-s dents who seek out the counseling center, as well as the number of counseling sessions offered. The purpose of counseling is not only to professional y deal with various tation academic, personal, family, partnership, etc. problems, but also provides a safe hav-en for any conversation, i.e. joint reflection on any topic of life. We provide a safe en-resen p vironment for the counseling center with basic concepts: voluntariness, quick access, guaranteeing anonymity, discretion and confidentiality, and ensuring the profession-stero al qualifications of all counselors. We critical y examine the principles of operation, ji | p the distinction between psychosocial counseling and (psycho)therapy, information and ster counseling, as well as the most frequently discussed topics - both the »initial topics« po with which students first come into contact in the counseling center and those they address somewhat later, which are usual y in the background of other symptoms offered. Conclusions: To highlighting the importance of mental health services, we will also il u-minate which groups of students are particularly at risk and the specifics of the operation at the time of the epidemic. Keywords: male and female col ege students, psychosocial counseling, mental distress, support, mental health services. 235 Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov Health of Children and Adolescents 6. znanstvena in strokovna konferenca z mednarodno udeležbo, 16. september 2022 6th scientific and professional international conference, 16th September 2022 Zbornik povzetkov z recenzijo / Book of Abstracts Uredila / Edited by Ana Petelin Recenzenti / Reviewers ■ Ester Benko, Urška Bogataj, Maša Černelič Bizjak, Urška Čeklić, Petra Dolenc, Sara Fabjan, Tadeja Jakus, Igor Karnjuš, Žiga Kozinc, Sabina Ličen, Katarina Merše Lovrinčevič, Denisa Manojlović, Kristina Martinovič, Melita Peršolja, Tamara Poklar Vatovec, Mirko Prosen, Patrik Pucer, Jernej Rošker, Dea Salamon, Mojca Stubelj, Karin Šik Novak, Dorjana Zerbo Šporin, Boštjan Žvanut Oblikovanje / Design ■ Jonatan Vinkler Prelom / Typesetting ■ Tajda Senica Izdajatelj/Published by ■ Založba Univerze na Primorskem/University of Primorska Press Titov trg 4, SI-6000 Koper Koper 2022 Glavni urednik/Editor-in-Chief ■ Jonatan Vinkler Vodja založbe/Managing Editor ■ Alen Ježovnik ISBN 978-961-293-167-4 (PDF) http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-167-4.pdf ISBN 978-961-293-168-1 (HTML) http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-168-1/index.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-167-4 © 2022 Založba Univerze na Primorskem/University of Primorska Press Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 117058819 ISBN 978-961-293-167-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-961-293-168-1 (HTML) Document Outline Petelin, Ana, ur. 2022. Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov / Health of Children and Adolescents. Zbornik povzetkov z recenzijo ▪︎ Book of Abstracts. Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem/University of Primorska Press Vsebina ▪︎ Contents Uvodne misli ▪︎ Preface Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov Health of Children and Adolescents Vabljeni predavatelji ▪︎ Invited lecturers Plenarna predavanja ▪︎ Plenary lectures Konferenčni povzetki ▪︎ Conference abstracts Sekcija/Section Gibalna (ne)aktivnost otrok in mladostnikov ▪︎ Physical (in)activity of children and youth Sekcija/Section IKT rešitve in storitve za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov ▪︎ ICT solutions and services for children and youth’s health Sekcija/Section Otrok in mladostnik – okolje ▪︎ The child and youth – the environment Sekcija/Section Prehrana otrok in mladostnikov ▪︎ Nutrition of children and youth Sekcija/Section Psihosocialno zdravje v otroštvu in v mladosti ▪︎ Psychosocial health in childhood and youth Posterji ▪︎ Poster presentations Kolofon ▪︎ Colophone