327 Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Abstract In SW Slovenia, at Gora under Železna Vrata and Petnik gorge near Branik – both on the northern edge of the Karst, in the collapse doline Orleška Draga at Sežana and under Brkinski Rob at the contact of the Karst and Brkini Hills, we conducted a phytosociological analysis of the stands whose tree layer is dominated by Tilia platyphyllos, T. cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, in places also Carpinus betulus and Ostrya carpinifolia, and classified them into three associations, Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli and Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani. The latter was described as a new. Also new is a secondary large-leaved lime association Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli on the sites of montane beech forests (Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) in the Čepovan valley, at the contact of the Dinaric and sub- Mediterranean phytogeographical regions of Slovenia. Iz vleček V jugozahodni Sloveniji: Gora pod Železnimi vrati in grapa Petnik pri Braniku, oboje na severnem robu Krasa, v udornici Orleška draga pri Sežani in pod Brkinskim robom na stiku Krasa in Brkinov smo fitocenološko analizirali sestoje, v katerih v drevesni plasti prevladujejo vrste Tilia platyphyllos, T. cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, ponekod tudi Carpinus betulus in Ostrya carpinifolia in jih uvrstili v tri asociacije Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli in Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani. Slednjo smo opisali kot novo. Prav tako je nova drugotna lipova asociacija Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli na rastiščih gorskih bukovih gozdov (Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) v Čepovanski dolini, na stiku dinarskega in submediteranskega fitogeografskega območja Slovenije. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Tilio-Acerion, Ostryo- Tilienion platyphylli, Natura 2000, Karst, Slovenia. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Tilio-Acerion, Ostryo- Tilienion platyphylli, Natura 2000, Kras, Slovenija. Received: 26. 9. 2020 Revision received: 23. 3. 2021 Accepted: 27. 4. 2021 Igor Dakskobler1 & Livio Poldini2 DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2021-0015 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 1 Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of Biology, Regional Unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, Slovenia. E-mail: igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si 2 Department of Life Sciences, University of T rieste, via L. Giorgieri, 5, I-34127 T rieste, Italy. E-mail: poldini@units.it 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 328 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Introduction Noble hardwood forests (sycamore and Norway maple, wych elm, large-leaved and small-leaved lime) with admixture of thermophilic deciduous trees (hop horn- beam, flowering ash) that are classified into the alliance Tilio-Acerion and suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli (Košir et al. 2008) have until now only been known on very small areas in the Karst (Dakskobler 2006, Daks- kobler & Reščič 2015). They cover slightly bigger areas in contact regions in Čičarija and Vremščica (and were researched by Accetto 1991, Košir 2004, Košir & Surina 2005). In our research in recent years we identified such stands also on the northern edge of the Karst (Gora un- der Železna Vrata, Petnik gorge at Branik), in Orleška Draga and under Brkinski Rob (under the ridge between Knežak and Ratečevo Brdo). Pioneer large-leaved lime stands were recorded also in the Čepovan Valley, slightly more to the north – Figure 1. Some of these areas were mapped in the framework of a target research project (Šilc et al. 2017), but until now they have not been subject to a detailed phytosociological analysis or classified into a syn- taxonomic system. This was the aim of the present study. Risnik and Brkinski Rob, and included also several relevés that were not dominated by noble hardwoods, but were made at the contact with their stands. These relevés were mutually compared using unweighted average linkage (UPGMA) hierarchical clustering method and Wishart’s similarity ratio. Combined cover-abundance values were converted into the ordinal scale 1 to 9 (van der Maarel 1979). We used the programme package SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). Based on the resulting clusters of relevés we made four analytical tables followed by a synthetic table, in which we took into account only the relevés that grouped into clusters and were identified as belonging to the alliance Tilio-Acerion and suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion. The stands in the Čepovan valley were analysed separately. In describing the two new associations we considered not only the entire species composition, but also the structure of the upper stand layer, i.e. the dominant tree species. The nomenclatural source for the names of vascular plants is Martinčič et al. (2007). Some new findings, for example taxon Helleborus dumetroum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. illyricus Starmühler (Rottensteiner 2016) which is similar to taxon H. multifidus subsp. istriacus and Crocus heuffellianus Herb. (Peruzzi 2016) instead of taxon Crocus vernus subsp. vernus are in our tables not considered, but mentioned only as a note in the end of them. Martinčič (2003, 2011) is the nomenclatural source for the names of mosses, and Suppan et al. (2000) for the names of lichens. The source for the nomenclature of soil types was Urbančič et al. (2005). The nomenclatural source for the names of syntaxa are Šilc & Čarni (2012), except for the name of the class Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. The sources of climate data for the study area are Ogrin (1996), B. Zupančič (1998) and Cegnar (1998), whereas Buser (2009) served as the source for geological data. Ecological description of the study area All five study areas in the Karst and its fringes have hin- terland sub-Mediterranean climate and the stands in the Čepovan valley are in the region of the temperate con- tinental climate of western and southern Slovenia. The difference is in the annual precipitation volume, which is slightly higher (1600 to 1800 mm) in the northern edge of the Karst above the Vipava Valley, whereas other study areas receive between 1400 and 1500 mm. The differenc - es in mean annual air temperature are less obvious, be- cause Risnik and Orleška Draga are collapse dolines with persistent cold air pools, where mean air temperature is Methods Forest stands of noble hardwoods in the Karst and neighbouring regions were researched using the standard Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). The relevés were made in the spring of 2009, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2019 and are stored in the FloVegSi database (Seliškar et al. 2003). We started with a table into which we arranged 46 relevés from five research areas, namely Gora under Železna Vrata, Petnik gorge, Orleška Draga, Figure 1: Localities of the researched Tilia platyphyllos and Acer pseudoplatanus stands in western and southwestern Slovenia. Slika 1: Nahajališča raziskanih lipovih in javorovih sestojev v zahodni in jugozahodni Sloveniji. 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 329 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia)                                                                 Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Table 1 comprises 12 relevés of the first cluster (left side of the dendrogram in Figure 2), that were made in Orleška Draga and Risnik. Based on the soil conditions and flo- ristic composition relevés 11 and 12 from this table can- not be classified into the alliance Tilio-Acerion. Relevé 11 (Risnik) correspond to the subassociations Asaro-Carpine- tum betuli dentarietosum enneaphylli (Poldini 1985), but relevé 12 (Orleška Draga) is, because of high abundance of Lamium orvala, classified as a new subassociation Asa- ro-Carpinetum betuli lamietosum orvalae subass. nov. hoc loco. Although the relevés from Orleška Draga grouped separately from the Risnik relevés and did not comprise Pseudofumaria alba, the results of hierarchical classification indicate that they can be classified into the same subasso- ciation, i.e. Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Acetto 1991 veratretosum nigri Dakskobler et Reščič 2015, but we revised the differential species of the subassocia- tion. Fraxinus excelsior is not a differential species of the subassociation, but a differential species of the new variant (var. Fraxinus excelsior), into which we classify the Risnik relevés. The differential species of this variant include Aco- nitum lycoctonum and Hacquetia epipactis, whereas Cam- panula rapunculoides can be considered a differential spe- cies of the subassociation. The stands from Orleška Draga are classified into the new variant with Isopyrum thalic- troides. Its differential species are also Viola reichenbachi- ana, Acer campestre, Mercurialis ovata and Melica uniflora. Figure 2: Dendrogram of relevés of communities with dominant Tilia platyphyllos and Acer pseudo- platanus in the Karst and neighbouring regions (UPGMA, 1– similarity ratio). Slika 2: Dendrogram popisov združb plemenitih listavcev na Krasu in sosednjih območjih (UPGMA, komplement Wishartovega koeficienta podobnosti). different from the average in the surroundings of Sežana (which is 10–12 °C). The same average (10–12 °C) is on the Karst slopes above the Vipava Valley, but the local cli- mate there is colder because of northern aspects and gorg- es (Petnik). Ratečevo Brdo or Brkinski Rob, however, is in the region with mean annual temperature between 8 °C and 10 °C. The Čepovan valley has a lower mean annual temperature (6–8 °C) than other areas and higher mean annual precipitation volume (about 2000 mm). The par- ent material in Risnik and Orleška Draga is limestone and its talus slopes, under Gora at Železna Vrata it is limestone and marlstone with their scree, in Petnik gorge rockfall, talus cones, limestone and marlstone rubble, and under Brkinski Rob limestone and its rubble, with insignificant admixture of marlstone. Limestone and dolomite are the predominant parent material in the Čepovan valley. Results and discussion Hierarchical classification of relevés and their comparison In hierarchical clustering, 46 relevés from five study areas were grouped into two large clusters, each with two subclusters. A few of the relevés stood out from the rest (Figure 2). Based on the results of this classification the relevés were arranged into a single table, which was further divided into four tables, one for each of the four groups. Legend / Legenda AC Asaro-Carpinetum betuli CA Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani FA Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani PTs Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli saxifragetosum rotundifoliae PTc Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli castaneetosum sativae PTh Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli hierochloetosum australis SO Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum SQ Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum cerridis /Asaro-Carpinetum betuli 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 330 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) These stands are distinguished from the Risnik relevés also by a smaller proportion of sycamore and large-leaved lime, a higher proportion of small-leaved lime and higher mean cover of common hornbeam in the tree layer. Prof. Andrej Rozman found a copy of the table of the association Carpi- netum orientalis in Prof. Dušan Robič’s legacy. The table is from the original manuscript of Prof. Gabrijel Tomažič, who lent the table to D. Robič in April 1968 as a teaching aid for students of phytosociology. This manuscript table includes six relevés from Orleška Draga, where oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) is recorded with a cover value 1 to 3 in the tree layer. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) has a similar value and common hornbeam (Carpinus betu- lus) occurs only sporadically, with a cover value +. Fraxinus ornus and Acer campestre are more frequent, but sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) is very rare. Large and small-leaved lime and wych elm are completely absent in these relevés. At present, the forest in Orleška Draga is completely dif- ferent. Oriental hornbeam was recorded only on two sites. It was not reported for this area in detailed mapping of the flora of the Gorizia-Trieste Karst region (Poldini 2009). Similarly, the entire species composition of our relevés is also completely different from Prof. T omažič’s relevés. The reason could be that our relevés were not made on the same localities – with the state border running across this collapse doline the area probably was not easily accessible after World War II and T omažič may have made his relevés somewhere in the vicinity. Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani Relevés in the second cluster (13 relevés on the left side of the dendrogram in Figure 1) were made in Petnik gorge near Branik. Based on their entire species composition these relevés cannot be classified into the same association as the stands from Risnik and Orleška Draga, i.e. into the association Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudo- platani, nor into the large-leaved lime community Paeo- nio-Tilietum platyphylli. They are the most similar to the stands of the association Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum excelsio- ris, whose fragments have been reported also at Škocjan Caves in the Karst (Dakskobler 2006), and with higher frequency in the Central Soča Valley (Dakskobler 2007). T wo stands in the Škocjan Caves are dominated by large- leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos) in the tree layer, where ash (Fraxinus excelsior) also occurs in one relevé, whereas sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) occurs only in the shrub layer. In terms of their entire species composition these two stands could also be classified into the subassociation Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseusoplatani veratreto- sum nigri. However, we did not record Fraxinus excelsior in our stands, and Veratrum nigrum was recorded only in one relevé. Based on the species dominating the herb layer (Lamium orvala) and the tree layer (Acer pseudopla- tanus) they should be classified into the association Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, but this name already designates an altimontane maple community from the Slovenian and the Dinaric Alps (Košir 2005) which does not belong to the suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion, but to the Lunario-Acerenion pseudoplatani. Similarly, Rusco aculeati- Aceretum pseudoplatani would be an appropriate name for these stands, if it had not already been used for ecologi- cally and phytogeographically entirely different stands in the Channel Islands along the coast of Normandy, France (Gehú 1997). They are therefore classified into the new association Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani ass. nov. hoc loco. Its diagnostic species are Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, Fraxinus ornus, Lamium orvala, Ruscus acu- leatus and Asparagus acutifolius. They characterise mixed colline (elevations between 150 m and 235 m) sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra) forest with occasional admixture of field maple (Acer campestre), European hop-hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia), manna ash (Fraxinus ornus), common hornbeam (Carpinus betu- lus), large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and very rarely also chestnut (Cas- tanea sativa), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) and beech (Fagus sylvatica), frequently with the climber Hedera helix in the deep gorge, mainly on rockfall and slope scree with colluvial soils and rendzina. The lower shrub layer and the herb layer are dominated by Ruscus aculeatus, Lami- um orvala, Polystichum setiferum, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Isopyrum thalictroides, Lunaria rediviva, Galanthus nivalis, Cardamine enneaphyllos, C. bulbifara, Mercurialis perennis and Corydalis cava, and the moss layer by Thamnobryum alopecurum and Isothecium alopecuroides. This is a spe- cial forest community on mixed, limestone-marl (flysch) bedrock in a colder local variant of the warm sub-Med- iterranean climate. The nomenclatural type of the new association, holotypus, is relevé 2 in Table 2. Relevé 13 in Table 2 is ecologically and floristically slightly different and shows certain similarity with the riparian forest from the association Lamio orvalae-Alnetum glutinosae (comp. Dakskobler 2016). Paeonio officinalis-Tiletum platyphylli Relevés in the third cluster in the dendrogram in Fig- ure 1 are arranged in Table 3. We compared them with the stands of the subassociation Corydalido ochroleucae- Aceretum pseudoplatani tilietosum platyphylli (Košir 2004, 8 relevés) and the stands of the association Paeonio offici- nalis-Tiletum platyphylli (Košir & Surina 2005, 19 rele- vés). Based on the dendrogram in Figure 3 they can be 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 331 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) classified into the latter, although the character species of this association, namely Aristolochia lutea, Ornithogalum umbellatum and Smyrnium perfoliatum, were not recorded and Paeonia officinalis occurs in only one relevé. The only more frequent character species is Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus (H. odorus subsp. istriacus, H. istriacus) – but this species is also frequent in the stands of the sub- association Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani veratretosum nigri. Differential species of researched com- munity against the stands of this subassociation should be also Sorbus aria (Aira edulis) and Euonymus verrucosa. Nev- ertheless, total floristic similarity between our stands and the stands of the association Paeonio officinalis-Tiletum platyphylli according to Sørensen (1948) is around 55% and both have the large-leaved lime dominating in the tree layer, which allows us to classify them into the same asso- ciation. We also identified another character species of the association – Cnidium silaifolium. We cannot, however, classify these stands into any of previously described sub- associations tilietosum platyphylli or fraxinetosum excelsioris. Relevés 1–8 are classified into the new subassociation Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli saxifragetosum ro- tundifoliae subass. nov. hoc loco. Its nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé 2 in Table 3. Differential species of the subassociation include Pseudofumaria alba, Galeobdo- lon montanum and Euonymus verrucosa, and the stands indicate certain similarity also with the stands of the as- sociation Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani. They are differentiated from the latter by thermophytic species like Cnidium silaifolium, Tanacetum corymbosum, Helleborus istriacus, Mercurialis ovata and Melittis meliso- phyllum. Relevés 9–13 in Table 3 are classified into the subassociation Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli cas- taneetosum sativae. Its nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé 11 in Table 3. Differential species of the subasso- ciation are Castanea sativa, Cornus mas, Ruscus aculeatus and Hedera helix. They characterise a more thermophilic, colline-submontane form of this association, which was found on the slopes of Gora under Železna Vrata at the elevation of only 310 m to 340 m. Typically, the stands of this subassociation have a larger admixture of Ulmus glabra, which occasionally even dominates the tree layer. Stands in the extreme left cluster in the dendrogram in Figure 2 were arranged in Table 4. Three relevés stand out with the tree layer that is dominated either by hop hornbeam (Seslerio autumnalis-Ostyretum), downy oak and Turkey oak (Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum cerridis / Aristolochio luteae-Quercetum pubescentis?) or common hornbeam (Asaro-Carpinetum betuli). The first five relevés in this table can still be classified into the association Pae- onio-Tilietum platyphylli, but into the new subassociation hierochloetosum australis. Its nomenclatural type, holoty- pus, is relevé 3 in Table 4. The differential species of the subassociation are Hierochloë australis, Sesleria tenuifolia and Plagiomnium undulatum, but Sesleria autumnalis also has high mean cover. Differential against other subasso- ciations are also some species of the classes Erico-Pinetea (Amelanchier ovalis, Chamaecytisus hirsutus), and Trifolio- Geranietea (Anthericum ramosum, Digitalis grandiflora, Melampyrum velebiticum). This is also a distinctly thermo- philic form of this association with localities in Orleška Draga, at elevations ranging between 280 and 340 m. Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli We included another large-leaved lime community in the synthetic table comprising with five syntaxa described in this article (T able 6). This community is distinctly different from the other five. Its relevés were not made in the Karst or immediate vicinity, but in the Čepovan valley, mainly on shady (northwestern) slopes of the Trnovo Forest Pla- teau, at the contact of the sub-Mediterranean and Dinaric phytogeographical regions, in the montane belt at eleva- tions ranging between 500 m and 700 m. Most of these large-leaved lime stands (large and small-leaved lime are occasionally quite equal) are pioneer stands that developed on former agricultural areas, especially pastures, mainly on potential sites of the montane beech forest from the Figure 3: Dendrogram of the stands of the syntaxa Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani tilietosum platyphylli (CaAtp), Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli – Lipnik in Čičarija (PoTp-Li), and Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli – Brkinski Rob and Gora under Železna Vrata (PoTp-Br) – UPGMA, 1–similarity ratio. Slika 3: Dendrogram sestojev sintaksonov Corydalido ochroleucae- Aceretum pseudoplatani tilietosum platyphylli (CaAtp), Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli – Lipnik v Čičariji (PoTp-Li) in Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli – Brkinski rob in Gora pod Železnimi vrati (PoTp-Br) – UPGMA, 1–similarity ratio                     20/2 • 2021, 327–372 332 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. They cannot be clas- sified into any of large-leaved lime associations previously described in Slovenia nor into the association Saxifrago petraeae-Tilietum platyphylli, whose stands occur on much more extreme and rocky sites (comp. Dakskobler 2007). We therefore classified it into the new association Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli ass. nov. hoc loco. Its nomen- clatural type, holotypus, is relevé 4 in Table 5. The diagnos- tic species of the association are Tilia plytyphyllos, T. cor- data, Lamium orvala, Anemone trifolia, Helleborus odorus, Sesleria autumnalis and Arum maculatum. The listed spe- cies characterise the new association both ecologically and chorologically, and indicate its syndynamic relationship with the stands of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. We differentiate between two variants, a slightly more ther- mophilic (littoral) variant with Sesleria autumnalis (relevés 1–9 in T able 5, its differential species include Adoxa mosch- atellina), and a slightly more frigoriphilic (Dinaric) variant with Omphalodes verna (relevés 10–13 in Table 5). Synthetic table 6 also demonstrates that this is prob- ably a secondary large-leaved lime community, which differs from other communities described herein in par- ticular with a higher proportion of the species of the alli- ance Aremonio-Fagion, order Fagetalia sylvaticae and class Querco-Fagetea. Conspectus of the syntaxa described herein The younger of us (ID) prefer conservative view: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieg. 1937 (Carpino-Fagetea Passarge et Hofmann 1968) Fagetalia sylvaticae Walas 1933 Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955 (also possible Fraxino excel- sioris-Acerion pseudoplatani P . Fukarek 1969) Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli P. Košir, Čarni et Di Pietro 2008 Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Accetto 1991 veratretosum nigri Dakskobler et Reščič 2015 var. Fraxinus excelsior var. nov. var. Isopyrum thalictroides var. nov. Paeonio officinalis-Tiletum platyphylli P . Košir et Surina 2005 saxifagetosum rotundifoliae subass. nov. castaneetosum sativae subass. nov. hierochloetosum australis subass. nov. Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani ass. nov. Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli ass. nov. var. Sesleria autumnalis var. Omphalode verna The older of the authors (LP) prefers a more recent view, which partly corresponds also with Mucina et al. (2016). Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakucs ex Passarge 1968 Aceretalia pseudoplatani Moor 1976 nom. conserv. propos. Fraxino excelsioris-Acerion pseudoplatani P. Fukarek 1969 or Ostryo carpinifoliae-Tilion platyphylli (Košir et al. 2008) Čarni in Willner et al. 2016 But the problem with classifying our communities into one of these two alliances is that the researched stands are in fact Submediterranean, not only thermophilic, but also mesophilic, and definitely not xero-thermophilic. The conservative solution therefore better corresponds to the site conditions of the researched stands. Nature conservation function of the described noble hardwood communities in SW Slovenia The forests described herein belong to the habitat type of Community interest 9180* Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines. Forests in Orleška Draga, Risnik, Gora under Železna Vrata and Petnik gorge are part of the Natura 2000 Karst area. In terms of forest typology they belong to the forest site type of submontane-mon- tane large-leaved lime stands on carbonate and mixed bedrock, for which we previously concluded (Dakskob- ler et al. 2013: 25) that they usually cover small areas, which can make their sites more vulnerable to large-scale interventions into forest. Forest management activities like tree felling and wood harvesting should be adapted to protecting their sites. Given the specifics of these sites and sensitivity of forest soils any construction of forest roads in their vicinity should be carefully planned. The described forest stands also comprise sites of sev- eral protected species (Anon. 2004): Convallaria majalis, Cyclamen purpurascens, Dactlylorhiza fuchsii, Epipactis hel- leborine, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus nivalis, Hel- leborus odorus, H. multifidus subsp. istriacus, H. niger, Lili- um bulbiferum, L. carniolicum, L. martagon, Listera ovata, Neottia nidus-avis, Orchis pallens, Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa, Paeonia officinalis, P. mascula agg. (P. daurica), Primula auricula, Ruscus aculeatus and Sedum maximum as well as several Red List species (Anon. 2002): Muscari botryoides, Veratrum nigrum, endemic species T ephroseris pseudocrispa and species that is very rare in Slovenia (Hi- eracium lasiophyllum). Collapse dolines Risnik and Orleška Draga are valuable natural features and botanical curiosities with distinct 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 333 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) vegetation that is clearly different from the vegetation in their vicinity. They are home to numerous species char- acteristic for beech forests (order Fagetalia sylvaticae) and it is likely that beech once occurred here as well, perhaps even in ice-age refuges. Conclusions Noble hardwood communities are very rare in south- western Slovenia and most of them are classified into the suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli and associations Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani and Paeo- nio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli. Stands of associations Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum excelsioris and Saxifrago petraeae- Tilietum platyphylli were found only in fragments. With our research we determined the occurrence of the stands of the association Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum also in two notable Karst collapse dolines, Risnik at Divača and Orleška Draga at Sežana. They differ from the stands in Čičarija and on Vremščica with slightly smaller dom- inance of sycamore and large-leaved lime and a higher proportion (cover) of small-leaved lime and common hornbeam in the tree layer, as well with certain more thermophilic species. The stands in Orleška Draga are classified as the new variant with Isopyrum thalictroides of the previously described subassociation veratretosum nigri with stands in Risnik. In Orleška Draga we observed a direct contact with a slightly similar common hornbeam community (Asaro-Carpinetum betuli lamietosum orval- ae). The floristic composition of the association Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli from the area of the original (first) description under Lipnik above Rakitovec is very different from the stands described under Brkinski Rob above Ratečevo Brdo. Nevertheless, these stands, which also share several species with the stands of the associa- tion Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum, can still be classi- fied into this association as a new subassociation saxifra- getosum rotundifoliae. We found two, even more marginal forms of the association Paeonio-Tilietum, slightly similar to the stands of the subassociation Seslerio autumnalis-Os- tryetum tilietosum platyphylli, under Gora under Železna Vrata on the northern edge of the Karst and in Orleška Draga. The former can be classified into the new subas - sociation castaneetosum sativae and the latter into the new subassociation hierochloetosum australis. At least in western Slovenia, large and small-leaved lime are common pioneers also on abandoned agricultural ar- eas on beech forest sites. A higher proportion of species characteristic for beech and beech-oak forests indicates that some of the large-leaved lime stands in the Čepovan valley (at the contact between sub-Mediterranean and Di- naric phytogeographical regions) are secondary. Because their species composition is clearly different from previ- ously described large-leaved lime communities they are classified into the new association Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli and treated as a pioneer stage on the sites of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. The new associa- tion belongs to the group of secondary noble hardwood communities on beech or oak sites, which in the Soča Valley comprise also the association Ornithogalo pyrena- ici-Fraxinetum excelsioris and occasionally (in the Karst) also Veronico sublobatae-Fraxinetum excelsioris. Sycamore is the name-giving species for predominantly montane communities of noble hardwoods. Sycamore and wych elm stands in the colline belt (at elevations of not more than 150–235 m) in the deep gorge of Petnik on the northern edge of the Karst, at the contact of flysch and limestone, cannot be classified into the association Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum excelsioris which is known in this belt elsewhere in the Primorska region, due to complete absence of ash in its stands. Similarly, they cannot be clas- sified into the association Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseu- doplatani, even though Acer pseudoplatanus and Lamium orvala both dominate these stands, each in its layer, be- cause this name has already been used for the altimontane community of noble hardwoods in the SE Alps and the Dinaric Alps from the suballiance Lunario-Acerenion. We therefore described a new association Fraxino orni-Acere- tum pseudoplatani, which is characteristic for the northern edge of the Karst. Although noble hardwood stands in SW Slovenia cover very small areas they are a Natura 2000 habitat type that deserves special attention, protection and proper manage- ment. Povzetek Fitocenološka analiza gozdnih sestojev plemenitih listavcev (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) na Krasu in njegovih robnih območjih Združbe plemenitih listavcev so v jugozahodni Sloveniji precejšnja redkost in v glavnem jih uvrščamo v podzve- zo Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli in v asociaciji Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani in Paeonio officinalis- -Tilietum platyphylli, le v sledovih smo našli sestoje aso- ciacij Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum excelsioris in Saxifra- go petraeae-Tilietum platyphylli. Z našimi raziskavami smo ugotovili uspevanje sestojev asociacije Corydalido ochrole- ucae-Aceretum tudi v dveh znamenitih kraških udornicah, Risniku pri Divači in Orleški dragi pri Sežani. Od sestojev v Čičariji in na Vremščici se razlikujejo po nekoliko manj- ši prevladi gorskega javorja in lipe in po večjem deležu (zastiranju) lipovca in belega gabra v v drevesni plasti, 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 334 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) prav tako po nekaterih bolj toploljubnih vrstah. Sestojem v Risniku že prej opisane subasociacije veratretosum ni- gri lahko priključimo tudi sestoje nove variante z vrsto Isopyrum thalictroides v Orleški dragi. Tam opažamo ne- posreden stik z nekoliko podobno združbo belega gabra (Asaro-Carpinetum betuli lamietosum orvalae). Floristična sestava asociacije Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli iz območja izvornega opisa pod Lipnikom nad Rakitovcem je precej drugačna od sestojev, ki smo jih popisali pod Brkinskim robom nad Ratečevim Brdom, a kljub temu lahko te sestoje, ki imajo sicr tudi nekatere skupne vrste s sestoji asociacije Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum, vseeno še lahko uvrstimo v to asociacijo, kot novo subasociacijo saxifragetosum rotundifoliae. Še bolj robni obliki asociacije Paeonio-Tilietum, nekoliko podobni sestojem subasoci- acije Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum tilietosum platyphylli smo našli pod Goro pod Železnimi vrati na severnem robu Krasa in v Orleški dragi. Prve lahko uvrstimo v novo subasociacijo castaneetosum sativae, druge prav tako v novo subasociacijo hierochloetosum australis. Lipa in lipovec sta vsaj v zahodni Sloveniji pogosta pi- onirja tudi na opuščenih kmetijskih površinah na rastiščih bukovih gozdov. Na drugotnost nekaterih lipovih sestojev v Čepovanski dolini (na stiku med submediteranskim in dinarskim fitogeografskim območjem) kaže povečan delež vrst značilnih za bukove in bukovo-hrastove gozdove. Ker so ti sestoji po vrstni sestavi očitno drugačni od prej omenjenih lipovih združb, jih uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli in jih obravnavamo kot pionirski stadij na rastiščih asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fa- getum. Nova asociacija sodi v skupino drugotnih združb plemenitih listavcev na bukovih ali hrastovih rastiščih, v kateri sta tudi asociaciji Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fraxinetum excelsioris v Posočju in Veronico sublobatae-Fraxinetum ex- celsioris ponekod na Krasu. Po gorskem javorju se v glavnem imenujejo montanske združbe plemenitih listavcev. Sestojev gorskega javorja in gorskega bresta v gričevnatem pasu (nadmorska višina le 150 m do 235 m) v globoki grapi Petnik na severnem robu Krasa, na stiku fliša in apnenca, ne moremo uvrstiti v asociacijo Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum excelsioris, ki jo sicer poznamo v tem višinskem pasu drugod na Primorskem, ker v njenih sestojih velikega jesena sploh nismo popisali. Prav tako jih ne moremo uvrstiti v asociacijo Lamio orv- alae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, čeprav sta vrsti Acer pseudo- platanus in Lamium orvala dejansko v njih pravladujoči, vsaka v svoji plasti. To ime je namreč že uporabljeno za altimontansko združbo plemenitih listavcev v Jugovzhod- nih Alpah in Dinarskem gorstvu iz podzveze Lunario- Acerenion. Iz teh razlogov smo opisali novo asociacijo Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani in je posebnost sever- nega roba Krasa. Čeprav so sestoji plemenitih listavcev v jugozahodni Sloveniji razširjeni na zelo majhnih površinah, so kot Natura 2000 habitatni tip vredni pozornosti, varovanja in ustreznega gopodarjenja. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial supportd from the Slovenian Research Agency and the Ministry of Agricul- ture, Forestry and Food (research core funding No. P1- 0236, target research The design of monitoring of the con- servation status of minor Natura 2000 forest habitat types in Slovenia, V4–1430). Sincere thanks to Matej Reščič for his help in the field work, to Doc. Dr. Andrej Rozman for telling us about Prof. Gabrijel Tomažič’s manuscript ta- ble, to Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Theurillat for his valuable data about the association Rusco aculeati-Aceretum pseudopla- tani and to Prof. Dr. Andraž Čarni and Dr. Marisa Vidali for their suggestions. Two anonymous reviewers helped us with valuable improvements and corrections. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. References Accetto, M. 1991: Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum ass. nova v Sloveniji. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU 32 (3): 89–128. Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. 3. Auflage. Grundzüge der Vegetations Kunde, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 865 pp. Buser, S., 2009: Geološka karta Slovenije 1: 250.000. Geological map of Slovenia 1: 250,000. Geološki zavod Slovenije, Ljubljana. Cegnar T., 1998: Temperatura zraka. In: Fridl, J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko: Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 100–101. Dakskobler, I. 2006: Prispevek k poznavanju gozdne vegetacije Krasa (jugozahodna Slovenija). Annales, Ser. hist. nat. 16 (1): 57–76. Dakskobler, I. 2007: Gozdovi plemenitih listavcev v Posočju. Forest of valuable broad-leaved tree species in the Soča valley (western Slovenia). Scopolia 60: 1–287. Dakskobler, I. 2016: Phytosociological analysis of riverine forests in the Vipava and Reka Valleys (southwestern Slovenia). Folia biologica et geologica 57 (1): 5–61. Dakskobler, I. & Reščič, M. 2015: Fitocenološka in gozdnogospodarska analiza gorskega bukovega in javorovega gozda na skalnatih rastiščih na Krasu in v Čičariji (JZ Slovenija). Gozdarski vestnik 73 (2): 67–87. Dakskobler, I., Košir, P . & Kutnar, L. 2013: Gozdovi plemenitih listavcev v Sloveniji. Združbe gorskega javorja, gorskega bresta, velikega jesena, ostrolistnega javorja, lipe in lipovca. Silva Slovenica in Zveza gozdarskih društev, Ljubljana, 74 pp. 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 335 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Géhu, J.-M. 1997: Observations phytosociologiques préliminaires sur le littoral occidental de l' Íle de Jersey (Anglo-Normande). Colloques Phytosociologiques 27: 169–196. Košir, P . & Surina, B. 2005: Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli – nova združba gozdov plemenitih listavcev v Čičariji (jugozahodna Slovenija). In: Rožac Darovec, V. (ed.): Meje in konfini. Koper, Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Založba Annales : Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, pp. 345–366. Košir, P . 2004: Sinsistematski pregled šuma plemenitih listača ilirske florne provincije s posebnim osvrtom na zajednice u Sloveniji. Doktorska disertacija. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Šumarski fakultet, Zagreb, 164 pp. + priloge. Košir, P . 2005: Noble hardwood forests of the altimontane belt (Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P . Košir et Marinček 1999) in Slovenia (western part of the Illyrian floral province). Natura Croatica 14 (2): 59–86. Košir, P ., Čarni, A. & di Pietro, R. 2008: Classification and phytogeographical differentiation of broad-leaved ravine forests in southeastern Europe. Journal of Vegetation Science 19 (3): 331–342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18372 Maarel van der, E. 1979: T ransformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052021 Martinčič, A. 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia 2 (1): 91–166. Martinčič, A. 2011: Seznam jetrenjakov (Marchanthiophyta) in rogovnjakov (Anthocerotophyta) Slovenije. Scopolia 72: 1–38. Martinčič, A., Wraber, T. Jogan, N. Podobnik, A., T urk, B., Vreš, B., Ravnik, V., Frajman, B., Strgulc Krajšek, S., T rčak, B., Bačič, T., Fischer, M. A., Eler, K. & Surina, B. 2007: Mala flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Četrta, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana. 967 pp. Mucina, L., Bultmann, H., Dierssen, K., Theurillat, J.-P ., Raus, T., Čarni, A., Šumberová, K., Willner, W., Dengler, J., Garcia, R. G., Chytrý, M., Hájek, M., Di Pietro, R., Iakushenko, D., Pallas, J., Daniëls, F . J. A., Bergmeier, E., Santos Guerra, A., Ermakov, N., Valachovič, M., Schaminée, J. H. J., Lysenko, T., Didukh, Y. P ., Pignatti, S., Rodwell, J. S., Capelo, J., Weber, H. E., Solomeshch, A., Dimopoulos, P ., Aguiar, C., Hennekens, S. M. & Tichý, L. 2016: Vegetation of Europe: hierarchical floristic classification system of vascular plant, bryophyte, lichen, and algal communities. Applied Vegetation Science 19: 3–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ avsc.12257 Ogrin, D. 1996: Podnebni tipi v Sloveniji. Geografski vestnik 68: 39–56. Peruzzi L. 2016: Crocus heuffelianus (Iridaceae), a new record for the Italian flora. Phytotaxa, 261: 291–294. DOI: https://doi. org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.10 Podani, J. 2001: SYN-TAX 2000. Computer Programs for Data Analysis in Ecology and Systematics. User's Manual, Budapest, 53 pp. Poldini, L. 1985: L ’ Asaro-Carpinetum betuli Lausi 64 del Carso Nordadriatico. Studia Geobotanica 5: 31–38. Poldini, L. 2009: La diversità vegetale del Carso fra T rieste e Gorizia. Lo stato dell'ambiente. Edizione Goliardiche, T rieste, 732 pp. Rottensteiner, W. K. 2016: Attempt of a morphological differentiation of Helleborus species in the Northwestern Balkans. Modern Phytomorphology 9 (Suppl.): 17–33. Seliškar, T., Vreš, B. & Seliškar, A. 2003: FloVegSi 2.0. Računalniški program za urejanje in analizo bioloških podatkov. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Sørensen, Th. 1948: A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberns Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter 5 (4): 1–34. Suppan, U., Prügger, J. & Mayrhofer, H. 2000: Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 76: 1–215. Šilc, U. & Čarni, A. 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia 11 (1): 113–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ v10028-012-0006-1 Šilc, U., Čarni, A., Dakskobler, I., Kutnar, L., Marinšek, A., Rozman, A., Sajko, I. & Vreš, B. 2017: Zasnova monitoringa stanja ohranjenosti manjšinskih Natura 2000 gozdnih habitatnih tipov v Sloveniji : zaključno poročilo v okviru Ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta (V4- 1430). Elaborat. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, 170 pp. Urbančič, M., Simončič, P ., Prus, T. & Kutnar, L. 2005: Atlas gozdnih tal. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije, Gozdarski vestnik & Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana, 100 pp. Zupančič, B. 1998: Padavine. In: Orožen Adamič, M., Fridl, J., Kladnik, D. & Perko, D. (eds.): Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 98–99. 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 336 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Table 1 (Tabela 1): Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Risnik, Orleška Draga. Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 274491 274504 274505 274493 274506 274507 274508 254704 254707 254705 254706 274511 Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 300 320 330 300 280 265 275 370 370 375 370 275 Aspect (Lega) NNE NW NW N NW N SEE NE W SE NW W Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 25 25 30 25 25 20 25 25 25 15 10 25 Parent material (Matična podlaga) Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr A Gr A A A Soil (Tla) Re Re Re Re Re Re Co Re Re Re Rj Rj Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 20 20 30 10 10 30 10 90 60 80 10 10 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b 80 80 80 80 90 80 80 90 90 80 90 85 Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plasti) E3a 10 10 10 19 10 5 10 . . 10 . . Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E2 15 10 80 19 5 10 10 10 60 10 1 5 Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 80 90 30 80 90 90 80 60 80 60 70 90 Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E0 30 10 10 10 30 20 60 30 70 5 10 Max. tree diameter (Maks. premer dreves) cm 45 40 40 35 40 35 35 30 30 25 30 30 Max. tree height (Maks. višina dreves) m 24 20 18 20 22 20 18 17 17 17 20 20 Number of species (Število vrst) 60 51 56 53 51 41 47 80 65 53 46 30 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 5/20/2014 5/20/2014 5/20/2014 5/20/2014 4/18/2018 Locality (Nahajališče) Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Risnik Risnik Risnik Risnik Orleška draga Quadrant (Kvadrant) 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/2 0349/2 0349/2 0349/2 0349/1 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK Y (D-48) m 409458 409589 409570 409547 409552 409451 409412 419849 419924 419839 419862 409514 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK X (D-48) m 5061394 5061435 5061404 5061403 5061438 5061465 5061499 5059756 5059766 5059808 5059790 5061504 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostična vrsta asociacije) Pr. (1-10) Fr. (1-10) CF Pseudofumaria alba E1 . . . . . . . + + 1 . . 3 30 Differential species of the subassociation (Razlikovalnice subasociacije) QF Veratrum nigrum E1 2 . r 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 . + 9 90 QF Viola mirabilis E1 + . . + . . + 1 + + . . 6 60 TG Campanula rapunculoides E1 . 1 . + + . + + + . . . 6 60 Diferential species of the variants (Razlikovalnice variant) TA Isopyrum thalictroides E1 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 . . . . + 7 70 FS Viola reichenbachiana E1 1 1 + 1 1 . + . . . + + 6 60 QP Mercurialis ovata E1 + + + + . + 1 . . . . . 6 60 QF Acer campestre E3b . . . + + 1 . . + . . + 4 40 QF Acer campestre E3a + 1 + + + + . . . . . . 6 60 QF Acer campestre E2b . + + . . . . . . . . + 2 20 QF Acer campestre E2a . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 QF Melica uniflora E1 + + + + + . . . . . . . 5 50 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 337 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. MuA Aconitum lycoctonum E1 . . . . . . . 3 3 + + . 3 30 AF Hacquetia epipactis E1 . . . . . . . + + + 2 . 3 30 FS Fraxinus excelsior E3b . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 FS Fraxinus excelsior E2a . . . . . . . + + r . . 3 30 FS Fraxinus excelsior E1 . . . . . . . . . . r . . . TA Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3b 2 . + 2 2 2 + 3 4 4 1 . 9 90 Acer pseudoplatanus E3a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a . + . . + . . . . . . . 2 20 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 . 1 1 1 1 . 1 . + 1 1 1 7 70 Tilia cordata E3b 1 2 2 2 2 + 2 1 + . . + 9 90 Tilia cordata E3a + 1 . . . + . . . . . + 3 30 Tilia cordata E2a + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Tilia platyphyllos E3b 3 + 1 1 + + . 3 3 1 . . 9 90 Tilia platyphyllos E3a 1 . . . . . . + . . . . 2 20 Tilia platyphyllos E2b . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 10 Tilia platyphyllos E2a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Adoxa moschatellina E1 1 . + + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 9 90 Geranium robertianum E1 1 . + . . + . + 1 + . . 6 60 Ulmus glabra E3b . 1 2 . . . . . . . . . 2 20 Ulmus glabra E3a + 1 + + . . . + . + . . 6 60 Ulmus glabra E2a . . + . . . + + + + . . 5 50 Ulmus glabra E1 . . . + + . + . . . . . 3 30 Aruncus dioicus E1 2 + . 2 + . . 1 . + . . 6 60 Corydalis solida E1 1 . + . + + . 1 . . . + 5 50 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 . . . 1 + . . + + . . . 4 40 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 + . . . . . . + . + . . 3 30 Acer platanoides E3b + . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 20 Acer platanoides E3a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Acer platanoides E2a 1 . . . . . + . . . . . 2 20 Acer platanoides E1 1 . . . . . . + . . + . 2 20 Aesculus hippocastanum E3a . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 10 Juglans regia E2a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 + 2 2 10 100 Primula vulgaris E1 + 1 1 + 1 . . + . . 1 + 6 60 AF Aremonio-Fagion Lamium orvala E1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 10 100 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 2 2 2 2 2 1 . 2 2 2 2 . 9 90 Cyclamen purpurascens E1 1 1 + . . . + 1 + 1 1 . 7 70 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Carpinus betulus E3b 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 2 4 4 10 100 Carpinus betulus E3a . 1 . + + + . + . . . + 5 50 Carpinus betulus E2b + . . . . . 1 . . . . . 2 20 Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 10 100 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 + 1 10 100 Lathyrus vernus E1 2 1 + 1 . + 1 + + + + . 9 90 Mercurialis perennis E1 1 + + 1 1 1 + + + . + 1 9 90 Corydalis cava E1 1 + 1 + 4 4 . + + . . 4 8 80 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 338 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. Galeobdolon flavidum E1 1 + 2 . . + 1 1 1 1 . . 8 80 Actaea spicata E1 + . . + + 1 + 1 1 1 + . 8 80 Mycelis muralis E1 + + + + . . + 1 + . . . 7 70 Galium laevigatum E1 1 + + 1 + . + + . . . . 7 70 Sambucus nigra E2 1 . . . + + . + 1 + + . 6 60 Salvia glutinosa E1 . + + . + . + . 1 . . . 5 50 Campanula trachelium E1 + + + + + . . . . . . . 5 50 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 . . . + . + . 2 1 + + . 5 50 Heracleum sphondylium E1 + + + + + . . . . . . + 5 50 Sanicula europaea E1 . + + 1 + . . . . + . . 5 50 Symphytum tuberosum E1 . . . + + . 1 . + . . . 4 40 Cardamine bulbifera E1 . . . . . . . + . + 2 . 2 20 Paris quadrifolia E1 . . . . . . . 1 . + 1 . 2 20 Euphorbia dulcis E1 . . . . . . . . + + + . 2 20 Melica nutans E1 . . . . . . . + + . . . 2 20 Neottia nidus-avis E1 + . . . . . . . + . + . 1 10 Galeobdolon montanum E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Cardamine impatiens E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 10 Circaea lutetiana E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 10 Epipactis helleborine E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 10 Lonicera alpigena E2a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 . . . . . . . . 1 . . . 1 10 CO Carpinion orientalis Sesleria autumnalis E1 1 2 . 1 + . 1 + + + . . 8 80 Carpinus orientalis ? E3a . r r . . . . . . . . . 2 20 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Convallaria majalis E1 + . + 1 + . 2 + + + . . 8 80 Lathyrus venetus E1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 . . . . 1 7 70 Ostrya carpinifolia E3b 1 + + . . . . 2 2 + + . 6 60 Ostrya carpinifolia E3a 1 + . . . . . + . . . . 3 30 Fraxinus ornus E3a + 1 1 . . . + + + . . . 6 60 Fraxinus ornus E2b . . + . . . . . 1 + . . 3 30 Fraxinus ornus E2a . + . . . . . + . . . . 2 20 Fraxinus ornus E1 . 1 . . . . + + 1 . 1 . 4 40 Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* E1 . 1 + 1 + . + . . . . 1 5 50 Melittis melissophyllum E1 . + + . . . . . . . . . 2 20 T anacetum corymbosum E1 . + . + . . . . . . . . 2 20 Asparagus tenuifolius E1 . + . . . . + . . . . . 2 20 Mercurialis x paxii E1 . . . + . . . . + . . . 2 20 Cornus mas E2b . . . . . + + . . . . . 2 20 Arabis turrita E1 . . . . . . . r + . . . 2 20 Viola sepincola E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Orchis pallens E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Prunus mahaleb E2a . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Quercus cerris E3b . . r . . . . . . . . + 1 10 Aristolochia lutea E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 10 Lathyrus niger E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 10 Hierochloë australis E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 10 Euonymus verrucosa E2a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Quercus pubescens E3a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 339 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 10 QF Querco-Fagetea Lonicera xylosteum E2 1 + + + . + + 1 1 1 . . 9 90 Hepatica nobilis E1 1 . 1 1 . + 1 1 1 1 . 1 8 80 Hedera helix E3a 1 + + + + + + . . . . . 7 70 Hedera helix E1 1 + + . 1 + + . + + + + 8 80 Carex digitata E1 1 + . + . . 1 + + + + . 7 70 Acer campestre E1 . . 1 . . . + . . . . . 2 20 Anemone ranunculoides E1 + . . + + 1 + 1 . . + 1 6 60 Corylus avellana E3a . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 10 Corylus avellana E2b 2 . . . . 2 . + 1 1 . + 5 50 Corylus avellana E2a + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Quercus petraea E3b r 1 1 . + . . . . . + . 4 40 Gagea lutea E1 . . . + + + . + . . 1 . 4 40 Lathraea squamaria E1 . + r . + . . . . . . + 3 30 Viola riviniana E1 + . . + . . . . . . + . 2 20 Stellaria holostea E1 . . . . . . . + + + 2 . 3 30 Ranunculus ficaria E1 . . . . 1 1 . . . . . 1 2 20 Anemone nemorosa E1 . . . . . . . + . + 1 . 2 20 Moehringia trinervia E1 . . . . + . . . . . + . 1 10 Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata (D. polygama) E1 . . . . . . . + . . + . 1 10 Ulmus minor E2a . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Carex pilosa E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Listera ovata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Maianthemum bifolium E1 . . . . . . . + . + 2 . 2 20 Solidago virgaurea E1 . . . . . . . + . + . . 2 20 Hieracium murorum E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 RP Rhmano-Prunetea Euonymus europaea E2 . . . . . . . + + . . . 2 20 Berberis vulgaris E2a . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 10 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Betulo-Alnetea Senecio nemorensis E1 . . . . . . . + + . . . 2 20 Ribes alpinum E2a . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 1 10 Senecio ovatus E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 10 EA Epilobietea angustifolii Solanum dulcamara E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 10 Galio-Urticetea Urtica dioica E1 . . . . . + . . + . . . 2 20 Geum urbanum E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . SM Stellarietea mediae Stellaria neglecta E1 . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 20 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Lilium carniolicum E1 . + . . . . . r . . . . 2 20 Viola odorata E1 . . . . + . . . . . . + 1 10 Melampyrum velebiticum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 10 FB Festuco-Brometea Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 10 KC Koelerio-Corynephoretea Cardaminopsis arenosa E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 340 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Veronica chamaedrys E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Anthriscus sylvestris E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 10 Muscari botryoides E1 . . . . . . r . . . . . 1 10 Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Moehringia muscosa E1 1 + . . . . . + . . . . 3 30 Cystopteris fragilis E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 PS Physoplexido-Saxifragion, Potentilletalia caulescentis Campanula pyramidalis E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 10 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 . . . . . . . + + + . . 3 30 Polypodium vulgare E1 . . . . . . . + + + . . 3 30 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Polypodium interjectum E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Isothecium alopecuroides E0 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 2 1 2 1 . 8 80 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 1 . 1 + 1 1 . 1 1 1 + . 8 80 Ctenidium molluscum E0 1 . 1 1 . . 1 2 2 2 + . 7 70 Neckera crispa E0 1 . + + 1 . . + + 2 . . 7 70 Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 + . + 1 1 . . 2 1 1 1 . 7 70 Plagiomnium undulatum E0 2 + 1 + + + . + . . . . 7 70 Homalothecium lutescens E0 + . 1 . . + 1 + 1 . 1 + 6 60 Peltigera canina E0 + . + . . + . + + . . . 5 50 Anomodon viticulosus E0 . + . . . . . . 1 2 + + 3 30 Neckera complanata E0 . . + 1 . . 1 . . . . . 3 30 Anomodon attenuatus E0 . . . . . . . 1 1 + + . 3 30 Eurhynchium striatum E0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Polytrichum formosum E0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 10 Legend – Legenda Relevés 1–10: Corydalido-Aceretum pseudoplatani Relevés 11–12: Asaro-Carpinetum betuli A Limestone – apnenec Gr Gravel – grušč Re Rendzina – rendzina Co Colluvial soil – koluvialna tla Rj Calcareous brown soil – rjava pokarbonatna tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % ? determination is unreliable – določitev ni zanesljiva Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* (incl. Helleborus dumetorum subsp. istriacus) – Rottensteiner (2016) 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 341 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Table 2 (Tabela 2): Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani ass. nov. Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 278285 278299 278304 278297 278303 278305 278301 278306 278298 278300 278302 275451 275456 Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 235 175 180 150 170 200 175 185 140 170 180 275 330 Aspect (Lega) NNE N NNE NE SSW N S S S SE SE NE NE Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 30 25 5 0-10 15 40 5 20 0-35 35 25 45 1 Parent material (Matična podlaga) A,Fl Ps Ta Ps Ta Gr Ps Ps Br Ps Ps L Fl Soil (Tla) Eu Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Re Re Re Co Eu Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 30 70 30 30 60 40 20 70 40 80 80 0 0 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b 80 70 70 60 70 60 60 70 70 70 80 70 70 Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plasti) E3a 10 10 5 10 10 . 5 5 10 10 5 5 . Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E2 40 20 20 20 30 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 10 Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 80 70 80 80 70 90 80 60 60 60 70 80 70 Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E0 30 40 5 40 30 20 20 40 30 50 50 5 0 Max. tree diameter (Maks. premer dreves) cm 40 50 40 40 40 40 50 60 35 40 40 40 30 Max. tree height (Maks. višina dreves) m 30 26 30 25 20 28 30 30 18 24 22 30 28 Number of species (Število vrst) 64 53 42 42 31 23 38 38 60 46 47 31 40 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 5/6/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 4/15/2019 5/6/2019 5/6/2019 Locality (Nahajališče) Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Petnik Quadrant (Kvadrant) 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 0148/2 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK Y (D-48) m 404700 405261 405140 405432 405346 405109 405177 405140 405584 405254 405208 404328 403825 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK X (D-48) m 5080018 5079617 5079630 5079603 5079638 5079818 5079628 5079711 5079578 5079633 5079634 5080168 5080183 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) Pr. Fr. TA Acer pseudoplatanus E3b 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 + 1 1 4 4 13 100 TA Acer pseudoplatanus E3a + + . . . . + . . . + . 1 5 38 TA Acer pseudoplatanus E2b . . . . + . . + + + 1 . . 5 38 TA Acer pseudoplatanus E2a . + . + . . . + + + 1 . . 6 46 TA Acer pseudoplatanus E1 1 1 1 2 1 . 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 12 92 TA Ulmus glabra E3b + 1 . . + 3 . . 2 1 . . 1 7 54 TA Ulmus glabra E3a 1 + + . . . . . + + 2 . + 7 54 TA Ulmus glabra E2b 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + + 1 + . 12 92 TA Ulmus glabra E2a 1 + + + . . + + . . . + + 8 62 TA Ulmus glabra E1 . . . . . + . + . + . . 1 4 31 AF Lamium orvala E1 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 13 100 CO Ruscus aculeatus E2a 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 + 1 r . 12 92 QP Fraxinus ornus E3b + . . . . . . . . + 1 + . 4 31 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 342 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. QP Fraxinus ornus E3a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 QP Fraxinus ornus E2b + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 2 15 QP Fraxinus ornus E2a . + + + . . + 1 . + 1 . . 7 54 CO Asparagus acutifolius E2a . + . . + . . . + . + . . 4 31 TA Tilio-Acerion Polystichum setiferum E1 + 3 1 + 1 4 + 1 1 + . + . 11 85 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 2 + + 1 1 3 + 2 1 1 1 . . 11 85 Lunaria rediviva E1 . 1 2 4 4 4 4 3 2 + . . . 9 69 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 3 2 + 1 . . 1 + + 1 . . . 8 62 Geranium robertianum E1 + . . . . + . . + 2 2 . . 5 38 Tilia platyphyllos E3b . + . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 15 Tilia platyphyllos E3a . . + . . . . . . . + . . 2 15 Tilia platyphyllos E2b . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Aruncus dioicus E1 . + . . . . . . + . . . . 2 15 Juglans regia E3b . . . . . . . . r . . . r 2 15 Juglans regia E2a + . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Polystichum aculeatum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Tilia cordata E3b . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Dryopteris affinis E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 8 T ephroseris pseudocrispa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 8 EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 2 . . 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 + 11 85 Helleborus odorus E1 1 + 1 + . . + + + + . . 1 9 69 Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* E1 . + + . . . . + . + . . 2 5 38 Primula vulgaris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 AF Aremonio-Fagion Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 2 . 2 1 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 . . 10 77 Hacquetia epipactis E1 1 1 + . . . 1 . + . . + 1 7 54 Cyclamen purpurascens E1 + . . + . . . + + . + . . 5 38 AI Alnion incanae Alnus glutinosa E3b . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Festuca gigantea E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Mercurialis perennis E1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 + + 13 100 Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 + 1 + 1 + . + + + + + 1 + 12 92 Corydalis cava E1 1 + + 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 + . . 11 85 Sambucus nigra E2b + + + + + + . + 1 1 1 + . 11 85 Sambucus nigra E2a . . . + + . . + + + . . . 5 38 Cardamine bulbifera E1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 . . 11 85 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 1 1 . + . . + . + + + 1 1 9 69 Salvia glutinosa E1 . + + . + . . + + + + + 2 9 69 Symphytum tuberosum E1 . + 1 . . . + . r + + 1 1 8 62 Mycelis muralis E1 1 + . . + 1 . . . 1 1 . + 7 54 Lilium martagon E1 + + + + . + + . . r . . . 7 54 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 + + + . . . . + + . + + . 7 54 Carpinus betulus E3b . 1 + + . . . 2 + . + . . 6 46 Carpinus betulus E3a + . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 15 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 343 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Carpinus betulus E2a + . . . . . . . . . . . + 2 15 Carpinus betulus E1 . . . . . . . + . . + . . 2 15 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 1 + . . . . . + 1 1 1 . . 6 46 Viola reichenbachiana E1 + + + . . . . . + . . + + 6 46 Cardamine impatiens E1 + . . . . + . . + 1 1 . . 5 38 Lathyrus vernus E1 + + + . . . . . + . . . . 4 31 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 1 . . + . . . . . . . 1 1 4 31 Actaea spicata E1 + . . . . . + + . . . + . 4 31 Galeobdolon montanum E1 . + 2 + + . . . . . . . . 4 31 Brachypodium sylvaticum E1 . + . . . . . + + . . . 1 4 31 Euphorbia dulcis E1 + . . . . . . . r . + . . 3 23 Circaea lutetiana E1 + . . . . . . . + . . . 2 3 23 Fagus sylvatica E3a . . . . . . . . r . . . . 1 8 Fagus sylvatica E2b . . . . . . . . r . . . + 2 15 Fagus sylvatica E2a r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Fagus sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Prunus avium E3b . . r . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Carex sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Prenanthes purpurea E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 CO Carpinion orientalis Sesleria autumnalis E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Lathyrus venetus E1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Ostrya carpinifolia E3b . + + . . . . . . . 4 . . 3 23 Cornus mas E2b + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Arabis turrita E1 . . . . . + . . . . 1 . . 2 15 Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 8 T amus communis E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 QR Quercetalia roboris Castanea sativa E3b . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Castanea sativa E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Rubus hirtus E2a . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 QF Querco-Fagetea Hedera helix E3a 1 1 1 1 . 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 + 12 92 Hedera helix E1 + . + + . 1 . + 1 + . 1 1 9 69 Aegopodium podagraria E1 + + 1 2 1 1 + + 1 + . + 1 12 92 Anemone nemorosa E1 1 + 1 + + . 1 . + + . + 1 10 77 Corylus avellana E3a 1 . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 15 Corylus avellana E2 1 1 1 1 1 . + . 1 1 . 1 . 9 69 Corylus avellana E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 Hepatica nobilis E1 1 + + + . . . . + . 1 . . 6 46 Ranunculus ficaria E1 + . . + . . . + 1 + . . + 6 46 Clematis vitalba E3a . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Clematis vitalba E2 . . . . + . + + . + . + + 6 46 Acer campestre E3b + . . 1 . . + + 1 + . . . 6 46 Acer campestre E3a + + . . . . . . + + + . . 5 38 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 344 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Acer campestre E2 . + . + . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Acer campestre E1 + . . + . . . + . . . . . 3 23 Crataegus laevigata E2b + + + . . . + . . . + . . 5 38 Carex digitata E1 + 1 . . . . . . + . . 1 . 4 31 Cerastium sylvaticum E1 + . . . . . . + . . . . + 3 23 Lathraea squamaria E1 . . . . . . + + + . . . . 3 23 Quercus petraea E3b + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Quercus petraea E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Malus sylvestris E2b r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Veratrum nigrum E1 . . . r . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Gagea lutea E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Scilla bifolia E1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + 2 15 Moehringia trinervia E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Oxalis acetosella E1 + + . . + + . + + . . 1 . 7 54 Aposeris foetida E1 . . 1 . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Picea abies E3b . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 RP Rhmano-Prunetea Robinia pseudoacacia E3b + . . 2 . . + . 2 3 + . . 6 46 Robinia pseudoacacia E3a . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 8 Robinia pseudoacacia E2a . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Euonymus europaea E2 + . . . + . . . + + + . . 5 38 Crataegus monogyna E3a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Betulo-Alnetea Aconitum lycoctonum E1 + + + . . . + + . . . . . 5 38 Athyrium filix-femina E1 + . . + . . . . . . . + + 4 31 Senecio nemorensis E1 . . + . . . . . . . . + . 2 15 EA Epilobietea angustifolii Carpesium cernuum E1 . . . . + . . . + . . . 1 3 23 Galeopsis pubescens E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Physalis alkekengi E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Arctium nemorosum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Stachys sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 GU Galio-Urticetea Geum urbanum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . + 2 15 Parietaria officinalis E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Urtica dioica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 SM Stellarietea mediae Galium aparine E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Erigeron annuus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . r 1 8 Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Moehringia muscosa E1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 8 PS Physoplexido-Saxifragion, Potentilletalia caulescentis Campanula pyramidalis E1 . . . . . . . . . r + . . 2 15 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 + + . . + . . . + + 1 . . 6 46 Polypodium interjectum E1 + + . . . + . . . + 1 . . 5 38 Polypodium vulgare E1 . + . . . . . . + + . . . 3 23 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 345 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 . 2 3 3 + . 11 85 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 1 2 1 + 2 . 1 2 1 . 2 . . 9 69 Ctenidium molluscum E0 . + . + . . . . 1 2 3 . . 5 38 Anomodon viticulosus E0 + . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 . . 5 38 Neckera complanata E0 . . 1 . . . . 2 . . 1 . . 3 23 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 . . . 2 1 . . . 1 . . . . 3 23 Anomodon attenuatus E0 . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . 2 15 Neckera crispa E0 . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . 2 15 Homalothecium lutescens E0 . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 2 15 Fissidens taxifolius E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Plagiomnium undulatum E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Conocephalum conicum E0 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Thuidium delicatulum E0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Legend – Legenda A Limestone – apnenec Fl Flysch – fliš Gr Gravel – grušč Ro Rockslide – podorno skalovje Ta Talus – vršaj Br Breccia – breča L Marlstone – laporovec Re Rendzina – rendzina Co Colluvial soil – koluvialna tla Eu Eutric brown soli – evtrična rjava tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* is according to new findings Crocus heuffellianus Herb. (Peruzzi 2016) 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 346 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Tabla 3 (Tabela 3): Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli saxifragetosum rotundifoliae, castaneetosum. Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 257525 263574 263582 263588 263589 263587 263590 263597 275066 275070 275067 275068 275069 Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 740 750 735 755 755 740 740 750 335 335 340 310 320 Aspect (Lega) SWW NW NWW NW NW NWW NW W NE NE NE NE NE Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 30 30 40 35 35 30 25 30 20 35 35 35 35 Parent material (Matična podlaga) Gr Gr A Gr Gr Gr Gr AL AL AL AL AL AL Soil (Tla) Co Co Re Co Co Co Co Re Re Re Re Co Re Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 40 60 40 30 30 40 30 20 70 70 70 60 30 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b 80 70 80 70 70 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plasti) E3a 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E2 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 50 70 60 70 70 60 70 80 30 30 60 60 70 Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E0 10 50 30 30 10 20 30 10 20 20 20 5 5 Max. tree diameter (Maks. premer dreves) cm 35 35 30 30 35 35 50 30 50 40 60 40 60 Max. tree height (Maks. višina dreves) m 19 18 16 15 20 20 25 17 25 25 25 20 24 Number of species (Število vrst) 66 66 80 65 61 77 66 52 40 48 44 47 55 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 5/4/2016 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 Locality (Nahajališče) Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Brkinski rob Gora (T rstelj) Gora (T rstelj) Gora (T rstelj) Gora (T rstelj) Gora (T rstelj) Quadrant (Kvadrant) 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0351/3 0148/1 0148/1 0148/1 0148/1 0148/1 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK Y (D-48) m 439572 439646 439564 439610 439633 439577 439607 439634 401985 401754 401659 401579 401638 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK X (D-48) m 5053771 5053566 5053446 5053445 5053504 5053463 5053501 5053636 5080894 5080952 5080948 5080994 5080975 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) Pr. Fr. TA Tilia platyphyllos E3b 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 1 3 13 100 TA Tilia platyphyllos E3a . . . . . . + . . 1 1 + 1 5 38 TA Tilia platyphyllos E2b + . . . . . . . . 1 + . + 4 31 TA Tilia platyphyllos E2a . . + . + . + . . . . . + 4 31 TA Tilia platyphyllos E1 . + + + . + + + . . + . . 7 54 QP Cnidium silaifolium E1 + + 1 1 + + + 2 + + r . . 11 85 QP Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* E1 1 + 1 + + 2 . 2 . . . . . 7 54 TG Paeonia officinalis E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Differential species of the subassociations (Razlikovalnice subasociacij) MuA Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 . + 2 1 1 + 1 . . . . . . 6 46 CF Pseudofumaria alba E1 1 2 2 . + + 1 . . . . . . 6 46 FS Galeobdolon montanum E1 + . + 1 . . + + . . . . . 5 38 QP Euonymus verrucosa E2 . . + + + . . + . . . . . 4 31 QF Hedera helix E3a + . . . . . . . 1 + 1 . 1 5 38 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 347 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. QF Hedera helix E1 . + . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 6 46 QP Cornus mas E2b . . . + . . . . 1 + + 1 + 6 46 QR Castanea sativa E3b . . . . . . . . + + r + + 5 38 CO Ruscus aculeatus E2a . . . . . . . . 2 . 3 1 2 4 31 Ta Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3b + . . . . + r . + . . + + 6 46 Acer pseudoplatanus E3a . . . . . + . . . . . + . 2 15 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b . . . . + + + . . . . . + 4 31 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a + . + . + + . . . . . + + 6 46 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 1 1 1 . + 1 1 + 1 + . + + 11 85 Adoxa moschatellina E1 1 + + + . + 1 + . . . . . 7 54 Ulmus glabra E3b . + . . . . . . r + 4 3 3 6 46 Ulmus glabra E3a . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 23 Ulmus glabra E2b . . . . . . . . + + 1 . + 4 31 Ulmus glabra E2a . + . . . . . . . + . 1 1 4 31 Ulmus glabra E1 . + . . . . . . + + + + . 5 38 Geranium robertianum E1 1 1 . . + 1 1 . . . + . . 6 46 Corydalis solida E1 . + + 1 . + 1 . . . . . . 5 38 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 + . + + . + . . . . . . . 4 31 Tilia cordata E3b . . . . . + . . . + + . + 4 31 Tilia cordata E3a . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Tilia cordata E2b . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Tilia cordata E2a . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Glechoma hirsuta E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Acer platanoides E3b . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Acer platanoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Aruncus dioicus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 . . 3 2 3 11 85 Primula vulgaris E1 + . . + . + + 1 . . . + + 7 54 Erythronium dens-canis E1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . 5 38 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum E1 + . + . . . . + . . . . . 3 23 Lonicera caprifolium E2a . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 8 Helleborus odorus E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 . + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 1 1 + 2 12 92 Lamium orvala E1 2 1 . 1 1 2 2 1 . . 1 + 2 10 77 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 . . 2 2 . 2 . . 2 2 3 2 3 8 62 Geranium nodosum E1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + . . . . . . 7 54 Calamintha grandiflora E1 . . + 1 1 1 + . . . . . . 5 38 Hacquetia epipactis E1 . . . . . . . . + . . + + 3 23 AI Alnion incanae Rubus caesius E1 . . . . + . . . . + . . . 2 15 Aesculus hippocastanum E3b r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + + . + + + 12 92 Salvia glutinosa E1 + + + + + + + + + + . + + 12 92 Mercurialis perennis E1 . + 1 1 1 2 2 + + + 2 3 2 12 92 Mycelis muralis E1 1 + + + + + + . . + + + + 11 85 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 348 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Lathyrus vernus E1 + . 1 1 1 1 1 . + 2 + + + 11 85 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 + + + 1 1 1 1 . + . . + + 10 77 Campanula trachelium E1 . . + 1 1 + 1 . . + + + + 9 69 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 . . + . 1 1 + + . . + + 1 8 62 Heracleum sphondylium E1 1 + + + 1 + + + . . . . . 8 62 Symphytum tuberosum E1 + + . . + + . + . + . + + 8 62 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 + + . + . + + + . . . . + 7 54 Euphorbia dulcis E1 + . + + 1 + . . . + . + . 7 54 Actaea spicata E1 + + . . + 1 + . . . . . . 5 38 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . . . . . . . . + . + + + 4 31 Fraxinus excelsior E3b + 1 . . + . 1 . . . . . . 4 31 Fraxinus excelsior E2a . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2 15 Fraxinus excelsior E1 + 1 . . . . + . . . . . . 3 23 Fagus sylvatica E3b . . . . . . r . . 1 + . r 4 31 Fagus sylvatica E3a . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Fagus sylvatica E1 . . r . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Carpinus betulus E3b . + . + . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Carpinus betulus E3a . . + . . + + . . . . . . 3 23 Carpinus betulus E2b . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Sambucus nigra E2b + . . . . . . . . . . + + 3 23 Sambucus nigra E2a + . . . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . + . . + . + . . . . . . 3 23 Lilium martagon E1 . . . . . . . . + . . + + 3 23 Corydalis cava E1 . + . . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Paris quadrifolia E1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 15 Galium laevigatum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2 15 Ranunculus lanuginosus E1 . + . . . + . . . . . . . 2 15 Prunus avium E3b . . . . r . r . . . . . . 2 15 Prunus avium E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 8 Melica nutans E1 . . . . . + . + . . . . . 2 15 Prenanthes purpurea E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Laburnum alpinum E3a . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Laburnum alpinum E2b . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Laburnum alpinum E2a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Laburnum alpinum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Cardamine bulbifera E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 CO Carpinion orientalis Sesleria autumnalis E1 + + 3 3 2 1 + 3 1 2 + + + 13 100 Acer monspessulanum E3b . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Lathyrus venetus E1 1 1 + + . + + . + + + + + 11 85 Ostrya carpinifolia E3b . . + r 1 . . . 1 3 2 2 + 8 62 Ostrya carpinifolia E3a . . + + . . . . . + . . . 3 23 Fraxinus ornus E3b + . . 1 1 . . 1 + . . + + 7 54 Fraxinus ornus E3a + + 1 + . + + . + 1 . . . 8 62 Fraxinus ornus E2b . . . + + . . . . . . . . 2 15 Fraxinus ornus E2a . . . 1 + . . . . + . . . 3 23 Fraxinus ornus E1 + . + . . . . . + . . . . 3 23 T anacetum corymbosum E1 + . + 1 + + + 1 . + . . . 8 62 Convallaria majalis E1 + . 1 1 2 + . . . + . . . 6 46 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 349 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Melittis melissophyllum E1 + . + + + + . 1 . . . . . 6 46 Mercurialis ovata E1 1 . 1 + . . + + . . . . . 5 38 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3b + . . + + . . 1 . . . . . 4 31 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a . . + . + + . . + + . . . 5 38 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2b . . . . + . . . . + . . . 2 15 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2a . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Asparagus tenuifolius E1 + . + + . . . + . . . . . 4 31 Campanula persicifolia E1 . . + + + . . + . . . . . 4 31 Quercus cerris E3b + . . r . . . 3 . . . . . 3 23 Mercurialis x paxii E1 . . + . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Arabis turrita E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 15 Hypericum montanum E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Lathyrus niger E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 Orchis pallens E1 . . . . . . . . r . . . . 1 8 T amus communis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Quercus pubescens E3b . . . . . . . . . . . . r 1 8 QR Quercetalia roboris Serratula tinctoria E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 QF Querco-Fagetea Corylus avellana E2b 1 1 . 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 2 2 12 92 Corylus avellana E2a . . + . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 23 Hepatica nobilis E1 . + 1 + 1 1 1 1 . 1 + + 2 11 85 Lonicera xylosteum E2 . + + + 1 1 + 1 . . . . . 7 54 Acer campestre E3b . . . . . . . . . . + . + 2 15 Acer campestre E3a + + . + + + . + . . . . . 6 46 Acer campestre E2b + . . . . + . . . . . . . 2 15 Acer campestre E2a . . + . + + . + . . . . . 4 31 Acer campestre E1 . + + + . . + + . + . + . 7 54 Veratrum nigrum E1 . . . . 1 r + . 1 + . + . 6 46 Scilla bifolia E1 . + 1 + + 1 + . . . . . . 6 46 Clematis vitalba E3a . . . . . . . . + + . . r 3 23 Clematis vitalba E2a 1 + + + . . . + . . . . . 5 38 Clematis vitalba E1 . . . . . + . . . + . + . 3 23 Melica uniflora E1 1 + . . . . + 2 . . . . . 4 31 Carex digitata E1 . . + + + . + . . . . . . 4 31 Aegopodium podagraria E1 . + . . . + + . . . . . . 3 23 Moehringia trinervia E1 . + . + . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Anemone nemorosa E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . 2 2 15 Quercus petraea E3b . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . 2 15 Quercus petraea E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Crataegus laevigata E2a . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2 15 Malus sylvestris E3a r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Ranunculus ficaria E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Pyrus pyraster E2a . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Rosa arvensis E2a . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 8 Spiraea chamaedryfolia E2a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Lathraea squamaria E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Solidago virgaurea E1 . + + + + + . . . . . . . 5 38 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 350 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Aposeris foetida E1 . . . . . 1 + . + + . + . 5 38 Picea abies E2b . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 15 Rosa pendulina E2a . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Maianthemum bifolium E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 8 EP Erico-Pinetea 0 0 Calamagrostis varia E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 8 RP Rhmano-Prunetea Euonymus europaea E2 + . + + . . . + . . . . . 4 31 Crataegus monogyna E3a . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Crataegus monogyna E2b . . . . . . . . + + . + . 3 23 Robinia pseudoacacia E3b . . . . . . . . . . r + . 2 15 Robinia pseudoacacia E3a . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 2 15 Cornus sanguinea E2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Cornus sanguinea E2a . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 Berberis vulgaris E2a . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Rubus fruticosus agg. E2a . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Betulo-Alnetea Aconitum lycoctonum E1 + + + . 1 + + . . . . . . 6 46 Senecio ovatus E1 + . . . + + . . . . + . . 4 31 Silene dioica E1 + . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 15 Aconitum variegatum E1 . . + . . + . . . . . . . 2 15 Senecio nemorensis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2 15 EA Epilobietea angustifolii Hypericum hirsutum E1 . + + + + . . . . . . . . 4 31 Fragaria vesca E1 . + + + . r . . . . . . . 4 31 Arctium nemorosum E1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Lapsana communis E1 r . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 15 GU Galio-Urticetea Geum urbanum E1 + + . 1 . + . + . . . . . 5 38 Lamium maculatum E1 + + . . . . . + . . . . . 3 23 Urtica dioica E1 . + . . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Alliaria petiolata E1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Torilis japonica E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 SM Stellarietea mediae Galium aparine E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Myosotis arvensis E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Myosotis sp. E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Campanula rapunculoides E1 2 + + 1 . + . 1 + + . . + 9 69 Lilium carniolicum E1 r . + . . . . + . . . . . 3 23 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 . + . . . . . . + . . . . 2 15 Verbascum chaixii E1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Verbascum lanatum E1 . . . + . r . . . . . . . 2 15 Vicia sp. E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Calamintha einseleana E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Polygonatum odoratum E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Silene nutans E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Valeriana nemorensis E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Thalictrum minus E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Vicia sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 351 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. FB Festuco-Brometea T araxacum laevigatum E1 . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Arabis hirsuta E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Brachypodium rupestre E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 KC Koelerio-Corynephoretea Cardaminopsis arenosa E1 . . + + . . . . . . + . . 3 23 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Veronica chamaedrys E1 + + + + . + + 1 . . . . . 7 54 T araxacum sect. Ruderalia E1 + + . . + . . . . . + . . 4 31 Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Moehringia muscosa E1 . . 1 + + + 1 . + 1 1 . . 8 62 Cystopteris fragilis E1 . . + . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 PS Physoplexido-Saxifragion, Potentilletalia caulescentis Campanula pyramidalis E1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . 5 38 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 . . 1 . . + + 1 + + 1 . + 8 62 Sedum maximum E1 . + + . . r . + . . . . . 4 31 Ceterach officinarum E1 . r . . + . . . . . . . . 2 15 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 . . + . + . . . . . . . . 2 15 Polypodium vulgare E1 . . . . . + . . . . + . . 2 15 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Neckera crispa E0 . . 2 1 1 2 . . 1 2 2 + + 9 69 Homalothecium lutescens E0 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 . . . 1 . . 8 62 Schistidium apocarpum E0 1 + + . 1 1 . . 1 + + . . 8 62 Ctenidium molluscum E0 . . 2 1 1 2 1 . 1 2 . . + 8 62 Anomodon viticulosus E0 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . . 1 . + 7 54 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 . . . . . 1 1 . 1 . 2 1 2 6 46 Neckera complanata E0 . . . + + . + . . . 1 . . 4 31 Porella platyphylla E0 . + . . . 1 . . . . . . . 2 15 Plagiochila porelloides E0 . . + . . . + . . . . . . 2 15 Peltigera canina E0 . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 15 Polytrichum formosum E0 . . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Homalothecium sericeum E0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . 1 8 Mnium sp. E0 . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Legend – Legenda A Limestone – apnenec Gr Gravel – grušč L Marlstone – laporovec Re Rendzina – rendzina Co Colluvial soil – koluvialna tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* (incl. Helleborus dumetorum subsp. istriacus) – Rottensteiner (2016) Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* is according to new findings Crocus heuffellianus Herb. – Peruzzi (2016) 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 352 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Table 4 (Tabela 4): Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli hierochloetosum australis. Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 274490 274494 274492 274498 274495 263591 274503 274509 Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 320 340 280 330 340 765 320 280 Aspect (Lega) N N NNE NE NE W W S Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 30 35-45 30 30 50 35 30 25 Parent material (Matična podlaga) Gr A Gr Gr A A Gr A Soil (Tla) Re Re Re Re Re Re Rj Rj Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 20 40 20 20 80 50 10 5 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b 70 60 70 90 20 80 70 80 Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plasti) E3a 20 20 30 . . . 20 . Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E2 20 20 10 10 70 20 20 5 Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 90 70 70 90 50 70 80 30 Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E0 20 30 40 20 69 30 10 5 Maximum tree diameter (Maksimalni premer dreves) cm 45 35 35 25 20 25 35 35 Maximum tree height (Maksimalna višina dreves) m 19 18 20 18 10 10 20 20 Number of species (Število vrst) 47 51 60 47 62 62 63 34 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 200 400 400 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 5/4/2016 4/18/2018 4/18/2018 Locality (Nahajališče) Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Orleška draga Brkinski rob Orleška draga Orleška draga Quadrant (Kvadrant) 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0349/1 0351/3 0349/1 0349/1 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK Y (D-48) m 409524 409502 409412 409415 409426 439600 409593 409464 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK X (D-48) m 5061360 5061374 5061444 5061388 5061371 5053416 5061473 5061545 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) Pr. 1-5 Fr. 1-5 TA Tilia platyphyllos E3b 1 1 2 2 . . . . 4 80 TA Tilia platyphyllos E3a + + 1 + 1 . . . 5 100 TA Tilia platyphyllos E2b . . 1 . + + . . 2 40 TA Tilia platyphyllos E2a . . + + . . + . 2 40 QP Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* E1 1 + + . + + 1 1 4 80 TG Paeonia officinalis E1 1 . . . + 1 . . 2 40 Differential species of the subassociation (Razlikovalnice subasociacije) ML Plagiomnium undulatum E0 + + 1 1 1 . . . 5 100 QP Hierochloë australis E1 + . + 1 + . . . 4 80 FB Sesleria tenuifolia E1 . + . . 1 . . . 2 40 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 353 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. TA Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3b + . + + . . . . 3 60 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b + . . . . . . . 1 20 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a . . . + . . + . 1 20 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 + + . . . . . + 2 40 Geranium robertianum E1 . . + + + . . . 3 60 Aruncus dioicus E1 + . 1 + . . . . 3 60 Tilia cordata E3b + . 1 . . . . . 2 40 Tilia cordata E3a + 1 + . . . . . 3 60 Tilia cordata E2a . . + . . . . . 1 20 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 . . 2 1 . . + . 2 40 Adoxa moschatellina E1 . . + . . . . . 1 20 Ulmus glabra E3a + . . . . . . . 1 20 Ulmus glabra E2a r . . . . . + . 1 20 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 . . 1 . . . . . 1 20 Acer platanoides E3b . . 1 . . . . . 1 20 Acer platanoides E2a . . + . . . . . 1 20 Acer platanoides E1 . . 1 . . . . . 1 20 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 . . . . . + . . . . EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 1 + 2 1 + 1 . + 5 100 Primula vulgaris E1 + + + + . . + 1 4 80 Erythronium dens-canis E1 . . . . . + . . . . AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + + 5 100 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 1 . 2 1 . . + . 3 60 Lamium orvala E1 . . . . . + + . . . AI Alnion incanae Aesculus hippocastanum E2a . + . . . . . . 1 20 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Galium laevigatum E1 + 1 1 1 + . + . 5 100 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 + 1 2 1 . . . + 4 80 Lathyrus vernus E1 1 1 . 1 + . 1 . 4 80 Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 . + 1 + . . . 1 3 60 Mycelis muralis E1 . . 1 + + . . . 3 60 Campanula trachelium E1 . . + + + . + . 3 60 Carpinus betulus E3b 1 . 1 . . . 3 4 2 40 Carpinus betulus E3a + . + . . . + 1 2 40 Carpinus betulus E2b + . . . . . . . 1 20 Carpinus betulus E1 . . . . . . . 1 . . Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . r . . + . + . 2 40 Mercurialis perennis E1 . . + . . . + . 1 20 Galeobdolon montanum E1 . . 1 . . . . . 1 20 Epipactis helleborine E1 . . . 1 . . . . 1 20 Salvia glutinosa E1 . . . . . . + + . . 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 354 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. Prunus avium E3b . . . . . . . r . . Prunus avium E1 . . . . . . + + . . Symphytum tuberosum E1 . . . . . . + 1 . . Neottia nidus-avis E1 . . . . . . + . . . Sanicula europaea E1 . . . . . . + . . . Viola reichenbachiana E1 . . . . . . + . . . Corydalis cava E1 . . . . . . . r . . Actaea spicata E1 . . . . . . . + . . CO Carpinion orientalis . . Sesleria autumnalis E1 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 1 5 100 Acer monspessulanum E2a r + . . . . + . 2 40 Acer monspessulanum E1 . . . . . . + . . . Frangula rupestris E2a . + . . + 1 . . 2 40 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Mercurialis ovata E1 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 5 100 Convallaria majalis E1 1 1 2 + + . . . 5 100 Ostrya carpinifolia E3b . 2 3 4 . 4 + . 3 60 Ostrya carpinifolia E3a 1 1 1 . + . . . 4 80 Ostrya carpinifolia E2b . . + . 3 . . . 2 40 Ostrya carpinifolia E2a . . . . + . . . 1 20 Fraxinus ornus E3b . . + 1 . 2 . . 2 40 Fraxinus ornus E3a 1 1 1 1 . . . + 4 80 Fraxinus ornus E2b 1 1 . 1 2 + 1 . 4 80 Fraxinus ornus E2a + . . + . 1 2 . 2 40 Fraxinus ornus E1 . . . . . . 1 + . . Melittis melissophyllum E1 + 1 . + . 1 + + 3 60 Euonymus verrucosa E2a . . 1 + + + . . 3 60 Campanula persicifolia E1 . + . + + + . . 3 60 Cornus mas E2b + . + . + . . . 3 60 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3b . . + + . . . . 2 40 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a + 1 . . . + + . 2 40 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2b + 1 . . . . . . 2 40 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2a . . . . + . . . 1 20 Lathyrus venetus E1 2 . + . . . 2 + 2 40 T anacetum corymbosum E1 1 + . . . . + . 2 40 Arabis turrita E1 . . + . + . . . 2 40 Quercus pubescens E3b 3 . r . . . 3 . 2 40 Quercus pubescens E2b + . . . . . . . 1 20 Cnidium silaifolium E1 + . . . . 1 + . 1 20 Asparagus tenuifolius E1 + . . . . + . . 1 20 Mercurialis x paxii E1 . . + . . + + . 1 20 Hypericum montanum E1 . . . . + . . . 1 20 Prunus mahaleb E2b . . . . + . + . 1 20 Euonymus verrucosa E2b . . . . . + . . . . Quercus cerris E3b . . . . . . 1 1 . . 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 355 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. Paeonia mascula agg. (P . daurica) E1 . . . . . . + . . . Aristolochia lutea E1 . . . . . . + 1 . . Lathyrus niger E1 . . . . . . + . . . Buglossoides purpurocaerulea E1 . . . . . . . + . . QR Quercetalia roboris Serratula tinctoria E1 1 . . . . . 1 + 1 10 Hieracium racemosum E1 . . . . . . + + . . QF Querco-Fagetea Hepatica nobilis E1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 5 100 Carex digitata E1 + 1 2 1 + . + . 5 100 Veratrum nigrum E1 1 1 2 1 1 . . . 5 100 Hedera helix E3a + + . . . . 1 . 2 40 Hedera helix E2a . + . . + . . . 2 40 Hedera helix E1 . + 1 . + . 1 + 3 60 Lonicera xylosteum E2 + . 1 + . + . . 3 60 Corylus avellana E2b . . 2 + . . . . 2 40 Corylus avellana E2a . . . . . . + . . . Quercus petraea E3b . 3 . . . . . . 1 20 Quercus petraea E2a . . . . . . + . . . Viola riviniana E1 . . + . . . . + 1 20 Ulmus minor E2a + . . . . . . . 1 20 Corylus avellana E1 . . . . . . . . . . Acer campestre E3b . . . . . . + . . . Acer campestre E3a . . . . . . + 1 . . Acer campestre E2b . . . . . + + . . . Acer campestre E2a . . . . . . + . . . Acer campestre E1 . . . . . . . + . . Clematis vitalba E2a . . . . . + . . . . Melica uniflora E1 . . . . . . + . . . Epipactis microphylla E1 . . . . . . + . . . Lathraea squamaria E1 . . . . . . . + . . Carex montana E1 . . . . . . . 1 . . VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Solidago virgaurea E1 . + + . . . . . 2 40 EP Erico-Pinetea Amelanchier ovalis E2a . + . . + . . . 2 40 Chamaecytisus hirsutus E1 . + . . + . . . 2 40 Pinus nigra E3b . . . r . . . . 1 20 Pinus nigra E2a . . . . . r . . . . RP Rhmano-Prunetea Crataegus monogyna E3a . . . . . + . . . . Crataegus monogyna E2b . + . . . . . . 1 20 Crataegus monogyna E2a . . . . . + . . . . Rosa canina E2a . . . . + + . . 1 20 Euonymus europaea E2 . . . . . + . . . . 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 356 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Betulo-Alnetea Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 . . . . . + . . . . TG Trifolio-Geranietea Campanula rapunculoides E1 1 + 1 . . + 1 . 3 60 Polygonatum odoratum E1 . + . . 1 1 + . 2 40 Anthericum ramosum E1 . + . . + + . . 2 40 Digitalis grandiflora E1 . . . + + + . . 2 40 Melampyrum velebiticum E1 . . . + + . . . 2 40 Valeriana nemorensis E1 . . . + + . . . 2 40 Lilium carniolicum E1 + . . . . . . . 1 20 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 + . . . . + + . 1 20 Peucedanum cervaria E1 + . . . . . . . 1 20 Valeriana wallrothii E1 . . + . . . . . 1 20 Silene nutans E1 . . . . + 1 . . 1 20 Viola hirta E1 . . . . + + . . 1 20 Verbascum chaixii E1 . . . . . + . . . . Thalictrum minus E1 . . . . . + . . . . Geranium sanguineum E1 . . . . . + . . . . Hypericum perforatum E1 . . . . . + . . . . Trifolium rubens E1 . . . . . + . . . . FB Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis E1 . 1 . . . + . . 2 20 Iberis linifolia E1 . . . + . . . . 1 20 Brachypodium rupestre E1 . . . . . 1 + . . . Allium carinatum subsp. pulchellum E1 . . . . . + . . . . Betonica serotina E1 . . . . . + . . . . Bromopsis erecta E1 . . . . . + . . . . Dianthus tergestinus E1 . . . . . + . . . . Satureja montana subsp. variegata E1 . . . . . + . . . . Satureja subspicata subsp. liburnica E1 . . . . . + . . . . T eucrium chamaedrys E1 . . . . . + . . . . KC Koelerio-Corynephoretea Cardaminopsis arenosa E1 . . + + 1 + . . 3 60 Saxifraga tridactylites E1 . . . . + . . . 1 20 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Muscari botryoides E1 . . . . . + . + . . Ajuga reptans E1 . . . . . . + . . . Veronica chamaedrys E1 . . . . . . . + . . Colchicum autumnale E1 . . . . . . . + . . Cy Cystopteridion fragilis Moehringia muscosa E1 1 + 1 + 1 . + . 5 100 Pseudofumaria alba E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . PS Physoplexido-Saxifragion, Potentilletalia caulescentis . . Campanula pyramidalis E1 . + . + 1 1 . . 3 60 Micromeria thymifolia E1 . + . . + + . . 2 40 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 357 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. Primula auricula E1 . + . . 1 . . . 2 40 Hieracium lasiophyllum E1 . . . . + . . . 1 20 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 + + . + 1 1 + . 4 80 Sedum maximum E1 . . + 1 1 1 . . 3 60 Polypodium interjectum E1 . + . . 3 . . . 2 40 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 . . + . + 1 . . 2 40 Polypodium vulgare E1 . + . . . . . . 1 20 Polypodium australe E1 . . . . 1 . . . 1 20 Parietaria judaica E1 . . . . + . . . 1 20 Sedum sexangulare E1 . . . . . + . . . . ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Ctenidium molluscum E0 2 1 3 1 2 . . . 5 100 Neckera crispa E0 2 2 1 . 2 + 1 . 4 80 Thuidium tamariscinum E0 2 . 2 3 . . . . 3 60 Dicranum scoparium E0 . + + . + . . . 3 60 Hylocomium splendens E0 . + . . + . . . 2 40 Anomodon viticulosus E0 . . + . 1 1 1 1 2 40 Homalothecium lutescens E0 . . + + . 2 1 . 2 40 Peltigera canina E0 . . + + . . . . 2 40 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 . . . 2 + . . . 2 40 Tortella tortuosa E0 . + . . . . . . 1 20 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 . . + . . . . . 1 20 Neckera complanata E0 . . 1 . . . 1 . 1 20 Schistidium apocarpum E0 . . + . . . . . 1 20 Anomodon attenuatus E0 . . . . + . + . 1 20 Thuidium delicatulum E0 . . . . + . . . 1 20 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 . . . . . . . 1 . . Legend – Legenda 1–5 Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli hierochloetosum australis 6 Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae 7 Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum cerridis /Aristolochio luteae-Quercetum pubescentis carpinetosum betuli 8 Asaro-Carpinetum betuli A Limestone – apnenec Gr Gravel – grušč L Marlstone – laporovec Re Rendzina – rendzina Rj Brown calcareous soil – rjava pokarbonatna tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* (incl. Helleborus dumetorum subsp. istriacus) – Rottensteiner (2016) 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 358 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Table 5 (Tabela 5): Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli ass. nov. Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 233951 233952 233939 233940 233943 233941 233942 233944 233945 245842 245843 245846 245847 Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 580 560 570 570 550 600 630 500 520 620 620 670 675 Aspect (Lega) NW NW NW NW NW NNW NE NE 0 W NW NW NW Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 20 15 20 20 25 25 25 10 0 15 15 20 20 Parent material (Matična podlaga) A A A A A A A A A DA A D D Soil (Tla) Rj Rj Re Rj Rj Rj Rj Rj Rj Rj Rj Re Re Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 50 30 60 40 60 60 60 20 10 60 40 30 20 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 70 80 70 80 70 Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plasti) E3a 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 10 20 20 20 20 Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E2 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 40 20 20 30 20 30 Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 60 70 50 60 50 40 60 30 50 70 70 80 80 Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E0 10 5 20 20 20 20 30 10 10 20 30 10 20 Max. tree diameter (Maks. premer dreves) cm 40 30 45 40 35 40 40 40 25 35 35 35 25 Max. tree height (Maks. višina dreves) m 24 18 26 22 22 26 27 18 17 22 22 20 16 Number of species (Število vrst) 51 51 55 53 62 50 57 48 42 85 88 76 58 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 400 200 400 400 200 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 4/9/2009 5/3/2012 5/3/2012 5/3/2012 4/18/2012 Locality (Nahajališče) Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Puštale Čepovan-Vrata Čepovan-Vrata Čepovan-Perajc Čepovan-V Robu Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/4 9948/2 9948/2 9948/2 9948/2 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK Y (D-48) m 406117 406061 405928 405786 405711 405738 405627 405511 405772 407497 407532 407528 407575 Coordinate (Koordinate) GK X (D-48) m 5099068 5099090 5098681 5098491 5098313 5098222 5098059 5098352 5098613 5105987 5106056 5105515 5105806 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) Pr. Fr. TA Tilia platyphyllos E3b 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 + 1 1 3 1 13 100 TA Tilia platyphyllos E3a . . . + + + + + . . . . . 5 38 TA Tilia platyphyllos E2b . . . + . + + . + . . . . 4 31 TA Tilia platyphyllos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 TA Tilia cordata E3b 2 + 2 2 2 + 1 3 4 3 4 3 3 13 100 TA Tilia cordata E3a 1 + + + + + . 1 . 1 . . 1 9 69 TA Tilia cordata E2b . . + . . . . 1 . . + . . 3 23 TA Tilia cordata E2a . . . . . . . . . + + . + 3 23 EC Helleborus odorus E1 2 2 + 1 1 . . 1 1 + 2 2 2 11 85 AF Lamium orvala E1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 . . 1 1 + 1 11 85 AF Anemone trifolia E1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 + . + 1 1 . 10 77 QP Sesleria autumnalis E1 2 3 . 1 1 1 + + + . . . . 8 62 TA Arum maculatum E1 . . 1 1 1 + 1 + + . . . + 8 62 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 359 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. Differential species of variants (Razlikovalnica variante) TA Adoxa moschatellina E1 . + 1 + 2 + 1 1 1 . . . . 8 62 AF Omphalodes verna E1 . . . . . . . . . + + + + 4 31 TA Tilio-Acerion . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corydalis solida E1 . . 1 + 3 . . 1 1 + + . . 7 54 Acer pseudoplatanus E3b . . . . . . + + . + 1 1 . 6 46 Acer pseudoplatanus E3a . . . . . . . . . + + + . 4 31 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b . . . . . . . . . + . + . 2 15 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 . . . . . . . + . 1 1 + + 5 38 Polystichum aculeatum E1 . . . . + . + . . + + + + 6 46 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 . . . . . + + . . 1 1 . . 4 31 Acer platanoides E3b . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Acer platanoides E3a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Acer platanoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + + 3 23 Aruncus dioicus E1 . . . . . . . . . + + + . 3 23 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 . . . . . . . 1 2 . + . . 3 23 Geranium robertianum E1 . . . . . . . . + + . . . 2 15 Euonymus latifolia E2a . . . . . . . . . + . + . 2 15 Euonymus latifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 15 Lunaria rediviva E1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 8 Stellaria montana E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 8 Juglans regia E3b . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Ulmus glabra E2a + 1 8 EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 2 . 2 2 2 + . + 2 . . . . 7 54 Primula vulgaris E1 + 1 . + + . . . . . + 1 + 7 54 Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* E1 + 1 . . + . . 1 . . . . . 4 31 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 + . + + . 1 . . . 1 1 1 . 7 54 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 . + + 3 + 2 2 . . . . . + 7 54 Cardamine trifolia E1 . . + 1 . 1 . . . 1 1 . . 5 38 Euphorbia carniolica E1 . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . 3 23 Anemone x pittonii E1 . + . . . . . . + . . . . 2 15 Daphne laureola E2a . . . . . . . . . r . + . 2 15 Rhamnus fallax E2a . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Aremonia agrimonoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 15 Helleborus niger E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 AI Alnion incanae Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1 . . . . . . . + + . . . . 2 15 Dryopteris carthusiana E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + 1 1 1 1 13 100 Mercurialis perennis E1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + 3 1 2 1 13 100 Paris quadrifolia E1 + + 1 + + + + + . 1 + 1 + 12 92 Daphne mezereum E2a + + + + + . + + + . + + + 11 85 Fraxinus excelsior E3b 3 1 2 . 1 + + + . 1 + 1 1 11 85 Fraxinus excelsior E3a + . . . + . . . . . . . . 2 15 Fraxinus excelsior E2b . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . . 3 23 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 360 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. Fraxinus excelsior E2a . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . 2 15 Fraxinus excelsior E1 . . . . 1 . . . . + + + + 5 38 Actaea spicata E1 + . 1 1 + + + + . 1 + . + 10 77 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 + + + . + + 1 . . 1 + 1 1 10 77 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 + . + + + + + . . 1 1 1 1 10 77 Carpinus betulus E3b 1 . + + + + + + . 1 + . . 9 69 Carpinus betulus E3a + 1 . + + + . . . + 1 1 . 8 62 Carpinus betulus E2b . . . + + + . . . . . . . 3 23 Carpinus betulus E2a . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Carpinus betulus E1 + . . . . . . . . r . + . 3 23 Heracleum sphondylium E1 + + + + + . + . + + . + . 9 69 Sambucus nigra E3a . . . . . . + + . . . . . 2 15 Sambucus nigra E2b . . . + . . 1 + + + . . . 5 38 Sambucus nigra E2a . + + + + . + . + + + . + 9 69 Sambucus nigra E1 . . . . . . + + . . . . . 2 15 Campanula trachelium E1 + + . + + . + + + . + . . 8 62 Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 + . . + + + . . . + + + + 8 62 Fagus sylvatica E3b + . . + r + + r . + . + . 8 62 Fagus sylvatica E3a . . . + . . + . . . + + + 5 38 Fagus sylvatica E2b . . + + . + + . . + + + . 7 54 Fagus sylvatica E2a + + . + . . . . . . + . . 4 31 Fagus sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . + + 1 + 4 31 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . + . . + + + . . 1 1 + + 8 62 Salvia glutinosa E1 + + . . + . + . . + + + + 8 62 Cardamine pentaphyllos E1 . 2 . . . + 1 . . 3 2 2 + 7 54 Cardamine bulbifera E1 . + + 1 + . + . . + . . . 6 46 Lathyrus vernus E1 . . . + + . . . . 1 1 1 + 6 46 Prunus avium E3b 1 + . . r . + . . + + . . 6 46 Prunus avium E3a + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Galium laevigatum E1 + + + . + . . . + . . . . 5 38 Cardamine impatiens E1 . . + + + . . + + . . . . 5 38 Lonicera alpigena E2a + . . . . . . . . + 1 + . 4 31 Neottia nidus-avis E1 . . . + . . . . . + + + . 4 31 Mycelis muralis E1 . . . . + . + . . + + . . 4 31 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 + . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . 3 23 Symphytum tuberosum E1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 + 1 3 23 Allium ursinum E1 . + + . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Myosotis sylvatica E1 . + . . . . . . + . . . . 2 15 Brachypodium sylvaticum E1 . . . . . . . . . + . + . 2 15 Carex sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 Sanicula europaea E1 . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Lilium martagon E1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Festuca altissima E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Viola reichenbachiana E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Corydalis cava E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Melica nutans E1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 8 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Fraxinus ornus E3b . . + . . . . + . . . . . 2 15 Fraxinus ornus E3a + + + + + + + . . + + + + 11 85 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 361 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. Fraxinus ornus E2b . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Fraxinus ornus E2a . . . + . . . . . . . + . 2 15 Ostrya carpinifolia E3b . . + + + + + + . + + 1 + 10 77 Ostrya carpinifolia E3a . . + . . . + . . + . . . 3 23 Cornus mas E2b . . . . r . r . . . . . . 2 15 Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa E1 . + . . . . . . . . . + . 2 15 T anacetum corymbosum E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a . . . . . . r . . . . . . 1 8 QF Querco-Fagetea Corylus avellana E3a + 1 1 1 . . + 2 1 . 2 . . 8 62 Corylus avellana E2b 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 13 100 Anemone nemorosa E1 1 1 + 1 . + . 1 + 1 2 2 3 11 85 Lonicera xylosteum E2b . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 15 Lonicera xylosteum E2a + + 1 + + + + . . + 1 + + 11 85 Carex digitata E1 + + + + . + . . . 1 . + + 8 62 Aegopodium podagraria E1 + 1 + . . . . + 1 . . + 1 7 54 Anemone ranunculoides E1 + . + + . . . . 1 + 1 . . 6 46 Acer campestre E3b + . . + + . . + + . . . . 5 38 Acer campestre E3a + + . + . . . . . . . . . 3 23 Acer campestre E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata (D. polygama) E1 + 1 + + + . . . . . . . . 5 38 Festuca heterophylla E1 + + . . . . . . . + + + . 5 38 Gagea lutea E1 + . + . 1 . . 1 + . . . . 5 38 Listera ovata E1 + . . . . . . . . + + + . 4 31 Hedera helix E3a . . . . . . . . . . + . + 2 15 Hedera helix E1 . . . . . . . . . + + + 1 4 31 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 . . . . . . . . . + + + . 3 23 Lathraea squamaria E1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Veratrum nigrum E1 . + . . . . . . . r . . . 2 15 Vinca minor E1 . . + . . . . . . . . 2 . 2 15 Moehringia trinervia E1 . . . . . . . + + . . . . 2 15 Hepatica nobilis E1 . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Clematis vitalba E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 Cruciata glabra E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . + 2 15 Viola riviniana E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . + 2 15 Malus sylvestris E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Pyrus pyraster E2a . . . . . . . . . . r . . 1 8 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Oxalis acetosella E1 . . 1 1 + + . + . 1 1 + 1 9 69 Luzula luzuloides E1 . . . . + + + + . + + + . 7 54 Solidago virgaurea E1 . . . . . . . . + . + + . 3 23 Picea abies E3b . . r . . . . . . + + + . 4 31 Picea abies E3a . . . . . r . . . . . . . 1 8 Picea abies E2b . . . . . . . . . + . + + 3 23 Picea abies E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Maianthemum bifolium E1 . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Picea abies E2a . . . . . . . . . . + . + 2 15 Larix decidua E3b . . r . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Dryopteris dilatata E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 8 Gentiana asclepiadea E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 362 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. EP Erico-Pinetea Calamagrostis varia E1 . . . . . . . . . + + + + 4 31 Peucedanum austriacum E1 . . . . . . . . . r + + . 3 23 Pinus nigra E3b . . . . r . . . . . . . . 1 8 Rubus saxatilis E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Aquilegia nigricans E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Carex alba E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae Salix caprea E3b . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 Salix caprea E3a r . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 15 Betula pendula E3b . . . . . r . . . . . . . 1 8 Sorbus aucuparia E3b . . . . . . r . . . . . . 1 8 RP Rhamno-Prunetea Crataegus monogyna E2a . . . . . . . . + + . . . 2 15 Crataegus monogyna E2b . . . . . . . . + . + . . 2 15 Crataegus monogyna E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Euonymus europaea E1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 8 Rubus hirtus E2a . . . . . . . . . r . . . 1 8 Berberis vulgaris E2a . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Senecio ovatus E1 . + + . + . + . . + + . + 7 54 Aconitum lycoctonum E1 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 Athyrium filix-femina E1 . . . . . . . . . + + . . 2 15 Milium effusum E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 EA Epilobietea angustifolii Fragaria vesca E1 + + . . . + . . . + . + + 6 46 GU Galio-Urticetea Geum urbanum E1 + + + . + . . + 1 . . + + 8 62 Urtica dioica E1 . . + . + . . + + . . . . 4 31 Alliaria petiolata E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Allium vineale E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Campanula rapunculoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + + 3 23 Lilium bulbiferum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . r . 1 8 Valeriana wallrothii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 FB Festuco-Brometea Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . 3 23 Cirsium erisithales E1 . . . . . . . . . + . + + 3 23 Euphorbia cyparissias E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 8 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Angelica sylvestris E1 . . . . + + . . . + + + + 6 46 Veronica chamaedrys E1 + + . . . . . . + . . . . 3 23 Colchicum autumnale E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Anthriscus sylvestris E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Crocus albiflorus E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Poa trivialis E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Galium mollugo E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 8 AT Asplenietea trichomanis s. lat. Asplenium trichomanes E1 . . + + + + + + . 1 + + 1 10 77 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 363 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Number of relevé (Zaporedna štev. popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. fr. Polypodium vulgare E1 . . . . . + . . . 1 1 + + 5 38 Moehringia muscosa E1 . . . . . . . . . 1 1 + . 3 23 Cymbalaria muralis E1 . . . . . + + . . . . . . 2 15 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 8 Cardaminopsis arenosa E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Isothecium alopecuroides E0 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 + . + 1 + . 11 85 Ctenidium molluscum E0 1 . + 2 2 2 2 + . 3 2 2 + 11 85 Homalothecium lutescens E0 . . 2 1 + + 1 . + . . . . 6 46 Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 . . + + + + + . . + . . . 6 46 Neckera crispa E0 . . . + 1 1 1 . . . 2 2 . 6 46 Polytrichum formosum E0 . . . + + . . + . + + . + 6 46 Anomodon viticulosus E0 . . + + . . + . . 1 1 . . 5 38 Schistidium apocarpum E0 . . + + . + + . + . . . . 5 38 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 . . . . + . + + + . + . . 5 38 Porella platyphylla E0 . . + 1 + . 1 . . . . . . 4 31 Homalothecium philippeanum E0 . . + + . + 1 . . . . . . 4 31 Plagiomnium undulatum E0 . . . . . + + + . . . . 1 4 31 Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 . . . . . . + . . 2 1 + . 4 31 Neckera complanata E0 . . . . + + + . . . . . . 3 23 Atrichum undulatum E0 + . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 2 15 Brachythecium salebrosum E0 . . + . . . . + . . . . . 2 15 Anomodon attenuatus E0 + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Porella arboris-vitae E0 . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Fissidens dubius E0 . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 8 Homalothecium sericeum E0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 Thuidium tamariscinum E0 . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 8 Mnium sp. E0 . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 8 Peltigera canina E0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 8 Legend – Legenda A Limestone – apnenec D Dolomite – dolomit Re Rendzina – rendzina Rj Brown calcareous soil – rjava pokarbonatna tla Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) – število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % – frekvenca v % Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* is according to new findings Crocus heuffellianus Herb. (Peruzzi 2016) 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 364 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Table 6: Synoptic table of syntaxa from the suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli in the (south)western Slovenia. Tabela 6: Sintezna tabela sintaxonov podzveze Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli v (jugo)zahodni Sloveniji. Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksona) CoAp RaAp PoTpsr PoTpcs PoTpha LoTp Number of relevés (Število popisov) 10 13 8 5 5 13 Tilio-Acerion Adoxa moschatellina E1 90 . 88 . 20 62 Acer pseudoplatanus E3b 90 100 38 60 60 46 Acer pseudoplatanus E3a 10 38 13 20 . 31 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b 10 38 38 20 20 15 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a 20 46 50 40 20 8 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 70 92 88 80 40 38 Tilia platyphyllos E3b 90 15 100 100 80 100 Tilia platyphyllos E3a 20 15 13 80 100 38 Tilia platyphyllos E2b 10 . 13 60 40 31 Tilia platyphyllos E2a 10 . 38 20 40 8 Tilia platyphyllos E1 . . 75 20 . . Tilia cordata E3b 90 8 13 60 40 100 Tilia cordata E3a 30 . . 20 60 69 Tilia cordata E2b . . . 20 . 23 Tilia cordata E2a 10 . . 20 20 23 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 70 62 . . 40 23 Geranium robertianum E1 60 38 63 20 60 15 Aruncus dioicus E1 60 15 . 20 60 23 Corydalis solida E1 50 . 63 . . 54 Ulmus glabra E3b 20 54 13 100 . . Ulmus glabra E3a 60 54 . 60 20 . Ulmus glabra E2b . 92 . 80 . . Ulmus glabra E2a 50 62 13 60 20 8 Ulmus glabra E1 30 31 13 80 . . Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 40 85 . . 20 31 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 30 . 50 . . . Acer platanoides E3b 20 . . 20 20 8 Acer platanoides E3a 10 . . . . 8 Acer platanoides E2b . . . . . . Acer platanoides E2a 20 . . . 20 . Acer platanoides E1 20 . . 20 20 23 Juglans regia E3b . 15 . . . 8 Juglans regia E2a 10 15 . . . . Polystichum setiferum E1 . 85 . . . . Lunaria rediviva E1 . 69 . . . 8 T ephroseris pseudocrispa E1 . 8 . . . . Dryopteris affinis E1 . 8 . . . . Polystichum aculeatum E1 . 8 . . . . Glechoma hirsuta E1 . . 13 . . . Arum maculatum E1 . . . . . 62 Euonymus latifolia E2a . . . . . 15 Euonymus latifolia E1 . . . . . 15 Stellaria montana E1 . . . . . 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 365 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 100 85 100 60 100 54 Primula vulgaris E1 60 8 63 40 80 54 Helleborus odorus E1 . 69 . 20 . 85 Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* E1 . 38 13 . . . Erythronium dens-canis E1 . . 63 . . 31 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum E1 . . 38 . . 8 Lonicera caprifolium E2a . . . 40 . . Aremonio-Fagion Lamium orvala E1 100 100 88 60 . 85 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 90 77 38 100 60 54 Cyclamen purpurascens E1 70 38 88 100 100 54 Hacquetia epipactis E1 30 54 . 60 . . Geranium nodosum E1 . . 88 . . . Calamintha grandiflora E1 . . 63 . . . Anemone trifolia E1 . . . . . 71 Cardamine trifolia E1 . . . . . 38 Omphalodes verna E1 . . . . . 31 Euphorbia carniolica E1 . . . . . 23 Anemone x pittonii E1 . . . . . 15 Daphne laureola E2a . . . . . 15 Rhamnus fallax E2a . . . . . 15 Aremonia agrimonoides E1 . . . . . 15 Helleborus niger E1 . . . . . 8 Alnion incanae Aesculus hippocastanum E3b . . 13 . . . Aesculus hippocastanum E3a 10 . . . . . Aesculus hippocastanum E2a . . . . 20 . Rubus caesius E1 . . 13 20 . . Alnus glutinosa E3b . 8 . . . . Festuca gigantea E1 . 8 . . . . Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1 . . . . . 15 Dryopteris carthusiana E1 . . . . . 8 Fagetalia sylvaticae Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 100 92 100 80 60 100 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 100 85 63 60 80 77 Carpinus betulus E3b 100 46 25 . 40 69 Carpinus betulus E3a 50 15 38 . 40 62 Carpinus betulus E2b 20 . 13 . 20 23 Carpinus betulus E2a . 15 . . . 8 Carpinus betulus E1 . 15 . . . 23 Mercurialis perennis E1 90 100 88 100 20 100 Lathyrus vernus E1 90 31 75 100 80 46 Corydalis cava E1 80 85 25 . . 8 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 80 46 . 80 40 62 Actaea spicata E1 80 31 63 . . 77 Mycelis muralis E1 70 54 88 80 60 31 Galium laevigatum E1 70 . . 40 100 38 Viola reichenbachiana E1 60 46 . . . 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 366 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heracleum sphondylium E1 50 . 100 . . 69 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 50 31 88 60 . 77 Campanula trachelium E1 50 . 63 80 60 62 Salvia glutinosa E1 50 69 100 80 . 62 Sambucus nigra E3 . . . . . 15 Sambucus nigra E2b 20 85 13 40 . 38 Sambucus nigra E2a 50 38 25 . . 69 Sanicula europaea E1 50 . . . . 15 Symphytum tuberosum E1 40 62 63 60 . 23 Fraxinus excelsior E3b 10 . 50 . . 85 Fraxinus excelsior E2a 30 . . 40 . 23 Fraxinus excelsior E1 . . 38 . . 38 Cardamine bulbifera E1 20 85 . 20 . 46 Euphorbia dulcis E1 20 23 63 40 . . Paris quadrifolia E1 20 . 25 . . 92 Melica nutans E1 20 . 25 . . . Neottia nidus-avis E1 20 . . . . 31 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 10 54 75 20 . 23 Galeobdolon montanum E1 10 31 63 . 20 . Cardamine impatiens E1 10 38 . . . 38 Circaea lutetiana E1 10 23 . . . . Epipactis helleborine E1 10 . . . 20 . Lonicera alpigena E2a 10 . . . . 31 Lilium martagon E1 . 54 . 60 . 8 Brachypodium sylvaticum E1 . 31 . . . 15 Fagus sylvatica E3b . . 13 60 . 62 Fagus sylvatica E3a . 8 . 40 . 38 Fagus sylvatica E2b . 15 . . . 54 Fagus sylvatica E2a . 8 . . . 31 Fagus sylvatica E1 . 8 13 . . 31 Prunus avium E3b . 8 25 . . 46 Prunus avium E1 . . 13 . . . Carex sylvatica E1 . 8 . . . 15 Scrophularia nodosa E1 . 8 38 . . 8 Prenanthes purpurea E1 . 8 . 20 . . Ranunculus lanuginosus E1 . . 25 . . . Laburnum alpinum E3a . . . 20 . . Laburnum alpinum E2b . . . 20 . . Laburnum alpinum E2a . . . 20 . . Laburnum alpinum E1 . . . 20 . . Daphne mezereum E2a . . . . . 85 Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 . . . . . 62 Cardamine pentaphyllos E1 . . . . . 54 Myostis sylvatica agg. E1 . . . . . 15 Allium ursinum E1 . . . . . 15 Festuca altissima E1 . . . . . 8 Carpinion orientalis Sesleria autumnalis E1 80 8 100 100 100 62 Carpinus orientalis E3a 20 . . . . . 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 367 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ruscus aculeatus E2a . 92 . 80 . . Asparagus acutifolius E2a . 31 . . . . Acer monspessulanum E3b . . . 20 . . Acer monspessulanum E2a . . . . 40 . Frangula rupestris E2a . . . . 40 . Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Convallaria majalis E1 80 . 63 20 100 . Lathyrus venetus E1 70 15 75 100 40 . Ostrya carpinifolia E3b 60 23 38 100 60 77 Ostrya carpinifolia E3a 30 . 25 20 80 23 Ostrya carpinifolia E2b . . . . 40 . Ostrya carpinifolia E2a . . . . 20 . Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* E1 50 8 88 . 80 . Fraxinus ornus E3b . 31 50 60 40 15 Fraxinus ornus E3a 60 8 75 40 80 85 Fraxinus ornus E2b 30 15 25 . 80 8 Fraxinus ornus E2a 20 54 25 20 40 15 Fraxinus ornus E1 40 . 25 20 . . Mercurialis ovata E1 60 . 63 . 100 . Melittis melissophyllum E1 20 . 75 . 60 . Cornus mas E2b 20 15 13 100 60 15 T anacetum corymbosum E1 20 . 88 20 40 8 Arabis turrita E1 20 15 . 40 40 . Asparagus tenuifolius E1 20 . 50 . 20 . Mercurialis x paxii E1 20 . 25 . 20 . Quercus cerris E3b 10 . 38 . . . Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3b . . 50 . 40 . Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a 10 . 38 40 40 8 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2b . . 13 20 40 . Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2a . . 13 . 20 . Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E1 . . 13 . . . Euonymus verrucosa E2b . . 25 . . . Euonymus verrucosa E2a 10 . 50 . 60 . Quercus pubescens E3b . . . 20 40 . Quercus pubescens E3a 10 . . . . . Quercus pubescens E2b . . . . 20 . Lathyrus niger E1 10 . 13 . . . Orchis pallens E1 10 . . 20 . . Hierochloë australis E1 10 . . . 80 . Aristolochia lutea E1 10 . . . . . Prunus mahaleb E2b . . . . 20 . Prunus mahaleb E2a 10 . . . . . Viola sepincola E1 10 . . . . . T amus communis E1 . 8 . 20 . . Cnidium silaifolium E1 . . 100 60 20 . Campanula persicifolia E1 . . 50 . 60 . Hypericum montanum E1 . . 13 . 20 . Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa E1 . . . . . 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 368 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quercetalia roboris Castanea sativa E3b . 8 . 100 . . Castanea sativa E1 . 8 . . . . Rubus hirtus E2 . 8 . . . 8 Serratula tinctoria E1 . . . 20 20 . Querco-Fagetea Veratrum nigrum E1 90 8 38 60 100 15 Hepatica nobilis E1 80 46 88 80 100 15 Hedera helix E3a 70 92 13 80 40 15 Hedera helix E2a . . . . 40 . Hedera helix E1 80 69 13 100 60 31 Lonicera xylosteum E2 90 . 88 . 60 85 Carex digitata E1 70 31 50 . 100 62 Anemone ranunculoides E1 60 . . . . 46 Corylus avellana E3a 10 15 . . . 62 Corylus avellana E2b 50 69 88 100 40 100 Corylus avellana E2a 10 . 13 40 . . Corylus avellana E1 . 15 . . . . Acer campestre E3b 40 46 . 40 . 38 Acer campestre E3a 60 38 75 . . 23 Acer campestre E2b 20 15 25 . . . Acer campestre E2a 10 . 50 . . . Acer campestre E1 20 23 63 40 . 8 Viola mirabilis E1 60 . . . . . Melica uniflora E1 50 . 50 . . . Lathraea squamaria E1 30 23 . 20 . 15 Quercus petraea E3b 40 15 . 40 20 . Quercus petraea E1 . 8 . 20 . . Gagea lutea E1 40 8 . . . 38 Stellaria holostea E1 30 . . . . . Ranunculus ficaria E1 20 46 13 . . . Anemone nemorosa E1 20 77 . 40 . 85 Viola riviniana E1 20 . . . 20 15 Moehringia trinervia E1 10 8 25 . . 15 Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata (D. polygama) E1 10 . . . . 38 Ulmus minor E2a 10 . . . 20 . Aegopodium podagraria E1 . 92 38 . . 54 Crataegus laevigata E2b . 38 . . . . Crataegus laevigata E2a . . . 40 . . Clematis vitalba E3a . 8 . 60 . . Clematis vitalba E2a . 46 63 . . . Clematis vitalba E1 . . 13 40 . 15 Cerastium sylvaticum E1 . 23 . . . . Scilla bifolia E1 . 15 75 . . . Malus sylvestris E3a . . 13 . . . Malus sylvestris E2b . 8 . . . 8 Pyrus pyraster E2a . . 13 . . 8 Rosa arvensis E2a . . 13 . . . Spiraea chamaedryfolia E2a . . . 20 . . 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 369 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Festuca heterophylla E1 . . . . . 38 Listera ovata E1 . . . . . 31 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 . . . . . 23 Vinca minor E1 . . . . . 15 Cruciata glabra E1 . . . . . 15 Vaccinio-Piceetea Solidago virgaurea E1 20 . 63 . 40 . Maianthemum bifolium E1 20 . 13 . . . Hieracium murorum E1 10 . . . . . Aposeris foetida E1 . 15 25 60 . . Oxalis acetosella E1 . 54 . . . . Picea abies E3b . . . . . . Picea abies E2b . . 25 . . . Rosa pendulina E2a . . 13 . . . Erico-Pinetea Calamagrostis varia E1 . . 13 . . 31 Amelanchier ovalis E2a . . . . 40 . Chamaecytisus hirsutus E1 . . . . 40 . Pinus nigra E3b . . . . 20 8 Peucedanum austriacum E1 . . . . . 23 Rubus saxatilis E1 . . . . . 8 Carex alba E1 . . . . . 8 Sambuco-Salicion capreae Salix caprea E3b . . . . . 8 Salix caprea E3a . . . . . 15 Betula pendula E3b . . . . . 8 Sorbus aucuparia E3b . . . . . 8 Rhmano-Prunetea Euonymus europaea E2 20 38 50 . . 8 Berberis vulgaris E2a 10 . . 20 . 8 Robinia pseudoacacia E3b . 46 . 40 . . Robinia pseudoacacia E3a . 8 . 40 . . Robinia pseudoacacia E2a . 8 . . . . Crataegus monogyna E3a . 8 . 20 . 15 Crataegus monogyna E2b . . . 60 20 15 Cornus sanguinea E2b . . 13 . . . Cornus sanguinea E2a . . 13 . . . Rubus fruticosus agg. E2a . . . 40 . . Rosa canina E2a . . . . 20 . Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Betulo-Alnetea Aconitum lycoctonum E1 30 38 75 . . 15 Senecio nemorensis E1 20 15 . 40 . . Senecio ovatus E1 10 . 38 20 . 54 Ribes alpinum E2a 10 . . . . . Athyrium filix-femina E1 . 31 . . . 15 Aconitum variegatum E1 . . 25 . . . Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 . . 75 . . . Silene dioica E1 . . 25 . . . Milium effusum E1 . . . . . 8 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 370 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 . . . . . 8 Epilobietea angustifolii Solanum dulcamara E1 10 . . . . . Carpesium cernuum E1 . 23 . . . . Galeopsis pubescens E1 . 8 . . . . Physalis alkekengi E1 . 8 . . . . Arctium nemorosum E1 . 8 25 . . . Stachys sylvatica E1 . 8 . . . . Fragaria vesca E1 . . 50 . . 46 Hypericum hirsutum E1 . . 50 . . . Lapsana communis E1 . . 25 . . . Galio-Urticetea Urtica dioica E1 20 8 25 . . 31 Geum urbanum E1 . 15 63 . . 62 Parietaria officinalis E1 . 8 . . . . Lamium maculatum E1 . . 38 . . . Alliaria petiolata E1 . . 13 . . 8 Torilis japonica E1 . . 13 . . . Allium vineale E1 . . . . . 8 Stellarietea mediae Stellaria neglecta E1 20 . . . . . Galium aparine E1 . 8 13 . . . Erigeron annuus E1 . 8 . . . . Myosotis arvensis E1 . . 13 . . . Myosotis sp. E1 . . 13 . . . Trifolio-Geranietea Campanula rapunculoides E1 60 . 75 60 60 23 Lilium carniolicum E1 20 . 38 . 20 . Viola odorata E1 10 . . . . . Melampyrum velebiticum E1 10 . . . 40 . Verbascum lanatum E1 . . 25 . . . Verbascum chaixii E1 . . 25 . . . Polygonatum odoratum E1 . . 13 . 40 . Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 . . 13 20 20 . Paeonia officinalis E1 . . 13 . 40 . Silene nutans E1 . . 13 . 20 . Valeriana nemorensis E1 . . 13 . 40 . Thalictrum minus E1 . . 13 . . . Vicia sp. E1 . . 13 . . . Vicia sylvatica E1 . . 13 . . . Calamintha einseleana E1 . . 13 . . . Anthericum ramosum E1 . . . . 40 . Digitalis grandiflora E1 . . . . 40 . Viola hirta E1 . . . . 20 . Peucedanum cervaria E1 . . . . 20 . Valeriana wallrothii (V. collina) E1 . . . . 20 8 Lilium bulbiferum E1 . . . . 8 Festuco-Brometea Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 10 . . . . 23 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 371 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 T araxacum laevigatum E1 . . 25 . . . Brachypodium rupestre E1 . . 13 . . . Arabis hirsuta E1 . . 13 . . . Sesleria tenuifolia E1 . . . . 40 . Carex humilis E1 . . . . 20 . Iberis linifolia E1 . . . . 20 . Cirsium erisithales E1 . . . . . 23 Euphorbia cyparissias E1 . . . . . 8 Koelerio-Corynephoretea Cardaminopsis arenosa E1 10 . 25 20 60 8 Saxifraga tridactylites E1 . . . . 20 . Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Veronica chamaedrys E1 10 . 88 . . 23 Muscari botryoides E1 10 . . . . . Anthriscus sylvestris E1 10 . . . . 8 T araxacum sect. Ruderalia E1 . . 38 20 . . Angelica sylvestris E1 . . . . . 46 Colchicum autumnale E1 . . . . . 8 Crocus albiflorus E1 . . . . . 8 Poa trivialis E1 . . . . . 8 Galium mollugo E1 . . . . . 8 Cystopteridion fragilis Moehringia muscosa E1 30 8 63 60 100 23 Pseudofumaria alba E1 30 . 75 . . . Cystopteris fragilis E1 10 . 25 . . . Physoplexido-Saxifragion, Potentilletalia caulescentis Campanula pyramidalis E1 10 15 63 . 60 . Micromeria thymifolia E1 . . . . 40 . Primula auricula E1 . . . . 40 . Hieracium lasiophyllum E1 . . . . 20 . Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 30 46 50 80 80 77 Polypodium vulgare E1 30 23 13 20 20 38 Polypodium interjectum E1 10 38 . . 40 . Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 10 . 25 . 40 8 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum E1 10 . . . . . Sedum maximum E1 . . 50 . 60 . Ceterach officinarum E1 . . 25 . . . Polypodium australe E1 . . . . 20 . Parietaria judaica E1 . . . . 20 . Cymbalaria muralis E1 . . . . . 15 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae E1 . . . . . 8 Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Isothecium alopecuroides E0 80 69 25 80 . 85 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 80 23 . . 20 38 Ctenidium molluscum E0 70 38 63 60 100 85 Neckera crispa E0 70 15 50 100 80 46 Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 70 85 . . . 31 Plagiomnium undulatum E0 70 8 . . 100 31 20/2 • 2021, 327–372 372 Igor Dakskobler & Livio Poldini Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Homalothecium lutescens E0 60 15 88 20 40 46 Peltigera canina E0 50 . 25 . 40 8 Anomodon viticulosus E0 30 38 63 40 40 38 Neckera complanata E0 30 23 33 20 20 23 Anomodon attenuatus E0 30 15 . . 20 8 Polytrichum formosum E0 10 . 13 . . 46 Eurhynchium striatum E0 10 . . . . . Thuidium delicatulum E0 . 8 . . 20 . Conocephalum conicum E0 . 8 . . . . Fissidens taxifolius E0 . 8 . . . . Schistidium apocarpum E0 . . 63 60 20 38 Plagiochila porelloides E0 . . 25 . . . Porella platyphylla E0 . . 25 . . 31 Homalothecium sericeum E0 . . 13 . . 8 Mnium sp. E0 . . 13 . . 8 Dicranum scoparium E0 . . . . 60 . Thuidium tamariscinum E0 . . . . 60 8 Hylocomium splendens E0 . . . . 40 . Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 . . . . 40 . Tortella tortuosa E0 . . . . 20 . Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 . . . . . 46 Homalothecium philippeanum E0 . . . . . 31 Brachythecium salebrosum E0 . . . . . 15 Atrichum undulatum E0 . . . . . 15 Porella arboris-vitae E0 . . . . . 8 Fissidens dubius E0 . . . . . 8 Legend / Legenda 1 Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani veratretosum nigri 2 Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani 3 Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli saxifragetosum rotundifoliae 4 Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli castaneetosum sativae 5 Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli hierochloetosum australis 6 Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli Crocus vernus subsp. vernus* is according to new findings Crocus heuffellianus Herb. – Peruzzi (2016) Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus* (incl. Helleborus dumetorum subsp. istriacus) – Rottensteiner (2016)