Twenty Statistical Days Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 in Radenci: Development of Statistics and Slovenia, Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci: Ljubljana 2011 2011 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci: Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Author: Lea Bregar Editors: Irena Krìman Ida Repov` Grabnar Translated by: Boris Pani~ Design: Dušan Weiss, Ada Pokla~ Cover: Ada Pokla~ Photographs: @are Modlic, Foto Tivadar, Igor Modic, Zdravili{~e Radenci, Statistical Society of Slovenia Slovenian Press Agency Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Printed by: Tiskarna Littera picta d. o. o. Print run: 210 copies Issued and published by: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 311(497.4)”1987/2010" BREGAR, Lea Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci : development of statistics and Slovenia, 1987-2010 / [author Lea Bregar ; photographs Žare Modic ... [et al.] ; translated by Boris Panič]. - Ljubljana : Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2011 ISBN 978-961-239-237-6 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 258448896 2 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Foreword In November 2010 the Statistical Office of the In this process of transformation of official statistics, Statistical Days played a very important role. Our Republic of Slovenia and the Statistical Society of professional gatherings have always been the forum where representatives of official statistics from Slovenia and Slovenia prepared the 20th Statistical Days conference abroad could in dialogue with colleagues from the academic community and other institutions as well as with users in Radenci. The time from the first conference in 1987 and data providers verify their ideas and achievements, obtain new ideas and initiatives and new knowledge. to the 20th in 2010 was for official statistics in Statistical Days have enriched us professionally and enabled more humane and friendly professional cooperation. Slovenia very dynamic, active and full of changes, With the publication “Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci” we try to present the importance of these conferences which have completely redesigned its image: from local for official statistics in Slovenia in three ways: by an expert overview and analysis of contents, by documentary republic statistical service subject to the Federal material (lists of all papers, round tables and presentations, including photo documentation) and by memories, Statistical Office in Belgrade to an independent anecdotes and views of some of the conference participants. national statistical service which is part of the European Statistical System, professionally and Of course, it is not possible to present very extensive documentary material of more than 8,000 pages in a single institutionally independent and opened to the world publication, which is why we are very pleased that we managed to make the “base of knowledge from Radenci” and the national environment. with more than 900 papers in conference proceedings and other documents of 20 conferences more available to statisticians, researchers and the general public by including them into the cooperative online bibliographic base COBIB. I believe that this will contribute to better knowledge of official statistics and further research and development of this area. I would like to thank everyone who participated in collecting and editing this material and in writing and producing this publication. On this occasion, I would also like to thank all participants from Slovenia and abroad, organisers, especially the Statistical Society of Slovenia, kind hosts at Hotel Radin and especially all authors of papers and everyone who participated in discussions, round tables and presentations at all our statistical conferences. It is due to your commitment and professionalism that we are able to celebrate 20 years of Statistical Days. Irena Krìman Director-General Ljubljana, October 2011 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia 3 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Contents How it all began … 7 2002 – What should statistics be like in an information society? 46 • Introduction 7 • 12th conference:Integration of Statistics in the Information Society 46 The first period: 1987–2003 2003 – Statistics – a bridge between the information society and the knowledge society 49 • Transition from the old to the new 11 • 13th conference: Statistics as a Tool and Source for Users’ Knowledge Creation 49 1987 – In the middle of the crisis and before the breakup of Yugoslavia 13 2004 – Globalisation – much work for statistics 52 • 1st conference: Statistics and Inflation 13 • 14th conference: Statistical Monitoring of Globalisation and Services 1989 – A farewell to Yugoslavia – a look ahead 15 – a Challenge and Necessity 52 • 2nd conference: Role of Statistics in Social Development 15 2005 – The user is the king … 54 1993 – What will have to be done for statistics in an independent country? 17 • 15th conference: Communication with Statistical Data Providers and Users • 3rd conference: Statistics and Records for the Needs of an Open Market Economy and Support for the EMU and the Lisbon Strategy 54 The second period:1994–2000 • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation 19 2006 – Government in light of statistics 57 • 16th conference: Measurement of the Development Role and Efficiency 1994 – Entering the world and new tasks 21 of the Public Sector and Policies 57 • 4th conference: Slovenia, Statistics, European Union 21 2007 – Is statistics really only a burden? 60 1995 – First impetus for social statistics 25 • 17th conference: Reducing Administrative Burdens of Data Collection in Statistical Surveys 60 • 5th conference: Statistics of Labour, Working and Living Conditions 25 2008 – Statistical support to building intergenerational solidarity 64 1996 – How far (close) is the EU according to Maastricht criteria? 27 • 18th conference: Intergenerational Solidarity – the Challenge Facing Modern Societies 64 • 6th conference: Economy, Slovenia, European Union 27 2009 – Statistics in times of crisis: larger demands, less funds, where are the reserves? 67 1997 – Financial statistics – development for Slovenia, the EU and the EMU 31 • 19th conference: The Roles of Statistics, Analyses and Forecasts in Managing • 7th conference: New Statistical Findings, Financial Statistics, Globalisation 31 the Global Economic Crisis 67 1998 – In the EU waiting room 33 2010 – Statistics for the people and about the people 71 • 8th conference: Statistical Support to Accession Negotiations and Structural Funds 33 • 20th conference: Measuring the Well-Being and the Progress of Society 71 1999 – On the threshold of the information society 36 • 9th conference: Electronic Commerce and Statistics 36 2000 – Cooperation rules! 38 Many happy returns to Statistical Days! 72 • 10th conference: Network of Statistics for Better European Compliance and Quality of Operation 38 List of published papers presented at Statistical Days conferences, 1987-2009 74 The third period: 2001–2009 • Statistics in a third millennium society 41 Round tables at Statistical Days conferences, 1994-2009 87 2001 – A new millennium, new topics 43 Poster sessions at Statistical Days conferences, 1997-2009 88 • 11th conference: A New Millennium - New Phenomena: Have Statisticians been Able to Understand and Measure Them 43 5 Abbreviations AJPES Agencija of the Republic of Slovenia for Public Legal Records and Related Services IMAD Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Developement AMELI Advanced Methodology for European Laeken Indicators IMF International Monetary Fund AMRADS Accompanying Measures to R&D in Statistics ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupation GDP Gross Domestic Product JRC Joint Research Center BLUE-ETS BLUE Enterprise and Trade statistics NACE Nomenclature des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne CEIES Comité Consultatif Européen de l’ Information Statistiques dans les domaines Economiques et Sociales NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics CRP Central Population Register OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ECB European Central Bank PECO Pays d’Europe Centrales et Occidentales EDA Exploratory data analysis PEEI Principal European Economic Indicators EDISENT Electronic Data Interchange between Statistics and Enterprises PPP Purchasing Power Parities EMU Economic and Monetary Union PRS Business Register of Slovenia ERO Register of Establishments RISQ Representativity Indicators for Survey Quality ESA European System of Accounts ROS Register of Organisations and Associations ESAC European Statistical Advisory Committee SAJPI Common Administrative Kernel of Linked Identifiers ESS European Statistical System SAM Social Accounting Matrix ESSPROS European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics SILC Survey on Income and Living Conditions EU European Union SKTE Statistical Classifications of Territorial Units FATS Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services SNA System of National Accounts GIS Geographic Information System TQM Total Quality Management ICT Information and Communication Technologies UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 How it all began … This part of the chronicle is actually an attempt to independent Slovenia the first conference was organised make a professional inventory of everything that statistical in 1993, again in late autumn. It turned out that Introduction conferences in Radenci brought to the statistical autumn is not at all a bad time to organise such an event profession in Slovenia and abroad; perhaps, slightly more as this is the period of relative calm and the opportunity ambitiously, to examine whether the importance of to focus on the statistical profession for a few days. these conferences reaches beyond statistics. Statistics, of Since then we have been meeting in Radenci every year. course, means many things. At Statistical Days official or How do we select the themes for our conferences in national statistics was at the forefront. This is statistics Radenci? The first proposals of the central theme of the that provides to the government, enterprises, individuals next conference are collected already during the previous In November 2010 statisticians from Slovenia and and the media high-quality statistical data on the most conference, whereas the final decision about the theme abroad gathered for the twentieth time in Radenci. important status and trends in the society. The content of the next conference is taken after professional Almost a quarter of a century has passed since experts of this overview is thus official (national) statistics, as discussions by the management of the Statistical Office of the then Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for official (national) statistics was the central theme of in cooperation with the members of the Programme Statistics and colleagues from the University of statistical conferences in Radenci entitled “Statistical Committee and the Statistical Society of Slovenia. The Ljubljana, who cooperated in the Statistical Society of Days”. themes of each statistical conference were always Slovenia, got an idea to take more time for a serious As regards selecting the theme of the first conference carefully selected and focused on stimulating discussion on the effects of the Yugoslav economic crisis in Radenci, there was absolutely no dilemma: in the professional discussions on and searching solutions to – on statistics than allowed by everyday commitments. second half of the 1980s, when the economic crisis from a statistical point of view – the most topical, relevant, We selected the hospitable health resort of Radenci, started to become worse, hyperinflation was the most social issues that occupied the entire country. which was at that time for most of us almost at the end destructive and obvious manifestation of this crisis, Today Statistical Days in Radenci are an example of a of the world, since travelling from Ljubljana on bad and which also distorted national statistics data. From the high-quality professional conference and a pleasant crowded roads usually took at least four hours. But the very beginning the conferences in Radenci were designed social event not only for us locals but also for distance to Radenci was the guarantee that during the so that they enable and encourage the dialogue between statisticians and other experts from abroad. I would say conference participants will not be burdened by regular producers, users of statistical data and data providers, i.e. that Statistical Days in Radenci are one of the most commitments, leaving the conference hall and running between statisticians from national statistical offices recognised features of Slovene statistics. from a meeting to a meeting. And spare time after the and other institutions authorised for collecting statistical official programme could be used wisely for making data, researchers, analysts, the university, experts from Some telling facts about Statistical Days professional contacts, for discussions and for socialising; abroad, representatives of enterprises and others who are The central organisational scheme of Statistical Days and last but not least, to do something useful for one’s in any way interested in statistics. The first Statistical has not been changed. The conferences – which last health. How we were spending spare time in Radenci, Days in Radenci had a very wide professional response, for two and a half days and are usually attended by how the conference was organised, and what is it that which was a proper incentive for us to organise the next 150-200 people – have always been organised by the makes us select Radenci as a venue for our statistical meeting, which took place in the early summer of 1989. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the conferences over and over again will probably be clear to The breakup of Yugoslavia, the extreme situation, Statistical Society of Slovenia. The principal you when you read the memories of participants, when problems with travelling and the amount of work at the characteristic of the conference is a large share of you see the photos and when you browse other parts of start of transition were the main reasons for not active participants, since about 40% of all participants this chronicle. organising conferences between 1990 and 1992. In prepare papers and presentations. Until 2006 the 7 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 How it all began … organisers published full papers in a printed Statistical Days have two peaks. The first one was in 2000 at the jubilee tenth Statistical Days with proceedings volume; in 2007 the paper versions were in 1994 when the declaration on cooperation between many foreign guests and a broad theme of cooperation replaced by web versions of full papers and a paper Slovene statistics and Eurostat was signed. At the for better network of statistics in Europe. The version of abstracts. 1994 conference many problems and tasks were graphical overview of conferences clearly shows three Statistical Days are also characterised by the presented that needed to be implemented in the field stages in the dynamics of Statistical Days, which participation of distinguished foreign and Slovene of statistics by Slovenia before it could became a reflect the development of official statistics in guests. The organisers are therefore justly proud that member of the European Union. The second peak was Slovenia in this period: rapid growth by 2000, when they have been able to provide participation of the most competent foreign and Slovene experts, that three out of four Directors-General of Eurostat in the Overview of Statistical Days, Radenci, 1987–2010 1987–2010 period were active participants at the Year Title President conferences as were most of the directors of national of the Programme Committee statistical offices from Europe and some other parts of the world (e.g. Australia) and that Statistical Days 1987 Statistics and Inflation No president were regularly attended by representatives of 1989 Role of Statistics in Social Development Anuška Ferligoj international institutions such as the Organisation for 1993 Statistics and Records for the Needs of an Open Market Economy No president Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1994 Slovenia, Statistics, European Union Nina Prešern the European Central Bank (ECB), the United Nations 1995 Statistics of Labour, Working and Living Conditions Lea Bregar Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), etc. 1996 Economy, Slovenia, European Union Janez Poto~nik What are the achievements of the 19 Statistical 1997 New Statistical Findings, Financial Statistics, Globalisation Marko Kranjec Days organised so far in Radenci? Achievements in terms of contents are presented in the extensive 1998 Statistical Support to Accession Negotiations and Structural Funds Igor Strmšnik central part of this publication, so let us take a look at 1999 Electronic Commerce and Statistics Franc Košir those achievements that can be presented in figures: 2000 Network of Statistics for Better European Compliance and Quality of Operation Janez Poto~nik Nineteen Statistical Days in the 1987–2009 period 2001 A New Millennium - New Phenomena: Have Statisticians been Able to Understand and Measure Them Ivan Svetlik are characterised by: 2002 Integration of Statistics in the Information Society Jo‘ko ^uk 8,091 pages of text in proceedings volumes 2003 Statistics as a Tool and Source for Users’ Knowledge Creation Dušan Mramor 884 papers published (papers without documented entries either in the printed proceedings volume or 2004 Statistical Monitoring of Globalisation and Services – a Challenge and Necessity France Kri‘ani~ online were not taken into account) 2005 Communication with Statistical Data Providers and Users and Support for the EMU and the Lisbon Strategy Jure Zupan 1,203 authors 2006 Measurement of the Development Role and Efficiency of the Public Sector and Policies Janez Šušterši~ 40 round tables (the first one was organised in 2007 Reducing Administrative Burdens of Data Collection in Statistical Surveys Janez Šušterši~ 1994, and since 1996 they have been a regular 2008 Intergenerational Solidarity – the Challenge Facing Modern Societies Janez Šušterši~ feature of the conferences) 2009 The Roles of Statistics, Analyses and Forecasts in Managing the Global Economic Crisis Anuška Ferligoj 63 poster sessions (they became part of the 2010 Measuring the Well-Being and the Progress of Society Tine Stanovnik conference in 1997) 8 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 How it all began … most of the adjustment of Slovene statistics with branches of statistics and other professional disciplines discussed in other conference sessions, we joined them acquis communautaire was done, was followed by a into the activities of official statistics, by the inter-to these specific sessions. rather stable activity at a relatively high level until institutional cooperation, international cooperation, In preparing the overview we used all available Slovenia entered the EU in 2004 and the last period of informatisation, etc. printed and Internet sources related to Statistical Days, slight decline to about 40 papers per year. With this overview we wish to present the e.g. proceedings volumes, conference programmes, The content of 20 statistical conferences preserved importance of statistical conferences in Radenci for the conclusions, as well as some other sources of in proceedings volumes and other documents development of national statistics in Slovenia and to information, such as the publication ”60 Years of represents a unique statement of more than 20 years evaluate the possible wider effects (on the development National Statistics in Slovenia”. of statistical development and is at the same time a of official statistics in the society and on social In view of the characteristic features of the time mirror of larger social development. Such a developments in Slovenia). The overview is prepared when the conferences were held, we divided them into “knowledge database” is a remarkable achievement chronologically, so as to present as clearly as possible three periods. even in the world and calls for research! the development of national statistics in Slovenia. The In the first years (1987–1993) the conferences were starting point of the overview is the content of several more locally oriented and reflected specific problems How did we start to prepare this overview? interrelated papers usually covered in a certain faced by official statistics in the former Yugoslavia and The content of 20 statistical conferences can be conference session. We attempted to evaluate the the new Slovenia. In the mid-1990s (1994–2000) the presented from various aspects: from the aspect of the importance of each such content entity in light of the themes reached across Slovene borders, especially into development of statistical profession in Slovenia and at development of national statistics in Slovenia and/or Europe. In the last period (2001–2010) problems international level, by more narrowly or widely show its possible wider importance. discussed in Radenci are mostly global. determined fields of official statistics, by the The conferences until 1996 and from 2007 on are It is clear that the overview could not cover every interdisciplinary character and inclusion of other characterised by the fact that they were clearly one of the almost 900 papers in the twenty years of our structured with the content of the programme divided into statistical conferences. A comprehensive documentation Overview of Statistical Day conferences, Radenci, 1987-2009 sessions determined in advance. In the interim of work done is therefore given in annexes with lists of (between 1997 and 2006) the main theme of the all papers, round tables and presentations at the end of conferences was supplemented with a session entitled this publication. Development Achievements. The introduction of this session into the conference programme provided comprehensive information about the progress in other areas that were not included in the central theme of the conference. Due to a very dynamic development of statistics in this period, which included practically every field of statistics, the Development Achievements session was usually very extensive and diverse and can not be treated uniformly. If it included several papers related in terms of content, we separated them and treated them together. If, however, these were individual papers that were related to topics 9 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 The first period: 1987–2003 Transition from the old to the new The first part of the overview includes three conferences that took place in very different social circumstances and were also very different in terms of themes discussed; however, they are linked by the fact that this was a period and these were the conferences at which we – on the basis of experience and development work already made – searched for, discussed and set up the concept of a modern national statistical service in Slovenia. 11 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 In the middle of the crisis and before the breakup of Yugoslavia The first period (1987–2003) • Transition from the old to the new not be reasonable to think that the inflation could be prepared of the methodological features of price indices conference: 1987 stopped by people employed in enterprises with their in the Yugoslav statistical practice. The main factors 1st short-term decisions about limiting the growth of influencing the quality of these indices were identified Statistics wages. Inflation is the result of the economic system and and the limitations of the price index as the official the economic policy; without changing them economic indicator of the inflation rate were pointed out (L. Bregar). and Inflation agents will not behave anti-inflationary. Several papers discussed the impact of unstable The conference identified the most neuralgic areas exchange rate of the dinar, the Yugoslav currency, on that hyperinflation causes for statistics. The hottest statistical data on external trade flows and import and The first conference in 1987 was marked by the topic was the impact of the accounting system on export price indices. Professor Jo‘e Mencinger of the Law serious economic crisis in the former Yugoslavia, statistical measurement. With constant adjustments the Faculty pointed out that in the conditions of high which manifested itself in a head-spinning inflation. accounting system tried to mitigate the impact of high inflation it is only reasonable to monitor external trade The annual inflation rate in Slovenia measured with inflation, which caused accounting data to be the flows in a foreign currency, even though this brings new the growth of retail prices 1987/1986 stood at 178% increasingly less appropriate basis for calculating the problems, which are manifested by unfavourable (Statistical Yearbook 2009, p. 269). Such a high then aggregate measure of production the so-called social statistical effects and by the effects of modifying the growth of prices – according to professional criteria product. As was pointed out by Professor Ivo Lavra~ of purchasing power. The selection of the US dollar dubbed hyperinflation – had a number of negative the Faculty of Economics in his analysis of the impact of together with the currency policy of reducing the value effects on the economy, such as loss of function of inflation on calculating the aggregates, most of the of the dollar seemingly improved the external trade the national currency, a drop in productivity, a rise problems were caused by compulsory revalorisation balance but at the same time due to a lower purchasing in the share of speculative and socially unproductive measures, which had a different effect on individual power it also caused problems for domestic producers in activities, redistribution of income and growth of components of aggregate production measure. Due to purchasing raw materials on the domestic and foreign social differences. unrealistic valuation of stocks, the official data on the (European) markets. Inflation also distorts the picture of the situation in social product were overestimated. Besides, the discussion on the professional aspects of the economy, since traditional methods of data One of the key issues was the question of the inflation extended to a general discussion on a number dissemination (including statistical) are no longer relevance of price indices on which the so-called of methodological, organisational and institutional satisfactory. revaluation coefficients were based, and which were also problems of the Yugoslav statistical system. The first Statistical Days conference was held in the used for measuring the inflation rate. Without any Inflation 1980-1987 form of a plenary session. At the conference 15 authors expert arguments and analyses, the Federal Institute for presented 13 papers; they were mostly statisticians from Statistics of Yugoslavia defended the relevance of the statistical offices of Yugoslav republics and the Federal valid system of price indices, which was at the time one Institute for Statistics of Yugoslavia and professors from of the rare comprehensive systems of price statistics in the University of Ljubljana. socialist states. Every month price indices for agriculture, The economic background of inflation and the ways industrial goods, import and export, wholesale and how to master it were presented by Maks Tajnikar. He retail, and living costs were published for the entire treated the inflation as a typical macroeconomic country and for the republics. The reliability and problem that can be mastered only by macroeconomic applicability of these indices was not questioned. So for measures. According to Mr Tajnikar, it would therefore the first conference in Radenci a detailed analysis was 13 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1987 – In the middle of the crisis and before the breakup of Yugoslavia The first period (1987–2003) • Transition from the old to the new Statisticians outside the Federal Institute for and methodological function of national statistics had At that time we were calculating to so-called “social product” – which was Statistics strived for professional independence and been kept and pointed out the problem of ignoring based on the material product system (MPS) – for each federal unit and even for international comparability of statistics, while official international comparability of Yugoslav statistics and some communes. The social product of Maribor was, for example, larger than the statistical circles in the country admitted certain the need for the independence of statistics and social product of the entire Montenegro. The MPS did not cover a large part of services. Comparability with the System of National Accounts (SNA) was only problems brought by the difficult economic situation professional competence in developing national statistics mathematical. Among all prices only the prices of services were monitored but did not agree with any departure from the stated in Yugoslavia. according to the SNA, but production itself was not valued (MPS). Hungarian orientation of Yugoslav statistics. For example, Professor The conference about statistics and inflation was a statistics was already calculating according to both the SNA and the MPS. We Miodrag Nikoli} of the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade, unique example in the former Yugoslavia of an open did not succeed at formal meetings. Serbian statisticians and academics from Belgrade resisted any change. When with the help of the OECD our experts were who was also an advisor at the Federal Institute for professional dialogue between the users of data and visiting other western statistical institutions (Norway, Germany), the idea and Statistics, pointed out as problematic areas of Yugoslav national statistics about the reliability and quality of data. initiative matured that we should do this in Yugoslavia. But it was not to be. statistics only: investment statistics, services statistics In this dialogue Slovene statisticians presented their ideas Everybody was incredibly negative about it. The Yugoslav Statistical Society was and non-coverage of non-serial production in about the future development of national statistics. in the hands of others. No ideas from the republics were recognised. And later on we had an enormous inflation, and republic and common national measure for manufacturing industry. inflation. In principle the measure was OK, but its implementation in the MPS and A specially notable and critical was the discussion by Interview elsewhere was not correct. We decided that due to the strengthening of domestic Toma‘ Banovec, the then Director of the Institute of the knowledge and preparation of transition (SNA, EFTA and the European Mr Tomà Banovec, Republic of Slovenia for Statistics, about the Social Community) we should organise special conferences called “Statistical Days” via our statistical society. The objectives were not as clear as can be seen and Information System Act, which was adopted in 1982. Director-General understood today. At that time Yugoslavia had a cooperation agreement with the This act stipulated that the programme of statistical of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Community and OECD assistance to this end; but little was done. The Statistics surveys is one of the common in the 1981–2003 period Act of the Republic of Slovenia enforced independent international cooperation. bases of the social information This was very annoying for the federal statistical office since they thought that we Where did the idea to organise the first conference come from? Was public system and for achieving the are only one of the reporting units. discussion about statistical monitoring dictated by the needs? Did you follow uniformity of this system it Were the central themes of conferences more a reflection of current events in the example of Slovenia’s western neighbours? the statistical profession or more a reflection of the events in the society or foresaw the use of common Inflation in former Yugoslavia was the reason to organise the first conference. As a perhaps both? standards and methodologies. basic statistical aggregate, inflation was linked with the calculation of the then social Mostly, one or two sessions or round tables were dealing with the topical product and thus also the basis for monetary flows between the federal units. These The Act was very slowly central theme of each conference, while other sessions and round tables were units – as is now the case with the European Union – sometimes “window implemented in Yugoslavia, but dedicated to reporting about professional achievements from the programme of dressed” their data in order to obtain a better position as regards contributions and in Slovenia it stimulated a statistical surveys and by some of our user institutions. I think I only missed one division of resources. Slovenia’s delegates in the Chamber of Republics and rather rapid development of a conference. The conference is dedicated to both, but sometimes national Provinces demanded explanations, comparable and correct data for their contribution is more interesting. Perhaps a special conference should be dedicated register-based statistics and the professional political activity. This was supported by presidents of our executive to determining the needs for new and abandoning of old surveys. Events in the councils. Inflation as a professional problem was the professional beginning which establishment and society point out that many people do not understand the purpose and content, our colleagues in Belgrade could not prevent. The real reasons were the financial standardisation of records. Mr advantages and limitations of the public statistical system, but this can not be and different position of Slovenia in the federation. The leadership of the Republic Banovec pointed out that solved by such a (and only one) conference of like-minded people of almost the of Slovenia was aware of the importance of statistics in a federal state and that the same professional background. In this period statistical literacy more likely despite the planned statistical institution must not only implement the common Yugoslav program but Newspaper Delo, decreased than increased, which is a pity especially because public statistics also its own one. Furthermore, it has to interpret the methods and products of the 15 December 1987 decentralisation the monopoly measures, defines and describes the national system and government operations in federation, have methodological impact on them to be able to control and repeat “Federal Statistical Methodology of the Federal Institute for a sufficiently formal way. Sometimes information science replaced statistics and them. Unfortunately, in this administrative vertical there was no space for our Unresolved” Statistics over the development there are no longer any statisticians in ministries. proposals and needs, so we followed the path of social initiative. 14 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 A farewell to Yugoslavia – a look ahead The first period (1987–2003) • Transition from the old to the new The discussion stemmed from the assumption that profession focused a lot of attention on the development conference: 1989 social and economic development is a complex concept of these very areas. 2nd Role composed of different dimensions and that this From the point of view of the development of inevitably causes problems in its operationalisation and statistics, another important feature of this conference of Statistics statistical measurement. The selection of indicators and was the discussion about the methods and ways of the related methods have a direct impact on the results obtaining data, since it was obvious that with the in Social Development of the measurement and carry with them a subjective traditional approach to conducting official statistical mark of the researcher since they are based on surveys it was not possible to provide the data on some researcher’s theoretical argumentations or are simply of the social phenomena. Official statistics was criticised The second conference took place at the end of May adjusted to political or ideological needs (Z. Mlinar). for neglecting the problem of hidden economy, while 1989. In addition to the Statistical Society of Slovenia Measuring social development opens up the still topical changes in the labour market demanded more and the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for dilemma to what extent is statistics as a scientific comprehensive statistical monitoring, such that takes Statistics, the co-organiser of the conference was the discipline for quantitative measurement of mass into account as units of observation not only enterprises Association of Statistical Societies of Yugoslavia. phenomena competent to disseminate quality aspects of and legal persons but also individuals. The advocates of During the deepest economic crisis at the end of the the studied phenomena. the official line defended the existing approaches to 1990s, Slovene statisticians already focused their The advocates of the “Yugoslav” line of national measuring by stating that statistics is “naturally” based attention into the future – by discussing the role of statistics continued to hold the position that it is the on the legal and national, institutional system. Statistics statistics in social development. With the participation task of statistics (with appropriate theoretical and is seeking information that runs through official of competent Slovene and Yugoslav researchers and methodological support) to quantitatively measure mass communication channels (L. Madjar), and other sources statisticians, the broad scope of the conference topics phenomena. It is thus necessary that a phenomenon is except official are not relevant. The paper prepared by contributed to the fact that the conference opened up sufficiently developed to be able to be a subject of Ms Kukar of the Institute for Economic Research on the some key questions of statistical development in Slovenia in theoretical and other cognitive processes. Only then it’s measurement of hidden economy presented clearly the next two decades. the turn for statistics. Such a view of statistics presumes alternative approaches that can be used for getting a The problems of social development in relation to a focus on a large number of homogenous, mutually statistical image of phenomena that elude official statistics were discussed in depth since the presented comparable units and actually denies the responsibility information channels. The paper by Ivan Svetlik and papers highlighted social development comprehensively, for statistical treatment of non-homogenous Vojko Anton~i~, researchers from the Faculty of Social from various aspects: philosophical, sociological, phenomena. The very questions about the role of economic and information. Specific methodological statistics in measuring social development of statistics in From the social chronicle: questions related to the measurement of social conditions of differentiation, globalisation and Several years ago my colleague Mr Kramberger and I stood development and designing the models for studying individualisation of social phenomena were at the centre at the bar when he was ordering coffee also for our female social and economic development in Yugoslavia also of attention of researchers in Slovenia (V. Vehovar, E. colleagues from Macedonia. And he says: “One of them came to the fore. Pintar) who were boldly opening conceptual and asked me to order a “gorka kava” ( in Serbian gorka means The discussion on general conceptual issues of methodological dilemmas of measuring phenomena that bitter, in this case with no sugar, while in Slovene it measuring social development brought substantial and are by nature unique, non-homogenous and elusive to means hot ) hot coffee (?) and I don’t know if the other one wanted a cold one.” broadly relevant conclusions which are still very topical classical statistical instruments, such as knowledge and for statistics. innovation. In the following decades the statistical Andrej Blejec, President of the Statistical Society of Slovenia 15 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1989 – A farewell to Yugoslavia – a look ahead The first period (1987–2003) • Transition from the old to the new Sciences, presented the advantages of the sample Survey (agriculture, transport, industry) and by developing 1994 the Slovene statistical office signed a formal agreement on on Human Resources, which was designed according to uncovered areas (services, environment, science, professional cooperation with Eurostat and the number of international standards and which was the precursor of research). The justification for revision of Yugoslav international participants increased further. The conference became the present-day Labour Force Survey. It has to be statistics, particularly in terms of compliance with international and bilingual (Slovene, English) and this standard has mentioned that at that time a sample survey as a data international standards, was presented by Andrej Flajs in been kept ever since. collection method was practically not used in the his paper on the system of social accounts. Mr Flajs For Statistical Days it has always been characteristic that they knew how to draw attention of distinguished guests both from Slovenia Yugoslav statistics. showed that due to uncritical compilation of the social and abroad. The 16th conference entitled Measurement of the For the first time the conference discussed the quality product using annual financial statements of enterprises Development Role and Efficiency of the Public Sector and Policies of statistical data, which years later – in the first decade of in conditions of inflation reliable data on the volume and actually hosted the very top of European and global official statistics. the new millennium – became the central theme of structure of the social product can not be obtained. He The conference was attended by Eurostat Director General and his official statistics. Croatian statisticians Ksenija and advocated the establishment of an independent national deputy, Director of the OECD Statistics Directorate, ECB Director Srdjan Dumi~i} draw attention to the importance of accounts department at the Institute of the Republic of General Statistics and Deputy Director of UNECE Statistical accuracy of statistical data for users, especially from the Slovenia for Statistics, which would speed up the Division. International participation has always been diverse; from point of view of international comparability. They introduction of SNA methodology in the calculation of experts for individual fields to Directors General of international institutions and statistical offices. For example, we hosted Australia’s pointed out the importance of the mainly overlooked macroeconomic aggregates for Slovenia. first statistician, distinguished professors from the USA and France, non-sampling error and proposed that with the help of The Yugoslav authorities never accepted the and, of course, distinguished experts from Slovenia. Their standard reports statistical offices should provide to their proposal for revising the programme of statistical participation has made Radenci a synonym for an interesting users appropriate information about data quality. As we surveys, but this proposal became the starting point conference, which is rather unique in the EU and the world, since in know this was put into practice in the European for the strategy of developing national statistics in other countries such conferences are mostly attended by statisticians Statistical System (ESS) after 2005. independent Slovenia. only. At the conference Irena Krìman presented strategic The conference of statisticians soon became a conference of ideas of the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for statisticians, data providers and users of statistical data. How do Statistics about the strategic orientation of national open discussions of all stakeholders influence work of the Statistical Interview Office of the Republic of Slovenia? statistics in Yugoslavia and about its priorities. The In addition to statisticians from statistical offices, our conferences starting points for the conception of this development Irena Krìman, have been also inviting users, researchers, analysts and forecasters, were integration processes in Europe, the establishment Director-General and later on also data providers. Discussions were usually summarised of the Single European Market and the implications of of the Statistical Office in conference conclusions. For us statisticians they were important these processes at all key areas of statistics. In view of of the Republic of Slovenia because they reflected an outside view. Our conferences, which have the established trends in Europe and in view of the always been prepared together with the Statistical Society of situation in Yugoslav statistics, the paper proposed that Slovenia and a few times also in cooperation with the Institute of Yugoslav statistics embark on a revision of the official Macroeconomic Analysis and Development, improved our What was the interest of foreign statisticians to attend the partnership. ’Radenci’, as we call our conferences in short, also programme of statistical surveys by adopting the conference? improved cooperation with other institutions and colleagues from the System of National Accounts - SNA concept of social Our conference became an international event in 1993, when academic community; through professional work as well as social product, by introducing registers and standard Radenci hosted an expert on national and regional accounts from events. I believe that the tradition will be continued. Statistics Austria. At that time Slovenia was already a member of the classifications (of activities, occupations), by United Nations and was preparing to enter European integrations. In modernising some standard fields of statistics 16 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 What will have to be done for statistics in an independent country? The first period (1987–2003) • Transition from the old to the new statistical standards and commitments. The emerging data and estimates and the competence of various conference: 1993 European Statistical System (ESS) demanded much institutions. 3rd adjustment, most of the resources being allocated to the The conference informed the participants with the Statistics and Records introduction of classifications and development of then rather new problem of calculating gross domestic registers, providing data at regional level and national product (GDP) in so-called purchasing power parities for the Needs accounts. (PPP), which eliminate the impact of differences in price The development of various segments of national levels on the GDP level among countries. Zdenka of an Open Market accounts was actually the central theme of this Repoto~nik presented the first estimate produced by the conference. Methodological development work within Statistical Office regarding the internationally Economy the GDP estimate for the 1985-1992 period was comparable GDP in PPP for Slovenia. The discussion After a break of four years, we met once again in presented, especially from the point of view of the about the complex problems of national accounts were Radenci in 1993, for the first time in independent possibility to develop the system of government rounded by two papers about the data sources for Slovenia and for the first time with international, accounts within national accounts (A. Flajs). Upon the statistical input-output tables for 1990 and the estimate albeit modest, participation. At that time Slovenia was proposal of the then Institute of the Republic of Slovenia of the possibility to prepare annual input-output tables already a member of the United Nations and for Statistics, in 1989 Slovenia introduced the calculation (I. Zakotnik). The paper on the statistics of the consequently also of the UNECE and was preparing to of gross domestic product according to the System of environment and natural resources (J. Seljak) informed the enter European integrations. The institutional system National Accounts. For a number of years the Institute participants just how demanding this area, which had so adjusted to independent, market-oriented country was provided parallel calculation according to the so-called far not been in the focus of statistical attention, really is. being intensively prepared. In this dynamic period of material production concept. This presented a double With individual review papers the conference in establishing independent Slovenia national statistics burden for the Institute, but was also a strategically 1993 identified a number of fields of statistics that had played a rather important role and had much work important advantage due to methodological readiness not been developed or had just started to be developed in and many commitments. This is reflected in the and competences. In addition, Slovenian obtained Slovenia or had not been comparable with European content of the conference entitled Statistics and internationally comparable data on main economic statistical standards. These papers, such as on Slovene Records for the Needs of an Open Market Economy, aggregates. labour statistics (T. Smrekar), on short-term indicators which opened up a number of content-related, At the conference the first international comparisons of (L. Bregar), on statistical monitoring of external trade organisational and institutional questions related to GDP by the Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and (M. @ebre), on the balance of payments (A. Jerki~), on the new situation in Slovene statistics in view of the Development (IMAD) were presented (T. ^esen). These the farm register (I. Orešnik) and on the regionalisation statehood of Slovenia and in view of the market comparisons derived from national statistics data, but in of statistics (S. Kukar, L. Gosar), evaluated the situation economy. the opinion of IMAD’s analysts the set of data was in Slovenia and pointed to the necessary activities for For statistics, Slovenia’s independence brought about relatively modest, so they completed it with their own producing quality and comparable statistics. secession from Belgrade and independence from current estimates. The comparisons were based on a special The themes identified at this conference were the politics and other influences. At the same time it had to approach developed by IMAD for its analytical needs subject of research and development work of be realised that in the international environment (projections) and differed from national accounts statisticians and discussions at Statistical Days in the national statistics is not professionally independent but statistics in accuracy, updating, delay, data sources and coming years, which focused on the preparations for and is integrated into it by means of common principles of coherence requirements (I. Lavra~, I. Strmšnik). This accession to the EU and on intensifying globalisation operation, membership of organisations and adoption of approach stimulated a discussion on the status of official processes. 17 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 The second period: 1994–2000 Preparations for EU accession and globalisation The second period started with the adoption of a formal agreement on professional cooperation between the Slovene statistical office and Eurostat in 1994 and finished with the turn of the century. The period is marked by a content-rich intensive development of national statistics in Slovenia due to preparations for EU accession. In this period the harmonisation of statistical systems with EU legislation was characteristic also for other countries, both transition countries and old EU Member States. For Slovene statisticians and their colleagues from other European countries Statistical Days in Radenci presented a welcome opportunity to exchange experience, for professional discussions, for agreements on cooperation and for getting new ideas and new energy. Even though Slovene national statistics together with other candidates for accession to the EU formally finished the process of harmonisation with acquis communautaire in 2002, in the overview this period is finished two years earlier, in 2000. Our division of periods is based on content-related criteria, and from this point of view the conferences in 2001 and 2002 already mainly focused on global topics of the third millennium. 19 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Entering the world and new tasks The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation statistical offices of Germany, Switzerland and Austria – Krìman). These partly referred to infrastructure tasks: conference: 1994 presented from the point of view of their institutions a harmonisation of statistical classifications, updating of 4th view of the development of modern statistical services in registers, introduction of sampling and other modern Slovenia, conditions of international integration and support from data collection techniques, completing the data in the information technology. These papers were a sound geographic information system, and introduction of Statistics, basis for deliberation on the strategic orientation of information technology. At the same time development national statistics in Slovenia, which was presented by priorities were determined by fields of statistics: price European Union the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Some statistics, balance of payments statistics, revision of of the introductory papers were the starting point for agriculture statistics and the farm register, national For Slovene statistics 1994 was an important year as discussing specific subjects such as the applicability of accounts, short-term indicators and qualitative business the Declaration on Statistical Cooperation with administrative data (H. Bruengger) and the surveys, energy statistics, Labour Force Survey, statistics Eurostat was signed. Conditions were determined that regionalisation of statistics (E. Bader). of working and living conditions, demography statistics national statistics had to meet before Slovenia could Alain Chantraine, which as Eurostat’s Director for and environment statistics. The basic condition for became a member of the EU: provision of accurate, International Cooperation played a key role in fulfilling these policies was independence of national reliable, politically independent and transparent integrating candidate countries into the European statistics from the point of view of professional statistical data, development of efficient statistical Statistical System (ESS), pointed out the increased role service and harmonisation of methods, standards and of statistical services in modern societies; statistics has classifications with international and EU standards on to be capable of anticipating the development of society and the basis of appropriate institutional regulation (60 to organise their operations with limited resources so Years of National Statistics in Slovenia, p. 64). that it is capable of providing quality information for International cooperation of Slovene statisticians was formulating, monitoring and evaluating relevant intensified, especially within the Phare programme. national policies. At the same time it must provide Strengthening of international cooperation by statistical data for protecting vulnerable and socially projects and training programmes reflected in Statistical excluded groups of population, for efficient participation Days 1994. The conference entitled Slovenia, Statistics, of citizens in the democratic process and for the business European Union was in many ways exceptional, community. The market system does not provide these groundbreaking and special. It was the first conference data by itself, so modern countries must provide attended by a large number of distinguished statistical services as public goods. The fulfilment of these international experts and leaders of international tasks in transition countries is especially difficult due to statistical organisations, and the number of papers was the elimination of traditional data sources, so careful record-breaking. In no other conference more papers planning and use of resources are necessary. were presented. On the basis of strategic orientations of Slovene In the invited papers distinguished representatives of national statistics (i.e. institutional arrangement and the international statistical community – among them cooperation with users, register-based statistics, head of the UNECE statistical division and a high Europeanization of Slovene statistics), the Statistical Newspaper Delo, 21 March 1994 representative of Eurostat, and directors of national Office presented priorities for the 1995–2002 period (I. “Declaration on Statistical Cooperation with European Statistics” 21 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1994 – Entering the world and new tasks The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation methodology, organisation (legal status) and finance as infrastructural pillars of Slovene national statistics were Slovene version. Different views were presented about well as personal independence of the management. A especially interesting, especially the dilemmas regarding the level of breakdown of the Slovene version compared special paper outlined the features of the new National the division between administrative and statistical to the international classification. Statistics Act, which were based on internationally registers. At the conference the concept of the new The 1994 conference opened up a discussion about adopted principles of official statistics and good practice Business Register of Slovenia (PRS), which was set up on data protection and confidentiality, which with rapid of modern and efficient statistical services in other the basis of the previous Register of Organisations and development of information technology and amended countries. Some dilemmas and threats that could Associations (ROS) and the Register of Establishments methods of data collection, processing and dissemination jeopardise the fulfilment of these principles were also (ERO) and European recommendations and experiences became a very topical issue. The Statistical Office emphasised (S. Duji}). of some other European countries that were developing presented the basic concepts related to personal data The conference was additionally enriched by business registers in this period, was presented (L. protection and confidentiality, the role and importance numerous papers that clearly and comprehensively Djordjevi}). of protection and providing the confidentiality of presented the situation by individual fields of statistics Setting up the Business Register was very important personal data for national statistical services, the valid and the way forward. for the development of Slovene national statistics since legislation and new developments stipulated in the One of the central themes of this conference was as the basis for sampling frames the register enabled the National Statistics Act which was in the process of registers and classifications. From the point of view of collection of data with sample surveys, which adoption. The most discussed issue was the planned development, reflections on institutional, legislative and substituted the outdated system of statistical surveys on solution of access to microdata for research purposes, organisational aspects of registers as one of the key the basis of full coverage of few units in socialist since researchers strived for as simple access as possible economies. Even then the need was clearly expressed without any special technical limitations (M. Babi~) and that the business register for statistical purposes should presented some ways how to reduce the risk of be separated from the administrative part which is disclosure of individual data (M. Macur). publicly available (M. Blejec). The conference could not avoid discussing the The basic characteristics of the Central Population quality of statistics. The issue of quality was discussed Register (CRP) were also presented. An initiative was from aspects that were the most topical in view of the launched that – following the example of Nordic current development phase of Slovene national registers and in line with the standard definition of statistics. First, providing data comparability in time population – the CRP should contain in addition to series at the time of intensive social and economic citizens of the Republic of Slovenia with permanent changes – when the content of phenomena and the residence in Slovenia also other categories of permanent conditions of statistical coverage are changing and population. Participants were informed about some ideas methodological improvements and standards are being and dilemmas regarding the setting up of the statistical/ introduced – was discussed. The question of quality was administrative register of farms (I. Orešnik). also discussed from the point of view of survey At the conference the topic of classifications was methodology, which was increasingly replacing the limited to the discussion of the classification of outdated method of full coverage of the statistical occupations. Procedures were described for taking over population. At that time, the national statistical office Slovene newspapers about the 1994 Statistical Days “Statistical Data are the Basis for Decision” the International Standard Classification of Occupations was preparing for the regular (at that time annual) “Making European Statistics is a Model” (ISCO) in Slovenia and the basic characteristics of the implementation of the Labour Force Survey. Within 22 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1994 – Entering the world and new tasks The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation these activities, the office designed the proposal of a new presented and proposals for methodological As regards fields of statistics, at the conference most sampling plan, which was based on considering improvements were prepared in accordance with of the attention was focused on agriculture statistics. The theoretical basis of sampling and practical aspects of recommendations by the International Monetary Fund existing system of statistical surveys, which was implementation (M. Zaletel, V. Vehovar). Another paper (V. Zorc Rems). Differences between the IMF designed in different social circumstances, when private discussed the problem of sampling errors and pointed methodology and national accounts (SNA), on which and state agriculture were strictly separate, could not out the problem of inappropriate or inconsistent the statistical measurement of services at the Statistical meet information needs brought by intensive changes of informing of users about sampling errors, and proposed Office of the Republic of Slovenia is based, were production and market structures in agriculture and EU some solutions for standardised reporting about the analysed. The needs for data brought by the accession. The Statistical Office of the Republic of precision of estimates (M. Arneèt al). liberalisation of services in the European Union were Slovenia presented the situation by fields of agriculture As at all the previous conferences, at this conference discussed in a special paper as was statistical monitoring and planned activities for better and internationally too participants could not avoid the issue of national of direct investment. comparable agriculture statistics; among them the accounts and statistical monitoring of external trade. At In this session the issue of eliminating the impact of special role of the farm register was pointed out. At the the forefront of interest of national accounts were currency changes and changes in the structure of export same time the Statistical Office presented first results of hidden economy and the estimate of its contribution to and import in different currencies from value data on cooperation in the project of collecting data on GDP (A. Flajs, S. Kukar). At this conference quarterly external trade in the case of export and import flows agriculture with satellite methods, which took place national accounts were presented in terms of their was again discussed (F. Cimperman, A. Koàr). Even under the auspices of European Commission’s Joint importance, basic approaches to their compilation and though the tolar exchange rate was much more stable in Research Centre (JRC). At the conference results of the the assessment of the feasibility of their introduction in comparison with other currencies, the effect of exchange methodological study on availability and quality of Slovenia (T. ^esen). rate fluctuations on the value of commodity flows in the information on price and quantity trends on some External trade focused on trade in services. first half of the 1990s was still considerable. selected agricultural product markets in Slovenia were Compared to external trade in general, statistical The 1994 conference in Radenci presented business exposed (E. Erjavec, M. Kniepert). As measures for monitoring of external trade in services draws much less opinion surveys, which were in terms of contents and attention. The methods of data collection by types of methodology a new issue in Slovenia. The Economic services for the needs of the balance of payments were Outlook and Policy Service at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (M. Šiško Debeljak, N. Prešern) Of all the conferences the one organised in 1994 is and the national statistical office started to implement considered to be one of the most important as it offered a business surveys in the first half of the 1990s. These two large discussion about methodological harmonisation with institutions used different methodological approaches: the EU. However, we also remember this conference for an the Chamber of Commerce and Industry tackled the organisational error, now with large smiles on our faces. task from the point of view of the needs of Slovene The conference was namely already international and economy, following the example of some other simultaneous interpretation into English was announced. chambers of commerce and industry, so the We had our earphones but we forgot to hire interpreters. methodology was not internationally comparable, while The problem was quickly solved by statisticians who are proficient in English whispering translations into the ears of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia colleagues from abroad. conducted business surveys in line with the harmonised approach valid in the ESS. Nina Pre{ern 23 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1994 – Entering the world and new tasks The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation improving the situation in agriculture statistics, setting produced by the Employment Service of Slovenia on the terms of the quality and organisation of the statistical system, up a farm typology and farm accounting were proposed readiness of unemployed persons to migrate (A. Jakoš). offering or providing good basis for highlighting the problems (T. Cunder, N. Pajntar). The picture of the situation in There was another novelty compared to the that are subject of discussion. Such was my view of the this area was completed by the analysis of the situation previous conferences: an organised discussion about discussion about the topic of the first conference entitled in forestry statistics; with changed organisation of selected topics in the form of round tables. The first Statistics and Inflation. The statistical system must provide data forestry the records on tree cutting in private forests and round table was dedicated to statistical training. For on prices and their movement so that there are no doubts about on the sale of forest assortments, which used to be the discussion as many as 15 papers on the position of their correctness. An example is the monitoring of retail prices in main source of information for statistical surveys on statistics in educational programs of faculties and Slovenia. There was much talk whether four places for forestry, were namely abolished (M. Hlavaty). other higher education institutions in Ljubljana and monitoring retail prices are enough for Slovenia. The statistical conference in 1994 could not avoid the Maribor were prepared. Special papers described the With its program of statistical surveys, national statistics represents issue of statistical coverage of road goods transport in situation in elementary and upper secondary an agreed and harmonised system of data collection and processing, Slovenia; at that time due to insufficient coverage of education. The introductory paper discussed the the results of which are used by a wide circle of users who are in private road transport operators this issue was question which statistical competences should be part various ways obliged to cooperate or who cooperate in managing the particularly important. of a person’s general education and proposed a country. Statistical Days in Radenci are one of the ways that The very diverse conference programme included also preparation of an appropriate review within the organisers, users, analysts and data providers can meet and in mutual exchange of experience, opinions, proposals, etc., improve the system a paper about the development of statistics of renewable statistical profession. The final paper summarised the of surveys. sources in the EU and Slovenia’s possibilities for situation in the field of statistical education and With international participation the participants obtained information developing this very important and promising field; prior training in Slovenia and pointed out some common about how things are done in other countries or international to 1994 only hydroelectric energy was adequately problems of teaching statistics at the mentioned levels organisations. Thus we can compare our situation regarding solutions, statistically monitored (I. Erèn). of education. . quality and possibilities with others. The 1994 conference was characterised by the fact The statistical system has many open issues so there is no need to that for the first time more attention was focused on fear that in the future there will not be enough material for Statistical social statistics, especially labour market statistics and Interview Days to discuss. We have to know that legislative and as a result poverty measurement. The conference informed administrative authorities adopt acts and implementing regulations Franta Komel, participants about some of the key statistical concepts daily, which demands appropriate monitoring. and measurements in the field of unemployment, such Director of the Institute We only have to remember the discussion whether it is enough for a as registered and survey unemployment (I. Domadenik), of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia for Statistics country to prepare results about a problem on the basis of a sample and pointed out some gaps in labour statistics in terms in the 1967-1981 period, or should full coverage be applied. Or the discussion on the use of administrative sources, etc. of international standards, e.g. lack of data on labour Director of the Federal Institute for Statistics costs and labour costs indices (T. Smrekar). At the in the 1981-1985 period I think that Statistical Days are a good form of professional improvement for statisticians. If memory serves me right, I have been conference the first attempt to measure poverty was attending them since 1998. presented; this subject was much talked about even What is in your opinion the importance of statistical then, but without a real empirical support. The analysis conferences in Radenci for Slovene national statistics? was performed based on the 1993 Household Budget I have always understood Statistical Days as meetings of Survey data (G. Ruì~). Papers from the field of social statisticians, at which they would discuss individual topics in statistics were rounded up by the empirical study 24 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 First impetus for social statistics The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation contributed papers and not only with invited papers. methodology as well as from the aspect of empirical conference: 1995 This fact confirmed that the conference was becoming research. 5th Statistics of Labour, recognised in the wider international statistical Among these papers the paper presented by Swiss community. statisticians (B. Buhmann et al) on the development of Working and Conference participants were professionally and labour accounts should be pointed out. In their paper the institutionally very diverse, which resulted in a diverse authors presented labour accounting as an efficient tool Living Conditions mix of content and methodological issues discussed at for consistent linking of data on various aspects of the the conference. The papers formed a rather labour market, which are obtained from various, comprehensive picture of the situation in the field of the methodologically incomparable sources (e.g. population In 1995 the National Statistics Act was adopted, statistics of labour, working and living conditions and at statistics, wage statistics, population registers, labour which was based on international principles of the same time outlined a rather unanimous description force surveys, labour cost surveys). The advantage of official statistics and took into account good of the extent and characteristics of socio-economically labour accounts is that they are coherent with national practice of other, mostly Nordic countries. This act endangered groups in Slovenia. accounts. At the same time labour accounts can be used determined the basic conditions and methods of The discussion about data sources and contents of for estimating the quality of individual sources. The operation of national statistics and thus empirical studies presented at the conference (S. Kukar, paper pointed out early on the possibility of linking significantly directed the development of national T. Stanovnik and N. Stropnik, E. @nidarši~) showed that various data sources, which is the approach that became statistics. in addition to income inequality the income status of a promising method of rationalising data collection more However, the new National Statistics Act was not a the population should be monitored and the system of than a decade later. subject of the fifth Statistical Days. In contrast to the social indicators that will cover other non-economic For Slovenia this was a period of intensive development previous two conferences, this one was much more dimensions of the social situation of the population, of labour market statistics (T. Smrekar). Slovenia started to narrowly conceived. It focused on the issue of the especially social exclusion, should be developed. regularly conduct the Labour Force Survey (in 1994), and statistics of labour, working and living conditions. The The idea how to develop social statistics in Slovenia in 1995 the pilot Labour Cost Survey was conducted (A. narrowing of the main conference theme was partly the was supplemented by papers on the orientation of the Letini~ Štempihar). Two classifications harmonised with consequence of the achievements of the previous European Union in the field of social statistics (D. international standards – i.e. activity classification conferences, which crystallised the basic development Ramprakash, I. Krìman, M. Klinar, A. Franz). These NACE Rev. 1 and occupation classification ISCO-88 – fields of statistics in Slovenia, and partly the papers presented the ESSPROS, which is the harmonised started to be introduced. Experience and problems consequence of the situation in Slovenia with over European system of integrated social protection presented by statisticians from other countries showed 120,000 unemployed persons and the fact that compared statistics, and the panel household survey. Also that this is a period of transition also for statistics in to economic statistics and national accounts by then the presented were some fresh approaches to how better use traditional market economies, since they also require development of social statistics had been pushed into the existing administrative sources for setting up large adjustments to the demands of the single statistical the background. The conference attracted experts databases from the field of social statistics (D. Kidri~, J. system. The paper presented by the United Kingdom (P. dealing with this topic from various aspects, from Barba et al). J. Stibbard) showed that some statistical solutions, e.g. researchers, public administration officials, The collected papers on the issues related to labour two methods of measuring unemployment, cause representatives of the public sector, university and also market and labour force statistics presented an problems and misunderstanding by the wider the private sector. Several experts from abroad integrated outline of this field of statistics both from the professional public elsewhere in Europe and not only in participated in the conference, for the first time with theoretical aspect, current state and development of the Slovenia. 25 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1995 – First impetus for social statistics The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation The development of labour market statistics and set in. The presented topic of labour market statistics EU and SORS’s inclusion in Eurostat contributed a lot. The central other areas brought about additional costs not only to was rounded by the paper presented by a representative themes followed the events in the society, even though it was statistics itself but also to reporting units. For labour of the International Labour Organisation, who sometimes difficult to provide sufficient subject-matter consistency of statistics too one of the possible strategies was to replace presented the methodology for collecting data on papers with the central themes. new statistical surveys with already existing imbalances in the demand for labour (E. Hoffman). I attended more than half of conferences and was more active in administrative data sources. For this purpose, researchers The conference was enriched by two papers that the last ten years. from the Faculty of Economics studied the applicability were not related to the central theme: the results of the of statistical data from annual financial statements for In the field of social statistics the conferences opened several statistical analysis of data from the Central Population analysing labour costs and on the basis of results of this topical issues; in 1995 and 2008 social issues were the central Register on name fashion, which later on received much theme. Did the conferences sufficiently present the problems study proposed that data on labour costs should be public attention and large publicity on one of the most regarding social statistics? collected with a combination of annual financial frequently visited page on Statistical Office’s website statements and occasional Labour Cost Surveys. As regards the content, social statistics have been appropriately “How frequent are your first name and family name?”, One of the dimensions of the labour market is presented at the conferences in Radenci. This is even truer if one was presented for the first time. The other thing was the working conditions. The conference highlighted some takes into account their integration with economic and other presentation of EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis), which wider aspects of working conditions, such as safety at statistics. A typical example is labour market statistics, which is was the first step towards popularising the currently work and labour costs (M. Tekav~i~) and the impact of eminently interdisciplinary, even though statistical offices prefer to widely used tool for graphical analysis of statistical data. ergonomics on workers’ health (T. Gazvoda, J. Horvat). think of it as part of social statistics and we economists think of it At the conference the research results of the group The model of estimating the number of accidents at more as part of economic statistics. In the past 20 years Statistical for studying the quality of life at the Institute of Social work was also presented (J. Šrekl, P. Gspan). The Days enabled not only the presentation but also frequently Sciences led by Dr. Ivan Svetlik were presented. unregulated situation in terms of content and controversial and interdisciplinary discussions among various organisation in reporting on occupational diseases was authorised institutions, academic circles and other users of statistical Interview also pointed out, which is one of the key segments in data. statistics of working conditions and health statistics in Prof. Dr. Janez Mala~i~, What is in your opinion the importance of these conferences for general (M. Kriàj). Slovene national statistics? The fifth Statistical Days brought one of the first University of Ljubljana, Statistical conferences in Radenci have upgraded the former warnings about long-term effects of declining fertility on the Faculty of Economics professional meetings of statisticians within the former Yugoslav labour market and related categories (T. Kraigher). The federation and in many ways surpassed them. The international and estimate of the development of basic labour market European component is especially important and thus inclusion into categories, produced with the help of socio-demographic Do you think that the central themes of Statistical Days the wider European environment. Statistical Days have importantly accounts, pointed to limited possibilities to reduce followed sufficiently the events in the society? Did you perhaps contributed to the education and improvement of every participant. unemployment in the next 15 years, especially with the attend all 19 conferences? Among the most important contributions one should mention the low GDP growth, and that due to population ageing the In the new century the international component of the conferences rich professional literature, which is available in extensive ratio between dependent people and persons in was strengthened, which increased the interest in the conferences as proceedings volumes of Statistical Days and which we would not employment will be significantly worsened and that well as their professional relevance. Slovenia’s membership of the have without these conferences.” around 2015 a distinct lack of domestic labour force will 26 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 How far (close) is the EU according to Maastricht criteria? The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation The main topic of this conference was definitely of two new aggregates: real gross domestic product and conference: 1996 meeting the Maastricht (convergence) criteria in Slovenia. real net national disposable income introduced by SNA 6th Maastricht criteria – inflation rate, interest rate, 1993 (A. Flajs). Changes brought by the new Economy, exchange rate, government deficit, and government debt methodology in measuring household final consumption – are intended for estimating how an individual country expenditure were also presented. After a number of Slovenia, is prepared in economic terms to enter the European affirmative discussions how to best measure GDP, the Union and the EMU. It is clear that statistics plays a key conference initiated a discussion about the limitations of European Union role in providing the data for assessing the level of GDP as an indicator of human welfare (J. Seljak). The meeting these criteria. In the introductory paper problem of GDP being an appropriate indicator of The mid-1990s were a period of intensive changes in economists Ivo Lavra~ and Vladimir Lavra~ prepared a human welfare became the top professional and political Europe, especially the composition of its economy. comprehensive methodological analysis of availability subject more than a decade later, i.e. in 2009 when the Accession of new Member States (Austria, Finland and and quality of data with which Slovenia proved its European Commission published its famous report GDP Sweden) and the related expansion of the single fulfilment of the mentioned criteria. They found gaps in and Beyond. European market, measures related to the preparations data and methodology for both fiscal criteria. Presenting the economic accounts for agriculture, the to introduce a single currency and a new wave of Almost a decade after it was opened at the first 1996 conference started the discussion about satellite enlargement, as well as the increasingly fierce conference on inflation and statistics, the paper on the accounts as the integral part of national accounts. competition with the US and Japan in the conditions measurement of inflation (Z. Repoto~nik) again stimulated Participants pointed out that the new version of SNA 93 of globalisation fundamentally changed the conditions discussion about the measurement of inflation. At the also does not satisfactorily solve the question of the of conducting business and put in front of national first conference an initiative was launched to replace the concept and role of satellite accounts in the system of statisticians demands for quality, timely and retail price index with the consumer price index in order national accounts and that the compilation of satellite comparable statistical data. The changed conditions of to provide international comparability. In 1996 any accounts in the world greatly lags behind the needs also conducting business demanded a revision of business dilemma which is the better measure of inflation was statistics, since with traditional statistical topics blown away by the announcement that the harmonised limited mostly to the traditional activities of the measure of inflation in the EU will be based on the industrial society at annual level they no longer met consumer price index, and a year later the consumer the demands of the dynamic global market. price index became the official measure of inflation in Slovenia. All this clearly reflected in the 1996 conference, National accounts were again in the focus of which highlighted the problem of macroeconomic and statisticians’ attention not only due to direct relevance business statistics from various aspects (depending on the for the calculation of the convergence criteria but also current state and development tasks). The conference due to the revisions of methodological bases of national included two other subjects: forecasting, modelling and data accounts in the first half of the 1990s. In 1993 a new analysis as important aspects of the use of macroeconomic version of the United Nations System of National statistics, and registers, samples and classifications as general Accounts was published and two years later its infrastructural bases for statistics. A round table on European version called ESA 95 ( European System of Newspaper Delo, 25 November 1996 regions in Slovenia was also organised. Accounts). The Statistical Office presented the calculation “Fragmented Administrative Units” 27 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1996 – How far (close) is the EU according to Maastricht criteria? The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation due to unprepared theoretical frameworks monitoring of financial flows following the example of government bodies about the effects of various strategies (environmental accounts, social accounts). the USA, which, however, did not follow the SNA (scenarios) of possible measures for meeting the At the conference the issue of calculating quarterly methodology (F. Drenovec). The situation in the system objectives. Analysts at the Institute of Macroeconomic national accounts was comprehensively discussed for the of monetary balances that the Bank of Slovenia started Analysis and Development and the Institute for first time. Quarterly national accounts are an important to develop in line with the recommendations of the Economic Research presented their achievements in this addition to annual national accounts. The main problem International Monetary Fund right after Slovenia’s field. The high applicability of the general equilibrium of their calculation is the conflict between the demand independence – in October 1991 – was also described model in Slovenia’s accession negotiations, which was for timely results and their quality; data available in (M. No~). For further development of financial statistics based on the social accounting matrix (SAM) for 1993, short time are less reliable. At the time the development in Slovenia, the presentation by the financial expert Mr broken down to 24 key sectors of NACE classification, of quarterly accounts in Slovenia was in the D. Glatzel on financial accounts in the ESA 95 was very was pointed out (J. Poto~nik). experimental phase: they were developed by the welcome; compared to the previous edition ESA 79 they The framework for the discussion about the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the are designed much more comprehensively and enable a situation and necessary development of business Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development. more in-depth analysis. It was therefore expected that statistics was presented by Berthold Feldmann, who First quarterly data were published by SORS in mid- the interest in this instrument will increase and presented the legal background for the development of 1995 and by the Institute in its Spring Report the same accelerate its development. Financial accounts are also business statistics. In the EU it has been set in recent years year. It is interesting that the representatives of these the adequate data basis for calculating fiscal convergence with the adoption of several regulations from the field of two institutions limited the discussion to the use of criteria and later on proved to be an indispensible tool statistical infrastructure (classifications, statistical units, quarterly national accounts in macroeconomic analysis for exercising control over the functioning of the harmonisation of business registers, treatment of and forecasting (T. ^esen) and to some specific Economic and Monetary Union. confidential data) and regulations for individual fields of methodological issues (reconciliation, seasonal The conference showed the progress achieved in statistics (Intrastat, Prodcom, structural statistics, short-adjustment and revision) of these accounts (K. Hren), individual fields presented at previous conferences. So term statistics). Mr Feldmann presented the regulation but did not discuss actual methodological problems of the Bank of Slovenia presented first estimates of the the compilation. However, experts developing quarterly international investment position in Slovenia, the national accounts did get useful information about how methodological basis of which was presented at the 1991 to further develop this tool in the paper describing good conference (A. Jerki~). Also presented was the improved practice in the United Kingdom (G. Jenkinson) and in methodology of the measurement of Slovenia’s external the paper about the conceptual appropriateness and trade in terms of quantity and prices with the use of practical applicability of substitute indicators for more up-to-date data and pointing out methodological estimating real value added as the element of national problems caused by calculating indices of import and accounts (L. Bregar). export prices as unit value indices (F. Cimperman et al). Providing data for calculating convergence criteria, Macroeconomic statistics are essential for preparing especially fiscal and monetary, pushed to the forefront economic models for forecasting and analyses. Economic the issue of financial and monetary statistics, which had models were indispensible for anticipating the effects of thus far been more or less the subject of interest of the necessary changes in Slovenia in the period of banking institutions. At the conference the practice of harmonisation and after Slovenia’s accession to the EU. the Bank of Slovenia was presented regarding the Using these models recommendations were prepared for Left to right: Berthold Feldmann and Niko Schlamberger 28 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1996 – How far (close) is the EU according to Maastricht criteria? The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation on short-term statistics and agreed that the fulfilment of statistics, especially statistical registers. The strategy of business register and other, commercial sources. these regulations can present problems for statistical distinguishing between statistical and administrative registers However, due to the amount of time it takes and due offices since it demands publication of short-term was implemented in the Register of Territorial Units and to additional costs, this approach is only justified at indicators with high frequency (quarterly or even the Central Population Register, while for the Business multiple uses or at panel surveys (D. Kocjanc et al). monthly), at very detailed levels, within short deadlines Register of Slovenia a clear proposal how to set up its The round table on regionalisation praised the and for units which in practice due to difficulties with statistical part as an independent data collection was possibility of statistical support in designing regions in data can hardly count (e.g. kind of activity units). presented at this conference (N. Schlamberger). Quite Slovenia, since with the help of centroids determined for At the conference the two-year progress in some time passed before this idea was actually every house number, statistical data can be transferred developing business tendency surveys in manufacturing implemented. The project of setting up the statistical to different functional levels or regions. Municipalities was presented. Participants were informed about the register was namely implemented in 2003–2004 (A. must be treated as record-keeping and statistical building planned first steps in improving road goods transport Lešnjek, 2005). blocks (units) of regional integration. A proposal was statistics, i.e. the pilot project to be implemented in The introduction of ESA 95 brought large changes supported to introduce the classification of territorial 1997. The main novelty of the pilot project was the in institutional classification of units, which is one of units for statistics as a national standard. introduction of the weekly cycle of observations with the units’ attributes in the Business Register. After several years of intensive work on statistical quarterly changes in the sample. Distribution of units by institutional sectors harmonisation, Slovenia and other countries included in The sixth Statistical Days already discussed the (institutional sectorisation) was implemented on the this process gained first knowledge about the subjects that gained great social interest at the turn of basis of special rules and procedures prepared by the achievements and problems of harmonised statistics. In the century, i.e. subjects related to the information intersectoral working group (S. Marn). A special a special study on the comparability of data needed by society and knowledge society. Participants were approach and care was demanded by the Slovenia to enter the EU, SORS pointed out as the most informed about the introduction of international classification of financial intermediaries (J. Fabjan) critical the fields of financial and regional statistics and standards (Frascati Manual, Oslo Manual) in the field of and units under foreign control (T. Bregar). agriculture statistics (J. Klep). Experts from abroad research and development and innovation in Slovenia (T. The conference pointed out the importance of the pointed out (A. Franz, B. Feldmann) that taking into Škrbec) and the attempt to develop a national register orientation of national statistics for preparing account international statistical standards and classification of science in Slovenia (D. Bole Kosma~). high-quality sampling frames. In conditions when regulations does not guarantee comparability of With the presentation of methodological problems of sample surveys are the prevalent method of data statistical data in terms of contents, since this is Internet usage in Slovenia, which was given by the collection, samples are one of the key factors of data influenced by the difference in the structure of Institute of Informatics at the Faculty of Social Sciences, quality. As shown by the example of designing sample compared data, technologies, institutional organisation information society statistics was for the first time on the units from census districts, the linking of register-and last but not least the looseness of some regulations. conference agenda. based databases (Central Population Register, census Without any doubt the most striking and for A new subject was also enterprise demography. The data, geographic information system, etc.) enables statistics the most substantial message was that of the development of this field of business statistics took place more rapid and efficient planning of samples and OECD expert Anne Harrison about the overlooked or at within the PECO Project (Pays d’Europe Centrales et achieving substantial savings (M. Arneèt al). The least not sufficiently considered approaches by statisticians Occidentales), which in addition to Slovenia included 10 survey conducted by methodologists on the in transition countries regarding the needs and Central and Eastern European countries. applicability of various sampling frames for business characteristics of market economies. The areas that in At the conference much professional attention was surveys pointed out that better quality of the her opinion demand more attention in transition dedicated to developing infrastructural bases for sampling frame is brought by a combination of the countries are: non-sampling errors, questionnaire design 29 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1996 – How far (close) is the EU according to Maastricht criteria? The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation Interview taking into account the possibilities of reporting units to You have brought many young statisticians from the academic report, examination of basic data for calculating Prof. Dr. Lea Bregar community to the conferences. Were university researchers aggregates, possibilities of correcting basic data on the sufficiently interested in the statistical conference? basis of validation procedures or due to adjustment of I will limit my reflection to the Faculty of Economics, which – book-keeping categories to economic and statistical similar to the Faculty of Social Sciences – plays a dual role in concepts, use of procedures for estimating missing Radenci. On the one hand, about half of members of the faculty values, reconciliation of estimates obtained with various chair for statistics deal with issues directly related to official methods, revision as a legitimate method of improving You were among the organisers of the first statistical conference. statistics. For us the statistical conferences in Radenci are among the rare professional conferences in the field of official statistics at the data quality, pilot surveys, providing methodological What do you remember most? which we can present our achievements and we, of course, actively consistency of time series, disseminating numerical data It would perhaps be interesting to mention how I remember the atmosphere at the discussions about the initiatives of Slovene participate in the event. In the mid-1990s the older generation of in context together with text explanation. statisticians that Yugoslav statistics should be modernised, that we statisticians was joined by younger colleagues. After the In subsequent years these approaches were included should open up to the world and provide greater role for republic introduction of the interdisciplinary postgraduate university studies in EU programmes of statistical surveys and appropriate statistical institutes. We were explaining our ideas (about in statistics in 2002, statistical conferences have been regularly implementation of these approaches was one of the introducing GDP instead of the social product, about introducing attended by students with the best research papers prepared within important factors of quality operation of statistical national accounts, about replacing useless Yugoslav classification of the Official Statistics seminar. offices. activities with the then new NACE classification, about On the other hand, statistical conferences in Radenci are also modernising business statistics, about the accelerated development interesting for colleagues dealing with economic analysis. They of registers, etc.) whenever we had an opportunity. Of course, we appear in the role of qualified users of statistical data; for them thoroughly exploited the statistical conferences organised in these conferences are an opportunity to present results of their Slovenia in 1987 and 1989, even though it was not very friendly economic analyses and models and to discuss with producers of of us as hosts to vigorously address the sensitive issues of Yugoslav statistical data the issues of data basis for their research. I am glad statistics. However, it has to be said that discussions never that these colleagues are also ever more frequently taking part in involved any heavy or offensive words from either side. statistical conferences in Radenci. In any case, the interest in Statistical Days would be even greater As far as we are concerned, these were heated professional at the Faculty of Economics and in the academic community in debates based on our research and development work. Our general if conference papers had appropriate weight according to colleagues from the Federal Statistical Institute watched our the valid habilitation criteria, since according to these criteria what presentations with lenience; almost as older people watch how counts is only publication in appropriately indexed magazines. The younger people jump over a ditch even though there is a perfectly possibility that authors could publish the best papers in a relevant good bridge there. They tried to curb our enthusiasm by explaining scientific magazine should therefore be considered, similarly as is the that self-governed Yugoslavia is something so exceptional and case with some other conferences, such as the annual international special in the world that it is “so unique that it can not be covered conference Applied Statistics, which is held in Ribno pri Bledu and by any statistical standard”. is also organised by the Statistical Society of Slovenia. 30 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Financial statistics – development for Slovenia, the EU and the EMU The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation of payments, national debt and deficit). Conference conference: 1997 papers identified those areas of financial statistics that 7th need to be improved first and harmonised with New Statistical Findings, international standards to a larger extent. The inconsistency of government finance statistics and the Financial Statistics, public sector with international standards as well as of public finance accounting were pointed out (D. Murn). Globalisation This reflected in the unreliable statistics on subsidies (A. Murn). All this had impact on other fields of statistics, especially national accounts and international trade in As predicted by the main findings of the previous goods and services. For high-quality public finance Statistical Days, the central theme of the 1997 statistics (especially for calculating government deficit conference was financial statistics. At that time this and debt) as well as for national accounts and the field of statistics only started to be developed in balance of payments, sectorisation of some public Slovenia and the need for data was large, not only due institutions, government funds and agencies is of great to demands dictated by activities preceding Slovenia’s accession to the EU. As was pointed out in the introduction by Marko Kranjec, President of the Programme Committee, Slovenia needs financial statistics for various economic policy-making purposes, e.g. for fiscal policy-making (integral budget, subsidies, government debt and wealth), for Slovene newspapers about the 1997 Statistical Days monitoring balance of payment flows in which the “Not Only Data Recording” issues of portfolio and direct investment are coming to “Figures Determine Decision-Making” the forefront, for the capital market and money, and “Financial Statistics is Only at the Beginning” interest rates and new methods of payment (credit cards, electronic payment). importance. The conference confirmed solutions proposed by the Statistical Office and the Ministry of At the conference 19 papers comprehensively Finance regarding the sectorisation of extrabudgetary presented the situation in various areas of financial funds and some agencies in the Business Register of statistics. Most of these areas only started to be Slovenia (S. Marn, S. Vencelj). developed in accordance with the transformation and Conference participants were informed about emergence of new financial institutions. statistical requirements of the European Monetary Some of the areas of financial statistics had already Union as predicted by the European Monetary Institute; been fairly standard in statistical practice, but their these requirements include monetary statistics, balance relevance and reliability were questionable (e.g. balance France Arhar 31 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1997 – Financial statistics – development for Slovenia, the EU and the EMU The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation of payments and other financial statistics, price statistics different and almost all areas of official statistics: operating in public interest and the co-organisation of Statistical and costs, and other basic economic statistics (P. Bull). macroeconomic statistics (quarterly estimates of value Days surely contributed to the Society receiving this status. Slovenia had to focus on these requirements in planning added in financial intermediation, harmonisation of the Are the conference themes sufficiently broad and interesting for the development of statistics. consumer price index in Slovenia, short-term monitoring those members of the Statistical Society who are not engaged One of the central messages of this conference was of investment), labour market statistics (introduction of in official statistics? that it is necessary to strengthen interinstitutional continuous labour force survey), business surveys and cooperation (Bank of Slovenia, Statistical Office, Ministry financial indicators of the Chamber of Commerce and Personally, I can tell you that I am always surprised by how of Finance, Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Industry of Slovenia, agriculture statistics and topical the themes of Statistical Days are. Even though I work in Development) in order to meet the needs for financial information society statistics, infrastructural bases for natural science, there is always something interesting to reflect statistics in Slovenia and for efficient adjustment to statistics, etc. on. In recent years, some Society members who are not international standards (particularly of the International engaged in official statistics have cooperated in preparing the Monetary Fund for the field of statistical data conference program as well as their colleagues from abroad, and dissemination), especially with the expected changes of they have also always been impressed by the conference. It is, the status of the Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for perhaps, true that I would be even more pleased if participants Interview Payments. At the same time the introduction of ICT and in conferences organised by the Statistical Society of Slovenia electronic commerce should modernise the process of Prof. Dr. Andrej Blejec, came from more diverse walks of life. collecting, processing and disseminating financial data. What do in your opinion the conferences in Radenci, which Seventh Statistical Days were enriched by more than President of the Statistical Society of Slovenia have been international since 1994, mean for national statistics 20 papers presenting development achievements in very in Slovenia? Statistical conferences in Radenci are surely one of the most internationally known activities of Slovene national statistics, The Statistical Society of Slovenia has been the co-organiser of which brings great reputation to the Statistical Office as the Statistical Days since the beginning. What is the importance of main producer of national statistics in the country. Slovene this conference for the Statistical Society? official statistics is well-known in Europe and the world not only Statistical Days are an important part of the Society’s activity. because of its high level of professionalism but also because of The Society is very proud of its role of the link between the conferences attended by distinguished guests from other national official and so-called academic statistics, since this is not very statistical institutes. The conference is the venue where new common in the world. This role reflects in the organisation of professional networks emerge, which enables effective two annual international conferences: Applied Statistics and cooperation and flow of information and experience in the Statistical Days. It is, however, true that we are more involved professional public. I attended a conference of representatives in the Statistical Days conference. Without dedicated work of of European statistical institutes, which took place in Paris, Slovenian Statistical Office’s employees, many of whom are France, on the occasion of 150th anniversary of the Statistical members of the Statistical Society, the conference could not be Society of France. I was very pleased that many participants organised neither in terms of content nor in terms of execution. knew well their colleagues from the Slovene statistical office and Recently, the Society received the permanent status of a society the level of national statistics in Slovenia. Left to right: Boris Tka~ik, Andreja Ho~evar, Slavko Šutar 32 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 In the EU waiting room The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation tool in Slovenia and the Netherlands. New conference: 1998 developments such as results of the pilot population 8th census planned for 2001 and the pilot survey on time Statistical Support use, introduction of ESA 95 methodology in national accounts in Slovenia and information society to Accession indicators were also discussed. The eighth Statistical Days, which attracted a Negotiations large circle of highly competent participants, were an excellent forum for discussing the strategy of fulfilling and Structural Funds Slovenia’s negotiating position for the field of statistics. The bases for discussion were two papers prepared by In 1998 Slovenia signed the accession agreement and the Slovenian Statistical Office: on results of the started accession negotiations with the EU. The eighth screening of Slovene legislation from the field of Statistical Days took place at the time when public statistics (B. Jemec Zalar) and on the statistical part of servants and negotiators in Slovenia were examining the national program for the adoption of the acquis the harmonisation of Slovenia’s legislation with the (T. Banovec). The essential characteristic of Slovenia’s EU’s acquis communautaire. One of the areas under negotiating position in the field of statistics was that review was statistics. In these activities statistics had a it did not request any transition period since due to special role; as Yves Franchet, the then Eurostat its own needs Slovenia was interested in national Director General, pointed out during the visit to Slovenia in April of that year, statistics was not a subject of negotiations. Appropriate statistical support was the basis for a candidate country to start negotiations. The Slovene newspapers about the 1998 Statistical Days topic of this conference thus clearly followed the then “Statistical Road to the EU” topical social moment: the estimate of statistical “Statistical Support to EU Negotiations” support to accession negotiations and the fulfilment of EU’s structural policy on which the EU development aid is based. Such a framework of the conference pushed statistics becoming as soon as possible harmonised to the forefront the issue of regionalisation in Slovenia with international standards. and the issue of financial statistics. Conference participants supported the initiative to change the 1995 National Statistics Act so that it would A round table was organised on electronic data enable more flexible adoption of the national program of exchange between reporting units, enterprises and statistical surveys, increased use of administrative statistical offices with the help of EDISENT sources for statistical purposes and greater independence Press conference (Electronic Data Interchange between Statistics and of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Left to right: Katarina Košmelj, Janez Poto~nik, Tomà Banovec, Enterprises) software and first experience in using this Rado Genorio, Andreja Ho~evar Participants also supported strengthening of cooperation 33 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1998 – In the EU waiting room The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation the importance of its quality and independence. Klaus presented theoretical bases and methodological problems Reeh, Adviser to the Eurostat Director General, pointed in calculating purchasing power parities, especially from out the overlooked fact that with the accession to the the point of view of use in the EU, while the Statistical EU the position of national statistics also changes in Office informed participants about the results of the terms of content since some of the concepts (e.g. international project called the European Comparison resident, non-resident) are changed and some traditional Program of GDP per capita in purchasing power parities data sources (e.g. customs declarations) are abolished, for the 1993"1997 period. This very case showed the which makes the collection of some data important for social importance of statistical data since the value of the national economy more difficult. this indicator was just below 75%. In principle Slovenia Participants also discussed the role of statistics in could lose the right to receive structural assistance due Slovenia’s inclusion in the EU structural policy. to methodological changes in calculating this indicator, Structural assistance of the EU is an important e.g. revised GDP values in other EU Member States. budgetary item in all Member States and criteria for At this conference a lot of attention was devoted to Participants of the 1998 Statistical Days awarding this assistance are based on statistical data. regionalisation in Slovenia. The issue of regionalisation in The key criterion for assessing the eligibility of a country Slovenia is namely closely related to implementing the and Statistical Office’s coordination role in working to receive assistance from structural funds is GDP per structural policy, which presumes regionalisation of the with other institutions authorised for conducting capita in purchasing power parities, which must not country at NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels, because the statistical surveys. They agreed that the PHARE exceed 75% of the EU average. John Astin of Eurostat criteria for obtaining structural policy funds are program of technical assistance can significantly contribute to the progress in those fields of statistics that in Commission’s opinion are critical (part of macroeconomic and business statistics, agriculture statistics, government finance statistics). Other countries (Czech Republic, Estonia) faced similar problems in harmonising statistics with acquis and tried to solve them with similar initiatives. In these countries too the process of harmonising national statistics stimulated change in legislation in terms of greater adaptability of adopting statistical programs, strengthening statistical independence and more intensive harmonisation and cooperation of producers of national statistics. The Finnish experience pointed out that accession to the EU increases the social importance of statistics since statistics plays a key role in essential aspects of EU formation and operation. This, of course, increases the social responsibility of statistics and points out Word cloud: The most frequent words from conference conclusions, 1994-2000 34 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1998 – In the EU waiting room The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation Interview determined at these levels (I. Strmšnik). Researchers In your opinion, what is the importance of conferences in pointed out that the absence of the regional level Dr. Janez Poto~nik, Radenci for Slovene national statistics? between the country as a whole and municipalities is For me statistical conferences in Radenci were and are a frequently an obstacle in designing and implementing European Commissioner for the Environment tradition in the true sense of the word. They are a confirmation efficient regional policy, especially in designing measures and consolidation of good work of statisticians, a celebration of for accelerating more balanced development of Slovenia friendship in the environment which is known for its openness. I (D. Kavaš, S. Kukar). Papers at this conference discussed am only sorry that I can not be with you this time. the problem of regionalisation of Slovenia from various In the 1990s you were Director of the Institute of aspects: political, spatial, economic and legal. The Macroeconomic Analysis and Development and participated in conclusion was that regionalisation can not happen a number of statistical conferences in Radenci. Why is without appropriate statistical support. At the cooperation with statisticians useful and necessary for analysts conference statistical support of the Statistical Office and researchers? was presented as the basis for planning regional Good analyses and correct scientific results can only be based development of Slovenia and for using EU’s structural on good data. Many wrong analytical and research conclusions funds. Statistical data enabled breakdown of and bad political decisions have been made in good faith that georeferenced data even at NUTS 5 level. the data are reliable. Striving of analysts and researchers as well Methodological bases of the system of regional accounts as politicians for development of statistics and for recognising in Slovenia (A. Franz, B. Mavec) and four decades of the importance of statistical work is therefore also investment in experience of Statistics Netherlands in preparing regional own development and own credibility – a good investment for accounts (B. De Vet) were also presented. Participants a country. supported the initiative that Slovenia should implement Importance of statistics was growing particularly in the process as soon as possible the territorial breakdown up to of Slovenia’s accession to the EU and three statistical NUTS 3 level. conferences were dedicated to the harmonisation of Slovene statistics with European statistics. How do you evaluate the The eighth Statistical Days were in general development of Slovene statistics in this period? characterised by active participation of all participants The period of harmonisation of Slovene statistics with and their willingness to cooperate, which was confirmed European statistics was a very fertile period for the quality of by a large number of constructive proposals and statistical work and for your institution. Slovenia had to be initiatives that to a large extent turned into negotiating harmonised with the EU’s acquis communautaire in many areas, positions. including statistics. I have never doubted that you could perform this task, since I was closely monitoring your efforts for quality and international harmonisation and was well aware of them, even before we started to implement procedures for harmonisation with the Community acquis. 35 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 On the threshold of the information society The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation measurement should be based on this. It is essential to conference: 1999 predict the development of information phenomena and 9th related statistical needs. Electronic However, as regards contents, at that time national statistical systems did not follow the rapid development Commerce of information society since at the turn of the millennium this field was not yet integrated into the and Statistics regular activity of statistical services in Europe and Slovenia. The phenomenon of information society was the More encouraging was the evaluation of the state in central theme of the conference at the end of the 20th terms of technological infrastructure and network century. Even though individual aspects of cooperation both in public administration and information society had already been discussed at the enterprises (private sector). In his paper Franc Košir, previous conferences, this was the first time that the President of the Programme Committee and Director of information society was comprehensively discussed as the Customs Administration of Slovenia, boldly claimed a phenomenon the roots of which are technological that at the turn of the millennium electronic commerce but which has numerous implications for individuals, had already been realised. “Electronic commerce is a Slovene newspapers about the 1999 Statistical Days enterprises, the government sector and public reality. The technology is mature. The possibilities are “Statistics and Requirements” “Open Issues of Measuring the Information Society” administration, and manifests in new goods and limitless.” Slovenia had already started to implement “Informatisation can not be Held Back” services, new forms of organisation and cooperation. some of these possibilities, e.g. introduction of electronic And this changes the content and method of work of commerce with the health insurance card. At the electronic commerce in public administration, especially statistical institutions, brings new statistical services conference Slovenian national statistics was evaluated as with the system of registers: the Central Population and tools, which demands appropriate qualification of an important development factor in promoting Register, the Business Register of Slovenia, the Register users, changes in the field of education and of Territorial Units and the informatised land cadastre. improvement in statistical literacy. The system of registers was also the basis for designing the SAJPI (Common Administrative Kernel of Linked In the opening discussion participants mostly agreed Identifiers) model. The model should enable the that information society is a multifaceted phenomenon takeover of data from various administrative sources with many dimensions, so it would be more appropriate using linked identifiers of individual units in different to describe it with partial definitions and seek for databases intended for storing, searching and exchanging elements that are common to various aspects of the data and for transmitting data to authorised users (T. phenomenon. Attempts at statistical measurement of Banovec). such complex phenomena as electronic commerce in the The conference presented interesting examples of Netherlands (J. Kardaun) and Slovenia (V. Vehovar) how ICT can help innovate the activity of statistical pointed out that the phenomenon should be defined on services in different stages. Participants learned about the basis of its components and that statistical Left to right: Irena Krìman, Tomà Banovec, Francka Gabron, Franc Košir the possibility of collecting data with the EDIFIN 36 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 1999 – On the threshold of the information society The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation electronic questionnaire (N. Gorjan, K. Hren), using the discussion about the unsolved problem of archiving Internet for surveying (M. Podlogar, A. Pucihar), and electronic data. using web robots in statistics (U. Škufca). Papers about Even though it was primarily dedicated to electronic the users of Slovenian Statistical Office’s website commerce, this conference also could not avoid (A. Moè) and the quality of websites of statistical data evaluating the success of Slovenia on its way to adopt by providers (M. Bavdaèt al) were presented. 2002 at the latest appropriate statistical legislation Conference participants pointed out that various without transition periods and adjust individual fields of ideas about electronic commerce cannot be successfully statistics with EU statistical standards. This was the implemented without different culture between all parties time of preparing legislation for the field of involved in electronic commerce; this has to be based on infrastructural classifications, preparing censuses of the principle of cooperation, of course providing population and agricultural holdings, amending the appropriate data protection (M. Kaji} et al). National Statistics Act and the act on linking Thinking about future generations of users of administrative registers, and preparing the program of statistical and other data, Denise Lievesley, Director of statistical surveys on the basis of the medium-term Simultaneous interpretation UNESCO Institute for Statistics, started an interesting statistical program of the European Union 1998–2002. The picture of Slovenia (I. Krìman et al) was completed Records and Related Services (AJPES) was presented, by presentations about the situation in the Czech which should take over the statistical function and Republic (J. Fischer, Z. Vesely) and Estonia (U. Randaru, management of the administrative Business Register of V. Buttei). In the discussion participants agreed that for Slovenia (M. Jan~ar-Vidmar). candidate countries the key for successful Within the 1999 Statistical Days two round tables implementation of demands in the field of statistics in were organised: on experience and vision of Statistics addition to appropriate institutional organisation Netherlands regarding electronic commerce and on supported by appropriate legislation it is also necessary administrative data available at AJPES. to establish statistical information infrastructure, Participants again had the opportunity to present introduce new statistical methods, focus on users of their latest achievements and lessons learned. Within the statistical data, introduce modern management and session on new statistical findings and general improve the coordination role of national statistical achievements the Statistical Office presented planned offices. changes in the statistical monitoring of employment and As regards harmonisation with EU legislation and wages (the survey should be replaced by administrative EU institutional structure, reform of payment systems sources), activities for more comprehensive was presented within which banks took over the measurement of GDP by including illegal economy and monitoring of payment transactions from the then taking into account the imputed value of housing Agency for Payments. For Slovene statistics it was very services for owner occupied dwellings, harmonisation of important how to maintain the statistical information energy statistics and surveys on tourism travels of function of the Agency for Payments. At the conference the domestic population, and the pilot census of innovation Denise Lievesly Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for Public Legal activity in manufacturing. 37 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Cooperation rules! The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation harmonising national statistics in candidate countries is conference: 2000 justified by the fact that high-quality and comparable 10th data are indispensible for EU’s operation. For efficient Network planning and implementation of national economic and other policies, these data are also necessary in Member of Statistics for Better States. Without any doubt financial assistance via the Phare program played a large role in accelerated European Compliance adjustment of statistics; without it Slovenia and other countries could not manage to make this development and Quality of Operation leap in such a short time. It is also true that efficient use of these funds was helped by the well-designed strategy The 2000 Statistical Days was in many ways a record-and coordinated and committed cooperation between Participants of the 2000 Statistical Days breaking conference: the highest number of authors Eurostat and recipients of these funds. At the conference (91) with 70 papers, the most extensive proceedings many strategies and organisational solutions used by volume (657 pages), and the highest active foreign other countries – transition countries (Slovenia, participation of 30 experts from 16 countries. This was Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania) and EU Member States surely the result of the broad topic discussed and the (Finland, United Kingdom) – were presented. A review reputation that the jubilee 10th Statistical Days of their findings brought a message that there is no single acquired in expert circles in Slovenia and abroad. The recipe how democratic statistical systems should be central theme of this conference was assessing progress designed. Countries should find their own strategies but made in fulfilling negotiation commitments and the should not discard the policies of international strategy of ESS development, network cooperation and organisations and should not neglect cooperation and organisational issues of ESS operation and taking into account good practices of other countries. international statistics, and the quality of national Slovenia has successfully built on its advantages, which statistics (in terms of processes and results). A special were noticed by foreign experts: the first initiatives and session was dedicated to territorial, regional, development work in the field of adjusting statistics to environmental and agricultural statistics. Papers on market demands and obtaining international experience development achievements included papers from the and knowledge before the transition started, professional field of data dissemination, social statistics, and expertise of human resources and good knowledge of Timo Relander macroeconomic, financial and business statistics. foreign languages, sufficient resources and comprehensive approach to registers and other Statistical Days thus dedicated a special session to spatial The starting points for discussing these topics were administrative sources (N. Wurm). statistics. invited papers prepared by Eurostat representatives on In Slovenia’s accession to the EU statistics related to In preparing Slovenia’s negotiating position for the their experience with the EU enlargement process and space – i.e. agricultural, environmental and regional field of agriculture, special attention was dedicated to providing statistical support to the emerging EMU. statistics – were especially important. As regards EU agricultural statistics. The bases for harmonising Slovene Eurostat’s expert pointed out that the large burden of demands, these statistics were rather deficient. The 10th statistics were set up in 1993 with the development of 38 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2000 – Cooperation rules! The second period (1994–2000) • Preparations for EU accession and globalisation the statistical farm register and several new statistical information system (GIS) was surveys. In preparations for accession it turned out that presented as well as further there are still many gaps in agricultural statistics: development of GIS in Slovenia problems were caused by incomparable and deficient with satellite collection of land time series and inappropriate data for certain areas, such cover data. as milk production and wine growing. Hungarian The Statistical Office experience in using agricultural statistics in accession presented the situation and negotiations was presented. possibilities for improving The discussion in this session mostly focused on environmental expenditure statistics regional statistics. In 2000 Slovenia was in the midst of as well as environmental satellite lively discussions about what exactly the concept of accounts and plans for developing Special issue of Statistical regions in the EU is and what regions in Slovenia are. In Messages at the jubilee this area. Greenhouse gas 2000 Slovenia adopted the Statistical Classification of 10th Statistical Days accounts were also presented. Left to right: Anton Kramberger, Irena Tršinar, Niko Schlamberger, Tomà Banovec Territorial Units (SKTE). At the conference first in Radenci With several papers on quality experience of Macedonia in developing the geographic in national statistics the tenth Statistical Days operation this concept is not suitable for small countries anticipated that the strategy of improving quality in in transition. The German statistician and the current statistics will become the main promoter of Director of Eurostat Mr Walter Radermacher presented development and enforcement of national statistics. At the experience in implementing TQM in German the same time the conference predicted the penetration statistics, which is based in accordance with Eurostat’s of managerial philosophy and managerial approaches in recommendations on the European Foundation for management of statistical processes. At the conference Quality model. the representative of the state Statistical Office of Representatives of the Slovenian Statistical Office Macedonia Ljubinka Popovska presented Eurostat’s showed how it could be possible to assess the quality multidimensional concept of quality from 1996 and of the business register, while a representative of the critically evaluated the TQM (total quality management) University of Macedonia highlighted in theory and concept as an approach to fulfilling the concept of practice the poorly addressed problem of the impact quality in practice. She argued that due to exclusive of questionnaire on the quality of collected data. orientation towards users and market principles of The issue of introducing total quality management in national statistics was also the subject of a round From the social chronicle: table. Two additional round tables were organised on the Three people go deer hunting. One of them is a statistician. information society and statistical tasks in 2001 and on The first one fires a shot and misses by a metre to the left. The education, training and statistical literacy. These round second one fires a shot and missed by a metre to the right. The tables clearly predicted where the focus of professional Slovene newspapers about the 2000 Statistical Days third one – the statistician – says: “We got him!!!” attention of statistical conferences in the first decade of “Slovene Statistics as Developed as European Statistics” Janez Stare, the new millennium will be. “Slovenia a Successful Country in Terms of Statistics” former President of the Statistical Society of Slovenia “Harmonisation of Slovene Statistics with EU Statistics” 39 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 The third period: 2001–2009 Statistics in a third millennium society The start of the new millennium brought numerous changes in the society, economy and politics. Now statisticians no longer faced the dilemma whether they should calmly wait for subject-matter (content) experts to describe and explain a new phenomenon or wait for the new phenomenon to be sufficiently “statistically developed”, i.e. frequent. Expectations of the society towards statisticians are now different: in cooperation with other experts, statisticians must know how to gain information about probable social development and anticipate which phenomena will be characteristics and predominant, what will thus be the probable needs for statistical data. Or as was written by the President of the Programme Committee of 2010 Statistical Days Dr. Ivan Svetlik: “One would expect from statistics to be able to anticipate things or at least provide the data platform for producing development forecasts.” At the turn of the millennium the main development trends of the first decade had already been evident: the increasing impact of ICT on all layers of social life and new competences, accelerated globalisation and the emergence of new centres of development, the increasing competitiveness and gaining advantages through knowledge, commitment to quality, population ageing and economic, social and other consequences of population ageing. Actually, in subsequent years all these topics have found their place at Statistical Days in Radenci. The only thing that most of us did not envisage was the deep economic crisis at the end of the first decade of the third millennium. This was the subject of the 19th conference in 2009. 41 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 A new millennium, new topics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society innovative concept of statistical advisory committees, conference: 2001 which have a long tradition in Slovene national statistics 11th as they started to operate before they were formally A New Millennium stipulated by the National Statistics Act in 1995. Members of statistical advisory committees are - New Phenomena: representatives of users and producers of statistical surveys, experts from individual areas, the interested Have Statisticians public, and providers of various statistical services. Statistical advisory committees are thus institutional been Able to Understand forums that enable the identification of needs, encourage cooperation and contribute to greater transparency of and Measure Them available data sources, especially administrative. Agreements on future work of national statistics – i.e. The 2001 Statistical Days opened new topics which on which needs for statistical data will be covered and in Left to right: Irena Krìman, Lars Thygesen, Eivind Hoffman statisticians had not discussed at previous what way – are formalised by annual and medium-term conferences or which were not in focus and were statistical programmes of statistical surveys. Statistiques dans les domaines Economique et Social). discussed only by individual papers. Radenci 2001 Cooperation between users and producers of Joachim Lamel, CEIES President, presented work done thus focused on the following topics: assessing future statistical data at the EU level was organised via the by this committee. CEIES members – two from each EU needs for statistical data and statistical cooperation, European Advisory Committee on Statistical Member State and representatives of the European quality of statistical services, statistical culture, Information in the Economic and Social Spheres, CEIES Commission – met once a year at plenary sessions, while education and statistical literacy, and monitoring the (Fr. Comité Consultatif Européen de l’ Information professional discussions were held in subcommittees and development of a knowledge-based society. at seminars. However, work of this committee was made more difficult by the large number of members Assessing future needs for statistical data demands and by its advisory character. Therefore, the committee appropriate organisational approaches and could not really effectively fulfil its main mission, which methodologies of anticipating statistical needs. is supporting the European Council and the Commission The possibilities for such organisation of national in harmonising the community objectives in the field of statistics that would support the assessment of future statistical information policy, especially in terms of user needs of national statistics in Slovenia were improved needs and response burden of reporting units. CEIES with amendments to the National Statistics Act that was abolished in 2009 with the new regulation on were adopted in 2001. In the framework of the European statistics and was replaced by the European organisational setup of national statistics in Slovenia in Statistical Advisory Committee (ESAC). terms of assessing statistical needs for a number of years Conference participants agreed that adjustment to a special role has been played by statistical advisory new information and statistical needs is even more committees. Together with other authorised institutions, challenging due to the extraordinary dynamics of social the Slovenian Statistical Office has developed an Left to right: Andrej Blejec, Ivan Svetlik changes that are intensified by unexpected global events, 43 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2001 – A new millennium, new topics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society such as 11 September 2001. At that time statistical determined by user needs. The strategy of implementing requirements of the EU and other international quality demands a change in the corporate culture, institutions were constantly increasing. For example, management support and cooperation of all employees. monitoring the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy Implementation of the quality strategy is the most required several dozens of internationally harmonised frequently based on the concept of total quality indicators, and the demands for rapid development of management (TQM); however, the Danish paper environmental statistics and information society showed that other ways are possible, e.g. quality statistics were becoming increasingly acute. Integration projects each focusing on one statistical area (L. of administrative sources and understanding the Thygesen). The key factor of all quality dimensions in relationships between reporting units and the modern statistical systems is ICT. Mr Cook pointed out government as a condition for multipurpose reporting the crucial importance of Internet technology for quality of became a necessity (T. Banovec). At the same time statistical services, especially in terms of their national statistics increasingly asserted itself as one of accessibility, since it revolutionises the conditions and the most powerful and internationally recognised tools possibilities to access statistical data. New circumstances for communication and the basis for various negotiations of obtaining statistical data bring new tasks for as well as for identifying economic and other obligations producers and users related especially to data protection and for allocating EU funds. and to information and qualification of users for professionally appropriate use of statistical data. Metadata are of key importance for informing users Len Cook about the content of statistical data. Metadata driven Such an important social role of official statistics pushed to the forefront the issue of the quality of its services. The issue of quality in statistics, a topic that had been explicitly discussed at previous statistical conferences only by a few papers, was the central topic of the eleventh conference. This topic was treated in depth in the introductory paper presented by Len Cook, Director of the UK Office for National Statistics, and then in a special session. The conceptual starting point for the discussion on quality in statistics was Eurostat’s multidimensional concept of the quality of statistical services, which is determined by relevance, accuracy, Newspaper Finance about the 2001 Statistical Days comparability and coherence of results, accessibility and “Statisticians for a new millenium” clarity. The mentioned quality dimensions are Left to right: Carlo Malaguerra, Janez Šuštarši~ 44 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2001 – A new millennium, new topics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society processing in statistical services was discussed at a Bregar), pointed to the fact that for statistics a new era special round table. The Slovenian Statistical Office in education and training has arrived. presented the concept of the corporate metadata The 2001 Statistical Days launched a new topic – repository METIS, which enables automatic and statistics and the knowledge-based society. Papers at this integrated processing of metadata through the work conference dealt less with conceptual definitions of a process with central control of this process (R. Jensterle knowledge-based society and more with studying what et al). are statistical possibilities for assessing human (J. The session on statistical culture, education and Mala~i~) and social (J. Štebe) capital as key determinants statistical literacy was seeking to answer the question of a knowledge-based society. The basic picture of what the qualification of users for processional statistical bases for studying a knowledge-based society appropriate use of statistical data means in a modern was presented by papers on the situation of education society. The papers and the discussion showed that in statistics in Macedonia (B. Novkovska) and on education the conditions of wide accessibility of statistics enabled and training statistics in the context of lifelong learning by online data dissemination it is not enough to only in Slovenia (T. Škrbec, M. Medvešek Miloševi~). Special Left to right: Tatjana Šeremet, Andreja Arni~, Julija Kutin, Milan Kati}, provide websites with metadata. What is needed is a attention was paid to the results of the longitudinal Matjà Jug, Joà Klep higher level of statistical literacy and a focus on lifelong analysis of the study efficiency of the 1992/92 cohort of learning. Creative use of the possibilities offered by ICT, students and to the methodology of this study which papers from the field of business statistics one worth such as design of a website or a data warehouse as a was based on the available statistical and administrative mentioning is the presentation of the new field of learning tool (G. Barbieri) or introduction of data (M. Bevc, B. Loàr). The analysis of the spatial business statistics, namely structural business statistics, comprehensive e-learning in teaching statistics (L. mobility of graduates (D. Dolenc) pointed out the which was introduced in the ESS in order to provide problem of internal brain drain in Slovenia and proved to as much as possible and as detailed as possible be an example of effective linking of various information on performance and economic administrative and statistical sources. In light of the characteristics of business entities. Statistical Office’s current significant changes in the labour market and paper presented the results of the project on the tertiary education, a rather interesting (and telling) was development of this new area in Slovenia (N. Gorjan). the estimate of the need for formal education of adults Participants were also informed about methodological in Slovenia in the next ten-year period by 2010. developments in the field of monitoring intra EU In addition to the issue of metadata, the round tables trade (Intrastat) and the preparations to implement at this conference pushed to the forefront two large Intrastat in Slovenia. The Ministry of Finance statistical actions: Agriculture Census carried out in presented the results of a detailed survey on possible 2000 and the Census of Population, Households and improvements in compilation of government deficit Housing planned for 2002. and debt. The presentation of development achievements at this conference focused on business statistics, Participants of the 2001 Statistical Days during a break financial statistics and external trade. Among the 45 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 What should statistics be like in an information society? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society multidisciplinary knowledge and new methodological conference: 2002 approaches in all phases of statistical work and more 12th intensive and innovative forms of cooperation with Integration users, especially in knowledge creation and transfer. Such thinking was at the centre of the 12th Statistical of Statistics in Days with a selection of the following topics: research and development in the field of statistics; integration of the Information Society national and international needs; challenges and opportunities of the ESS and national statistical In terms of the central themes, the 12th conference was institutes within e-government initiatives; censuses of the continuation of conferences organised in the population, dwellings and buildings. previous three or four years; the common denominator At the conference round tables were organised on of these conferences was how official statistics should Intrastat, public finance statistics and metadata. Left to right: Irena Krìman, Tomà Banovec fulfil its mission in a modern information society. On A precondition for successful cooperation in one hand, there are increasingly more phenomena that development and research in official statistics and for M. Bavdà). One of the possible approaches is to should be monitored by official statistics in efficient knowledge transfer is a certain level of statistical improve users’ knowledge by providing appropriate information society and they are more diverse, and information literacy, definite professional competence statistical literacy training. As a result of long and complex and global. On the other hand, the need for and appropriate infrastructure (L. Biggeri). We are successful work, in 2002 postgraduate programme in regional data is becoming more detailed and the witnessing a paradox and a challenge of the information statistics was organised for the first time in Slovenia. demands for high-quality and especially timely data society, namely that the use of data does not follow the Participants were informed about the content of this are becoming ever greater. increased production and availability of data (L. Bregar, programme at the round table led by its initiator Anuška Ferligoj of the Faculty of Social Sciences. The Statistical services in EU candidate countries were postgraduate programme contained the compulsory additionally burdened by the fulfilment of commitments seminar Official Statistics. Statistical Office cooperated to harmonise their legislations with the acquis in implementing this seminar by providing lectures on communautaire by 2002. topical subjects of official statistics. Many interesting In this respect 2002 was a turning point because at seminar papers prepared by students as part of their the conference in Radenci we knew that all candidate studies were presented as independent papers at countries had successfully passed the exam; Slovenia Statistical Days. passed it with flying colours. However, there was no Conference participants agreed that research results in time to rest on the laurels. The five-year programme of the field of official statistics are generally stopped behind statistical surveys for the 2003-2007 period had already the doors of research institutions and there are no been prepared. It was clear that what is needed for mechanisms for the transfer of knowledge and understanding new, complex phenomena and for high- technology into practice. Participants were informed quality statistical monitoring which should serve as about the AMRADS (Accompanying Measures to R&D support to policies and as a mirror of the society are Left to right: Milena Zemlji~, Ljubica Djordjevi} in Statistics) project, the purpose of which was to 46 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2002– What should statistics be like in an information society? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society develop an effective mechanism for transferring research must be justified in terms of contents, methodologically results into the work of statistical offices (J. Lamb, D. relevant, properly disseminated and supported by Ramprakash). appropriate metadata. The topic of integrating national and international Papers in the session on the challenges of national needs first opened the issue of ESS development and statistics within e-government initiatives illustrated how the role of national statistics after candidate countries much progress has been made compared to the situation join the EU. three years ago when Statistical Days were dedicated to Under conditions of increasing competition, electronic commerce and statistics. The discussion and especially from the United States of America, the ESS papers on the informatisation of national statistics in was faced with pressures to increase its flexibility; this Romania, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Slovenia showed that should contribute to greater timeliness of data release, in 2002 technology was no longer the main limiting similar to that in the United States. To this end the ESS factor. More rapid introduction of e-commerce was announced the introduction of priority release of hindered by inefficient agreement about common technical Left to right: Enrico Giovannini, Gerrit de Bolster, Irena Krìman, monetary and financial indicators at the EU level ( Europe Jana Meliskova, Jòko ^uk solutions, models and rules for data exchange, First) and the so-called European sampling. In collecting insufficient metadata and some undefined rules how to data on the basis of European samples, data from small including some detailed data collections. The idea of deal with confidential data. countries would not be needed. Participants agreed that European samples should thus not impoverish national The twelfth Statistical Days were also on national statistics in Slovenia does not exist only to statistics. Joško ^uk, President of the Programme opportunity for national statistical offices (Serbia, cover European needs but that the needs and interests of Committee of the 12th Statistical Days, pointed out that Yugoslavia, Croatia, Austria, Italy, Slovenia) to present national users should be respected and that due to own “statistics in small countries is relatively expensive and their experience in preparing and conducting population interests this part of statistics should be supported, labour intensive, and requires larger (and therefore more censuses in 2002 or a year earlier. The most thoroughly expensive) statistical samples.” In solving this predicament, register-based statistics and further development of the administrative environment can be most helpful, especially cooperation of statistics in determining administrative contents and in standardisation processes. Cooperation of national and international institutions is also necessary in the use of statistical data in political and strategic documents about policies in different areas within the EU as well as in the use of financial resources. In these documents statistical data are used as indicators in determining target values or as criteria for achieving the targets. N. Maher and I. Lavra~ pointed out the necessity of cooperation and Participants of the 2002 Statistical Days coordination of institutions in selecting indicators that Left to right: Jan Fischer, Jakub Fischer 47 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2002– What should statistics be like in an information society? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society Interview discussed was the population census in Slovenia. Young statisticians often present their research papers at the Differences between the number of population on the Prof. Dr. Anuška Ferligoj, Statistical Days conference. How would you evaluate their basis of the Central Population Register and censuses efforts to find innovative solutions indicated by these papers? conducted in the 1953–2002 period were also analysed. University of Ljubljana, As you know, I was among the initiators of the university Participants supported the initiative of the Statistical Faculty of Social Sciences postgraduate studies in statistics at the University of Ljubljana. I Office of the Republic of Slovenia to exchange census data strive to make the program and its implementation as good as between countries in the region. In the future data possible. This program was among the first in the world to sharing could stimulate cooperation also in the field of Statistical conferences opened up a discussion between include the module Official Statistics. In the seminar Official metadata and harmonisation of methodological bases. producers of official statistics, data providers and users of Statistics led by Prof. Dr. Lea Bregar students have to prepare This area of interregional harmonisation is insufficiently statistical data; statistics professors were frequently among the seminar papers. Several times the best of these papers have covered by international institutions. It was expected latter. What is the role of the academic community in been presented in the form of conference papers for Statistical that the importance of comparable statistical data developing the statistical profession? Days. As a rule, students’ papers have been very well received between regions will increase after Slovenia’s accession The role of the academic community is definitely very and evaluated, which makes me very proud. At these to the EU. important for the development of the statistical profession, and conferences parts of master’s and doctoral theses of our Even though the twelfth Statistical Days focused vice versa. University professors and researchers from the field of statistics students have also been often presented. The response more on institutional and organisational aspects of statistics educate future teachers and researchers from the field of producers of official statistics, data providers and users of statistical services in new conditions of information of statistics who usually cooperate with producers of official statistical data to solutions presented by our students can be society, the session on development achievements again statistics, with data providers and with users of statistical data very valuable for their future work. offered a number of interesting information on the or become employees of the Statistical Office and other In your opinion, what is the importance of statistical progress in developing individual fields of statistics or institutions. I am convinced that cooperation between the conferences in Radenci for national statistics in Slovenia? the use of new and improved methods. The Slovenian academic community and official statistics is to the benefit of Statistical Office presented the methodological study I have always understood professional and scientific both. of the possibility to measure telework, the use of the conferences as excellent opportunities to exchange experience, Slovenia has developed excellent cooperation between imputation method of estimating expenditure in the views and knowledge. Therefore, statistical conferences are statisticians in both these environments; in other countries this is survey on travels of domestic population and the extremely important for the development of the statistical not very frequently the case. All these years this excellent regional statistics data warehouse. The Bank of Slovenia profession in Slovenia and the world. If that were not the case, cooperation has been proven at statistical conferences in informed the participants about the revised seasonal the conferences would not be attended by so many Radenci. Statistics professors participate in these conferences adjustment system and the harmonised monetary distinguished experts from the fields of official and academic with papers, organising round tables and discussions. In aggregates for Slovenia calculated in line with the latest statistics from Slovenia, European countries and the world. The discussions we sometimes present different views of the ECB requirements. Representatives of other countries organisers of statistical conferences in Radenci can only be discussed statistical issues and propose different solutions. (Croatia – five papers, the Czech Republic, Macedonia congratulated and wished many successful conferences in the Anyway, the meeting of different views and the discussion are and the United Kingdom) also participated in this future. to the benefit of both the academic community and official session. statistics. 48 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Statistics – a bridge between the information society and the knowledge society The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society lot of interest and left open a number of issues at the statistics of labour, earnings and living conditions. Some conference: 2003 previous conference. papers within this session, e.g. on globalisation and real 13th In a special session dedicated to national accounts estate statistics, pointed to the topics of the future Statistics this conference offered an overview of achievements in conferences. adjustment to statistical requirements for economic Let us examine what was brought by the topics that as a Tool and Source policy-making in the EU and for entering the EMU. marked the 13th Statistical Days. The conference also opened the “number one” issue In the year before the planned accession to the EU for Users’ Knowledge of the coming years and decades, i.e. population ageing the time was right to comprehensively present and and its economic and social consequences. discuss what level of compliance with international Creation Innovative aspects of national statistics were requirements had been achieved. The basis for the discussed at four round tables: statistical dissemination discussion was Statistcal Office’s paper which assessed 2003 was a year of expectations, focused into the on the Internet; Internet as an unstructured source of the situation in Slovenia in terms of the basic statistical future. For statistics preparations to join the EU had information for the needs of national statistics; “trade requirements of the EU and presented the action plan mostly been finished, what lay ahead were new tasks off ” between statistical confidentiality and data for Slovenia (S. Marn). Statistical requirements were based on full membership of Slovenia in the EU in dissemination; and e-government and statistics. In 2003 determined by four basic documents: the EU Council which Slovenia as an active Member State would fulfil the session presenting development achievements was Regulation concerning short-term statistics (1998), its national objectives. With the new role of Slovenia especially rich in terms of contents as it covered several principal European economic indicators (2001), the the responsibility of national statistics to detect future issues: quality in statistics, environmental statistics, action plan on economic, monetary and financial statistical needs for socially relevant data, for quality external trade in goods statistics – Intrastat, and statistics for acceding countries (2002) and the action and timeliness, for data protection and for reducing plan on EMU statistical requirements. A review of the response burden of reporting units became even compliance in the field of quarterly national accounts greater. National statistics sought the way towards was also presented (K. Hren). efficient and successful dealing with these challenges The prepared material confirmed that as regards in discussions at Statistical Days in Radenci. Previous economic, business and financial statistics Slovenia is conferences, especially the one organised in 2002, well prepared to enter European integrations and pointed pointed out that further development is paved with to the areas where there are still some discrepancies or constant education and training of statisticians and deficiencies. A comparison with the EMU action plan users, with readiness for innovation in production and thus pointed out that all institutions must accelerate dissemination of statistical data, and with systematic their work in introducing ESA 95, especially as regards introduction of new technologies supported by deadlines for sending the data and the development of appropriate organisational solutions. financial statistics (short-term financial statistics, government debt and deficit statistics, and financial The thirteenth Statistical Days were a new accounts statistics). A comparison of achievements with opportunity for an even more in-depth discussion about EMU action plan requirements also pointed out the Keynote speakers: these issues. The conference focused on users’ training John Pullinger, Staša Baloh Plahutnik, Genovefa Ruì}, Teresa Dickinson, partial lag of labour market statistics (especially in and statistical indicators, the subjects that stirred up a Slaven Mi}kovi}, Lea Bregar providing data on hours worked and on labour cost 49 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2003 – Statistics – a bridge between the information society and the knowledge society The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society indices), manufacturing statistics and construction preparing national accounts. To improve the quality of practice between producers of statistical surveys and statistics, and especially the slow development of service national accounts statistics, authorised institutions must data users is also important (I. Orešnik, M. Suvorov and statistics. develop coordination of those data that are covered by I. Krìman, G. Ruì~). Presentations (D. Trewin; L. In the discussion conference participants pointed to various producers of statistics, so as to achieve the long-Bregar and M. Bavdà) and the discussion showed that the experience of other countries. Good practice of the term improvement of the quality of data coverage, in designing measures to improve statistical literacy the most developed statistical offices showed that reduction of reporting errors, reduction of reporting differences between needs and competencies between interinstitutional cooperation is necessary, especially in burden and in the end greater consistency of different groups of users must be taken into account. macroeconomic statistics. Special attention must be Raising statistical literacy is not only in the interest of focused on sectorisation, consistently taking into statistical offices and the task of educational account ESA 95 criteria, especially in determining the institutions; this process requires the cooperation of government sector. representatives of the civil society, especially statistical Although in terms of topical social issues discussed at societies, qualified users and other groups of users, such the conference the central role was that of the as the media. harmonisation of Slovene statistics with EU and EMU The problem of population ageing and other socio- requirements, much professional attention was focused economic consequences of declining fertility in the past on the topics of the future, i.e. the role of statistics in a two decades of the 20th century were pointed out knowledge-based society and population ageing. already at the 1994 conference. Almost a decade later Statistics has a special place in the knowledge-based the phenomenon of population ageing at last received society since with appropriate use of statistical tools new much greater social attention encouraged by knowledge can be created. A condition for that is statistical undeniable empirical results that no longer permitted literacy, which is the ability to use and communicate any doubt. Population projections for Slovenia for the Left to right: Janja Kalin, Karmen Hren, Janez Košak, Hilkka Vahavainen, Stane Marn statistical information in professionally relevant and socially appropriate way. Statistical literacy encourages a creative dialogue and builds trust among producers and users of statistical data. In the information society statistical literacy is closely associated with information literacy, which is necessary for effective collection and processing of relevant statistical data and for appropriate use of data with the help of ICT. The conference opened the issue of incorporating minimum standards of information literacy into the educational system. Due to knowledge constantly becoming obsolete and due to dynamic technical development, participants also discussed the possibility of increasing statistical and information literacy through Presentation of development achievements lifelong learning. Exchange of experience and good Round table: statistical dissemination on the Internet 50 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2003 – Statistics – a bridge between the information society and the knowledge society The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society 2001–2036 period namely warned about rapid population ageing which migration could only slightly offset (J. Mala~i~). Research presented at the conference predicted that with already started reforms it will be relatively easier to control the costs of pension and disability insurance, but that the costs of health care, which increase with age, will be much harder to control (T. Kraigher). Generational accounts as the method of supplementing basic fiscal indictors (budget deficit and public debt) proved that intertemporal budget balance is not assured and that the reasons for the alarming situation are first and foremost demographic. By delaying the Left to right: Metka Zaletel, Mojca Suvorov measures, the necessity of changes would drastically increase (J. Sambt). pointed out that due to financial problems it is highly Low fertility is a key factor of rapid population unlikely that Slovenia will participate in this survey in ageing in Slovenia. The regional geographical analysis the future despite great social importance and showed that there are practically no reservoirs of young usefulness of such surveys. population in Slovenia. At the same time, the analysis The thirteenth Statistical Days continued the showed that the phenomenon of fertility behaviour can discussion on statistical indicators started a year before. not be explained simply by economic factors. The Examples of using statistical indicators in various areas demographic policy should focus on people as (labour market, environmental development, regional individuals and on the way they act. development, sustainable development, monitoring EU Conference participants agreed that due to urgently structural policies and monitoring business needed changes and reforms policy-makers must be performance) were presented. Participants pointed out provided with good data basis, including microdata for the importance of training and cooperation between research purposes and longer time series. For more data users and producers, which is the only thing that comprehensive analyses, it will be necessary to link can provide correct use of data. Users must namely individual characteristics of people with characteristics know the content-related and methodological of a wider environment in which these people live. limitations of indicators and take into account that an International surveys, such as panel surveys on fertility explanation of a certain indicator (in the sense of good behaviour, which are conducted under the auspices of and bad) depends on a specific context of use. We must the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, also be aware of the danger of biased selection of have already taken this into account. Slovenia indicators adjusted to political objectives and needs for participated in the survey on fertility behaviour for specific interpretation of reality (M. Ward). 1995; however, researchers (M. ^erni~ Isteni~ et al) 51 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Globalisation – much work for statistics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society institutes in Slovenia and abroad. In parallel with the soft indicators, which, however, are usually outside the conference: 2004 sessions five round tables were organised: record-keeping domain of official statistics (R. Korez Vide). 14th and statistical monitoring of real estate; cooperation of Researchers pointed out that companies’ data on Statistical Monitoring government institutions in the process of accession to international business must be used carefully (J. Fischer). the EMU; role and importance of information and Frequent changes in accounting standards and additional of Globalisation and communication technology in modernising the processes demands posed by multinational companies to their of data collection, processing and dissemination; affiliates as regards reporting prevent national Services – a Challenge statistical support to regionalisation and cross-border comparisons in terms of time and contents. integration of regions; and protection and transmission International comparisons of individual trends thus have and Necessity of statistical data for research and analytical purposes. a very limited analytical value. The existing At the start of the new millennium globalisation macroeconomic approaches to monitoring foreign direct On 1 May 2004 Slovenia became a full member of became an increasingly important phenomenon of the investment and activities of multinational companies the European Union. And in August of that year we global economy, which reflected in integrated are not enough for the analysis of determinants and celebrated 60 years of official statistics in Slovenia. international production, changes in sources of results of foreign direct investment and operation of Despite the anniversary, the Statistical Days competitiveness, creation of new centres of development multinational companies (A. Jakli~, M. Rojec). conference was as always hard-working and with a and enhanced outsourcing of services. Globalisation brings Especially important for each individual country are selection of two central themes – globalisation a number of problems, such as unequal distribution of the effects of globalisation on the national economy and statistics and services statistics – forward oriented. income, wealth and knowledge and the loss of jobs. To comparability of these effects among countries. A large As always, the session on development achievements prepare effective strategies and policies for exploiting the step towards the development of internationally covered the newest and the most diverse reports on opportunities and mitigating negative effects, countries comparable globalisation statistics is the OECD development and research work in statistical offices and need proper information, especially information on the Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators, which was other government institutions, universities and research internationalisation of their economies and the complex relations within multinational companies. International production is gaining importance over export and import data. Statistics is thus faced with a new task: how to provide data for monitoring international production, i.e. activities of affiliates of domestic companies abroad and of foreign companies in the domestic economy. The papers and the discussion treated some main content-related and methodological problems of statistical monitoring of globalisation. Experts on the economics of international trade pointed out that monitoring of globalisation involves various economic relations within companies as well as among them and Slovene newspapers about the 2004 Statistical Days interactions between companies and the government “Many can not Function without Statistics” (M. Svetli~i~). This increases the importance of so-called “Global Statistics is not Topical” Marjan Svetli~i~ 52 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2004 – Globalisation – much work for statistics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society at the time of the conference just about to be published. in recent years also due to EU’s legislative requirements. producer price indices for services. It also indicated the Statistical offices of individual countries were The complexity of services and the diversity of possible methodological approaches for areas where introducing, on a pilot basis, the monitoring of economic statistical approaches to developing service statistics were Slovenia needs high-quality statistical information, such activities of international companies ( FATS statistics – illustrated by Dennis Trewin, Head of the Australian as the development of satellite accounts for health care Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services). First experience of the Bureau of Statistics, who discussed the development of and tourism, and the real estate price indices. Statistical Office indicated that due to availability of service statistics from the following aspects: statistics of data and integrating various databases it is easier to individual services, new approaches to presenting service Interview monitor the activities of foreign companies in Slovenia statistics such as satellite accounts for households, non-than Slovene companies abroad and pointed out that a profit institutions and sport and recreation, statistics of Dr. France Kriàni~, special register of enterprise groups is needed as the international trade in services, globalisation statistics, Minister of Finance infrastructural basis for high-quality globalisation knowledge-based economy and society statistics, in the 2008-2011 period statistics. measuring the output of services, price statistics for International trade in services also belongs to the services and productivity of service activities. context of globalisation. Results of the survey presented This overview offered a consistent framework for at the conference showed that in the light of discussing other papers on service statistics. Most of the As an expert on statistical data you have cooperated in preparing globalisation the traditional treatment of services within papers discussed methodological problems of individual Statistical Days in 2004 and 2007. What do such conferences the balance of payments does not enable the service activities, e.g. ICT sector, health services, non-offer to the most demanding users of statistical data? identification of actual trends and the measurement of financial services. The regulation on short-term business Statistical Days are a recognised way of establishing contacts the economic importance of services in international statistics was also discussed, which covers trade between users and producers of statistics and they also give trade. statistics, statistics on hotels and restaurants, and voice to those who are obliged to report for statistical surveys. Service statistics was the central theme of the various other services such as transport, postal services, Measurement of new phenomena and new methodologies for conference. In the history of Statistical Days this was travel agencies, etc. It was also assessed to what extent monitoring them are challenges facing statistics in the future. the first time that service statistics received so much Slovenia fulfils the requirements of this regulation. Does Slovene statistics follow the needs of users appropriately? attention, except in 1994 when services were discussed Presented were also the data possibilities and Slovene statistics definitely follows the needs of users in the context of international trade. The delay is the methodological bases for calculating various service price appropriately. Statistical Office’s analyses are conducted result of the fact that the development of service indices, e.g. for services within the consumer price index professionally and reliably and its analysts are constantly statistics is very demanding and that Eurostat neglected (J. Auer; E. Miši~). Particularly interesting was the paper improving their knowledge and are in constant contacts with it for quite some time. As regards service statistics, about the calculation of the aggregate asset price index, their colleagues from abroad, especially Eurostat’s experts, as Slovenia inherited very little from Yugoslav statistics. which had for several years been calculated by the Bank well as colleagues at the Faculty of Economics. Via statistical Statistical monitoring of services is methodologically for International Settlements for about twenty conferences Slovene science is included in preparation of difficult since it demands different, innovative countries. statistical surveys. approaches to data collection and development of The session on service statistics presented a clear I believe that statistical conferences in Radenci are professional methodologies that take into account the specific nature picture of the complexity of this rather poorly developed as well as social gatherings at which the Slovene statistical office of services (in view of their complexity, problems in field of statistics. It revealed the areas that required gets basic information for solving the problems with which identifying the unit of services, producers, reporting priority development due to unfulfilled EU analysts are faced in their everyday tasks. units, etc.). Studying of service statistics has intensified requirements, e.g. statistics of some service activities and 53 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 The user is the king … The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society EMU enlargement and the implementation of the conference: 2005 Lisbon Strategy generated new tasks for national 15th statistics. Faced by new demands, limited resources and Communication increasing burden of reporting units, national statistical services were trying to find new ways and strategies with Statistical Data how to fulfil their missions as effectively as possible. They were mostly seeking their opportunities in Providers and Users introducing modern approaches to data collection, reducing the burden of reporting units and introducing and Support for the various activities for better communication with users. The fifteenth Statistical Days covered topical social EMU and the Lisbon Strategy issues related to statistics in four sessions: challenges of Left to right: Janez Fabjan, Andrej Flajs, Janez Košak measurement in the fields of competition and The title of the 15th Statistical Days – at first glance a productivity, support to the Lisbon Strategy, decreasing bit complicated – briefly summarises the social the respondent burden, and communication with data moment in mid-first decade of the new millennium in users. The session on development achievements the EU and Slovenia and the role of statistics in it. focused on health statistics and real estate statistics. Round This was the time of new EU Member States joining tables discussed the problems of statistical aspects of the the European Monetary Union, the time when the balance of payments, reform of agriculture statistics, and European Central Bank became a very demanding user Internet services for dissemination of statistical data. of statistics in relation to national banks, to Eurostat The starting point for the discussion about the basic and to national statistical offices. By discovering that themes of this conference was invited papers, which the Greeks were hiding real fiscal statistics, the mostly focused on the issue of whether the ESS is Left to right: Heinrich Brungger, Klaus Reeh, Werner Bier, statistical profession and the users emphasised their institutionally and organisationally capable of fulfilling Martti Hetemaki, Andrej Rant demands for effective verification of the quality of demands related to the EMU. statistical data. Such events accelerated the Invited papers and the discussion showed that the preparation of the European Statistics Code of Practice ESS has no mechanism for priority setting, especially as and the statistical legislation in the EU. One of the regards negative priorities. The policy of adding new central political and professional issues at that time requirements to the existing stock of ongoing activities was the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy, with is no longer in line with the resources available in which the EU attempted to catch up with national statistical offices and in Eurostat; the reporting development trends in the US. The mechanisms for burden, especially for businesses, is another limiting implementing the Lisbon Strategy, which was factor. Hence, there are problems with timely provision followed by national development strategies, were the of key economic and monetary indicators, which are the growth of competitiveness and productivity, basis for designing appropriate measures and policies in sustainable development and greater social inclusion. the EU. Often this was only a late reaction to measures Left to right: Irena Krìman, Genovefa Ruì} 54 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2005 – The user is the king … The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society prepared by the United States on the basis of data that put on the importance of service statistics for high-were available earlier. quality business and macroeconomic statistics. New methods for efficient and timely provision of Unreliable or biased results do not only distort the monthly and quarterly principal European economic picture of this sector but due to a large share also indicators (PEEI) were proposed as well as estimating influence the calculation of aggregate data. The use of European aggregates on the basis of the 80% coverage, inappropriate services producer price indices as deflators using European samples for business surveys and can influence the calculation of GDP at constant prices differentiated data reporting policy regarding the size of and thus also productivity (K. Krishnan). countries. As one of the most important measures for The session on the support to the Lisbon Strategy improving EU statistics the introduction of the mostly dealt with the issues of suitability of some European Statistics Code of Practice was pointed out (K. indicators and preparing proposals for more Janez Stare Reeh; W. Bier). comprehensive monitoring of specific fields. Researchers Andrej Rant, Vice-Governor of the Bank of Slovenia, (M. Pavši~ et al) focused on GDP per capita in informed the participants about the progress of purchasing power parities as a sustainable development Slovenia’s preparations to join the euro area and the role indicator. The main problem is related to this indicator of statistics in this process. At the time of the currency not being suitable in terms of content, since it ignores change, statistics must primarily provide the conversion social and environmental components of sustainable of time series, closely monitor price changes and provide development and covers the economic component too methodological assistance to the Slovene Consumers’ narrowly. Results of some projects for better monitoring Association in preparing the “price watch” campaign. of the development of some areas were presented, such The problem of measuring competitiveness and as formal education (M. Bevc) and regional policies (S. productivity was discussed from three aspects: labour Mesec). The issue of using indicators for monitoring the market, productivity measurement, and growing implementation of certain social objectives again – as at Left to right: Pavle Kozjek, Matjà Jug importance of services in the economy. The Lisbon the 13th Statistical Days – raised the issue of training and Strategy and the strategy of Slovenia’s development qualification of users for appropriate use of these assume labour market flexibility and security as one of indicators and the related responsibility of educational the key conditions for achieving greater productivity and institutions. An example is the Faculty of Economics, competitiveness. The paper presented by Alenka Kajzer which with the course called Economic Statistics focused on various measures of labour market flexibility contributed a lot to greater statistical literacy and and showed the possibilities of calculating these knowledge of faculty students and graduates. However, measures for Slovenia. At the conference the analysis of in the new Bologna curriculum this course was given a the Dutch researcher van Ark was presented on the minor role of an elective course at second level (J. impact of ICT on the growth of factor productivity in Mala~i~) thus practically pushing it out of the study transition countries as well as the attempt to calculate programme. factor productivity for Slovenia on the basis of official The session on decreasing the respondent burden Left to right: Martti Hetemaki, Enrico Giovannini statistical data (B. Kodri~). Again a lot of emphasis was presented some instructive examples of how it is 55 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2005 – The user is the king … The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society possible to reduce the burden of reporting units without users national statistical offices (Poland, Macedonia, Interview compromising the quality of data. An example of Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Slovenia) use various Dr. Alenka Kajzer, rationalising data collection on the basis of approaches and methods as well as various possible ways interinstitutional cooperation with large savings both of determining user satisfaction. Communication IMAD for reporting units and for institutions conducting methods also depend on institutional, technological, statistical surveys is collecting data on wages with the financial, personnel and other conditions of statistical joint Slovenian Statistical Office/AJPES questionnaire operations. A change in the communication strategy – (M. @avbi, T. Novak). Similar effects are expected from which to a large extent depends on ICT development – The conference of statisticians, data providers and users – the cooperation between the Statistical Office and the influences the change of communication with users. The researchers and analysts belong to the latter group – enables Post of Slovenia in modernising and rationalising postal use of databases that offer new possibilities to users as exchange of opinions, experience and good practice. Which statistics in Slovenia (I. Hacin, D. Šaraš). regards the methods of viewing data is gaining advantages does such a conference have for you as a researcher? Interinstitutional cooperation between the Statistical importance as are portals that enable access to a I have been attending Statistical Days for a number of years as a Office and the Customs Administration produced multitude of data from a single point. At the conference representative of a large user of statistical data for which detailed excellent results with very high response rates in the the Statistical Office presented the upgrading of the SI-knowledge of the content and methodology of collection and introduction of intra EU trade (Intrastat) (S. Mikù). STAT database into a data portal and the strategy of dissemination of data published by the Statistical Office is very The willingness of reporting units to cooperate also further development of this portal (K. Šnuderl, S. Pehli~). important. Statistical Days are therefore an important direct depends on whether a feedback mechanism of Promotion of statistics to the widest circle of users and opportunity to learn about the methodologies and content of information is established as is shown by experience of for special user groups such as librarians is also data that I and my colleagues use in our work as well as for the Bank for International Settlements in cooperating important (D. Dolenc). A precondition for efficient making personal contacts with people preparing the data and with central banks (S. Arthur). Rather telling was also communication with users is trust in the quality of other data users. information by an enterprise as a reporting unit about statistical work. An important instrument for increasing the problems it faced in completing environmental trust is the European Statistics Code of Practice, the Which conference do you remember most fondly and why? statistics reports (not knowing environmental adoption of which in 2004 was a logical consequence of Because the topics discussed in the 20 years have been very legislation, employees not being aware of the the ever greater role of statistics and cooperation of diverse and interesting, it is difficult for me to point out only one importance of collected data, burden at a wrong time, statistical institutions authorised for collecting statistical conference that a remember most. However, as one never forgets low penalties, no checking of the accuracy of sent data) data at the national and EU level. the first one, I would point out the 1996 conference, which was (A. Grubeši~). my first time attending Statistical Days. Participation in the Without any doubt the fifteenth Statistical Days conference gave me much new knowledge and many personal pushed users to the forefront of statisticians’ interest. contacts. The new paradigm of the relationship towards the users In my opinion such conferences are important primarily because is best described by the simple question how to create they are international and present a good opportunity for appropriate conditions (dissemination) so that users will statisticians to exchange experience, while users of data frequently be satisfied with statistical services. Creating these obtain relevant information about the future development of conditions is actually described by the new concept statistics within the EU (Eurostat) and available data and analyses called “communication with data users”. As was shown in other countries. by the session on this topic, in communicating with 56 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Government in light of statistics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society towards providing structural indicators for direct conference: 2006 measurement of the effects of this strategy, principal 16th European economic indicators (PEEI) for analysing the Measurement of euro area, monitoring knowledge economy (especially education and lifelong learning) and the service sector. the Development Role EU Member States had mostly integrated the renewed Lisbon Strategy targets into their national and Efficiency of reform programs. For preparing appropriate measures and for simulating their effects, appropriate data basis the Public Sector and Policies had to be prepared, for some analyses and simulations also by linking microdata. It was typical of Statistical Days that they always managed to ensure participation of very distinguished Press conference guests, especially from abroad. The 16th conference Left to right: Genovefa Ruì}, Gregor Virant, Irena Krìman, Enrico Giovannini, Steven Keuning hosted top officials (`creme de la creme’) of the official European and world statistics, e.g. Eurostat Director-General Hervé Carré and his Deputy Marie Bohata, Of course, operative implementation of the Lisbon Director of the OECD Statistics Directorate Enrico Strategy is not the only aspect of the functioning of a Giovannini, ECB Director General Statistics Steven state that can not do without statistics. Statistics plays a Keuning, and Deputy Director of UNECE Statistical much more important role in measuring the Division Lidia Bratanova. As will be seen, their visit development role and effectiveness of the state as an was not a courtesy call or that they came to tell us important factor in the competitiveness of an economy. how well prepared statistics is to join the EMU or that It must provide appropriate data that enable credible it became a permanent observer in the OECD monitoring of government measures in various areas. Committee on Statistics. At the conference the Irrespective of the level – EU or individual country – distinguished guests cooperated as active participants high-quality statistics is the basic condition for reliable with invited papers and in discussions thus monitoring of effects of the state. significantly enriching the content of the conference. The central theme of the conference was discussed in four sessions: development function of government, The central theme of the 16th Statistical Days was efficiency of the public sector, updated Lisbon Strategy measuring the development role and efficiency of the and reforms, and introduction of the European Statistics public sector and policies at two levels: the EU level and Code of Practice and other quality aspects. Around 20 the level of individual countries. papers on development achievements in the fields of At the EU level, the central issue is data support to the social, macroeconomic, business statistics, agriculture Newspaper Finance, 7 November 2006: renewed Lisbon Strategy and the related necessary conversation with Eurostat Director General and environment statistics) were presented at the reforms in EU Member States directed primarily “Desire of Politics Remains Unfulfilled” conference. In addition, round tables on the 57 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2006 – Government in light of statistics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society implementation of the revised classification of activities measuring administrative burden by applying the Dutch NACE Rev. 2, standards for transmission of data and Standard Cost Model, the aim of which is a 25% metadata between institutions, population ageing and reduction in administrative burden and which was economic activity of population, and food safety were presented at the conference (W. Jansen). organised. In addition to measuring administrative burdens, it is The issue of the development function of government and also important to measure the quality of public finance. The role of statistics was presented in the introductory speech quality of public finance is shown in efficient and by Gregor Virant, the then Minister of Public successful public expenditure, which increases economic Administration. He presented the Slovene public sector growth in the long run or brings other benefits for the policy of constant improvement, which should have society (e.g. employment growth, welfare growth). Of impact on improving the records and sources for course, the main problem is how to measure the effects. statistics. Slovenia’s government is aware of the The simplest approach – which, however, has many importance of statistical data as the basis for decision-shortcomings – is to use indicators at the macro level (P. Newspaper Ve~er on the 2006 Statistical Days making. In this context Mr Virant evaluated the Sicherl, J. Fischer, J. Sixta). In social sciences various “Eurostat Encourages Cooperation” situation in Slovene national statistics as excellent, but subjective indicators (e.g. understanding the role of emphasised that statistics must be a part of efforts to government) are calculated on the basis of data collected reduce administrative barriers, even though statistical with public opinion surveys (B. Malnar et al). resources can not be avoided. Designing an efficient requirements for data reporting represent a smaller part Other, more demanding approaches in terms of health policy and reforms requires appropriate data of requirements towards enterprises and individuals. data and methodology are also possible, seeking to and analytical support. This is why an intersectoral The Minister announced a more systematic approach to measure the effects of government more directly. One project is being conducted on preparing health of them is the measurement of the effectiveness of accounts. First results for 2004 were presented at the industrial policies, an approach which had been conference. Also highlighted was the importance of known for quite some time but had been put into these accounts for producing population projections effect in recent years after the adoption of the Lisbon (S. Marn et al). Strategy. The use of this approach in Slovenia is made After more than a decade when at the 1995 more difficult due to insufficient records on industrial Statistical Days statistics of working conditions was policy measures since only records on state aid are discussed, conference participants again pointed out available (A. Murn). In addition, appropriate that Slovenia still does not fulfil all requirements in methodological tools have not been developed. the field of health and health care, including Within the development function of government indicators from the fields of health and safety at special attention was focused on measuring the work. efficiency of the public sector in the field of health; the At Statistical Days the Lisbon Strategy had been subject had not been discussed at Statistical Days discussed several times before, especially in terms of within a special session. Population ageing namely indicators for monitoring its implementation. So this demands ever more resources and the issue of was continuity and a presentation of development of Lidia Bratanova effective and efficient use of these ever more limited some of the less discussed areas, especially knowledge 58 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2006 – Government in light of statistics The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society society indicators. Anyway, a new and more in-depth view In the introductory speech Eurostat Director-General At the conference the model of measuring time use at of statistics and policy in a knowledge-based society was Hervé Carré presented the role of the European Statistics the Statistical Office of Serbia was also presented (Z. contributed by Enrico Giovannini, Director of the OECD Code of Practice in the ESS as part of broader efforts to Jan~i}, D. Vukmirovi}), which could be a good tool for Statistics Directorate. New achievements in the field of improve the ESS governance structure. In his opinion assessing the costs of a statistical office. knowledge society were presented, e.g. the methodology some of the main measures to improve the operation of and results of the survey on emigration of Slovenian the ESS are strengthening the cooperation between researchers in the 1995-2004 period (M. Bevc et al), national statistical offices and Eurostat, simplifying and environmental indicators (N. Kova~ et al; M. ]erani}), reducing administrative burdens, especially through and indicators for monitoring the state of agriculture increased exploitation of administrative records, better and environment in Slovenia. Particularly informative programming processes and identifying user needs, and and worth emulating was the paper presented by Alwyn reduction of operating costs of the entire statistical Interview Pritchard on the measurement of output and system taking into account the economies of scale. Ann Harrison, productivity of the government sector in the United Marie Bohata, Eurostat Deputy Director-General, Kingdom. The famous Atkins report on the explained in detail the origin and content of the Code of OECD shortcomings of measuring the public sector stimulated Practice, which derives from the Fundamental Principles National accounts expert the Office for National Statistics to measure output of Official Statistics adopted by the United Nations according to Atkins’s recommendations, i.e. by volume Statistical Commission in 1994, taking into account of services and by taking into account quality. The new some elements of the EU’s acquis communautaire, such Many statistical offices invite users to listen to new methodology significantly changed the picture of GDP as confidentiality. The Code is based on the common developments in the office and ask for feedback but the genius growth and productivity in the UK. definition of quality and comprises 15 principles of Statistical Days goes far beyond that. It engages users both referring to institutional environment, statistical from within government and outside by asking them to processes and statistical results. However, the Code is contribute papers as well as listen to those from the statistical only a recommendation for Member States and not an office. This two-way process was particularly valuable in the obligation. early days as Slovenia started to adopt the statistical practices Statistical Office explained how it tackled the of the rest of Western Europe but the continuing participation implementation of the Code’s principles. The basis for from outside the office testifies to its on-going value. this was a specially prepared total quality management The fact that the conference takes place over several days strategy, which integrates the Code with the Medium-in a relaxed, residential atmosphere allows informal contacts to Term Programme of Statistical Surveys and is based on flourish and is an excellent opportunity for great entertainment, five strategic objectives, which are defined by sub-a feat that the statistical office manages with the same success as objectives and activities. The document is in practice their statistics. I send my best wishes for this and future being implemented with specific (operative) tasks of Statistical Days, hoping they continue to foster fruitful employees related to quality and by appropriate control collaboration between the statistical office of Slovenia and users (M. Zaletel). A similar strategic program of introducing who through these conferences become also friends and quality into the work of a statistical office was also colleagues. Social evening adopted in Hungary (K. Szep). 59 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Is statistics really only a burden? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society Šteinbuka, Director of the Directorate for Economic and conference: 2007 Regional Statistics at Eurostat. Kranjec praised 17th Reducing considerable development of the statistical function of the euro system in the first decade of existence of the Administrative Burdens European currency, which is shown by a wide set of harmonised and quality statistics. In this process the of Data Collection Bank of Slovenia played an important role in cooperation with other institutions such as the in Statistical Surveys Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the Ministry of Finance and AJPES. Ms Šteinbuka presented the results of the analysis of the harmonised index of The seventeenth Statistical Days brought some consumer prices for Slovenia, which was prepared by novelties. The traditional organisers – the Slovenian Eurostat for 2006 and 2007. The analysis showed that Statistical Office and the Statistical Society of Slovenia the impact of the euro changeover on inflation in – were joined by the Institute of Macroeconomic Slovenia was similar as in other countries that adopted Analysis and Development. We stopped publishing the the euro before Slovenia. The analysis highlighted the printed Proceedings Volume. Sixteen extensive importance of cooperation of statistical offices with publications, with almost 8,000 pages in total, occupy other institutions and the importance of informing the quite a lot of space on our library shelves and enable public about price effects in the period after currency comfortable browsing through two decades of Newspaper Delo on the 2007 Statistical Days development of official statistics. In 2007 the “How to Ease the Burden of Data Collection” traditional method of printing the papers was substituted by web dissemination: from 2003 on, the changeover; this can contribute to lower inflation documents can be found on the website http:// expectations and the reduction of the gap between www.stat.si/statisticnidnevi/. Instead of vast actual and perceived inflation. proceedings volumes only books of abstracts are The central theme of this conference was the printed. reduction of administrative burdens of data collection in statistical surveys. For conference participants this was 2007 will be remembered by the fact that the not a new topic since the issue how to obtain the data national currency tolar was replaced by the single the most economically had been discussed from this or European currency the euro. Slovenia’s accession to the that aspect before. In January 2007 this issue gained European Monetary Union was not without consequences political weight as the European Commission for statistics, but most of the work had been done before determined that by 2012 administrative burdens in the the accession. 17th Statistical Days focused on euro EU must be reduced by a quarter. Press conference changeover with two invited papers presented by Marko Left to right: Janez Šuštarši~, Rainer Muthmann, Irena Krìman, Marko Kranjec, The 2007 Statistical Days were thus almost entirely Kranjec, Governor of the Bank of Slovenia, and Inna Andrej Blejec dedicated to the issue how to reduce the burden of data 60 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2007 – Is statistics really only a burden? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society collection in statistical surveys. The conference namely The starting point of the conference was the panel statistical surveys with administrative sources or no longer included the session on development discussion which brought together Samo Hribar Mili~, combining the use of both (e.g. wage statistics, EU- achievements, which had been part of Statistical Days the Director General of the Slovenian Chamber of SILC, turnover in retail trade). since 1997. The other topic covered at the conference Commerce and Industry, Renata Zatler, the Director of Eurostat’s Directorate for Statistical was the use of statistical data for modelling, but even representative of the Ministry of Public Administration, Methods, Tools and Dissemination Pedro Diaz Muñoz this topic was indirectly linked to the central theme. Nataša Pirc Musar, the Information Commissioner, and pointed out the problem of a large gap between the extent The central theme of the conference bound together France Kriàni~, then the Director of the Economic of collected and published statistical data and the differences the presentations given by keynote speakers, the panel Institute of the Faulty of Law. The discussion in dissemination policy among EU Member States. He discussion on the conflict of interest in statistical highlighted the fundamental contradiction between the said that statistical offices should offer to interested reporting and the sessions on the reduction of low level of understanding and willingness to report and researchers detailed macro and micro data in so-called administrative burdens, on quality of statistical surveys, the inevitability of reporting in certain circumstances. safe rooms or via safe remote access facilities. Mr Kranjec on administrative records, on linking statistical and Reporting is generally understood as an unnecessary pointed out the problem of the abundance of useful but administrative sources, on modernisation of statistical administrative burden, while collection of individual unused data that government bodies such as ministries processes and standardisation, and on the use of records information is seen as a threat to privacy. It tends to be have but that are not available. for official and sectoral statistics. forgotten that a certain amount of reporting is necessary By discussing examples of good practice, presenting for providing quality information about events in the innovative approaches and some theoretical papers, society and the economy needed to make decisions at conference participants sought methods and tools for as different levels. It is also often overlooked that data rational statistical data collection as possible without collection is necessary for efficient operation of compromising their quality. The discussion paid supervisory institutions. particular attention to the practice of access to The findings of the panel discussion were expanded by keynote speeches and other papers. Director-General of the Slovenian Statistical Office Irena Krìman pointed out that entities providing data for statistical analyses are also users of these data. Their dissatisfaction with reporting would be smaller if they were aware of the usefulness of information they provide. Ms Krìman presented Statistical Office’s active policy of reducing administrative burdens, which is part of the new Medium-Term Programme of Statistical Surveys 2008- 2012. However, the policy of reducing the burdens is not a new thing for the Statistical Office or a response to political demands of the European Commission as such a policy had been in place even before. This is Inna [teinbuka shown by several successful examples of replacing Discussion: Modernisation of statistical processes and standardisation 61 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2007 – Is statistics really only a burden? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society statistically protected data at the Statistical Office and increase the usefulness of collected data if a uniform errors, which must be followed by the development of the role of the Data Protection Committee. methodological approach were designed for content- harmonised methodologies (R. Muthmann). The papers and the discussion showed that the related administrative records; this would simplify the At the conference several practical examples of reporting burden can be reduced in several ways but that integration of data in these records. integration of administrative and statistical sources from two of them are the most important. The most effective Administrative registers as a special form of various fields at SORS were presented (e.g. use of way is when statistical data collection is not needed administrative records are extremely important for various sources for producing the hedonic price index for since the necessary information can be obtained from official statistics. As the basis for sampling frames and residential real estate and building land in Slovenia, use already collected administrative data. However, if the data source they can significantly contribute to of registers in agricultural statistics, possible use of administrative data are not available, it is necessary to reducing the burden of reporting units, increasing records in education for statistical reporting, use of tax improve data collection tools, and to introduce electronic efficiency and quality of the statistical system in general. data for statistics on earnings of private employees). The alternatives, new technical solutions and other ways to Experience in using the registers for statistical purposes common message conveyed by these papers was that reduce the burden in individual surveys, e.g. raise the in Slovenia (B. Trnovšek et al) and Norway (Ø. Olsen) one should first invest and re-engineer statistical awareness of reporting units about the usefulness of showed that potentials (advantages) of registers can be processes and provide infrastructural conditions (e.g. their reports (M. Bavdà). realised only if financial, human, organisational, institutional agreements, legislation, technological As demonstrated by the presented papers, the technological and legal conditions are met. The use of compatibility) and then a sustainable reduction of the current administrative records enable large savings and administrative registers and linking them with survey administrative burden is feasible. simplification of work in individual areas, such as data is also a challenge for statistical theory since – in Administrative burden of reporting units can be recording and monitoring of data on implementing contrast to traditional statistical theory – it poses other significantly reduced; however, this can only happen regional policy, integration of data on illegal drugs research questions such as the study of non-sampling after a period of fairly complex restructuring of processes without revealing the person’s identity, comprehensive and investment in modernising statistical methods and monitoring of data on the usage of drugs, modernisation approaches. The basic condition for successful of the information system and introduction of the data modernisation of statistical processes is the warehouse at the Pension and Disability Insurance standardisation of procedures and equipment. Institute. These improvements contribute to better data Efforts of producers of statistics to increase the sources also for national statistics (e.g. comprehensive quality of their products and services contribute to monitoring of data on the use of drugs is of high higher level of confidence in statistics, which in principle relevance for satellite health accounts). leads to increased use of statistical data. The perception A special challenge for the reduction of of reporting burden for statistics is thus relatively administrative burdens is administrative records for official smaller and the willingness to cooperate is improved. So and sectoral statistics. Various institutions, among them the quality of statistical services and the trust of users are especially authorised producers of statistics, keep many factors of high relevance when setting up measures to data collections which are used for statistical purposes. reduce the burden of reporting units. Of course, users In these data collections quite often at least part of data have to be properly informed of the quality of data they that appear in other data collections and various official can use on the websites. Some national statistical offices records are kept. Participants agreed that it would be Newspaper Delo on the 2007 Statistical Days and international organisations (ECB, Eurostat) had possible to reduce the costs of data collection and “Statistical Days on the Reduction of Administrative Burdens” already made first steps towards labelling the quality of 62 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2007 – Is statistics really only a burden? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society statistical services. At the conference participants were Interview Can the traditional statistical conference in Radenci contribute informed about Statistical Office’s idea to inform the Dr. Marko Kranjec, to a more complementary work of institutions in producing users about the quality in three ways: describing the official statistics? quality profile, quality labels (certificates), and standard Governor of the Bank of Slovenia As an authorised producer of official statistics in Slovenia, the quality reports (M. Zaletel). Bank of Slovenia sees in cooperation with the Statistical Office Finally, the problems of administrative burden and/or of the Republic of Slovenia a special role in economic and costs of providing statistical data have to be judged financial areas. The Radenci conferences are opportunities to comparatively regarding their usefulness as the basis At the conference in 2007 entitled Reducing Administrative review towards the end of the year the realisation of agreed for making socially important decisions and the related Burdens you presented Eurosystem statistics and large needs for activities and cooperation and present the achievements. This social benefits. Researchers from Norway, France and statistical data. In your opinion, did institutions in the system of can definitely be said about other authorised producers of Slovenia presented successful examples of the creation Slovene national statistics do enough to reduce the burden of official statistics. Especially important is also the aspect of the of large databases of microdata from administrative data providers while providing enough data? users of national statistics to be able to give their opinions, i.e. sources as the basis for designing microsimulation At that time I was speaking of the strategy and vision of the academic community, institutes and individual analysts. models. However, the conference pointed out that such development of the statistical function of the Eurosystem, which What do in your opinion the conferences in Radenci, which data bases require current updating and constant was confirmed in twelve recommendations at the Governing have been international since 1994, mean for national statistics resources. Council of the ECB. This was actually the first strategy of in Slovenia? development of any function of the Eurosystem and is today when we feel the results of the financial crisis very topical. The Bank of These conferences are very important. The Bank of Slovenia is Slovenia actively participated in its formation. One of the central one of the conference sponsors. In this way we try to emphasise recommendations of the vision is that the data provided by the importance of the statistical profession in the whole process reporting units should be covered so that they serve multiple from analysing phenomena to decision-making. The Eurosystem purposes. I have to say that the Bank of Slovenia has always been puts the statistical function alongside the basic functions (e.g. active in implementing the adopted strategy, especially in relation to monetary policy) and does not consider it to be a supporting banks and financial intermediation institutions. We have developed function. We wish to support such a role of statistics in an effective system of so-called matrix reporting, which provides Slovenia, too. Implementation of this function requires high accurate data for the needs of statistics, supervision and financial professional expertise – interdisciplinary nature of knowledge as Discussion during the break: stability. The Eurosystem is very interested in our solutions. Together well as a lot of patience in working with large databases. Boris Tka~ik, Slovenian Statistical Office: “Dr. Mala~i~, with the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia we are trying Results are usually the result of long and persistent efforts, so it what is your profession?” to centralise reporting for non-financial companies via AJPES, is right that once a year employees working in this important Dr. Janez Mala~i~: “Actually I don’t know. I graduated which takes care that the business register and other registers are up process gather in Radenci and present their achievements related from economics and geography.” to date. Our task is to implement comprehensive and consistent to the central theme. sectoral accounts at quarterly level for supporting the economic Bogdan Grmek: “It is clear – you are an economist with geographical indication.” policy-makers in making decisions. 63 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Statistical support to building intergenerational solidarity The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society lives. Changed social circumstances require adjustments The first topic of the conference on the policies conference: 2008 in education, health and social assistance systems. Of 18th responsible for intergenerational solidarity highlighted course, the issues discussed at this conference greatly Intergenerational conceptual issues of solidarity. According to Dušan exceed the scope of discussion on population ageing at Kidri~, economic and social analyst, in the economic previous conferences. For statisticians and analysts from Solidarity sense solidarity is related to trade and redistribution. statistical offices, research institutions and universities Trade means that people pay premiums and in return in Slovenia and other European countries, these – the Challenge Facing get insurance for specific risks, while redistribution is problems bring a challenge to define conceptual and present when the commitment to pay premiums is not methodological bases on which one can tackle statistical Modern Societies proportional to expected benefits but a person’s income. monitoring of phenomena accompanying When payers are not at the same time also recipients of intergenerational solidarity and to identify which benefits, we speak about intergenerational solidarity. Estimates and projections of changing demographic statistical data are needed for policy-making in new Among policies related to intergenerational solidarity, and social structures and related economic and social social circumstances. These are the questions that demographic policy and insurance policy were discussed. consequences had been the subject of serious participants of the 18th Statistical Days tried to answer. According to Janez Mala~i~ the demographic policy can discussions at Statistical Days several times before Work was organised in seven sessions: policies significantly change the relationships between 2008. For example, at the conferences in 1995 and responsible for intergenerational solidarity, social population groups and thus influence intergenerational 2003 participants warned about economic security, data for support of policies, labour market, solidarity. In the present conditions it is not entirely consequences of population ageing. Due to low social-demography aspect, education and literacy, and clear whether it will be possible to set up an effective fertility and longer life expectancy, at the end of the health. system of solidarity and what role will be played by first decade of the new millennium the issue of demographic policy. The insurance industry is clearly population ageing launched questions about the sustainability of the pension system, costs of health care and care for the elderly, social burden that does not enable appropriate economic growth to the very top of interest of politicians, experts, media and public. Facing demographic trends of the growing share of old people and low fertility, it is not possible to avoid the issue of intergenerational solidarity in the 21st century. Some social phenomena accompanying these demographic trends – e.g. slow integration of young people into the labour market and independent living, longer period of employment and ever more flexible employment, the increasing number of old people needing assistance – are already a part of our everyday Participants of the 2008 Statistical Days Ali @erdin, Newspaper Dnevnik 64 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2008 – Statistical support to building intergenerational solidarity The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society faced with substantial changes, since it will have to management in enterprises) and showed that official adjust its supply of insurance services to the needs of statistics – especially with labour force surveys, the older people. Participants were informed about the Statistical Register of Employment and the possibility to methodology of estimating the impact of ageing link databases – provides good data basis for in-depth populations on GDP growth and age-related public analyses of the labour market. Of course, for some expenditure items. The methodology was developed by specific aspects of analysis researchers must collect the Economic Policy Committee at the European primary data. Commission’s Directorate General for Economic and The question whether the available statistical data Financial Affairs. are in line with the needs of policies related to The session on labour market included seven papers, intergenerational solidarity was discussed in a special which highlighted many implications that population session. ageing has on the labour market using different The papers and the discussion brought a clear methodological approaches and different statistical message that official and sectoral statistics do not follow sources. The papers and the discussion confirmed the enough the policy needs (T. Banovec). Problems with alarming situation in the labour market in Slovenia and data appear both at the preparation of short-term Round table: the basic guidelines for improving the situation (the strategies and at planning and monitoring the impact of Collection, processing and dissemination of sensitive data need to adjust the pension system by encouraging various policies. The current system of national accounts people to work longer, inclusion of older people into presentation of pension schemes does not provide so in the new version of national accounts pension lifelong learning, introduction of multi-generational enough detailed information on government liabilities, schemes will be treated differently (M. Klinar). Data availability was illustrated by papers on databases at the Pension and Disability Insurance Institute and special surveys of older people regarding help at home and young people spending free time. The discussion confirmed the usefulness of such surveys, especially panel surveys, because they enable longitudinal studies, of course, taking into account the appropriate methodological bases. In addition to known facts, papers in the session on socio-demographic aspects presented some new views of intergenerational solidarity. Demographic and socioeconomic changes lead to social and demographic changes in families; these changes are expressed by the lower share of traditional families of parents with children on account of other, very diverse types of families. This certainly establishes new relationships in Word cloud: The most frequent words from conference conclusions, 2001-2009 implementing intergenerational solidarity (P. Vertot). 65 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2008 – Statistical support to building intergenerational solidarity The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society One of the factors of intergenerational solidarity is One of the key policies for establishing poverty, which is measured at the Statistical Office intergenerational solidarity is the education policy based according to the harmonised methodology with the help on the concept of lifelong learning. With rapid of data collected with the Survey on Income and Living technological development and with knowledge rapidly Conditions EU-SILC. A phenomenon interesting for the becoming obsolete, lifelong learning should enable social future is the growing number of centenarians, which has inclusion for all groups of people, including the elderly. been increasing significantly since the mid-1990s (A. Lifelong learning should facilitate the acquisition of key Oblak Flander). Papers in this session showed that there competences, especially digital competences or digital is a solid data resource for demographic analyses, which literacy and information competences or information mostly consists of census data, data from the Central literacy. The financial crisis exposed the importance of Population Register and EU-SILC data. A number of financial literacy. This issue was illustrated by a number other specialised statistical surveys and administrative of interesting papers about the intergenerational data sources are also available. Of course, quality and dimension in the EU and Slovenia, the role of statistics reliability of these data must be constantly checked, as in financial literacy, the impact of ICT on independent Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of Slovenia, was done with the number of centenarians by linking poster presentation living of older people, and changes in the educational data from the Central Population Register and the record level and the quality of these changes in transition of people receiving pensions. estimating data on health services by patient’s countries. Papers in the session on social security clearly characteristics (sex, age and diseases). The Institute of The conference offered the opportunity to exchange demonstrated which high-quality tools for monitoring Macroeconomic Analysis and Development showed opinions about some other topical issues. Round tables social security – in terms of methodology and analysis – results of the model for estimating limits of various dealt with the EU Marine Strategy and statistics, the are already available in Slovenia. The Statistical Office measures aimed at alleviating the consequences of problem of linking microdata for research purposes, and collected data on expenditure and receipts of social population ageing in Slovenia. Researchers from the collection, processing and dissemination of sensitive data protection schemes for the 1996-2006 period according Faculty of Economics presented the microeconometric from statistical surveys. The topical issue of innovative to the harmonised European methodology ESSPROS. model of retirement in Slovenia during the transition. approaches to communicating with various user groups Within the system of health satellite accounts, the Conference participants agreed that the results of such was the subject of a panel discussion which involved Statistical Office developed the methodology for studies must not remain behind the closed doors of distinguished European statisticians (Enrico Giovannini research institutions but that they should be made – Director of the OECD Statistics Directorate, Klaus From the social chronicle: available to the general public since this could contribute Reeh – Adviser to the Director General of Eurostat, and to a better social dialogue and solving social issues. Olav ten Bosch of Statistics Netherlands) and users of With years of traditional competition at the dance evening “who will last longer” between the Statistical Office and the At the conference the first results of the survey on statistics (@iga Turk – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development (I the indicator called “healthy life years” for the EU and Engineering and former Minister of Development, was, of course, competing for SORS), we have come to an Slovenia were presented on the basis of the Survey on Marko Krevs of the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana and Ali important strategic technique: the winner will be the one who Income and Living Conditions for 2005 (D. Moravec @erdin of the daily newspaper Dnevnik) and at 3 a.m. has enough water in stock. Berger et al). This indicator is one of the main indicators representatives of the Statistical Office Ida Repov` Dr. Andrej Blejec, for monitoring the efficiency of policies aimed at Grabnar and Katja Šnuderl. President of the Statistical Society of Slovenia providing quality ageing, especially health policies. 66 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Statistics in times of crisis: larger demands, less funds, where are the reserves? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society are shown via the labour market to the level of living conference: 2009 and the quality of people’s lives. During the financial, 19th economic and social crisis the conditions for The Roles of Statistics, implementing long-term social goals in terms of providing sustainable development are becoming worse. Analyses and Forecasts For statisticians, the global economic crisis therefore does not only aggravate the issue of the ability to in Managing the Global provide high-quality short-term statistics but also requires consideration about the adaptability and Economic Crisis flexibility of statistics to detect changes in a number of other areas and about the usefulness of statistical data The global economic crisis led statisticians to think for analyses and forecasting changes. The 19th about quite a number of new issues. Was enough Statistical Days discussed the issue of statistics in a crisis Lynne Billard information available for correct forecasting of in eight sessions: responsiveness of the European changes and measuring their consequences? Were the Statistical System and the European System of Central information security – presentation of good practice and risks sufficiently well assessed? What are the so-Banks, measuring the effectiveness of policies, new open issues. called leading indicators which indicate early enough statistical approaches, possibility of using household In the introductory speech Director-General of the the development path and point out early enough the survey data, data in support of policies, recession in the Statistical Office Irena Krìman pointed out that some coming changes in a society? These were the issues global market, aspects of sustainable development, and recently published documents, e.g. the Stieglitz the organisers of the 19th Statistical Days – Slovenian new censuses. Commission report on the measurement of social Statistical Office and the Statistical Society of In addition, two round tables were organised: data progress, and recent events anticipate essential changes Slovenia – used to attract participants. support for Slovenia’s membership of the OECD, and in statistics in terms of moving even closer to the actual The global economic crisis pushed official statistics needs of users and strengthening the activities to into a difficult position as it had to assume part of the increase the use of statistical data via intensive responsibility for inaccurate and late predictions of the cooperation with the academic community, researchers worsening of the economic situation since most of these and analysts. The recent Statistical Days (especially 2008 predictions are based to a large extent on short-term and 2009) were a step in this direction. Anuška Ferligoj, indicators produced by official statistics. At the same President of the Programme Committee of this time the course of the crisis heralded the need for new conference and President of the Statistical Society of indicators, even more detailed and more rapidly Slovenia, emphasised that new statistical approaches, available. Such demands are, of course, in conflict with which are based on the distribution of individual the desire to reduce the reporting burden and use the variables and on large bases of microdata, are the right resources efficiently, which intensified in the period of incentive and challenge for enhanced cooperation crisis. between official statistics and researchers. The consequences of the global economic crisis are The topic of new statistical approaches was not only felt by the financial and real sector; its effects Participants of the 2009 Statistical Days discussed in a special session in which two distinguished 67 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2009 – Statistics in times of crisis: larger demands, less funds, where are the reserves? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society researches, Lynne Billard, Professor at the University of economic trends are lack of a theory of business cycles Georgia and President of the American Statistical and the uniqueness of events that can not be identified Association, and Edwin Diday of the Universite Paris by historical data and described by uniform models. As Dauphine, presented the method of symbolic data regards cooperation with data producers, analysts analysis as an efficient tool for processing large pointed out the problem of data revision. The discussion databases. Achievements in the area of adjusting highlighted the need for independence of forecasters and classical methods of multivariate analysis to the the need to offer more competitive forecasts. A proposal possibilities offered by large databases were also was given to design a synthetic indicator of economic presented by researchers from the University of activity at the monthly level, which is according to Ljubljana (S. Korenjak ^erne et al). The Statistical Statistical Office’s representative feasible. A similar Office tends to intensify its research activities as its indicator is being calculated by the Statistical Office of statisticians cooperate in two projects of the 7th Serbia according to the OECD methodology for Framework Programme (on quality indicators “ RISQ calculating composite indicators. Left to right: and developing the methodology of Laeken social Timotej Jagri~, Karmen Hren, Janez Šušterši~, Boštjan Vasle The session on the responsiveness of the ESS and the cohesion indicators “ AMELI). Together with the ECB to the economic crisis focused less on seeking the Faculty of Economics, the Statistical Office is included expert David Brackfield. Mr Radermacher highlighted reasons for slow response to the crisis and more on the in the BLUE-ETS project, which is aimed at reducing the the exceptional role of the ESS in planning and issue of which information is available, which is possible reporting burden of enterprises and improving the monitoring EU’s development since it masters most of and which is necessary in times of crisis. The quality of business statistics. the information on economic, environmental and social institutional system must also be robust to changes in The introductory reflections on the role of statistics factors of social development. In this respect, the ESS the economy but at the same time also sufficiently in the economic crisis were contributed by Eurostat has a special social responsibility for providing high-Director-General Walter Radermacher and the OECD quality statistical services, especially in turbulent times of crisis. Mr Brackfield analysed in detail the implications of the economic crisis for statistics and outlined specific initiatives of international organisations such as the establishment of the so-called Horizontal Group, which is seeking solutions for more effective dissemination of available data. A good basis for the discussion in sessions was offered by the panel discussion on forecasting economic trends and statistics. The panel discussion brought together economists from three universities in Slovenia, the Slovenian Statistical Office, the Bank of Slovenia and the Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development. In their Newspaper Delo, 19. 11. 2009: Tim Davis opinion two of the main problems for forecasting interview with Eurostat Director General 68 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2009 – Statistics in times of crisis: larger demands, less funds, where are the reserves? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society flexible. Some specific activities were presented with indicators without additional collections, i.e. on the basis which deficiencies of the statistical system exposed by of available data. the economic crisis are to be compensated, e.g. lack of The session on the recession in the labour market monetary microdata. The ECB thus introduced two new contributed an interesting empirical analysis about surveys; the survey on household finance and the duration of unemployment in Slovenia in the consumption and the qualitative survey on small and 2004-2008 period, which was produced on the basis of medium-sized enterprises on the needs, preferences and the survival analysis with the use of Cox proportional access to finance (S. Perez-Duarte et al). The economic hazards model. The database of the Employment crisis exposed the issue of indebtedness of households. Service of Slovenia was used for this analysis (A. According to the Bank of Slovenia this area is practically Kavkler et al). An empirical study on the impact of undeveloped both as regards the methodology and data recession on various labour market indicators was also (B. Ferk). A step toward greater flexibility of the ESS is presented (M. Divjak). Left to right: Iztok Jamnik, Milan Kaji~, Matjà Gorenc the adoption of a new regulation on European statistics For monitoring the effects of the crisis on well-being in 2009. Greater flexibility of the ESS should be made important. Slovenia is developing the so-called and the quality of life, and the related social policy possible by new measures: the European approach to development-oriented budget as an instrument for more measures, Household Budget Surveys (HBS) and Surveys statistics, exchange of confidential data and easier rational allocation of public funds. At the conference the on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) are implementation of temporary direct statistical activities idea was presented how to design a methodology for indispensable data sources. Years of experience of the (G. Ruì} and K. Hren). monitoring the effects of the spending of public funds Institute for Economic Research in using data from the The economic crisis dramatically reduces public by final recipients following the systems of the OECD HBS and the more recent EU-SILC confirmed the finance revenues and increases the need for expenditure and the IMF (A. Murn). Also presented was the process quality and usefulness of data from both sources for to mitigate its consequences. In such circumstances of planning development policies, and identification and studying various social issues, also in times of crisis. The efficient use of available resources is even more determination of efficiency factors (K. Lautar, F. Kluèr). justification of both data sources is confirmed by their As regards implementation, both approaches are very demanding in terms of data needs and can not be implemented without thoughtful linking of databases. The conference presented some specific analyses of the usefulness of available statistical data as a support for scientific and research policies, macroeconomic policies and health policies. The general conclusion was that these data are not sufficiently exploited regarding their availability, that their proper use has to take into account methodologies and that methodological characteristics bring some limitations to the usefulness of these data. The example of Statistics Netherlands on the development of short-term indicators showed how it Anu{ka Ferligoj is possible to design new, interesting and useful Round table: Data support to Slovenia’s membership of the OECD 69 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 2009 – Statistics in times of crisis: larger demands, less funds, where are the reserves? The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society Statistical Days sustainable development during the Interview crisis was discussed from the point of view of the Walter Radermacher, individual. The Institute of Public Health presented first results of surveys about the impact of the crisis on Eurostat Director General people’s health in light of data on absenteeism. Presenting the linking of two databases (record of Statisticians are now quite aware of the users’ temporary and permanent absence from work and the needs in financial and economic crisis and are perinatal information system), the Institute highlighted also familiar with the new challenges for measuring progress in society or well-being and sustainable the extreme data potential of this institution; however, development - but are European statistical institutions qualified due to lack of knowledge, lack of cooperation and enough for quick changes in the implementation of the improved methodological problems, this potential is insufficiently production of EU statistics? exploited (M. Omerzu et al). The Statistical Office The European Statistical System (ESS) is under strong pressure as pointed out that the public is not properly informed regards requests for new statistics but at the same time, as a result of the Panel discussion: Data as support to policies about the content and method of measuring sustainable economic and financial crisis, it is also suffering from severe budget cuts being substantively complementary, but greater development, which causes simplified and superficial and strong pressure to lower the burden. There is a need for improvement, be it in terms of new products answering new needs, in utilisation is hindered by methodological differences, so understanding of sustainable development as most terms of services, or in terms of quality. The legal basis of many of the the exploitation of data from both rather costly surveys people equate it with environmental protection. Also statistical actions is a strong point of European statistics but also an is quite modest. At the conference data users expressed presented were results of Statistical Office initiative to obstacle when very quick changes are necessary. However, the ESS has their wish that the EU-SILC database were find out how it is possible to present sustainable taken steps to prioritise the activities in its work programme in order to supplemented with appropriate methodological development indicators in a more non-technical way in accommodate work on the new needs. This, in combination with the re-documentation. cooperation with users (M. Suvorov). design of the statistical production process, will provide enough The crisis is threatening sustainable development at Important sources of data for monitoring sustainable flexibility to the system and a permanent adaptation to user needs. different levels and different segments. At the 19th development and, of course, also other areas are Statisticians have many formal and informal possibilities for censuses. At the 19th Statistical Days Statistical Office’s exchanging opinions, experiences and best practices. The Statistical Days conferences in Slovenia try to offer the possibility of open In the memorable panel discussion on forecasting economic plans for conducting the agriculture census in 2010 and discussion to the other two partners, i.e. users and data providers, trends the discussants pointed out the deficient theory of the population census in 2011 were presented. These too. What was your impression about that kind of discourse at the business cycles and the uniqueness of events that can not be two censuses will be conducted by using administrative 2009 Statistical Days? identified by historical data and described by uniform records. In the agriculture census administrative sources The Statistical Days is an important event in the national and models. An additional problem is revision of already will partly substitute the traditional method of data international context for exchange of views between data providers published data. A proposal was given to design a monthly synthetic indicator of economic activity. Ms Karmen Hren collection, while the population census will be register-and data users. Such events, as they are held in many countries and at thought that the idea was feasible but added that based, i.e. all data will be obtained from administrative the European and international level, guarantee permanent dialogue with main stakeholders. Radenci has proven over the years - as a result “forecasting is as if one was driving forward while looking sources. By doing this, Slovenia will join few European of its structure and the participation of many high-level representatives back”. A very good connoisseur of statistics past and present countries that have already successfully conducted from other countries - to be an event that generates much attention Mr Tomà Banovec, the retired Director-General of the register-based censuses. The plans for conducting a and has won a strong support from the international statistical Slovene statistical office, added that “the road is still full of register-based census were also presented by Slovakia. community. cracks and holes“. 70 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Statistics for the people and about the people The third period (2001–2009) • Statistics in a third millennium society Progress of Societies) and recommendations of top conference: 2010 experts, Nobel laureates Joseph Stieglitz and Amartya 20th Sen. The ESS reacted to these events with the initiative Measuring to establish a sponsorship group on measuring progress, well-being and sustainable development. the Well-Being and The theme of the 20th Statistical Days is thus Measuring the Well-Being and the Progress of Society. the Progress of Society The content of the conference and the announced papers again promise a very interesting conference, which will in the panel discussion and in sessions deal The theme of the 20th jubilee conference was with various views of the well-being, dimensions of outlined by the previous conference, when well-being and methods of measuring well-being. participants discussed the role of statistics in times Qualitative and quantitative indicators as the main of crisis and how statistics can help find a way out tools for monitoring well-being will be discussed as of it. well as the possible methods of improving their usefulness in analysing well-being. The conference will The focus of statistics to monitor social again be accompanied by round tables discussing development from the point of view of the quality of dissemination of seasonally adjusted data and raising life of the present and future generations has lately the level of statistical literacy in Slovenia. Development been announced by some important conferences (GDP achievements in statistics will be presented by special and Beyond), the OECD global project (Measuring the presentations. 71 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Many happy returns to Statistical Days! Statistical meetings in Radenci are celebrating their of national statistics experts, users and data providers. A 20th anniversary, still fresh, still curious, still willing quarter of a century ago Radenci launched what is now to accept new friends, with an eye fixed towards the called “communication with data providers and users of future, this year with a topic of well-being and statistical data”, currently one of the leading strategies of social progress. national statistics in Europe and the world. Several hundred papers clearly confirm in various Where do Statistical Days get their vitality from? In ways what an important impact statistical conferences the international community there are namely not had on the development of official statistics. Statistical many -– as regards the idea and participation – such Days were the forum where ideas about the professional conferences on official statistics that could development of national statistics in Slovenia were be proud of a tradition spanning almost a quarter of a presented, developed and checked, whether it was about century. designing the basic development concepts, the strategy To a large extent the success of Statistical Days is of Slovenia’s accession to the EU and other international Social evening primarily the result of the efforts of the two organisers, integrations, the development of new areas within the the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the programmes of statistical surveys or establishing statistical data, their analytical studies discussed at our Statistical Society of Slovenia, which with their institutional, infrastructural and legislative bases. statistical meetings revealed many serious social issues employees and with the help of the local hosts take care Active cooperation of other authorised producers of (e.g. analysis of the consequences of population ageing). that everything always runs smoothly. As participants, national statistics at Statistical Days (Agency of the At the same time, with models for forecasting and we experience these meetings mostly as very pleasant Republic of Slovenia for Public and Legal Records and analysis they pointed out the development opportunities and useful professional socialising with friends and Related Services, Bank of Slovenia, Institute of Public and dilemmas. By using statistical data in complex colleagues joined by the common interest in statistics. Health, Ministry of Finance, Pension and Disability analyses and models, the usefulness of these data was Usually we do not even feel that the conferences require Insurance Institute, Employment Service of Slovenia) confirmed and their deficiencies were revealed. careful preparations, organisation and a lot of work and and other national institutions (Customs Foreign participants also found many answers to personal commitment of people from the organising Administration, Tax Administration, etc.) definitely professional questions or obtained many ideas about the committee and their colleagues. contributed to better mutual understanding and thus way forward. Statistical Days offered to statisticians However, even the very best organisation is no accelerated the development in the use of administrative from other statistical offices an excellent opportunity to guarantee for a successful professional conference. records for statistical purposes. verify their achievements and in direct contact with Reviewing and reading the extensive documentation of Statistical conferences also promoted communication Eurostat representatives or colleagues from other offices twenty conferences, we were frequently able to confirm with researchers from universities, other government clear professional dilemmas and views. This opportunity that Statistical Days in Radenci are characterised by the institutions (e.g. Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis was especially valuable for Western Balkan statisticians. fact that they have always been an effective mechanism and Development) and research institutes, whether For Eurostat representatives and for representatives of for networking and an ingenious form of regarding the use of statistical data for research purposes other international institutions, Statistical Days were an communication and knowledge transfer. or research and development in the field of official opportunity to get to know first hand about actual The success of our statistical meetings can be sought statistics. At this point we must mention constructive problems of harmonisation of statistics and in the simple fact that from the very beginning these initiatives by researchers in introducing modern implementing their ideas in specific circumstances meetings were designed as an active professional gathering approaches to microdata. With the help of official which differ rather significantly among countries. 72 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Many happy returns to Statistical Days! Statistical meetings thus in many ways contributed to the development of official statistics in and outside Slovenia. By drawing attention to social issues and by promoting institutional cooperation, their impact went well beyond statistics. At the end of this overview one can not but mention another finding: almost 900 documented papers reveal exceptional subject-matter diversity and wealth of the fields covered by modern statistical services, including national statistics in Slovenia. Today official statistics is definitely one of the world’s largest providers of data, i.e. figures that are mostly free of charge, of increasingly high quality, Lea Bregar methodologically harmonised and easily accessible. Author of the overview and content analysis of conferences in this jubilee publication As such, they present a potential basis for universal communication and knowledge creation in individual countries and globally. However, there is a problem that awareness and knowledge of this wealth are too modest in view of the invested resources and potentials. I believe that Statistical Days will continue to seek ways how to train a wider circle of users in qualified use of data and how to increase the exploitation of available sources and already collected data. Recent conferences in Radenci have already been a step in this direction. 73 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 List of published papers presented at Statistical Days conferences, 1987-2009 Author Title Author Title Abad Pedro Implementation of the statistical framework for the compilation of money and banking statistics Banovec Tomà Statistika in prihodnost dràve - poslovne in druge statistike, 1996 in Spain, 1998 Banovec TomaÈlementi za pripravo plana za prevzem statisti~ne ureditve Evropskih skupnosti Ah~an Ale{, Polanec Sa{o Socialna varnost in upokojevanje med tranzicijo: mikroekonometri~ni dokazi iz Slovenije, 2008 Slovenian statistical acquis 1998-2002, 1998 Albreht Tit Razvoj kazalnikov zdravja in zdravstvenega varstva kot podpora spremljanju odlo~itev Banovec Tomà, Klanj{~ek Mirko Statistika parametrov informacijske drùbe, 1998 zdravstvene politike, 2003 Banovec TomaÌnformacijska drùba – makroekonomska dolo~itev in uradna statistika, 1999 Alsaleh Mohammed Ahmed Ali On forecasting exchange rate : a time series analysis, 2002 Banovec Tomà Kooperativna administrativna baza povezanih podatkov treh registrov (KABPP3R), 1999 Anton~i~ Vojko Indikatorji neekonomskih aspektov drùbenega razvoja, 1989 Banovec Tomà The use of administrative sources for statistics and international comparability: Anton~i~ Vojko, Gnidovec Meta Zaposlitvena pot z vidika samostojnosti, 1995 Slovenia-records and national statistics, 2000 Apostolovska Biljana, Bogov Dimitar Implementation of the data warehouse and automation of the national accounts, 2000 Banovec Tomà Statistika in administrativno okolje : pojavi - dogodki zna~ilni zanje, njihovo administrativno Arnè Marta, Belak Eva, Natan~nost ocen v uradnih anketah, 1994 spremljanje, omrèja, javnopravne in druge evidence in dràvna statistika, 2001 Vehovar Vasja Banovec TomaÈ-poslovanja, dràva in njena statistika, 2002 Arnè Marta, Novak Tatjana, Geo-informacijski sistem za na~rtovanje vzorcev, 1996 Banovec Tomà Razmislek o majhnih dràvah in evropski statistiki, o hedonskih metodah in omrèjih Vehovar Vasja, Zaletel Metka za e-poslovanja, 2002 Arnè Marta, Belak Eva, Juki} Nina Imputacije izdatkov na primeru ~etrtletne ankete o potovanjih doma~ega prebivalstva, 2002 Banovec Tomà Resorne in uradne statistike na primeru nepremi~nin in zemlji{ke politike, 2003 Arni~ Andreja, [eremet Tatjana Analysis of procedures and experiences with the implementation of the classification server, 2002 Banovec TomaÀli imamo v Sloveniji preve~ ali premalo stanovanj?, 2005 Artenjak Janez, Tominc Polona Enterprise input-output modelling in the cost-volume-profit analysis, 2003 Banovec TomaÙpravljanje staranja, oprto na izkazana dejstva ter na urejene in povezane evidence Arthur Stephan Experience with constructing composite asset price indices, 2004 in na napovedane spremembe, 2008 Arthur Stephan V. Stephan Data sharing between central banks - recent developments in the Bank Barba Jana, ^emaàr Andreja, Statistika upravi~encev do druìnskih prejemkov, 1995 for International Settlements, 2005 ^epar Drago, Kurin~i~ Irena, Pal~i~-Likar Zdenka Artnik Barbara, Vidmar Gaj, OLAP for health statistics : how to turn simple spreadsheet into a powerful analytic tool, 2002 Javornik Jana S Barbieri Giovanni Statistical web sites from dissemination to learning tools, 2001 Astin John Measuring EU inflation : the harmonised indices of consumer prices, 1998 Bavdà Mojca, Ograjen{ek Irena, Primerjalna analiza spletnih strani izbranih ponudnikov statisti~nih podatkov, 1999 Bregar Lea Astin John Structural funds allocation formula : the calculation of GDP in purchasing power standards, 1998 Bavdà Mojca, Agovi} Almira Primerjava {tevila prebivalcev po popisu 2002 in Centralnem registru prebivalstva Atanasovska Slavka, Enlargement of the system of national accounts in the Statistical Office na ravni ob~in, 2004 Georgievska Sneàna, Hrisafova Maja of the Republic of Macedonia, 1996 Bavda‘ Mojca Respondenti v anketah podjetij in njihov pogled na statistiko, 2006 Auer Josef Producer price indexes (PPI’S) for services industries, 2004 Bavdà Mojca Razkorak v konceptih – razlog za ali proti anketam podjetij?, 2007 Babi~ Marjan Varovanje individualnih podatkov in raziskovalno delo, 1994 Bazler-Madàr Marta Globalna produktivnost proizvodnih ~inilaca u jugoslovenskoj privredi, 1989 Babi~ Marjan Elektronsko poslovanje v pla~ilnem prometu, 1997 Beesley Richard Joined-up data - finding the best data source for your needs, 2002 Bader Erich Austria’s integration into the European system of territorial breakdown (NUTS), 1994 Belak Eva, Zaletel Metka Anketa o porabi energije in goriv v Sloveniji v letu 1997, 1997 Bahovec Vlasta, Valdevit Mirna Netipi~ne vrijednosti u vremenskim serijama, 1989 Belak Eva, Ingli~ Rihard Tomà Poskusna anketa o porabi ~asa, 1998 Balassone Fabrizio, Franco Daniele, Fiscal rules : indicators and underlying statistical frameworks, 2002 Zotteri Stefania Belak Eva, [kafar Boì~ Alenka Statistika turizma - anketa o potovanjih doma~ega prebivalstva, 1999 Baloh Plahutnik Sta{a Kazalniki trga dela, 2003 Bel~i~ Franc Koli~ina in struktura dela ter zaposlenost v javnem zavodu, 2006 Bandelj Andreja [tudija izvedljivosti za oblikovanje skupin podjetij, 2006 Bele Igor Merjenje in analiza sodnih zaostankov, 2006 Banovec Tomà Drùbeni sistem informiranja in statistika, 1987 Benedik Boà Statisti~no spremljanje kratkoro~nih gibanj investicij v dràvah ~lanicah EU, 1997 Banovec Tomà Slovenska dràvna statistika v mednarodnem okolju : izziv in sredstvo za mednarodna Benedik Boà Statistika osnovnih sredstev v Sloveniji in uvedba ESA 95, Evropskega sistema povezovanja, 1993 nacionalnih ra~unov, 2000 Banovec Tomà Nove ob~ine, administrativni registri, dràvna statistika in statisti~ne regije tudi v Sloveniji, 1994 Benedik Boà Statistika osnovnih sredstev v Sloveniji, 2001 Banovec Tomà Registrska orientacija dràve in dejavnost dràvne statistike, 1994 Benesch Thomas Electronic commerce - effort potential in small and middle enterprises in Austria, 1999 Banovec Tomà Model podatkov v Republiki Sloveniji – potrebe po povezovanju in ve~namenski uporabi Benesch Thomas A way to measure internet craze, 1999 statisti~nih in eviden~nih podatkov za potrebe socialne politike, 1995 Benesch Thomas The CLICK ON model, 2000 Banovec Tomà Geografske (teritorialne) statisti~ne ~lenitve teritorija Evrope in Slovenije, 1996 Benesch Thomas Electronic commerce in the emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), 2000 74 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 List of published papers presented at Statistical Days conferences, 1987-2009 Author Title Author Title Bernard Vukadin Barbara, Mednarodna izmenjava okoljskih podatkov Bregar Lea, Ograjen{ek Irena, Uporabnost statisti~nih podatkov iz bilance uspeha za analizo stro{kov dela, 1995 Kova~ Nata{a, Ku{ar Ur{ka, Rovan Joè Zupan Nika Bregar Lea, Rovan Joè, Analiza stro{kov dela v Sloveniji na osnovi zaklju~nih ra~unov za leto 1995, 1996 Bernot Baebler Tea Pomembni podatki evidence dela Slovenije - oznake vrste in zahtevnosti dela in poklicev, 1994 Ograjen{ek Irena Bevc Milena, Loàr Breda U~inkovitost {tudija v Sloveniji v 90. letih - merjenje in rezultati, 2001 Bregar Lea Ocenjevanje realne dodane vrednosti s pomo~jo nadomestnih kazalcev, 1996 Bevc Milena, Stanovnik Tine, Analiza porazdelitve javnih izdatkov za izobraèvanje med razli~ne socialnoekonomske skupine Bregar Lea Informacijska in telekomunikacijska tehnologija in razvoj statistike : Prevolnik Rupel Valentina prebivalstva v Sloveniji ob koncu 90. let, 2002 nekatera organizacijska in vsebinska vpra{anja, 1997 Bevc Milena Indikatorji na znanju temelje~e (slovenske) drùbe s poudarkom na indikatorjih formalnega Bregar Lea, Ograjen{ek Irena, Nove tehnologije kot sredstvo za inovativno uporabo podatkov uradne statistike, 1998 izobraèvanja (za Slovenijo) ter vlogi Lizbonske strategije, 2005 Pusti{ek Matev` Bevc Milena, Komun Klemen, Emigracija slovenskih raziskovalcev v obdobju 1995-2004 - metodologija prou~evanja in glavni Bregar Lea Informacijska drùba in statistika : nekateri razvojni izzivi in dileme, 1999 Murovec Nika rezultat, 2006 Bregar Lea, Bavdà Mojca Structural business statistics and the role of meta database in its development, 2000 Bier Werner Economic Statistics for a Single Monetary Policy - Objectives, Achievements, Important Gaps, 2005 Bregar Lea, Ograjen{ek Irena, E-izobraèvanje in statistika, 2001 Billard Lynne Analysis of Distributions Using Copulas Bavdà Mojca Bizjak Danica Environmental expenditure in the EU member states and environmental expenditure data Bregar Lea, Bavdà Mojca Statistical literacy and statistical training in Slovene municipalities, 2002 gathered by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2000 Bregar Lea, Bavdà Mojca Survey on students’ attitude to statistics : lessons for educators and producers of statistics, 2003 Bizjak Danica Samostojna raziskava o okoljskih izdatkih v Republiki Sloveniji - pilotni projekt, 2003 Bregar Tone Nekatera metodolo{ka vpra{anja in viri statistike menjave storitev s tujino, 1994 Bizjak Milica Vpliv izvoznih in uvoznih cen na rezultate blagovne menjave SFRJ s tujino, v obdobju Bregar Tone Metodolo{ke podlage in viri statisti~nega spremljanja enot s kapitalsko udelèbo tujih oseb, 1996 1970-1986, 1987 Bretschneider Alfred Management of government programs – a neglected working field for statisticians?, 2001 Björkqvist Sven I. Co-operation as a key to successful electronic data collection, 1999 Bricelj Mitja Nova morska strategija Evropske unije in statistika, 2008 Blejec Andrej Statisti~no izobraèvanje na biolo{kem oddelku Biotehni{ke fakultete, 1994 Brüngger Heinrich A major function of official statistics in the information society : certification of data, 2000 Blejec Andrej, Kramberger Anton Pregled statisti~nega izobraèvanja na Slovenskem, 1994 Bucevska Vesna Improving survey quality through broadening of its definition, 2000 Blejec Andrej EDA in sodobna statisti~na grafika, 1995 Buder Elisabeth The 2001 combined census in Austria, 2002 Blejec Meta Uporaba poslovnega registra za statisti~ne namene, 1994 Bugarin Radislav Marini} Medjuzavisnost li~nih dohodaka, produktivnosti rada i drugih kvalitativnih elemenata ekonomije Blejec Meta, Hlavaty Marija Uporaba evropske osrednje klasifikacije proizvodov v slovenski statistiki, 1997 poslovanja u industriji Vojvodine u periodu od 1976. do 1986. godine, 1987 Bobnar Polona Makroekonomski informacijski sistem kot podlaga za odlo~anje poslovodstva in lastnikov, 1994 Buhmann Brigitte, Comparability of labour force data from different sources : the first step towards a labour Bohata Marie Izvajanje Kodeksa ravnanja evropske {tatistike: pot do visokokakovostne statistike Skupnosti, 2006 Achermann Yvonne, Martinovits Alex accouting system, 1995 Bole Veljko Konsistentne ocene deflatorjev komponent kon~nega povpra{evanja, 1989 Bull Peter Statistical requirements for monetary union as seen from the European monetary institute, 1997 Bole-Kosma~ Da{a Ve~ o enotni klasifikaciji znanosti v Republiki Sloveniji, 1996 Butina Vida Statistike okolja in njihov vpliv na gospodarski razvoj, 1996 Bole-Kosma~ Da{a Initiatives of certain so-called transsectorial research fields to be better placed in research Butina Vida Environmental accounts and related future work at the Statistical Office of the Republic Slovenia, 2000 field classificatioos, 2001 Butina Vida NAMEA - model matrike nacionalnih ra~unov z vklju~itvijo okoljskih ra~unov, 2003 Borko Mitja Evropska kompatibilnost Slovenije na podro~ju predpisov in standardov, 1994 Butina Vida Vodni ra~uni, 2004 Boì~ Katja Obrestne mere, 1997 Cajhen Janica, Jereb Puhar Vitja, Strènik za statisti~ne klasifikacije – opis prototipne re{itve, 1999 Boì~ Tomà, Katni~ Nika, Harmonizacija statistike energetike, 1999 Kav{ek Ale{, Klep Joìca, Suvorov Mojca [eremet Tatjana, Vesel Andreja Brackfield David Short term economic statistics and the current crisis -The OECD perspective Caprirolo Gonzalo Reconciling deficits and changes in debt and consequences of inflation-indexation Braunsberger Frida Vzpostavitev sistema Intrastat v Sloveniji v okviru {iritvenega projekta za statistiko in the debt accumulation process, 2000 zunanje trgovine, 2001 Carré Hervé Co-operation among statistical offices in the European Union, 2006 Braunsberger Frida, Mikù Stanislav Uvajanje Intrastata v Republiki Sloveniji kot skupni projekt SURS-a in CURS-a, 2003 Carone Giuseppe Assessing the economic and budgetary impact of an ageing population: the EU approach, 2008 Bregar Anton Dràvni primanjkljaj in dràvni dolg po metodologiji Evropske Unije - analiza agregatov, 1997 Chantraine Alain Statistics, European integration and countries in transition, 1994 Bregar Lea Nekatera vsebinska in metodolo{ka vpra{anja indeksov cen kot indikatorjev stopnje inflacije, 1987 Cimperman Feliks, Koàr Anton Medvalutni odnosi in blagovni tokovi Slovenije s tujino, 1994 Bregar Lea Konjunkturni indikatorji - svetovne izku{nje za slovensko statistiko, 1993 Cimperman Feliks, Kotar Tomà, Bregar Lea Statistika v tranziciji – problematika kontinuitete, 1994 Koàr Anton, Strojan Kastelec Andreja Ocena cen in koli~in v blagovni menjavi Slovenije po 1991. letu, 1996 Cook Len The impact of technology on the quality of statistics, 2001 75 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 List of published papers presented at Statistical Days conferences, 1987-2009 Author Title Author Title Crowley J. Paul Izbolj{anje vodenja in sodelovanja v Evropskem statisti~nem sistemu, 2009 Diday Edwin New Data Mining Model by Symbolic Data Analysis, 2009 Cunder Tomà, Pajntar Neva Tipologija kmetij in nastavitev knjigovodstva, 1994 Dimovski Vlado Od teoreti~nega konstrukta do kakovostnega vpra{alnika, 1994 ^erk Anka, Gorjan Nata{a Podjetje - na{ partner. EDI-FIN – prehajanje na elektronsko poro~anje za potrebe statistike, 2000 Dimovski Vlado, Zager Miran, Pove~evanje konkuren~ne sposobnosti slovenskih regij z vidika podpornih in{titucij ^erk Anka, Krìman Irena, Project “Electronic collection of raw data from enterprises” (e-core), 2002 Perdan Aleksander, Smole Joè, in in{trumentov s posebnim ozirom na vlogo dràve, 1998 Klanj{~ek Mirko Garantini Tomo ^erne Andrej Evropa regij - nove meje, stara merila, 1998 Dimovski Vlado, Zager Miran, Vloga elektronskega poslovanja v sodobnem svetu, 1999 Mirnik Tina ^erne Slavica Publikacija o prometnih statistikah v dràvah srednje in vzhodne Evrope, 1997 Divjak Matej, Svetin Irena Vstopne in izstopne ovire trga delovne sile, 2008 ^erni~ Isteni~ Majda, Socio-ekonomski kontekst kot pojasnjevalni dejavnik razlik v rodnostnem vedenju, 2003 Kveder Andrej, Perpar Anton Divjak Matej Odraz recesije v kazalnikih trga dela, 2009 ^ernigoj-Sadar Nevenka Prosti ~as, 1995 Djordjevi} Ljubica, [tuhec Sneàna Volitve ´92 - analiza volilne populacije v povezavi z drugimi kooperativnimi bazami podatkov, 1993 ^ernigoj-Sadar Nevenka, Kakovost ìvljenja v razli~nih ìvljenjskih obdobjih, 1995 Djordjevi} Ljubica Stanje in priprave za prehod na poslovni register Slovenije, 1994 Bre{ar-Iskra Alenka Doktorikova Viera, Moncman Miroslav Popis prebivalstva kot vir zanesljivih podatkov za upravljanje svetovne gospodarske krize, 2009 ^ernigoj-Sadar Nevenka, Vpliv socialnega poloàja na zdravje, 1995 Dolenc Danilo Strate{ka vpra{anja statisti~nega spremljanja selitev in regionalni vidik notranje migracijske Bre{ar-Iskra Alenka (ne)povezanosti Slovenije, 1998 ^ertanec Barbara, Kozina Lea, Zaznavanje gospodarske krize v anketah o poslovnih tendencah in mnenju potro{nikov, 2009 Dolenc Danilo Delovne migracije v Sloveniji, 2000 Remec Matija Dolenc Danilo Prostorska mobilnost diplomantov, 2001 ^esen Tanja Mednarodne primerjave nacionalnih ra~unov, 1993 Dolenc Danilo, Lipov{ek Boris Popis 2002 - nov pristop in inovativnost pri procesiranju podatkov, 2002 ^esen Tanja Statisti~ni podatki za kvartalno ocenjevanje bruto doma~ega proizvoda s proizvodne strani, 1994 Dolenc Danilo Nova paradigma diseminacije statisti~nih podatkov in odziv uporabnikov nanjo, 2005 ^esen Tanja ^etrtletni nacionalni ra~uni v makroekonomski analizi in prognozi, 1996 Dolenc Danilo, Boì~ Ana Zbiranje, obdelava in izkazovanje ob~utljivih podatkov statisti~nih raziskovanj, 2008 ^esen Tanja ^etrtletno ocenjevanje dodane vrednosti v finan~nem posredni{tvu, 1997 Dolenc Danilo Registrski popis prebivalstva v letu 2011 - nov izziv slovenske dràvne statistike, 2009 ^ibej Joè Andrej Statistika kot element splo{ne izobrazbe, 1994 Dolni~ar Vesna Informacijske tehnologije in samostojno ìvljenje starostnikov, 2008 ]erani} Milijana Collection and use of environmental data, 2003 Domadenik, Irena Merjenje brezposelnosti, 1994 ]erani} Milijana Use of statistical data in environmental projects, 2005 Domadenik Irena Problematika merjenja stro{kov dela pri pri vklju~evanju v Evropsko unijo z vidika podjetij, 1998 ]erani} Milijana Okolje kot rezultat razvoja, 2006 Domijan Sa{o Evidence po vertikali v {olskem prostoru, 1999 ]erani} Milijana, Stojiljkovi} Dragi Harmonizacija okoljskih raziskav in zmanj{anje bremena poro~evalskih enot, 2007 Domijan Tanja Zna~ilnosti in uporaba Standardne klasifikacije poklicev, 1997 ]irjakovi} Jelena Globalni izzivi na digitalnem trgu: primer glasbenih del, 2005 Domijan Tanja Novi pristop k pripravi nacionalne standardne klasifikacije izbraèvanja, 2000 ]irjakovi} Jelena Vpliv globalizacije na nacionalne ra~une: vloga multinacionalnih podjetij, 2009 Domijan Tanja Klasifikacijski sistem izobraèvanja in usposabljanja - nov konceptualni pristop, 2006 Damjan Maru{ka, Kutin Julija Standardi SDMX – obveza ali prilònost?, 2007 Domijan Tanja, [krbec Tatjana, Problematika uporabe evidenc na podro~ju izobraèvanja za statisti~no poro~anje in predlogi Damjan Maru{ka, Kutin Julija Uvajanje standardov sdmx v evropski statisti~ni sistem, 2008 Damjan Maru{ka za njeno razre{evanje, 2007 De Bolster Gerrit The TELER project, a short description, 1997 Dominku{ Davor Soìtje in solidarnost med generacijami, 2008 De Bolster Gerrit Primary EDI : an architecture, 1998 Dovàn Irma, Ljubi} Biljana Mònosti za elektronsko prijavo v obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje, 1999 De Bolster Gerrit The electronic data reporter, 2002 Dra~a [terman Gordana SLO-EXPORT, izvozno/uvozni direktorij Gospodarske zbornice Slovenije na disku CD-ROM De Bolster Gerrit The opportunities and challeenges for NSI’s and other data collectors, 2002 in v knjìni obliki, 1996 De Vet Bas Data for regional economic policy : forty years of regional accounts in the Netherlands, 1998 Drápal Stanislav Statistical monitoring of globalisation and services - 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in finan~no/ekonomska kriza, 2009 Trewin Dennis Role of good planning in determining statistical priorities, 2003 Dolenc Primò Trewin Dennis Measurement of services : recent ABS experience, 2004 Vrabi~ Kek Brigita Anketa o fleksibilnosti trga delovne sile v predelovalnih dejavnostih, 1999 Trnov{ek Bojan, Irena Tr{inar, Registri upravnih notranjih zadev kot vir podatkov za statisko prebivalstva, 2007 Vrabi~ Kek Brigita, Barbara ^ertanec Primerjava rezultatov anket o poslovnih tendencah in kratkoro~nih kvantitativnih kazalnikov, 2006 Silvo Reèk Vukmirovi} Dragan, Jan~i} Zoran, Trènje uradne statistike in splet, 2005, 2005 Tu{ Jadranka Elektronski vpra{alnik za spremljanje srednje{olskega izobraèvanja, 2001 Budimir Jelena Tu{ Jadranka Kdaj se lahko nehamo u~iti, 2004 Vukmirovi} Dragan, Kosti} Miroljub, Standardi za izmenjavo podatkov in metapodatkov v Zavodu za statistiko Srbije Adì~ Ivana in med institucijami, 2006 85 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 List of published papers presented at Statistical Days conferences, 1987-2009 Author Title Author Title Vukmirovi} Dragan, Miloji} Andra, Srbski sestavljeni indeks kot merilo kratkoro~nih trendov gospodarske dejavnosti (krize), 2009 Zorc Rems Vanda Spremljanje menjave storitev v pla~ilni bilanci Slovenije, 1994 ]iri} Rade Zorc Rems Vanda Viri podatkov za drugo finan~no posredni{tvo, 1997 Walczak Tadeusz Co-operation in the field of science and research in NSI, 2002 Zorko Danica Pomen statisti~nih in drugih informacij za oblikovalce turisti~ne ponudbe za kreatorje Walton Richard Steps toward international comparability in general economic statistics, 2002 turisti~ne politike in za turiste potro{nike, 1994 Ward Michael How relevant is the evidence for policy, 2003 Zupan~i~ Samo Statisti~no zajemanje podatkov o trgovini s storitvami v novem krogu pogajanj Svetovne Wass Kurt Finan~na kriza in Evropski statisti~ni sistem, 2009 trgovinske organizacije in v zagotavljanju prostega pretoka storitev v Evropski uniji, 1998 Willeke Caroline, De Windt Nicole Vloga statistike pri finan~ni pismenosti, 2008 Zupan~i~ Samo Statisti~no zajemanje podatkov o trgovini s storitvami, 2001 Wurm Nikolaus Statistics in the enlargement process : contribution of the Phare Programme, 2000 Zupan~i~ Samo Ekonomska participacija starej{ih v Sloveniji, 2008 Zupani~ Vesna, Vratanar Nevenka, Vodenje poslovnega registra Slovenije kot osrednje javne kooperativne baze podatkov o vseh Zabukovec Branko, Knapi~ Barbara Short-term public finance statistical indicators, 2001 Murnc Irena poslovnih subjektih v Republiki Sloveniji ter na~ini objavljanja in posredovanja podatkov Zabukovec Brane Davki in prispevki za socialno varnost : (ESA) 1995 tabela 0900), 2004 uporabnikom, 2002 Zadnik Stirn Lidija Informacija o izobraèvanju na podro~ju statistike na nekaterih oddelkih BF, 1994 @agar Tina, Primic @akelj Maja, Povezovanje Registra raka za Slovenijo s sorodnimi dràvnimi podatkovnimi zbirkami, 2005 Zaharieva Milena, The Bulgarian statistical system : an integral part of information, 2002 Zadnik Vesna Milusheva Boryana, Stanev George @aucer Irena Ekonomski ra~uni za kmetijstvo, 1996 Zajc Zupan Tanja, Medeot Marino, EM[O novorojen~kom è v porodni{nici, 2000 @aucer Irena Ilegalna ekonomija : prva ocena ilegalnih dejavnosti za Slovenijo, 1999 Tr{inar Irena @aucer Irena Ekonomski ra~uni za gozdarstvo, 2006 Zakotnik Ivanka Statisti~no dokumentacijska osnova za izdelavo statisti~nih input-output tabel in mònosti @avbi Miran Prilagajanje izvajanj statisti~nih raziskovanj o stro{kih dela in strukturi pla~e v Sloveniji njihove aùrnej{e (letne) izdelave, 1993 zahtevam Eurostata, 2000 Zaletel Metka, Kocjanc Damjana, Kvaliteta anketnih podatkov : pomen anketarja, 1998 @avbi Miran Novosti na podro~ju zbiranja podatkov o pla~ah in stro{kih dela, 2001 Novak Tatjana, Vehovar Vasja @avbi Miran Spremembe in novosti na podro~ju statisti~nega spremljanja podatkov o pla~ah, 2003 Zaletel Metka, Seljak Rudi Merjenje kakovosti statisti~nih izdelkov, procesov in storitev v uradni statistiki, 2003 @avbi Miran, Novak Tatjana Racionalizacija na podro~ju zbiranja podatkov o pla~ah in stroških dela, 2005 Zaletel Metka @e spet statistika trka na va{a vrata?, 2004 @ebre Magdalena Statisti~no spremljanje blagovnih tokov in pridruèno ~lanstvo Slovenije Evropski uniji, 1993 Zaletel Metka Kodeks ravnanja evropske statistike, 2005 @ebre Magdalena Mednarodni programi usposabljanja, 1994 Zaletel Metka Celostno obvladovanje kakovosti na Statisti~nem uradu RS, 2006 @emva Mojca Pregled priporo~il za spremljanje denarnih in finan~nih statistik v skladu z novimi priporo~ili Zaletel Metka Komuniciranje kakovosti statisti~nih podatkov, 2007 mednarodnega denarnega sklada, 1997 Zde{ar Polona Medgeneracijske razlike v informacijski drùbi, 2008 @itnik Mojca Pilotno raziskovanje s podro~ja statistike industrijskih in nevarnih odpadkov v Sloveniji, 2003 Zeila Karlis Metadata Driven Integrated Statistical Data Management System, 2007 @nidar{i~ Erika Kdo so revni v Sloveniji?, 1995 Zemlji~ Barbara Kakovost razli~nih metod merjenja gledanosti, 2003 @nidar{i~ Erika Poskusni popis 1998 - stanovanjski del, 1998 Zemlji~ Petra Na~rtovanje in poro~anje o doseènih ciljih in rezultatih v sektorju dràva, 2001 @nidar{i~ Erika Uporaba popisnih podatkov pri nastavitvi registra stavb in stanovanj, 2001 Ziherl Petra Statistika investicijskih skladov in drugih nedenarnih finan~nih posrednikov, 2009 @nidar{i~ Tina Kadrovska organizacija popisa 2002 in analiza mnenj popisovalcev, 2002 86 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Round tables at Statistical Days conferences, 1994-2009 1994 2004 • Statistical education and training • Co-operation of government institutions in the process of accession to the EMU • Statistical support to regionalisation and cross-border integration of regions 1995 • Protection and transmission of statistical data for research and analytical purposes • / • Role and importance of information and communication technology in modernising the processes of data 1996 collection, processing and dissemination • Regions in Slovenia • Record-keeping and statistical monitoring of real estate 1997 2005 / • Internet – new solutions for efficient dissemination of statistical data • Problems encountered in statistical monitoring of the balance of payments 1998 • Reform of agriculture statistics • EDISENT in enterprises, public institutions and administration 2006 1999 • Standards for transmission of data and metadata between institutions (national and international) • Administrative data • Population ageing and economic activity of population • Electronic Commerce in Statistics - Experiences, Vision • Implementation of the updated classification of activities NACE Rev. 2 • Use of Blaise Software • Food safety 2000 2007 • Information society and statistical tasks in 2001, including indicators for new economy • Census of population and housing around 2011 using registers in Slovenia • Introduction of total quality management in national statistics • Census at School 2001 • Use of the real estate register • Dissemination of the Slovene agriculture census 2000 data and the future of the farm structure surveys in 2008 Europe • EU marine strategy and statistics • Use and analysis of census data • User needs and preparation of linked microdata for research purposes, modelling and evaluating the efficiency • Metadata driven processing: opportunities and threats of legislation • Measuring and defining the necessary statistics in case of new commerce with energy • Collection, processing and disseminating of sensitive data 2002 2009 • Intrastat • Information security – presentation of good practice and open issues • Public finance statistics • Data support for Slovenia’s membership of the OECD • Metadata and quality • Poster sessions at Statistical Days conferences, 1997-2009 • R&D in the field of statistics and knowledge transfer • Activities of official statistics in the 2003-2007 period 2003 • E-administration and Statistics • Internet as an unstructured source of information for the needs of national statistics • Trade off between statistical confidentiality and data dissemination • Statistical dissemination on the Internet 87 Twenty Statistical Days in Radenci – – Development of Statistics and Slovenia, 1987–2010 Poster sessions at Statistical Days conferences, 1997-2009 1997 2003 • Presentation of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the CD-ROM “Economy and craft” • ECHI: European Community Health Indicators; a framework for monitoring public health issues in the enlarged • Users of Statistical Office’s services European Union • Presentation of the Agency for Payments and Electronic Commerce • Slovenian Statistical Office’s website • Slovenian Stock Exchange and modern methods of work • Intrastat 1998 2004 • The databank of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia • Is insufficient data quality an obstacle for your business? • Companies’ financial data • Co-operation of the Slovenian Statistical Office and AJPES in the new method of collecting data on wages • Credit rating 2005 • Sending orders via e-mail • SI-STAT Database • Checking the situation via the Internet • Presentation of the Pension and Disability Insurance Institute • IMAD’s website • Presentation of the Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for Public and Legal Records and Services • Publishing macroeconomic data in accordance with International Monetary Fund’s standards • Presentation of the Statistical Office of Serbia and Montenegro 1999 • IMAD’s publications • Generator of hi-speed data entry applications 2006 • Blaise 4 Windows: a system to support statistical data collection and editing • Analytical application for external trade in the ISPO portal • Results of the Phare project on long-distance learning in Slovenia 2007 • Co-Operative Administrative Database of Linked Data from Three Registers – the record-keeping and • Presentation of the Pension and Disability Insurance Institute statistical aspect • Presentation of the Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for Public and Legal Records and Services • Statistical classification server – description of the prototype solution • Access to microdata at the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia 2000 • Import and export price indices and export and import unit value indices • 2000 Census of Agricultural Holdings and Gardening in the Republic of Slovenia • Survey on small agricultural units • Overview of topical job vacancies and searching of job seekers on the website of the Employment Service • Rural development statistics of Slovenia • Estimating hours worked • Presentation of the external trade database at of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia • Expense for hospital treatment and prescription medicines • Financial data of companies on the Internet 2008 • KLASJE – statistical classification server • Implementation of SDMX standards in the European Statistical System • EDI-FIN – electronic reporting of enterprises • Presentation of integrated statistical information system 2001 • Basket of products and its use in living standard measurement: case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and future • The statistical data warehouses building methodology perspectives • Use of spectrum in seasonal adjustment of time series • Perceived inflation in the Consumer Opinion Survey • LogiQuest: a new integrated approach for data collection for business statistics • Pension and Disability Insurance Institute • METIS - the corporate metadata repository of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia • Simple solution to our survey 2002 • Statistical data in thematic cartography • Keeping of the Business Register of Slovenia as the central public co-operative database on all business entities 2009 in the Republic of Slovenia and ways of publishing and transmitting the data to the users • Services producer price indices – a new European economic indicator • The electronic data reporter • New approach for preparing public tenders for selling apartments • 2002 Census – a new approach and innovation in data processing • Overcoming economic crisis with the help of statistics • OLAP for health statistics: how to turn a simple spreadsheet into powerful analytic tool • Labour market situation of migrants and their immediate descendants • Slovenian Statistical Office’s regional database statistical data warehouse • Technological changes in the process of surveying • QUESTOR – software for integral treatment of statistical material 88