> IaniMeckne cnocoow pacno3HaeaHnH eejbMw1
Ceemnana M. Toncman
The article analyses some magical techniques used by Slavs in order to establish if a woman is a witch or not.
CpeflH nepcoHaxeft cnaBaHcKoft "HH3meft" MH^onorHH BeflbMa 3aHHMaeT oco6oe nonoxeHHe, npHHaflnexa oflHoBpeMeHHo k MHpy nrofleft h k MHpy ^mohob [BHHorpafloBa, ToncTaa 1995]. B HapoflHoft TpaflHnHH b paMKax o6^eft CTpaTeran 3a^HTbi ot HenncToft chah cnoxHnacb nenaa cncTeMa npneMoB, noMoraBmHx b o6HKHoBeHHoft, peanbHoft xeH^HHe pacno3HaTb BeflbMy, npeflcTaBHTena HHoro MHpa. .HroGonbrrabie caMH no ce6e KaK o6pa3EH MaranecKoro noBefleHHa, 3th npneMH no3BonaroT 6onee KoHKpeTHo cyflHTb o tom, KaK apxarnecKoe co3HaHHe npeflcTaBnano ce6e cooraomeHHe flByx mhpob, KaK oho oTHocnnocb k KoHTaKTaM Mexfly hhmh, k bo3moxhocth npoHHKHoBeHHa 3a rpaHHny nenoBenecKoro npocTpaHcTBa.
B pa6oTax no HapoflHoft fleMoHonorHH pa3HHx cnaBaHcKHx TpaflHnnft npHBoflHTca o6nnbHHft MaTepnan Ha HHTepecyro^yro Hac TeMy; oh oxnHnaeTca BecbMa 3HaHHrenbHbiM eflHHcTBoM, noBTopaeMocTbro mothbob h MaranecKHx npneMoB, cxoactbom o6pafloBbix h croxeTHbx KoHTeKcToB, a noflnac h npaMbiMH Bep6anbHbiMH napannenaMH. H3BecTHyro o6oco6neHHocTb b 3tom oTHomeHHH o6HapyxHBaeT BenHKopyccKHft apean, rfle o6^ecnaBaHcKHe mothbh npeflcTaBneHbi cnopaflHnecKH h npeHMy^ecTBeHHo b 3anaflHbix h roxHbx pernoHax, h 6onrapcKaa TpaflHnna, flna KoTopoft 6onbmHHcTBo TaKHx mothbob He xapaKTepHo.
Heo6xoflHMocTb pa3o6naneHHa BeflbM flHKToBanacb npexfle Bcero xenaHHeM o6e3onacHTb ce6a ot hx Ko3Heft h Bbipa6oTaTb npaBHna ocTopoxHoro noBefleHHa, ho TaKxe h cTpeMneHHeM npoTHBofleftcraoBaTb onacHocTH, o6e3BpeflHTb ee HocHTeneft, oToMcTHTb hm hah flaxe yHHHToxHTb hx. CaMo no ce6e pa3o6naneHHe HHorfla c^Hranocb AocTaToHHHM flna o6e3BpexHBaHHa BeflbMbi; cep6bi HepHoropHH h CaHflxaKa BepHnH, hto "xeH^HHa, npH3HaBmaaca KoMy-HH6yflb, hto oHa BemTHna, nepecTaeT ero 6HTb" [OHAHnoBHh 1967: 270]; b o6nacTH BaneBo, no BepoBaHHaM KpecTbaH, nenoBeK, y3HaBmHft c noMo^bro MarHnecKHx npHeMoB BemTHuy, Mor nHmHTb ee chah, BHKpHKHyB eft TpHxflbi, hto oHa BemTHna [Bop^eBHh 1953: 14]; cBa^eHHHK, KoTopoMy, no cep6cKHM BepoBaHHaM, flaHo pacno3HaBaTb Bemran, He pa3o6nanan hx nepefl flpyrHMH b Haflexfle, hto ohh HcnoBeflyroTca h TeM caMHM nepecTaHyT 6biTb onacHbiMH flna nrofleft; c 3Toft xe nenbro
1 This article was financially supported by RGNF (grant N 96-04-06034 "Mifologiceskie osnovy slavjanskoj narodnoj kul'tury").
npH poxfleHHH fleBOHKH B "KpOBaBOH COpOHKe" 06 3TOM rpOMKO cooöma^ocb, HTo6bI OHa
He cTa.a BemTHneö [3eHeBHh 1981: 144]. BMecre c TeM, b HeKOTopnx MecTHHx Tpa^Hnnax cep6oB pa3o6^aneHHe BeflbM npH3HaBa.ocb KpaöHe onacHHM ^e.noM, B.eKymHM 3a co6oö TaxKoe HaKa3aHHe, nocKo.bKy "BemTHuy 6.aroc.0BH. Xphctoc" b 6.aroflapHocTb 3a to, hto oHa yKpbma ero nepefl npec.efloBaBmHMH ero Hy^eaMH [ßop^eBHh 1953: 10]. OflHaKo name Bcero Bo3flepxHBa.Hcb ot pa3o6.aneHHa BeflbMbi H3 cTpaxa nepefl ee MecTbro. HecMoTpa Ha sto, MarHHecKHe npneMH no pacno3HaBaHHro BeflbM mnpoKo npHMeHOTHcb b KpecTbaHcKoM 6HTy.
no Hapo^HbiM npeacTaB.eHHHM, BeflbMbi o6hhho He HMeroT jibhhx oxnHHHTe.nbHbix npH3HaKoB. CpaBHHTe.bHo pe^Ko BcTpenaroTca cBH^eTeAbcraa, cor.acHo kotophm BeflbMy moxho pacno3HaTb no KaKHM-To oraHHHTeflbHbiM HepTaM BHemHocTH h.h noBefleHHa.
Hame Bcero BeflbMy y3HaroT no rycTbiM cpocmHMca 6poBaM h oco6oMy - xMypoMy - B3r.a^y, o6pameHHoMy b cTopoHy h.h k 3eM.e. Cor.acHo HepHoropcKHM BepoBaHHaM, cBameHHHK MoxeT ono3HaTb cpeflH BxoflamHx b xpaM xeHmHH BeflbMy no KpacHbiM 3y6aM [On.HnoBHh 1967: 370], a Kamy6bi cHHTaroT, hto y BeflbMbi (HapoBHHnbi) KpacHbie, flHKHe r.a3a, a b r.a3ax BMecTo 3paHKoB — Ko3e. c poraMH; hto oHa HacaMH MoxeT cMoTpeTb Ha co.Hne; hto oHa oHeHb .m6ht KpacHbiö nBeT h noToMy o^eTa bo Bce KpacHoe: KpacHHe pyKaBHnn, KpacHHe mTaHbi, KpacHyro ro6Ky, KpacHbiö n.aToK Ha ro.oBe, nofl kotophm oHa cKpbiBaeT He6o.bmoö 6ohohok ot cmo.h; oHa cnHT He Ha KpoBaTH, a Ha TaHKe h T.n. [Sychta I: 154]. y cep6oB h HepHoropneB r.aBHHM npH3HaKoM BeflbMbi cHHTaroTca ycH ("kpct Hcnofl Hoca"), a TaKxe "KpoBaBbie" r.a3a, KocHe r.a3a, Bna.bie r.a3a, rycTHe cpocmneca 6pobh [ßop^eBHh 1953: 19-20]. Boo6me Hame Bcero o6pamaeTca BHHMaHHe Ha r.a3a h B3r.a^ BeflbMbi: B.aflHMHpcKHe KpecTbaHe no.ara.H, hto b r.a3ax Ko.flyHa He 6bBaeT oTpaxeHHa, h noToMy oh HHKor^a He cmotpht b r.a3a co6eceflHHKy; "6a6bi Ha3HBaroT r.a3a Ko.flyHa nycTHMH, 6es mümhuko8" [EBK3: 129]; a Ty.bcKHe — hto y ko.^yhob oTpaxeHHe b 3paHKax MoxeT 6biTb nepeBepHyTo BBepx HoraMH [B.acoBa 1995: 181]; Ha roro-BocTOKe no.bmH chhtmh, hto HapoBHHna, KaK h ynbipb, KpacHoro i^BeTa, y Hee ahkhh B3r.afl h 6eraromne r.a3a h.h 6o.bHbie h HacTo c.e3amneca r.a3a [Kolberg 51: 41].
Hepe^Ko BepH.H, hto BeflbMbi HMeroT xboct; HHor^a yTBepxfla.H, hto nofl MHmKaMi h Ha .o6Ke y hhx He pacTyT bo.och [lop^eBHh 1953: 18; Kolberg 51: 44] h.h, Hao6opoT, hto Bce Te.o hx 3apoc.o rycTHMH Bo.ocaMH [3eHeBHh 1981: 142], hto B^o.b cnHHH y hhx HfleT HepHaa no.ocKa bo.oc [HBaHoB 1991: 438], hto pot h Te.o hx noKpbiTo TeMHHMH naTHaMH [MapHHoB, 1914: 214].
y boctohhhx c.aBaH BcTpeHaeTca npeflcraB.eHHe, hto BeflbMa He ocTaB.aeT c.e^oB Ha cHery [C.ameB 1992: 193]; hto 3HaromHeca c HeHHcToö chaoh oT6pacHBaroT flBe TeHH [HoBHHKoBa 1995: 71]. no MHeHHro no.aKoB, BeflbMa BHflaeT ce6a TeM, hto npH nHTbe BoflKH oHa onycTomaeT proMKy "eflHHHM flyxoM", a He TpoeKpaTHHM npHry6.eHHeM, KaK o6bHHHe xeHmHHH [Biegeleisen 1929: 235]; hto oHa He MoxeT oTopBaTb B3r.afla ot nacxa.bHoö nHcaHKH [Niewiadomski 1989: 69], hto bo BpeMa nacxa.bHoro KpecTHoro xofla oHa o6xoflHT KocTe. He tphx^h, a .Hmb o^hh h.h flBa pa3a [Kotula 1989: 86].
PyccKHe Toxe y3HaBa.H BeflbMy no ee noBe^eHHro bo BpeMa KpecTHoro xo^a: oHa m.a He c Hapo^oM, a HaBcTpeHy eMy, TaK KaK ee He nycKa.a HeHHcTaa cH.a [Cmhphob 1927: 57]. Ha PoBeHmHHe no.emyKH ot.hh8.h BeflbMy no ToMy, hto oHa ynopHo He xoHeT BHxoflHTb H3 nepKBH 3a KpecTHHM xofloM, nen^aeTca 3a cto.6 h.h 3a cBameHHHKa [nA, EepecTbe ^y6poBHnKoro p-Ha PoBeHCKoö o6..]. TaM xe chhtmh Ko.flyHaMH .ro^eö,
0TKp0BeHH0 HapymaBmnx CTporae 3anpeTH Ha paöoTy b npa3flHHKH "kotophh mbie hoöoth y CBaTO, TOH 3Haxop; kotophh M3Ae y M3AbHH y CBaTO, T0H caTaHy nycKae".
PyccKHe noAaraAH, hto BeflbMy moxho y3HaTb no ToMy, hto "flHeM, Korfla xHyT flpyrae, y Heö oTBopeHa flBepb b aMÖap, TaM Ha cyceKe y Heö bhcat tph nepexHHHbix KoAoca, htoöh 3epHo ot cocefleö nepexoflHAo k HeH b cyceK. KoAflyHbro-nepexHH^Huy moxho y3HaTb no 3toh npHMeTe, a TaKxe h no ToMy, He KynaAacb ah oHa b HAbHH fleHb Mexfly 3ayTpeHeö h oöeflHeö (htoöh oHHcTHTbca ot rpexa, eö 3to HeoöxoflHMo cfleAaTb); HaKoHen, 3epHo y Heö, ecAH BrAafleTbca, He AexHT b cyceKe hah MemKe, a ctoht tophkom, hto onbiTHbiö ne^oBeK cpa3y 3aMeTHT" [Cmhphob 1927: 53]. fleMoHHHecKaa npHpofla BeflbM h KoAflyHoB npoaBAaeTca h b tom, hto ahm Hafl hx aomom HfleT H3 Tpyöbi npoTHB BeTpa [noTaHHH 1899: 190] hah KAyÖHTca [3eAeHHH 1916: 1249]. BeflbMy hah KoAflyHa moxho öhao ono3HaTb h nocAe cMepTH: BAaflHMHpcKHe KpecTbaHe öhah yBepeHH, hto npH norpeöeHHH KoAflyHa bhphtoh 3eMAH He xBaTaeT, htoöh 3acbinaTb MorHAy [BBK3: 132].
Iopa3flo na^e cHHTaeTca, hto yBHfleTb b oöhhhoh xeH^HHe BeflbMy npocTHM, "HeBoopyxeHHHM" raa3oM HeBo3MoxHo. flAa 3Toro HeoöxoflHMbi cnenHaAbHbie ycAoBHa h npHeMH, flaro^He HeAoBeKy "cBepx3peHHe", cnocoÖHocTb BHfleHHa coKpHToro, BHyTpeHHero, "cy^HocTHoro". OflHHM h3 BaxHeömHx ycAoBHö oKa3HBaeTca ocoöoe, caKpa^bHoe BpeMa - ahh h hohh KpynHHx npa3flHHKoB (PoxflecTBo, nacxa, HBaH KynaAa, ropbeB fleHb, TpoHna h flp.), BpeMa HoBoAyHHa, noAHoAyHHa h HeKoTopbie flpyrHe MoMeHTH, Korfla rpaHHna Mexfly 3ümhhm h noTycTopoHHHM mhpom craHoBHTca npoHHnaeMoö. 9tot KafleHflapb BKAronaA b ceöa, c oflHoö ctopohh, npa3flHHKH, 3aHHMaro^He BHcmee nofloxeHHe Ha mKafle caKpaflbHocTH (PoxflecTBo h nacxa), c flpyroö ctopohh, — npa3flHHKH, c kotophmh HapoflHHe BepoBaHHa cBa3HBaflH "BHyTpeHHroro" xH3Hb fleMoHHHecKoro MHpa, aKTHBH3anHro HenHcroö chah, cnera h maöamH BeflbM h T.n.
noflaKH b oKpecTHocTax XemoBa HaÖAroflaAH 3a BeflbMaMH b fleHb cb. .ronHH, Korfla ohh cAeTaAHcb BepxoM Ha xAeÖHbix AonaTax Ha cboh cöopH^a Ha rpaHHne cefla, rfle ycTpaHBaAH Mexfly coöoö noöoH^a, opyflya jionaTaMH; Ha paccBeTe 3Toro flHa MaTepH 3BaAH cbohx fleTeö nocMoTpeTb Hepe3 okho, KaK BeflbMbi coÖHparoTca Ha cboh cfleT [Karczmarzewski 1972: 13]. B flpyrHx paöoHax noflbmH cHHTaAH, hto jierne Bcero yBHfleTb BeflbMy b HoBoAyHHe Hepe3 oTBepcTHe ot cyHKa b rpoöoBoö flocKe hah Hepe3 cpeflHee okho floMa c TpeMa oKHaMH [Biegeleisen 1929: 234]. CMoTpeTb Hepe3 oTBepcTHe rpoöoBoö flocKH coBeToBaAH h MopaBaHe, ToAbKo b flpyroe BpeMa — HoHbro HaKaHyHe flHa OHAHnna h ^Ky6a [Bartoš 1892: 143,149]. A cAoBaKH BepHAH, hto cTpHr moxho yBHfleTb b noAHoHb HaKaHyHe flHa cb. .ronHH, ecAH cMoTpeTb Hepe3 rpoöoByro flocKy hah Hepe3 3aMoHHyro cKBaxHHy nepKoBHoö flBepH, Torfla yBHflHmb cTpHr co Bceö oKpyrH, coöpaBmHxca b nepKBH [Horvâthovâ 1986: 39]. OTBepcTHe b rpoöoBoö flocKe cwraAocb MaranecKHM h y pyccKHx - cKBo3b Hero Haflo öhao cMoTpeTb Ha npHxoxaH, coöpaBmHxca k nacxaAbHoö 3ayTpeHe, h Torfla yBHflHmb BeflbM c KyBmHHaMH MoAoKa Ha roAoBe [BAacoBa 1995: 77].
flpyroe ycAoBHe - caKpaAbHoe MecTo: xpaM, nepeKpecToK hah pa3BHAKa flopor h flp. CAoBaKH b IoHTe BHcAexHBaAH cTpHr b noAHoHb HaKaHyHe cb. .ronHH Ha nepeKpecTKe 3a ceAoM; flAa öe3onacHocTH cAefloBaAo onepTHTb BoKpyr ceöa Kpyr MeAoM, ocTaBmHMca ot npa3flHHKa "TpH KopoAa", HHane cTpHrH MorAH 3aÖHTb HacMepTb [Horvâthovâ 1986: 39]. KaK 3to hh cTpaHHo, HMeHHo c xpaMoM, c nacxaAbHoö hah poxflecTBeHcKoö cAyxöoö cBa3aHH HaHÖoAee pacnpocrpaHeHHbie y boctohhhx h 3anaflHHx cAaBaH MaranecKHe
npHeMH pacno3HaBaHHA BejbMH, oflHaKo hx ycnex 3aBHcHT e^e ot flpyrHx, flonoaHHTeabHHx ycaoBHË — ot "nyflecHbix" npe^MeTOB, KoTopHe HyxHo ÖHao HMeTb npH ce6e b xpaMe bo BpeMa cayxÖH, h cnenHaabHbix pmyaabHbix ,mhctbhh, KoTopHe cooö^aroT neaoBeKy "cBepx3HaHHe".
B 3aKapnaTbe (c.Typba BbicTpaa) xeH^HHH, oTnpaBaaacb Ha cayxöy b poxflecTBeHcKHH cone^bHHK h xeaaa y3HaTb, cKoabKo y hhx b ceae BeflbM (napoBHHn), öpaaH c coöoä flepeBaHHyro aoxxy, kotopoë ohh MemajiH poxaecTBeHcKHe öarofla, h BepHaH, hto c noMo^bro stoë joxkh ohh cMoryT oTaHHHTb b nepKBH BeflbM. B flpyroM ceae (c. Ka^bHHK) coöaroflaaocb HeMaao flonoaHHTeabHHx ycaoBHË paflH Toro, htoöh MarHro cfleaaTb öoaee s^^skthbhoh: stoë aoxKoË (BapexoË) caefloBaao MemaTb Bce 9 öarofl poxflecTBeHcKoro yxHHa; xo3aËKa floaxHa ÖHaa neabrn fleHb hh c KeM He 3flopoBaTbca, He MoaHTbca, b nepKBH TaKxe He Haflo ÖHao KpecTHTbca, 3flopoBaTbca, MoaHTbca, oraaflHBaTbca, h ToabKo Torfla xeH^HHa Moraa yBHfleTb Tex, Koro TaM Ha3HBaroT öocopKaHaMH; npH stom oHa hh b KoeM caynae He cMeaa BHflaTb sthx BeflbM, HHane ohh yÖHaH öh ee [noflKapnaTcKaa Pycb VII 1-2 1930: 21, 23].
no cooö^eHHro AXHab^epflHHra, y mobhh^b b HoabcKoM noMopbe MaranecKaa cnocoÖHocTb b pacno3HaBaHHH BeflbM npHnHcHBaaacb HaËfleHHoË noflKoBe: ecaH kto-HHÖyflb HaËfleT neTBepTyro h3 kohckhx noflKoB, to floaxeH 3aBepHyTb ee b y3eaoK h3 naaTKa, noBecHTb ceöe Ha mero h TaK noËTH b KocTea, Torfla oh yBHflHT cpeflH coöpaBmHxca HapoBHHKoB h HapoBHHn; cHHTaeTca, hto hx MoxeT pacno3HaTb h cBa^eHHHK: Heca cBa^eHHHe flapH, oh bhaht Ha roaoBax y hhx manKH, ho nocae cayxÖH oh yxe He MoxeT hx y3HaTb [Kolberg 39: 381].
Bo MHorHx caynaax MarHnecKyro cHay moxho ÖHao cooö^HTb nofloÖHHM npeflMeTaM ToabKo c noMo^bro cnenHaabHoro, HepeflKo flocTaro^Ho caoxHoro pmyaaa, nacro k ToMy xe pacTaHyToro bo BpeMeHH, hto Toxe HMeao cBoe caKpaarayro^ee fleËcTBHe. HoaaKH CHae3HH y3HaBaaH BeflbMy c noMo^bro BeTKH aöaoHH, BHmHH HaH cthbh, KoTopyro cpe3aaH b nepBoe BocKpeceHbe aflBeHTa, a 3aTeM B3aaH c coöoä Ha poxflecTBeHcKyro cayxöy b KocTea [Pospiech 1987: 13]. B MopaBHH MarmecKHM npeflMeToM cayxHaa BeTKa nepemHH, cpe3aHHaa Ha .HronHro h pacnycTHBmaaca k ConeabHHKy; ee ÖpaaH b KocTea, htoöh no okoh^hhh cayxÖH pa3raafleTb BeflbM, BHxofla^Hx nepBHMH H3 KocTeaa [Bartoš 1892: 143]. y KapnaTcKHx yKpaHHneB MarHHecKHH oöpafl HanHHaaca b poxaecTBeHcKHË coneabHHK h 3aBepmaaca Ha Hacxy. B coneabHHK nocae yxHHa Haflo ÖHao coöpaTb c nerapex yraoB cToaa pa3aoxeHHHË necHoK, ot KaxfloË roaoBKH oTfleaHTb no 3yÖHHKy, noaoxHTb b ropmoK, b kotopom BapHTca Kyaem, nocTaBHTb ropmoK Ha okho h pacTHTb necroK flo HacxH. OTnpaBaaacb Ha nacxaabHyro BceHo^Hyro, Haflo B3aTb b pot 3eaeHHe nepba npopocmero necHoKa h flepxaTb hx bo pTy b TeneHHe BceË cayxÖH b nepKBH, noKa He nocBaTaT KyarnH. B stot momsht cTaHoBHTca BHflHo, hto y HeKoTopHx xeH^HH Ha roaoBe nofloËHHK c MoaoKoM — sto h ecTb BeflbMH [ETHorpa^iHHHH 3ÖipHHK 5 1898: 211]. Mothb nofloËHHKa c MoaoKoM Ha roaoBe BeflbMH oTHocHTca k HHcay caMHx pacnpocTpaHeHHHx b nofloÖHHx BepoBaHHax, oh oneBHflHHM oÖpa3oM cBa3aH c THnHHHHM BpefloHocHHM fleËcTBHeM BeflbMH — oTÖHpaHHeM MoaoKa y KopoB.
BecbMa mHpoKo npHMeHaaca b nofloÖHHx MarHnecKHx fleËcTBHax cHp. Ho cBHfleTeabcTBy BXpHHneHKo, Ha HepHHroB^HHe cwraaocb HeoöxoflHMHM b "npo^eHbm fleHb", T.e. b 3aroBeHbe Ha BeaHKHË nocT, B3aTb b pot chp h c hhm bo pTy nepeHoneBaTb, a b noHefleabHHK cnpaTaTb chp xopomeHbKo b noac h T^aTeabHo ero öepenb. B cBaTyro
3ayTpeHro aBHTbca c chpom b uepKOBb h, Korfla öaTromKa cKaxeT: "Xphctoc BocKpec!", CKa3aTb: "Y MeHa cbip ecTb!" "BeflbMbi e^e b uepKBH cTaHyT OTHMaTb cbip, a no Bbixofle h3 uepKBH KHHyTca b noroHro 3a oönaflaTeneM, KpHHa «OTflaö cbip!». ,D,na oöopoHbi HaflO HMeTb noöonbme MaKy-TeKyHa h hm öpocaTb b BeflbM, Te cTaHyT coÖHpaTb MaK, a npecneflyeMbiö TeM BpeMeHeM ycneeT yöexaTb" [TpHHHeHKO 1895: 57]. B KynaHcKOM paöoHe XapbKOBcKOö ryö. flenanH to xe caMoe, ho npH stom cHHTanH, hto pe3ynbTaTa moxho flocTHHb nHmb npH ycnoBHH, hto b TeneHHe BenHKoro nocTa Hoca^HH Ha ceöe cbip flBeHafliaTb pa3 noöbiBaeT b uepKBH; Torfla Ha nacxanbHOö 3ayTpeHH bo BpeMa KpecTHoro xofla BeflbMa n0fl0öfleT k HeMy h öyfleT npocHTb cbipy [HBaHOB 1991: 439440]. B paöoHe .TbBOBa öpanH nepBbiö cnenneHHbiö h npHroTOBneHHbiö b nocneflHHÖ fleHb MacneHHibi BapeHHK, KnanH ero b MemoHeK h hochah b TeneHHe Bcero BenHKoro nocTa cneBa nofl MbimKOö, a 3aTeM b cBaTyro HOHb, HMea npH ceöe stot BapeHHK, moxho Öbino yBHfleTb, KaK BeflbMbi bo BpeMa nacxanbHOö cnyxÖH MenyTca, cn0BH0 cnenbie, He Haxofla Bbixofla H3 uepKBH [Kolberg 57: 1259]. Ha BonbiHH n0fl0ÖHbie fleöcTBHa coBepmanH c ManeHbKHM Kyc0HK0M cbipa, kotophö hochah 3a na3yxoö pyöaxH Becb BenHKHÖ nocT h Ha BceHO^HOö MornH BHfleTb BeflbMy c KyBmHHOM MonoKa Ha ronoBe [3eneHHH 1914: 276]. Tot xe cnocoö npaKTHKOBanH KpecTbaHe 3anaflH0ö BenopyccHH, HocHBmHe Becb nocT noflBemeHHHH Ha cyp0B0ö HHTKe KycoHeK cbipa cnpaBa nofl MbimKOö h np0H3H0cHBmHe Bcnyx HnH npo ceöa npH Kaxfloö BcTpene, flaxe co cbohmh poflHHMH, "Maro cnp 3anycTHbi" [Federowski 1897: 266, N 1347]. PyccKHe CapaT0BcK0r0 Kpaa BHcMaTpHBanH BeflbM Ha nacxy, flepxa 3a lueKOö KycoHeK cbipa, cöepexeHHbiö c Hhctoto HeTBepra, h Bepa, hto nocne cnoB cBa^eHHHKa «Xphctoc BocKpec!» BeflbMbi c flOÖHHiaMH Ha ronoBe noBepHyTca cnHHOö k HKOHaM [BnacoBa 1995: 77]. nonaKH Ma30Bma c toö xe uenbro b BenHKyro cyööoTy öpanH KycoHeK ocBa^eHHoro cbipa h hochah ero npH ceöe flO caMbix 3eneHHx CBaTOK, T.e. flO TpoHibi; npH stom ohh cTporo cneflHnH 3a TeM, htoöh He cHHMaTb ero c ceöa, h Torfla Ha TpoHiy b KocTene moxho yBHfleTb BeflbM c n0fl0ÖHHKaMH Ha ronoBe; HecMOTpa Ha cTpax, HyxHO ocTaBaTbca b KocTene, TaK KaK öonbme HHrfle, KpoMe KocTena, hx He yBHflHmb [Kolberg 42: 400].
no Bceö CepÖHH pacnpocrpaHero BepoBaHHe b MarHHecKyro cHny HecHOKa, ropoxa HnH flp. pacTeHHa, npopocmero Hepe3 ronoBy yÖHTOH 3MeH (oöhhho nepBOö yBHfleHHOö BecHOö) [Bop^eBHh 1953: 13]. B Bochhh 3Mero Haflo öbino noöMaTb nepefl flHeM CopoKa MyHeHHKOB, y xhboö 3MeH OTceHb ronoBy, BnoxHTb b 3Ty ronoBy HecHOK h 3aK0naTb ee b oropofle, a Ha nacxy HnH b neTpoB fleHb copBaTb nepba npopocmero Hepe3 ronoBy 3MeH HecHOKa, npHKpenHTb hx k manKe h TaK noÖTH b uepKOBb Ha cnyxöy; BemTHiH pa30ÖnaHaT ceöa TeM, hto öyflyT noflxoflHTb h npocHTb cHaTb HecHOK. B fflyMaflHH peK0MeHfl0Ban0cb yÖHTb 3Mero flO BnaroBe^eHHa; b flpyrHx MecTax sto Morna ÖHTb nroöaa yÖHTaa BecHOö 3Mea HnH BOOÖ^e nroöaa 3Mea; HepeflKO npopocmeö Hepe3 ronoBy HnH HenrocTH 3MeH 3eneHH npHnHcHBanacb MarHHecKaa cnocoÖHocTb cooö^aTb HenoBeKy cBepx3peHHe He TOnbKO B OTHOmeHHH BeflbM, HO H B OTHOmeHHH Bcero cOKpHTOrO H HeBHflHMOrO. To xe caMoe flenanH yKpaHHibi Ha KapnaTax: 3Mero HaflO Öbino yÖHTb Ha BnaroBe^eHHe, 3aTeM Ha nacxy B3aTb ee ronoBy, nonoxHTb b Hee 3yöei HecHOKa h 3aK0naTb b oropofle, Ha HBaHa Kynany yTpoM ronHM copBaTb OflHO nepHmKO npopocmero HecHOKa h HocHTb ero Ha ronoBe, nofl manKOö, Torfla HenoBeK cTaHOBHnca HeBHflHMHM [MYE 1912: 33].
H3 npHBefleHHHx npHMepoB BHflHO, hto BpeMa 0Ka3HBaeTca He npocTO HeoöxoflHMHM ycnoBHeM MarHHecKoro pmyana, ho b 0npefleneHH0M cMHcne caMO cTaHOBHTca HHcTpyMeHTOM MarHH, cyTbro kotopoö aBnaeTca "npoxHBaHHe", HanonHeHHe
pHTyanbHHM conepxaHHeM HnH "npocHHTbiBaHHe" BpeMeHHoro OTpe3Ka Mexny nByMa caKpanbHHMH TOHKaMH KaneHnapa — MacneHHneö h nacxoH, nacxoH h Tponneö, onHoö h3 naT a^BeHTa h PoxnecTBoM h np. Ponb BpeMeHH KaK MarHnecKoö chah ocoöeHHo apKo npoaBnaeTca b neöcTBHax, "pacTaHyTbix" Ha Becb OTpe3OK BpeMeHH h Hanenaro^Hx önaronapa 3TOMy hx HcnonHHTeneö cnocoöHocTbro pacno3HaBaTb HenHCTyro cHny HnH 3acTaBnaTb ee pa3oönanaTb caMoe ceöa.
no cnoBanKHM BepoBaHHaM, Hano öbino ot ^ronHH no PoxnecTBa H3r0T0BHTb cTynbHHK H3 nenoro KycKa nepeBa 6e3 enHHoro rBo3na HnH KnHHa, npHneM KaxnbiH neHb moxho öbino ynapHTb TonopoM œmb onHH pa3. Tot, kto TaKoH crynbHHK H3roToBHn (nynme Bcero H3 enH, b KpaHHeM cnynae H3 6yKa), b KocTene Ha poxnecTBeHcKoH cnyxöe craHoBHnca Ha Hero KoneHaMH, h Torna oh BHnen Bcex cTpHr 3a anTapeM HnH xe oöpa^eHHbix k anTapro cthhoh. CTpHrH HMenH npH ce6e 3HaK cBoeH "neaTenbHocTH" — nonoHHHK, MacneHKy, BepeTeHo, xneöHyro nonaTy h T.n. yBHneBmHH cTpHr nonxeH öbin KaK moxho cKopee Bo3Bpa^aTbca ^omoh, HHane cTpHrH MornH noraaTb ero h cypoBo H3ÖHTb; htoöh hx oTorHaTb, Hano öbino cbinaTb MaK, nepe3 kotophh cTpHrH He MornH nepeHTH [Horváthová 1986: 39]. B MopaBHH Toxe nenanH crynbHHK ot .ro^H no PoxnecTBa h BbicMaTpHBanH BenbM, cToa Ha HeM Ha KoneHax bo BpeMa poxnecTBeHcKoH cnyxöbi, nepe3 oTBepcTHe ot cy^Ka b rpoöoBoH nocKe [Bartoš 1892: 143]. nonoöHbiö cnocoö pacno3HaBaHHa BenbM xapaKTepeH nna cnoBanKoro, KapnaToyKpaHHcKoro h roxHononbcKoro apeana. .oKanbHbie pa3nHHHa HaönronaroTca nHmb b caMoM H3roTaBnHBaeMoM MaranecKoM npenMeTe HnH b cpoKax ero H3roToBneHHa h npHMeHeHHa. TaK, yKpaHHnbi Ha KapnaTax peKoMeHnoBanH Hanarb nenaTb cKaMeenxy b poxnecTBeHcKHH conenbHHK h, ynapaa nH^b onHH pa3 TonopoM KaxnbiH neHb, paöoTaTb nenbiñ ron h 3aKoHHHTb ee b cnenyro^HH conenbHHK; 3aTeM B3aTb cKaMee^Ky c coöoH Ha BceHonHyro, B3aTb e^e 3epHo KyKypy3H, BHnaBmee Hepa3MonoTHM H3-non MenbHHHHoro KaMHa h 3aneneHHoe b xneö, h Torna moxho yBHneTb öocopoK [nonKapnaTcKaa Pycb VII 1-2 1930: 23]. D,enbiñ ron cnenoBano nenaTb h öopoHy H3 6y3HHbi, HanHHaa c MpbeBa nHa, exenHeBHo, He nponycKaa hh npa3nHHKoB, hh BocKpeceHHH, no cnenyro^ero MpbeBa nHa. 3aTeM Ha MpbeB neHb no paccBeTa HyxHo HnTH 3toh öopohoh öopoHHTb, Torna k noMy HcnonHHTena pHTyana nonxHa npHHTH Kaxnaa BenbMa, KaKaa ecTb b cene; HepenKo oHa h caMa He 3HaeT, 3aneM npHmna, ho He npHHTH He MoxeT [ETHorpa^iHHHH 3öipHHK 5 1898: 211]. B MaranecKyro cHny 6opohh BepHnH h roxHopyccKHe KpecTbaHe; no hx npencTaBneHHro, BenbM moxho 6bino yBHneTb h b noMe, h bo nBope, ecnH no neTBepraM BenHKoro nocTa nenaTb öopoHy H3 ochhh, a b Crpacrayro cyööoTy cnpaTaTbca c 3axxeHHoH cBeneö 3a 3toh öopohoh h xnaTb noaBneHHa BenbM [BnacoBa 1995: 77]. B nonecbe h boctohhhx paHoHax nonbmH nepe3 oöbiHHyro öopoHy BbicMaTpHBanH BenbMy, npHmenmyro b xneB b KynanbcKyro Honb BHnoHTb KopoBy [nA; Kolberg 51: 43].
B paHoHe nonbcKoro CnHma, KaK h b CnoBaKHH, H3roToBnanH i^enHnKy h cTynbHHK, paöoTaa exenHeBHo ot nHa cb. .ro^H no PoxnecTBa; 3aTeM c 3thmh npenMeTaMH mnH b KocTen h MornH, cTaB KoneHaMH Ha cTynbHHK h rnana nepe3 nenHnKy, yBHneTb BenbM, cToa^Hx cnHHoH k anTapro. nocne 3Toro HyxHo öbino nocnemHTb noMoH, htoöh He nonacTb b pyKH BenbMaM, kotoph öynyT rHaTbca 3a pa3oöna^HBmHM hx nenoBeKoM; caMoH HanexHoö 3a^HToö ot npencnenyro^Hx BenbM aBnaeTca MaK, kotophh nynme Bcero öpocHTb b Bony [Janicka-Krzywda 1983: 222]. y cnoBaKoB, KpoMe cTynbHHKa, MarHnecKHM npenMeToM, pa3oönanaro^HM cTpHr, Mor öbiTb nacTymecKHH öhh, cnneTeHHHH ot .ronHH no PoxnecTBa, nenemKa, HcneneHHaa b neHb cb. .ronHH h
npHHeceHHaa c coöoh Ha poxaecTBeHcKyro cnyxöy b KocTen, h ap. yBHaeTb CTpnry b KocTene Mor TaKxe tot, kto Kaxabiö aeHb ot .ronHH ao PoxaecTBa aenan no oaHoH HacenKe Ha pynKe aBepn; b stom cnynae oh y3HaBan cTpnry no HcnapanaHHOMy Hocy. EcnH Kaxabiö Benep ot .ronHH ao PoxaecTBa cMOTpeTb b 3epKano, to b PoxaecTBeHcKHH conenbHHK moxho yBHaeTb b HeM cTpnry [Horvâthovâ 1986: 40]. B MopaBHH Ha .ronnro HanHHanH cTporaTb noBapemKy h KOHnanH ee H3r0T0BneHHe b ConenbHHK, 3aTeM npocBepnHBanH b HeH abipKy h cKB03b 3Ty abipKy b KocTene BbicMaTpHBanH BeabM, y3HaBaa hx no noaoÖHHKaM Ha ronoBe [Bartoš 1892: 143].
y mxhhx cnaBaH Toxe H3BecTHa MarHa c "nronHÖcKHM" cTynbnHKOM, ho OHa pacnpocTpaHeHa He n0BceMecTH0, a orpaHHneHa HeKOTopHMH paöoHaMH CnoBeHHH (npeHMy^ecTBeHHO Ha roro-BocroKe) h XopBaTHH (CnaBOHHa). CnoBeHnbi npHaaBanH ocoöoe 3HaneHHe aepeBy, H3 KOToporo H3r0TaBnHBanca cTynbnHK: TpeöoBanocb Hcn0nb30BaTb tph, aeBaTb HnH aBeHaanaTb nopoa aepeBa HnH apeBecHHy HcKnronHTenbHO "MyxcKHx" HnH, HaoöopoT, T0nbK0 "xeHcKHx" aepeBbeB ("non" aepeBa onpeaenanca rpaMMaTHnecKHM poaoM ero Ha3BaHHa); Kaxabiö aeHb öpaTb aepeBO hoboh nopoabi h T.n.; npH paöoTe Henb3a öbino roBopHTb, paöoTaTb moxho öbino T0nbK0 ao 3axoaa conHna h T.n.; nnmb cTporoe coönroaeHHe Bcex npeanHcaHHH no3Bonano pa3rnaaeTb Ha poxaecTBeHcKOH cnyxöe BeabM, oöpa^eHHbix nHnoM k aBepaM, c önroanaMH Ha ronoBe, "c ronoH 3aaHHneö" h T.n. [Kuret 1970: 52-55]. B HeKOTopnx paHOHax CnoBeHHH BonmeÖHHÖ cTynbnHK nocne cnyxöbi HeoöxoaHMO öbino yHHnToxHTb — öpocHTb b Boay HnH cxenb, nroöbi H3öexaTb MecTH BeabM [TaM xe]. B CnaBOHHH Toxe cTynbnHK HanHHanH aenaTb Ha cb. .ro^ro h KOHnanH Ha BaaHaK; c sthm cTynbnHKOM mnH Ha cnyxöy, h p0BH0 b nonHonb, cTaB Ha cTynbnHK, nonynanH B03M0XH0cTb yBHaeTb Bcex BemTHn h KonayHOB, T0nbK0 HeoöxoaHMO öbino nopaHbme yHrn H3 nepKBH, nroöbi He cTaTb xepTBOH BemTHn [Bop^eBHh 1953: 16]. BMecTO cTynbnHKa b noaoÖHoH MarHH Mor Hcn0nb30BaTbca Koxyx, KOTopHÖ HananH mHTb b aeHb cb. .ronHH, a 3aBepmHnH b ConenbHHK; HaaeB ero b poxaecTBeHcKyro Honb, nenoBeK npHOÖpeTan cnocoÖHocTb yBHaeTb bo BpeMa cnyxöb Bcex BeabM h KonayHHH [TaM xe].
OHpe pacnpocTpaHeHO npeacTaBneHHe o tom, nTO BeabMy moxho npHBnenb, 3acTaBHTb ee npHHTH, ecnH b BenHKHH npa3aHHK, Ha PoxaecTBO HnH Ha nacxy, pa3xenb noneHba, ^enKH, npyTba h T.n., OTKnaabiBaBmHeca no oaHoH mryKe Ha npoTaxeHHH onpeaeneHHoro nepHoaa BpeMeHH. no BepoBaHHaM cnoBaKOB, Ha PoxaecTBO cTpHrH npHxoaHnH b a0M, rae ropenH noneHba, OTKnaabiBaBmHeca Kaxabiö aeHb ao conHna ot .HronHH ao PoxaecTBa. B ToperpoHe, no cBHaeTenbcTBy, 0TH0ca^eMyca k npomnoMy BeKy, napannenbHO c H3r0T0BneHHeM cTynbnHKa OTKnaaHBanH noneHba ot .ronHH ao PoxaecTBa; yTpoM Ha PoxaecTBO Haao öbino OTnpaBHTb Bcex H3 aoMa h, ocTaBmHcb 0aH0My, pa3aeTbca aorona, B3aTb Kocy, KOTopoH pexyT cenKy, pa3BecTH oroHb noa nenHOH TpyöoH, cecTb Ha cboh cTynbnHK h noaKnaabiBaTb b oroHb no 0aH0My noneHy; BOKpyr Tpyöbi öyayT npbiraTb KomKH, h KaxaoH Haao 0Tpe3aTb ronoBy, HHane OHH Teöa pa30pByT, h b KaxaoH KomKe moxho öyaeT y3HaTb cTpHry [Horvâthovâ 1986: 40]. B ror0-B0cT0nH0H nonbme b aeHb cb. .ronHH aeBymKH mnH c TonopoM b nec, cpyöanH (HenpeMeHHO oaHHM yaapoM Tonopa) Monoayro ocHHKy, pa3pyöanH ee Ha MenKHe nypKH h exeaHeBHO BHocHnH no oaHoH b a0M h noaKnaabiBanH b oroHb, npHneM nypoK aonxHO öbino xBaTHTb ao PoxaecTBa. B conenbHHK ohh noaxHranH ocTaBmHeca nypKH h Ha stom orHe KHnaTHnH 3aBepHyTHe b n0n0TH0 HronKH, mnHnbKH h T.n., KynneHHbie 3a rpomH; bo BpeMa KHnaneHHa aepxanH npepb npHOTKpbiTOH, Bepa, nTO aonxHa npHHTH BeabMa h TeM caMHM pa30önanHTb ceöa [Karczmarzewski 1972: 13].
B BonbiHCKOÖ ryö. cnrnanH Heo6xonHMbiM no BceM naTHHuaM BenHKoro nocTa BHÖnpaTb H3 Mycopa no onHoö meno^Ke h Ha nacxy nepen paccBeToM Bce BoceMb menoneK 3axenb; Torna HenpeMeHHo npHneT BenbMa npocHTb orHa [3eneHHH 1914: 276]. B KynaHcKoM ye3ne, Ha XapbKoB^HHe neöcraoBano cnenyromee npennHcaHHe: "B TeneHHe BenHKoro nocTa 6pocaö Kaxnoe BocKpeceHbe, HanHHaa c CbiponycTa, no onHoö nano^Ke Ha nenb 3a komhh, a Ha CBexnbiö npa3nHHK, npHmenmH H3 uepKBH, coöepH Bce ceMb nanoneK, öpomeHHbix Ha neHb, h 3axrH hx Ha npnne^Ke, — BenbMa aBHTca npocHTb orHa" [HBaHoB 1991: 439]. B nonecbe, Ha ^HToMHpmHHe 6bin o6braö b Kaxnoe BocKpeceHbe BenHKoro nocTa BbiHHMaTb H3 ne^KH no onHoMy noneHy H3 Tex, hto TaM cymaTca, h oTKnanHBaTb hx no nacxH, a noToM, bo BpeMa nacxanbHoö BceHomHoö hx nonxHraTb, Torna BenbMa npHÖeraeT HTo-HHÖynb ononxHTb HnH non KaKHM-HHÖynb npyrHM npennoroM [nA, BHmeBHHH Xhtomhpckoö o6n.].
Benopycn nonoÖHbie peKoMeHnauHH oTHocHnH k noHenenbHHKaM, coBeTya Kaxnbiö noHenenbHHK BenHKoro nocTa, npHHoca npoBa b noM, nacTb ot Kaxnoö oxanKH oTKnanHBaTb Ha ropHme, a b nepBbiö neHb nacxH, no paccBeTa B3aTb Bce 3th cKonHBmHeca npoBa h nonxenb hx b xne6Hoö ne^H, Torna Bce BenbMbi co Bcero cena cöeryTca h cTaHyT xanoÖHo npocHTb naTb hm orHa. Ho naBaTb orHa HHKaK Henb3a, a Hano cpa3HTbca c Kaxnoö BenbMoö no oTnenbHocTH h nocrapaTbca noKane^HTb ee TaK, hto6h y Hee noTeKna KpoBb, Torna th Ha Bcro xH3Hb öynemb H36aBneH ot KonnoBcKHx nap [Federowski 1897: 267, N 1354]. TaK xe coBeToBanH nocTynaTb Ha HepHHroB^HHe: "b npononxeHHe Bcero BenHKoro nocTa Kaxnbiö noHenenbHHK oTKnanHBaTb no onHoMy noneHy H3 oxanKH npoB, HnymHx b neHb; 3thmh ceMbro noneHaMH BbrronHTb nepen nacxanbHoö yTpeHeö ne^Ky; BenbMa b TaKoM cnynae HenpeMeHHo npHneT npocHTb xapy, ho naBaTb eö hh b KaKoM cnynae Henb3a -6yneT öena" [rpHHneHKo 1895: 58]. H3BecTHbi TaKHe npHeMbi h pyccKHM. BnanHMHpcKHe KpecTbaHe BbiacHanH, aBnaeTca nH nenoBeK KonnyHoM, TaKHM o6pa3oM: b npononxeHHe crpacraoö HenenH TonHnH H36y, HanHHaa c onHoro noneHa h npHÖaBnaa Kaxnbiö nocnenyromHH neHb no noneHy; b KoHue HenenH, b CBaToö neHb, nonxeH 6bin aBHTbca b 3Ty H36y KonnyH h yMepeTb [BBK3: 13]. B CypryTcKoM Kpae Becb nocT ocTaBnanH no onHoMy noneHy ot yTpeHHeö TonKH, a bo BpeMa nacxanbHoö 3ayTpeHH pacTannHBanH 3thmh noneHbaMH neHb; BenbMH cneTanHcb npocHTb orHa; ecnH xe BbmyTb Mexny hhmh h nBepbro nonoBHuy, BenbMH aKoÖH He cMoryT HaÖTH Bbixona H3 h36h [BnacoBa 1995: 77].
Mothb "3aMHKaHHa" BenbMH b npocTpaHcTBe noMa HnH uepKBH, nperpaxneHHa eö nyTH Ha3an, Bbixona H3 noMemeHHa npHcyTcTByeT bo MHorHx TpanHUHax. B ,D,anMauHH npoBepanH, He aBnaeTca nH xeH^HHa BemTHueö, nepeBopanrnaa nocne ee Bxona b noM MeTny y nBepeö BBepx HoraMH HnH nepeBopa^HBaa onaxHyro uenb; npH 3tom c^HTanH, hto ecnH 3to BemTHua, to oHa He cMoxeT bhhth h3 noMa [3eneBHh 1981: 143]. TaM xe npaKTHKoBanHcb pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie MaranecKHe neöcTBHa, "3anHparomHe" BenbM b uepKBH bo BpeMa cnyxÖH. HanpHMep, b nonHue bo BpeMa poxnecTBeHcKoö cnyxÖH HyxHo 6bino B3aTb onHy MoHeTKy (connHH), paccenb ee Ha nerape nacra h pa3noxHTb 3th neTBepTHHKH no yrnaM uepKBH, Torna no okoh^hhh cnyxÖH Bce HanHyT pacxonHTbca, a BenbMH He yönyT h 6ynyT uennaTbca 3a cBameHHHKa. Toro xe 3^^eKTa moxho nocTHHb, ecnH b ConenbHHK nepeöpocHTb nepe3 xpaM noneHo cmokobhhuh (HHxHpa), 6narocnoBneHHoe b Benyro cy66oTy. Ha ocTpoBe KpK bo BpeMa poxnecTBeHcKoö cnyxÖH onoacHBanH xpaM npaxeö TaK, hto6h hhkto He 3aMeTHn, Torna BemTHUH h KonnyHbH He cMoryT bhhth h3 xpaMa. B oKpecTHocTax Bapa c toh xe uenbro BTHKanH Hrny b nopor npH Bxone b uepKoBb [Bop^eBHh 1953: 15]. B HepHoropHH c^HTanH, hto nerne Bcero pacno3HaTb BemTHu Ha
nacxy, ana nero HyxHo bo BpeMa nacxaibHoH cnyxöbi Ha Kpbime uepKBH nepeBepHyTb o^Hy nepennuy, h Toraa BemTHUH He cMoryT c^BHHyTbca c MecTa ao Tex nop, noKa nepennuy He nepeBepHyTb Haaaa [Bop^eBHh 1953: 16].
pacnoaHaBaHHa Be^bMbi npHMeHanocb TaKxe "nperpaxaeHHe nyTH". B nonecbe b Honb Ha HBaHa Kynaiy paaöpacbBaiH KoHonnro no aopore, rae ckot H^eT Ha nacrôn^e, hih xe npoTarHBaiH nonepeK aoporn HHTKy, Bepa, hto KopoBa Be^bMbi, oTHHMaro^eH moioko, He cMoxeT nepeHTH nepea KoHonnro hih nepea HHTKy, oHa öyaeT peBeTb h noBopaHHBaTb Haaaa. BonrapcKHe xeH^HHbi na Co^hhckoto oKpyra, BcTpeTHB BecHoH Ha iyry y bo^h nepenaxy, chhmrih c ceöa noaca, paccTHiain hx Ha TpaBe, nperpax^aa nepenaxe nyTb, h onpeaeiaiH, kto na hhx Be^bMa, no ToMy, nepeHaeT jih nepenaxa nepea noac, Bepa, hto npea noac Be^bMbi nepenaxa nepeHTH He MoxeT [C6HY III: 138].
OflHHM na caMHx nonyiapHHx cnocoöoB pacnoaHaBaHHa Be^bMbi öhih aeHcTBHa, aKoÖH npHHHHaBmne Be^bMe HecTepnHMyro öoib h noToMy aacTaBiaBmne ee npnxo^HTb k HcnoiHHTeiaM sthx aeHcTBHH, npocHTb hx npeKpaTHTb h oöe^aTb He aaHHMaTbca öoibme aioKoaHeHHHMH aenaMH. Ha^e Bcero TaKHe aeHcTBHa öhih cBaaaHH c orHeM, ÖHTbeM, KpyneHHeM h T.n. B nonecbe Ha KynaibcKoM KocTpe KHnaTHiH aeBaTb nroioK c oTioMaHHHMH ymKaMH, h Toraa Be^bMa caMa npHxoaHia k KocTpy npocHTb no^a^bi. noiaKH BeiroHcKoro noBeTa KHnaTHiH b noiHonb moioko b nioTHo aaKpHToM ropmKe, h Koraa oho aaKHnano TaK, hto ropmoK roToB 6bin paaopBaTbca, Be^bMy crpamHo "neKio", h oHa npnxoflHia noa npeaioroM npocbÖH o neM-HHÔyflb [Drozdowska 1964: 128]. CxoflHbie BepoBaHHa naBecTHbi Ha ykpaHHe. B KynaHcKoM yeaae XapbKoBcKoH ryö. ana paaoöianeHHa BeabMH peKoMeH^oBaiH HaiHTb Ha cKoBopoay MoioKa toh kopobh, KoTopyro BH^aHBaeT hih ncnopTHia Be^bMa, nocTaBHTb cKoBopoay Ha oroHb, Toraa BeabMa HeMeaieHHo npnaeT noa KaKHM-HHÖyab npeanoroM, noToMy hto no Mepe HarpeBaHHa MoioKa öyaeT ycniHBaTbca b HeH BHyTpeHHHH xap, h oHa craHeT yMonaTb cHaTb cKoBopoay c orHa [HBaHoB 1991: 439]. Htoöh aocTaBHTb Be^bMe ^nannecKHe MyKH, cioBaKH B^iiHBaiH moioko Ha HaBoaHyro Kyny h öhih no HeH npyTbaMH mnnoBHHKa hih xe jihih moioko Ha pacKaieHHoe xeneao, h Toraa cTpnra npnxoflHia h yMonana npeKpaTHTb ee cTpaaaHHa [Horváthová 1986: 39]. B roro-BocroHHoH noibme öpocaiH b oroHb "cneflbi" BeabMH hih HaHaeHHyro b none KoHcKyro no^KoBy, oTnero Be^bMy HanHHano xenb aacKHM orHeM, h oHa npnöerana npocHTb BHHyTb hx na orHa [Kolberg 48: 274], a aana^Hbie öenopycH öpocann pacKaneHHyro aoKpacHa no^KoBy b noaoHHHK c moiokom "ncnopneHHoH" kopobh, Toraa Be^bMa HeMeaneHHo npnxoflHia, noToMy hto cepaue ee TaK "mnnHT", KaK no^KoBa b MonoKe [Federowski 1897: 267, N 1352]. PyccKHe KpecTbaHe nepecnaBib-3aneccKoro yeaaa, xenaa naöaBHTbca ot "nepexHHoB" b nonax, Haxann KaxflHH Ha cBoeH nonoce no Tpn ropcTH KonocbeB, nponycTHin hx nepea KonecHyro cTynnuy, cHeciH b "TpexaeMeibHyro" aMy (rae cxo^HTca aeMia Tpex oô^hh) h coxrin, nocne nero KonayHba öonena ueiHH roa [Cmhphob 1927: 54]. TaKyro xe ueib npecne^oBano cxnraHHe Ha PoxaecTBo hih Ha nacxy noneHbeB, nypoK h ^enoK, o kotopom roBopnnocb BHme.
nonaKH BapMHH ana oTBaxHBaHHa Be^bMH cnHTann HyxHHM paaaeTbca aorona, aaBepHyTbca b npocTHHro, aanepeTb ^Bepn h oKHa h ÖHTb MeTioH no nopory aoMa, Bepa, hto 3to aocTaBiaeT HecTepnHMyro öoib Be^bMe h aacTaBiaeT ee npHHTH, htoôh aoTpoHyTbca ao yrna aoMa [Szyfer 1975: 161].
ohpoko HaBecTHo TaKxe KaneneHHe xhbothhx, b kotophx aKoÖH oöpa^aeTca BeflbMa. B nonecbe b KynaibcKyro Honb KapaynniH b xneBy Be^bMy, KoTopaa Moria Bbi^oHTb
KopoBy; 3aMeTHB iarymKy hih KomKy, oTpyöaiH eH jiany, a HayTpo y3HaBaiH, hto o^Ha H3 coce^OK "Kyibrae" (xpoMaeT) — oHa h ecTb BeabMa. 3tot cnocoö pa3oöiaHeHHa Be^bMbi npHMeHaeTca h kxhhmh ciaBaHaMH. XopBaTH Hctphh b ciyHae, eciH HoHbro cTpHra Hana^eT Ha cnamero HeioBeKa h HaHHeT "aaBHTb" ero, coBeToBaiH KaK moxho cKopee BcKoHHTb h öpocHTb Ha noi hox, HeM oh paHHT cTpHry b Hory; Ha cieayromHH aeHb moxho yBH^eTb, KaK o^Ha h3 xeHmHH xpoMaeT [Istarska skrinjica 1977: 253]. HepHoropnbi nieMeHH KyHH, noao3peBaa b leTyneö MbimH BemTHuy, cTapaiHcb noÖMaTb ee h cierKa no^naiHTb en Kpbiiba Ha cBeHe hih Haa orHeM, a 3aTeM oTnycTHTb co cioBaMH: "npHxo^H 3aBTpa, a aaM Teöe coih!" Ecih 6h Ha apyroö aeHb b aom npHmia coce^Ka 3a coibro, aa eme co cieaaMH oxora, ee HenpeMeHHo npH3HaiH 6h BemTHneä [Bop^eBHh 1953: 10]. B Bochhh h TepneroBHHe, b ,D,aiManHH h apyrHx cepöcKHx h xopBaTcKHx oöiacTax BepHiH, hto eciH noKaieHHTb hih yÖHTb xHBoTHoe (KypHny, "HepHyro nTHny", iarymKy h T.n.), b KoTopoe oöepHyiacb BemTHna, to h xeHmHHa öyaeT paHeHa hih yÖHTa [Bop^eBHh 1953: 10-11].
K apeBHeömHM cnocoöaM pacno3HaBaHHa BeabM oTHocHTca H3Becraoe BceM ciaBaHcKHM Tpa^HnHaM (ot KamyöoB ao cepöoB) "HcnbrraHHe boaoh", o HeM HMeeTca HeMaio nHcbMeHHbx cBH^eTeibcTB h MHoxecTBo 3THorpa^HHecKHx 3anHceH npomioro h HbHemHero BeKa. Yxe b XIII b. b "noyneHHH npenoaoÖHoro CepanHoHa" ocyxaaica stot a3^inecKHH cnocoö aoKa3aTeibcTBa bhhh noao3peBaeMbix b KoiaoBcTBe: "Bh xe Boay nociyxoMb nocTaBHcTe h riaroieTe: ame yTonaTH HaHHeTb, HenoBHHHa ecTb; ame ih nonioBeTb — BoixoBb ecTb" [n^^P 1981: 450]. TeM He MeHee eme b caMoM KoHne XXIX b. oh npHMeHaica, HanpHMep, Ha YKpaHHe: bo BpeMa 3acyxH, KoTopyro npHnHcbBaiH 3ioKo3HeHHbM fleöcTBHaM BeabMb, Bcex xeHmHH 3arHaiH b peKy, htoöh onpeaeiHTb, kto h3 hhx BeabMa [^MHTpyK 1927]. Y BiaaHMHpcKHx KpecTbaH npHMeHaiocb TaKxe "HcnbTaHHe orHeM": htoöh y3HaTb Be^bMy, Bcex xeHmHH "nponycKaiH" Hepe3 "xhboh" oroHb; oTKa3aBmaaca npoHTH Hepe3 stot oroHb cHHTaiacb Be^bMon [BBK3: 131].
npHBeaeHHbe MaTepHaib, aaieKo He HcHepnbBaromHe Bcero MHorooöpa3Ha MarHHecKHx npHeMoB, npHMeHaBmHxca y ciaBaH ma ono3HaHHa h pa3oöiaHeHHa Be^bM, B^iHBiaroT HeKoTopbie ycTOHHHBbie mothbh b ciaBaHcKHx aeMoHoiorHHecKHx BepoBaHHax, npoiHBaroT cBeT Ha yHHBepcaibHbie MexaHH3MH Hapo^Hon MarHH, b tom HHcie MarHHecKHe onepanHH co BpeMeHeM (cp. [ToicTaa 1997]), xapaKTepHHe cnocoöbi caKpaiH3anHH npe^MeTOB h T.n. , a TaKxe no3BoiaroT caeiaTb HeKoTopbie HaöiroaeHHa Haa reorpa^Heö oTieibHbix BepoBaHHH h pHTyaibHbix ^opM, KoTopbie, o^HaKo, HyxaaroTca b aonoiHHTeibHoM H3yHeHHH h oötacHeHHH.
^HTepaTypa
BBK3 - Bht BeiHKopyccKHx KpecTbaH-3eMienamneB. OnHcaHHe MaTepHaioB 3THorpa^HHecKoro öropo khh3h B.H.TeHHmeBa (Ha npHMepe BiaiHMHpcKoö ryöepHHH). ABTopbi-cocTaBHTeiH: B.M.Ohpcob, H.r.KnceieBa. CnB., 1993.
BHHorpaaoBa, ToicTaa 1995 - Ä.H.Bunozpadoea, C.M.ToAcman. Be^bMa // CiaBaHcKHe apeBHocTH. 9THoiHHrBHcTHHecKHH cioBapb / noa pea. H.H.ToicToro. M., 1995. T.1. C. 297-301.
BiacoBa 1995 - M.Bnacoea. HoBaa aöeBera pyccKHx cyeBepHH. MiirocTpHpoBaHHHH cioBapb. Cnö., 1995.
TpHHHeHKO 1895 - E.flTpuHHeHKO. 9THorpa^HHecKHe MaTepna^bi, co6paHHHe b HepHHroBCKoft n coce^HHx c Hen ry6epHnax. HepHnroB, 1895. Bbin. 1.
flMHTpyK 1927 - H.ffMumpyK. Iarofl Ha YKpaiHi, p. 1921 // ETHorpa^inHnn bIchhk. Kh. 4. KHIB, 1927.
Top^eBnh 1953 - T.P.fiopfieeuh. BemTnna n Brna y HameM Hapo^HoM BepoBaay n npeflaay. Eeorpaa, 1953 [CE36. K&.67].
ETHorpa^iHHHH 36ipHHK. .bBiB.
3e^eHHH 1914 - ff.K.3eneHUH. OnHcaHHe pyKonncen YneHoro apxHBa HMnepaTopcKoro PyccKoro reorpa^nnecKoro o6^ecraa. nr., 1914. Bbin. 1.
3e^eHHH 1916 - ff.K.3eneHUH. OnHcaHHe pyKonncen YneHoro apxHBa HMnepaTopcKoro PyccKoro reorpa^nnecKoro o6^ecraa. nr., 1916. Bbin. 3.
3eneBHh 1981 - C.3eneeuh. MmxKa 6nha cpncKHx npe^a^a. Eeorpa^, 1981.
HBaHoB 1991 - n.B.Heame. Hapo^Hbie paccKa3H o BeflbMax h ynbipax // YKpaiHni: Hapo^Hi BipyBaHHa, noBip'a, ^eMoHo^oria. Khib, 1991. C.430-497.
MapHHoB 1914 - ff.MapuHoe. Hapo^Ha Bapa h pe^Hrno3HH Hapo^HH oGnnan. Co^na, 1914 [C6HY Kh.28].
MYE 1912 - MaTepia^H ^o yKpaiHcbKoi eTHo^borii. T.5. .bBiB, 1912.
HoBHHKoBa 1995 - TA.HoeunKoea. PyccKnn fleMoHo^orHnecKHH raoBapb. Cn6., 1995.
nA - no^eccKHn apxHB HHcTHTyTa c^aBaHoBe^eHna h 6MKaHncTHKn PAH. MocKBa.
n.flP 1981 - naMaTHHKn ^HTepaTypbi flpeBHen Pycn. XIII BeK. M., 1981.
no^KapnaTCKaa Pycb. Yxropofl.
noTaHHH 1899 - r.nomaHuH. 3THorpa^nnecKne 3aMeTKH no nyTH ot r. HnKo^bcKa ^o r. ToTbMH // ^HBaa cTapnHa. 1899. Bbin. 2. C. 167-235.
C6HY - CSopHHK 3a Hapo^HH yMoTBopeHna, HayKa n KHHXHHHa.Co^na.
C^a^eB 1992 - B.B.Cnaw,ee. Cep6cKoxopBaTCKaa MH^o^ornnecKaa ^eKcnKa b conocTaB^eHHH c yKpanHcKon. flnn^oMHaa pa6oTa. MTY. HaynHbin pyKoBoflHTe^b H.h.to^ctoh. M., 1992.
Cmhphob 1927 - M.H.CMUPHOB. Ky.nbT n KpecTbaHcKoe xo3ancTBo b nepec^aB^b-3a^eccKoM ye3^e // Tpyflbi nepec^aB^b-3a^eccKoro HcTopnKo-aTHorpa^nnecKoro n KpaeBe^necKoro My3ea. nepec^aBflb-3ajeccKnn, 1927. Bbin. 1.
To^craa 1997 - C.M.Toncman. BpeMa KaK HHcTpyMeHT Marnn: KoMnpeccna n pacTarnBaHne BpeMeHH b raaBaHcKon Hapo^Hon Tpaflnnnn // .ornnecKnn aHMH3 a3HKa. .33hk h BpeMa. M., 1997 (b nenara).
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Bartoš 1892 - F.Bartoš. Moravsky lid. Telč, 1892.
Biegeleisen 1929 - H.Biegeleisen. U kolebki. Przed oltarzem. Nad mogil^. Lwow, 1929.
Drozdowska 1964 - W.Drozdowska. Istoty demoniczne w Zal^czu Wielkim, pow. Wielun / / todzkie studia etnograficzne. todž, 1964. Z. 6.
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Istarska škrinjica. Zagreb, 1977.
Janicka-Krzywda 1983 - UJanicka-Krzywda. Tradycje uprawiania magii na Polskim Spiszu na przelomie XIX i XX wieku // Wierchy. Rocz. 50 (1981). Warszawa, Krakow, 1983.
Karczmarzewski 1972 - A.Karczmarzewski. Obrz§dy i zwyczaje doroczne wsi rzeszowskiej. Rzeszow, 1972.
Kolberg 39 - O.Kolberg. Dziela wszystkie. T. 39. Pomorze. Wroclaw, Poznan, 1965. Kolberg 42 - O.Kolberg. Dziela wszystkie. T. 42. Mazowsze. Cz. 7. Wroclaw, Poznan, 1970. Kolberg 48 - O.Kolberg. Dziela wszystkie. T. 48. Tarnowskie-Rzeszowskie. Wroclaw, Poznan, 1967.
Kolberg 51 - O.Kolberg. Dziela wszystkie. T. 51. Sanockie-Krosnienskie. Cz. 3. Wroclaw, Poznan, 1973.
Kolberg 57 - O.Kolberg. Dziela wszystkie. T. 57. Rus Czerwona. Cz. 2. Z. 1. Wroclaw, Poznan, 1965.
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Etnolingwistyka. Lublin, 1989. T. 2. Pospiech 1987 - J.Pospiech. Zwyczaje i obrz^dy doroczne na Sl^sku. Opole, 1987. Sychta I - B. Sychta. Slownik gwar kaszubskich na tle kultury ludowej. Wroclaw etc., 1967. T. 1.
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Magische Arten, um eine Hexe zu erkennen
Svetlana M. Tolstaja
Nach den volkstümlichen dämonologischen Vorstellungen kann man eine Hexe in bestimmten sakralen Zeitpunkten (insbesondere während der bedeutendsten Feste: Weihnachten, Ostern, Tag von Ivan Kupala, Tag des heiligen Jurij, Tag der heiligen Dreieinigkeit), an sakralen Stellen (Tempel, Kreuzung), mit Hilfe spezieller Gegenstände, die dem Menschen die Allwissenheit gaben (ein holzerner Löffel, mit dem man das Weihnachtsabendessen rührte, ein gefundenes Hufeisen u.a.), erkennen.