HACQUETIA 1/2 • 2002, 141-156 WILLOW GRAVEL BANK THICKETS (SALICION ELEAGNI-DAPHNOIDES (MOOR 1958) GRASS 1993) IN FRIULIVENEZIA GIULIA (NE ITALY) Giuseppe ORIOLO* & Livio POLDINI* Izvleček Analizirali smo grmišča vrb, strojevca in rakitovca na rečnih prodiščih v Furlaniji Julijski krajini. Rečni sistem je v regiji dobro ohranjen in s svojo hidrodinamiko vpliva na velike površine, zato so združbe zveze Salicion eleagni-daphnoides (Moor 1958) Grass 1993 dobro zastopane in razširjene. Ugotovili smo tri asociacije Saliciincanae-HippophaelumBr.-Bl. in Volk 1939, SalicirMyricarielumMoor 1958 and Salicetum incano-purpurea« Sillinger 1933. Zadnja je zelo heterogena, zato smo jo členili v subasociacije, višinske forme in faze. Abstract Willows, tamarisk and sea buckthorn thickets along gravel banks of rivers in Friuli Venezia Giulia are analysed. The river system of this region is still well conserved and hydrodynamics governs large surfaces; for this reason, coenoses of the alliance Salicion eleagni-daphnoides (Moor 1958) Grass 1993 are well represented and spread. Three associations have been detected: Salici incanae-Hippophaetum Br.-Bl, in Volk 1939, Salici-Myricarietum Moor 1958 and Salicetum incano-j>urj>ureae Sillinger 1933. The latter shows high internal variability which has been arranged in sub-associations, altitudinal forms, and phases. Keywords: Willow thickets, river systems, Friuli Venezia Giulia (NE Italy) Ključne besede: vrbišča, porečja, Furlanija Julijska krajina (SV Italija) 1. INTRODUCTION Woods and thickets along river gravel and sand banks strictly depend on hydrodynamics and, due to human regimentation of waters, are nowadays in regression. These very instable but cyclic systems are characterized by herbaceaous and woody pioneer vegetation, which is in risk of vanishing. For this reason in some Austrian regions, the entire alliance Salicion incanae is included in the red list of habitats (Wittmann & Strobl 1990; Grabherr & Polatschek 1986). In Friuli Venezia Giulia the herbaceous vegetation of gravel and sand banks has already been analysed by Poldini & Martini (1990, 1993). These authors detected three different associations (hat colonise these habitats: fitocoenon with Petasites paradoxus, in the upper part of" river courses (stretched), Leontodo berinii-ChondrilletumT. Wraber 1965 (montane) and Epilobio-Scrophularietum caninae W. Koch et Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. 1949 (lower part of river courses). A revision of thickets and woods of the Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 class is still missing but there are partial analyses such as a study for Tagliamento (Lippert et al. 1995) and one for Natisone-Nadiza (Silc & Cusin 2000). In this paper, published and unpublished relevés from Friuli Venezia Giulia have been considered and analyzed in order to better understand this type of vegetation (alliance Salicion eleagni-daphnoidis (Moor 1958) Grass 1993). While Myricariaand Hippophaestands can easily be referred to known coenoses for the Alps, Salix incana thickets show very high variability which can be arranged at different ranks. * Dept. of Biology, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 10,1 - 34127 - Trieste Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 We do not deepen the problem of the interpretation of the class Salicetea purpureae. Some authors do not accept it; they consider it as an order inside the class Querco-FageteaBr.-Bl. et Vlieg. in Vlieg. 1938, or propose the new class Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae (Rivas-Martinez & Canto ex Rivas-Martinez et al.) Rivas-Martinez et al. 2001 which includes both Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958 and Populetalia albae Br.-Bl. 1931 (Rivas-Martinez et al. 2001) Based on iloristic and syndinamic considerations, we maintain the class Salicetea purpureae as an independent syntaxon. 2. THE RIVERS SYSTEM OF FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA Friuli Venezia Giulia can be ecologically divided in a mountain area (Alpine and Pre-alpine) and in an alluvial plain which ends in the sedimentary coast. Major alpine rivers (Degano, Tagliamento, Fella, Isonzo-Soèa) form relatively integer systems where catenal and serial relationships are still well defined. Hydrodynamics is the major factor in conditioning the movements of alluvial materials and their stabilization and therefore the formation, persistence and degradation of herbaceous and shrubby coenoses along the river course. Several studies (Lippert et al. 1995, Ward et al. 1999; Kollmann et al. 1999; Gurnell et al. 2000) testify to this near-natural situation and to its great ecological value. Besides these alpine rivers, some torrents (Meduna and Cellina) flow from the Carnic Pre-Alps and form large alluvial deposits (gravels). These false-plain areas still conserve very interesting pioneer herbaceous coenoses ("magredi") with high biogeographical value (Chiapella Feoli & Poldini 1993). The granulometric differentiation between high (gravels) and low plain (sand and clay) has contributed to the formation of two different ecological systems. Between them there is a spring belt where the watershed emerges and gives place to a system of spring rivers with short courses: along these rivers there are no formations of Salicion eleagni-daphnoidis, but only Salicion cinereae^AuW. et Gôrs 1958 bushes and Salicion albaeSo6 em. Moor 1958 woods. 2.1 Data and methods Published (Lippert et al. 1995, Silc & Cusin 2000) and unpublished relevés has been collected according to Braun-Blanquet (1964) method and analysed. Cover values are not subdivided by layers, because this kind of coenoses is always bi-stratified. Only one notable differentiation can be detected between montane and hill-plain form; in the first one shrubs are smaller, due to the primitive conditions and frequent disturbance, while in the hill-plain forms willows are usually taller (small trees). This difference is not significant to the statistical elaboration of relevés. Five relevés for each of the typologies have been drawn from Lippert's and Silc s papers. All relevés have been implemented in a vegetation database (Gallizia Vuerich et al. 1998) and the extracted tables have been numerically processed using SYNTAX package (Podani 1993). Using cluster analyses, dendrograms based on average and complete links have been built. Analytic and synthetic tables have been compiled. Floristic nomenclature follows Poldini (1991). Willow brushes show high internal variability due to the concurrent influence of different factors. We tried to schematise it using three different categories: sub-associations, altitudinal forms (Matuszkiewicz & Matuszkiewicz 1981) and phases. A transversal sub-division can be detected; it determines the formation of sub-associations, the discriminative factor, in the case of willow brushes, being the degree of soil humidity. The subdivision into altitudinal forms follows the direction source -mouth of the river course. A temporal division (phase) relates to in situ modifications that depend on exogenous factors which, in these habitats, are represented by the hydrodynamic cycles (flooding and re-deposits of alluvial materials) (Kollmann et al. 1999, Gurnell et al, 2000). These phases differ from the temporal stages of vegetation series which are instead conditioned by autogenous factors and by the co-evolution of soil and vegetation. 3. RESULTS Class Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 Characteristic species: Salix purpurea, Populus nigra, Salix alba, Salix triandra River banks brushes and woods Order Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958 Characteristic species: see class Alliance Salicion eleagni-daphnoidis (Moor 1958) Grass 1993 142 G. Orioi.o, i.. Poi.dini: VVii.i.ow gravel bank thickets (Sauciox hj:c:\'h>m>iixou>ks (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friui.i Venezia .. Characteristic species: Salix eleagnos, Salix daphnoides, Hippophae rhamnoides subsp, fluviatilis, Myricaria germanica Differential species : Petasites paradoxus Salix eleagnos brushes 3.1 Salici incanae-Hippophaetum Br.-Bl. in Volk 1939 (Tab. 1) Willow and sea buckthorn brushes Dominant species: Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. jluvatilis. Differential species : Euphorbia cyparissias, Melilotus alba, Achillea millefolium, Pinus sylvestris. Constant companions: Achnatherum calamagrostis, Populus nigra, Petasites paradoxus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Sanguisorba minor. Floristic composition: the association is dominated by Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Jluviatilis, which is always present with high cover values. Among woody species, Populus nigra and Salix daphnoides are the most frequent, but also Ostrya carpinifolia, Pinus sylvestris and Alnus incanaare common and indicate a relatively stabilized and dry situation. Among grasses and herbs, grassland and meadow species (Sanguisorba minor, Euphorbia cyparissias, Galium album, Dactylis glomerata, Sesleria albicans, Carlina vulgaris, etc.) indicate a certain level of stabilization of gravels, while Thlaspietea species (Petasites paradoxus, Gypsophila repens, Achnatherum calamagrostis and Hieracium piloselloides) suggest a connection with the herbaceous gravel pioneer coenoses. Svntaxonomy: Popululs nigra and Salix purpurea represent the connection with the class, while Salix eleagnos, Salix daphnoides and Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Jluviatilis that with the alliance. Also the differential species Petasites paradoxus is very frequent. For some authors (Pott 1995, Seibert & Conrad 1992) this association is synonymous with Hippophaeo-Berberidetum Moor 1958 (Beberidion Br.-Bl. 1950, Prunetalia R. Tx. 1952, Rhamno-Prunetea Rivas Goday et Borja Carbonell 1961). We prefer to follow Grass (1993) and maintain its independence on the basis of the floristic composition which justifies its framing in the Salicetea purpurea class, despite its connection with Ostryo-Carpinion Horvat (1954) 1950 and Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959. Synecologv: Salici-Hyppophaetum is a relatively stable association which grows on partially stabilized gravel banks. In the region this coenosis is in serial connection with Alnetum incanaein the endalpic area and with Alno incanae-Pinetum sylvestris Poldini 1984 in the mesalpic area. Where it grows in proximity of mountain slopes with hop-hornbeam woodlands or black pine forest, the participation of species related to these woods increases. Besides Salici-Hippophaetum and Hippophae-Berberidetum, sea buckthorn can also be found on steep slopes of the montane belt, where it does not form an independent association. Synchorologv: the association is present along all the Alps. In Friuli Venezia Giulia it can be found mainly along the river Tagliamento and some of its tributaries. 3.2 Salici-Myricarietum Moor 1958 (Tab. 2) Willow-tamarisk brushes Dominant species: Myricaria germanica Differential species: Tussilagofarfara, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites Floristic composition: besides the dominant species Myricaria germanica, which determines the physiognomy and the structure, Salix eleagnos and S. daphnoides are the most frequent bushes while S. purpurea is only sporadic. Among grasses, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites is constant and can be considered as a differential species. It is the first species which colonizes river islands made of fine materials (Fitocoenon with Calamagrostis pseudophragmites). Also Tussilago farfara prefers fine substrata and differentiates this coenosis from the other of the Salicion incanae alliance. Svn taxonomy: Salix eleagnos, S. daphnoides, Myricaria germanica and the differential Petasites paradoxus ensure the connection with the alliance, while Salix purpurea and Populus nigra provide that with the class. Subtypes: this coenosis can be subdivided into two subtypes; the first one can be considered as the typical form, with very high cover values of Myricaria and few other species; the second one represents instead a more primitive stage and is characterized by lower cover values of Myricaria and higher participation of pioneer species such as Petasites paradoxus, Hieracium piloselloides, Gypsophila refjens, etc. Four relevés have been collected near Sappada (Belluno, 1200 m. a.s.l.) in the upper part of the course of the river Piave. They present a low participation of termophilous elements such as Populus nigra, high cover values of Alnus incana and the presence of some Molinio-Arrhenatheretea species such as Trifolium. pratense and Centaurea nigrescens subsp. transalpina. This group of relevés can be 143 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 considered as an inner alpine and young variant of the association. Synecologv: the association is the most pioneer within the Salicion incanae alliance. It colonizes stands of fine materials in the braided course of rivers, where the water flow often alters the position of sediments. However these continuous changes guarantee the survival of Myricaria populations which are able to move from one deposit to another but are not competitive in stabilized sediments. Because almost all water courses have been regulated, this dependency on high river dynamics makes the survival of these coenoses difficult and therefore this species is in danger of extinction. Interesting studies have been carried out to better understand the biology of this species and to define conservation strategies. Myricaria is an oligotrophic species which grows on soil with low phosphorous (1,5 mg/kg) and nitrogen (0,015 %) content (in Isar and Lech). Thanks to its reduced leaves and the well developed root system which can reach the watershed, it can survive to long periods of hydric stress. Myricaria bushes can live up to some decades and be completely covered by alluvial material. It is an anemochorous species which can colonize totally uncovered areas. Its seeds have high germination speed (about 90 % of the seeds sprout between 4 and 20 hours) but very short persistence so that this species cannot build a seed-bank (Bill et al. 1997, Müller 1995, Müller-Schneider 1964, Petutschinig 1994, Platcher 1996). Synchorologv: This association is present all over the Alps both in the alpine and prealpine areas. It reaches also the northern Apennines (Biondi et al. 1997) and the Balkan peninsula (Trinajstic 1992), but is, almost everywhere, regressing. In Friuli Venezia Giulia it grows along the rivers Degano and Tagliamento. 3.3 Salicetum incano-purpureae Sillinger 1933 (Tab. 3) Dominant species: Salix eleagnos Differential species: Solanum dulcamara Floristic composition: the association is dominated by Salix eleagnos which always shows high cover values. Other bushes are: Salix purpurea, sporadic and with low cover values, Hippophae rhmanoides subsp. fluviatilis and Populus nigra which is concentrated only in one of the variants. Among grasses and herbs, Petasites paradoxus, Rubus caesius and Brachypodium sylvaticum are the most common. Symaxonomy. Salix eleagnos, Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. fluviatilis and the differential species Petasites paradoxus ensure the connection with the alliance, while Salix purpurea and Pojjulus nigra that with the class. Relevés of the avanalpic area are characterized by a high presence of thermophilous and adventitious species. They could be interpreted as a variant of the association Saponario-Salicetum purpureae Tchou (1947) 1948, which has been described for Provence. The original (Tchou 1948) and Piemonte (Montanari & Gentile 1979) relevés show, instead, a significant presence of termophilous trees such as Fraxinus oxycarpa, Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba and Ulmus »»norwhich are completely absent from the relevés from Friuli. These species indícate also a major level of soil evolution. For this reason the latter as well as the relevés from Marche (Baldini & Biondi 1993), should be attributed to a termophilous variant of the association Salicetum incano-purpureae. Subtypes: as anticipated in the method chapter, willow brushes are very heterogeneous. The association in Friuli Venezia Giulia can be divided into sub-associations, altitudinal forms and phases. The following scheme synthesizes this complex articulation: 1) Subass. typicum 2) Subass. petasitetosum hybridi a) Montane form b) Hill form I) phase with Ligustrum vulgare II) phase with Acerpseudoplatanus c) Plain form III) phase with Salix purpurea IV) phase with Populus nigra The new subassociation petasitetosum hybridi (lectotypus: tab. 1 ril. 9 in Silc & Gusin 2000) subass. nova hoc loco is proposed. It corresponds to more mesophylous conditions. It is well represented along the river Natisone-Nadiza which flows among Tilio-Acerion and Erythronio-Carpinion forests. It is characterized by several mesophilous herbaceous species such as Petasites hybridus, Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia, Cirsium oleraceum, Aegopodium podagraria, etc. So far it has been observed only in the hill belt. Following the river course from source to mouth, three different altitudinal forms can be detected. The montane form is represented by pauci-specific brushes with Salix eleagnos, Petasites paradoxus and very few other species. It grows along the stretched part of river courses and is dynamically 144 G. Oriol». I.. Poi.dini: Willow gravel bank thickets (Saucioxrur.xhwjixomks (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friuli Venezia . connected with the fitocenon with Petasitesparadoxus and Alnetum incanae. The hill form is characterized by some mesothermic elements such as Alnus incana, Calamagrostis varia and Galium laevigatum. It can be found along the braided part of river courses and is dynamically connected with the herbaceous association Leontodo-Chondrilletum. The plain form is present in the high plain and is characterized by high participation of termophilous and ruderal/adventitious species. Inside the hill form two phases can be distinguished: phase with Ligustrum vulgare which develops in more xerophylous habitats and is characterized by Ligustrum vulgare, Galium album and by the absence of mesophilous species, phase with Acerpseudoplatanus which represents a mature situation with mesophilous trees such as Acer pseudoplatanus and Carpinus betulus. Also the plain form can be divided into two phases which correspond to different level of consolidation of alluvial deposits. The first phase (phase with Salix purpurea) is characterized by the high cover of Salix purpurea, Robinia psudoacacia and some annual species of Chenopodietea such as Polygonum persicaria and Chenopodium album. The second phase (phase with Populus nigra) shows the highest cover values of the termophilous Populus nigra arid the constant presence of Amorphafruticosa and Oenothera biennis. It seems very close to the variant with Amorpha fruticosa of Salicetum incano-purpureae, reported by Biondi et al. (1999). Relevé 1 represents a very poor stand of Salix eleagnos in the avanalpic area. Synecologv: the coenoses is present along gravel and sand river banks; it may be proceeded by close and monospecific stands of Salix eleagnos. It grows on not entirely stabilized gravel. Synchorologv: the association is present along all the Alps, the Apennines and in Balkan peninsula (Trinajstic & Franjic 1994). In Friuli Venezia Giulia it can be found along all major rivers. 4. CONCLUSIONS On the southern slopes of the eastern Alps, some river systems still have an high degree of naturalness thank to the absence, or a low level, of water regimentation. These systems include a complex of herbaceous and shrubby pioneer vegetation with an high conservation value. Willow, sea buckthorn and tamarisk thickets of Friuli Venezia Giulia and the isoecic formation of the northern slopes of the Alps and Central Europe can be easily referred to an unique coenoses. However, they are well differentiated by a group of illyric and southern species such as Ostrya carfnnifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Peucedanurn verticillare, Pinus nigra, etc., which come from the neighbouring hop hornbeam-manna ash woodland, black pine forest and mapple-hornbeam forest of Erythronio-Carpinion. 5. LOCALITIES AND SPORADIC SPECIES L= Lippert et al. (1995) S = Silc & Cusin (2000) Salid incanae-Hippophaetum Br.-Bl. in Volk 1939 Localities: 1 But torrent near Cercivento (UD) (9443/4), 150 m2, 80%, 24/07/1977; 2 Degano torrent near Ovaro (UD) (9543/1), 150 m2, 75%, 10/08/1979; 3 Chiarzô torrent near Esemon di sopra (UD) (9543/3), 130 m2, 75%, 14/08/1979; 4 Tagliamento river near Caneva (UD) (9543/1), 200 m2, 75%, 27/06/1977; 5-6 But torrent near Zuglio (UD) (9544/1), 120,120 m2,85, 80%, 18/08/1995; 7 Degano torrent near Val Pesarina (UD) (9543/ 3), 150 m2, 80%, 18/08/1995; 8 But torrent near Imponzo (UD), 100 m2, 70%, 18/07/1995; 9 Campo di Osoppo (UD) (9744/1), 200 m2, 85%, 18/07/995; 10 Tagliamento river near Bordano (UD) (9644/1), 150 m2, 70%, 08/07/1997; 11 Cavazzo (UD) (9644/1), 120 m2,75%, 18/07/1995; 12 Campo di Osoppo (UD) (9744/1), 170 m2,80%, 18707/1995; 13 Tagliamento river near Cornino (UD) (9744/3) L; 14 Tagliamento river near Bolzano (PN) (0143/2) L; 15 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) L; 16 Tagliamento river near Cornino (UD) (9744/3) L; Tagliamento river near Cornino (UD) (9744/3) L. Sporadic species: Aegopodium podagraria 3(r); Agrostis gigantea 12(1), 13(+); Agrostis tenuis 6(+); Allium carinatum 3(1); Amelanchier ovalis 15(+); Amorf)liafruticosa 12(1),14(+); Astragalusglycyphyllos 8(+); Astragalus onobrychis 14(+); Brachypodium rupestre 12 (+) ; Briza media 8 (+) ; Bromus erectus (aggr. ) 9(+); Campanula rapunculus 11(+); Cardamint impatiens 7(+); Carduus crispus 5(+); Carduus defloratus 11(+), 13(+); Carex diandra 7(4); Carex flacca 15(+), 16(+); Carex mucronata 17(+); Centaurea bracteata 10( + ); Centaurea jacea 12( + ), 14( + ); Centaurea scabiosa 6( + ), 12( + ); Chamaecytisus purpureus 12(+), 15(1); Cichorium intybus 12(+); 145 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 Clinopodium vulgare 1(+); Corylus avellana 11(+), 17(+); Crataegus monogyna 12(+); Crepis rhoeadifolia 9(+), 12(+); Equisetum ramosissimum 7(+); Erica herbacea (1); Erigeron acris 7( + ); Eupatorium cannabinum 9 (+); Euphrasia stricta 9 (+); Eestuca norica 16(3); Filipéndula ulmaria 4 (+); Fragaria vesca 1(1); Frangula alnus 15(1), 16(+); Fraxinus excelsior8(+), 11 (+); Galeopsis speciosa 7(+); Geranium sanguineum 15(2); Globularia cordifolia 16(1); Globularia punctata 16(+); Helianthenium ovatum 11 (+), 14(1); Helianthus tuberosus 5 (1), 7 (+); Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus 15 (r); Hieracium glaucum 3(r); Hieracium laevigalum 8(+); Hieraciumpilosella 10(+); Hieracium sabaudum 6(+), 6( + ); Hieracium staticifolium. 7( + ); Hieracium sylvaticum 1(2); Ilex aquifolium 17(r); Impatiens glandulifera 7(+); Juncus inflexus 2(+); Knaulia drymeiasubsp. drymeia 7/(+); Lathyrussylvestris7(+); I^eontodon liispidus2(+)\ Linaria alpina 8(+); Medicago lupulina 6(+), 7(+); Mentha arvensis 2(+); Mentha longifolia 2(+), 7(+); Oenothera biennis 12(+); Pastinaca sativa 5( + ); Petasites hybridus 2(2); Peucedanum oreoselinum 16(+); Phalaris arundinacea 5(+), 7(1); Phleum pratense 7(+); Pimpinella major 8(+); Poa nemoralis 1 (+), 7(1); Polygala vulgaris 1 (+); Potentilla reptans 7(+); Quercus pubescens 17(+); Rhamnus saxatilis 15 (+); Iihinanthus aristatus 16 (+), 17(+); Robinia pseudacacia 8(+), 15(+); Rosa glauca 15(+); Rubus idaeus 2(1); Rubus ulmifolius 9(+); Rumex scutatus 5 (+); Salvia glutinosa 11 (+); Saponaria officinalis 17(+); Satureja montana subsp. variegata 16(+); Senecio inaequidens 9 (+); 11(+); Seseli gouanii 16(+); Silene alba7(+); Solidago gigantea var. serótina 5(1), 11 (+); Tanacetum vulgare 1 (1), 6 (+); Taraxacum sect. TaraxacumH(+); Thalictrumminus 11 (+); Thesium linophyllon 14(1); Thymus longicaulis 16(2), 17(1); Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus 14(2); Thymus pulegioides 11(+), 13(+); Tofieldia calyculata 15(+); Tortella tortuosa 16(2), 17(2); Trifoliumpratense2{\), 12(+); Trifolium repens 2(+), 7(+); Tussilago farfara 1(2); Verbascum thapsus 12 (+); Viburnum ofmlus8(+); Vicia tenuifolia 11(+); Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 11 (+), 12(+); Viola hirta 2(+). Salici-Myricarietum Moor 1958 Localities: 1 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) 1/, 2 Degano river near Ovaro (UD) (9543/1), 100 m2,70%, 18/08/1995; 3 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) I.; 4 Tagliamento river near Comino (UD) (9744/3) L; 5-6-7 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) L; 8 Tagliamento river near Bordano (UD) (9644/4), 120 m-, 75%, 11/06/1995; 9-10-11 Tagliamento river near Portis (UD) (9644/2), 100, 120, 100 m2, 80, 70,75%, 08/07/1995; 12 Tagliamento river near Comino (UD) (9744/3) L; 13 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) L; 14 Tagliamento river near Comino (UD) (9744/3) L; 15 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) L; 16-17 Piave river near Cima Sappada (BL) (9442/1), 100, 100 m2, 65, 60 %, 18/08/1995; 18 Degano torrent near Ovaro (UD) (9543/1), 100 m2, 70%, 18/08/1995; 19 Piave river near Cima Sappada (BL) (9442/1), 100 m2, 75%, 18/08/1995. Sporadic species: Acer pseudoplatanus 6(+); Achnatherum calamagrostis 10(+), 11(+); Aconitum paniculatum 18(+); Agrofryron caninum 19(+),20(1); Agropryronpungens 14(+), 15(+); Agrofryron repens9(+), 20(2); Agrostis canina 19(+); Anthriscus sylvestris 20(+); Arrhenatherum elatius 20(1); Aruncus dioicus 19(+); Betula pendula 12(+); Bidens tripartita 15(+); Blackstonia perfoliata 10(+); Brachypodiutn sylvaticum 16(+); Buphthalmum salicifolium 11( + ), 19(+); Calamagrostis arundinacea 21(1); Calystegia sepium 3(1); Campanula cespitosa 18 (+); Carduus carlinifolius 18(+); Carduus crisp us 21 (+); Carex caryophyllea 11 (+); Carexflava 12(1); Centaureajacea 15(+); Centaurium erythraea 11( + ); Chaenarrhinum minus 16( + ); Chaerophyllum hirsutum 18( + ); Chondrilla chondrilloides 13(+); Cichorium intybus 14(r); Cirsium erisithales 19(1), 21(+); Deschampsia cespitosa 4(+); 12(+); Echium vulgare 15(+); Epipactis atrorubens 18(+), 19(+); Equisetum arvense 3(1); Equisetum palustre 8(+); Equisetum variegatum 10(1), 12(+); Erigeron annuus subsp. annuus 9 (+); Erigeron annuus subsp. strigosus 3 (+); Eupatorium cannabinum 10 (+), 12( + ); Euphorbia cyparissias 9( + ); Euphrasia rostkoviana 19(+); Frangula alnus 9(+); Galeopsis angustifolia 15(+); Galeo¡>sis speciosa 21(+); Galium levigatum 19( + ); Geranium robertianum 8( + ); Heliantliemum grandiflorum 18( + ); Helianthus tuberosus 20(1); Hieracium sylvaticum 18(+), 20(+); Hippocrepiscomosa 18(+)■, Holoschoenusromanus 12(+); Impatiensnoli-tangere2\ (+); Impatiens paruiflora8(+), 15(r); Juncus alpino-articulatus 10(+), 12(+)', Juncus bufonius 8( + ); Juncus inflexus 12( + ); Juncus subnodulosus 11(+), 12(1); Larix decidua 18(1); Laserpitium siler 18 (+); Leontodon berinii 14 (+), 15 (+); Leucanthemum vulgare (aggr.) 18(+), 19(1); Li gust rum vulgare 10(+); Linum catharticum 12(+); Lycopus europaeus 6(+), 8(+); Mélica nutans 12(+); Melilotus alba 16(r); Menthaaquatica8(+); Myosotisscorpioides 8(+); Ostrya carpinifolia 10(+), 11(+); Parnassia palustris 19( + ), 21( + ); Petasites hybridus 4(2); Peucedanum verticilUire\0(+); Picea abies 18(1), 19(+); Pimpinella major 19(+); Pinus nigra 11(+); Pinus sylvestris 11(+); Plantago lanceolata 9(+), 16(+); 146 G. Orioi.o, L. Pqi.dini: Wii.i.ow cravei. bank thickets (Saucion ku-xxhwiinowes (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friuu Venezia .. Plantago major subsp. major 9(+); Plantago major subsp. intermedia 14(+); Plantago media 20(+); Pleurospermum austriacum 18(+); Poa annua 8(+), 20(+); Poa nemoralis 20(1); Poa trivialis 8(+); Polygonum lapathifolium 8(+); Polygonum persicaria 6(+); Polygonum viviparum 18(+); Potentilla reptans 15(r); Prunella vulgaris 20(+); Pyrola media 18(1); Ranunculus repens 16(r); Saxifraga aizoides 19(+); Scabiosagramuntia9(+), 11 (+); Scabiosa lucida 18(+); Schoenus nigricans 10(+); Sesleriaalbicans 19(+); Silene pusilla 19(+); Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris 19(+), 20(+); Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa 16(+); Solanum dulcamara 15 (r) ; Solidago gigantea\ar. serotina 7(+); Sparganium emersumsubsp./luitans 14(r) ; Tanacetum vulgarel(+), 14(r); Taraxacumscct. Taraxacum20(+); Thesium alpinum 18(+); Thesium divaricatum 11(+), 12(+); Thymus pulegioides 18(+). Salicetum incano-purpureae Si 11 inger 1933 Localities: 1 Isonzo river near Peteano (GO) (0147/1), 200 m2,65%, 01/07/1979; 2 Tagliamento river near Passo of Mauria (UD) (9541/3) L; 3-4-5 Tagliamento river near Forni di Sopra (UD) (9541/ 4) L; 6 But torrent near Zuglio (UD) (9544/1), 170 m2, 100 %, 25/08/1995; 7 But torrent near Cercivento (UD) (9343/4), 150 m2, 90%, 24/07/ 1977; 8 Tagliamento river near Caneva (UD) (9543/ 4), 25/06/1977 ; 9 Tagliamento river near Amaro (UD) (9644/2) L; 10 Confluence between Cellina and Meduna torrents (PN) (9942/4), 200 m2,75%, 06/09/1979; 11 Tagliamento river near Peonis (UD) (9744/1), 150 m2, 75%, 11/06/1995; 12 Natisone river near Nadizi (SLO) (9746/2) S; 13 Natisone river near Borjana (SLO) (9746/2) S; 14 Natisone river near Mokar (SLO) (9746/2) S; 15 Natisone river near Gabri at Podbela (SLO) (9746/ 4) S; 16 Natisone river near Loch of Pulfero (UD) (9846/2) S; 17 Natisone river near Brischis (UD) (9846/2) S; 18 Torrente Artugna (PN) (9941/1), 120 m2, 70%, 03/07/1980; 19 Isonzo river near Farra d'Isonzo (GO) (0047/3), 200 m2, 90%, 05/ 07/1979; 20 Isonzo river near Sagrado (GO) (0146/ 2), 180 m2, 95%, 30/06/1979; 21-22 Isonzo river near Farra d'Isonzo (GO) (0047/3), 150, 200 m2, 85, 85%, 06/07/1979; 23-24-25 Isonzo river near Sagrado (GO) (0146/2), 150, 200, 180 m2, 80, 85, 85%, 27/06/1979, 30/06/1979 and 26/06/1979; 26-27 Isonzo river near Poggio III Armata (GO) (0147/1), 150, 200 m2, 75, 80%, 26/06/1979 and 01/07/1979; 28-29 Tagliamento river between S. Vito and Cornino (UD) (9744/3), 180, 200 m2, 90, 85%, 08/07/1995; 30 Isonzo river near Fogliano (GO) (0146/2), 200 m2, 85%, 02/08/1979; 31 Isonzo river near Ruda (GO) (0146/3), 150 m2, 90%, 18/07/1979; 32 Tagliamento river near Spilimbergo (PN) (9843/3) L; 33 Tagliamento river near Casarsa (PN) (9843/3) L; 34 Tagliamento river near Spilimbergo (PN) (9843/3) L; 35 Tagliamento river near Bolzano (PN) (0143/2) L; 36 Tagliamento river near Spilimbergo (PN) (9843/ 3) L. Sporadic species: Achillea roseo-alba 29(+); Achnatherum calamagrostis 12(+), 13(+), 18(1); Aethionema saxatile 5(+); Agropyron caninum 17(+); Alnus glutinosa 19(+), 21(+), 31(1); Amaranthus cruentus 21(+); Ambrosia artemisiifolia 28(+), 29(+); Anagallis arvensis 19(+), 20(+); Anemone nemorosa 6 (+); Anthriscus sylvestris 21(+),27(+); Aquilegia atraía 13(+), 14(+); Aquilegia einseleana (r); Arabis turrita 13(+), 14{+)■, Asarum europaeum 12(r), 13(+), 16{+); Asperula cynanchica 35(+); Asperula purpurea 18(+); Asperula taurina 13 (+); Bielens tripartita 20 (+), 30 (+), 31 (+); Biscutella levigata 4(+); Brassica napus 19(+), 21 (+); Brassica oleracea 20(+); Bromus erectus (aggr.) 36(+); Calamagrostis arundinacea 27(+), 31(1); Campanula cespitosa 2(+), 3(+), 4(+); Campanula rapunculoid.es 13(+); Campanula rapunculus 21(+); Cardamine impatiens 11(1); Cardamine pratensis (aggr.) 20(+), 30(+); Cardaminopsis arenosa 19{+), 20(+), 22(2); Carduus carlinifolius 36(r); Carduus defloratus4(r), 18(+); Carduus nutans 18(+), 21(+); Carexalba 6(+), 12(+); Carex brachystachys3(r); Carex digitata 6(+), 12(+); Carex flava s.l. 3(+); Carex ornithopoda 2(r), 5(+); Carex pendula 30(+); Carex pilulifera 33(+); Centaurea jacea 20(+), Centaurea nemoralis 33( + ); Centaurea nigrescens subsp. transalpina 6(+); Centaurea scabiosa 18 (+); Centaurium erythraea 32(+); Centaurium pulchellum 18(+); Cerastium glomeratum 1(+); Chamaecytisus purpureus 5( + ); Chelidonium majus 21( + ); Chondrilla chondrilloides 11(+); Cichorium intybus 10 (+), 15(+); Cirsium arvense 9(+); Cirsium vulgare 8(+); 14(+); Clematis recta 31(+); Conyza canadensis 29(+); Coronilla emeruss.l. 18(+); Crataegus monogyna 10(+); Crepispulchra 1(+); Cyclamenpurpurascens2(r), 12(r); Daphne mezereum 12 (+); Doronicum germanicum 32(+), 34(1); Dry as octopetala 3 (1), 4 (1); lipilobium dodonaei 11(1), 34(+); Equisetum arvense 12(+); Equisetum hyemale 11(+); Equisetum palustre 31(+); Equisetum ramosissimum 28(+), 29(+); Erica herbacea 3(+); Erigeron cinnuus subsp. strigosus 10(+); Euphorbia dulcis 6(+); Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri 2(+); Euphrasia salisburgensis 3(r); Fallopia convolvulus 20(+); Festuca arundinacea 32(+); Festuca pratensis subsp. pratensis 22(+), 23(+), 24(+); Filipéndula ulmaria8(+)-, Fragaria vesca8(+); Fraxinus ornus6(+); 147 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 Galeopsis angustifolia 1(+), 20(+), 21(+); Galeopsis ladanum 11(+); Galinsoga parviflora 20(+), 21(+); Galium aparine 11(1); Galium lucidum 15 (+); Galium verum 32(1); Genista germanica 5(+); Genista radiata 4(+); Geum urbanum 11 (+); Glechoma hederacea 13(+), 14(+); Gymnocarpiumrobertianum3(+); Helianthemum nummularium subsp. nummularium 5(r); Helianthemum ovatum 31 (1), 32 (+), 33 (1); Hieracium bifidum 3(+); Hieracium pilosella 11(1), 28(+); Hieraci um pilo sello ides 36(+); Hieracium sabaudum 6( + ); Hypericum montanum 6( + ); Impatiens glandulifera 16(+); Impatiens noli-tangere 26(+); 27(+); Impatiens parviflora 13 (+), 14(+), 17(+); Juncus alpino-articulatus 29(+); Juncus bufonius 29(+); Koeleria pyramidata 34(+), 35(+), 36(+); Laburnum alpinum 12(+); Lamiastrum flavidum 12(+); Lamium orvala 6(+), 13(+), 22(+); Lamium purpureum 19(+); Lapsana communis 15( + ); Larix decidua 2(r); Laserpitium peucedanoides 2(r); Leontodon hispidus 10(1); Leucanthemum vulgare (aggr.) 19(+), 21(+); Linaria alpina 5(+); Linum catharlicum 5(r); Linum tenuifolium 33(+); Lolium perenne 19(+); Lonicera xylosteum 10(+); Lunaria rediviva 16(+); Lycopus europaeus 10(1), 31(+), 32(+); Lysimachia vulgaris 11(+), 32(+); Lythrum salicaria 21 (+), 26(+), 29(+); Medicago carstiensis 18(1); Medicago lupulina 13(+), 19( + ); Mentha aquatica 10( + ), 23(r), 24( + ); Mercurialis annua 12(+), 20(+), 24(+); Moehringia ciliata 3 (r); Morus alba 31 (+); Mycelis muralis 13 (+); Myosotis arvensis 19(+); Myosotis sylvatica 18(+); Myosoton aquaticum 21 (+); Oenothera parviflora 35 (+); Omphalodes verna 12(+), 15(r); Ostrya carpinifolia 10(+), 18(2); Panicum capillare 20 (+); Papaver rhoeas 21 (+); Parietaria officinalis 21(+), 27(+), 31(+); Parnassia palustris 3(r); Petasites albus 12(r), 16(+), 17(+); Petrorhagia saxífraga 11(+); Phleum pratense 14(+); Picea abies2(+), 4(+), 6(+); Picris hieracioides 10(+), 28(+), 29(+); PimpineUa major 7(+), 13(+), 14(+); Pinus nigra 4(r); Pinus sylvestris 3(+), 5(+), 8(+); Plantago major subsp. major 19(+); Plantago media 5 (+); Platanus hybrida 21 (+); Poa annua 19 (+), 21 (+); Poa comjrressa 19 (+); Poa nemoralis 7 (+), 30 (+); Polygala amara 5(+); Polygonum lapathifolium 20(+), 27(+), 31 (+); Potentilla reptans 11 (+); Primula vulgaris 12(r), Prunella grandiflora 33(+); Prunella vulgaris 10(+), 16(+), 17(+); Prunus avium 16(+); Pulmonaria officinalis 16(r); Quercus pubescens 19(+); Rubus ulmifolius 18(1); Rumex crispus 22(2), 23(+), 24(r); Rumex oblusifolius 19(+), 20(+); Salix appendiculata 2(+),3(+); Salix glabra 3 (1), 4 (r); Salix nigricans 5 (+), 9(1); Salix triandra 29(1); Sambucus ebulus 21(+); Satureja montana subsp. variegata 35(+); Saxífraga caesia 3(r); Scabiosa columbaria s.l. 36(+); Scabiosa gramuntia 33(+), 35(+); Sedum sexangulare 10(+), 11(1); Sedum spurium 6(+); Senecio erraticus 11(+), 21 (+), 30(+); Senecio nemorensissubsp. fuchsii 13(+); Sesleria albicans 4(+), 5(+); Setaria viridis 1 (+), 20(+); Silene pus i lla 3 (+); Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa3(+); Solidago virgaurea 7(+); Sonchus arvensis 19(+); Sonchus asper subsp. asper 19(+), 20(+); Sonchus oleraceus 11(+); Sorghum halepense 29(+); Stachys sylvatica 7(+), 13(+), 14(+); Stellaria nemorum subsp. nemorum 24(+); Symphytum officinale 31(+); Tamus communis 6(+); Tanacetum vulgare 28(+), 33(+); Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma 15(+); Thalictrum aquilegiifolium 9 (r); Thymus longicaulis 36(1); Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus 5(+); Thymus pulegioides 34(1); Tilia cordata 13(+); Tofieldia calyculata 2(r); Trifolium montanum 12(+); Trifolium pratense 19(+), 20(+); Trisetum argenteum 4(+); Valeriana montana 2(r); Valeriana wallrothii6(+), 7(+), 10(+); Verbascum phlomoides 18(+); Veronica agrestis 19(+); Veronica anagallis-aquatica 19(+); Veronica chamaedrys 21(+); Veronica pérsica 20 (+); Veronica urticifolia 12(+), 13(+); Viburnum lantana 10(1); Vicia cracca (aggr.) 6(+), 7(+), 19(+); Vicia tenuifolia28(+), 29(+); Vinca minor 12(+); Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 13(+), 18(+); Viola reichenbachiana 6(+); Vi I is vinifera 23(2), 31(+); Xanthium italicum 29 (1); Xanthium strumarium 34 (+), 36(+). 5. SUMMARY Vrbova grmišča na prodiščih (Salicioti eleagni-claphnoidis (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) v Furlaniji Julijski krajini (SV Italija) V Furlaniji Julijski krajini je zeliščna vegetacija prodišč dobro poznana, medtem ko sestoji, kijih uvrščamo v zvezo Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis (Moor 1958) Grass 1993 še niso dovolj raziskani. Vegetacijo smo raziskovali po standardni srednjeevropski metodi. V reviziji smo uporabili neobjavljeni in objavljeni material. Sestoje smo členili po Matuszkiewicz & Matuszkiewicz (1981), uporabili pa smo tudi časovno členitev (faze), saj na ta rastišča vplivajo zunanji dejavniki, ki jih predstavljajo hidrodinamski cikli. Salici incanae-IIippophaetum Br.-Bl. in Volk 1939 V sestojih dominira vrsta Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. fluviatilis. V sestojih so pogoste travniške vrste, ki nakazujejo določeno stopnjo stabilizacije prodišč, medtem ko vrste razreda Thlaspietea nakazujejo povezavo s pionirsko zeliščno vegetacijo prodišč. Asociacija je razširjena v Alpah, v Furlaniji 148 G. Orioi.o, L. I'oi.niNi: Wil l ow c.kavei. bank thickets (Sauciox eijxm-m/'UNOwix (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friui.i Venezia . Julijski krajinijo najdemo predvsem ob reki Tilment (Tagliamento) in nekaterih njenih pritokih. Salici-Myricarietum Moor 1958 Dominantna vrsta je Myricaria germanica, poleg nje pa sestoje gradita tudi Salix eleagnos in 5. daphnoides. Asociacijo členimo v dve obliki. V tipični obliki je malo vrst, strojevec pa ima veliko pokrovnost. Druga oblika je bolj inicialna z večjim številom pionirskih vrst. Sestoji, ki jih uvrščamo v to asociacijo uspevajo na najbolj inicialnih rastiščih znotraj zveze Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis. Razširjena je v Alpah, pa tudi v severnih Apeninih in na Balkanskem polotoku. V Furlaniji Julijski krajini jo najdemo ob rekah Degano in Tilment (Tagliamento). Salicetum incano-purpureae Si 11 i nger 1933 Dominantna vrsta je Salix eleagnos, med zelišči so najbolj pogoste vrste: Petasites paradoxus, Rubus caesius in Brachypodium sylvaticum. Sestoji so zelo heterogeni zato smo jih členili v številne subaso-ciacije, višinske forme in faze, ki so prikazane na shemi. 1) subass. typicum 2) subass. petasitetosum hybridi a) montanska forma b) gričevnata forma I) faza z vrsto Ligustrum vulgare I) faza z vrsto Acer pseudoplatanus c) nižinska forma III) faza z vrsto Salix purpurea IV) faza z vrsto Populus nigra Asociacija je razširjena v celotnih Alpah, Apeninih in na Balkanu. V Furlaniji Julijski krajini jo najdemo ob vseh večjih rekah. 6. LITERATURE Baldoni M. & Biondi E. (1993): La vegetazione del medio e basso corso del fiume Esino (Marche-Italia Centrale). Studia Botanica 11: 209-257. Bili H, Spahn P., Reich M. & Plachter H. (1997): Bestandveränderungen und Basieldlunggs-dynamik der Deutchen Tamariske Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv., an der Oberen Isar (Bayern). Z. Ökologie u. Naturschutz 6: 137-150. Biondi E., Vagge M., Baldoni M. & Taffettani F. (1997): La vegetazione del Parco fluviale regionale del Taro (Emilia-Romagna). Fito-sociologia, 34: 69-110. Biondi E., Vagge M., Baldoni M. & Taffettani F. (1999): La vegetazione del Parco fluviale regionale del Stirone (Emilia-Romagna). Fitosociologia 36 (1): 67-94. Braun-Blanquet J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie. Grunclzüge der Vegetationkunde. 3 Ed. Springer Verlag, Wien. Chiapella Feoli L. & Poldini L. (1993): Prati e pascoli del Friuli (NE Italia) su substrati basici. Studia Geobot. 13: 3-1993. Gallizia Vuerich L., Ganis P., Oriolo G., Poldini L. & Vidali M. (1998): La banca dati fitosocio-logica clel Friuli-Venezia Giulia: struttura ecl applieazioni. Arch. Geobot. 4(1): 137-141. Grabherr G. & Polatschek A. (1986): Lebensräume und Flora Vorarlbergs. Voralberger Verlagsanstalt, Dornbirn. Grass V. (1993): Salicetea purpureae. In: Mucina L., Grabherr G. & WallnöferS. (eds.) Die Pflanzen-gcsellschaften Österreichs. Teil III, Wälder und Gebüsche, G. Fischer Verlag, Jena-Stuttgart-New York 44-59. Gurnell A.M., Petts G.E., Harris N., Ward J.V., Tockner K., Edwards P.E. & Kollmann J. (2000): Large wood retention in river channels: the case of the Fiume Tagliamento. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25: 255-275. Kollmann J., Vieli M., Edwards P.J., Tockner K. & Ward J.V. (1999): Interactions between vegetation development and insland formation in the Alpine river Tagliamento. Applied Vegetation Science 2 :25-36. LippertW., Müller N., Rossel S., Schauer T. & Vetter G., (1995): Der Tagliamento - Flußmorphologie und Auenvegetation der größten Wild-flußlandschaft in den Alpen. Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt e. V. 11-70. Matuszkiewicz W. & Matuszkiewicz (1981): Das Prinzip der mehrdimensionalen Gliederung der Vegetationseinheiten, erläutert am Beispiel der Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder in Polen. In: Dierschke II (ed.): Syntaxonomie. Ber. Symp. Int. Vereinig. Vegetationsk. Rinteln 123-148. Montanari C. & Gentile S. (1979): Ricerche sulla vegetazione arbustiva e arborea di greto nei fiumi Vara e Magra (Liguria Orientale). Not. Fitosos. 14: 17-40. Müller N. (1995): River dynamics and floodplain vegetation and their alterations due to human impact. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 101. Large Rivers 9 (3/4): 477-512. Müller-Schneider P. (1964): Verbreitungsbiologie 149 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 und pflanzengesellschaflen. Acta Botanica Croatica - Vol. Extr.: 79-87. Pctutsching W. (1994): Die Deutsche Tamariske (Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.) in Kärnten. Carinthia II 104:19-30. Platcher H. (1996): Bedeutung und Schutz ökologisher Prozesse. Verh. GfÖ 26: 287-303. PodaniJ. (1993): Syn-tax: PC-computers programs fro multivariate data analysis in ecology and systematics. Version 5.0, user's guide. Scientia Publishing, Budapest. Poldini L, Oriolo G. & Vidali M. (2001): Vascular Flora of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. An annotated catalogue and synonymic index. Studia Geobot. 21:3-227. Poldini L. (1991): Atlante corologico delle piante vascolari nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Inventario floristico regionale. Region. Auton. Friuli Venezia Giulia - Direz. Reg. Foreste e Parchi, Univ. Studi Trieste - Dipart. Biol., Udine, 900 pp. Poldini L. & Martini F. (1990): Variazione delle caraueristiche vegetazionali degli alvei del flume Fella e dei suoi affluenti principali. Com. Mont. Canal del Ferro-Val Canale, Pontebba. Poldini L. & Martini F. (1993): La vegetazione delle vallette nivali su calcare, dei conoidi e delle alluvioni nel Friuli (NE-Italia). Studia Geobot. 13: 124-141. Pott R. (1995): Die Pflanzengesellshaften Deutschlands. Ulmer Verlag, 662 pp. Stuttgard. Rivas-Martinez S., Fernandez-Gonzalez F., Loidi J., Lousä & Penas A. (2001): Syntaxonomical checklist of vascular plant community of Spain and Portugal to association level. Itinera geobot. 14: 5-341. Seibert P. & Conrad M. (1992): Klasse: Salicetea purpureaeMoor 1958. In: MüllerT., Oberdorfer E. & Seiebrt P. (eds). Süddeutsche Pflanzen-gesellschaften. Teil IV Wälder und Gebüsche. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York: 16-23. Silc U. & Cusin B.(2000): The association Salicetum incano-purpureae Sillinger 1933 on the gravel bars of the Nadiza river (Northwestern Slovenia). Gortania 22: 91-109. Tchou Y.T. (1948): Études écologiques et phyto-sociologiques sur le forêts riveraines du Bas-languedoc (I). Vegetatio 1(1): 2-28. Trinajstic I. (1992): Salici-Myricarietum Moor 1958 (Salicion eleagni) in the vegetation of Croatia. Thaiszia 2: 67-74. Trinajstic I. & Franjic J. (1994) : Ass. Salicetuvi eleagno-daphnoides (Br.-Bl. et Volk 1940) M.Moor 1958 (Salicion eleagni) in the vegetation of Croatia. Nat. croat. 3 (2): 253-256. Ward J.V., Tockner K. K, Edwards P.J., Kollmann J., Bretschko G., Gurnell A.M., Petts G.E. & Rossaro B. (1999): A reference rivers system for the Alps: the 'Fiume Tagliamento'. Regul Rivers: Res. & Mgmt., 15: 63-75. Wittmann H. & Strobl W. (1990): Gefärdete Biotoptypen und Planzengesellschaften in Salzburg. Ein erster Überblick. Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung, Salzburg. 150 G. Oriolo, I.. Poldini: Willow gravel bank thickets (Saijcion klecni-däpiinoiues (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friui.i Venezia . Tab. 1 Salin incanae-Hippophaetum Br.-Bl. in Volk 1939 Relevés progr. number AltituHp fvlfn r-~c50ooioOOmo0 SO CO O ÍN O o o o o CO '/-) ro ri CO CO co O —1 >0 — — O — ,>- - -HQ - Uh Association species Myricaria germanica (opt.) Calamagrostis pseudophragmittes (d) Tussilago farfara (d) Alliance species Salix eleagnos Salix daphnoides (opt.) Hippophae rhamnoides/fluviatilis Petasites paradoxus (d) Order and class species Populus nigra Salix purpurea Salix alba Companions Alnus incana Daucus carota Agrostis gigantea Rubus caesius Artemisia vulgaris Agrostis stolonifera Molinia arundinacea Hieracium piloselloides Dactyl is glome rata s. lat. Calamagrostis varia Lotus corniculatus Epilobium dodonaei Trifolium pratense Rhinanthus aristatus Centaurea nigrescens/vochinensis Sanguisorba minor Galium album Gypsophila repens Hypericium perforatum Diplotaxis tenuifolia Achillea millefolium Reseda lutea Scrophularia canina Angelica sylvestris Carex flacca Poa compressa Festuca arundinacea Artemisia alba Lythrum salicaria Medicago lupulina Salix nigricans Leontodon hispidas s. lat. Salix appendiculata Prunella grandiflora Ranunculus acris B i dens frondosa 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 1 12+1 + 2 2 12 + 31 r 2 1 1 1 . . + + . + r 1 + + . + .+ + + 1 1 3 3 12 1.1 1 + 1 + 2 4 4 2 12+121 + 2 1112 113 . . . + . . ..1111 12 11 ... 1 2 . + + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + . . + . + . 111 + 1112 + + . 1 + + + . 2 1+2 . 1 1 + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + 1 . + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 + + . . . 12 + 2 + . . . 2 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + 2 . + + 1 + 1 1 . + + + 95 74 58 95 84 21 68 63 47 11 47 37 37 32 32 32 26 26 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 153 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 Tab.3 Salicetum incano-purpureae S'üYmger 1933 subass. alt. forms phases Progr. number Altitude (x 10) „ Char, and diff. species of assoc. Sakx eleagnos (opt. all.) 3 Solanum dulcamara (d) Char, and diff. species of alliance Salix daphnoxles Hippophao rhamnotdes/ltuviatiUs Myricaria germanica Petasites paradoxus (d) Rubus caosius (d) Brachypodium sytvaticum (d) Char, species of order and class Satx purpurea ♦ Populus nigra ♦ Satx alba Diff. species of sub-unities subass. petasitetosum hybrid i Petasites hybridus Aegopodium poda grana Knautia drymeia/drymeia Peucedanum ven cilia re Cirsium oleraceum Centaurea nigrescens/vochinensis Eupatorkim cannabinum Chaerophytkjm hirsutum Hill form Alnus incana Calamagrostis varia Galium laevigatum Corylus aveHana Fraxinus excelsior Phase with Ligustrum vulgaris Ligustrum vulgare Galium album Species of mature phase Com us sanguínea Clematis vitaba Fr an gula alnus Geranium robertianum Phase with Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudopiatanus Carpinus botulus Ruderal and adventitious species Hekanthus tuberosus Solidago gigantea v. serótina Daucus carota Artemisia vulgaris Saponaria officinalis Deschampsia cespitosa Melilotos aba Erigeron annus typicum montane hill Ligustrum vul. J petasitetosum hyb. | typicum plain O 1 Ifl o> »- r r 1 1 2 S 8 8 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 1 .2 4 2. . .....2 ♦ 1 . .41 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1... ..22.1 Acer pscduopf. cm o t u"> to r-» SN N CJ O CO n n n w 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 + 1+3111 2 3 2 + 1 1. 1 1 1 + + ♦ 2 + ♦ 1 1 Salix purpurea (ONrtOWNNWO + 2 3 1 2 3 + 1 1 ♦ 2 + r + + 1 4 4 3 5 4 4 Populus nigra 1 .2 + 3 4 2 1 1 ♦ +..... ♦ + 1 1 3 + 3 2 3 1 2 2 ♦ + + 1 + 11 . + + 1 1 ♦ 11.1 + 2 + + + 1 + + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 ♦ + ♦ + + ♦ . + 1 5 3 . . . . ► . + ♦ ♦ 2 1 1 ♦ + . ♦ . . ♦ ♦ + + + . . ♦ + 97 50 17 14 14 58 64 36 69 58 14 28 22 19 31 17 14 17 14 19 14 14 11 11 22 25 39 42 33 28 17 14 50 39 39 44 33 33 25 33 154 G. O riolo, L. Poldini: Willow cravel bank thickets (Saucion elegni-daphnoides (Moor 1958) Grass 1993) in Friuli Venezia . subass. alt. forms phases Progr. number Salix purpurea stage Polygonum persicaria Chenopodium album Robinia pseudacacia Populus nigra stage Amorpha fruticosa Oenothera biennis Companions Urtica dioica Euphorbia cyparissias Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum Diptotaxis tenuifoüa Agrvstis stolonifera Plantago lanceo la la Molinia arundinacea Silene vulgaris/vulgaris Barbarea vulgaris Calamagrostis pseudophragmittes Hypericum perfora tum Angelica sylvestris Phalastis arundinacea Scrophutaria canina Mentha longifoHa Calystegia sepium Heracluem sphondyHum Bromus steriUs Sanguisorba minor Dactylis gtomerata s.l. Agrsoits gigantea Agropyron pungens Buphthalmum sahdfolium Mekca nutans Galium mollugo Chaonarrhinum minor Hederá heHx Stellaria media Rorippa sylvestris Gypsophila repens Lotus corniculatus Reseda lutea Carex flacca Brachypodium pinnatum aggr. Achillea millefolium TussHago larlara Echium vulgare Ranunculus repens Salvia glutinosa Silena alba Humulus lupulus Centaurea nigrescens/vochinensis Astragalus glycyphyNos Festuca gigantea Ranunculus lanuginosus Acer campestre Artemisia vertotorum Motinia caerulea typicum montane hill Ligustrum vul. o J petasitetosum hyb. | typicum plain W <*) f Ifl 00 o> — Acer pseduopl. c\j co t <£> h- Salix purpurea cm cm cm eg cm Populus nigra OO^-CMCOtlOtO cmcooococococ*) ♦ ♦ ♦ + + r ♦ + 1 ♦ ♦ + 1 2 + + 1 ♦ + r r + 1*12 2 1 + + ♦ + + + . . 1 1 2 . + . 3 1 2 1 + . . ♦ 1 36 22 25 25 14 31 28 28 25 25 25 22 22 22 19 19 19 19 17 17 17 17 17 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 155 Hacquf.tia 1/2 • 2002 subass. alt. forms phases Progr. number Sambucus nigra Polygonum avcutaro aggr. Altana petiolaia Sinapis arvenss OxaKs foniana Lamium macular urn Solarium nigrum Scfophutaria nodosa typlcum | petasitetosum hyb. montane hill Llgustrum vul. I Acer pscduopl. w n <» in r^ co o> ~ •» n o •» m 2 S typlcum plain SaW* purpurea | Populus nigra oo)Q-Nn«iinin NNrtnonrtoo 156