Poznoantične okrasne igle vrste stilus v Sloveniji Saša ČAVAL Izvleček Članek predstavlja poskus natančnejše tipološke razdelitve in časovne uvrstitve poznoantičnih okrasnih igel vrste stilus, najdenih v Sloveniji. Obravnavana vrsta izhaja iz rimskega toaletnega pribora. Pojavljajo se v srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi, a so zgoščene na prostoru jugovzhodne Madžarske, Slovenije in severne Italije. Tovrstne igle z območja Slovenije lahko razvrstimo v pet tipoloških skupin z različicami. Najpogosteje so datirane v 6. st., v uporabi pa so bile vse od konca 4. do začetka 7. st. Ključne besede: Slovenija, pozna antika, obdobje preseljevanja ljudstev, nakit, okrasne igle, igle vrste stilus Abstract The article presents a detailed typology and chronology of the Late Antique decorative pins of the stylus type found in Slovenia. This pin type derives from Roman toilet implements. The pins can be divided into five types with variants and appear across central and south-eastern Europe with a concentration in south-eastern Hungary, Slovenia and northern Italy. They were broadly in use from the end of the fourth to the beginning of the seventh century, though the majority dates to the sixth century. Keywords: Slovenia, Late Antiquity, Migration Period, jewellery, decorative pins, stylus pin 1. UVOD V strokovni literaturi se je uveljavilo mnenje, da imajo okrasne igle sekundaren pomen pri dataciji grobov ali najdišč, saj jih ne časovno ne geografsko ne moremo natančno opredeliti. Podrobnejših raziskav o poznavanju in razširjenosti poznoantičnih okrasnih igel za območje Slovenije ni; delno so bile obravnavane le rimske koščene igle.1 V posamičnih objavah najdišč so okrasne igle zgolj opisane, časovno pa so opredeljene glede na ostali material z najdišč ali s primerjalnimi analizami gradiva. Tuji avtorji so se pogosteje ukvarjali s tipologijo in poskusi natančnejše datacije poznoantičnih okrasnih igel.2 1 Dular 1979. 2 Bott 1952, 158-164; Barkoczi 1968, 275-311; Möller 1976-1977, 14-53; Ibler 1991, 38-42; Barkoczi 1994, 110-135; Riemer 2000, 103-108. Pričujoči članek črpa iz diplomske naloge z naslovom Poznoantične okrasne igle iz Slovenije,3 nastale pod mentorstvom prof. Timoteja Knifica. V njej so bile zbrane, tipološko razdeljene in obravnavane poznoantične kovinske okrasne igle, najdene na slovenskem prostoru. V času med drugo polovico 4. st. in 7. st. so bile najpogostejše igle vrste stilus, zato sem jih podrobneje analizirala in jih tu širše predstavljam. 2. SESTAVNI DELI IGLE Igla ima štiri sestavne dele (sl. 1). Različno oblikovan in okrašen zgornji del se imenuje glava; igle so največkrat tipološko razdeljene prav glede na obliko slednje. Glava se nadaljuje v vrat, ki je okroglega, ovalnega, kvadratnega ali pravokotnega 3 Čaval 2002. Sl. 2: Rekonstrukcija uporabe igel lasnic. Fig. 2: Reconstruction of the use of hairpins. (po / after Moller 1976-1977, Abb. 4, 6, 8) Sl. 1: Sestavni deli igle. Fig. 1: Parts of the pin. (po / after Bujna et al. 1996, 27) preseka in pogosto bogato okrašen. Telo je namenjeno le gladkemu zdrsu igle skozi tkanino ali lase in običajno ni okrašeno. V spodnjem delu se igla konča s konico.4 3. UPORABA IGEL Igle niso samo ženski element poznoantične noše, najdemo jih tudi v moških grobovih. Uporabljale so se za oblikovanje in spenjanje pričesk, za pritrditev pokrivala oziroma tančice na lase in za zapenjanje oblačil (plašča, ovratne rute). Iglam iz grobov funkcijo določa lega v grobu; najdene so bile na različnih mestih, na telesu ali ob njem. Večina poznoantičnih okrasnih igel je bronastih in preprosto okrašenih. Prisotne so tako v revnih kot bogatih grobovih. Podatki o materialu in tipu igle ter njena lega v grobu le redko pomagajo pri določanju družbenega sloja, ki mu je nosilka pripadala. Nekaj igel je izdelanih iz plemenitih kovin, kot sta srebro in zlato, in so tudi bogato okrašene; te resnično govorijo o materialnem bogastvu ženske. Vendar imajo pogosto tudi bogati ženski grobovi le preproste bronaste ali železne igle.5 Lasnice najdemo najpogosteje ob glavi ter nad ali pod njo, kar je pomemben podatek za predstavo o ženskih pričeskah kot delu noše6 (sl. 2). Po dolžini 4 Bujna et al. 1996, 27. 5 Möller 1976-1977, 32-34; Stephens 2008. 6 Möllerjeva v svojem članku (1976-1977, 18-26) izpeljuje določene tipe pričesk glede na lego igle v grobu. Glej tudi Stephens 2008. presegajo 10 cm, glava igle pa ima tudi okrasno vlogo in je po navadi bolj poudarjena.7 Igle za pritrditev pokrivala oziroma tančice so navadno v paru in so krajše od ostalih igel, saj dosegajo dolžino od 5 do 7 cm. Glava igle je običajno okrogla ali bikonična ali, redkeje, poli-edrična. V grobu ležijo te igle levo in/ali desno ob glavi.8 Navada pokrivanja las s tančico izvira iz Sredozemlja, od koder se je razširila tudi na prostor severno od Alp. V grobovih iz 6. in 7. st. v Italiji (npr. Nocera Umbra: gr. 101;9 Castel Trosino: 7 Ibler 1991, 38-42; Möller 1976-77, 18. 8 Möller 1976-1977, 15-16, 18; Riemer 2000, 103, 107; Čaval 2002, 43-45. 9 Pasqui, Paribeni 1918, 293. Sl. 3: Noša igle za spenjanje plašča. Fig. 3: Manners of fastening a coat with a pin. (po / after Möller 1976-1977, Abb. 10, 12) gr. 60, 128 in 128a, 158, 168, 184;10 Fiesole, Villa Marchi, grob11) in Sloveniji (Kranj, Lajh: gr. 5, 31 in 4312) sta v bližini glave ležali po dve igli ali več igel z bikonično glavico.13 Poleg tega so bile v vseh treh grobovih iz Kranja na območju glave najdene tudi zlate niti, ostanki brokata, iz katerega so bile izdelane tančice.14 Arnegunda naj bi bila ena prvih Frankinj, ki je prevzela takšen sredozemski običaj prekrivanja las, in sicer že v 6. st. Nasploh pa se je takšna noša (z iglami z okroglo glavico) na frankovsko-alamanskem prostoru začela širiti šele od 7. st. dalje.15 Dolžina same tančice je bila različna. Znani sta dve varianti: segala je ali do stopal, kot jo vidimo pri upodobitvah nekaterih mučenic, ali do bokov kot pri frankovski kraljici.16 Igle, ki so se uporabljale za zapenjanje oblačil, najdemo v grobovih na telesu ali ob njem, pod brado, v višini prsnega koša, bokov ali stegen17 (sl. 3). Po obliki, materialu, dolžini in okrasu se ne razlikujejo od lasnic, le glava igle je večkrat manj poudarjena ali pa sploh ne.18 Kadar leži igla v višini ramen, naj bi nadomeščala fibulo, ki 10 Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 102-103, 153-154, 158, 170, 174-175, 183-184. 11 Riemer 2000, 103, 373, t. 57: 2-4. 12 Šmid 1907, 58 sl. 61; Stare 1980, 50, 53, 54; t. 2: 3,4. Igle iz sosednjih bogatih ženskih grobov 31 in 43 so izgubljene, medtem ko je bilo v grobu 5 celo pet takšnih iglic, vse pa so ležale levo in desno ob glavi. 13 Stare 1980, 50; Riemer 2000, 103; Čaval 2002, 16-19, 39, 40, 44-45. 14 Vinski 1980, 23. 15 Möller 1976-1977, 18; Martin 2002, 509-510. 16 Möller 1976-1977, 18. 17 Ibler 1991, 38; Müller 2010, 211-212. 18 Möller 1976-77, 26. je spenjala oblačilo na ramenu;19 če jo najdemo na prsih, naj bi nadomeščala ploščato fibulo, ki je spenjala plašč.20 4. IGLE VRSTE STILUS Med najpogostejše okrasne igle pozne antike v Sloveniji sodijo igle vrste stilus.21 Ime so dobile po obliki glavice, ki je sploščena oziroma stolčena, tako da je predmet podoben antičnemu pisalu (stilus). Igle te vrste imajo poševno upognjeno glavico in vrat, ki je pogosto različno okrašen, lahko pa so tudi neokrašene. Večina je narejenih iz brona, nekaj je železnih, redke so srebrne ali zlate. Brez podatka o legi v grobu ne moremo določiti natančne funkcije igle: ali je bila v uporabi kot lasnica ali za spenjanje obleke. Izvor Poznoantične igle vrste stilus so se razvile iz toaletnega pribora rimske dobe. Med nakit lahko 19 Barkoczi 1993, 333. 20 Bierbrauer 1984, 55; Riemer 2000, 236. 21 Poimenovanje igel s sploščeno in poševno upognjeno glavo kot igle vrste stilus sicer ni popolnoma primerno, saj imajo stilusi lopatke v osi telesa, ne pa žličk, odklonjenih od vzdolžne osi. Ime vrste sem prevzela od nekaterih uveljavljenih avtorjev (Bierbrauer 1987; Barkoczi 1994; Riemer 2000 itd.), ki so takšne igle opisovali kot vrsto stilus. V tuji literaturi se pojavljajo tudi pod drugimi imeni: nem. npr. Ohrlöffelchen, löffelförmige Nadeln, Nadeln mit spachtelförmigem Kopf. uvrstimo le nekatere izmed tovrstnih rimskih igel, saj so imele največkrat uporabno vlogo in so bile temu primerno narejene iz brona22 ali kosti.23 Toaletne igle (auriscalpium) s poševno upognjeno, praviloma ploščato "žličko" so v rimskem času uporabljali v več namenov. Pri osebni negi so jih rabili predvsem za čiščenje ušes, v medicini pa za vstavljanje zdravila v rano ali za čiščenje gnojnih ran.24 Uporabljane so bile tudi v kirurgiji, in sicer kot skalpel - za natančno rezanje tkiva ali odpiranje vnetega predela. Najpogosteje pa so jih v rimskem času uporabljali v farmaciji in pri kozmetiki kot t. i. kozmetično žličko.25 Nekatera izmed teh orodij so bila oblikovana nekoliko drugače. Igla je bila na enem koncu sicer oblikovana v žličko, na drugem pa je ni končevala konica, temveč tolkač za drobljenje zdravil in lepotil.26 Toaletni pribor je bil predmet vsakodnevne uporabe mož in žensk v rimskem obdobju. Nosili so ga na pasu: v torbici ali prosto obešenega na zanki. Noša pribora za pasom naj bi bila del predrimske oziroma keltske tradicije. Poleg ušesne "žličke" so bili v toaletnem priboru najpogosteje tudi bronasta pinceta, čistilec nohtov, pilica in zobotrebec.27 Kot del toaletnega pribora najdemo toaletne igle pogosto v moških in ženskih grobovih rimskega časa, hkrati pa so tudi stalen inventar zdravniških grobov širom po rimskem cesarstvu.28 Sčasoma se je ta vrsta predmetov iz uporabnega orodja razvila v okrasni del noše, v nakit. V pozni antiki so bile igle vrste stilus večinoma še vedno bronaste, v uporabi pa so bile tudi železne in srebrne ali celo zlate. V tem času so postale večinoma del ženske noše. Zaradi svoje nove vloge je bil vrat igle pogosto bogato profiliran ali okrašen.29 Sprememba načina oblačenja in srečanje lokalnih ter barbarskih elementov sta močno vplivala na širitev in uporabo okrasnih igel.30 Obravnavana oblika poznoantičnih igel, z mnogimi vzporednicami v 6. in 7. st., se najpogosteje pojavlja na prostoru zahodnega Balkana in Italije ter na Madžarskem, predvsem v okolici Keszthelya, kjer naj bi bila tudi njihova delavnica. Langobar- 22 Riha 1990, 9; Cunja 1996, 143. 23 Gregl 1982, 180 op. 31. 24 Gregl 2006, 33 sl. 3. 25 Riha 1986, 56-63, t. 25-36; Cunja 1996, 143. 26 Riha 1986, 56, t. 59. 27 Riha 1986, 26-27. 28 Künzl 1982, 6-7, 11-12, 29-31; Bonomi 1984, 86, t. 3: 20. 29 Ibler 1991, 41. 30 Barkoczi 1994, 128. di naj bi prevzeli to vrsto igel od staroselskega romaniziranega prebivalstva že v panonski fazi, pogostejše pa naj bi bile šele v italski fazi, torej po letu 568;31 kasneje so jih v svojo nošo prevzela tudi druga germanska ljudstva.32 Bierbrauer piše, da se igle vrste stilus predvsem v zgodnejšem obdobju pojavljajo ob glavi - torej so bile najprej uporabljane kot lasnice, šele kasneje pa so se začele uporabljati tudi za spenjanje obleke in jih najdemo na prsih. Na območju ob Renu naj bi do te spremembe prišlo v 6. st.: zahodno od Rena v 6. st., vzhodno od reke pa šele konec 6. st.33 Vendar pa tega ne gre posploševati na celotno ozemlje, kjer se pojavljajo igle vrste stilus, saj so bile npr. v Intercisi,34 Csakvarju35 ali pa v Keszthelyu36 najdene na predelu prsi že v poznoantičnih grobovih.37 Raziskovalci si še vedno niso edini, ali je ta vrsta nakita dejansko dediščina poznorimske noše. Alfoldi, Sagi in najprej tudi Barkoczi so trdili, da okrasne igle nimajo ničesar skupnega s pozno-antičnim prebivalstvom,38 drugi pa jih vidijo kot dokaz kontinuitete.39 Gotovo pa je, da se igle za spenjanje obleke in lasnice, z iglami za pripenjanje naglavnih pokrival vred, pojavljajo istočasno in hkrati kot skupni inventar grobov (nekajkrat hkrati s ploščato fibulo).40 Statistična dejstva V Sloveniji je bilo odkritih 45 poznoantičnih igel vrste stilus. Z grobišč je 13 igel, od tega je bilo 11 najdenih v grobovih, 2 pa kot posamični najdbi na grobišču. Ostalih 32 igel je bilo odkritih v naselbinah. 8 od teh je detektorskih najdb, ostale so našli pri arheoloških izkopavanjih. 31 Vinski 1980, 22. 32 Cunja 1996, 58-59; Riemer 2000, 103-104. 33 Bierbrauer 2004, 69; Martin 2002, 507; Müller 2010, 211. 34 Grob 1344: Vago, Bona 1976, 116. 35 Grob 6: Salamon, Barkoczi 1971, 40. 36 Grob 1971/83: Müller 2010, 77, 211, t. 50: 9-13, 51:1. Avtor v tekstu in tabelah navaja najdbo fragmentirane igle pod brado, vendar je glava igle odlomljena in je ne moremo identificirati kot iglo vrste stilus. 37 Müller 2010, 211. 38 Alföldi 1926, 53; Sagi 1970, 170; Barkoczi 1968, 294, Müller 2010, 211. 39 Kiss 1968, 93; Vinski 1980: 94; Barkoczi 1993, 333; id. 1994, 116; Müller 2010, 211. 40 Müller 2010, 211. Npr. grobova 1971/5 (65, t. 44: 5,6) in 1999/40 (119, t. 85: 11-14,18). Sl. 4: Lega poznoantičnih igel vrste stilus v grobovih z območja Slovenije. Fig. 4: Positions of the stylus type pins in the graves from Slovenia. Od 13 igel z grobišč je za eno ohranjen podatek, da je bila najdena nekje na kranjskem grobišču, a ji ni bilo mogoče določiti pripadajoče grobne celote,41 druga, prav tako s kranjskega grobišča, pa je bila najdena ob grobu 62.42 Od preostalih 11 sta bili dve igli najdeni desno in ena levo ob glavi, tri pod brado oziroma na predelu vratu, ena na prsih in dve pri kolenih skeleta (sl. 4). Lega dveh igel v grobu ni znana. 41 Stare 1980, 77. 42 op. 84; Šmid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 56. Čeprav je le dobra četrtina omenjenih igel grobnih najdb, je statistična analiza pridatkov iz grobov z iglo vrste stilus (sl. 5) razkrila ponavljajoč se vzorec pridatkov, ki kaže na dokaj enotno nošo v obdobju pozne antike. Pogostejši pridatki v grobovih z iglo vrste stilus so: obročast nakit, kot so zapestnice in uhani, ogrlice z jagodami in večja jagoda ali keramično vretence. V dveh primerih pa še železen nož in fibula, medtem ko sta zelo redek pridatek koščen glavnik in pasna spona. Pridatki sami kažejo, da gre za ženske grobove. Tipološka razvrstitev (sl. 6) Igle vrste stilus, najdene v Sloveniji, se razlikujejo glede na obliko in okras. Razdelimo jih lahko na pet tipov in več različic. Tip 1: - Neokrašene igle vrste stilus z vratom okroglega preseka (sl. 6: T1). Tip 2: - Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom, nastopajo v številnih različicah. Največkrat je vrat igle IGLA Drugi pridatki v grobu Datacija Kat. št. Najdišče (grob) "o p S Tip, različica Snov >N o £ a Ol Obročast nakit Ogrlica Fibula Vretence 1 Kranj - Lajh, gr. 31 f 1 železo 1. pol. do 3. čet. 6. st. 6 Češnjice pri Trebelnem, gr. f 2 bron 8 Kranj - Lajh, gr. 129 f 2 bron 9 Kranj - Lajh, gr. 292 f 2 bron 6. st. 23 Kranj - Lajh, gr. 243 f 3 srebro 1. pol. do 3. čet. 6. st. 26 Rifnik, gr. 54 f 3 bron 2. pol. 6. st. 30 Bled - Pristava, gr. 236 inf. 4 bron 5. st. in 1. pol. 6. st. 31 Rifnik, gr. 7 f 4 bron 6. st. 32 Rifnik, gr. 38 f 4 bron 1. pol. 6. st. 37 Rifnik, gr. 76 f 5a bron konec 5. st. in 1. pol. 6. st. 43 Laška vas, gr. 11 f 5d1 bron 6. st. Sl. 5: Pridatki v grobovih s poznoantičnimi iglami vrste stilus z območja Slovenije. Fig. 5: Grave goods associated with the Late Antique pins of the stylus type from Slovenia (see page 230 for the English version). Sl. 6: Tipološka razvrstitev poznoantičnih igel vrste stilus. - Tip 1 [T1]: neokrašene igle (kat. št. 3). - Tip 2 [T2]: igle s profiliranim vratom (9). - Tip 3 [T3]: igle z vratom, okrašenim z vrezi (28). - Tip 4 [T4]: igle z vratom kvadratnega preseka (30). - Tip 5 [T5]: igle z izrazito razširjenim vratom (44). (Številka) = kataloška številka. M. = 1:2. Fig. 6: Types of the Late Antique stylus pins. - Type 1 [T1]: undecorated pins (Cat. no. 3). - Type 2 [T2]: pins with a moulded neck (9). - Type 3 [T3]: pins with an incision-decorated neck (28). - Type 4 [T4]: pins with a neck of a square cross section (30). - Type 5 [T5]: pins with an enlarged neck (44). (Number) = Catalogue No. Scale = 1:2. profiliran z odebelitvami in rebri, ki jih nekateri avtorji43 imenujejo astragali. Tako so lahko igle okrašene z enim do tremi astragali ali pa s celo vrsto le-teh (sl. 6: T2). Poleg tega je več igel okrašenih hkrati tudi s trikotnim fasetiranim ornamentom: na vratu igle so lahko pasovi majhnih, izmenjujočih se stoječih in visečih fasetiranih enakokrakih trikotnikov in astragalov. Tip 3: - Igle vrste stilus z vratom, okrašenim z vrezi, imajo ornament izdelan s preprostimi vrezi, ki so ali posamični ali v pasovih po eden, dva ali trije. V posameznih primerih ti pasovi sledijo nekemu redu oziroma vzorcu, pri drugih pa se zdi, da so 43 Bott 1952, 159; Barkóczi 1994, 110. bili vrezani brez pravega reda (sl. 6: T3). Najpogostejše so igle z vodoravnimi vrezi, redkeje je vrezan poševni, spiralni ali cikcakasti okras. Tip 4: - Igle vrste stilus z vratom kvadratnega preseka (sl. 6: T4). Tip 5: - Igle vrste stilus z izrazito razširjenim vratom (sl. 6: T5). Delimo jih na več različic: 5a: igle z izrazito križno razširitvijo vratu - na vseh štirih stranicah po sredini kvadratne razširitve je vertikalno vrezana vdolbina; presek vratu je križen, s prisekanimi zaključki; nad in pod razširitvijo je okras v obliki vrezov ali reber; 5b: igle z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu; 5c: igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu; razširitev lahko krasi vrezan napis ali vrezi, ki jasno ponazarjajo črke; 5d: igle z izrazito kvadratno in predrto razširitvijo vratu; možna je nadaljna delitev na podrazličici: - 5d1: z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo in enojno predrtino vratu; - 5d2: z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo in dvojno predrtino vratu. Nekatere igle vsebujejo elemente različnih tipov, zato je njihova tipološka opredelitev težka. Na primer igle s profiliranim vratom imajo lahko tudi odprtino, astragali so lahko kombinirani z vrezi ipd. Takšne igle sem uvrstila na podlagi tehnično težje izvedljivega ornamenta: ornament, ki zahteva več dela in časa, je tipološko vodilen in definira tip igle. Od skupno petinštiridesetih igel vrste stilus jih štirinajst sodi v tip 2, po devet igel v tipa 3 in 5, osem v tip 4 in pet igel v tip 1. 5. INTERPRETACIJA IN KATALOG Tekoče številke v Katalogu ustrezajo kataloškim številkam v besedilu. Med objavami so krepko zapisani citati za slike v besedilu članka. Kratice Dolž. = dolžina arhiv NMS = Arhiv Arheološkega oddelka NMS IzA ZRC SAZU = Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU, Ljubljana MM Ljubljana = Mestni muzej, Ljubljana NM Postojna = Notranjski muzej Postojna NMS = Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana PM Celje = Pokrajinski muzej Celje PM Koper = Pokrajinski muzej Koper PM Ptuj = Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož TM = Tolminski muzej, Tolmin Tip 1 (sl. 6: TI; 7) Neokrašene igle vrste stilus z vratom okroglega preseka: izdelane so iz brona ali železa in so popoln posnetek kozmetičnih žličk rimskega toaletnega pribora. V Sloveniji je bilo najdenih pet igel te vrste (sl. 7): štiri pri arheoloških izkopavanjih (kat. št. 1, 2, 4, 5) in ena detektorska najdba (kat. št. 3). Ena igla je ležala v grobu desno ob glavi (kat. št. 1), druga je posamična najdba z grobišča (kat. št. 2), ostale tri pa so iz naselbine (kat. št. 3-5). 1. Kranj - Lajh (sl. 7: 1) - grob 31 Železna igla okroglega preseka. Konica igle je odlomljena. Dolž.: 8,9 cm. Mesto najdbe v grobu: desno ob glavi. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 780. Objave: Šmid 1907, 61; Stare 1980, 53, t. 16: 7. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 2. Kranj - Lajh (sl. 7: 2) - grobišče Železna igla okroglega preseka. Spodnji del igle je odlomljen. Dolž.: 5,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 1789. Objave: Šmid 1907, 61; Stare 1980, 77, t. 112: 3. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 3. Limberk pri Veliki Račni (sl. 7: 3) - naselbina Železna igla okroglega preseka. Dolž.: 10,6 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba.44 Hramba: IzA ZRC SAZU. Objava: Ciglenečki 1985, 262, t. 8: 92; id., 1994a, t. 10a: 14. 4. Ljubljana - Zgodnjekrščanski center (sl. 7: 4) Srebrna igla okroglega preseka. Telo igle je zvito. Dolž.: 8,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 440. Objava: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 120, t. 29: 25. 44 Večina takih najdb, ki jih hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana (NMS), je bila inštituciji predana v devetdesetih letih 20. st. (T. Knific, ustna informacija). Sl. 7: Tip 1. Neokrašene igle vrste stilus z vratom okroglega preseka. 1-3 železo; 4 srebro; 5 bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 7: Type 1. Undecorated stylus pins with a nech of a round cross section. 1-3 iron; 4 silver; 5 bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 1 - Kranj, Lajh, gr. / Gr. 31; 2 - Kranj, Lajh, grobišče / cemetery; 3 - Limberk, naselje / settlement; 4,5 - Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrščanski center. 5. Ljubljana - Zgodnjekrščanski center (sl. 7: 5) Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Telo igle je zvito. Dolž.: 9,4 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 471. Objava: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 122, t. 32: 7. V grob 31 na Lajhu v Kranju so bili poleg železne igle (kat. št. 1, sl. 7), ki je ležala desno ob glavi ženskega skeleta, pridani tudi par srebrnih in pozlačenih S-fibul, srebrna in pozlačena noga kleščaste fibule, železen nož, železna ovalna pasna spona, fragmentiran dvostranski koščeni glavnik, fragmentirana bronasta okrogla fibula in raznobarvne steklene jagode. V grobu so se ob glavi in deloma pod njo ohranile tudi zlate niti, kar kaže na ostanke tančice. Poleg sta bili še dve bronasti igli, ki sta danes izgubljeni.45 Vinski je izdelavo klešča-ste ločne fibule umestil pred leto 550 na območje Turingije.46 S-fibuli z zaključki v obliki živalskih glavic sta datirani v drugo polovico 6. st.47 oziroma v tretjo četrtino 6. st.,48 medtem ko ju Milavčeva uvršča v severnodonavsko fazo (tip Poysdorf), torej 45 Stare 1980, 53. 46 Vinski 1980, 20; Stare 1980, t. 16: 4. 47 Bitenc, Knific 2001, 74-76, kat. št. 243/21. Kot kataloška enota so predstavljene S- in okrogle fibule z grobišča Lajh v Kranju. Avtorica se v prispevku ne ukvarja z vsako posamezno fibulo, temveč jih skupno datira v drugo pol. 6. st. 48 Bona 1990, 69, 72, sl. 85. v prvo polovico 6. st.49 Losert postavlja grob na podlagi obeh S-fibul in ogrlice z jagodami millefiori v skupino 2, v čas med letoma 550 in 575.50 Zunaj območja Slovenije so tako neokrašene kot tudi okrašene igle vrste stilus znane na skoraj vseh najdiščih iz pozne antike. Na območju rimske države (npr. Lauriacum, Csakvar, Aquileia, Inter-cisa) se začnejo pojavljati od druge polovice 4. st. naprej. Kot lasnice in igle za spenjanje jih najdemo v romanskih in langobardskih ženskih grobovih in tudi v germanskih naselbinah severno od Alp ter v obdonavskem prostoru, kjer so datirane v obdobje med 5. in 7. st.51 V Keszthelyu naj bi bile v grobove pridane pred odhodom Langobardov v Italijo,52 medtem ko so igle, najdene v Italiji, datirane kar precej po tej zgodovinski prelomnici. Neokrašena igla vrste stilus, posamična najdba z Avicenne v Cagnano Varanu v Italiji, je s celotnim materialom grobišča postavljena v 6. in 7. st.53 V grobu 3 v Bol-seni v Laciju54 je takšna igla ležala na prsih ženskega skeleta in je kot edina najdba iz groba datirana s celotnim grobiščem v prvo polovico 7. st. Igle tipa 1 so bile najdene tudi v ženskem grobu 14 na najdišču Altamura-Belmonte v Apuliji,55 ki je bilo v sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega st. umeščeno v konec 7. in začetek 8. st.56 oziroma desetletje kasneje v 6. in 7. st.;57 in kot del raztresenih najdb z grobišča v Cornusu,58 ki je bilo pomembno v rimskem obdobju in ves zgodnji srednji vek. Ena igla, verjetno bronasta, je bila najdena tudi na enem od grobišč v okolici Buzeta na Hrvaškem in je s primerjavo s podobnimi v Invillinu datirana splošno v 6. st.59 Tip 2 (sl. 6: T2; 8-10) Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom: skupno je bilo v Sloveniji najdenih 14 igel te vrste.60 11 jih 49 Milavec 2007, 336. 50 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 65-67; Losert 2003. 51 Bierbrauer 1987, 161-162, s tam citirano literaturo; Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, 15, sl. 6: 8-11. 52 Müller 2010, 243, npr. gr. 1971/85; op. 1444. 53 Riemer 2000, 412, brez risbe. 54 Riemer 2000, 103 op. 4, 389, brez risbe. 55 Riemer 2000, 103 op. 4, 417, brez risbe. 56 Iorio 1977-1978; 47-136. 57 d'Angela 1986, 918: št. 15. 58 Riemer 2000, 103 op. 4, 481, t. 111: 25. 59 Marušič 1955, 102-103, t. II: 1. 60 Poleg navedenih sta bili pri nas najdeni še dve fragmentirani bronasti igli, katerih ornament na vratu T2 9 Sl. 8: Tip 2. Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 8: Type 2. Stylus pins with a moulded neck. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 6 - Češnjice pri Trebelnem, grob / grave; 7 - Gradec (Prapretno), naselje / settlement; 8 -Kranj, Lajh, gr. / Gr. 129; 9 - Kranj, Lajh, gr. / Gr. 292; 10 - Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrščanski center. je bilo odkritih v naselbinah: 8 pri izkopavanjih, 3 pa so detektorske najdbe. Tri igle, najdene v grobovih (sl. 8), kažejo na uporabo: ena je ležala levo ob glavi (kat. št. 6), druga med koleni (kat. št. 9), tretja pa pod brado (kat. št. 8). Sklepamo lahko, da je bila prva uporabljena kot lasnica, drugi dve pa za spenjanje obleke oziroma plašča. 6. Češnjice pri Trebelnem (sl. 8: 6) - grob Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je sploščena in poševno upognjena. Vrat je na zgornjem delu okrašen z vrezi nakazuje na verjetno pripadnost vrsti stilus, tipu 2. Igla s Ptuja (PM Ptuj, inv. št. P 2535) ima odlomljen del vratu in konico (Korošec), medtem ko igli z območja zgodnjekrščanskega centra v Ljubljani (MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 270) manjka del vratu z glavo (Plesničar-Gec 1983, 122, t. 32: 6). Zaradi negotovosti glede pripadnosti omenjenemu tipu ju nisem uvrstila v tipološki seznam. Zahvaljujem se Janezu Dularju za informacijo in risbo igle. v obliki ribje kosti, nato pa s prečnimi vrezi nad, pod in med dvema astragaloma. Okras vratu je na spodnji strani zaključen z dvema križajočima se cikcakastima linijama. Dolž.: 13,1 cm. Način pridobitve: nestrokovno izkopavanje; najdeni material je kasneje odkupil konservator J. Žmavc. Mesto najdbe v grobu: levo ob glavi.61 Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 3225. Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2001, 40-41, kat. št. 113. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 7. Gradec pri Prapretnem (sl. 8: 7) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je na zgornjem zadnjem delu okrašen z vrezi v obliki ribje kosti, na spodnjem delu pa z astragali. Dolž.: 12 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Hramba: PMC. Objava: Ciglenečki 1994a, sl. 5: 15. T2 12 8. Kranj - Lajh (sl. 8: 8) - grob 129 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je na zadnji strani zgornjega dela okrašen z vrezi v obliki ribje kosti, nato pa sledijo neenakomerno široka prečna rebra, slabo izvedena, kar daje videz spiralnega okrasa.62 Dolž.: 13 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: pod brado. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 1018. Objave: Šmid 1907, 69; Stare 1980, 60, t. 45: 5. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 9. Kranj - Lajh (sl. 8: 9) - grob 292 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s štirimi pasovi ozkih prečnih reber, ki so med seboj ločeni s tremi pasovi majhnih fasetiranih trikotnikov. Dolž.: 15,9 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: med koleni. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 1492. Objave: Žmavc 1904, 258, 259, sl. 215: b; Stare 1980, 71, t. 88: 2. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 10. Ljubljana - Zgodnjekrščanski center (sl. 8: 10) Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z enim širšim rebrom in nekaj prečnimi vrezi pod in nad njim. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Dolž.: 7,5 cm. Hramba: MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 290. Objava: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 122, t. 32: 10. 61 Po dnevniku J. Žmavca 1906, dne 14. 8. 1906, informatorka najprej ni bila prepričana o legi igle: na levi ključnici ali levo ob glavi. Kasneje je zatrdila, da je igla ležala levo ob glavi. Vpogled v prepis dnevnika mi je omogočil Timotej Knific, Arheološki oddelek NMS. 62 Opisi drugih avtorjev se razlikujejo: igla ima spiralen okras (Šmid 1907, 69) ali "narezan zgornji del" (Stare 1980, 60). Sl. 9: Tip 2. Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom. 11 srebro; 12-15 bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 9: Type 2. Stylus pins with a moulded neck. 11 silver, 12-15 bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 11 - Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrščanski center; 12 - Predjama, naselje / settlement; 13 - Ptuj, Turnirski prostor; 14 - Tonovcov grad, naselje / settlement; 15 -Tonovcov grad, stavba / Building 1. 11. Ljubljana - Zgodnjekrščanski center (sl. 9: 11) Srebrna igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s po dvema ožjima rebroma, ki ju pas visečih in stoječih fasetiranih trikotnikov ločuje od astragala. Dolž.: 10,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 473. Objava: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 121, t. 31: 8. 12. Predjama (sl. 9: 12) - naselbina Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je sploščena in poševno upognjena. Vrat je okrašen s štirimi nizi ožjih reber, na spodnjem delu se zadnji niz končuje s kratkim spiralno okrašenim delom. V spodnjem delu je igla rahlo ukrivljena. Dolž.: 12,15 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: Notranjski muzej Postojna. Objava: Korošec 1956, 46, t. 28: 19, 48: 8. 13. Ptuj - Grajski grič, Turnirski prostor (sl. 9: 13) Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z astragali in močno poškodovan, telo je zvito. Konica igle je odlomljena. Dolž.: 7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Ptuj. Objava: Korošec 1999, 37, t. 44: 9. T2 19 Sl. 10: Tip 2. Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 10: Type 2. Stylus pins with a moulded neck. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 16, 18 - Tonovcov grad, v okolici stavbe / outside Building 1; 17 - Tonovcov grad, stavba / Building 1, prostor / Room 2; 19 - Vranja peč, naselje / settlement. 14. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 9: 14) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z astragali. Telo igle je približno na polovici zalomljeno v stran. Dolž.: 11 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Hramba: TM, inv. št. 23113. Objave: Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 16; 1994b, t. 1: 22; 1994c, t. 1: 18; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 3. 15. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 9: 15) - naselje, stavba 1 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z dvema astragaloma. Telo igle je v spodnji polovici ukrivljeno. Dolž.: 11 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22292. Objave: Ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 24; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 4. 16. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 10: 16) - naselje, zunaj stavbe 1 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z nizom astragalov. Na spodnjem delu se niz končuje z dvema srednje širokima rebroma. Dolž.: 8,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22295. Objave: Ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 28; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 2. 17. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 10: 17) - naselje, stavba 1, prostor 2 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z dvema pasovoma s po dvema različno širokima rebroma. Pasova sta med seboj ločena z daljšim neokrašenim delom igle. Telo igle je v spodnji polovici ukrivljeno. Dolž.: 10,5 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22294. Objava: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 5: 18. 18. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 10: 18) - naselje, zunaj stavbe 1 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z enim močnejšim rebrom, ki mu na obeh straneh sledijo po tri ožja. Kratek del vratu, med glavo in okrasom, ima pravokoten profil. Dolž.: 8,9 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22445. Objave: Ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 25; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 1. 19. Vranja peč pri Lipnem Dolu (sl. 10: 19) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je na zunanji zgornji strani okrašena s plitvimi vrezi. Vrat je na zgornjem delu spiralno okrašen, sledi nekaj poševnih ozkih reber, nato pas poševnih ravnih vrezov, na spodnjem delu se nadaljuje okras v obliki treh pasov fasetiranih trikotnikov. Okras vratu se končuje s tremi ozkimi prečnimi rebri. Dolž.: 13,3 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Hramba: privatna last. Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 154. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. Leta 1905 so v Češnjicah pri Trebelnem domačini odkrili skeletni grob, v katerem sta bili poleg bronaste igle (kat. št. 6; sl. 8) še lončena posoda in ogrlica. Odlomke keramike in iglo je kasneje odkupil J. Žmavc. V okolici kraja so že pred tem naleteli tudi na druge arheološke najdbe, s človeškimi kostmi vred.63 Groba glede na ostali material ne moremo natančneje datirati. Grob 129 iz Kranja je imel poleg igle64 (kat. št. 8; sl. 8) pridane le še steklene jagode, del ogrlice, in ga prav tako ne moremo natančneje datirati. 63 Podatek iz še neobjavljenega besedila Š. Karo in R. Klasinca, Češnjice pri Trebelnem. Vpogled v besedilo mi je marca 2012 omogočil T. Knific, Arheološki oddelek NMS. 64 Stare 1980, 60, t. 45: 5. V ženskem grobu 29265 iz Kranja je bila poleg igle s profiliranim vratom (kat. št. 9; sl. 8) tudi S-fibula tipa Sarching, ki jo nekateri avtorji postavljajo v drugo polovico 6. st.,66 novejša analiza slovenskih S-fibul pa jo opredeljuje v južnonemški tip S-fibul. Te se pojavljajo tudi v Italiji in naj bi glede na okras sodile še v predpanonsko obdobje, torej v prvo polovico 6. st.67 Med pridatki kranjskega groba so tudi okovje nožnice, okrašene srebrne ploščice ter spojke jermenov, značilne za langobardske ženske grobove,68 ter ogrlica iz steklenih jagod, med katerimi je ena millefiori. Losert postavlja grob na podlagi S-fibule in ogrlice v tretjo četrtino 6. st.69 Na bajuvarski zgodnjesrednjeveški nekropoli v Altenerdingu so bile najdene podobne igle. Okrašene so bile s fasetiranimi trikotniki in ozkimi rebri, a brez sploščene in poševno upognjene glavice, in so v grobovih ležale izključno desno ob glavi. Takšne igle so pogoste tudi v alamanskih grobovih. Losert jih imenuje igle s profiliranim zgornjim delom in jih datira v pozno 6. in zgodnje 7. st.70 Okrasne igle vrste stilus tipa 2 imajo številne analogije v bližnji in daljni okolici. Najdemo jih v Istri v Siparju71 in na Mejici72 ter na številnih drugih sočasnih najdiščih.73 Podobne igle so pri- 65 Grob je izkopal J. Žmavc in ga leta 1904 objavil pod številko 76 (Žmavc 1904, 258-259, sl. 215). V objavi celotnega kranjskega grobišča je grob dobil številko 292 (Stare 1980, 49, 71, 117, t. 88: 2-9). 66 Bona 1990, 69-70, I. 70; Milavec 2007, 334. 67 Milavec 2007, 340. 68 Vinski 1980, 20. 69 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61; Losert 2003. 70 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 49; Losert 2003. 71 Marušic 1986, 86-91, sl. 9: 9. 72 Torcellan 1986, 46-47, t. 18: 6 (grob 54); 23: 7 (grob 93); 27: 5 (grob 123). 73 Npr.: Teurnia (Piccottini 1976, 99-100, t. 16: 8); Tiszabura (Csallany 1961, 284, t. 196: 1); Sontheim an der Brenz (Neuffer-Müller 1966, 25, t. 26: B 4); Csäkvär (Salamon, Barkoczi 1971, sl. 6: 20, 7: 23); Intercisa (Vago, Bona 1976, t. 41: 5); Schretzheim (Koch 1977, 68, t. 10: 10 [grob 34]); Callatis (Preda 1980, t. 30, M 339, M 280.3); Castel Trosino (Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 81 sl. 73, 172 sl. 221); Invillino-Ibligo (Bierbrauer 1987, 161; t. 49: 11-15; 64: 1-5,8); Keszthely-Fenekpuszta (Barkoczi 1994, sl. 7: 5,8; Müller 2010, 36, 41, t. 1); Tac - Gorsium (Barkoczi 1994, 112, 118, sl. 8: 1,2,4); Ciko (= Cziko; Hampel 1905, 378, sl. 1014; Barkoczi 1994, 114; Garam 2001, t. 41: 6 [grob 33]); Moreni in Band (Horedt 1977, 261, sl. 5: 1-3,8-9); Caričin grad (Mano-Zisi 1954-1955, t. 36: 16); Iatrus-Krivina (Gomolka-Fuchs 1982, 154, t. 64: 288,288a); Pešterica pri Prilepu (Kepeski 1976, t. 2-5 [grob 4]); Kaiseraugst (Martin 1991, 71-74, sl. 39: 19-20); Sv. Hema /Hemmaberg (Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, sl. 6: 1-4). sotne v Spodnjem Podonavju74 kot npr. na Gradini na Jelici,75 v Gamzigradu, Perniku in v Nišu, kjer je bronasta igla z verižico in obeskom (sl. 26: 2) datirana z ostalim depojskim gradivom v 6. st.76 Zelo podobna bronasta igla (sl. 26: 3) je bila najdena v Sadovcu v Bolgariji v bližini zgodnjekrščanske cerkvice, kjer je ležala na prsih ženskega skeleta.77 Datirana je z analogijami v čas od prve polovice 6. ter tja v 7. st.78 Večina igel vrste stilus z grobišča v Keszthelyu na Madžarskem ima profiliran vrat, prav vse izmed teh pa sodijo v zgodnjo kesthejsko kulturo, ki jo Müller postavlja v zadnjo tretjino 6. in prvo polovico 7. st.79 V Italiji,80 na lokaciji Grancia v Grossetu, je bila bronasta igla poleg fragmentov jagode edini pridatek ženskemu skeletu v grobu 53, ki je s celotnim grobiščem datiran v drugo polovico 7. st.81 Na lokaciji Avicenna v Cagnano Varanu, prav tako v Italiji, je bilo šest igel vrste stilus najdenih kot posamične najdbe; od teh imata dve profiliran vrat in sta z grobiščem datirani v 6. in 7. st.82 V Intercisi, v grobu 1184, je bronasta igla s profiliranim vratom ležala desno ob glavi ženskega skeleta. Na podlagi jagode iz karneola v ogrlici je grob datiran v pozno 4. in v 5. st.83 Igle vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom so torej datirane široko, v čas od poznega 4. do konca 7. st., čeprav jih lahko večino uvrstimo natančneje, predvsem v 6. in 7. st. Analiza in delitev teh igel na različice na podlagi ornamenta bi verjetno omogočili natančnejše datacije posameznih podtipov. 74 Milinkovic 2001, 132, t. 3: 1,2. 75 Igla s profiliranim vratom z Gradine na Jelici v Srbiji ima na vratu majhno okroglo predrtino (sl. 27: 1) (z verižico in kaveljčkom), zato sem jo uvrstila v tip 5, različica d1. Pri opisu tega tipa sta kot analogiji predstavljeni tudi igli iz Niša in Sadovca, s profiliranim vratom in verižico, a brez odprtine (glej v nadaljevanju). 76 Vinski 1968, 109, 144-145, t. 6: 20. 77 Uenze 1992, 161-163, t. 4: 9. 78 Uenze 1992, 162. 79 Müller 2010, 245. Igle iz grobov: 1963/1,3,4,6,26,29 (t. 36: 1,2,7,21; 37: 13,34), 1966/37,84 (t. 38: 4; 40: 22), 1967/87,91,93,97 (t. 40: 28,31; 41: 1,13) ter tri igle iz Lippovih izkopavanj leta 1886 (t. 1: 1,2,5). 80 Riemerjeva je v svoji objavi romanskih najdb na grobiščih 5. do 8. st. v Italiji podala seznam petih igel vrste stilus s profiliranim vratom, vendar sem po risbah lahko določila natančnejšo obliko le za tri: bronasta igla z vrezi v grobu 8 v Fiesolah (t. 58: 10; glej v nadaljevanju) ter igli s profiliranim vratom iz groba 53 v Grancii (t. 62: 12) in v Cagnano Varanu, na lokaciji Avicenna (t. 84: 13). 81 Riemer 2000, 381-382, t. 62: 12. 82 Riemer 2000, 412, t. 84: 13. 83 Vago, Bona 1976, 192, 202. Tip 3 (sl. 6: T3; 11; 12) Igle vrste stilus z vratom, okrašenim z vrezi: od 9 igel tega tipa jih je bilo 6 najdenih pri arheoloških izkopavanjih, 3 pa so detektorske najdbe. 6 igel je bilo odkritih v naselbinah in 3 na grobiščih: ena od teh je ležala v grobu ob kolenih skeleta (kat. št. 23), druga pod vratom skeleta (kat. št. 26, sl. 12), tretja pa je bila najdena kot posamična najdba, zunaj groba (kat. št. 22, sl. 11 ). Sl. 11: Tip 3. Igle vrste stilus z vratom, okrašenim z vrezi. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 11: Type 3. Stylus pins with an incision-decorated neck. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 20,21 - Koper, Kapucinski vrt, naselje / settlement; 22 - Kranj, Lajh, grobišče (ob grobu 62) / cemetery (beside Grave 62); 24 - Ljubična, naselje / settlement. 20. Koper - Kapucinski vrt (sl. 11: 20) - naselbina Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s prečnimi vrezi, ki si sledijo v neenakomernih presledkih. Dolž.: 8,5 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Koper, inv. št. AKKV 14. Objava: Cunja 1996, 143, t. 1: 14. 21. Koper - Kapucinski vrt (sl. 11: 21) - naselbina Bronasta igla ovalnega preseka. Vrat je okrašen z vodoravnimi in spiralnimi vrezi. Dolž.: 11,0 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Koper, inv. št. AKKV 13. Objave: Cunja 1996, 143, t. 1: 13; Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 98. 22. Kranj - Lajh (sl. 11: 22) - grobišče (ob grobu 6284) Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je rahlo poškodovana. Vrat je okrašen s tremi pasovi z nekaj plitvimi vrezi. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Dolž.: 7,9 cm. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 862. Objave: Šmid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 56, t. 27: 4. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 23. Kranj - Lajh grobišče, grob 243 Srebrna igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s prečnimi vrezi. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe: ob kolenih. Dolž.: -. Hramba: izgubljena. Objave: Žmavc 1904, 245, 246, sl. 200: b (izvorno grob 29; kakovost fotografije ne omogoča reproduciranja); Stare 1980, 68. 24. Ljubična pri Zbelovski Gori (sl. 11: 24) - naselbina Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s plitvimi prečnimi in vzporednimi vrezi. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Dolž.: 9,6 cm. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 3231. Objava: neobjavljeno. Risba: arhiv NMS. 25. Ljubljana - Zgodnjekrščanski center (sl. 12: 25) Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je delno odlomljena. Vrat je okrašen z nekaj prečnimi vrezi. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Dolž.: 6,8 cm. Hramba: MM Ljubljana, inv. št. M 282. Objava: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 122, t. 32: 12. 26. Rifnik (sl. 12: 26) - grob 54 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je okrašen s tremi pasovi s po dvema oziroma tremi vrezi. Dolž.: 15,5 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: pod vratom. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 325. Objave: Bolta 1970-1971, 131; Bolta 1981, 34, t. 9: 14. 27. Zidani gaber nad Mihovim (sl. 12: 27) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je na zgornjem delu zadnje strani okrašen z vrezi v obliki ribje kosti, ki se končujejo s štirimi poševnimi vrezi na sprednji strani igle. Dolž.: 12,8 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. 84 Šmid piše, da v grobu 62 ni bilo najdb (Šmid 1907, 64). Dva predmeta, bronasta igla in železen predmet, naj bi bila posamični najdbi, odkriti ob grobu 62 (Stare 1980, 56). Hramba: Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, inv. št. A 2734. Objava: neobjavljeno. Risba: arhiv NMS. 28. Zidani gaber nad Mihovim (sl. 12: 28) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je na zadnji strani okrašen s plitvimi poševnimi vrezi. Dolž.: 5,8 cm. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Hramba: Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, inv. št. A 2766. Objava: neobjavljeno. Risba: arhiv NMS. Sl. 12: Tip 3. Igle vrste stilus z vratom, okrašenim z vrezi. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 12: Type 3. Stylus pins with an incision-decorated neck. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 25 - Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrščanski center; 26 - Rifnik, gr. / Gr. 54; 27-28 - Zidani gaber, naselje / settlement. sicer element moške noše, značilen za merovinški čas in datiran v 6. in 7. st.,88 bronast obroček, kvadratna ploščica, obložena z modrim in belim emajlom, ter dve srebrni in pozlačeni S-fibuli, po Tejralu blizu mlajšim fibulam tipa Poysdorf.89 Starejše objave tovrstne S-fibule časovno uvrščajo v pozno 6. st.,90 medtem ko Tejral in Milavčeva menita, da so zgodnejše in naj bi tako sodile v prvo polovico oziroma v sredino 6. st.91 Losert umešča grob v tretjo četrtino 6. st.92 Druga igla tipa 4 z grobišča Lajh v Kranju je bila najdena ob grobu 62, ki je bil sicer brez pri-datkov.93 Poleg igle (kat. št. 22, sl. 11) je bil ob grobu najden še železen podolgovat predmet. Ob grobu 62 je bil grob 61, kjer je bila kot pridatek le ogrlica iz zelenih jagod. Mogoče je, da sta igla in železen predmet, najdena ob grobu 62, oba iz groba 61.94 Na Rifniku je bila igla, okrašena z vrezi, položena v grob 54 (kat. št. 26, sl. 12) kot posmrtni pridatek starejši pokojnici.95 Poleg te so bili v njem še ogrlica iz steklenih jagod, keramično vretence in zapestnica, ki je sodila k nakitu romanizira-nega staroselskega prebivalstva, kasneje pa so jo prevzela tudi germanska (Gepidi, Langobardi) in stepska ljudstva. Na istem najdišču je bila taka zapestnica najdena še v grobu 47.96 V Sloveniji so take zapestnice znane tudi s Pristave na Ble-du97 in Lajha v Kranju,98 kjer so datirane v drugo polovico 6. st.99 Grob 54 na Rifniku je datiran v drugo polovico 6. st. Igle tipa 3 so bile v Sloveniji najdene še v naselbinah na Kapucinskem vrtu v Kopru (kat. št. 20, 20; sl. 11), na Zidanem gabru (kat. št. 27, 28; sl. 12), Ljubični (kat. št. 24, sl. 11) in v Zgodnje-krščanskem centru v Ljubljani (kat. št. 25, sl. 12). Analogije za slovenske igle tipa 3 najdemo npr. v Na grobišču Lajh v Kranju je bila srebrna igla tipa 3 (kat. št. 23) najdena v grobu 243,85 a ni ohranjena.86 Poleg te so bili v grob pridani še ogrlica iz raznobarvnih steklenih, keramičnih in jantarnih jagod, koščen piramidast obesek, značilen za čas do 7. st.,87 železen nož, bronast ščitast pasni okov, 85 Grob je izkopal J. Žmavc in ga leta 1904 objavil pod številko 29 (Žmavc 1904, 246, sl. 200). V objavi celotnega kranjskega grobišča je dobil številko 243 (Stare 1980, 49, 68, t. 74: 7-15). 86 Žmavc 1904, 245-246, sl. 200: b; Stare 1980, 68. 87 Jevremov, Tomanič Jevremov, Ciglenečki 1993, 225, 227-228. 88 Vinski 1980, 24. 89 Tejral 2002, 341 sl. 19 ; Milavec 2007, 337. 90 Werner 1962, 126; Vinski 1980, 21. 91 Tejral 2005, 137-160; Milavec 2007, 334, 337. 92 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 165-166; Losert 2003. 93 Šmid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 56. 94 Stare 1980, 56 sl. 4. 95 Leben Seljak 2006, 440. Avtorica na podlagi patoloških značilnosti skeletnih ostankov ocenjuje, da so bile pokojnice iz grobov 54, 56 in 58 v sorodstvenem razmerju. 96 Bolta 1981, 33, t. 8: 6. 97 Grob 277: Knific 1983, 149, t. 19: 13-16. 98 Vinski 1980, t. 39: 4; 46: 8; 57: 4; 64: 3,12; 83: 3; 87: 9; 99: 8. 99 Vinski 1980, 22; Cunja 1996, 62. Istri, na Mejici 100 ter številnih grobiščih v tujini.101 V Italiji so prisotne npr. v Cagnano Varanu, na lokaciji Avicenna, kjer so bile med šestimi iglami vrste stilus tri, ki sodijo v tip 3: ena s horizontalnimi vrezi in dve s tordiranim okrasom na vratu. Datirane so v 6. in 7. st.102, kot celotno grobišče. Tudi v Bolseni v Laciju v grobu 4, je bila najdena igla, in to s tordiranim vratom. Grob poleg te vsebuje še zlat uhan s košarico tipa 2a,103 dva železna noža, zapestnico z odebeljenimi konci, steklene in jantarne jagode, Konstantinov novec ter iglo z okroglo glavico. Glede na pridatke sodi grob v sredino oziroma drugo polovico 7. st.104 Celotno grobišče je bilo ob prvi obdelavi najdb datirano v čas med 5. in 7. st.,105 ob ponovnem pregledu pa večji del sodi natančneje v prvo polovico 7. st.106 Edina vzporednica igli iz groba 4 v Bolseni je bila najdena v grobu 164 v Castel Trosinu.107 V Fiesolah na ulici Riorbico je imel izmed sedemindvajsetih grobov le grob 8 kot edini pridatek bronasto iglo vrste stilus, okrašeno z dvema pasovoma vodoravnih vrezov, med katerimi je na zadnji strani igle še vrezan okras v obliki ribje kosti. Celotno grobišče je datirano v 7. st.108 Igle vrste stilus tipa 3 iz grobov v Sloveniji lahko omejimo na sredino oziroma drugo polovico 6. st., medtem ko so se v tujini pojavljale vsaj do sredine 7. st. Analiza in delitev teh igel na različice na podlagi ornamenta bi nam omogočila natančnejše datira-nje posamezne različice. Na primer igle z vratom, okrašenim z vzporednimi vodoravnimi vrezi, kot je primerek s Kapucinskega vrta v Kopru (kat. št. 20, sl. 11), so znane tudi iz merovinških ženskih grobov v jugozahodni Nemčiji in so značilne za čas med letoma 610 in 670.109 100 Marusic 1986, 97-100, sl. 12: 6; Torcellan 1986, 46-47, t. 24: 6 (gr. 106), t. 31: 6 (gr. 151), t. 34: 4 (gr. 179). 101 Csäkbereny (Fettich 1965, sl. 167: 2); Schretzheim (Koch 1977, 68, t. 177: 1, t. 134: 5 [gr. 514]); Invillino-Ibligo (Bierbrauer 1987, 78, 161, sl. 22: 11, t. 51: 5); Weingarten, gr. 487 (Roth, Theune 1995, 142-143, sl. 166, t. 176: 3); Kaiseraugst (Martin 1991, 71, sl. 39: 15-17); Pleidelsheim, gr. 126 (Koch 2001, 160, 462-463, t. 50: 1); Kölked-Feketekapu B, gr. 335 (Kiss 2001, 369, t. 74: B 335). 102 Riemer 2000, 412, brez risb. 103 Riemer 2000, 52. 104 Riemer 2000, 53. 105 Galli 1912, 345-353. 106 Von Hessen 1975, 61; Riemer 2000, 389, t. 68:1-6. 107 Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 172, sl. 221; Riemer 2000, 103 op. 3, t. 68: 3. 108 Riemer 2000, 375, 376, t. 58: 10. 109 Roth, Theune 1988, 35, t. 7. Tip 4 (sl. 6: T4; 13; 14) Igle vrste stilus z vratom kvadratnega preseka: od 8 igel te vrste so bile 4 železne in 1 bronasta najdene v naselbini, 3 bronaste pa v grobovih: dve sta ležali v predelu med vratom in prsmi (kat. št. 31, 32; sl. 13), lega tretje pa je neznana (kat. št. 30; sl. 13). Večina igel je okrašena z vrezi, predvsem v obliki cikcakastega vzorca. Posebnost so železne igle s Tonovcovega gradu pri Kobaridu, ki so izdelane robustneje in dajejo videz orodja. Mogoče je tudi, da so polizdelek. 29. Koper - Kapucinski vrt (sl. 13: 29) - naselbina Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat ima kvadraten presek in je okrašen s cikcakastimi vrezi. Dolž.: 11 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Koper, inv. št. AKKV 15. Objave: Cunja 1996, 143, t. 1: 15; Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 98. 30. Bled - Pristava (sl. 13: 30) - grob 236 29 31 32 Sl. 13: Tip 4. Igle vrste stilus z vratom kvadratnega preseka. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 13: Type 4. Stylus pins with a neck of a square cross section. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 29 - Koper, Kapucinski vrt, naselje / settlement; 30 - Bled, Pristava, gr. / Gr. 236; 31 - Rifnik, gr. / Gr. 7; 32 - Rifnik, gr. / Gr. 38. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je na spodnji strani okrašena s koncentričnim krožcem. Vrat je kvadratnega preseka in neokrašen. Dolž.: 13,2 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: neznano. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 493. Objava: Kastelic 1960, 27, t. 12: 4. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. 31. Rifnik (sl. 13: 31) - grob 7 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat ima kvadraten presek in je okrašen z vrezanim cikcakastim ornamentom, ki se na obeh straneh končuje z več prečnimi vrezi. Dolž.: 14,2 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: pod spodnjo čeljustjo. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 834. Objave: Bolta 1967, 401; Bolta 1981, 31, t. 1: 16. 32. Rifnik (sl. 13: 32) - grob 38 Bronasta igla z vratom kvadratnega in konico okroglega preseka. Vrat je kvadratnega preseka in neokrašen. Dolž.: 14,4 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe v grobu: na prsih. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 295. Objave: Bolta 1970-1971, 128; Bolta 1981, 32, t. 5: 10. 33. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 14: 33) - naselbina, stavba 1 Železna igla kvadratnega preseka. Vrat igle je okrašen z dvema prečnima zarezama. Sl. 14: Tip 4. Igle vrste stilus z vratom kvadratnega preseka. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Fig. 14: Type 4. Stylus pins with a neck of a square cross section. All iron. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 33-36 - Tonovcov grad, stavba / Building 1. Dolž.: 12,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22716. Objava: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 7. 34. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 14: 34) - naselbina, stavba 1 Železna igla kvadratnega preseka. Vrat igle je okrašen s širšim kvadratnim rebrom, ki ima na dveh stranicah po dva vreza: na eni stranici v obliki črke X oziroma križa, na drugi pa pokončen cikcakast motiv. Dolž.: 10,4 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22801. Objava: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 8. 35. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 14: 35) - naselbina, stavba 1 Železna igla kvadratnega preseka. Vrat igle je na eni od štirih stranic okrašen s tremi pasovi prečnih vrezov, ki so ločeni z vrezanimi poševnimi križi. Igla je na polovici zalomljena. Dolž.: 9,8 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22902. Objava: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 6. 36. Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (sl. 14: 36) - naselbina, stavba 1 Železna igla kvadratnega preseka. Vrat igle je na eni od štirih stranic okrašen s tremi rebri: enemu širšemu na obeh straneh sledita po eno ožje. Igla je na polovici ukrivljena. Dolž.: 10,2 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: TM, ter. št. 22794. Objava: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, t. 6: 5. Igla s Kapucinskega vrta v Kopru (kat. št. 29, sl. 13) ima neposredno analogijo v igli iz groba 7 (kat. št. 31, sl. 13) z Rifnika.110 Vanj so bili poleg igle pridani še par zlatih uhanov s košarico tipa Allach,111 ogrlica, bronast prstan, bronast gumb in koščen obroček. Uhani sodijo v drugo pol. 6., morda še v začetek 7. st.,112 bronast prstan pa je Slabe uvrstil med prstane tipa IV, ki naj bi izvirali iz antike in so se razširili pod vplivom langobardsko--italskega kroga. Na alamansko-bavarskem območju so bili znani še v 7. st.113 Losert uvršča ogrlico v svojo skupino 1 in datira grob med letoma 450 in 550.114 Obe igli lahko tako postavimo v 6. st. V Sloveniji sta bila najdena še dva podobna, vendar neokrašena primerka igel. Prva igla je iz 110 Bolta 1967, 401; id. 1981, 31, 50, t. 1: 910. 111 Cunja 1996, 59. 112 Knific 1983, 153-155. 113 Slabe 1990, 458, 460, sl. 2: 6. 114 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. groba 38 (kat. št. 32, sl. 13) z Rifnika115 in druga iz groba 236 (kat. št. 30, sl. 13) s Pristave pri Bledu.116 V grobu 38 na Rifniku117 so bili poleg igle s kvadratnim presekom vratu tudi ogrlica iz steklenih jagod, dve bronasti zapestnici in prstan tipa VII po Slabetu. Ti prstani se pojavljajo kot kvalitetnejši pridatek predvsem pri staroselcih in so dosežek poznoantičnih zlatarskih delavnic 6. st.118 Losert pa uvršča ogrlico v svojo skupino 1 in s tem celoten grob v leta med 450 in 550.119 Grob tako datiramo v prvo pol. 6. st. V grobu 236 na Pristavi pri Bledu sta bila poleg igle (kat. št. 30, sl. 13) pridana še dva prstana, značilna za drugo generacijo na blejskem grobišču120 ter dva različna uhana, značilna za nošo 5. in prve polovice 6. stoletja v Sloveniji.121 Analogije za ta tip igel zunaj Slovenije najdemo predvsem v srednji Evropi. Primerjamo jih lahko z alamanskimi primerki iz Holzgerlingena122 ter Wurmlingena123 v Wurttembergu, kjer sodijo v 6. in verjetno še v 7. st.124 Posebnost med iglami vrste stilus z vratom kvadratnega preseka so štirje primerki z naselbine na Tonovcovem gradu (kat. št. 33-36, sl. 14). Vse štiri igle so železne in okrašene. Od ostalih se razlikujejo po materialu in izvedbi. Izdelane so bolj robustno in dajejo videz polizdelka ali pa predstavljajo vrsto orodja in ne nakit. Glede na kontekste so datirane med konec 5. in začetek 7. st.125 Analogije zanje niso znane, morda bi mednje lahko uvrstili podobno železno iglo iz Keszthelya, iz ženskega groba 1999/34,126 kjer sicer predstavlja nakit. Neokrašena želena igla kvadratnega preseka je ležala v območju vratu, natančneje pod brado. Tudi ena od obeh zapestnic je bila železna, druga iz stekla. Trije ukrivljeni neidentificirani železni predmeti niso ležali ob skeletu, ampak v severozahodnem kotu groba. Na enem od njih sta bila z rjo pritrjena bronasta novca Konstancija II. in Valensa, kovana med letoma 351 in 361 ter med 364 in 367.127 Avtor ni prepričan, da 115 Bolta 1970-1971, 128; id. 1981, 32, t. 5: 10. 116 Kastelic 1960, 27, t. 12: 4. 117 Bolta 1981, 32. 118 Slabe 1990, 460. 119 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. 120 Knific 1983, 22. 121 Knific 1983, 21, 148. 122 Ve eck 1931, t. 46: A 4. 123 Ve eck 1931, t. 46: A 8. 124 Ve eck 1931, 61. 125 Modrijan 2011, 12. 126 Müller 2010, 118, 211, t. 85: 1. 127 Müller 2010, 118, t. 85: 4. ti železni predmeti z novci predstavljajo pridatke groba. Grob je datiran na podlagi slabe ohranjenosti skeleta in kamnite obrobe zgornjega dela groba v zgodnjo keszthejsko kulturo, torej v zadnjo tretjino 6. in v prvo polovico 7. st.128 Tip 5 (sl. 6: T5; 15) Igle vrste stilus z izrazito razširjenim vratom: igle tega tipa, najdene v Sloveniji, lahko na podlagi oblike in okrasa vratu razdelimo na več različic in podrazličic (sl. 15): Sl. 15: Tip 5. Različice poznoantične igle vrste stilus z izrazito razširjenim vratom: 5a - igle z izrazito križno razširitvijo vratu (kat. št. 37); 5b - igle z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu (39); 5c - igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu (40); 5d1 - igle z izrazito kvadratno in enojno predrto razširitvijo vratu (43); 5d2 - igle z izrazito kvadratno in dvojno predrto razširitvijo vratu (45). (Številka) = kataloška številka. M. = 1:2. Fig. 15: Type 5. Variants of the Late Antique stylus pins with an enlarged neck: 5a - pins with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section (Cat. no. 37); 5b - pins with an enlarged neck of a polygonal cross section (39); 5c - pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section (40); 5d1 -pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation (43); 5d2 - pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a double perforation (45). (Number) = Catalogue No.. Scale = 1:2. 128 Müller 2010, 118, 245, t. 85: 1-6. - 5a: igle z izrazito križno razširitvijo vratu, - 5b: igle z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu, - 5c: igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu, - 5d: igle z izrazito kvadratno in predrto razširitvijo vratu, ki jih lahko dodatno razdelimo še na podrazličici: - 5d1: igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo in enojno predrtino vratu, - 5d2: igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo in dvojno predrtino vratu. V Sloveniji je bilo odkritih 9 igel vrste stilus z izrazito razširjenim vratom. Najdene so bile tako v naselbinah kot v grobovih. Od dveh, najdenih v grobovih, je ena ležala desno ob glavi (kat. št. 37, sl. 16), lega druge pa je neznana (kat. št. 43, sl. 23). Igle vrste stilus tipa 5 najdemo na širšem srednje-in jugovzhodnoevropskem območju, saj se pojavljajo na območju Madžarske,129 Slovenije,130 Hrvaške,131 Bosne,132 Italije,133 Francije,134 Avstrije135 in Nemčije.136 Datirane so glede na ostale pridatke v grobovih ali na naselbinske plasti široko, v čas od konca 5. do začetka 7. st., a večino jih lahko postavimo v sredino in drugo polovico 6. ter morda še v začetek 7. st. Tip 5, različica 5a (sl. 16) - igle z izrazito križno razširitvijo vratu: 37. Rifnik (sl. 16: 37) - grob 76 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen in kvadratnega preseka. Na vseh štirih stranicah ima vzdolžne vdolbine, tako da ima v preseku obliko križa s priostrenimi zaključki. Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje z ozkimi prečnimi rebri. Dolž.: 11,25 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. 129 Alföldi 1926; Balint 1989, 180-183, sl. 82: 1; Ibler 1991, 191; Müller 1992, t. 3: 71, t. 61: 1; Barkoczi 1994, 110-114, sl. 7: 4, 10: 2,5; Riemer 2000, 103-104; Garam 2001, 65-67. 130 Ibler 1991, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104; Caval 2002, 49-55. 131 Miletic 1970, 140 op. 149; Ibler 1991, 40, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104. 132 Miletic 1970, 121, 123, 139-140, t. 2: 12, 3: 32; Ibler 1991, 40, 190. 133 Bierbrauer 1987, t. 49: 15, 64: 8; Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513, sl. 141, kat. st. 1402; Ibler 1991, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104. 134 Ibler 1991, 190. 135 Ibler 1991, 191. 136 Bott 1952, t. 14: 5,5a; Ibler 1991, 191. Sl. 16: Različica 5a. Igli vrste stilus z izrazito križno razširitvijo vratu. Bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 16: Variant 5a. Stylus pins with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section. Bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 37 - Rifnik, gr. / Gr. 76; 38 - Rifnik, naselje / settlement. Mesto najdbe v grobu: desno ob glavi. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 364. Objave: Bolta 1969, Y 115; Bolta 1981, 35, t. 12: 4. 38. Rifnik (sl. 16: 38) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je odlomljena.137 Vrat je razširjen in kvadratnega preseka. Na vseh štirih stranicah ima vzdolžne vdolbine, tako da ima v preseku obliko križa s priostrenimi zaključki. Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje z astragali. Dolž.: 9,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 2120. Objava: Bolta 1981, 29, t. 27: 53; Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 4: 12. Obe slovenski igli različice 5a sta bili najdeni na Rifniku (sl. 16): ena v grobu (kat. št. 37) in druga v naselbini (kat. št. 38). V grob 76138 so bili poleg bronaste igle pridani še ogrlica iz steklenih jagod skupine 1 po Losertu, te ogrlice so datirane v čas med 450 in 5 5 0,139 keramično vretence in uhani s poliedrom, ki predstavljajo staroselski element s konca 5. in prve pol. 6. st.140 Vendar pa Bierbrauer piše, da sredozemske grobne celote z uhani s po- 137 Glede na primerjave je imela igla sploščeno in poševno upognjeno glavo. 138 Bolta 1981, 35, 52, t. 12: 4-8. 139 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. 140 Bolta 1981, 16; Knific 1983, 21, 148. Sl. 17: Igli vrste stilus. Primerjavi različici 5a. Bron. Fig. 17: Stylus pins. Analogies for the Variant 5a. Bronze. 1 - Keszthely, gr. / Gr. 61 (Müller 1987, Abb. 4: 71/61); 2 - Invillino-Ibligo, posamična najdba / stray find (Bierbrauer 1987, T. 49: 15). Sl. 18: Različica 5b. Okrasna igla vrste stilus z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu. Bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 18: Variant 5b. Stylus pin with an enlarged neck of a polygonal cross section. Bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. /Cat. no.: 39 - Korinj-ski hrib, naselje / settlement. Sl. 19: Okrasna igla s Sv. Heme (Hemmaberg) je najbližja primerjava različici 5b z območja Slovenije. Bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 19: The decorative pin from Hemmaberg (Austria) is the closest analogy for the Variant 5b from Slovenia. Bronze. Scale = 1:2. (Ladstätter Schretter 1998, Abb. 6: 5) liedrom sodijo v 6. st.,141 tako tudi v Sloveniji.142 Grob je glede na pridatke datiran v konec 5. in v prvo pol. 6. st. Na grobišču Keszthely-Fenekpuszta na Madžarskem je bila 9,6 cm dolga bronasta igla s križno razširitvijo vratu (sl. 17: 1) najdena kot edini pri-datek v grobu 61 (ob južnem obzidju).143 Müller je grob datiral najprej v čas po 568 in pred 630,144 kasneje pa je datacijo zožil le na drugo pol. 6. st.145 Podobne igle se pojavljajo tudi v Italiji, npr. v Invillinu v Furlaniji, kot posamične najdbe brez ožje datacije (sl. 17: 2).146 141 Bierbrauer 1987, 150. 142 Kranj, Lajh (Stare 1980, t. 80: 2-3, 106: 4-5); Rifnik (Bolta 1981, t. 3: 1-2,12-14; 5: 6-7; 9: 1,3; 11: 2; 16: 1-2,9; 17: 6-8); Bled, Pristava (Knific 2004, 96-98, sl. 5: 6-7); Kranj, Križišče Iskra (Sagadin 1988, t. 2: 6-7). 143 Barko czi 1994, 114, sl. 10: 5. 144 Müller 1987, 111, 118, sl. 4. 145 Müller 1992, 261, 263, t. 3. 146 Bierbrauer 1987, 161-162, 347, št. 63, t. 49: 15, 64: 8. Tip 5, različica 5b (sl. 18) - igle z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu: 39. Korinjski hrib nad Velikim Korinjem (sl. 18: 39) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen, šestko-tnega preseka in okrašen s prečnimi in poševnimi vrezi ter s fasetiranimi trikotniki. Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje s po enim širšim in več ozkimi rebri. Način pridobitve: detektorska najdba. Dolž.: 10,1 cm. Hramba: IzA ZRC SAZU. Objava: Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 9: 16. Med igle z izrazito večkotno razširitvijo vratu sodi igla s šesterokotnim presekom vratu s Korinjskega hriba nad Velikim Korinjem147 (kat. št. 39, sl. 18), ki zaenkrat nima analogij v Sloveniji. Najbližjo primerjavo predstavlja bronasta igla z razširjenim vratom večkotnega preseka (sl. 19) s Sv. Heme/ 147 Knific 1991, 25, 26; Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 9: 16. Sl. 20: Različica 5c. Igle vrste stilus z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 20: Variant 5c. Stylus pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 40 - Tinje, naselje / settlement; 41 - Rifnik, stavba / Building 6; 42 - Svete gore, naselje / settlement. Hemmaberg. Datirana je v 6. st.148 Naselbina na Korinjskem hribu naj bi bila zgrajena konec 5. ali v prvi polovici 6. st., torej glede na to lahko iglo datiramo najzgodneje v ta čas.149 Tip 5, različica 5c (sl. 20) - igle z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu: 40. Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu (sl. 20: 40) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen, kvadratnega preseka in okrašen z napisom VIVIAM(F). Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje z različno širokimi rebri. Dolž.: 13,1 cm. Način pridobitve: pridobljena po E. Riedlu. Hramba: izgubljena. Objave: Riedl 1900, 107; Ciglenečki 2000, 10, sl. 2. 41. Rifnik (sl. 20: 41) - naselje, hiša 6 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen in kvadratnega preseka. Na vseh štirih stranicah ima vzdolžne vdolbine, tako da ima v preseku obliko križa s priostrenimi zaključki. Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje z različno širokimi rebri. Konica igle je močno ukrivljena. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Dolž.: 14,4 cm. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 874. Objava: Bolta 1981, 25, t. 25: 78; Ciglenečki 1994, t. 4: 13. 42. Svete gore nad Zagajem (sl. 20: 42) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Glava je delno odlomljena, a sta njena sploščenost in poševna upognjenost še vedno prepoznavni. Vrat je okrašen s prečnimi vrezi, srednji del igle oziroma spodnji del vratu in del telesa pa sta razširjena, kvadratnega preseka in okrašena z vdolbljenimi trikotniki. V spodnjem delu je igla poševno ukrivljena. Dolž.: 9,4 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: Posavski muzej Brežice. Objava: Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438, t. 1: 2. Igla z naselbine na Tinju nad Loko pri Žusmu (kat. št. 40, sl. 20) je danes izgubljena. V grobem jo lahko datiramo po najdišču, ki sodi v skupino mlajših stalno naseljenih utrdb druge polovice 5. in 6. st., kamor med drugimi uvrščamo tudi Rifnik, Ajdno nad Potoki, Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom in Gradec pri Prapretnem.150 Igla ima na vratu razširitev kvadratnega preseka, ki je na zgornjem in spodnjem koncu profilirana, na eni od stranic pa nosi napis, ki je sestavljen iz sedmih vrezanih črk oziroma znakov. Prvih šest lahko beremo kot VIVIAM, zadnji znak oziroma črka pa je nejasna in je bila brana različno. Riedl je v zadnji črki videl križ oziroma znak +. Napis je bral od desne proti levi ter prebral + MAI VIV.151 Tako naj bi igla predstavljala darilo nekega Majusa in je vezana na zgodnjekrščanski čas.152 Ciglenečki je napis prebral kot VIVIAMF,153 v 4. suplementu k CIL-u III pa je prebran kot VIVIAM+,154 kar so prevzeli tudi nekateri drugi avtorji. 155 Zaradi nejasnega, čeprav natančno izrisanega156 napisa, se ponuja 148 Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, 16, 22, sl. 6: 5. 149 Ciglenečki 1985, 266-267; Knific 1991. 150 Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 151 Riedl 1900, 107. 152 Ciglenečki 1992, 72. 153 Ciglenečki 1992, 70, 72. 154 CIL III, Suppl. 4, 14375, 2328. Kot najdišče je naveden Žusem pri Loki oziroma Süssenbrunn bei Lack. 155 Cabrol, Leclercq 1953, 1696; Božič, Feugere 2004, 30. 156 Riedl, rudarski inženir in poverjenik dunajske osrednje komisije za varstvo spomenikov, je poročilu o j Sl. 21: Igle vrste stilus. Primerjave različici 5c. 1,3-5 bron, 2 bron in zlato. M. 1 = 1:4, 2-5 = 1:2. Fig. 21: Stylus pins. Analogies for the Variant 5c. 1,3-5 bronze, 2 bronze and gold. Scale 1 = 1:4, 2-5 = 1:2. 1 - Vranja peč (Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. 154); 2 - Keszthe-ly-Fenékpuszta, otroški gr. / child's Gr. 5 (Barkoczi 1968, T. 55: 5); 3 - Korita (Duvno), gr. / Gr. 30 (Miletic 1979, T. 2: 30); 4 - Klistici (Tinjan), gr. / Gr. 11 (Šonje 1980-1981, sl. 3); 5 - Lesencetomaj, gr. / Gr. 5 (Müller 1992, T. 7: 5). razlaga, da je bila igla s Tinja verjetno izdelana po spominu ali slabem vzorcu neke druge igle, napis pa interpretiramo kot oznanilo lastnika, da je kristjan. V Sloveniji najdemo primerjavo tinjski igli v bronasti igli z Vranje peči nad Lipnim Dolom157 (sl. 21: 1). Ta ima ošiljeno glavico šesterokotnega preseka, okrašeno s krožci in vrezi, ter kvadratno razširjen vrat, na katerem so še vidni sledovi nekdaj pritrjenih pločevinastih čašic za poldrage kamne. Vsaka stranica je imela pritrjene po tri čašice, četrta pa nosi vrezan cikcakasti okras,158 ki spominja na napis na igli s Tinja. ruševini gradu Žamerk, s konca 19. st., pridal tudi natančno risbo igle (Ciglenečki 2000, 10). 157 Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 154. 158 Bitenc, Knific 2001, 55. Podobna obema je igla iz otroškega groba (grob 5) v Keszthely-Fenekpuszti159 (sl. 21: 2). Tudi ta ima na vratu kvadratno razširitev, poleg tega pa je prevlečena še z zlato pločevino s filigransko obrobo vseh ploskev. Razširitev je na treh stranicah okrašena s celičenjem v tehniki cabochon, na četrti stranici pa je vrezan napis BONOSA. Barkoczi domneva, da je bilo to ime nosilke.160 V grobu je igla ležala na območju prsnega koša, torej je služila za spenjanje obleke ali plašča.161 Sprva je bila z grobiščem datirana v prvo polovico 6. st. in naj bi bila delo lokalnega mojstra, ki je preživel germanske vpade,162 kasneje pa jo je isti avtor163 ter še nekaj drugih164 postavilo v drugo polovico 6. st. oziroma še kasneje, v pozno 6. in začetek 7. st.165 Vrezan cikcakasti motiv, ki spominja na napis, je tudi na lokalno izdelani bronasti igli lasnici s ploščato zankasto glavico iz ženskega groba 30 v Koritih pri Duvnem (sl. 21: 3). Grob je vseboval le še bronasto šivanko in je datiran po primerjavah iz Slovenije, Madžarske in Italije v 6. st.166 Grobišče sodi v čas od tretjega desetletja do konca 6. st.167 Podoben, a preprostejši okras168 kot igla z napisom s Tinja ima tudi bronasta igla iz groba 11 iz Klisticev pri Tinjanu v Istri (sl. 21: 4). Edini pridatek ženskemu skeletu je ležal na temenu glave. Igla je datirana s primerjavami na Bledu in Invillinu ter določena kot poznoantični prežitek, prevzet od Langobardov.169 Posebnost med iglami z izrazito kvadratno razširitvijo vratu je bronasta igla s Svetih gor nad Zagajem (kat. št. 42, sl. 20), ki ima sicer odlomljen vrh glave, vendar sploščen ostanek kaže, da sodi med igle vrste stilus. Zgornji del vratu igle je tanjši, okroglega preseka ter okrašen s prečnimi vzpore- 159 Barkoczi 1968, 278-279, t. 55: 5; Garam 2001, t. 41: 3. 160 Barkoczi 1968, 293. 161 Barkoczi 1968, 278-279. 162 Barkoczi 1968, 307-311. 163 Barkoczi 1971, 183, 190, t. 75: 5. 164 Stiegemann 2001, 338. 165 Müller 1995, 164-167; Garam 2001, 65, t. 41: 3; Daim 2003, 475, 531, t. 5: 4. Pozne datacije nekaterih madžarskih avtorjev so posledica pripisovanja grobov pri žitnici prebivalstvu, naseljenem po letu 568, kar pa nikakor ni nujno (prim. Daim 2003, 475, 531, t. 5: 4). 166 Miletic 1978, 159, t. 2: 30. 167 Miletic 1978, 181. 168 V besedilu je zapisano, da ima igla vrezane po tri koncentrične krožce na obeh koncih ploščate razširitve, vendar to na sliki ni vidno. Glava igle je sicer oblikovana ploščato, a ne vertikalno oziroma poševno žličasto, ampak horizontalno (Šonje 1980-1981, 75, sl. 3). 169 Šonje 1980-1981, 72, 75, 80, sl. 3. * V tabeli sta upoštevani le obe igli in ogrlica, ostali predmeti verjetno niso iz istega groba. ** V grobu so bili trije skeleti: moški, ženski in otroški. V tabeli so prikazani le pridatki, ki jih je avtor objave pripisal pokojnici. Sl. 22: Pridatki v grobovih z iglami vrste stilus, različica 5d. Fig. 22: Grave goods associated with the stylus pins of the Variant 5d (see page 243 for the English version). Najdišče (grob) Spol Lega igle v grobu IGLA tip različica Drugi pridatki v grobu Datacija a Oi Uhani Zapstnica Ogrlica Fibula Obroček Laška vas; gr. 11 f ? 5d1 6. st. Rakovčani pri Prijedoru, gr. 12 f desno ob glavi 5d1 konec 5. in 6. st. Estagel, gr. 117 f na prsih 5d1 6. do 7. st. Acqui Terme, gr. 6 ? ? 5d1 1. pol. 7. st. Füzfö, gr. 2 f ? 5d1 konec 5. in 6. st. Schretzheim, gr. 289 f levo ob glavi 5d1 med 530 in 555 Lesencetomaj, gr. 5 f na desni ključnici 5d1 med 530 in 600 Niederselters,* gr. f ? 5d 2. pol. 6. st. Rakovčani pri Prijedoru, gr. 32 f desno ob glavi 5d2 konec 5. in 6. st. Fenekpuszta,** družinski gr. f pod glavo 5d2 pozno 6. st. Fenekpuszta, gr. 30 f ob levem ramenu 5d2 6. st. Imer, gr. f ? 5d2 2. pol. 6. in zač. 7. st. dnimi vrezi, spodnji del vratu in del telesa pa sta razširjena in kvadratnega preseka. Ta del je okrašen s trikotniki, ki so na vogalih telesa igle vdolbljeni izmenično in dajejo površini videz cikcakastega traku.170 Igla je glede na ornamentalno tehniko in obliko postavljena v 5. in 6. st.171 Delno primerjavo svetogorski igli, predvsem v okrasu, najdemo v bronasti igli iz ženskega pokopa (grob 5) na najdišču Lesencetomaj na Madžarskem172 (sl. 21: 5). Poleg bronaste igle z vratom kvadratnega preseka ter s sploščeno in preluknjano glavico, ki je ležala na desni ključnici skeleta, sta bila v grobu še para poznoavarskih zapestnic in uhanov z rombasto košarico ter ogrlica iz steklenih črnih in zelenih jagod. Igla je na vratu okrašena z dvema linijama punciranih trikotnikov, katerih postavitev daje videz cikcakastega ornamenta. Na igli so bili še ostanki vlaken oziroma nitk, s katerimi naj bila prišita na oblačilo; tako lega kot ohranjena tkanina dokazujeta uporabo igle za spenjanje obleke. Grobišče naj bi bilo v rabi od 6. 170 Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438, t. 1: 2. 171 Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438-439. 172 Natančnejša lokacija grobišča znotraj kraja se imenuje Piros kereszt (Rdeči križ), samo najdišče pa sodi med najdišča kesthejske kulture (Müller 1992, 258-259, t. 7: 5). do začetka 9. st., medtem ko je grob po uhanih s košarico datiran v 6. in 7. st.173 Tip 5, različica 5d Igle z izrazito kvadratno in predrto razširitvijo vratu predstavljajo razvitejšo različico igel vrste stilus tipa 5 in so zelo redke. Leta 1991 je Ibler-jeva zbrala vse do tedaj znane po celi Evropi in dokumentirala 23 primerkov.174 Opisuje jih kot igle s kvadratnim in preluknjanim vratom in jih ne deli dalje na podtipe. Njen seznam je povzela Riemerjeva, a se tudi ona ni podrobneje ukvarjala z njimi.175 V Sloveniji so znane tri igle z izrazito kvadratno in predrto razširitvijo vratu. Ena je bila najdena v grobu (kat. št. 43), drugi dve pa v naselbini (kat. št. 44 in 45). To različico igel vrste stilus lahko glede na predrtine delimo še na dve podrazličici: - 5d1 z enojno predrtino (sl. 23), - 5d2 z dvojno predrtino (sl. 28). 173 Müller 1992, 259, 264-265, 275-277, t. 7: 5. 174 Ibler 1991, 190-191. 175 Riemer 2000, 103-104. Iz ponavljajočih se podatkov v grobovih z iglami vrste stilus tipa 5d, sem poskusila izpostaviti skupino predmetov, ki bi tvorila žensko nošo. Zaradi majhnega število grobov s takimi iglami pa nošo verjetno lahko samo nakažemo. Slika 22 prikazuje, da se v večini grobov kot ponavljajoči se pridatek pojavlja le ogrlica iz največkrat steklenih, pa tudi keramičnih in jantarnih jagod. Drugi enakovrstni pridatki v grobovih se ne ponavljajo. Tip 5, podrazličica 5d1 (sl. 23) - igle z izrazito kvadratno in enojno predrto razširitvijo vratu: 43. Laška vas (sl. 23: 43) - grob 11176 Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen, kvadratnega preseka, okrašen s prečnimi vrezi in enojno predrt. Glava ni ohranjena. Dolž.: 13,7 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Mesto najdbe: neznano. Hramba: Universalmuseum/Landesmuseum Joaneum, Graz; inv. št. 11235/11. Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 142; InterArch-Steiermark (Laška vas: http://www.interarch-steiermark.eu/sl/podat-kovna_zbirka/predmeti/podrobnosti.html?item=eca9a586-7ade-11e2-b2b3-e8393528f4bc). 44. Ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem (sl. 23: 44) - naselje Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je preoblikovan v kvadratno razširitev z enojno predrtino, tako da ima vrat v preseku videz križa. Na obeh straneh se osrednji del okrasa vratu končuje s po enim astragalom. Dolž.: 14,1 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Posamična najdba. Hramba: NMS, inv. št. S 3100. Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 142. Nova risba: arhiv NMS. Leta 1913 je Walter Schmid v Laški vasi izkopal 12 skeletnih grobov. Igla z izrazito kvadratno razširjenim in enojno predrtim vratom iz groba 11 (kat. št. 43, sl. 23) ima sicer odlomljeno glavico, a jo glede na primerjave lahko uvrstimo v to različico. Njena lega v grobu ni znana. Pokojnici so bili pridani še ogrlica z različnimi steklenimi in jantarnimi jagodami, ki sodi med značilne 176 Informacija: J. Gospodaric, 1988 (iz referata: Laška vas pri Štorah, str. 4, na Oddelku za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani). Sl. 23: Različica 5d1. Igli vrste stilus z izrazito kvadratno in enojno predrto razširitvijo vratu. Oboje bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 23: Variant 5d1. Stylus pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 43 - Laška vas, gr. / Gr. 11; 44 - Ajdovski gradec (Vranje), naselje / settlement. pridatke staroselskih grobov od 5. do 7. st.,177 in bronasta obročka s stanjšanima koncema.178 Ostali predmeti z grobišča sodijo predvsem v 6. st.179 in so značilni za romanizirano žensko nošo,180 zato lahko tudi grob 11 umestimo v 6. st. Iglo iz naselbine na Ajdovskem gradcu nad Vranjem (kat. št. 44, sl. 23) lahko časovno uvrstimo glede na najdišče, torej v drugo polovico 5. st. in v 6. st.181 Takšne igle se bile najdene tudi drugje po Evropi. V Nemčiji v Schretzheimu je bila v ženskem grobu 289 najdena bronasta igla z enojno predrtino (sl. 25: 5). Ležala je levo ob glavi. Poleg igle sta bili v grobu najdeni tudi ogrlica in ovalna železna pasna spona. Grob je bil sprva datiran v drugo polovico 6. st.,182 kasneje pa ga je avtorica opredelila natančneje, v čas med letoma 530 in 555.183 177 Bitenc, v pripravi za tisk. Vpogled v tekst mi je omogočil Timotej Knific, Arheološki oddelek NMS. 178 Knific 1983, sl. 92: 7-9, 12. 179 Knific 1983, 148. 180 Bierbrauer 1987, 150-152, sl. 22. 181 Petru, Ulbert 1975, 62-63; Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 182 Koch 1977, 67-69, t. 78: 1-3. 183 Koch 2004, 567. Sl. 24: Igli vrste stilus. Primerjave različici 5d, izven območja Slovenije. Oboje bron. Fig. 24: Stylus pins. Analogies for the Variant 5d1, outside Slovenia. All bronze. 1 - Innsbruck, Pradl (Franz 1944, T. 4: 2); 2 - Saben (Bierbrauer, Nothdurfter 1988, T. 4: 4). Na vizigotskem grobišču Estagel v vzhodnih Pirenejih je bila v grobu 117 najdena bronasta igla z enojno predrtino. Ležala je na prsih ženskega skeleta, skupaj s parom ločnih fibul, ki sodita v 6. st. Ostale pridatke v grobu predstavljajo še fragmenti železne pasne spone, ogrlica in majhna sponka za obutev. Material z grobišča sodi predvsem v 6. in 7. st., a se je pokopavanje tam začelo že st. prej.184 V Italiji, na grobišču Acqui Terme, ki je datirano v prvo polovico 7. st.,185 je bronasta igla z izrazito razširjenim enojno predrtim vratom (sl. 25: 3) kot edini pridatek ležala v grobu 6. Primerljiva je z iglo iz naselbine na trgu Cavour v Riminiju, ki je datirana v čas od sredine 6. do začetka 7. st.186 Podobna, neobjavljena, naj bi bila najdena tudi v Segesti, hranijo pa jo v Narodnem muzeju v Palermu.187 Igle z enojno predrtino se pojavljajo še v Inns-brucku, na lokacijah Pradl188 (sl. 24: 1) in Cloz,189 184 Lantier 1950, 56, 76-78, sl. 3; Riemer 2000, 104 op. 11. 185 Riemer 2000, 103, 338, t. 45: 3. 186 Maioli 1984, 473-475, t. 5: 1; Riemer 2000, 103. 187 Riemer 2000, 103. 188 Franz 1944, 16, t. 4: 2. Igli iz Pradla in Cloza sta v objavi zamenjani. Riemer 2000, 104 op. 11. 189 Franz 1944, 16, t. 4: 3. Igli iz Pradla in Cloza sta v objavi zamenjani. Bierbrauer 1979, 368, sl. 12:1. Riemer 2000, 103-104, op. 10 in 11. Sl. 25: Igle vrste stilus. Primerjave različici 5d1 izven območja Slovenije. Vse bron. Fig. 25: Stylus pins. Analogies for the Variant 5d1, outside Slovenia. All bronze. 1 - Rakovčani, gr. / Gr. 12 (Miletic 1970, t. 2: 12); 2 -Chieming (von Hessen 1964, T. 2: 10); 3 - Acqui Terme, gr. / Gr. 6 (Riemer 2000, T. 45: 3); 4 - Fuzfo, gr. / Gr. 2 (Fettich 1965, Abb. 165); 5 - Schretzheim, gr. / Gr. 289 (Koch 1977, T. 78: 2). v Deisslingenu,190 Chiemingu191 (sl. 25: 2), v grobu 2 v Fuzfou192 (sl. 25: 4) in na najdišču Sabiona--Saben193 (sl. 24: 2). Zunaj Italije naj bi se ta tip pojavljal v 6. in 7. st. dalje na vzhodu, predvsem na območju Madžarske in nekdanje Jugoslavije.194 Med materialom iz naselbine Gradina na Jelici pri Čačku v Srbiji izstopa bronasta igla s profiliranim vratom in predrtino (sl. 26: 1), v katero je vstavljena bronasta verižica s kaveljčkom.195 Oblika predrtine na tej igli je sicer drugačna od večine ostalih omenjenih igel, a kaže na eno izmed funkcionalnih možnosti odprtin na iglah te različice. Gradinska igla je datirana v 6. st. in 190 Ve eck 1931, t. U: 1/8. 191 Von Hessen 1964, 29, t. 2: 10. 192 Fettich 1965, 107, sl. 165: 1-14; Riemer 2000, 104 op. 12. 193 Bierbrauer, Nothdurfter 1988, 291, t. 4: 4; Riemer 2000, 103. Iblerjeva v svoji disertaciji (Ibler 1991, 190191) našteva še nekaj najdišč s takšnimi iglami, a gre ali za neobjavljene primerke ali pa je navedena literatura nedostopna. 194 Riemer 2000, 104. 195 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127, 132, t. 3: 1. Sl. 26: Bronaste okrasne igle vrste stilus z verižico. M. = 1:2. Fig. 26: Bronze stylus pins with a chain. Scale = 1:2. 1 - Gradina na Jelici, naselje / settlement (Milinkovic 2001, t. 3: 1); 2 - Niš, zakladna najdba / hoard (Vinski 1968, t. 6: 20); 3 - Sadovec, naselje / settlement (Uenze 1992, T. 4: 9). Sl. 27: Igli z grobišča Lesencetomaj. Oboje bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 27: Pins from the Lesencetomaj cemetery in Hungary. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. 1 - gr. / Gr. 12; 2 - gr. / Gr. 6 (Müller 1992, T. 9: 5; 13: 12/2). začetek 7. st.196 Sodeč po opisu naj bi bila podobna igla najdena v Italiji na najdišču Corna di Darfo, 196 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127. kjer je datirana v 6. st.197 Analogiji gradinske igle, brez odprtine in predvsem zaradi verižice, predstavljata igli, najdeni v Sadovcu198 v Bolgariji in v Nišu199 v Srbiji (sl. 26: 2,3; glej zgoraj). V grobu 12 na grobišču v Rakovčanih pri Prijedoru v Bosni je bronasta igla z enojno predrtino (sl. 25: 1) kot edini pridatek, ležala desno ob glavi ženskega skeleta.200 Miletičeva jo je datirala v konec 5. in v 6. st.201 Na Madžarskem sta bili najdeni vsaj še dve igli, ki ju lahko uvrstimo med igle stilus z izrazito razširjenim kvadratnim in enojno predrtim vratom. Obe sta veliko kasnejši od ostalih, saj ju avtor postavlja v konec 8. in v 9. st.202 Njuna predrtina ima obliko romba.203 Obe igli sta bili najdeni na grobišču Lesencetomaj (Piros kereszt). V grobu 6 je ležala deklica z zelo bogatimi pridatki: poleg dveh parov uhanov, od katerih je bil en par uhanov s košarico povezan med seboj z nitjo z nanizanimi jagodami, dveh parov zapestnic, ogrlice, treh prstanov, vijčka in drugih pridatkov je horizontalno pri desni ključnici ležala še 30,6 cm dolga bronasta igla z močno razširjenim in predrtim vratom (sl. 27: 2). Glava igle je sploščena in ni poševno upognjena, vrat pa je nad enojno predrto razširitvijo in pod njo kvadratnega in večkotnega preseka ter okrašen z vrezanimi pikicami oziroma majhnimi krožci.204 Ženska iz groba 12 pa je imela, poleg treh zapestnic in ogrlice na prsih prečno položeno podobno bronasto in posrebreno iglo, dolžine 23,6 cm (sl. 27: 1). Glava igle je sploščena in poševno upognjena, vrat razširjen in enojno predrt ter nad in pod razširitvijo okrašen z majhnimi vrezanimi trikotniki.205 Z istega grobišča, iz grobov 5 in 10, sta znani še dve igli vrste stilus s kvadratnim presekom vratu in sta datirani v isti čas.206 Med omenjenimi štirimi in predhodno obravnavanimi iglami vrste stilus je bilo obdobje, ko so bile igle te vrste zelo redke. Tako predstavljajo štiri igle iz Lesencetomaja najkasnejše znane igle vrste stilus. 197 Riemer 2000, 103 op. 2, 330, brez risbe. 198 Uenze 1992, 161-163, t. 4: 9. 199 Vinski 1968, 109, 144-145, t. 6: 20. 200 Miletič 1970, 121, t. 2: 12. 201 Miletič 1970, 140. 202 Müller 1992, 277-278. 203 Müller 1992, t. 9: 5; 13: 12/2. 204 Müller 1992, 276-277, t. 9: 5. 205 Müller 1992, 276-277; t. 13: 12/2. 206 Müller 1992, 277, t. 7: 5/5; 12: 10/2. Risba igle je brez stranskega pogleda in ni jasno, ali ima resnično upognjeno glavo. Sl. 28: Različica 5d2. Igla vrste stilus z izrazito kvadratno in dvojno predrto razširitvijo vratu. Bron. M. = 1:2. Fig. 28: Variant 5d2. Stylus pin with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a double perforation. Bronze. Scale = 1:2. Kat. št. / Cat. nos.: 45 - Rifnik, vodni zbiralnik / cistern. Tip 5, podrazličica 5d2 (sl. 28) - igle z izrazito kvadratno in dvojno predrto razširitvijo vratu: 45. Rifnik (sl. 28: 45) - naselje, vodni zbiralnik Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Vrat je razširjen, kvadratnega preseka in dvojno predrt, tako da ima v preseku videz križa. Razširjeni del vratu se na zgornji in spodnji strani končuje z astragali. Dolž.: 14,2 cm. Način pridobitve: arheološko izkopavanje. Hramba: PM Celje, inv. št. 491. Objava: Bolta 1981, 19, t. 20: 12; Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 4: 14. Med igle z dvojno predrtino vratu sodi igla iz cisterne na Rifniku (kat. št. 45, sl. 28). Časovno jo uvrščamo glede na najdišče, torej v drugo polovico 5. in v 6. st.207 Zunaj Italije naj bi bila ta različica tako kot različica 5d1 razširjena v 6. in 7. st., predvsem na območju Madžarske in nekdanje Jugoslavije.208 207 Bolta 1981, 16-17; Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 208 Riemer 2000, 104. Sl. 29: Igle vrste stilus, različica 5d2, izven območja Slovenije. Vse srebro. Fig. 29: Stylus pins of Variant 5d2, outside Slovenia. All silver. 1 - Rakovčani (Prijedor), gr. / Gr. 32 (Miletic 1970, t. 3: 32); 2 - Keszthely-Fenekpuszta, družinski grob / family grave (Barkoczi 1994, Abb. 7: 4); 3 - Keszthely-Fenekpuszta, gr. / Gr. 30 (Barkoczi 1968, T. 67: 12). Podobno oblikovano iglo najdemo v grobu 32 v Rakovčanih pri Prijedoru. Srebrna igla z dvojno predrtino na vratu (sl. 29: 1) je ležala desno ob glavi ženskega skeleta.209 Grob je vseboval še slabo ohranjeno okroglo, ploščato bronasto fibulo, datirano v 6. st.,210 in ogrlico z 246 jagodami, ki je bila s primerjavami umeščena v drugo polovico 5. st.211 Tudi ta grob je datiran v konec 5. in v 6. st.212 V Fenekpuszti na Madžarskem sta bili najdeni še dve takšni igli, obe v grobovih.213 V družinskem grobu 1885/IV214 je pod glavo ženskega skeleta ležala 16 cm dolga srebrna igla vrste stilus z izrazito 209 Miletic 1970, 123, t. 3: 32. 210 Miletic 1970, 141-142. 211 Miletic 1970, 133. 212 Miletic 1970, 140. 213 Hampel 1905, 379, sl. 1019, t. 178: 7a,b; Barkoczi 1994, sl. 7: 4, sl. 10: 2. 214 Desno ob moškem je ležala ženska, ob njegovih nogah pa še 4-5-letni otrok. Grob v objavah pred letom 2010 nima številke. Šele Müller (2010, 15) z objavo celotnega spektra arheoloških izkopavanj grobišča Keszthely-Fenekpuszta določi zaporedne številke grobov vseh izkopavanj. Za lažjo orientacijo je številka groba sestavljena iz letnice izkopavanj razširjenim dvojno predrtim vratom in okrašena z astragali ter vrezi (sl. 29: 2).215 Grob vsebuje še druge pridatke, vendar je problem tega groba prav igla, ki z zapestnico216 predstavlja edina pozna pridatka v grobu, saj naj bi bile igle z astragali znane šele od 6. st. dalje.217 Ves ostali material je datiran v 4. st. oziroma v poznorimsko obdobje.218 Pravzaprav sodi celoten material Lippovih izkopavanj219 z grobišča v Fenekpuszti v 4. st., razen dveh predmetov, dveh okrasnih igel, okrašenih z astragali, od katerih je ena iz omenjenega (družinskega) groba. Tako je bil grob sprva postavljen v 4. st., kasneje, na podlagi igle, pa v pozno 6. st.220 V grobu 30, prav tako v Fenekpuszti, je bila pokopana ženska, ki je imela ob levem ramenu pridano srebrno iglo vrste stilus z dvojno predr-tino (sl. 29: 3), okoli vratu pa ogrlico s steklenimi, keramičnimi, zlatimi in jantarnimi jagodami. Barkoczi je primerjal iglo s podobnimi iz grobišč Fenekpuszta in Dobogo ter datiral grob glede na pojavnost teh igel z drugimi pridatki v 6. st.221 Na najdišču Imer v Italiji so bili v ženskem grobu najdeni igla z dvojno predrtino, srebrni uhani, bronasta zapestnica, bronasta fibula v obliki grškega križa in ogrlica iz steklenih jagod. Grob je datiran v drugo polovico 6. in na začetek 7. st.222 Z grobišča Niederselters v Nemčiji je znana igla z delno odlomljenim zgornjim delom, zato je tipološko ne moremo natančneje uvrstiti, vsekakor pred, in zaporedja izkopanega groba (rimska ali latinska številka) za poševnico (npr: 1885/IV). 215 Müller 2010, 15, t. 2: IV 7/a,b; Hampel piše, da ima igla "vdrtine", a ni jasno, ali je v celoti perforirana ali pa je perforacija le nakazana. Tudi iz risbe tega ne morem ugotoviti. Analogija z istega grobišča ima (dvojno) perforiran vrat, zato sem predvidevala, da gre tudi pri igli iz družinskega groba za perforirano iglo (Hampel 1905, 223). 216 Müller 2010, 15, t. 1: I/2. 217 Barkoczi 1994, 112, sl. 7: 5-10. 218 Müller 2010, 15; Barkoczi 1994, 112. Baje naj bi Lipp najdbe pomešal. Celo njemu samemu naj bi se zdelo nenavadno, da se igla, ki predstavlja obliko igel za zapenjanje oblačil iz zgodnje kesthejske kulture, pojavlja tu kot lasnica, saj so na bližnjem grobišču Keszthely-Dobogo igle vedno ležale pod brado ali na prsih (Müller 2010, 15 op. 50). 219 Keszthely-Fenekpuszta je veliko grobišče, ki ga je izkopavalo več arheologov, zato se deli grobišča in s tem tudi izkopani material imenuje po izkopavalcih. Vilmos Lipp je med letoma 1873 in 1883 na nekropolah Keszthely-Fenekpuszta in Keszthely-Dobogo izkopal 6000 grobov (Varga et al. 2005, 4). 220 Barkoczi 1994, 112. 221 Barkoczi 1968, 286, 293-295, t. 67: 12. 222 Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513-514, kat. št.1402, sl. 141. pa sodi med igle s široko razširjenim in predrtim vratom. Ležala je v ženskem grobu, skupaj s številnimi drugimi zlatimi pridatki, za katere pa ni jasno, ali so bili najdeni v istem grobu. Avtor meni, da so bili ogrlica in obe igli kasneje dodani k pridatkom iz groba.223 Justinov zlatnik omogoča časovno uvrstitev groba po letu 518 (terminus post quem), vsi ostali pridatki, zlasti ločni fibuli,224 pa postavljajo grob v čas med letoma 530 in 555225 oziroma v drugo polovico 6. st.226 Tudi iz Dalmacije je znana ena takšnih igel.227 Na najdišču Dugopolje-Poljica pri Splitu naj bi bila najdena igla, enaka rakovčanski iz groba 32.228 Predrtine Igle vrste stilus tipa 5d pa se ločijo tudi glede na obliko predrtine in ne le na število slednjih.229 Najosnovnejše so majhne okrogle odprtine, kot na igli z Gradine na Jelici v Srbiji230 (sl. 26: 1) ali iz Sabione231 (sl. 24: 2). Iz teh so se razvile daljše podolgovate odprtine s poudarjenimi zaključnimi okroglinami (sl. 30: 1). Mojster je to vrsto odprtine izdelal tako, da je na določeni razdalji izvrtal preprosti okrogli odprtini, ki ju je kasneje povezal. Tako sta jasno vidni obe začetni perforaciji, ki sta ohranili svojo okroglo obliko, povezava med njima pa je nekoliko ožja. Te vrste odprtin imajo le igle z dvojno odprtino na vratu, torej tipa 5d 2: igla, najdena v cisterni na Rifniku (kat. št. 45, sl. 28),232 ter igli iz družinskega groba (sl. 29: 2)233 in groba 30 (sl. 29: 3)234 v Keszthelyu. Vse tri sodijo v 6. st. Podolgovato ovalno predrtino ima igla z naselbine na Ajdovskem gradcu nad Vranjem (kat. št. 44, sl. 23).235 Največ igel tipa 5d ima ovalno odprtino (sl. 30: 2). Najdemo jih v Italiji v Acqui 223 Ament 1967, t. 22: 4-6. 224 Ament 1967, t. 21: 1,2. 225 Koch 2004, 561, 564, sl. 2, grob 146. 226 Ament 1967, 121-124. 227 Neobjavljena. Hrani Arheološki muzej Split, inv. št. 4319 (Miletic 1970, op. 149). 228 Miletic 1970, 140; Riemer 2000, 104 op. 13. 229 Za opozorilo se iskreno zahvaljujem Draganu Božiču. 230 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127, 132, t. 3: 1. 231 Bierbrauer, Nothdufter 1988, 291, t. 4: 4. 232 Bolta 1981, 19, t. 20: 12. 233 Hampel 1905, 379, sl. 1019, t. 178: 7a,b; Barkoczi 1994, sl. 7: 4. 234 Barkoczi 1968, 286, 293-295, t. 67: 12. 235 Bitenc, Knific 2001, kat. št. 142. 1 2 3 Sl. 30: Različne oblike odprtin na iglah vrste stilus, različica 5d: 1 - podolgovate odprtine s poudarjenimi zaključnimi okroglinami; 2 - ovalne odprtine; 3 - večje pravokotne odprtine. Fig. 30: Different shapes of perforations on the stylus pins of Variant 5d: 1 - with enlarged rounded ends; 2 - oval perforations; 3 - larger rectangular perforations. 1 - Keszthely-Fenekpuszta, družinski grob / family grave (Barkoczi 1994, Abb. 7: 4); 2 - Chieming (von Hessen 1964, T. 2: 10); 3 - Rakovčani, Prijedor, gr. / Gr. 32 (Miletic 1970, t. 3: 32). Termah v grobu 6 (sl. 25: 3)236 in v Imeru,237 na Madžarskem v Fuzfoju v grobu 2 (sl. 25: 4),238 v Nemčiji v Schretzheimu v grobu 289 (sl. 25: 5)239 in v Chiemingu (sl. 25: 2).240 Datirane so predvsem v čas med sredino 6. in začetkom 7. st., z odstopanji v konec 5. in proti sredini 7. st. Četrta vrsta odprtin pa so večje pravokotne odprtine (sl. 30: 3), ki jih najdemo na igli iz groba 11 v Laški vasi (kat. št. 43, sl. 23),241 na obeh iglah iz Rakovčanov v Bosni (sl. 25: 1, 29: 1)242 in morda tudi na igli iz Niederseltersa.243 Glede na majhno število do sedaj najdenih igel vrste stilus tipa 5d pa oblike odprtine zaenkrat še ne moremo vezati na določen čas. 6. SKLEP Različen namen rabe okrasnih igel je viden v njihovi dolžini, obliki in okrasu. Najpomembnejši del igle, na katerem temelji tudi tipologija, je glava: različna oblika glave pomeni drugo vrsto 236 Riemer 2000, 103, 338, t. 45: 3. 237 Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513-514, kat. št. 1402, sl. 141. 238 Fettich 1965, 107, sl. 165: 11. 239 Koch 1977, 67-69, t. 78: 1-3. 240 von Hessen 1964, 29, t. 2: 10. 241 Knific 1983, 148, t. 92:7. 242 Miletic 1970, 121-123, t. 2: 12; 3: 32. 243 Ament 1967, 121-124. oziroma tip igle. Nič manj pomemben ni vrat, ki nosi drugačne vrste ornament kot glava, ki je največkrat (le) plastično oblikovana. Najdba igle v naselbini oziroma zunaj zaključene celote ne pove veliko o samem predmetu. Nasprotno pa izvemo več, predvsem kar zadeva uporabo igle, iz njene lege v grobu. Tako lahko razdelimo igle na: - Lasnice, ki so bile uporabljene za spenjanje pričeske. V grobu ležijo levo ali desno ob glavi, nad njo ali na zatilju in se pojavljajo posamično. Njihova funkcija je tudi okraševalna, zato imajo bogato okrašeno glavo in vrat. - Igle za tančico so pripenjale pokrivalo ali tančico na lase. To so večinoma krajše igle, dolge do 7 cm, in se pojavljajo v paru. Okrašena je le glava igle. V grobu ležijo po ena levo in desno ob glavi. - Igle za spenjanje oblačila najdemo v grobovih pod brado pokojnika oziroma v okolici vratu, na prsih, v pasnem predelu ali ob stegnih. Pojavljajo se posamično, po navadi so daljše in imajo okrašen predvsem vrat. Igle vrste stilus so bile najbolj razprostranjena in pogosta vrsta okrasnih igel v obdobju pozne antike v Sloveniji. Njihova oblika sledi obliki medicinskega in kozmetičnega orodja rimske dobe, ki se je skozi čas spreminjalo tako funkcionalno kot tudi oblikovno. Iglam sta se s časom spreminjala predvsem oblika in okras vratu, osnovna forma glave pa je ostajala enaka. Najpogosteje so se uporabljale za spenjanje oblačila, nekatere pa so služile tudi kot lasnice. V Sloveniji jih lahko razdelimo na pet tipov, ki se med seboj razlikujejo glede na okras in obliko oziroma presek vratu. Datacije omenjenih igel so precej široko zamejene in so največkrat odvisne od drugega, trenutno časovno natančneje opredeljenega materiala. Na podlagi grobnih najdb igel vrste stilus v Sloveniji jih lahko datiramo v 6. st., z rahlimi odstopanji v konec 5. in začetek 7. st. Zahvale Zahvaljujem se Timoteju Knificu za pomoč in podporo pri diplomski nalogi, Draganu Božiču, Jani Horvat, Zvezdani Modrijan in Luciji Grahek (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) za pregled in svetovanje pri končni sestavi članka ter Slavku Ciglenečkemu (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) in Tini Mila-vec (Oddelek za arheologijo, FF Univerze v Ljubljani) za pomoč pri objavi igel s Tonovcovega gradu. Neobjavljene igle sta mi v objavo odstopila Borut Križ iz Dolenjskega muzeja Novo mesto in Timotej Knific iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije. 12 novih risb je izdelala Dragica Knific Lunder (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana). Vsem še enkrat prisrčna hvala. Dodatek Pred oddajo članka sem zasledila še tri igle vrste stilus, ki so bile najdene v Kranju. Vse tri so naselbinske najdbe, ki so prišle na dan pri zaščitnem arheološkem delu znotraj starega mestnega jedra (Sagadin 2009, 66, 67, t. 3: 4 in sl. 10, 11). Najdiščne okoliščine ne omogočajo natančnejše kronološke opredelitve posameznega tipa, zato so vse tri igle (kat. št. 46, 47 in 48) predstavljene le informativno. Kataloški zapis in tipološka opredelitev sta podana po objavi in ne ob osebnem ogledu predmetov. Kakovost slik v objavi ne omogoča reproduciranja. Skupno število igel vrste stilus, najdenih v Sloveniji, se torej poveča na 48. Tip 1 (neokrašene igle vrste stilus z vratom okroglega preseka): 46. Kranj - Kieselstein Bronasta igla okroglega preseka. Spodnji del je uvit; dolž. 12,5 cm; PM Kranj, inv. št. - (Sagadin 2008, 66, 67, t. 3: 4). 47. 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R. 1950, Le cimetière Wisigothique d'Estagel. - Gallia 7/1, 55-80. LEBEN SELJAK, P. 2006, Antropološka analiza poznoan-tične skeletne serije z Rifnika (Anthropological analysis of skeletal remains from the Late Roman Necropolis at Rifnik). - Arheološki vestnik 57, 427-455. LOSERT, H. 2003, Das frühmittelalterliche Gräberfeld von Altenerding, Lkr. Erding, und die Ethnogenese der Bajuwaren. Analogielisten (A1-587). Altenerding (http://iza. zrc-sazu.si/AE/Hans_analog_seznami.html). LOSERT, H., A. PLETERSKI 2003, Altenerding in Oberbayern. Struktur des frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldes und "Ethnogenese" der Bajuwaren. - Berlin, Bamberg, Ljubljana. MAIOLI, M. G. 1984, Per la conoscenza del periodo dal tardoantico all'alto medioevo in Romagna. Nuovi dati di scavo. - V / In: P. Delbianco (ur. / ed.), Culture figurative e materiali tra Emilia e Marche. Studi in memoria di Mario Zuffa, 469-492, Rimini. MANO-ZISI, D. 1954-1955, Iskopavanja na Caričinom Gradu 1953 i 1954 godine. - Starinar n. s. 5-6, 155-180. MARTIN, M. 1991, Das spätrömisch-frühmittelalterliche Gräberfeld von Kaiseraugst, Kt. Aargau. - Basler Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 5. MARTIN, M. 2002, Nadeln. - V / In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 20, 489-514, Berlin. MARUŠIC, B. 1955, Staroslovanske in neke zgodnje-srednjeveške najdbe v Istri (Altslawische und einige frühmittelalterliche Funde in Istrien). - Arheološki vestnik 6/1, 97-133. MARUŠIC, B. 1986, Materijalna kultura Istre od 5. do 9.st. - Arheološka istraživanja u Istri i Hrvatskom primorju. Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 11, 81-105. MENGARELLI, R. 1995 [1902] = R. Mengarelli, La necropoli barbarica di Castel Trosino presso Ascoli Piceno. - Monu-menti Antichi della Reale Accademia dei Lincei 12 (1902) 145-380 (= R. Mengarelli, G. Gabrielli, La necropoli di Castel Trosino. - V / In: G. Gagliardi (ur. / ed.), La necropoli di Castel Trosino [Ascoli Piceno 1995] 1-260). MILAVEC, T. 2007, Prispevek h kronologiji S-fibul v Sloveniji / A contribution to the chronology of S-fibulae in Slovenia. - Arheološki vestnik 58, 333-355. MILAVEC, T. 2009, Crossbow fibulae of the 5th and 6th centuries in the south-eastern Alps / Samostrelne fibule 5. in 6. stoletja na jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru. -Arheološki vestnik 60, 223-248. MILETIČ, N. 1970, Ranosrednjovekovna nekropola u Ra-kovčanima kod Prijedora. - Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine 25, 119-177. MILETIC, N. 1978, Ranosrednovjekovna nekropola u Ko-ritima kod Duvna. - Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine 33, 141-181. MILINKOVIC, M. 2001, Igle i stilusi sa Gradine na Jelici. - Saopštenja 32-33, 123-134. MODRIJAN, Z. 2011, Uvod / Introduction. - V / In: Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Najdbe / Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds. - Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 24, 11-20. MODRIJAN, Z., T. MILAVEC 2011, Katalog / Catalogue. - V / In: Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Najdbe / Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds. - Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 24, 407-556. MÖLLER, J. 1976-1977, Zur Funktion der Nadel in der fränkisch-alamannischen Frauentracht. - Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 23-24, 14-53. MÜLLER, R. 1987, Megjegyzesek Fenekpuszta törtene-tehez. Bemerkungen zur Geschichte von Fenekpuszta (Bemerkungen zur Geschichte von Fenekpuszta). - Zalai museum 1, 105-122. MÜLLER, R. 1992, Neue archäologische Funde der Ke-szthely-Kultur. - V / In: F. Daim (ur. / ed.), Awaren-forschungen, Archaeologia Austriaca Monographien 1. Studien zur Archäologie der Awaren 4, 251-307, Wien. MÜLLER, R. 1995, La cultura di Keszthely. - V / In: G. C. Menis (ur. / ed.), Gli Avari. Un popolo d'Europa, Pubblicazioni della Deputazione di storia patria per il Friuli 22, 165-172. MÜLLER, R. 2010, Die Gräberfelder vor der Südmauer der Befestigung von Keszthely-Fenekpuszta. - Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense 1. NEUFFER-MÜLLER, C. 1966, Ein Reihengräberfriedhof in Sontheim an der Brenz. - Veröffentlichungen des Staatlichen Amtes für Denkmalpflege Stuttgart. Reihe A, Vor- und Frühgeschichte 11. PASQUI, A., R. PARIBENI 1918, La necropoli barbarica di Nocera Umbra. - Monumenti Antichi della Reale Accademia dei Lincei 25, 137-352. PETRU, P., T. ULBERT 1975, Vranje pri Sevnici. Starokrščanske cerkve na Ajdovskem gradcu / Vranje bei Sevnica. Frühchristliche Kirchenanlagen auf dem Ajdovski gradec. - Katalogi in monografije 12. PICCOTTINI, G. 1976, Das spätantike Gräberfeld von Teurnia, St. Peter in Holz. - Archiv für vaterländische Geschichte und Topographie 66. PLESNIČAR-GEC, L. 1983, Starokrščanski center v Emoni / Old Christian Center in Emona. - Katalogi in monografije 21. PREDA, C. 1980, Callatis: necropola romano-bizantinä. - Academia de Stiinte Sociale si Politice a Republicii Socialiste Romania, Institutul de arheologie, Biblioteca de Arheologie 38, 121-161. RIEDL, E. 1900, Bericht. - Mitteilungen der k. k. Zentral--Kommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale N.F. 26, 107. RIEMER, E. 2000, Romanische Grabfunde des 4. - 7. Jahrhundert. - Internationale Archäologie 57. RIHA, E. 1986, Römisches Toilettengerät und medizinische Instrumente aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. - Forschungen in Augst 6. RIHA, E. 1990, Der römische Schmuck aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. - Forschungen in Augst 10. ROTH H., C. THEUNE 1988, Zur Chronologie merowin-gerzeitlicher Frauengräber in Südwestdeutschland. Ein Vorbericht zum Gräberfeld von Weingarten, Kr. Ravensburg. - Stuttgart. ROTH H., C. THEUNE 1995, Das frühmittelalterliche Gräberfeld bei Weingarten. - Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Würtemberg 44/1. SAGADIN, M. 1988, Kranj. Križišče Iskra. Nekropola iz časa preseljevanja ljudstev in staroslovanskega obdoblja / Kranj. Iskra Crossroads. A cemetery from the Migration Period and the Early Slavic Period. - Katalogi in monografije 24. SAGADIN, M. 2008, Od Karnija do Kranja. Arheološki podatki o razvoju poselitve v antičnem in zgodnjesrednje-veškem obdobju. - Neobjavljena disertacija / Unpublished PhD thesis, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. SÁGI, K. 1970, Das Problem der pannonischen Romanisation im Spiegel der völkerwanderungszeitlichen Geschichte von Fenékpuszta. - Acta Antiqua 18, 147-196. SALOMON, A., L. BARKÓCZI 1971, Bestattungen von Csákvár, aus Ende des 4. und dem Anfang des 5. Jahrhunderts. - Alba Regia 11, 35-76. SLABE, M. 1975, Dravlje. Grobišče iz časov preseljevanja ljudstev (Dravlje - necropoli dall'epoca della migrazione dei popoli). - Situla 16. SLABE, M. 1990, O prstanih iz časa preseljevanja ljudstev na Slovenskem (Über die Fingerringe aus der Völker-wanderungszteit in Slowenien). - Arheološki vestnik 41, 455-464. STARE, V. 1980, Kranj. Nekropola iz časa preseljevanja ljudstev. - Katalogi in monografije 18. STEPHENS, J. 2008, Ancient Roman hairdressing: on (hair)pins and needles. - Journal of Roman Archaeology 21, 111-132. STIEGEMANN, C. (ur. / ed.) 2001, Byzanz, das Licht aus dem Osten: Kult und Alltag im Byzantinischen Reich vom 4. bis 15. Jahrhundert. Katalog der Ausstellung im Erzbischöflichen Diözesanmuseum Paderborn. - Mainz. ŠMID, W. 1907, Die Reihengräber von Krainburg. - Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde 1, 55-77. ŠONJE, A. 1980-1981, Ostaci groblja kod sela Klistici jugoza-padno od Tinjana. - Histria Archaeologica 11-12, 67-88. TEJRAL, J. 2002, Beiträge zur Chronologie des langobardi-schen Fundstoffes nördlich der mittleren Donau. - V / In: Probleme der frühen Merowingerzeit im Mitteldonauraum. Materialien desXI. Internationalen Symposiums "Grundprobleme der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im nördlichen Mitteldonaugebiet", Spisy Archeologickeho Üstavu AV CR Brno 19, 313-358. TEJRAL, J. 2005, Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobarsdi-schen und elbgermanisch-langobardischen Nachlasses. - V / In: Die Langobarden: Herrschaft und Identität, Denkschriften 329, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 9, 103-200. TORCELLAN, M. 1986, Le tre necropoli altomedievali di Pinguente. - Ricerche di archeologia altomedievale e medievale 11. UENZE, S. 1992, Die spätantiken Befestigungen von Sa-dovec (Bulgarien). - Münchner Beiträge zu Vor- und Früchgeschichte 43. VÄGÖ, E. B., I. BONA 1976, Die Gräberfelder von Intercisa 1. Der spätrömische Südostfriedhof. - Budapest. VARGA, P., Z. BERNERT, E. FÖTHI, G. GYENIS 2005, Anthropological data of Keszthely-Fenekpuszta cemetery. - Anthropological Data of Hungarian Historical Populations 4, 3-24. VEECK, W. 1931, Die Alamannen in Württemberg. -Germanische Denkmäler der Völkerwanderungszeit 1. VINSKI, Z. 1968, Krstoliki nakit epohe seobe naroda u Jugoslaviji. - Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 3, 103-166. VINSKI, Z. 1980, Ovrednotenje grobnih pridatkov / Betrachtungen zur Auswertung des Grabbeigabenfundstoffes der völkerwanderungszeitlichen Nekropole in Kranj. - V / In: V. Stare, Kranj. Nekropola iz časa preseljevanja ljudstev ljudstev, Katalogi in monografije 18, 17-32, 91-104. WERNER, J. 1962, Die Langobarden in Pannonien. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der langobardischen Bodenfunde vor 568. - Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse N.F. 55. ŽMAVC, J. 1904, Das Gräberfeld im Lajh bei Krainburg. -Jahrbuch der k. k. Zentral-Kommission für Erforschung und Erhaltung der kunst- und historischen Denkmale 2, 234-274. Spletna podatkovna zbirka / Web database InterArch-Steiermark = Interaktivna arheološka dediščina avstrijske in slovenske Štajerske / Interaktives archäologisches Erbe der österreichischen und slowenischen Steiermark (skrbnik / Administrator: Universalmuseum Joanneum GmbH) http://www.interarch-steiermark.eu [zadnji dostop / last access 9.10.2013]. Late Antique decorative pins of the stylus type in Slovenia Translation 1. INTRODUCTION The consensus within the archaeological discourse is that the decorative pins in Late Antiquity are of secondary importance in dating sites or features such as graves, as they cannot be precisely determined either geographically or chronologically. Up to now, no detailed studies on these pins have been published in Slovenia; currently only partial analysis of the Roman bone pins1 exist. The decorative pins appear in publications of sites, where they are merely described and dated by association with other finds or through comparative analyses of the excavated material. More numerous attempts at a typology and dating of the pins can be found outside Slovenia.2 The article is based on the diploma thesis titled Late Antique decorative pins in Slovenia,3 written under the supervision of prof. Timotej Knific. The thesis discussed the Late Antique metal decorative pins from Slovenia and suggested their typology and chronology. It showed that the commonest pins worn between the second half of the fourth and the seventh century were of the stylus type. This specific group is presented in more detail below. 2. PARTS OF THE PIN A pin has four parts (Fig. 1). The upper part is called the head; it takes various forms and decorations and usually serves as the basis for typological division. It continues into the neck, which can be round, oval, square or rectangular in cross section and is often richly decorated. The shank is designed to slide smoothly through fabric or hair and is usually undecorated. The pin ends in a point.4 3. USE OF THE PINS Pins are primarily female attributes of the Late Antique costume, but can also be found in male graves. They were used to arrange or fasten the hair, to attach a headdress or a veil to the hair and to fasten clothes (a coat or scarf). Their function can be determined when found in a grave; there they appear in various positions, either on the body or alongside. The function of the pins from settlements or unknown contexts, on the other hand, is undeterminable. Most Late Antique decorative pins are made of bronze and simply decorated. They are associated with both high and low status burials. The material, type of pin and its position in the grave seldom help in determining the social class of the wearer. Some pins are made of precious metals such as silver or gold and richly decorated, revealing the women's wealth. Often, however, even rich female graves only include simple bronze or iron pins.5 The pins determined as hairpins are, unsurprisingly, found most often beside the head, i.e. to its right or left, above or below it. Their location is informative of the women's hairstyle as part of the costume6 (Fig. 2). Hairpins usually exceed 10cm in length, with the head serving an ornamental function and usually more pronounced.7 Pins used to attach a headdress or a veil usually occur in pairs and are shorter, measuring 5-7cm in length. The head is usually spherical, biconical or, rarely, facetted. In graves, they are found to the left and/or right of the head.8 The fashion of veiling hair originated in the Mediterranean, from where it spread to the area north of the Alps. The graves from the sixth and seventh century in Italy (e.g. Nocera Umbra, Gr. 101;9 Castel Trosino, Gr. 1 Dular 1979. 2 Bott 1952, 158-164; Barkoczi 1968, 275-311; Möller 1976-1977, 14-53; Ibler 1991, 38-42; Barkoczi 1994, 110-135; Riemer 2000, 103-108. 3 Čaval 2002. 4 Bujna et al. 1996, 27. 5 Möller 1976-1977, 32-34; Stephens 2008. 6 In her article, Möller (1976-1977, 18-26) suggests different hairstyles on the basis of the position of the pins in the graves. See also Stephens 2008. 7 Ibler 1991, 38-42; Möller 1976-77, 18. 8 Möller 1976-1977, 15-16, 18; Riemer 2000, 103, 107; Caval 2002, 43-45. 9 Pasqui, Paribeni 1918, 293. 60, 128, 128a, 158, 168, 184;10 Fiesole, Villa Marchi, grave11) and Slovenia (Kranj, Lajh: Gr. 5, 31 and 43)12 revealed two or more pins with a biconical head lying close to the head of the deceased.13 Furthermore, all three graves from Kranj revealed gold threads in the head area, which represent the remains of the brocade of the veil.14 Believed to be among the first Frankish women to adopt this Mediterranean fashion of covering the hair is Queen Arnegunde, as early as the sixth century, while such a costume (with spherical-headed pins) in the Frankish-Alamanic area generally appears only from the seventh century onwards.15 The length of the veil varies, with two known variants: either full length to the feet, as seen in depictions of some female martyrs, or to the hips, as with the Frankish queen.16 The pins used for fastening clothes are commonly found in graves on the body or beside it, under the chin or at the chest, the hips or the thighs17 (Fig. 3). They differ from hairpins neither in form, material, length nor decoration; only the head is often emphasized to a lesser degree or not at all.18 When found at shoulder height, it supposedly replaced the fibula fastening the garment on the shoulder,19 while those found on the chest are believed to have replaced the round, flat fibula that fastened the coat.20 4. PINS OF THE STYLUS TYPE The stylus pins are among the commonest decorative pins of Late Antiquity in Slovenia.21 Their 10 Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 102-103, 153-154, 158, 170, 174-175, 183-184. 11 Riemer 2000, 103, 373, Pl. 57: 2-4. 12 Smid 1907, 58, Fig. 61; Stare 1980, 106, 107; Pl. 2: 3,4. The pins from rich female Graves 31 and 43 are lost, while the five pins from Grave 5 were found to the right and left of the head. 13 Stare 1980, 106; Riemer 2000, 103; Caval 2002, 16-19, 39, 40, 44-45. 14 Vinski 1980, 95, 96. 15 Möller 1976-1977, 18; Martin 2002, 509-510. 16 Möller 1976-1977, 18. 17 Ibler 1991, 38; Müller 2010, 211-212. 18 Möller 1976-77, 26. 19 Barköczi 1993, 333. 20 Bierbrauer 1984, 55; Riemer 2000, 236. 21 The description of the pins with a flattened and inclined head as resembling the stylus is not entirely accurate, because the latter has a flat, but neither an inclined nor spoon-shaped head. I adopted the name used name is based on the shape of the head, which is flattened so that the object resembles a Roman writing implement, i.e. stylus. The head is also inclined and the neck often variously decorated, but can also be undecorated. Most pins are made of bronze, occasionally iron and rarely of silver or gold. As mentioned above, in the absence of information relating to the location of the pin in the grave, we cannot determine their exact function either as hairpins or pins for fastening clothes. Origin Late Antique stylus pins have evolved from toilet implements of the Roman era. Only a few of these Roman implements or ear scoops can be considered as jewellery, as they mostly only played a practical role and were accordingly made of bronze22 or bone.23 Ear scoops (auriscalpium) with an inclined and usually flat end were used for a number of purposes. In personal hygiene, they were primarily used to clean the ears, while in medicine they were employed to insert tinctures into wounds or for cleaning suppurative wounds.24 They were also used in surgery, as a scalpel, for precise cutting of tissue or opening of inflamed areas. Most often, however, they were used in pharmacy and cosmetics as a spoon.25 The implements show some variation in form, with one end formed into a spoon and the other into a small pestle for grinding medicines and make-up.26 Roman men and women used toiletries daily and wore them on the belt, either in a pouch or suspended on a ring. The custom of carrying the toilet kit on the belt is believed to be a pre-Roman or Celtic tradition. In addition to the ear scoop, the toilet kit usually also included bronze tweezers, a nail cleaner, a nail file and a toothpick.27 Ear scoops as part of a toilet kit are found in male and female graves of the Roman period and also by important authors such as Bierbrauer (1987), Barköczi (1994), Riemer (2000) and others. Other names used in the literature are Ohrlöffelchen, löffelförmige Nadeln, Nadeln mit spachtelförmigem Kopf and others. 22 Riha 1990, 9; Cunja 1996, 143. 23 Gregl 1982, 180 fn. 31. 24 Gregl 2006, 33, Fig. 3. 25 Riha 1986, 56-63, Pls. 25-36; Cunja 1996, 143. 26 Riha 1986, 56, Pl. 59. 27 Riha 1986, 26-27. PIN Associated grave goods Date Cat. no. Site (Grave) e CO Type, Variant Material Knife le B Ring jewellery Necklace Fibula Spindle whorl 1 Kranj - Lajh, Gr. 31 f 1 iron 1st half-3th quart. of 6th c. 6 Češnjice near Trebelno, Gr. f 2 bronze 8 Kranj - Lajh, Gr. 129 f 2 bronze 9 Kranj - Lajh, Gr. 292 f 2 bronze 6th c. 23 Kranj - Lajh, Gr. 243 f 3 silver 1st half-3th quart. of 6th c. 26 Rifnik, Gr. 54 f 3 bronze 2nd half of 6th c. 30 Bled - Pristava, Gr. 236 child 4 bronze 5th c. and 1st half of 6th c. 31 Rifnik, Gr. 7 f 4 bronze 6th c. 32 Rifnik, Gr. 38 f 4 bronze 1st half of 6th c. 37 Rifnik, Gr. 76 f 5a bronze end of 5th, 1st half of 6th c. 43 Laška vas, Gr. 11 f 5d1 bronze 6th c. Fig. 5: Additional grave goods from graves with Late Antique pins of the stylus type from Slovenia. feature as an obligatory good of doctors' graves across the Empire.28 Over time, these utility tools came to be used as an ornamental component of costume, i.e. as jewellery. The stylus pins in Late Antiquity were still mostly made of bronze, some also of iron, silver and even gold. In this period, they were mostly worn by women. Their new role also caused rich mouldings or other decoration to often be added to the neck.29 The use of the decorative pins increased and spread, which was incited by the change in fashion and the meeting of local and barbarian elements.30 The stylus pins, with many parallels in the sixth and seventh centuries, are most common in the western Balkans, Italy and Hungary, especially around Keszthely, where their workshop is supposed. It is believed that the Langobards adopted this type of pin from the Romanised indigenous population already in their Pannonian phase, but began wearing them more frequently in the Italic phase, i.e. after 568;31 the pins were subsequently also adopted by other Germanic peoples.32 According to Bierbrauer, the stylus pins of the early phase 28 Künzl 1982, 6-7, 11-12, 29-31; Bonomi 1984, 86, Pl. 3: 20. 29 Ibler 1991, 41. 30 Barkoczi 1994, 128. 31 Vinski 1980, 94. 32 Cunja 1996, 58-59; Riemer 2000, 103-104. were found in graves beside the head, indicating their initial use as hairpins. Only later were they found on the chest and hence used for fastening clothes. In Rhineland, this shift occurred in the sixth century: to the left of the Rhine during the sixth century and to the right only at the end.33 However, this should not be generalized to the entire distribution area of the pins. For example, in Intercisa,34 Csakvar35 or Keszthely36 they were found in the chest area already in Late Antique graves.37 The debate on whether the stylus pins represent the heritage of the Late Antique costume is ongoing. Alfoldi, Sagi and initially Barkoczi claim that the decorative pins have nothing in common with the Late Antique population,38 while other authors see the pins as evidence of continuity.39 What is certain is that hairpins and pins for fastening 33 Bierbrauer 2004, 69; Martin 2002, 507; Müller 2010, 211. 34 Grave 1344: Vago, Bona 1976, 116. 35 Grave 6: Salamon, Barkoczi 1971, 40. 36 Grave 1971/83: Müller 2010, 77, 211, Pl. 50: 9-13; 51: 1. The text and tables present a fragmented stylus pin found under the chin, but the head of the pin is broken off and it can thus not be identified as being of the stylus type. 37 Müller 2010, 211. 38 Alföldi 1926, 53; Sagi 1970, 170; Barkoczi 1968, 294: Müller 2010, 211. 39 Kiss 1968, 93; Vinski 1980, 94; Barkoczi 1993, 333; Barkoczi 1994, 116; Müller 2010, 211. clothes, including those for attaching the head dress, appear simultaneously and even together in graves (sometimes with a flat fibula).40 Statistical analysis Forty-five Late Antique pins of the stylus type were found in Slovenia. Thirteen come from cemeteries, of which eleven were found in graves and two as stray finds. The remaining thirty-two were found in settlements: eight with a metal detector and twenty-four through archaeological excavations. Two of the thirteen graves' finds were found in Kranj, in the Lajh cemetery; for one the grave group is not known,41 while the other was found beside Grave 62.42 Of the remaining eleven pins, two lay to the right and one to the left of the head, three under the chin or in the neck area, one on the chest and two by the knees of the skeletons (Fig. 4). The location of two pins from graves is unknown. The stylus pins from Slovenia differ in material, findspot (settlement, grave) and decoration. Although only roughly a quarter of them were found in graves, the statistical analysis of the associated grave goods (Fig. 5) shows a repeating pattern suggesting a fairly uniform costume in Late Antiquity. The grave goods frequently associated with stylus pins are ring jewellery, such as bracelets and earrings, but also bead necklaces, large beads or ceramic spindle whorls. In two cases an iron knife and fibula were included, while a bone comb and a belt buckle appear very rarely. These grave goods point to burials of women. Typological classification (Fig. 6) The stylus pins from Slovenia differ in shape and decoration and can be divided into five types with several variants: Type 1: - Undecorated pins with a neck of a round cross section of the neck (Fig. 6: T1). 40 Müller 2010, 211. E.g. Graves 1971/5 (65, Pl. 44: 5,6) and 1999/40 (119, Pl. 85: 11-14,18). 41 Stare 1980, 120. 42 Fn. 84; Šmid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 108. Type 2: - Pins of a round cross section with a moulded neck appear in numerous variants. The neck is most often decorated with ribs, termed astragali by some authors.43 A pin can have one to three astragali, some even a series of them (Fig. 6: T2). Several pins combine astragali with a triangular facetted ornament on the neck, the latter in the shape of bands of small, alternating standing and hanging facetted triangles. Type 3: - Pins of a round cross section with an incision-decorated neck. The decoration consists of simple incisions occurring singly or in bands of one, two or three. These bands sometimes form a pattern and other times seem to have been cut haphazardly (Fig. 6: T3). There are also rare examples of pins with oblique, spiral or zigzag incisions. Type 4: - Pins with a neck of a square cross section (Fig. 6: T4). Type 5: Pins with an enlarged neck (Fig. 6: T5). These are divided into several variants: 5a: pins with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section. The enlarged neck has an incised longitudinal groove on each of the four sides, which results in a section in the shape of a cross with truncated tips. The pin is further decorated with incisions or ribs above and below the enlarged part; 5b: pins with an enlarged neck of a polygonal cross section; 5c: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section. The enlarged part often bears an incised inscription or incisions resembling an inscription; 5d: pins with an enlarged and perforated neck of a square cross section, which is further divided into: - 5d1: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation, - 5d2: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a double perforation. Some pins combine elements of different types and are more difficult to be classified. For example, a pin with a moulded neck may also have a perforation and astragali can be combined with 43 Bott 1952, 159; Barkoczi 1994, 110. incisions. These pins are classified on the basis of the technically more demanding decoration. Fourteen of the forty-five stylus pins belong to Type 2, nine to Types 3 and 5, eight to Type 4 and five to Type 1. 5. INTERPRETATION AND CATALOGUE The running numbers in Catalogue refer to the Cat. Nos. in text. The publications written in bold represent the source from which the illustrations of objects presented in the Figs. in text were taken. Abbreviations L. = Length ANMS = Archives of the Archaeological Department of the NMS DM Novo mesto = Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto (Dolenjska Museum Novo mesto) IzA ZRC SAZU = Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana (Institute of Archaeology, Scientific Research Centre SASA, Ljubljana) MM Ljubljana = Mestni muzej, Ljubljana (City Museum of Ljubljana) NM Postojna = Notranjski muzej Postojna (Notranjska Museum Postojna) NMS = Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana (National Museum of Slovenia, Ljubljana) PM Celje = Pokrajinski muzej Celje (Celje Regional Museum) PM Koper = Pokrajinski muzej Koper (Koper Regional Museum) PM Ptuj = Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož (Regional Museum Ptuj - Ormož) TM = Tolminski muzej, Tolmin (Tolmin Museum) Type 1 (Figs. 6: T1; 7) Undecorated stylus pins with a neck of a round cross section: they are made of bronze or iron and represent exact imitations of the ear scoops forming part of the Roman toilet kit. Five pins of this type were found in Slovenia (Fig. 7): four during archaeological excavations (cat. nos. 1, 2, 4, 5) and one by a metal detector (cat. no. 3). One pin was found in a grave, to the right of the head (cat. no. 1), one is a stray find in a cemetery (cat. no. 2) and the other three are from settlements (cat. nos. 3-5). 1. Kranj, Lajh (Fig. 7: 1) - Grave 31 Iron pin of a round cross section. The point is broken off. L.: 8.9cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: to the right of the head. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 780. Publication: Smid 1907, 61; Stare 1980, 107, Pl. 16: 7. New drawing: ANMS. 2. Kranj, Lajh (Fig. 7: 2) - cemetery Iron pin of a round cross section. The lower part is broken off. L.: 5.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 1789. Publication: Smid 1907, 61; Stare 1980, 120, Pl. 112: 3. New drawing: ANMS. 3. Limberk near Velika Racna (Fig. 7: 3) - settlement Iron pin of a round cross section. L.: 10.6cm. Method of discovery: metal detector.44 Storage: IzA ZRC SAZU. Publication: Ciglenecki 1985, 262, Pl. 8: 92; id., 1994a, Pl. 10a: 14. 4. Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrscanski center (Early Christian Centre) (Fig. 7: 4). Silver pin of a round cross section. The shank is curved. L.: 8.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M 440. Publication: Plesnicar-Gec 1983, 144, Pl. 29: 25. 5. Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrscanski center (Early Christian Centre) (Fig. 7: 5). Bronze pin of a round cross section. The shank is curved. L.: 9.4cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M 471. Publication: Plesnicar-Gec 1983, 146, Pl. 32: 7. The iron pin from Grave 31 at Lajh in Kranj (cat. no. 1, Fig. 7), lying to the right of the head of a female skeleton, was found together with a pair of gilded silver S-fibulae, gilded silver foot of a pincer fibula, an iron knife, an oval iron belt buckle, a fragmented double-sided bone comb, a fragmented bronze round, flat fibula and multicoloured glass beads. Preserved beside and partly under the head were the remains of gold threads indicating a veil. The grave yielded further two bronze pins, also lying in the head 44 Most of such finds in the NMS were acquired in the 1990s (Timotej Knific, pers. comm.). area, but they have since been lost.45 The pincer fibula is attributed by Vinski to a time before 550 and to the region of Thuringia.46 The S-fibulae with animal-head terminals can be dated to the second half of the sixth century,47 or more precisely to the third quarter of the sixth century,48 while Milavec attributes them to the North Danubian phase (Type Poysdorf), which spans the first half of the sixth century.49 On the basis of the necklace with millefiori beads, the grave has been placed into Group 2, i.e. between 550-575.50 Other Slovenian pins of Type 1 share their date with the archaeological sites that yielded them. Outside the territory of Slovenia decorated and undecorated stylus type pins have come to light in almost all Late Antiquity sites. They were in use within the Roman State (e.g. Lauriacum, Csakvar, Aquileia, Intercisa) from the second half of the fourth century onwards. Used as hairpins and pins for fastening clothes they have been found in Roman and Langobard female graves, in Germanic settlements north of the Alps and in the Danubian region, where they date between the fifth and the seventh century.51 A number of them has been found in Keszthely, which led Müller to see them as goods placed in graves before the Langobards left for Italy,52 while pins of the same type from Italy date well after this event. An undecorated stylus type pin was recovered at Avicenna, Cagnano Varano in Italy, and dated by association with other material from the cemetery to the sixth and seventh centuries.53 In Grave 3 in Bolsena, Lazio,54 a similar pin was found on the chest of a female skeleton and was, as the sole good, dated together with the cemetery as a whole to the first half of the seventh century. Pins of Type 1 were found in female Grave 14 at Altamura-Belmonte in Apulia,55 initially dated to 45 Stare 1980, 107. 46 Vinski 1980, 93; Stare 1980, Pl. 16: 4. 47 Bitenc, Knific 2001, 74-76, cat. no. 243/21. The catalogue only lists S- and flat fibulae from Lajh. The author does not describe every single fibula, but dates them collectively to the second half of the sixth century. 48 Bona 1990, 69, 72, Fig. 85. 49 Milavec 2007, 348. 50 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 65-67; Losert 2003. 51 Bierbrauer 1987, 161-162, with references; Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, 15, Fig. 6: 8-11. 52 Müller 2010, 243, e.g. Grave 1971/85; fn. 1444. 53 Riemer 2000, 412, without a drawing. 54 Riemer 2000, 103 fn. 4, 389, without a drawing. 55 Riemer 2000, 103 fn. 4, 417, without a drawing. the seventh and beginning of the eighth century,56 but later revised to the sixth and seventh centu-ries.57 Further such pins are stray finds from the cemetery at Cornus,58 an important city during Roman times and up to the Early Middle Ages. One pin, probably of bronze, was also found in one of the cemeteries around Buzet in Croatia and dated to the sixth century by comparison with similar finds from Invillino.59 Type 2 (Figs. 6: T2; 8-10) Stylus pins of a round cross section with a moulded neck: fourteen pins of this type have been recovered in Slovenia.60 Eleven were found in settlements: eight during excavations and three with a metal detector. Three pins were found in graves (Fig. 8) and point to their use: one was lying to the left of the head (cat. no. 6), one between the knees (cat. no. 9) and one under the chin (cat. no. 8). This allows to infer that the first one was used as a hairpin and the other two for fastening a dress or a coat. 6. Cesnjice pri Trebelnem (Fig. 8: 6) - grave Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head is flattened and inclined. The neck bears herringbone incisions in the upper part, followed by transverse incisions interrupted by two astragali and concluded by two crossing zigzag lines. L.: 13.1cm. Method of discovery: amateur excavation, material later bought by conservator Jakob Zmavc. 56 Iorio 1977-1978; 47-136. 57 d'Angela 1986, 918 no. 15. 58 Riemer 2000, 103 fn. 4, 481, Pl. 111: 25. 59 Marušič 1955, 102-103, Pl. 2: 1. 60 Apart from those mentioned, two other pins might also belong to this type, but are fragmented and only the neck decoration suggests the type: the pin from Ptuj (PM Ptuj, inv. no. P 2535) is missing part of the neck, the head and the point (Korošec), while the other one, from the Zgodnjekrščanski center (Early Christian Centre) in Ljubljana (MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M. 270), is missing part of the neck as well as the head (Plesničar-Gec 1983, 122, Pl. 32: 6). In the absence of the head they cannot be positively identified as stylus pins and are thus not included in the catalogue. For the information and the drawing of the pin from Ptuj, I would like to thank Janez Dular, IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Position in the grave: to the left of the head.61 Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 3225. Publication: Bitenc Knific 2001, 40-41, cat. no. 113. New drawing: ANMS. 7. Gradec near Prapretno (Fig. 8: 7) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears herringbone incisions on the rear upper part and astragali in the lower part. L.: 12.0cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: PM Celje. Publication: Ciglenecki 1994a, Fig. 5: 15. 8. Kranj, Lajh (Fig. 8: 8) - Grave 129 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears herringbone incisions on the rear upper part and unevenly wide transverse ribs on the lower part, the latter poorly made and giving the appearance of spiral decoration.62 L.: 13.0cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: under the chin. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 1018. Publication: Smid 1907, 69; Stare 1980, 110, Pl. 45: 5. New drawing: ANMS. 9. Kranj, Lajh (Fig. 8: 9) - Grave 292 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears four bands of narrow transverse ribs separated by three bands of small facetted triangles. L.: 15.9cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: between the knees. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 1492. Publication: 2mavc 1904, 258, 259, Fig. 215: b; Stare 1980, 117, Pl. 88: 2. New drawing: ANMS. 10. Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrscanski center (Early Christian Centre) (Fig. 8: 10) Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears a wide rib between transverse incisions. L.: 7.5cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M 290. Publication: Plesnicar-Gec 1983, 146, Pl. 32: 10. 61 According to the field diary of Jakob Zmavc (1906), dated 14 August 1906, the source of this information was initially uncertain as to the position of the pin in the grave: on the left clavicle or left of the head; she later claimed the latter. I was able to inspect the transcript of the field diary thanks to Timotej Knific from the Archaeological Department at the NMS. 62 The descriptions of other authors differ: pin with a spiral ornament (Smid 1907, 69) or an incised upper part (Stare 1980, 60). 11. Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrščanski center (Early Christian Centre) (Fig. 9: 11) Silver pin of a round cross section. The neck bears pairs of two narrow ribs separated by two bands of hanging and standing facetted triangles and an astragalus. L.: 10.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M 473. Publication: Plesničar-Gec 1983, 145, Pl. 31: 8. 12. Predjama (Fig. 9: 12) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears four bands of narrow ribs and a spiral band in the lower part. The lower part is slightly curved. L.: 12.15cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: NM Postojna. Publication: Korošec 1956, 46, Pl. 28: 19, 48: 8. 13. Ptuj, Grajski grič (Castle Hill) - Turnirski prostor (Fig. 9: 13) Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck is severely damaged and bears astragali, the shank is bent and the point broken off. L.: 7.0 cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Ptuj. Publication: Korošec 1999, 37, Pl. 44: 9. 14. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 9: 14) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears astragali. The shank is sharply bent in the middle. L.: 11.0cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: TM, inv. no. 23113. Publication: Ciglenečki 1994, Pl. 6: 16; 1994b, Pl. 1: 22; 1994c, Pl. 1: 18; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 3. 15. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 9: 15) - settlement, Building 1 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears two astragali. The shank is bent in the lower half. L.: 11.0cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22292. Publication: Ciglenečki 2008, Fig. 22: 24; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 4. 16. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 10: 16) - settlement, outside Building 1 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears a series of astragali and two medium-wide ribs in the lower part. L.: 8.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22295. Publication: Ciglenečki 2008, Fig. 22: 28; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 2. 17. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 10: 17) - settlement, Building 1, Room 2 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears two bands of two variously wide ribs separated by a long undecorated part. The shank is curved in the lower half. L.: 10.5cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22294. Publication: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 5: 18. 18. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 10: 18) - settlement, outside Building 1 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears one pronounced rib flanked by three narrow ribs on both sides. A short part of the neck, between the head and the decoration, is rectangular in cross section. L.: 8.9cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22445. Publication: Ciglenečki 2008, Fig. 22: 25; Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 1. 19. Vranja peč near Lipni Dol (Fig. 10: 19) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head bears shallow incisions on the outer upper surface. The neck bears spiral incisions at the top, followed by a few narrow oblique ribs, a band of oblique incisions, three bands of facetted triangles and three narrow transverse ribs. L.: 13.3cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: private property. Publication: Bitenc Knific 2001, cat. no. 154. New drawing: ANMS. The bronze pin from Češnjice pri Trebelnem (cat. no. 6, Fig. 8) lay in an inhumation grave together with a ceramic vessel and a necklace. The cemetery was found in 1905. The pottery fragments and the pin were later bought by Jakob Žmavc. Unfortunately, these finds do not allow us to date the grave precisely. Prior to this, other archaeological finds had been recovered in the vicinity of the village, including human bones.63 Grave 129 from Kranj only yielded the bronze pin64 (cat. no. 8, Fig. 8) and a few glass beads of a necklace; this does not enable an accurate date of the grave to be proposed. The pin with a moulded neck from female inhumation Grave 292 at Kranj (cat. no. 9, Fig. 8)65 63 Information from an unpublished text by Špela Karo and Rok Klasinc, Češnjice pri Trebelnem. In March 2012, I was able to see the manuscript due to Timotej Knific from the Archaeological Department of the NMS. 64 Stare 1980, 110, Pl. 45: 5. 65 The grave was excavated by Žmavc and initially published in 1904 as Grave 76 (Žmavc 1904, 258-259, Fig. 215). In was found together with an S-fibula of the Sarch-ing type, which some authors date to the second half of the sixth century.66 The recent analysis of the S-fibulae from Slovenia, however, defines it as the south German type, which can also be found in Italy and the decoration of which suggests the pre-Pannonian period of the Langobards, i.e. the first half of the sixth century.67 The grave goods further consisted of a scabbard fitting, decorated silver plates and strap clamps, typical of female Langobard graves,68 as well as a necklace of glass beads including one millefiori bead. Based on the S-fibula and the necklace, Losert attributes this grave to the third quarter of the sixth century.69 Similar pins were recovered at the Bavarian early medieval cemetery at Altenerding. They were decorated with facetted triangles and narrow ribs, but not the stylus head. They were found in graves exclusively to the right of the head. These pins are also common in Alamanic graves. Losert terms them "pins with a moulded upper part" and dates them to the late sixth and early seventh century.70 The decorative pins of Type 2 from Slovenia have numerous analogies from near and far. They were found in Istria, at Sipar71 and Mejica,72 but also in numerous other contemporaneous sites.73 Similar pins are known from the Lower Danube the integral publication of the Lajh cemetery, however, it is marked as Grave 292 (Stare 1980, 105, 117, Pl. 88: 2-9). 66 Bona 1990, 69-70, I. 70; Milavec 2007, 346, 347. 67 Milavec 2007, 350. 68 Vinski 1980, 93. 69 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61; Losert 2003. 70 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 49; Losert 2003. 71 Marušic 1986, 86-91, Fig. 9: 9. 72 Torcellan 1986, 46-47; Pl. 18: 6 (Gr. 54); 23: 7 (Gr. 93); 27: 5 (Gr. 123). 73 E.g. Teurnia (Piccottini 1976, 99-100, Pl. 16: 8); Tiszabura (Csallany 1961, 284, Pl. 196: 1); Sontheim an der Brenz (Neuffer-Müller 1966, 25, Pl. 26: B 4); Csäkvär (Salamon, Barkoczi 1971, Fig. 6: 20; 7: 23); Intercisa (Vago, Bona 1976, Pl. 41: 5); Schretzheim (Koch 1977, 68, Pl. 10: 10 [Gr. 34]); Callatis (Preda 1980, Pl. 30, M 339, M 280.3); Castel Trosino (Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 81 Fig. 73, 172 Fig. 221); Invillino-Ibligo (Bierbrauer 1987, 161; Pl. 49: 11-15; 64: 1-5,8); Keszthely-Fenekpuszta (Barkoczi 1994, Fig. 7: 5,8; Müller 2010, 36, 41, Pl. 1); Täc - Gorsium (Barkoczi 1994, 112, 118, Fig. 8: 1,2,4); Ciko (= Cziko: Hampel 1905, 378, Fig. 1014; Barkoczi 1994, 114; Garam 2001, Pl. 41: 6 [grave 33]); More^ti in Band (Horedt 1977, 261, Fig. 5: 1-3,8-9j; Caričin grad (Mano-Zisi 1954-1955, Pl. 36: 16); Iatrus-Krivina (Gomolka-Fuchs 1982, 154, Pl. 64: 288,288a); Pešterica near Prilep (Kepeski 1976, Pls. 2-5 [Gr. 4]); Kaiseraugst (Martin 1991, 71-74, Fig. 39: 19-20); Hemmaberg (Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, Fig. 6: 1-4). region,74 for example at Gradina on Jelica,75 Gamzigrad, Pernik and Niš, the latter a bronze pin with a chain and a pendant (Fig. 26: 2) dated to the sixth century together with other finds of the hoard.76 A very similar bronze pin (Fig. 26: 3) was found in a grave at Sadovec, Bulgaria, in the vicinity of an Early Christian church; it lay on the chest of a female skeleton.77 It is dated by analogy to the first half of the sixth and the seventh century.78 Most of the stylus pins from the cemetery at Keszthely, Hungary, have a moulded neck and all are attributable to the early Keszthely culture, which Müller dates to the last third of the sixth and first half of the seventh century.79 In Italy,80 at the Grancia site in Grosseto, a bronze pin and fragments of a bead were the only goods in female Grave 53, dated with the cemetery as a whole to the second half of the seventh century.81 Six stylus pins were recovered as stray finds at the site of Avicenna in Cagnano Varano, Italy; two with a moulded neck and dated to the sixth and seventh centuries.82 At Intercisa, Grave 1184 yielded a bronze pin with a moulded neck, found to the right of the head of a female skeleton. The grave was dated to the late fourth-early fifth century on the basis of a carnelian bead of a necklace.83 As seen above, the stylus pins with a moulded neck are broadly dated, from the late fourth to 74 Milinkovic 2001, 132, Pl. 3: 1,2. 75 The pin with a moulded neck from Gradina on Jelica in Serbia has a small, round perforation on the neck (Fig. 27: 1) (with a chain and a hook) and is classified here as Type 5, Variant d1, which has analogies in the pins from Niš and Sadovec, with a moulded neck and a chain, but without a perforation (see below). 76 Vinski 1968, 109, 144-145, Pl. 6: 20. 77 Uenze 1992, 161-163, Pl. 4: 9. 78 Uenze 1992, 162. 79 Müller 2010, 245. Pins from Graves 1963/1,3,4,16,26,29 (Pls. 36: 1,2,7,21; 37: 13,34), 1966/37,84 (Pls. 38: 4; 40: 22), 1967/87,91,93,97 (Pl. 40: 28,31; 41: 1,13) and three pins from the excavations that Lipp conducted in 1886 (Pl. 1: 1,2,5). 80 Riemer, when discussing Roman finds from the cemeteries of the fifth to the eighth centuries in Italy, listed five stylus pins with a moulded neck, yet I was only able to identify three from the published drawings, namely the bronze pin with incisions from Grave 8 in Fiesole (Pl. 58: 10, see below) and two pins with a moulded neck from Grave 53 in Grancia (Pl. 62: 12) and from Avicenna in Cagnano Varano (Pl. 84: 13), respectively. 81 Riemer 2000, 381-382, Pl. 62: 12. 82 Riemer 2000, 412, Pl. 84: 13. 83 Vago, Bona 1976, 192, 202. the end of the seventh century, although most can be attributed to the sixth and seventh centuries. It has to be said, however, that an analysis and classification of pins based on decoration would allow more precise dating of individual variants. Type 3 (Figs. 6: T3; 11; 12) Stylus pins with an incision-decorated neck of a round cross section: nine pins of this type were found in Slovenia, six during archaeological excavations and three using a metal detector. Six pins were found in settlements and three in cemeteries. In graves, one lay at the knees of a skeleton (cat. no. 23), one under the neck (cat. no. 26, Fig. 12) and one was a stray find recovered outside a grave (cat. no. 22, Fig. 11). 20. Koper, Kapucinski vrt (Fig. 11: 20) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears transverse incisions cut at irregular intervals. L.: 8.5cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Koper, inv. no. AKKV 14. Publication: Cunja 1996, 143, Pl. 1: 14. 21. Koper, Kapucinski vrt (Fig. 11: 21) - settlement Bronze pin of an oval cross section. The neck bears transverse and spiral incisions. L.: 11.0cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Koper, inv. no. AKKV 13. Publication: Cunja 1996, 143, Pl. 1: 13; Bitenc, Knific 2001, cat. no. 98. 22. Kranj, Lajh (Fig. 11: 22) - cemetery (beside Grave 6284) Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head is slightly damaged. The neck bears three bands of shallow incisions. L.: 7.9cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 862. Publication: Smid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 108, Pl. 27: 4. New drawing: ANMS. 23. Kranj, Lajh - cemetery, Grave 243 Silver pin of a round cross section. The neck bears transverse incisions. 84 Smid writes that Grave 62 contained no finds (Smid 1907, 64). Two objects, the bronze pin and an iron object, however, were found beside the grave and interpreted as stray finds (Stare 1980, 108). L.: -. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: at the knees. Storage: lost. Publication: Zmavc 1904, 245, 246, Fig. 200: b (originaly Grave no. 29; the inferior quality of the photogrphy does not enable reproduction); Stare 1980, 115. 24. Ljubicna near Zbelovska Gora (Fig. 11: 24) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears shallow transverse incisions. L.: 9.6cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 3231. Publication: unpublished. Drawing: ANMS. 25. Ljubljana, Zgodnjekrscanski center (Early Christian Centre) (Fig. 12: 25) Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head is partly broken off. The neck bears several transverse incisions. L.: 6.8cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: MM Ljubljana, inv. no. M 282. Publication: Plesnicar-Gec 1983, 146, Pl. 32: 12. 26. Rifnik (Fig. 12: 26) - Grave 54 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears three bands of two or three incisions. L.: 15.5cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: under the neck. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 325. Publication: Bolta 1970-1971, 131; Bolta 1981, 34, Pl. 9: 14. 27. Zidani gaber above Mihovo (Fig. 12: 27) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears herringbone incisions on the upper rear part terminating in four oblique incisions on the front part. L.: 12.8cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: DM Novo mesto, inv. no. A 2734. Publication: unpublished. Drawing: ANMS. 28. Zidani gaber above Mihovo (Fig. 12: 28) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck bears oblique incisions on the rear part. L.: 5.8cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: DM Novo mesto, inv. no. A 2766. Publication: unpublished. Drawing: ANMS. The silver pin of Type 3 from Grave 243 from the Lajh cemetery in Kranj (cat. no. 23)85 has been lost.86 The grave further yielded a necklace of multicoloured glass, ceramic and amber beads, a pyramidal bone pendant typical of the time up to the seventh century,87 an iron knife, a bronze shield-shaped belt fitting, which is an element of the male costume typical of the Merovingian period and dated to the sixth and seventh centuries,88 a bronze ring, a square plate coated with blue and white enamel as well as two gilded silver S-fibulae, which are close to the late fibulae of Type Poysdorf according to Tejral.89 Earlier literature dates such S-fibulae to the late sixth century,90 while Tejral and Milavec believe them to be older and dated to the first half or middle of the sixth century.91 Losert attributes this grave to the third quarter of the sixth century.92 The second pin of Type 4 from the Lajh cemetery was found beside Grave 62, which was found empty.93 In addition to the pin (cat. no. 22, Fig. 11), the area around the grave also revealed an elongated iron object. Located near Grave 62 was Grave 61 that only revealed a necklace of green beads, which could suggest that both the pin and the iron object could originally have belonged to Grave 61.94 The incision-decorated pin from Rifnik was placed in Grave 5495 (cat. no. 26, Fig. 12) of an elderly woman. Other grave goods consisted of a necklace of glass beads, a ceramic spindle whorl and a bracelet, the latter a typical jewellery item of the Romanised indigenous population and later also adopted by the Germanic (Gepids, Langobards) and Steppe peoples. On Rifnik, a similar bracelet was found in Grave 47.96 Other such bracelets 85 The grave was excavated by Zmavc and initially published in 1904 (Zmavc 1904, 246, Fig. 200 [as Grave 29]). In the integral publication of the cemetery, however, it is marked as Grave 243 (Stare 1980, 105, 115, Pl. 74: 7-15). 86 Zmavc 1904, 245-246, Fig. 200: b; Stare 1980, 115. 87 Jevremov, Tomanič Jevremov, Ciglenečki 1993, 225, 227-228. 88 Vinski 1980, 96. 89 Tejral 2002, 341 Fig. 19; Milavec 2007, 348. 90 Werner 1962, 126; Vinski 1980, 94. 91 Tejral 2005, 137-160; Milavec 2007, 347, 348. 92 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 165-166; Losert 2003. 93 Šmid 1907, 64; Stare 1980, 108. 94 Stare 1980, 108, Fig. 4. 95 Leben Seljak 2006, 440. Common pathological features on the three female skeletons in Graves 54, 56 and 58 led Leben Seljak to suggest that the women were related. 96 Bolta 1981, 33, Pl. 8: 6. from Slovenia are known from Pristava in Bled97 and Lajh in Kranj,98 dated to the second half of the sixth century.99 Above-mentioned Grave 54 from Rifnik is also dated to the second half of the sixth century. In settlements, pins of Type 3 were found in Kapucinski vrt in Koper (cat. nos. 20, 21; Fig. 11), on Zidani gaber (cat. no. 27, 28; Fig. 12), Ljubicna (cat. no. 24, Fig. 11) and in the Zgodnjekrscanski center (Early Christian Centre) in Ljubljana (cat. no. 25, Fig. 12). Analogies to these can be found in Istria, on Mejica,100 and in numerous cemeteries outside Slovenia.101 In Italy, they were found at Avicenna in Cagnano Varano, where three of the six stylus pins recovered belong to Type 3: one with transverse and two with spiral incisions on the neck. They are dated with the cemetery to the sixth and seventh centuries.102 Grave 4 from Bolsena in Lazio revealed a pin with a twisted neck together with a gold basket earring of Type 2a,103 two iron knives, a bracelet with thickened ends, glass and amber beads, a coin of Constantine and a spherical-head pin. The goods date the grave to the middle or second half of the seventh century.104 The cemetery was initially dated between the fifth and seventh centuries,105 while a later revision showed most graves to date to the first half of the seventh century.106 The only parallel to the pin from Bolsena's Grave 4 was found in Grave 164 in Castel Trosino.107 In Fiesole, in via Riorbico, the twenty-seven graves included only one, Grave 8, that contained a bronze stylus pin as the sole grave good, decorated with two bands 97 Grave 277: Knific 1983, 149, Pl. 19: 13-16. 98 Vinski 1980, Pl. 39: 4; 46: 8; 57: 4; 64: 3,12; 83: 3; 87: 9; 99: 8. 99 Vinski 1980, 95; Cunja 1996, 62. 100 Marušic 1986, 97-100, Fig. 12: 6; Torcellan 1986, 46-47, Pl. 24: 6 (Gr. 106), Pl. 31: 6 (Gr. 151), Pl. 34: 4 (Gr. 179). 101 Csäkbereny (Fettich 1965, Fig. 167: 2); Schretzheim (Koch 1977, 68, Pl. 177: 1, Pl. 134: 5 [Gr. 514]); Invillino-Ibligo (Bierbrauer 1987, 78, 161, Fig. 22: 11, Pl. 51: 5); Weingarten, Gr. 487 (Roth, Theune 1995, 142-143, Fig. 166, Pl. 176: 3); Kaiseraugst (Martin 1991, 71, Fig. 39: 15-17); Pleidelsheim, Gr. 126 (Koch 2001, 160, 462-463, Pl. 50: 1); Kölked-Feketekapu B, Gr. 335 (Kiss 2001, 369, Pl. 74: B 335). 102 Riemer 2000, 412, without a drawing. 103 Riemer 2000, 52. 104 Riemer 2000, 53. 105 Galli 1912, 345-353. 106 von Hessen 1975, 61; Riemer 2000, 389, Pl. 68:1-6. 107 Mengarelli 1995 [1902], 172, Fig. 221; Riemer 2000, 103, fn. 3, Pl. 68: 3. of horizontal herringbone incisions at the rear; the cemetery is dated to the seventh century.108 The pins of Type 3 from graves in Slovenia may be dated to the middle or second half of the sixth century, while abroad they were in use at least to the mid-seventh century. Having said that, analysis and further decoration-based division would certainly enable us to date individual variants more precisely. For example, pins with a neck bearing parallel horizontal incisions, such as was found in Kapucinski vrt in Koper (cat. no. 20, Fig. 11), are also known from Merovingian female graves in south-western Germany and are typical of the period between 610 and 670.109 Type 4 (Figs. 6: T4; 13; 14) Pins with the neck of a square cross section: the eight pins of this type from Slovenia comprise four iron and one bronze example from settlements and three bronze pins from graves. Two of the latter were found in the area between the neck and the chest (cat. no. 31, 32; Fig. 13), while the location of the third is unknown (cat. no. 30, Fig. 13). The majority of these pins is decorated with incisions, mainly forming a zigzag pattern. Noteworthy are the iron pins from Tonovcov grad near Kobarid, which are more robust and give the appearance of tools, though they may also be semi-products. 29. Koper, Kapucinski vrt (Fig. 13: 29) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck of a square cross section bears zigzag incisions. L.: 11.0cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Koper, inv. no. AKKV 15. Publication: Cunja 1996, 143, Pl. 1: 15; Bitenc, Knific 2001, cat. no. 98. 30. Bled, Pristava (Fig. 13: 30) - Grave 236 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head bears concentric circles on the lower side. The neck of a square cross section is undecorated. L.: 13.2cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: unknown. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 493. Publication: Kastelic 1960, 27, Pl. 12: 4. New drawing: ANMS. 108 Riemer 2000, 375, 376, Pl. 58: 10. 109 Roth, Theune 1988, 35, Pl. 7. 31. Rifnik (Fig. 13: 31) - Grave 7 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck of a square cross section bears zigzag incisions between bands of several transverse incisions. L.: 14.2cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: under the lower jaw. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 834. Publication: Bolta 1967, 401; Bolta 1981, 31, Pl. 1: 16. 32. Rifnik (Fig. 13: 32) - Grave 38 Bronze pin with an undecorated neck of a square cross section and a point of a round cross section. L.: 14.4cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: on the chest. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 295. Publication: Bolta 1970-1971, 128; Bolta 1981, 32, Pl. 5: 10. 33. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 14: 33) - settlement, Building 1 Iron pin of a square cross section. The neck bears two transverse incisions. L.: 12.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22716. Publication: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 7. 34. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 14: 34) - settlement, Building 1 Iron pin of a square cross section. The neck bears a wide rib, also square in cross section, with incisions on two opposing sides: in the shape of an X or a cross on one side and a zigzag incision on the other. L.: 10.4cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22801. Publication: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 8. 35. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 14: 35) - settlement, Building 1 Iron pin of a square cross section. The neck bears three bands of transverse incisions separated by incised crosses on one of its four sides. The pin is sharply bent at mid-length. L.: 9.8cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22902. Publication: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 6. 36. Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Fig. 14: 36) - settlement, Building 1 Iron pin of a square cross section. The neck bears one wide rib between two narrow ones on one of its four sides. The pin is bent at mid-length. L.: 10.2cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: TM, field no. 22794. Publication: Modrijan, Milavec 2011, Pl. 6: 5. The pin from Kapucinski vrt in Koper (cat. no. 29, Fig. 13) has its closest analogy in the pin found in Grave 7 (cat. no. 31, Fig. 13) on Rifnik.110 This grave also yielded a pair of gold basket earrings of Type Allach,111 a necklace, a bronze finger-ring, a bronze button and a bone ring. The earrings are dated to the second half of the sixth, possibly even the beginning of the seventh century.112 The bronze finger-ring is attributed to Type IV according to Slabe, the origin of which is to be sought in the Roman period and was later spread under the influence of the Langobard-Italic culture. In the Alamanic-Bavarian area, they were known even in the seventh century.113 As for the necklace, Losert attributes it to his Group 1 and dates the grave between 450 and 550.114 Both pins, from Kapucinski vrt and Rifnik, can thus be dated to the sixth century. Two other similar, though undecorated pins were found in Slovenia. One in Grave 38 (cat. no. 32, Fig. 13) on Rifnik115 and the second in Grave 236 (cat. no. 30, Fig. 13) at Pristava in Bled.116 The pin from Rifnik117 has the neck of a square cross section and was found together with a necklace of glass beads, two bronze bracelets and a fingerring of Type VII after Slabe. These finger-rings are high-quality items found mostly in graves of the indigenous population and represent products of the Late Antique jewellery workshops of the sixth century.118 Losert attributes the necklace to his Group 1 and dates the grave between 450 and 550.119 We can thus propose the first half of the sixth century as the date for this grave. The pin from Grave 236 at Pristava (cat. no. 30, Fig. 13) was found together with two finger-rings characteristic of the second generation of Bled burials,120 and two unmatched earrings typical of the costume of the fifth and first half of the sixth century in Slovenia.121 Analogies for this pin type outside Slovenia mainly come from central Europe, for example 110 Bolta 1967, 401; id. 1981, 31, 50, Pl. 1: 910. 111 Cunja 1996, 59. 112 Knific 1983, 153-155. 113 Slabe 1990, 458, 460, Fig. 2: 6. 114 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. 115 Bolta 1970-1971, 128; id. 1981, 32, Pl. 5: 10. 116 Kastelic 1960, 27, Pl. 12: 4. 117 Bolta 1981, 32. 118 Slabe 1990, 460. 119 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. 120 Knific 1983, 22. 121 Knific 1983, 21, 148. the Alamanic examples from Holzgerlingen122 and Würmlingen123 in the Württemberg region, which date to the sixth and probably also the seventh century.124 Particular among the pins of Type 4 are the four examples from the settlement on Tonovcov grad (cat. nos. 33-36, Fig. 14). They are all decorated, but differ from others in material and manufacture, being of iron and more robust, giving the appearance either of a semi-product or a tool rather than jewellery. These pins are dated by context from the end of the fifth to the beginning of the seventh century.125 They have no obvious analogies, though a similar, undecorated iron pin was found in female Grave 1999/34 in Keszthely, Hungary,126 where it functioned as jewellery. It lay in the neck area, more precisely under the chin. This grave also yielded two bracelets, one of iron and the other of glass, as well as three unidentified curved objects of iron lying in the north-western corner of the grave. Rusted onto one of these objects were two bronze coins of Constantius II and Valens, minted between 351 and 361 and between 364 and 367,127 respectively, though the author is not convinced that these iron objects with coins actually represent grave goods. Based on the poor state of preservation of the skeleton and the stone lining of the upper part of the pit, the grave is attributed to the Early Kezsthely culture, i.e. the last third of the sixth and first half of the seventh century.128 Type 5 (Figs. 6: T5; 15) The pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section from Slovenia can be divided into several variants (Fig. 15) on the basis of the form and decoration of the neck (Fig. 15): - 5a: pins with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section, - 5b: pins with an enlarged neck of a polygonal cross section, 122 Veeck 1931, Pl. 46: A 4. 123 Veeck 1931, Pl. 46: A 8. 124 Veeck 1931, 61. 125 Modrijan 2011, 12, 13. 126 Müller 2010, 118, 211, Pl. 85: 1. 127 Müller 2010, 118, Pl. 85: 4. 128 Müller 2010, 118, 245, Pl. 85: 1-6. - 5c: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section, - 5d: pins with an enlarged and perforated neck of a square cross section, which is subdivided into: - 5d1: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation, - 5d2: pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a double perforation. Nine stylus pins with an emphasized or enlarged neck have so far been found in Slovenia. Seven were found in settlements and two in graves. Of the latter, one was found to the right of the head (cat. no. 37, Fig. 16), while the position of the other is unknown (cat. no. 43, Fig. 23). Pins of Type 5 can be found across central and south-eastern Europe, more precisely in Hungary,129 Slovenia,130 Croatia,131 Bosnia,132 Italy,133 France,134 Austria135 and Germany.136 They have been dated on the basis of associated grave goods or settlement context broadly from the end of the fifth to the beginning of the seventh century, though most are attributable to the middle and second half of the sixth century, possibly even the beginning of the seventh century. Type 5, Variant 5a (Fig. 16) - pins with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section: 37. Rifnik (Fig. 16: 37) - Grave 76 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck is enlarged, square in cross section and bears an incised groove on each of the four sides, which results in a section in the 129 Alföldi 1926; Balint 1989, 180-183, Fig. 82: 1; Ibler 1991, 191; Müller 1992, Pl. 3: 71, 61: 1; Barkoczi 1994, 110-114, Fig. 7: 4, 10: 2,5; Riemer 2000, 103-104; Garam 2001, 65-67. 130 Ibler 1991, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104; Čaval 2002, 49-55. 131 Miletic 1970, 140 fn. 149; Ibler 1991, 40, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104. 132 Miletic 1970, 121, 123, 139-140, Pl. 2: 12, 3: 32; Ibler 1991, 40, 190. 133 Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 49: 15, 64: 8; Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513, Fig. 141, cat. no. 1402; Ibler 1991, 190; Riemer 2000, 103-104. 134 Ibler 1991, 190. 135 Ibler 1991, 191. 136 Bott 1952, Pl. 14: 5,5a; Ibler 1991, 191. shape of a cross with truncated tips. The enlarged part is flanked by astragali on both sides. L.: 11.25cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: to the right of the head. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 364. Publication: Bolta 1969, Y 115; Bolta 1981, 35, Pl. 12: 4. 38. Rifnik (Fig. 16: 38) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head is broken off.137 The neck is enlarged, square in cross section and bears an incised groove on each of the four sides, which results in a section in the shape of a cross with truncated tips. The enlarged part is flanked by astragali on both sides. L.: 9.7cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 2120. Publication: Bolta 1981, 29, Pl. 27: 53; Ciglenecki 1994a, Pl. 4: 12. Both Slovenian pins of Variant 5a were found on Rifnik (Fig. 16): one in a grave (cat. no. 37) and the other in the settlement (cat. no. 38). The bronze pin from Grave 76138 was found together with a glass-bead necklace of Group 1 after Losert, which dates between 450 and 550,139 a ceramic spindle whorl and earrings with a polyhedral bead that represent an indigenous element from the end of the fifth and first half of the sixth centuries.140 However, Bierbrauer suggests that Mediterranean grave groups comprising earrings with a polyhedral bead fall into the sixth century,141 those in Slovenia as well.142 The grave in question can thus, on the basis of its goods, be dated to the fifth and the first half of the sixth century. An analogous, 9.6cm long bronze pin with an enlarged neck of a cruciform cross section (Fig. 17: 1) was found at the Fenekpuszta-Keszthely cemetery in Hungary as the only good in Grave 61 (at the southern defence walls).143 Müller initially dated the grave between 568 and 630,144 but later narrowed this range to the second half of the sixth 137 Analogies suggest that the pin had a flattened and inclined head. 138 Bolta 1981, 35, 52, Pl. 12: 4-8. 139 Losert, Pleterski 2003, 61-65; Losert 2003. 140 Bolta 1981, 16; Knific 1983, 21, 148. 141 Bierbrauer 1987, 150. 142 Kranj, Lajh (Stare 1980, Pl. 80: 2-3; 106: 4-5); Rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pl. 3: 1-2,12-14; 5: 6-7; 9: 1,3; 11: 2; 16: 1-2,9; 17: 6-8); Bled, Pristava (Knific 2004, 96-98, Fig. 5: 6-7); Kranj, Križišče Iskra (Sagadin 1988, Pl. 2: 6-7). 143 Barkoczi 1994, 114, Fig. 10: 5. 144 Müller 1987, 111, 118, Fig. 4. century.145 Further similar pins are known from Italy, for example at Invillino in Friuli, but are stray finds without a precise date (Fig. 17: 2).146 Type 5, Variant 5b (Fig. 18) - pins with an enlarged neck of a polygonal cross section: 39. Korinjski hrib above Veliki Korinj (Fig. 18: 39) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The neck is enlarged, hexagonal in cross section and bears transverse and oblique incisions as well as facetted triangles. The enlarged part is flanked on both sides with one wide and several narrow ribs. L.: 10.1cm. Method of discovery: metal detector. Storage: IzA ZRC SAZU. Publication: Ciglenecki 1994a, Pl. 9: 16. The pin from Korinjski hrib147 (cat. no. 39, Fig. 18) is without known analogies from Slovenia. The closest analogy is the bronze pin from Hemmaberg (Fig. 19) dated to the sixth century.148 As for the settlement on Korinjski hrib, it was supposedly built at the end of the fifth or first half of the sixth century, which also provides a date ante quem non for the pin.149 Type 5, Variant 5c (Fig. 20) - pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section: 40. Tinje above Loka pri Zusmu (Fig. 20: 40) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The enlarged neck of a square cross section bears the inscription VIVIAM(F) and is flanked on both sides by variously wide ribs. L.: 13.1cm. Method of discovery: acquired with the aid of E. Riedl. Storage: lost. Publication: Riedl 1900, 107; Ciglenecki 2000, 10, Fig. 2. 41. Rifnik (Fig. 20: 41) - settlement, House 6 145 Müller 1992, 261, 263, Pl. 3. 146 Bierbrauer 1987, 161-162, 347, no. 63, Pl. 49: 15; 64: 8. 147 Knific 1991, 25, 26; Ciglenecki 1994a, Pl. 9: 16. 148 Ladstätter-Schretter 1998, 16, 22, Fig. 6: 5. 149 Ciglenecki 1985, 266-267; Knific 1991. Bronze pin of a round cross section. The enlarged neck bears longitudinal grooves on all four sides resulting in a section in the shape of a cross with truncated tips. The enlarged part is flanked on both sides by variously wide ribs. The point is sharply curved. L.: 14.4cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 874. Publication: Bolta 1981, 25, Pl. 25: 78; Ciglenečki 1994a, Pl. 4: 13. 42. Svete gore above Zagaj (Fig. 20: 42) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head is partly broken off, but its shape recognizable. The neck bears transverse incisions, below which is the enlarged part of a square cross section with incised triangles covering the lower neck and part of the shank. The lower part of the pin is bent. L.: 9.4cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: Posavje Museum Brežice. Publication: Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438, Pl. 1: 2. The pin from the settlement on Tinje (cat. no. 40, Fig. 20) has been lost. In can broadly be dated with the site, which belongs to a group of early permanently inhabited hillforts from the second half of the fifth and the sixth century, such as Rifnik, Ajdna above Potoki, St. Pavel above Vrtovin and Gradec near Prapetno.150 The pin has an enlarged neck of a square cross section flanked by mouldings on both sides and bearing an inscription with seven letters on one side of the enlarged part. The first six letters can be read as VIVIAM, while the last one is unclear and has been variously read. Riedl saw it as a cross or a + sign and read the whole inscription from right to left as + MAI VIV,151 interpreting the pin as a gift of Maius and linked to the Early Christian period.152 Ciglenečki read the inscription as VIVIAMF.153 In Supplement 4 of CIL III, it is published as VIVIAM +,154 a reading adopted by numerous authors.155 The ambiguous last letter of the otherwise precisely engraved inscription156 suggests that the pin was probably made by memory or as a poor imitation 150 Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 151 Riedl 1900, 107. 152 Ciglenečki 1992, 72. 153 Ciglenečki 1992, 70, 72. 154 CIL III, Suppl. 4,14375, 2328. Žusem pri Loki (Süssenbrunn bei Lack in German) is noted as the findspot. 155 Cabrol, Leclercq 1953, 1696; Božič, Feugère 2004, 30. 156 Riedl, a mining engineer and authorized agent of the Central Commission for Monuments' Protection in Vienna, reported on the ruins of Žamerk Castle at the end of another pin, the inscription on which served as a declaration of the owner as a Christian. An analogy to the pin from Tinje can be seen in the bronze pin from Vranja peč above Lipni Dol157 (Fig. 21: 1) in Slovenia. The head of this pin has a hexagonal cross section and bears small circles and incisions, while the enlarged neck of a square cross section bears traces of sheet-metal collets for semi-precious stones; three sides of the enlarged part bore three collets each and the fourth one bore zigzag incisions158 reminiscent of the inscription on the pin from Tinje. Similar to both is the pin from child's Grave 5 at Keszthely-Fenekpuszta159 (Fig. 21: 2). The pin with an enlarged neck of a square cross section is coated in gold foil with filigree bordering on all sides of the enlarged part. Three of the sides bear cabochons, while the fourth one bears the incised inscription of BONOSA. Barkoczi presumes this the name of the woman who wore the pin.160 It was found in the chest area and had thus been used to fasten a dress or a coat.161 It was initially dated together with the cemetery to the first half of the sixth century and believed to be the work of a local craftsman who had survived the Germanic incursions.162 Later, the same author163 as well as others164 dated it to the second half of the sixth century or even in the late sixth and beginning of the seventh century.165 An inscription-like zigzag incision is also known on a locally made bronze roll-headed hairpin from female Grave 30 in Korita near Duvno in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 21: 3). The grave further revealed a bronze needle and is dated, on the basis of analogous goods from Slovenia, Hungary and Italy, to the sixth century.166 The whole cemetery of the nineteenth century and added a precise drawing of the pin (Ciglenečki 2000, 10). 157 Bitenc, Knific 2001, cat. no. 154. 158 Bitenc, Knific 2001, 55. 159 Barkoczi 1968, 278-279, Pl. 55: 5; Garam 2001, Pl. 41: 3. 160 Barkoczi 1968, 293. 161 Barkoczi 1968, 278-279. 162 Barkoczi 1968, 307-311. 163 Barkoczi 1971, 183, 190, Pl. 75: 5. 164 Stiegemann 2001, 338. 165 Müller 1995, 164-167; Garam 2001, 65, Pl. 41: 3; Daim 2003, 475, 531, Pl. 5: 4. The late dates proposed by some Hungarian authors are the consequence of ascribing the graves near the granary to the population that settled in the area after 568, which was by no means necessarily the case (cf. Daim 2003, 475, 531, Pl. 5: 4). 166 Miletic 1978, 159, Pl. 2: 30. SITE (Grave) e S Location of pin in the grave PIN Type Variant Associated grave goods Date Belt Earings Bracelets Necklace Fibulae bD ni S Laška vas, Gr. 11 f ? 5dl 6th c. Rakovčani by Prijedor, Gr. 12 f to the right of the head 5dl end of 5th and 6th c. Estagel, Gr. 117 f on the chest 5dl 6th-7th c. Acqui Terme, Gr. 6 p ? 5dl 1st half of 7th c. Füzfö, Gr. 2 f ? 5dl end of 5th and 6th c. Schretzheim, Gr. 289 f to the left of the head 5dl between 530 and 555 Lesencetomaj, Gr. 5 f on the left clavicula 5dl between 530 and 600 Niederselters,* Gr. f ? 5d 2nd half of 6th c. Rakovčani by Prijedor, Gr. 32 f the right side by the head 5d2 end of 5th and 6th c. Fenékpuszta,** family Gr. f under the head 5d2 late 6th c. Fenékpuszta, Gr. 30 f beside the left shoulder 5d2 6th c. Imer, Gr. f ? 5d2 2nd half of 6th and beginning of 7 th c. * The table only lists the two pins and a necklace, while other goods probably did not belong to this grave. ** The grave contained three skeletons: of a man, a woman and a child. The table only shows the grave goods that the author of the publication ascribed to the deceased woman. Fig. 22: Grave goods associated with the stylus pins of the Variant 5d from Slovenia and other parts of Europe. is dated from the third decade to the end of the sixth century.167 A similar but more simply decorated168 bronze pin was recovered in Grave 11 at Klistici near Tinjan in Istria (Fig. 21: 4). The single grave good of a female skeleton was lying beside the top of the head. The pin is dated by comparison to the finds from Bled and Invillino and seen as a Late Antique remnant taken over from the Langobards.169 A particular example among the pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section is the bronze pin from Svete gore above Zagaj (cat. no. 42, Fig. 20), the head of which is mostly missing, but its flat stub nevertheless indicates the stylus type. The upper part of the neck is thin, of a round cross section and bears transverse parallel incisions, while the lower part of the neck and part of the shank are enlarged and of a square 167 Miletic 1978, 181. 168 The article states that the pin has three concentric circles incised on both sides of the enlarged part, yet this is not visible on the drawing. Furthermore, the head of the pin is indeed flattened, but inclined to a horizontal position rather than vertically or at an acute angle (Sonje 1980-1981, 75, Fig. 3). 169 Sonje 1980-1981, 72, 75, 80, Fig. 3. cross section. This part bears impressed triangles along the edges that give the remaining surface the appearance of a zigzag band.170 The shape and decorative technique date the pin to the fifth and sixth centuries.171 A partial comparison to the Svete Gore pin, especially in decoration, can be seen in a bronze pin found in female Grave 5 from Lesencetomaj in Hungary172 (Fig. 21: 5). The pin with a neck of a square cross section and a flat and perforated head was found on the right clavicle of the skeleton, together with a pair of Late Avar bracelets, earrings with a diamond basket pendant and a necklace of black and green glass beads. The neck of the pin bears two lines of impressed triangles positioned so as to give the appearance of a zigzag decoration. The pin also bore remains of the fibre or threads of a garment. The location of the pin in the grave and the preserved threads evidence the use of the pin for fastening clothes. The cemetery was in use from the sixth to the beginning of the 170 Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438, Pl. 1: 2. 171 Korošec J., Korošec P. 1978, 438-439. 172 The cemetery is more precisely located at Piros kereszt (Red cross) and belongs to the Keszthely culture (Müller 1992, 258-259, Pl. 7: 5). ninth century, while the grave dates to the sixth and seventh centuries on the basis of the basket earrings.173 Type 5, Variant 5d Pins with an enlarged and perforated neck of a square cross section represent a developed variant of Type 5 pins and are very rare. In 1991, Ibler listed all the twenty-three hitherto known examples from all over Europe.174 She described them as pins with a square and perforated neck but did not subdivide them. Later, Riemer only adopted her list and did not elaborate further.175 In Slovenia, three pins of this variant are known, one from a grave (cat. no. 43) and two from settlements (cat. nos. 44 and 45). This variant is further subdivided on the basis of the number of perforations: - 5d1 with a single perforation (Fig. 23), - 5d2 with a double perforation (Fig. 28). The goods in the graves with pins of Variant 5d do show a partly recurrent composition ( Fig. 22), but the number of graves is insufficient for us to venture a reconstruction of the female costume. The most frequent good is a necklace, mostly of glass, but also ceramic and amber beads. The pins of this variant cannot be ascribed to a particular costume worn in a particular place and time; moreover, the number of graves with this pin variant is too small to say whether such a possibility even exists. Type 5, Subvariety 5dl (Fig. 23): - pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation: 43. Laška vas (Fig. 23: 43) - Grave 11176 Bronze pin of a round cross section. The enlarged neck of a square cross section bears transverse incisions and a single perforation. The head is not preserved. L.: 13.7cm. 173 Müller 1992, 259, 264-265, 275-277, Pl. 7: 5. 174 Ibler 1991, 190-191. 175 Riemer 2000, 103-104. 176 Information: J. Gospodaric, 1988 (from: Laška vas pri Štorah, p. 3-5, Pl. 1: 9, student report, Department for Archaeology, University of Ljubljana). Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Position in the grave: unknown. Storage: Universalmuseum/Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz, inv. no. 11235/11. Publication: Knific 1983, 148, Pl. 92:7; InterArch-Steiermark (Laška vas: http://www.interarch-steiermark.eu/datenbank/ objekt/details.html?item=eca9 a586-7ade-11e2-b2b3-e8393528f4bc). 44. Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (Fig. 23: 44) - settlement Bronze pin of a round cross section. The enlarged neck of a square cross section has a single perforation and is flanked on both sides by an astragalus. L.: 14.1cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Separate find. Storage: NMS, inv. no. S 3100. Publication: Bitenc Knific 2001, cat. no. 142. New drawing: ANMS. In Laška vas, Walter Schmid excavated twelve inhumation graves in 1913 and found the pin of Variant 5d1 in Grave 11 (cat. no. 43, Fig. 23). It is missing its head, but can be classified by comparison. Its location in the grave is not known. It was found together with a necklace with various glass and amber beads, which is a characteristic good in the graves of the indigenous population of the fifth to seventh centuries,177 as well as two bronze rings with tapered ends.178 The goods from this cemetery mainly date to the sixth cen-tury179 and are typical of the Romanised female costume;180 Grave 11 can thus also be dated to the sixth century. The pin from the settlement on Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (cat. no. 44, Fig. 23) shares its date with the site as a whole, i.e. the second half of the fifth and sixth century.181 Pins of this variant were also found elsewhere in Europe. In Schretzheim, Germany, a bronze pin with a single perforation (Fig. 25: 5) was found in female Grave 289, to the left of the head. The grave also contained a necklace and an oval iron belt buckle. It was initially dated to the second half of the sixth century,182 and later more precisely to between 530 and 555.183 177 Bitenc, in preparation. I was able to see the text thanks due to help of Timotej Knific from the Archaeological Department of the NMS. 178 Knific 1983, Fig. 92: 7-9,12. 179 Knific 1983, 148. 180 Bierbrauer 1987, 150-152, Fig. 22. 181 Petru, Ulbert 1975, 62-63; Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 182 Koch 1977, 67-69, Pl. 78: 1-3. 183 Koch 2004, 567. The Visigoth cemetery at Estagel in the eastern Pyrenees revealed a bronze pin with a single perforation in Grave 117. It was lying on the chest of a female skeleton, accompanied by a pair of bow fibulae dated to the sixth century. Other grave goods comprise a few fragments of an iron belt buckle, a necklace and a small shoe buckle. The cemetery was in use mainly in the sixth and seventh centuries, although burial began a century earlier.184 Another Variant 5d1 pin (Fig. 25: 3) was recovered in the Acqui Terme cemetery, in Italy, dated to the first half of the seventh century.185 It was found in Grave 6 as the sole good. A comparable pin was found in the settlement under Piazza Cavour in Rimini, which is dated from the mid-sixth to the beginning of the seventh century.186 Another similar, unpublished pin was supposedly found in Segesta and is kept in the National Museum in Palermo.187 Further pins with a single perforation are known from Innsbruck, at the Pradl188 (Fig. 24: 1) and Cloz sites,189 in Deisslingen,190 Chieming191 (Fig. 25: 2), in Grave 2 at Füzfo192 (Fig. 25: 4) and at Sabiona-Saben193 (Fig. 24: 2). Outside Italy, pins of this type are known further to the east, particularly in the area of Hungary and the former Yugoslavia region, dating from the sixth and seventh centuries.194 A particular bronze pin was found in the settlement in Gradina on Jelica near Cacak, Serbia, with a moulded neck and a perforation (Fig. 26: 1), into which a bronze chain with a hook was inserted.195 The 184 Lantier 1950, 56, 76-78, Fig. 3; Riemer 2000, 104, fn. 11. 185 Riemer 2000, 103, 338, Pl. 45: 3. 186 Maioli 1984, 473-475, Pl. 5: 1; Riemer 2000, 103. 187 Riemer 2000, 103. 188 Franz 1944, 16, Pl. 4: 2. The drawings of the pins from Pradl and Cloz are mistakenly substituted. Riemer 2000, 104 fn. 11. 189 Franz 1944, 16, Pl. 4: 3. The drawings of the pins from Pradl and Cloz are mistakenly substituted. Bierbrauer 1979, 368, Fig. 12: 1. Riemer 2000, 103-104, fns. 10 and 11. 190 Veeck 1931, Pl. U: 1/8. 191 von Hessen 1964, 29, Pl. 2: 10. 192 Fettich 1965, 107, Fig. 165: 1-14; Riemer 2000, 104, fn. 12. 193 Bierbrauer, Nothdurfter 1988, 291, Pl. 4: 4; Riemer 2000, 103. In her dissertation, Ibler (1991, 190-191) listed further sites with stylus pins, but those are either unpublished or their publications unavailable. 194 Riemer 2000, 104. 195 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127, 132, Pl. 3: 1. shape of the perforation on this pin differs from those of most mentioned pins, but indicates a possible function of these perforations. The pin from Gradina dates to the sixth and beginning of the seventh century.196 Judging from the description, a similar pin was found at Corna di Darfo in Italy197 and dated to the sixth century. Analogous to the Gradina example, with a chain but without a perforation, are the pins found in Sadovec, Bulgaria198 and Niš, Serbia199 (Fig. 26: 2,3, see above). Another bronze pin with a single perforation (Fig. 25: 1) was found in Grave 12 of the Rakovčani cemetery near Prijedor, Bosnia, beside the head of a female skeleton200 as the only grave good. Miletic dated the grave to the fifth and sixth centuries.201 At least two pins of Variant 5d1 were found in Hungary. Both are considerably later, dated to the late eighth and ninth centuries.202 Both pins have a rhombic perforation203 and were found in the Lesencetomaj cemetery (Piros kereszt). Grave 6, of a girl, contained rich goods: two pairs of earrings, one of which were basket earrings held together by a thread with beads, two pairs of bracelets, a necklace, three finger-rings, a spindle whorl, other grave goods, as well as a 30.6cm long bronze pin found in a horizontal position beside the right clavicle (Fig. 27: 2). The head of the pin is flat and not inclined, while the enlarged neck with a single perforation is of a square and polygonal cross section above and below the enlarged part, respectively, and decorated with incised dots or small rings.204 The second pin was found lying diagonally across the chest in female Grave 12 together with three bracelets and a necklace. It is a 23.6cm long, silver-plated bronze pin (Fig. 27: 1), its head is flat and inclined, the neck enlarged, with a single perforation and decorated with small incised triangles above and below the enlarged part.205 Graves 5 and 10 from the same cemetery 196 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127. 197 Riemer 2000, 103, fn. 2, 330, without a drawing. 198 Uenze 1992, 161-163, Pl. 4: 9. 199 Vinski 1968, 109, 144-145, Pl. 6: 20. 200 Miletic 1970, 121, Pl. 2: 12. 201 Miletic 1970, 140. 202 Müller 1992, 277-278. 203 Müller 1992, Pl. 9: 5; 13: 12/2. 204 Müller 1992, 276-277, Pl. 9: 5. 205 Müller 1992, 276-277; Pl. 13: 12/2. revealed two stylus pins with a square-sectioned neck, respectively, of the same date.206 The latter four and previously discussed pins are separated by a period, during which pins of this variant were very rare. The four pins from Lesencetomaj also represent the latest known pins of the stylus type. Type 5, Subvariety 5d2 (Fig. 28) - pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a double perforation: 45. Rifnik (Fig. 28: 45) - settlement, cistern Bronze pin of a round cross section. The enlarged neck of a square cross section has a double perforation and is flanked on both sides by astragali. L.: 14.2cm. Method of discovery: archaeological excavation. Storage: PM Celje, inv. no. 491. Publication: Bolta 1981, 19, Pl. 20: 12; Ciglenecki 1994a, Pl. 4: 14. The pin from Rifnik (cat. no. 45, Fig. 28) fits into the category of the pins with a double perforation on the neck. It is dated, with the site, to the second half of the fifth to the sixth century.207 Similarly as Variant 5d1, the pins of this variant appear outside Italy in the sixth and seventh centuries, particularly in the area of Hungary and the former Yugoslavia.208 A similarly shaped pin, with a double perforation, was found in Grave 32 in Rakovcani near Prijedor (Fig. 29: 1). The silver pin was found to the right of the head of the female skeleton.209 The grave also contained a poorly preserved bronze flat round fibula dated to the sixth cen-tury210 and a necklace with 246 beads dated by analogy to the second half of the fifth century.211 The grave is dated to the end of the fifth and the sixth century.212 206 Müller 1992, 277, Pl. 7: 5/5; 12: 10/2. The drawing of the pin does not show if the head is really inclined. 207 Bolta 1981, 16-17; Ciglenečki 1994a, 245. 208 Riemer 2000, 104. 209 Miletic 1970, 123, Pl. 3: 32. 210 Miletic 1970, 141-142. 211 Miletic 1970, 133. 212 Miletic 1970, 140. Two further comparable pins were found at Fenekpuszta in Hungary, both in graves.213 One is a 16cm long silver pin of the stylus type with an enlarged neck with a double perforation, astragali and incisions, found in family Grave 1885/IV214 under the head of the female skeleton (Fig. 29: 2).215 The grave contained other goods, of which a bracelet216 stands out; the pin and the bracelet are the only two late finds, because pins with astragali are only known from the sixth century onwards.217 Other grave goods date to the fourth century, i.e. the Late Roman period.218 In fact, all the finds from the Lipp excavations219 in the cemetery at Fenekpuszta date to the fourth century with the exception of two items, two decorative pins with astragali, one of which was found in the (family) grave discussed above. This grave was thus initially dated to the fourth century and later, due to the pin, to the late sixth century.220 Female Grave 30 yielded the second silver pin of the stylus type with a double perforation (Fig. 29: 3) from Fenekpuszta. The pin was found be- 213 Hampel 1905, 379, Fig. 1019, Pl. 178: 7a,b; Barkoczi 1994, Fig. 7: 4, Fig. 10: 2. 214 The grave revealed a male skeleton, a female skeleton to his right and a 4-5-year-old child at their feet. The grave is unmarked in publications prior to 2010, when Müller (2010, 15) published all the past archaeological excavations in the Keszthely-Fenekpuszta cemetery and also marked the graves. For better orientation, the grave number consists of the year of excavation and the successive number (either Roman or Latin) of the excavated grave (e.g. 1885/IV). 215 Müller 2010, 15, Pl. 2: IV/7 a,b; Hampel writes that the pin has »dents« and it is not clear whether it is fully perforated or whether the perforation is only implied. This cannot be determined even from the drawing. The analogy from the same cemetery has a (doubly) perforated neck, I therefore assume that the pin from the family grave has a perforation as well (Hampel 1905, 223). 216 Müller 2010, 15, Pl. 1: I/2. 217 Barkoczi 1994, 112, Fig. 7: 5-10. 218 Müller 2010, 15; Barkoczi 1994, 112. Lipp allegedly mixed the finds and even he himself thought it was unusual that the pin type of the early Keszthely culture, used for fastening clothing, appeared there as a hairpin, while such pins at the nearby Keszthely-Dobogo cemetery were found either under the chin or on the chest (Müller 2010, 15, fn. 50). 219 Keszthely is a large cemetery excavated by several archaeologists and the different parts of the cemetery, and the grave goods recovered, bear the name of the excavator. Vilmos Lipp, for example, excavated 6000 graves in the cemeteries at Keszthely-Fenekpuszta and Keszthely-Dobogo between 1873 and 1883 (Varga et al. 2005, 4). 220 Barkoczi 1994, 112. side the left shoulder, while a necklace of glass, ceramic, gold and amber beads was found around the neck. Barkoczi compared this grave with other graves with pins at Fenekpuszta and Dobogo and dated the grave, on the basis of associated grave goods, to the sixth century.221 A female grave from Imer in Italy revealed a pin with a double perforation, silver earrings, a bronze bracelet, a bronze fibula in the form of a Greek cross and a necklace of glass beads. The grave is dated to the second half of the sixth and beginning of the seventh century.222 The cemetery at Niederselters, Germany, revealed a pin with a section of the upper part missing and its exact variant thus undeterminable, though it is certainly a stylus pin with an enlarged and perforated neck. It was found in a woman's grave, supposedly along with many gold items; in connection with the latter, Ament is of the opinion that the necklace and both pins were later added to the grave goods.223 A gold coin of Justin provides a terminus post quem for the grave, namely 518, while all other finds, especially two bow fibulae,224 date the grave between 530 and 555225 or to the second half of the sixth century.226 Another such fibula is known from Dalmatia,227 from Dugopolje-Poljica near Split, and is similar to the pin from Grave 32 in Rakovcani.228 Perforations Apart from the number of perforations, stylus pins of Variant 5d also differ in the shape of the perforations.229 The basic perforations take the shape of small round holes, such as on the pin from Gradina on Jelica230 (Fig. 26: 1) or from Sabiona231 (Fig. 24: 2). These evolved into elongated openings with enlarged rounded ends (Fig. 30: 1), created by first 221 Barkoczi 1968, 286, 293-295, Pl. 67: 12. 222 Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513-514, cat. no. 1402, Fig. 141. 223 Ament 1967, Pl. 22: 4-6. 224 Ament 1967, Pl. 21: 1,2. 225 Koch 2004, 561, 564, Fig. 2, Gr. 146. 226 Ament 1967, 121-124. 227 Unpublished. Kept in the Arheološki muzej Split, inv. no. 4319 (Miletic 1970, fn. 149). 228 Miletic 1970, 140; Riemer 2000, 104, fn. 13. 229 I would like to thank Dragan Božič for this observation. 230 Milinkovic 2001, 126-127, 132, Pl. 3: 1. 231 Bierbrauer, Nothdufter 1988, 291, Pl. 4: 4. drilling two large round holes and then connecting them with a narrower elongated hole. Such openings are only found on pins with a double opening on the neck (Variant 5d2): the pin from the cistern on Rifnik (cat. no. 45, Fig. 28)232 as well as the two pins from Keszthely, namely from the family grave (Fig. 29: 2)233 and Grave 30 (Fig. 29: 3).234 All three date to the sixth century. Most pins of Variant 5d have an elongated oval hole (Fig. 30: 2). One such example is the pin from the settlement on Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (cat. no. 44, Fig. 23).235 Other such pins were found in Grave 6 at Acqui Terme (Fig. 25: 3)236 and in Imer,237 both in Italy, in Grave 2 at Fuzfo, Hungary (Fig. 25: 4);238 in Grave 289 in Schretzheim (Fig. 25: 5)239 and in Chieming (Fig. 25: 2)240, both Germany. They are mainly dated from the mid-sixth to the beginning of the seventh century, with individual examples known from the end of the fifth, but also the mid-seventh century. The fourth type of perforations are large rectangular openings (Fig. 30: 3), which can be seen on the pin from Grave 11 in Laška vas (cat. no. 43, Fig. 23),241 the two pins from Rakovčani in Bosnia (Figs. 25: 1; 29: 1)242 and possibly also on the pin from Niederselters.243 Considering the small number of currently known pins of Variant 5d, however, the shape of the perforations can as yet not be seen as a chronologically significant feature. 6. CONCLUSION The decorative pins differ in length, shape and decoration, which indicate different uses. The most characteristic part of the pin is its head, serving as basis for typological classifications. Also important is the neck, the decoration on which 232 Bolta 1981, 19, Pl. 20: 12. 233 Hampel 1905, 379, Fig. 1019, Pl. 178: 7a,b; Barkoczi 1994, Fig. 7: 4. 234 Barkoczi 1968, 286, 293-295, Pl. 67: 12. 235 Bitenc, Knific 2001, cat. no. 142. 236 Riemer 2000, 103, 338, Pl. 45: 3. 237 Endrizzi, Marzatico 1997, 513-514, cat. no. 1402, Fig. 141. 238 Fettich 1965, 107, Fig. 165: 11. 239 Koch 1977, 67-69, Pl. 78: 1-3. 240 von Hessen 1964, 29, Pl. 2: 10. 241 Knific 1983, 148, Pl. 92: 7. 242 Miletic 1970, 121-123, Pl. 2: 12; 3: 32. 243 Ament 1967, 121-124. differs from that on the head that is usually only shaped in the round. Pins found within settlements or outside a closed context offer a limited amount of information on the object itself. In contrast, a great deal can be learnt from their positions in the graves, particularly regarding the use of the pin. This information allows us to differentiate between: - Hairpins, used for arranging or fastening the hair. These generally lie in the grave to the left or the right, above or under the head and appear individually. Their function also being ornamental, the head and neck are richly adorned. - Pins for a veil were used to fasten a headdress or a veil to the hair. These are mostly short, measuring up to 7cm in length and appearing in pairs. Only the head is decorated. In the grave, they usually lie one to the left and the other to the right of the head. - Pins for fastening clothes are found in graves under the chin or around the neck, on the chest, in the waist area or beside the thighs. They appear individually, are usually longer and mainly decorated in the neck area. Pins of the stylus type are the most widespread and common type of decorative pins during Late Antiquity in Slovenia. They take their shape from the medical and cosmetic tools of the Roman period, which then changed over time, in function as well as form. The greatest alterations were to the shape and decoration of the neck, while the basic form of the head remained unaltered. They were used most commonly for fastening clothing, while some also served as hairpins. The stylus type pins from Slovenia can be divided into five types, which differ in the decoration and shape or cross section of the neck. These pins have rather broad dates that are most often based on associated finds of a more precise chronological attribution. On the basis of those found in graves, most pins of the stylus type from Slovenia can be dated to the sixth century, while a small number of them appear either earlier, in the fifth, or later, in beginning of the seventh century. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Timotej Knific (NMS, Ljubljana), Dragan Božič, Jana Horvat, Zvezdana Modrijan and Lucija Grahek (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) for their helpful comments and suggestions on the final version of the article. I would also like to thank Slavko Ciglenečki (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) and Tina Milavec (Oddelek za arheologijo, FF Univerze v Ljubljani) for their support in publishing the pins from Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Borut Križ (Dolenjski muzej Novo Mesto) and Timotej Knific (NMS, Ljubljana), provided me with unpublished data relating to the pins discussed in this article. Dragica Knific Lunder (IzA ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) provided the new drawings. Appendix Before the submission of this article I came across yet another three pins of the stylus type, all of them found in Kranj. They represent settlement finds that have come to light in the protective archaeological excavation within the old town centre (Sagadin 2009, 66, 67, Pl . 3: 4 and Figs. 10, 11). The nature of their findings does not contribute to a more precise chronological definition, so all of them (Cat. Nos. 46, 47 and 48) are presened for information purposes only. The pins have not been seen in person, therefore the catalogue data and typological definition were taken from the original publication. Te inferior quality of original pictures does not enable reproduction. Therefore, a total number of pins of stylus type, found in Slovenia, increased to 48. Type 1 (undecorated stylus pins with a neck of a round cross section): 46. Kranj - Kieselstein Bronze pin of a round cross section. The lower part of the pin is curved; L.: 12.5 cm; PM Kranj; inv. No. NN (Sagadin 2008, 66, 67, Pl. 3 : 4). 47. Kranj, Tomšičeva 38 Bronze pin of a round cross section. L.: Approx. 9.8 cm; PM Kranj, inv. No. NN (Sagadin 2008, 67, Fig. 11; Josipovič, Podobnik, Rupnik 2006, Fig. 34). Type 5, Subvariety 5d1 (pins with an enlarged neck of a square cross section with a single perforation): 48. Kranj, Reginčeva ulica Bronze pin of a round cross section. The head and the end of the pin are broken off. The enlarged neck of a square cross section has a single perforation and is flanked on both sides by an astragalus and one or several narrow ribs. L.: Approx. 10.5 cm; PM Kranj, inv. No. NN (Sagadin 2008, 67, Fig. 10). Saša Čaval Stanford University Department of Anthropology Building 300, RM 202 Serra Mall, Main Quad, Stanford, CA 94305-2034, USA scaval@stanford.edu