Prevention of LGBTIQ+ youth homelessness Manual for youth workers Impressum AUTHOR AND EDITOR: Vesna Štefanec CONTRIBUTORS: Associazione Quore aps. Italia Obra Gay Associação, Portugal Published by Ljubljana Pride Association, 2023 The publication is free of charge. This publication is part of the SQVOT - Addressing LGBTQ+ Homelessness and Housing Deprivation project funded by European Commission within the Erasmus+ programme. Funded by the European Union. Disclaimer: Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union that can be held responsible for them. Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 224143619 ISBN 978-961-95416-7-8 (PDF) Table of contents: Homelessness and LGBTIQ+ youth ...................................................... 5 Housing Exclusion .................................................................................................... 5 Understanding the Concept of Housing Exclusion for Young LGBTIQ+ Individuals .......................................................8 The Specific Impact and Consequences of Housing Exclusion and Homelessness on LGBTIQ+ Youth ..................... 10 Minority stress ......................................................................................................... 12 Minority stress and LGBTIQ+ youth ...............................................................................................................................13 Mitigating the Consequences of Minority Stress for LGBTIQ+ Youth: The Role of Youth Work and Youth Workers ...... 14 Prevention of LGBTIQ+ youth homelessness .................................... 16 Prevention of Homelessness: Fostering Stability and Dignity for All .................. 16 Levels of prevention .......................................................................................................................................................17 Primary Prevention of Homelessness: Addressing the Root Causes .............................................................................17 Primary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Creating Inclusive and Supportive Environments ...........................................18 Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness .........................20 Secondary Prevention of Homelessness: Early Interventions to Mitigate Crisis ...........................................22 Secondary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Early Intervention and Support ..................................................................23 Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness .........................25 Tertiary Prevention of Homelessness: Providing Stability and Support for Those in Crisis ..........................26 Tertiary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Rebuilding Lives and Sustaining Stability .......................................................28 Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness ........................30 Good practices ...................................................................................... 32 The Psychosocial Methodology in the development of individual intervention plan with the LGBTQIA+ community .....................................................................................................................................................32 National LGBTIQ+ strategy 2022-2025 promoted by the National Office Against Racial Discrimination Of Italy ................................................................................................................................................................34 Job Club ........................................................................................................................................................37 Grassroots Approach To Tackling Lgbtiq+ Youth Homelessness .................................................................40 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 43 Resources .............................................................................................. 44 Abramovich, A. (2012) ..................................................................................................................................44 Choi, S. K., Wilson, B. D. M., Shelton, J., & Gates, G. (2015) .......................................................................44 Durso, L. E., & Gates, G. J. (2012) ................................................................................................................44 FEANTSA (2016) ...........................................................................................................................................44 FEANTSA (2017) ...........................................................................................................................................44 FEANTSA & ILGA-Europe (2019) ..................................................................................................................44 FEANTSA Youth (2019) .................................................................................................................................44 Keuroghlian, A. S., Shtasel, D., & Bassuk, E. L. (2014) ................................................................................44 Maccio, E. M., & Ferguson, K. M. (2016) ......................................................................................................44 National Alliance to End Homelessness (2018) ............................................................................................44 Quintana, N. S., Rosenthal, J., & Krehely, J. (2010) ......................................................................................45 Ray, N. (2006) ...............................................................................................................................................45 Robinson, B. A. (2018) ..................................................................................................................................45 Shelton, J. (2015) ..........................................................................................................................................45 True Colors United (2018) .............................................................................................................................45 True Colors United (2019) .............................................................................................................................45 True Colors United (2020) .............................................................................................................................45 True Colors United & National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (2017) ..........................................45 Homelessness and LGBTIQ+ youth Housing Exclusion In the course of our work, we draw upon concepts that significantly shape our understanding of the existential challenges faced by young LGBTIQ+ individuals and all the associated risk factors and consequences. Understanding housing exclusion and homelessness is of paramount importance if we are to grasp the complexity and dynamism of inadequate housing situations. Simultaneously, we must take into account certain specific circumstances that accompany LGBTIQ+ individuals and social phenomena that profoundly influence their daily lives and life trajectories. Housing exclusion is a multifaceted societal issue that transcends mere homelessness, delving into the broader realm of inadequate housing situations that compromise an individual’s overall well-be-ing and sense of security. This complex concept encompasses a wide array of circumstances, con-ditions, and experiences that hinder individuals and communities from enjoying stable, safe, and dignified housing arrangements. To gain a comprehensive understanding of housing exclusion, it is essential to explore its meaning, manifestations, causes, and the far-reaching implications it has on individuals and society. The concept of housing exclusion and homelessness is derived from the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion – ETHOS, which was developed by the organization FEANT-SA (the European Federation of National Organizations Working with the Homeless) with the aim of fostering a more unified and comprehensive understanding and monitoring of homelessness in the European context. Its first version was released in 2005, and since then, it has been adapted and enhanced. The latest version, translated into several European languages was published in 2017. The numerous translations represent a significant document for the national professional commu-nities dealing with homelessness, as it facilitates both a unified understanding of the issue and the use of standardized concepts and language in research. Regardless of the language in which it is read, the typology provides a categorization of various housing situations that are considered in-adequate. At its core, housing exclusion refers to the systematic denial of access to adequate and secure housing. It signifies the inability of individuals or households to obtain and maintain a place to live that ensures their physical, psychological, and social well-being. Housing exclusion manifests in various ways, extending beyond literal homelessness to encompass precarious living conditions, overcrowding, inadequate housing, and experiences of violence within the home: 1. Rooflessness (Rough Sleeping): Rooflessness, often referred to as rough sleeping, represents the most acute form of housing exclusion. It entails the complete absence of shelter, with individuals resorting to sleeping in outdoor environments, often exposed to the elements and lacking even the most basic accommodations. **Examples:** • A homeless person, wrapped in layers of clothing and blankets, seeks refuge on a park bench or in a make- shift tent under a bridge during freezing winter nights. • An individual experiencing severe economic hardship finds themselves without any form of shelter, resort- ing to sleeping in doorways, on sidewalks, or in public parks. • In densely populated urban areas, rough sleepers may form makeshift communities in tents or makeshift shelters, forming vulnerable and marginalized pockets within the city. 2. Houselessness (Temporary Shelter): Houselessness refers to a state where individuals have access to temporary forms of shelter, such as emer-gency shelters, transitional housing, or institutional accommodations. While they may have a place to sleep, it lacks the stability and permanence associated with secure housing. **Examples:** • A homeless family with children takes refuge in a local homeless shelter, sharing communal spaces with other families in similar circumstances. • A person fleeing domestic violence seeks safety in a women’s shelter, where they are provided a temporary place to stay while they work towards securing more permanent housing. • Youth experiencing homelessness find shelter in drop- in centers or hostels, where they have a bed for the night but must vacate during the day. 3. Insecure Housing (Risk of Exclusion): Insecure housing denotes living situations characterized by ongoing uncertainty and vulnerability. Individuals or families in insecure housing often face the imminent risk of exclusion due to factors such as uncertain rental conditions, looming evictions, or exposure to violence within their living environment. **Examples:** • A tenant faces eviction due to rising rents in their neigh- bourhood, causing anxiety and instability in their hous- ing situation. • A family residing in substandard housing conditions is at constant risk of eviction because their landlord refus- es to make necessary repairs. • Individuals who are victims of domestic violence remain in insecure housing situations, fearing reprisal from their abuser if they attempt to leave. 4. Inappropriate Living Conditions (Substandard Housing): Inappropriate living conditions encompass a range of substandard and often unsafe housing environments. These conditions can include living in trailers, cars, illegal camps, overcrowded spaces, or structures with structural and health hazards, rendering them unsuitable for habitation. **Examples:** • A group of migrant workers share cramped living quar- ters in overcrowded trailers with inadequate sanitation facilities and ventilation. • Homeless individuals may gather in makeshift encamp- ments in vacant lots, lacking access to proper sanitation and basic utilities. • Families in poverty may occupy dilapidated, hazardous housing units, where issues like mold, lead, or structural instability pose severe health risks. Expanding on these housing exclusion categories with detailed descriptions and examples under-scores the multifaceted nature of the issue. Each category represents a different facet of the com-plex challenge of housing exclusion, highlighting the diverse circumstances individuals and families may face in their struggle to secure safe and stable housing. The ETHOS typology, along with other scholarly literature addressing housing exclusion and home-lessness, underscores the importance of broadening our understanding of the concept of homeless-ness and appreciating the numerous dynamics that shape inadequate housing situations. Such situ-ations extend well beyond literal homelessness, as they encompass a wide range of circumstances and conditions that do not fall under the category of suitable housing. Apart from the obvious, such as a lack of sleeping space and shelter in homeless shelters, we must also consider situations where individuals lack the necessary material conditions for habitation (access to electricity, water, heating, inadequate living spaces due to poor construction or age) and instances where individuals lack physical and emotional security. By adopting this comprehensive understanding of housing exclusion and homelessness, we can recognize that individuals who experience various forms of violence (psychological, physical, material, sexual) or live in fear thereof are also at risk of housing insecurity. Understanding the Concept of Housing Exclusion for Young LGBTIQ+ Individuals Housing exclusion is a pervasive societal challenge, one that resonates deeply within the lives of countless individuals worldwide. Yet, the experience of housing exclusion is far from uniform, and for some of the most vulnerable members of society—LGBTIQ+ youth—it takes on a uniquely complex and often harrowing dimension. To comprehensively understand the profound impact of housing exclusion on LGBTIQ+ youth, it is essential to delve into the intricate interplay of social power rela-tions, minority stress, and broader societal dynamics that contribute to their heightened vulnerability. Housing exclusion is not confined to economic hardships or individual misfortunes; it is an issue deeply rooted in the structural imbalances of power that pervade society. LGBTIQ+ youth, who al-ready contend with the complexities of navigating their sexual orientation and gender identity, find themselves ensnared within these power dynamics that shape their access to safe and stable hous-ing. Discrimination, economic disparities, and familial rejection are just a few facets of this multifac-eted issue that conspire to render LGBTIQ+ youth more susceptible to housing exclusion. At the heart of this vulnerability lies the concept of social power relations. These relations are wo-ven into the fabric of society, dictating who holds privilege and who is marginalized. Discrimination and stigmatization of LGBTIQ+ individuals remain pervasive, manifesting in housing contexts where prospective tenants may be denied shelter or subjected to hostile living environments due to prej-udice. Economic disparities within LGBTIQ+ communities further exacerbate this vulnerability, as limited access to stable employment and financial resources can hinder the ability to secure housing independently. The impact of family dynamics, heavily influenced by societal norms and expecta-tions regarding sexuality and gender, cannot be understated. Family rejection following a youth’s coming out experience often results in homelessness or housing instability, pushing them further to the margins of society. However, the vulnerability of LGBTIQ+ youth to housing exclusion extends beyond these power dynamics alone. The concept of minority stress, as conceptualized by psychologist Ilan Meyer, adds a layer of complexity. This theory acknowledges the additional stressors and challenges that mar-ginalized groups experience due to their minority status. For LGBTIQ+ youth, the stressors are compounded by their age, leading to a unique set of challenges that affect their housing situation profoundly. Constantly concealing one’s identity, whether due to fear of discrimination or violence, places immense psychological pressure on these youth, affecting their overall well-being and hous-ing stability. Bullying and harassment, often more prevalent in schools and communities, contribute to social isolation, trauma, and, in the worst cases, homelessness. The lack of safe and affirming environments, both within families and society at large, exacerbates minority stress, as LGBTIQ+ youth may find themselves in hostile or non-affirming living situations, further heightening their vul-nerability to housing exclusion. Furthermore, the notion of intersectionality recognizes that individuals hold multiple social identities simultaneously, compounding their experiences of discrimination and marginalization. This inter-sectionality is especially relevant to LGBTIQ+ youth, who may find themselves at the crossroads of various axes of identity. Factors such as race and ethnicity, gender identity, and disability intersect with their LGBTQ+ identity, presenting unique challenges. For instance, LGBTIQ+ youth of color may experience housing exclusion differently due to the intersection of racial and sexual minority identi-ties, encountering racism within LGBTQ+ spaces or facing immigration-related housing challenges. Transgender and gender-diverse youth grapple with additional layers of discrimination, often result-ing from transphobia, and may struggle to access gender-affirming housing options. LGBTIQ+ youth with disabilities may encounter barriers to safe and suitable housing, as societal attitudes toward both disability and LGBTQ+ identities intersect, creating distinct challenges. Understanding how all of the above mentioned factors intersect sheds light on the heightened vulnerability of LGBTIQ+ youth to housing exclusion: 1. Discrimination and Rejection: Young LGBTIQ+ individuals often experience discrimination and rejection from their families and communities due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. This rejection can lead to homelessness or precarious housing situations as they are forced to leave unsupportive environments. For instance, a transgen-der teenager may be kicked out of their home by unsupportive parents, leaving them without a stable place to live. 2. Housing Insecurity: Housing insecurity for young LGBTIQ+ people can manifest as the fear of be-ing “outed” or facing harassment from roommates or neighbours. This fear can compel them to hide their identity, leading to a sense of isolation and anxiety. An example might be a lesbian college student who conceals her identity out of fear of discrimination from her roommates, affecting her mental health and well-being. 3. Unsafe Shelters: Shelters designed to provide refuge for homeless individuals are not always safe or affirming spaces for young LGBTIQ+ people. These shelters may lack policies and staff training to address the unique needs of this demographic. A gay teenager who seeks shelter in a facility that is not LGBTQ+-friendly may face harassment or abuse from other residents or even staff. 4. Economic Disparities: Young LGBTIQ+ individuals often grapple with economic disparities, as dis-crimination can limit their access to quality education and employment oppor-tunities. This economic disadvantage can make it challenging to secure stable housing. For example, a non-binary person may encounter job discrimination, making it difficult to afford safe and affirming housing options. 5. Mental Health Impact: Housing exclusion can have a profound impact on the mental health of young LGBTIQ+ individuals. The stress of navigating discrimination, homelessness, or unstable housing can lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. LGBTIQ+ youth experiencing homelessness may struggle with depres-sion and suicidal thoughts due to the challenges they face in accessing safe housing. 6. Hidden Homelessness: Some young LGBTIQ+ people may experience “hidden homelessness,” where they do not fit the traditional image of homelessness but lack stable housing. They might couch-surf, stay with friends, or engage in survival sex work to secure a place to sleep. This form of housing exclusion often goes unnoticed and unaddressed. 7. Housing Vulnerability in Transition: Young LGBTIQ+ individuals going through transitions, such as coming out or transitioning gender, are particularly vulnerable to housing exclusion. Their housing situation may become unstable as they navigate these changes. For instance, a transgender person undergoing gender-affirming surgery might face discrimination from their landlord or roommates during their transition, leading to eviction or unsafe housing. Housing exclusion among LGBTIQ+ youth is a multifaceted issue intricately woven into the fabric of social power relations, minority stress, and the intersectionality of identities. Addressing this pressing concern requires a comprehensive approach, one that dismantles the discriminatory structures and biases that perpetuate the vulnerability of these youth. It necessitates the promotion of acceptance, the creation of safe and affirming environments, and the provision of affordable housing options. Supporting LGBTIQ+ youth in their housing needs extends beyond addressing economic dispari-ties; it is a matter of recognizing and challenging the complex social dynamics that shape their expe-riences and ensuring that they have equal access to secure and dignified housing. The Specific Impact and Consequences of Housing Exclusion and Homelessness on LGBTIQ+ Youth Housing exclusion and homelessness are particularly harsh and distinctive experiences for LGBTIQ+ youth. The intersection of their sexual orientation, gender identity, and age creates a unique set of challenges that intensify the impact of homelessness and housing exclusion. Understanding these specific consequences is crucial for crafting targeted interventions and policies that address the needs of this vulnerable population. 1. Mental Health Struggles: LGBTIQ+ youth experiencing homelessness are at a significantly higher risk of mental health issues compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. The stress of homelessness, coupled with the additional burden of discrimi-nation and stigma related to their LGBTQ+ identities, can lead to depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts. Many homeless LGBTIQ+ youth face rejection from their families due to their sexual orientation or gender identity, compounding their emotional distress. 2. Increased Risk of Violence: Homeless LGBTIQ+ youth are disproportionately vulnerable to violence, in-cluding physical assault and sexual abuse. They may become targets of hate crimes due to their LGBTQ+ identities. The search for a safe place to sleep often forces them into dangerous situations and environments where they are at a heightened risk of victimization. 3. Survival Sex and Exploitation: To meet their basic needs for shelter, food, and clothing, some homeless LGBTIQ+ youth engage in survival sex—exchanging sexual favours for neces-sities. This risky behaviour exposes them to a range of physical and emotional dangers, including sexually transmitted infections, violence, and exploitation. 4. Disrupted Education: Homelessness disrupts the education of LGBTIQ+ youth, exacerbating the challenges they face due to discrimination. These young individuals may have to change schools frequently, leading to academic gaps and hindering their future prospects. Access to educational resources becomes limited when they lack a stable place to study. 5. Social Isolation and Rejection: Homeless LGBTIQ+ youth often face social isolation due to the fear of judg-ment and discrimination. They may withdraw from social networks and sup-portive communities, making it difficult for them to access resources and as-sistance. 6. Disproportionate Risk of HIV/AIDS: LGBTIQ+ youth experiencing homelessness are at a higher risk of HIV/AIDS due to a lack of access to healthcare and safe sex resources. Limited knowl-edge about safe sexual practices and the absence of stable living environ-ments contribute to this elevated risk. 7. Criminalization and Discrimination: Some homeless LGBTIQ+ youth may be criminalized for engaging in activities related to homelessness, such as sleeping in public spaces or panhandling. Discrimination, both within the homeless community and society at large, com-pounds their vulnerability to mistreatment by law enforcement and the criminal justice system. 8. Higher Rates of Substance Abuse: The stress and trauma associated with homelessness often lead to substance abuse as a coping mechanism. LGBTIQ+ youth may turn to drugs or alcohol to numb their pain and alleviate the emotional distress of their situation. 9. Limited Access to LGBTQ+ Support Services: Homeless shelters and service providers may not be equipped to meet the specific needs of LGBTIQ+ youth. A lack of LGBTQ+-affirming environments and resources can deter these youth from seeking assistance. 10. Long-Term Impact: The consequences of housing exclusion and homelessness on LGBTIQ+ youth can have lasting effects, hindering their social, economic, and psychological well-being well into adulthood. Breaking free from the cycle of homelessness becomes increasingly challenging as they age. In summary, the impact and consequences of housing exclusion and homelessness are magnified for LGBTIQ+ youth due to the intersection of their sexual orientation, gender identity, and age. These young individuals face heightened risks of mental health struggles, violence, survival sex, and so-cial isolation. Their access to education, healthcare, and LGBTQ+ support services is often limited, compounding their challenges. Addressing the unique needs of homeless LGBTIQ+ youth requires a comprehensive approach that includes safe and affirming housing, mental health support, and policies that combat discrimination and promote inclusion. Recognizing the specific consequences of housing exclusion for this population is essential for advocating for targeted solutions that priori-tize their well-being and future prospects. In addition to the unique vulnerabilities faced by LGBTIQ+ youth, it’s essential to acknowledge that housing exclusion and homelessness can affect straight and cisgender youth as well. However, LGBTIQ+ youth are disproportionately overrepresented within the homeless youth population, em-phasizing the urgent need for tailored interventions and support. The insights gained from under-standing the challenges faced by homeless LGBTIQ+ youth are also valuable in supporting other marginalized and vulnerable groups of youth who experience housing exclusion. By addressing the intersectionality of identities and recognizing the common threads of discrimination and systemic barriers, we can develop more inclusive strategies that uplift all young individuals, regardless of their backgrounds or identities. Minority stress Minority stress is a term that encapsulates the unique psychological and social stressors experi-enced by individuals who belong to marginalized or minority groups within a society. These stress-ors are a result of the discrimination, prejudice, and societal inequalities that these individuals face based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or other characteristics that make them part of a minority group. Minority stress has gained increasing recognition in recent years as researchers and mental health professionals seek to understand its profound impact on the well-be-ing and mental health of marginalized individuals. Minority stress is specific to individuals who belong to marginalized or minority groups within a given society. It arises from the unique experiences of discrimination, stigmatization, and social exclusion that these individuals face based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or oth-er characteristics that make them part of a minority group. This specificity underscores that minority stress is not simply a generalized form of stress but is intricately tied to an individual’s membership in a particular marginalized community. Persistent in nature, minority stress is not limited to isolated incidents but is woven into the fabric of marginalized individuals’ daily lives. Unlike many other stressors that may be episodic or short-lived, the stress experienced by minority individuals is often ongoing, resulting in long-term exposure to stressors with enduring effects on their mental and physical health. Deeply ingrained in societal structures, minority stress reflects the systemic and structural inequal-ities present within a given society. These structures include discriminatory policies, institutional racism, and prejudiced attitudes that create and sustain the conditions for minority stress to thrive. Recognizing this parameter underscores the need for broader societal change and systemic inter-ventions to address and mitigate the impact of minority stress on marginalized individuals. Minority stress and LGBTIQ+ youth In the intricate tapestry of minority stress, there Structural Discrimination for LGBTIQ+ Youth: exists a deeply nuanced and often overlooked of LGBTIQ+ youth. The journey of these young tions on marriage and adoption rights). • dimension, one that intimately involves the lives • Encounter legal inequalities (e.g., restric-individuals towards self-discovery and accep- Lack of comprehensive sex education in tance is marked by distinct challenges that find educational systems, leading to disparities in sexual health and relationships. their origins in the intersection of societal norms, • Absence of legal protections against dis- ics. This exploration delves into the manifesta- resulting in job insecurity and homeless- ness for some. tions of minority stress as it pertains specifically structural inequalities, and interpersonal dynam- crimination in employment and housing, to LGBTIQ+ youth, shedding light on the complex and interconnected web of factors that shape Interpersonal Discrimination for LGBTIQ+ their experiences. Youth: • Experience bullying, harassment, or ex- Within this context, clusion in daily life, especially in school or structural discrimination within their families. emerges as a formidable adversary, casting its • Creates a hostile environment, perpetuat-shadow over the lives of LGBTIQ+ youth. It takes ing fear of being targeted or ostracized. shape in myriad forms, from laws that restrict • Increases stress levels and poses mental health challenges, particularly damaging their rights to marriage or adoption to educa- during crucial adolescent years. tional systems that often neglect to provide com- prehensive sex education, leaving these young individuals without essential information, which Internalized Stigma for LGBTIQ+ Youth: in turn contributes to disparities in sexual health • Arises from societal messages that portray protections against discrimination in employment • Leads to feelings of shame, guilt, and low self-esteem. and housing further exacerbates their vulnerabil- and relationships. Moreover, the absence of legal their identities as deviant or undesirable. ity, potentially leading to job insecurity and even their true selves, adversely affecting men- • May result in attempts to suppress or hide homelessness. tal health and well-being. • Some struggle with fully accepting their On the interpersonal front, LGBTIQ+ youth are perpetuated by society. own identities due to negative stereotypes no strangers to the bitter taste of discrimina- tion that permeates their daily lives. Within school environments or even within their own families, they may grapple with bullying, harassment, or exclusion. These experiences cultivate a hostile and fear-laden environment, one in which they constantly navigate the treacherous waters of potential targeting and ostracisation. Such conditions heighten their stress levels and frequently give rise to profound mental health challenges, particularly during adolescence, a pivotal stage where peer re-lationships are integral to personal development. However, the adversity does not end there. LGBTIQ+ youth often find themselves confronting the spectre of internalized stigma, a deeply ingrained self-doubt cultivated by societal messages that portray their identities as deviant or undesirable. This self-stigmatization manifests as feelings of shame, guilt, and low self-esteem, often compelling them to attempt suppression or concealment of their authentic selves. The consequences of these efforts can be dire, casting a shadow over their mental health and overall well-being. In some cases, they may even struggle with fully embracing their own identities due to the relentless negative stereotypes perpetuated by society. This intricate tapestry of structural discrimination, interpersonal discrimination, and internalized stig-ma is not a mere amalgamation of distinct challenges; it is a complex web where each thread inter-sects and compounds the others. Structural discrimination, for instance, may limit access to support systems, thereby making it even more arduous to cope with the interpersonal discrimination they en-counter. Internalized stigma exacerbates these challenges further, creating barriers that hinder their ability to seek help or connect with their peers. Recognizing the specific origins of minority stress for LGBTIQ+ youth is not only essential but also a cornerstone for the development of tailored support systems and interventions that aim to alleviate their burden and foster resilience, empowerment, and well-being. Mitigating the Consequences of Minority Stress for LGBTIQ+ Youth: The Role of Youth Work and Youth Workers Youth work and youth workers play a pivotal role in mitigating the consequences of minority stress for LGBTIQ+ youth. By fostering supportive environments, providing education, and offering emo-tional guidance, they can make a significant difference in the lives of these young individuals. In this exploration, we delve into the ways in which youth work and youth workers can help reduce the consequences of minority stress. 1. Creating Safe and Inclusive Spaces: • Physical Safe Spaces: Youth workers can establish physical spaces where LGBTIQ+ youth can gather without fear of discrimination or judgment. These spaces become sanctuaries where they can express their true selves and find like-minded peers. • Online Communities: In the digital age, online communities can also provide safe havens for LGBTIQ+ youth. Youth workers can moderate and facilitate these spaces, ensuring they remain supportive and free from cyberbullying. 2. Education and Awareness: • Comprehensive Sex Education: Youth workers can advocate for and provide comprehensive sex education that includes information relevant to LGBTIQ+ youth. This empowers them with knowledge about sexual health, relationships, and consent, reducing disparities in this area. • Anti-Bias Training: Youth workers themselves can undergo anti-bias training to ensure they provide an inclusive and affirming environment for LGBTIQ+ youth. This training helps them understand the unique challenges faced by this group and equips them with the tools to be effective allies. 3. Mental Health Support: • Mental Health Workshops: Youth workers can organize workshops on mental health awareness and coping strategies, providing LGBTIQ+ youth with tools to manage stress and emotional challenges. • Referral Services: Youth workers should be knowledgeable about local mental health services and be prepared to connect youth to appropriate resources when needed. 4. Peer Support and Mentorship: • Peer Support Groups: Creating peer support groups where LGBTIQ+ youth can share experiences and coping strategies can be immensely beneficial. Youth workers can facilitate these groups or connect youth to existing ones. • Mentorship Programs: Youth workers can establish mentorship programs pairing experienced LGBTIQ+ individuals with youth, offering guidance and role models. 5. Advocacy and Policy Change: • Advocacy Initiatives: Youth workers can engage in advocacy efforts to promote policies and initiatives that protect and support LGBTIQ+ youth, such as anti-dis-crimination laws, inclusive school curricula, and access to gender-affirming health-care. • Youth Participation: Encouraging LGBTIQ+ youth to participate in advocacy and community engagement empowers them to be agents of change. 6. Family Support: • Family Counseling: Youth workers can offer family counselling services to im- prove communication and understanding between LGBTIQ+ youth and their fam-ilies. • Parent Support Groups: Providing support groups for parents and caregivers can help them navigate their child’s journey, reducing rejection and fostering ac-ceptance. 7. Empowerment and Resilience Building: • Empowerment Workshops: Youth workers can organize workshops aimed at building resilience, self-esteem, and self-acceptance among LGBTIQ+ youth. • Skill Development: Offering skill development programs can enhance the em- ployability and economic independence of LGBTIQ+ youth, reducing the impact of structural discrimination. 8. Crisis Intervention: • Hotlines and Crisis Services: Youth workers can establish or promote hotlines and crisis intervention services that are accessible to LGBTIQ+ youth in times of acute distress. By embracing these strategies, youth work and youth workers can serve as catalysts for positive change in the lives of LGBTIQ+ youth. Their role extends beyond providing support; it encompasses advocacy, education, and the creation of spaces where these young individuals can thrive free from the burden of minority stress. In doing so, they contribute to a more inclusive and equitable society for all. Prevention of LGBTIQ+ youth homelessness Prevention of Homelessness: Fos- tering Stability and Dignity for All Homelessness is a profound societal challenge that affects individuals and families across the globe. Witnessing people without homes, struggling for shelter, and enduring harsh living conditions underscores not only a distressing social issue but also a collective failure of our responsibility as a society. While providing immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness is essential, there exists a critical and proactive dimension to addressing this complex problem: the prevention of homelessness. Homelessness prevention embodies a comprehensive approach aimed at breaking the cycle of homelessness before it begins. It encompasses a spectrum of strategies and interven-tions designed to tackle the root causes and contributing factors that lead individuals and families to lose their homes. Unlike reactive measures such as emergency shelters and temporary housing, prevention strategies operate on the foundational belief that each person deserves the opportunity to maintain stable housing and regain self-sufficiency. The quest for effective homelessness prevention begins with a fundamental recognition: that all individuals are holders of inherent human rights. This recognition shifts our perspective, compelling us to address not just the immediate symptoms of homelessness but to target the systemic caus-es that lead to it. It emphasizes proactive measures that prioritize safeguarding individuals’ rights before they find themselves in crisis, rather than reacting only after everything has gone awry. A human rights-based approach to homelessness prevention is more than a moral stance; it is a legal obligation. This approach compels us to reconsider the way decisions and funding are allocated, necessitating a fundamental shift in how society approaches this complex issue. It underscores the importance of creating a policy and funding framework that holds various branches of government accountable for their roles in preventing homelessness, including but not limited to health, child protection, justice, and others. Addressing homelessness from this perspective means delving deep into the systemic causes that underlie this crisis. It involves acknowledging that homelessness is of-ten not a result of individual failings but a consequence of systemic inequalities, inadequate support systems, and discriminatory policies. By targeting these root causes, we can aim to dismantle the barriers that lead to housing instability. Homelessness prevention extends far beyond the surface of preventing mere housing instability; it represents a profound commitment to alleviating the multifaceted suffering inflicted by homeless-ness. Its aspirations reach into the very essence of human existence, aiming to prevent not only the physical, emotional, and social hardships but also to safeguard the very core of human dignity. Homelessness prevention is a profound declaration of society’s commitment to uphold the funda-mental rights and worth of every individual. It is a recognition that every person, regardless of their circumstances, deserves the opportunity to flourish in a stable and supportive environment. Through its efforts, it aims to create a world where homelessness is not just prevented but where the essence of human dignity is preserved, and where the indomitable spirit within each of us is given the chance to shine. Levels of prevention Primary Prevention of Homelessness: Addressing the Root Causes Primary prevention focuses on addressing the Primary Prevention Examples: root causes of homelessness to prevent individ- uals and families from ever becoming homeless. 1. Information Campaigns: Launching pub- tively combat homelessness, it is essential to ad- munities about the importance of financial planning, responsible spending, and hous- dress the underlying factors that lead to housing This proactive approach recognizes that, to effec- lic awareness campaigns to educate com- instability. It represents the initial line of defense ness. ing security to prevent future homeless-in tackling issues. It focuses on stopping prob- lems before they even begin. The primary pre- 2. Affordable Housing Initiatives: Imple- vention approach aims to prevent the occurrence menting policies and programs that pro- of a problem among the general population or mote the construction and maintenance specific high-risk groups. Key features of prima- of affordable housing units to address the ry prevention include health promotion, address- root cause of housing instability. ing root causes and community engagement. In public health, primary prevention often involves 3. Poverty Reduction Programs: Imple- health promotion campaigns and education. For menting economic policies, such as job instance, vaccination programs, health aware- training, minimum wage increases, and ness initiatives, and lifestyle counseling are pri- mitigate homelessness risk. social safety nets, to reduce poverty and mary prevention strategies aimed at reducing the risk of diseases. In social issues like homeless- 4. Anti-Violence Campaigns: Running ness, primary prevention delves into addressing campaigns aimed at reducing domestic root causes. This might involve policies and pro- violence and its contribution to homeless- grams that target poverty reduction, affordable ness, particularly for victims who might be forced to leave their homes. housing initiatives, and employment support to place. Engaging communities and raising aware- 5. Early Childhood Support: Offering early childhood education and support programs ness are common tactics. Encouraging healthy prevent homelessness from occurring in the first behaviors, fostering a sense of community, and to vulnerable families to enhance the long- term economic stability of households. promoting social equity are essential elements of primary prevention efforts. Primary prevention involves: 1. Addressing Root Causes: It entails addressing structural and systemic factors that contribute to housing instability and the risk of homelessness, effectively “working upstream.” 2. Universal and Targeted Interventions: Primary prevention employs both universal interven- tions for entire communities and targeted interventions for “at-risk” communities, all with the aim of reducing risk and enhancing protective factors. 3. Proactive Measures: Activities include information campaigns, educational programs, and stra- tegic interventions designed to tackle problems that might eventually lead to homelessness well before they become critical. 4. Multifaceted Strategies: Strategies encompass poverty reduction, the construction and mainte- nance of affordable housing, anti-violence initiatives, early childhood support, and anti-discrimi-nation efforts. 5. Strengthening Protective Factors: The overarching goal is to strengthen protective elements, promote housing stability, improve access to essential support services, and foster social inclu-sion, all with the ultimate objective of reducing the likelihood of individuals or families experienc-ing homelessness in the first place. Primary prevention of homelessness is significant for several reasons. Preventing homelessness through primary prevention is often more cost-effective than addressing it once people are already homeless. Emergency services, shelter, and support for the homeless can be expensive, while pre-ventive measures can help save public resources in the long run. Primary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Creat- ing Inclusive and Supportive Environments Primary prevention for LGBTIQ+ youth aims to address the systemic factors and societal attitudes that contribute to their vulnerability to homelessness and other adverse outcomes. It involves proac-tive measures that promote acceptance, inclusion, and resilience from an early age, thereby reduc-ing the likelihood of experiencing homelessness later in life. Comprehensive Sexuality Education One fundamental aspect of primary prevention is the provision of comprehensive sexuality educa-tion. This education goes beyond traditional approaches and encompasses accurate, age-appropri-ate information about sexual orientation, gender identity, and healthy relationships. By integrating LGBTIQ+ inclusive content into school curricula, primary prevention efforts aim to promote under-standing, respect, and acceptance among all students. Comprehensive sexuality education not only equips LGBTIQ+ youth with knowledge about their identities but also fosters empathy and allyship among their peers, contributing to a more inclusive school environment. Examples: • Comprehensive Sexuality Education: Providing accurate, age-appropriate information about sexual orientation, gender identity, and healthy relationships in schools. • Anti-Bullying Programs: Implementing programs that address bullying and harass- ment based on sexual orientation or gender identity, creating safer school environments. • LGBTIQ+ History and Representation: Incorporating the history and contributions of LGBTIQ+ individuals into school curricula to promote understanding and respect. Family Support and Acceptance Family support plays a pivotal role in the well-being of LGBTIQ+ youth. Primary prevention efforts focus on providing resources, education, and support to parents and caregivers to help them un-derstand and accept their LGBTIQ+ children. By offering family counseling services and facilitating communication between parents and youth, primary prevention initiatives strive to create nurturing and accepting family environments. In cases where family rejection or conflict occurs, alternative support systems, such as supportive adults or chosen families, are essential in providing the neces-sary emotional and practical support to LGBTIQ+ youth. Examples: • Parental Education: Providing resources and support to parents and caregivers to help them understand and accept their LGBTIQ+ children. • Family Counseling: Offering counseling services to facilitate communi- cation, understanding, and acceptance within families. • Alternative Family Support: Connecting LGBTIQ+ youth with supportive adults or chosen families in cases of family rejection or conflict. Accessible Youth Programs and Services Access to youth programs and services is critical for the development and well-being of LGBTIQ+ youth. Primary prevention efforts involve the establishment of LGBTIQ+ youth centres and safe spaces where young individuals can connect with peers, access support services, and participate in affirming activities. These spaces provide a sense of belonging and community, reducing feelings of isolation and stigma often experienced by LGBTIQ+ youth. Additionally, primary prevention initia-tives prioritize the provision of competent mental health services to address the unique challenges faced by LGBTIQ+ youth and promote their emotional well-being. Examples: • LGBTIQ+ Youth Centers: Establishing safe spaces where LGBTIQ+ youth can connect with peers, access support services, and participate in affirming activities. • Mental Health Support: Providing accessible and culturally compe- tent mental health services to address the unique challenges faced by LGBTIQ+ youth. • Peer Support Groups: Facilitating peer support groups where LGBTIQ+ youth can share experiences, receive validation, and build resilience. Community Engagement and Advocacy Community engagement is essential for creating supportive environments where LGBTIQ+ youth can thrive. Primary prevention efforts include public awareness campaigns that challenge stereo-types, combat discrimination, and promote acceptance of LGBTIQ+ individuals within communities. Cultural competency training for service providers, educators, and community members is also cru-cial in ensuring that they understand and support the needs of LGBTIQ+ youth. Moreover, primary prevention initiatives empower LGBTIQ+ youth to advocate for their rights and well-being within their communities, schools, and local governments, fostering a sense of agency and empowerment. Examples: • Public Awareness Campaigns: Launching campaigns that challenge stereotypes, combat discrimination, and promote acceptance of LGBTIQ+ individuals within communities. • Cultural Competency Training: Providing training to service providers, educators, and community members to ensure they understand and sup-port the needs of LGBTIQ+ youth. • Youth Advocacy: Empowering LGBTIQ+ youth to advocate for their rights and well-being within their communities, schools, and local governments. Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Pre-vention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness Youth workers can play a crucial role in Primary Prevention efforts aimed at addressing homeless-ness among LGBTIQ+ youth. Their unique position allows them to engage with young individuals, families, communities, and service providers to create inclusive and supportive environments that reduce the risk of homelessness. Their roles encompass education, advocacy, family support, youth programs, and community engagement initiatives that create inclusive and affirming environments. Despite challenges, youth workers are instrumental in promoting the well-being and resilience of LGBTIQ+ youth and reducing their risk of homelessness. 1. Education and Advocacy Youth workers play a vital role in educating young individuals, families, and communities about the unique challenges faced by LGBTIQ+ youth and the importance of creating inclusive and affirming environments. They advocate for comprehensive sexuality education in schools, anti-bullying programs, and policies that protect the rights of LGBTIQ+ youth. By raising awareness and challenging stereotypes, youth workers contribute to creating support-ive communities that reduce the risk of homelessness for LGBTIQ+ youth. 2. Family Support and Mediation One of the primary responsibilities of youth workers is to provide support to families and caregivers of LGBTIQ+ youth. They offer resources, guid-ance, and education to help families understand and accept their LGBTIQ+ children. Youth workers facilitate family mediation and communication to address conflicts and promote understanding and acceptance within fami-lies. By strengthening family support networks, youth workers help prevent family rejection and homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth. 3. Youth Programs and Services Youth workers are instrumental in the development and implementation of youth programs and services that promote the well-being and resilience of LGBTIQ+ youth. They establish safe spaces, such as LGBTIQ+ youth cen-ters and support groups, where young individuals can connect with peers, access support services, and participate in affirming activities. Youth work-ers provide mentorship, guidance, and advocacy to empower LGBTIQ+ youth and promote their social inclusion and self-confidence. 4. Community Engagement and Collaboration Youth workers engage with community organizations, service provid-ers, and stakeholders to create collaborative efforts aimed at preventing homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth. They advocate for the inclusion of LGBTIQ+ youth in mainstream services and programs, ensuring that their unique needs are addressed. Youth workers facilitate partnerships with schools, healthcare providers, and local government agencies to promote policies and practices that support LGBTIQ+ youth and reduce their risk of homelessness. Challenges and Considerations Despite the crucial role of youth workers in Primary Prevention efforts for LGBTIQ+ youth, several challenges exist: • Limited Resources: Youth workers often face resource constraints, including funding and staff- ing shortages, which may hinder their ability to provide comprehensive support and interventions. • Sensitivity Competency: Youth workers require ongoing training and support to develop sensi- tivity and effectively support LGBTIQ+ youth from diverse backgrounds. • Stigma and Discrimination: Youth workers may encounter resistance, stigma, and discrimina- tion from individuals or organizations that hold negative attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ youth, which can impede their efforts to create inclusive environments. Secondary Prevention of Homelessness: Early Interventions to Mitigate Crisis While primary prevention strategies aim to ad- dress the root causes of homelessness, second- ary prevention focuses on early interventions to Secondary Prevention Examples: mitigate housing crises and prevent individuals encompasses a set of strategies and interven- 1. Rapid Rehousing Services: Providing immediate assistance, such as temporary and families from slipping into homelessness. It tions that target individuals and families who are housing and financial support, to individ-at immediate risk of losing their housing. Unlike uals or families on the brink of homeless-primary prevention, which addresses the broader ness to prevent them from losing their systemic factors leading to homelessness, sec- homes. ondary prevention seeks to identify and support those on the brink of homelessness and provide 2. Mental Health Diversion Programs: timely assistance to stabilize their housing situa- Collaborating with mental health services to identify individuals at risk of homeless-tions. ness due to mental health challenges and offering them appropriate support and Secondary prevention strategies are designed to treatment. intervene at the earliest signs of housing insta- bility or homelessness risk. These strategies can 3. Family Mediation Services: Intervening vary depending on local resources, policies, and in family disputes and providing coun-priorities, but they generally include the following seling to prevent family breakdowns that key components: might lead to homelessness. 4. Reentry Programs: Assisting individuals 1. Rapid Rehousing Programs: Rapid rehousing leaving the criminal justice system with is a central component of secondary prevention. housing and support services to reduce These programs provide short-term rental assis- the likelihood of homelessness upon release. tance and supportive services to quickly move in- sis into stable housing. Rapid rehousing aims to 5. Emergency Financial Aid: Offering finan-cial assistance to those facing immediate prevent the downward spiral into chronic home-dividuals and families experiencing a housing cri-lessness by addressing the immediate housing eviction or foreclosure due to financial crises. needs of at-risk households. 2. Emergency Financial Assistance: Many individuals and families face housing crises due to unexpected financial setbacks, such as job loss, medical emergencies, or unexpected expenses. Secondary prevention efforts may involve providing one-time financial aid or grants to help individu-als or families stay in their current housing or secure new housing quickly. 3. Mediation and Legal Aid: Housing instability can result from disputes with landlords, eviction notices, or legal issues. Secondary prevention includes interventions that offer mediation services to help resolve conflicts between tenants and landlords. Legal aid services can also assist tenants in understanding their rights and navigating the legal process, preventing wrongful evictions. 4. Family and Youth Support Programs: Families with children and at-risk youth are particularly vulnerable to homelessness. Secondary prevention efforts may include providing shelter, case man-agement, and support services tailored to the needs of these populations. Family support programs can include interventions like family reunification services and parenting support to prevent family breakdowns. The significance of secondary prevention in ad- dressing homelessness cannot be overstated. It provides timely assistance when households are on the brink of homelessness, reducing the shelter system or becoming chronically homeless. Timely Intervention likelihood of individuals and families entering the Preventing homelessness at this stage is often more cost-effective than addressing it once peo- ple have become homeless. The cost of emer- Cost-Effective gency shelter, healthcare, and other services for the homeless far exceeds the cost of providing rapid rehousing and supportive services. Sec- Preservation of Stability ondary prevention helps preserve housing stabil- ity, which is essential for individuals’ and families’ overall well-being, including maintaining employ- Minimizing Disruption ment, children’s education, and access to health- care. Early interventions minimizes the disrup- tion caused by homelessness on communities, Preventing Escalation schools, and social services and help prevent a temporary housing crisis from escalating into a long-term, chronic homelessness situation. Secondary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Early Intervention and Support Secondary prevention for LGBTIQ+ youth is characterized by its proactive and targeted approach to addressing housing instability and related challenges. It involves identifying individuals who exhibit early signs of housing instability or who are at elevated risk due to factors such as family rejection, discrimination, or lack of support. By intervening early and providing timely support, secondary pre-vention efforts aim to prevent homelessness from occurring or mitigate its impact. Early Identification and Assessment A fundamental aspect of secondary prevention involves the early identification and assessment of LGBTIQ+ youth who may be at risk of homelessness. This process entails utilizing screening tools to evaluate housing stability and identify youth who may be vulnerable due to family conflict, eco-nomic hardship, mental health issues, or other risk factors. Comprehensive needs assessments are also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the specific challenges and support needs of LGBTIQ+ youth facing housing instability. Examples: • Screening Tools: Utilizing screening tools to assess housing stability and identify youth who may be at elevated risk due to factors such as family conflict, economic hardship, or mental health issues. • Needs Assessment: Conducting comprehensive needs assessments to identify the specific challenges and support needs of LGBTIQ+ youth at risk of homelessness. Targeted Interventions Once at-risk youth are identified, secondary prevention efforts pivot towards providing targeted inter-ventions tailored to their unique circumstances. This includes assigning dedicated case managers to work closely with at-risk youth, offering individualized support, advocacy, and assistance in access-ing resources. Crisis intervention services are deployed to provide immediate assistance to youth facing imminent homelessness, ensuring access to emergency housing and basic needs support. Family reunification efforts may also be undertaken to address family conflict and prevent home-lessness among LGBTIQ+ youth, promoting stability and reconciliation within familial relationships. Examples: • Case Management: Assigning dedicated case managers to work with at- risk youth, providing individualized support, advocacy, and assistance in accessing resources. • Crisis Intervention: Offering immediate assistance and crisis interven- tion services to youth facing imminent homelessness, including access to emergency housing and basic needs support. • Family Reunification: Facilitating family mediation and reunification ef- forts to address family conflict and prevent homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth. Supportive Services Secondary prevention initiatives prioritize the provision of supportive services aimed at addressing the underlying factors contributing to housing instability among LGBTIQ+ youth. This encompasses offering access to affirming mental health services to address trauma, depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues prevalent within the community. Substance abuse treatment resources and support are provided to assist youth struggling with substance abuse issues, mitigating a common risk factor for homelessness. Additionally, educational and employment assistance programs are implemented to promote financial stability and independence among LGBTIQ+ youth, fostering re-silience and self-sufficiency. Examples: • Mental Health Support: Offering access to affirming mental health ser- vices to address trauma, depression, anxiety, or other mental health is-sues among LGBTIQ+ youth. • Substance Abuse Services: Providing resources and support for youth struggling with substance abuse issues, addressing a common risk factor for homelessness. • Educational and Employment Assistance: Offering assistance with ed- ucation, job training, and employment placement to promote financial sta-bility and independence among LGBTIQ+ youth. Peer Support Peer support programs play a pivotal role in secondary prevention efforts for LGBTIQ+ youth. Peer support provides a safe and inclusive space for young individuals to connect with others facing similar challenges, share experiences, and receive validation and encouragement. Pairing at-risk youth with peer supporters who can provide guidance, support, and positive role modeling, fosters a sense of belonging and empowerment within the community. Peer supporters need to be trained and suitably equipped to play their role safely and efficiently and need to have a strong mentorship support system that promotes their well-being throughout the process. Examples: • Peer Support Groups: Facilitating peer support groups where LGBTIQ+ youth can connect with others facing similar challenges, share experienc-es, and receive validation and encouragement. • Peer Support Programs: Pairing at-risk youth with mentors who can pro- vide guidance, support, and positive role modelling, promoting resilience and empowerment. Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness Youth workers play a vital role in Secondary Prevention efforts aimed at addressing housing insta-bility among LGBTIQ+ youth. Their roles encompass early identification, crisis intervention, family reunification, and access to support services, which are crucial in preventing homelessness from occurring or worsening. Despite challenges, youth workers are instrumental in providing targeted support and resources to mitigate the risk factors contributing to homelessness and promote stabil-ity and well-being among LGBTIQ+ youth. Through collaborative efforts and ongoing support, youth workers contribute to creating a future where all young individuals, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity, can thrive in safe and supportive environments. 1. Early Identification and Assessment Youth workers play an important role in the early identification and assess-ment of LGBTIQ+ youth who are at risk of homelessness. They can utilize screening tools and conduct comprehensive assessments to identify indi-viduals who exhibit early signs of housing instability or who may be vulnera-ble due to family conflict, economic hardship, mental health issues, or other risk factors. By identifying at-risk youth early, youth workers can provide timely interventions and support to prevent homelessness from occurring. 2. Crisis Intervention and Support Youth workers provide immediate assistance and crisis intervention ser-vices to LGBTIQ+ youth facing imminent homelessness or housing insta-bility. They offer emotional support, advocacy, and access to emergency resources such as emergency housing, food assistance, and basic needs support. Youth workers work closely with young individuals to address their immediate needs and stabilize their housing situations, preventing home-lessness from occurring or worsening. 3. Family Reunification and Mediation Youth workers facilitate family reunification and mediation efforts to address family conflict and prevent homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth. They pro-vide resources, guidance, and support to families and caregivers to help them understand and accept their LGBTIQ+ children. By facilitating commu-nication and reconciliation within families, youth workers strengthen family support networks and prevent family rejection, which is a significant risk factor for homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth. 4. Access to Support Services Youth workers connect LGBTIQ+ youth with access to support services to address the underlying factors contributing to housing instability. They pro-vide referrals and assistance in accessing resources such as mental health services, substance abuse treatment, educational support, employment as-sistance, and legal services. By ensuring access to comprehensive support services, youth workers help address the diverse needs of LGBTIQ+ youth and promote stability and well-being. Challenges and Considerations Despite the crucial role of youth workers in Secondary Prevention efforts for LGBTIQ+ youth, sev-eral challenges exist: • Intersectionality: Youth workers must recognize and address the intersecting identities and ex- periences of LGBTIQ+ youth, including race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and disability, to provide inclusive and equitable support. Tertiary Prevention of Homelessness: Providing Stability and Support for Those in Crisis Tertiary prevention of homelessness is a crucial component of a comprehensive strategy to address this pressing social issue. While primary prevention focuses on addressing root causes, and second-ary prevention aims to intervene early in housing crises, tertiary prevention is dedicated to providing support and assistance to individuals and families who are already experiencing homelessness. It acknowledges that homelessness can have severe and lasting consequences on a person’s physi-cal and mental health, as well as their overall well-being. Tertiary prevention strategies are designed to address these challenges and help homeless individuals transition back into stable housing and self-sufficiency: 1. Transitional Housing Programs: Transitional housing provides individ- uals and families with temporary shelter and support services to help them stabilize their lives and prepare for permanent housing. These pro-grams often include case management, life skills training, and access to social services. 2. Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH): PSH is a critical element of tertiary prevention. It offers long-term housing with ongoing support ser-vices for individuals who face chronic homelessness and have complex needs, such as mental illness or substance use disorders. PSH helps residents maintain housing stability and access essential services. 3. Case Management: Tertiary prevention relies heavily on case manage- ment services. Case managers work closely with homeless individuals to develop individualized service plans, connect them with resources, and navigate the complex web of social services. 4. Homelessness Outreach: Outreach teams engage with unsheltered homeless populations, connecting them with services, shelter, and hous-ing options. Outreach efforts are essential in reaching those who may be hesitant or unable to access services through traditional channels. 5. Behavioral and Mental Health Services: Many homeless individuals face mental health and substance use challenges. Tertiary prevention includes access to mental health treatment, counseling, and substance abuse programs to address these issues. Tertiary prevention holds a profound significance in our collective efforts to address homelessness. It extends a helping hand to individuals and fam- Upholding Human Dignity ilies who have already experienced the harsh re- alities of homelessness, aiming to restore dignity and stability to their lives. It recognizes the intrin- Promoting Health and sic value and worth of every individual. It affirms the principle that each person deserves the op- Well-being portunity to regain stability and self-sufficiency, irrespective of their past experiences. Homeless- ness often takes a severe toll on both physical Empowering Rebuilding and mental health. Tertiary prevention steps in Lives to address these health challenges by providing access to essential healthcare and behavioral health services, allowing individuals to heal and Breaking the Cycle of Home- recover. lessness Fostering Community Well-bein Tertiary Prevention for LGBTIQ+ Youth: Rebuilding Lives and Sustaining Stability Tertiary prevention for LGBTIQ+ youth involves interventions targeted at individuals who have expe-rienced homelessness or are at risk of recurring episodes. Unlike primary and secondary prevention, which focus on preventing homelessness from occurring or mitigating its impact early on, tertiary prevention efforts are geared towards addressing the immediate needs of youth who are already homeless or housing insecure. These interventions aim to provide comprehensive support to help youth stabilize their housing situations, address underlying issues, and rebuild their lives. Tailored Support for Housing Stability At the core of tertiary prevention efforts is the imperative to ensure housing stability for LGBTIQ+ youth. This encompasses providing access to safe and secure housing options tailored to the unique needs and experiences of LGBTIQ+ young individuals. Permanent housing solutions, such as tran-sitional housing programs, supportive housing, and affordable housing initiatives, offer stability and security to youth experiencing homelessness. Additionally, rapid rehousing programs provide imme-diate assistance and resources to help youth secure permanent housing, including rental assistance, security deposits, and housing subsidies, enabling them to transition out of homelessness swiftly. Examples: • Permanent Housing Solutions: Providing access to safe and stable hous- ing options, including transitional housing programs, supportive housing, and affordable housing initiatives tailored to the needs of LGBTIQ+ youth. • Rapid Rehousing Programs: Offering immediate assistance and re- sources to help youth secure permanent housing, including rental assis-tance, security deposits, and housing subsidies. Comprehensive Support Services Tertiary prevention initiatives prioritize the provision of comprehensive support services designed to address the multifaceted needs of LGBTIQ+ youth experiencing homelessness. This includes assigning dedicated case managers to work closely with these youth, providing individualized sup-port, advocacy, and assistance in accessing essential resources such as healthcare, education, employment, and legal services. Mental health and trauma-informed care are integral components of tertiary prevention, offering access to affirming mental health services to address the emotional and psychological effects of homelessness and discrimination experienced by LGBTIQ+ youth. Sub-stance abuse treatment resources and support are also provided to address co-occurring challeng-es that contribute to homelessness among this population. Examples: • Case Management: Assigning dedicated case managers to work with youth, providing individualized support, advocacy, and assistance in ac-cessing resources such as healthcare, education, employment, and legal services. • Mental Health and Trauma-Informed Care: Offering access to affirming and trauma-informed mental health services to address the emotional and psychological effects of homelessness and discrimination experienced by LGBTIQ+ youth. • Substance Abuse Treatment: Providing resources and support for youth struggling with substance abuse issues, addressing co-occurring chal-lenges that contribute to homelessness. Empowerment Through Life Skills and Community Support Tertiary prevention efforts aim to empower LGBTIQ+ youth by equipping them with the necessary skills, resources, and support networks to achieve independence and self-sufficiency. Life skills training programs offer workshops and educational opportunities to help youth develop essential skills such as budgeting, time management, communication, and conflict resolution, enhancing their ability to navigate the challenges of adulthood successfully. Education and employment support services assist with educational attainment, job training, and employment placement, empowering youth to pursue their educational and career goals and break the cycle of homelessness. Additional-ly, peer support programs and community engagement initiatives foster connections with supportive networks and affirming communities, promoting a sense of belonging, social support, and empow-erment among LGBTIQ+ youth. Examples: • Life Skills Training: Offering workshops and programs to help youth devel- op essential life skills such as budgeting, time management, communica-tion, and conflict resolution. • Education and Employment Support: Providing assistance with educa- tional attainment, job training, and employment placement to empower LGBTIQ+ youth to pursue their educational and career goals. • Empowerment Programs: Facilitating empowerment programs and lead- ership opportunities that promote self-confidence, resilience, and advoca-cy among LGBTIQ+ youth. Roles and Responsibilities of Youth Workers - Primary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness The role of youth workers in Tertiary Prevention of LGBTIQ+ Youth Homelessness encompasses ensuring housing stability, providing comprehensive support services, empowering youth through life skills and empowerment programs, and fostering peer support and community engagement. Despite challenges, youth workers are instrumental in promoting the well-being and resilience of LGBTIQ+ youth and preventing recurrent episodes of homelessness. 1. Housing Stability and Support A primary focus of youth workers in Tertiary Prevention is to ensure hous-ing stability for LGBTIQ+ youth. This includes providing access to safe and secure housing options tailored to the unique needs and experiences of young individuals. Youth workers collaborate with housing providers, com-munity organizations, and government agencies to secure permanent hous-ing solutions such as transitional housing programs, supportive housing, and affordable housing initiatives. They also offer ongoing support and as-sistance to help youth maintain their housing stability and access essential resources. 2. Comprehensive Support Services Youth workers prioritize the provision of comprehensive support services to address the diverse needs of LGBTIQ+ youth experiencing homelessness. This may include: • Case Management: Offering individualized support, advocacy, and as- sistance in accessing resources such as healthcare, education, employ-ment, and legal services. • Mental Health and Trauma-Informed Care: Providing access to culturally competent mental health services to address the emotional and psy-chological effects of homelessness and discrimination experienced by LGBTIQ+ youth. • Substance Abuse Treatment: Offering resources and support for youth struggling with substance abuse issues, addressing co-occurring chal-lenges that contribute to homelessness. 3. Life Skills Training and Empowerment Youth workers focus on equipping LGBTIQ+ youth with the necessary skills and resources to achieve independence and self-sufficiency. This may in-volve: • Life Skills Training: Providing workshops and programs to help youth develop essential skills such as budgeting, time management, commu-nication, and conflict resolution. • Education and Employment Support: Offering assistance with educa- tional attainment, job training, and employment placement to promote financial stability and independence among LGBTIQ+ youth. • Empowerment Programs: Facilitating programs and opportunities that promote self-confidence, resilience, and advocacy among LGBTIQ+ youth, empowering them to take control of their lives and futures. 4. Peer Support and Community Engagement Youth workers facilitate peer support and community engagement initia-tives to promote social connection and belonging among LGBTIQ+ youth. This may include: • Peer Support Groups: Creating safe spaces where youth can connect with peers, share experiences, and receive validation and encourage-ment. • Community Engagement: Fostering connections with community orga- nizations, support groups, and LGBTQ+ affirming networks to create a sense of belonging and social support. Challenges and Considerations Despite the crucial role of youth workers in Tertiary Prevention efforts for LGBTIQ+ youth, several challenges exist: • Limited Resources: Adequate funding and resources are essential to provide comprehensive support and interventions effectively. • Access Barriers: Structural barriers such as discrimination, lack of affordable housing, and limit- ed access to services may hinder youth from accessing the support they need. • Intersectionality: Tertiary prevention efforts must consider and address the intersecting identities and experiences of LGBTIQ+ youth, including race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and dis-ability. Good practices The Psychosocial Methodology in the development of individual intervention plan with the LGBTQIA+ community Organisation: Opus Diversidades – Casa de Acolhimento Temporário de Emergência (CATE) Contact Person: Helder Bértolo Contact Email: helder.bertolo@opusdiversidades.org Objective(s): • Create a safe space and environment for people from the LGBTQIA+ community to develop psychosocial skill and economic stability. • Diminish the risk and poverty situations in the LGBTQIA+ community. • Establish a plan aiming autonomy, focused on biological, social and psychological dimensions of the individual. Methodology: Description: The methodology used is usually the Psychosocial Methodology, in which the approach must focus on the individuals and their context, combining the influence of psychological factors and the sur-rounding social environment of an individual’s life. In order to succeed with this methodology, we need to develop an Intervention Plan, with both of these dimensions considered, connecting people to formal and informal networks. Sometimes we also must apply the Crisis Intervention Method, which focuses on the urgent and temporary care given to an individual, who are in distress and to help them cope with the situation, usually addressing variety of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation, aiming to return the individual to their usual level of pre-crisis functioning. Target Group (max 100 words): Our target group is People from the LGBTQIA+ community, in fragile situations, mostly: in extreme poverty situation due to the difficulty of labour integration and the eco-nomic and housing crisis our society lives in nowadays; Situation of risk, discrimination and violence aimed to this community; Homelessness or lack of safe living spaces situations. Implementation Steps: The intervention is parted in three crucial moments: First the reception, usually a sensitive moment, in which is developed the first intervention plan. The main point is to establish the needs that require more attention and develop a step-by-step path to achieve success. The second phase is usually the following of the initial plan, that requires a moment of adaptation to the new environment. Social, psychological, and legal support are essential in this phase, mostly because the individual needs guidance from these three fields to achieve the goal of autonomy. It includes regular psychological appointments, regular social endeavours to reduce the fragile social and economic situations, revaluation of the plans if needed. The last phase, closer to the end of the intervention is the one in which the individual must be freer of attachments to the support given, closer to the autonomy goal and conclusion of the individual plan and departure from the program. Success Indicators: • Integration into the Labour Market. • Increase of social skills. • Increase of connections with supporting networks (including families and other associations in the community). • Continuous Psychological support, with significant improvements. • Decrease in anxious/depressive symptoms. • Resolution of legal issues. • Better financial literacy. • Greater autonomy in the decision-making process. • Greater financial stability. Challenges and Lessons Learned: Every individual had its own expectations, believe systems and own ambitions. Our intervention must take that in consideration to fulfil the autonomy standard of the intervention. These community suffers with a wide variety of issues, more than the usual ones found among the disadvantaged population, due to stigma and preconception around LGBTQIA+ conversation. From these group, mostly trans people are still targeted by public opinion and misinformation, adding to the already to internalized issues. In Portugal, there are few spaces free from judgement and able to receive these community with no struggles. Everyone must have safe space to live with no boundaries to their existence. Recommendations (max 200 words): In order to create dignified conditions and the human right’s concretization, the change is imperative. Even though there are laws in Portugal to protect the LGBTQIA+ community, we still have a long way to go as a society. There must be assertive policies to create more responses adapted to the specific needs of this community. National LGBTIQ+ strategy 2022-2025 promoted by the National Office Against Racial Discrimination Of Italy Organisation: Ufficio Nazionale Antidiscriminazioni Razziali (UNAR) Contact Person: Contact Email: segreteriaunar@governo.it , contactcenter@unar.it Objective(s): The strategy consists of several key guidelines and objectives: Prevention and awareness-raising: The Strategy aims to raise awareness in Italian society about the reality of LGBT+ people and to prevent discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity through communication and training campaigns. Rights and equality: Promoting legal equality for LGBT+ people is a central element of the strategy. This includes the improvement of existing laws and the fight against homophobia and transphobia. Health and well-being: The strategy aims to ensure that LGBT+ people have access to appropriate health services and that their physical and mental health is protected. This also implies a greater focus on the specific issues of transgender people. Education and training: The strategy promotes the integration of education on gender diversity and sexual orientation in school curricula to combat stereotypes and prejudices from an early age. Participation and inclusion: The goal is to actively involve LGBT+ organisations and civil society in political decisions and planning concrete actions to promote inclusion. Monitoring and research: The strategy includes a systematic collection of data and research on discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity to better understand challenges and measure progress over time. Methodology: UNAR’s LGBT+ 2022-2025 National Strategy is based on an articulated and action-oriented meth-odology to address the challenges and discrimination that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT+) they face in Italy. The methodology follows a set of guiding principles: Human rights-based approach: The strategy focuses on human rights principles, recognising that all people, regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity, have the right to live without discrimi-nation and violence. Inclusive participation: The methodology promotes the active participation of LGBT+ and civil soci-ety organisations in the definition, implementation and evaluation of policies and actions foreseen in the strategy. This ensures wider representativeness and greater effectiveness. Holistic approach: The strategy takes a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach, involving dif-ferent government agencies, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders. This allows LGBT+ issues to be addressed in all areas, including law, health, education, work and social inclu-sion. Continuous monitoring and evaluation: The methodology involves the systematic collection of data and the continuous evaluation of actions and programmes to measure the effectiveness of initiatives and make any corrections. This ensures that the strategy is tailored to the evolving needs of LGBT+ people. International collaboration: UNAR works with international bodies and other nations to exchange knowledge, best practices and effective strategies in promoting LGBT+ rights. This approach fosters a global perspective in addressing LGBT+ issues. Training and Outreach: The methodology includes training and outreach programs to increase un-derstanding of LGBT+ issues among public officials, health, education, and legal professionals, as well as among the general public. In summary, UNAR’s LGBT+ National Strategy 2022-2025 is based on a methodology that combines the promotion of human rights, inclusive participation, a holistic approach and constant evaluation to create a more inclusive and respectful environment for the diversity of LGBT+ people in Italy. The methodology is designed to be flexible and adaptable to the changing needs of the LGBT+ commu-nity. Description: The LGBT+ National Strategy 2022-2025 promoted by the National Anti-Discrimination Office (UNAR) represents an important step forward in promoting the equality and rights of LGBT+ people in Italy. This four-year strategy is a key document that sets out objectives and guidelines to address the challenges and discrimination that LGBT+ people face in the country. One of the main objectives of the strategy is the prevention of discrimination and the awareness of Italian society about LGBT+ issues. This is achieved through communication, training and aware-ness campaigns to promote understanding and respect for different gender identities and sexual orientations. The Strategy also focuses on rights and equality. The goal is to strengthen and improve existing laws to ensure that LGBT+ people have the same rights and opportunities as any other Italian citizen. This includes combating homophobia and transphobia through legislative initiatives and concrete actions. The health and well-being of LGBT+ people is another area of great importance in the strategy. The aim is to ensure a fair access to adequate and competent health services, including specific services for transgender people. The mental and physical health of LGBT+ people is recognised as a priority. Education and training are fundamental to promote the acceptance and understanding of LGBT+ people. The strategy promotes the integration of educational programmes on gender diversity and sexual orientation in schools, combating stereotypes and prejudices from an early age. Data collection, research and monitoring of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity are crucial to measure progress and better understand the challenges LGBT+ people face. In summary, UNAR’s LGBT+ National Strategy 2022-2025 is a significant commitment to creating a more inclusive Italian society, respectful of diversity and LGBT+ people’s rights. Its implementation requires the collaboration of several institutions and civil society actors to ensure positive and lasting change. Target Group: • Primarily addressed to LGBT+ community, the secondary target includes: • Public Officials: To ensure the full implementation of LGBT+ policies and laws. • Healthcare Professionals: To ensure services sensitive to the specific needs of LGBT+ people. • Educational: To promote inclusive education in schools and educational institutions. • Employers and Entrepreneurs: To foster an inclusive and non-discriminatory working environ- ment. • LGBT+ organizations: To actively involve them in promoting rights and support for LGBT+ peo- ple. • Civil Society: To raise awareness of a wider public in understanding and supporting LGBT+ rights. • Human Rights Advocacy Groups: To collaborate in promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBT+ people. Implementation Steps: Strategic Planning: The first step was to develop the strategy itself, setting targets, guidelines and specific actions to be taken during the period 2022-2025. Outreach and Training: This step involves raising awareness among public officials, healthcare professionals, educators and other stakeholders on LGBT+ and human rights issues through train-ing and information programs. Legislation: If necessary, it may be necessary to promote legislative changes to improve LGBT+ rights. Educational Programs: The integration of educational programs on gender diversity and sexual orientation in schools is a key step to promote acceptance and combat prejudice. Health Promotion: Implementing programs that improve the access of LGBT+ community mem-bers to health services that are appropriate and responsive to specific needs is essential. Work Inclusion: Promote the inclusion of LGBT+ people in the labour market through concrete pol-icies and actions. LGBT+ Community Participation: Actively involving LGBT+ organisations and civil society in policy formulation and implementation is a crucial step. Monitoring and Evaluation: Collect data and regularly assess the progress and effectiveness of actions taken. Success Indicators: The success indicators of the UNAR National Strategy might include: • Reduction of discrimination, detecting a decrease in reports of LGBT+ discrimination and vio- lence; • The adoption of new laws/the modification of existing laws to improve the rights and protections of LGBT+ people; • Increasing the active participation of LGBT+ organisations in decision-making and policy-making demonstrates a greater involvement of the community in the promotion of its rights; • Improved access for LGBT+ people to health services that are culturally competent and sensitive to the specific needs of LGBT+ communities; • Inclusive education, including school programs that address SOGI related issues, helping to re- duce stereotypes and discrimination in schools; • Mental health and well-being,evidenced through a decrease in rates of depression, anxiety and suicide among this population; • Increasing research and available data on LGBT+ issues, which helps to better understand chal- lenges and guide policies; • Increasing public awareness and understanding of LGBT+ issues through communication cam- paigns, which can be assessed through public opinion polls and community involvement; • The inclusion of LGBT+ people in the labour market , which might show increasing employment and equal opportunities; • An increase in the social inclusion of LGBT+ people can be assessed through increased partic- ipation in public, cultural and social life. Job Club Organisation: Associazione Quore Contact Person: Silvia Magino, M. Yassmina Dhouaieb Contact Email: segreteria@quore.org, advocacy@quore.org Objective(s): • Enhance job placement for LGBTQI+ youth • Learning active job search techniques; • Develop peer comparison through periodic appointments to co-construct research; • Constantly monitor that active research actions are carried out correctly; • Share with peers and develop a positive attitude to job search; • Increase the number of opportunities and effectiveness of active research actions; • Structure customized guidance measures to improve employability. Methodology: Weekly structured group meeting supported by labour market expert. Description (max 300 words): The JOB CLUB is a model of accompaniment to work for inactive and unemployed persons. A small group of job seekers meets weekly under the supervision of a guidance consultant and job market expert, to share and analyze active job search tools. Target Group (max 100 words): • Unemployed LGBT+ young people, Neet and first job seekers • Transgender people with difficult access to the labour market • LGBT+ people over 50 with need for reintegration • LGBT+ migrants • Residents of the neighborhood community in vulnerable conditions. Implementation Steps (max 300 words): Success Indicators (max 200 words): Qualitative evaluation Assessment of perceived quality of service by users (Customer care questionnaire) Assessment of the level of employability through: • Self-assessment on self-confidence by users • Self-assessment of user skills • Assessment by the tutor of the autonomy achieved Quantitative evaluation: • n. of participants involved: 22 • n. of applications sent: approx 50 • n. of successful applications approx 20 • n. occupations over time (1, 3, 6 and 12 months) • 10 occupied persons for three months • 4 occupied persons for 6 months • 4 occupied persons for 1 year • 2 persons currently employed Challenges and Lessons Learned (max 200 words): The vocational guidance and job placement counselling is a crucial activity in the framework of the Tohousing support program; the instability of the Italian job market, the consequences of the recent pandemic event and the general economic situation represent the hard challenges we need to face in order develop an accurate strategy to help LGBTIQ+ youth to gain financial autonomy, self-es-teem and dignity. The Job Club activity is based on three key elements that have proved to be successful in many cases: • Individualized plans to give value to soft skills • Networking with city services, public bodies and local employment agencies • Peer-to-peer methodology among project beneficiaries Recommendations (max 200 words): Over the course of its one-year implementation, the Job Club activity shows great potential in sup-porting LGBTIQ+ youth with job seeking activities: The following factors need to be taken into account when planning job placement counseling and strategies: • Involvement of professionals and job market experts • Training of social workers to support the program • Need of a long term strategy to create a shared knowledge of the topic • Strengthening of a local network of private and public institutions Grassroots Approach To Tackling Lgbtiq+ Youth Homelessness Organisation: Pride Parade Association Contact Person: Vesna Štefanec Contact Email: vesna@ljubljanapride.org Objective(s): Findings and surveys across Europe about experiencing housing difficulties shows us that there is a growing and urgent need to address questions about LGBTQIA+ youth homelessness in order to provide safety and basic human rights to all people. That has also come up in the young LGBTIQ+ community in Slovenia so we dedicated our work to starting with making the problem of LGBTQIA+ youth homelessness visible. The first objective was to research the needs and living conditions of young LGBTIQ+ people in Slovenia with a national survey on the prevalence of LGBTQIA+ youth home exclusion and home-lessness (considering ETHOS typology) (Štefanec & Morić, 2021), through which we gathered data on which to build upon. As it turned out, nearly half of the young LGBTQIA+ people (42%, n=250) who responded did not have a home that provided physical and emotional safety. Here we saw an opportunity and the main objective for a community-based grassroots approach of providing (at least) the bare minimum of safe living – crisis accommodation for LGBTQIA+ youth at risk of homelessness, provided by the people in the local community. The grassroots community-based housing can provide a short-term answer and can be seen as a transitional model of housing for other, more systemic responses to the housing vulnerability of the LGBTIQ+ youth. It should be acknowledged that these crisis accommodations provide a flexible, responsive, and immediate answer to LGBTQIA+ youth facing homelessness, by providing a safe space after the crisis occurs with a primary focus on training the people providing these accommo-dations for these specific issues, thereby not deepening the initial trauma already experienced. The main goals of the grassroots community-based housing are: • Raising awareness on the topics of homelessness, housing issues, mental health issues and social issues among all people • Promoting the topic of homelessness among young LGBTIQ+ people with the wider population • Creating a community of volunteers that can help young LGBTIQ+ people in need through be- coming hosts or social support for them • Providing spaces for crisis accommodations with the help of hosts • Ecquiping young LGBTIQ+ people with tools and strategies to maintain and improve their mental health Methodology: • Mapping of the needs: Društvo Parada Ponosa conducted the first national survey in Slovenia on the prevalence of LGBTQIA+ youth home exclusion and homelessness (considering ETHOS typology) (Štefanec & Morić, 2021), through which we gathered data on which to build upon. • Inviting volunteers for providing a safe home: Sending out a call through social media for becom- ing a local host for young LGBTIQ+ people in need • Developing a mechanism for short-term crisis accommodation: preparation for hosts through meetings, focus groups and trainings; preparing young people in need through counseling and risk assessment; introduction meeting with host and young person in need; a 24-hour period of decision making for both of them; two week stay, within the coordinator is following both the host and the young person for support and special needs. Description (max 300 words): Firstly, our non-profit organisation Društvo Parada Ponosa conducted the first national survey in Slovenia on the prevalence of LGBTQIA+ youth home exclusion and homelessness (considering ETHOS typology) (Štefanec & Morić, 2021), through which we gathered data on which to build upon. According to the findings we provided a strategy on how to answer the issues that the LGBTIQ+ youth is facing. The first and most important objective was to provide crisis accommodation and safe space for young people in need, so we started tackling the issue by sending out a call through social media, inviting people in the local community to get together and collaboratively develop a mechanism for short-term crisis accommodation, and building a network of people capable of providing short-term housing for youth. Fifteen people from various backgrounds responded to our call, including: adult LGBTQIA+ persons with lived experiences, straight allies, and even parents of LGBTQIA+ children. Next, we organised an introductory meeting where we presented our vision and discussed the roles of people from the community willing to collaborate. With the aim of making this process collabora-tive and participatory, we planned 4 focus groups for potential hosts where this mechanism would be instrumentalized, considering their wants, wishes, and capabilities. In the following months, we conducted focus groups where potential hosts mapped out their common expectations, fears, and understandings concerning the housing issue for young LGBTQIA+ persons at risk of homeless-ness. Through four focus groups, we also tried to define what are the responsibilities of hosts and the young people staying with them. The result was a hosting protocol that we all agreed upon. The program coordinator at Ljubljana Pride then conducted training for hosts where various important themes were addressed, ranging from a basic of understanding of the LGBTQIA+ community (while emphasising specific struggles of LGBTQIA+ homeless youth), to addressing self-care for hosts to prevent them from burning out. A crisis accommodation mechanism was then set in place. This new-found network of people from the local community offers the users of the SQVOT program (young LGBTQIA+ people facing home-lessness), to live with the hosts for 14 days. When a young LGBTQIA+ person with a risk of home-lessness reaches out to the program, the coordinator conducts an introductory meeting with the user that also involves a risk assessment. Based on the meeting, the coordinator then acts as a sort of ‘matchmaker’, identifying the host(s) that would, according to the specifics of the young LGBTQIA+ person in need, be the most beneficial. After that, a second meeting is conducted where all three ac-tors involved get to know each other. A 24-hour period is then given to both, the LGBTQIA+ person and the host to make a finalised decision about the stay. If all agree, the person then stays with the host free of charge for a period of two weeks, with the informal agreement of the possibility of exten-sion if required, with hosts providing them with food, shelter, and emotional support when needed. The process remains collaborative throughout the whole stay, with the coordinator collaborating indi-vidually with the LGBTQIA+ person and the host. Meetings between hosts are held regularly, where they can get to know each other and exchange experiences and insights. Four times a year addition-al training is provided for hosts, with each addressing a different topic, some of them stemming from hosts’ own unique knowledge and experience and focusing on themes important, primarily, to them. Target Group (max 100 words): LGBTIQ+ youth facing homelessness or housing difficulties. Recommendations (max 200 words): There remain a few limitations, that changing would improve the grassroots mechanism for LGBTQIA+ young people at risk of homelessness at hand. This includes increasing the pool of trained and in-formed hosts, and extending the longest stay period for young people, allowing them to truly get back on their feet and find stable long-term housing solutions. The latter should also be addressed at a systemic level, by providing stable and safe housing for all LGBTIQ+ young people at risk. Conclusion In this manual, we have explored the multifaceted issue of homelessness among LGBTIQ+ youth and the vital role that prevention plays in addressing this complex social challenge. Through a com-prehensive examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies, as well as the spe-cific roles of youth workers in each stage, we have gained valuable insights into the ways in which individuals, communities, and institutions can work together to prevent homelessness of LGBTIQ+ youth. Homelessness prevention transcends the mere provision of shelter; it encompasses a range of pro-active strategies aimed at addressing the underlying causes and risk factors that contribute to hous-ing instability among LGBTIQ+ youth. By adopting a preventative approach, society can intervene early to mitigate the impact of homelessness and empower young LGBTIQ+ individuals to thrive in safe and supportive environments. Throughout this manual, we have highlighted the critical role of youth workers in homelessness prevention efforts for LGBTIQ+ youth. From primary prevention ini-tiatives that focus on education, advocacy, and community engagement to tertiary prevention efforts that provide comprehensive support and resources, youth workers serve as frontline advocates, allies, and champions for young individuals experiencing housing instability. Addressing homeless-ness among LGBTIQ+ youth requires collaborative efforts and partnerships among various stake-holders, including government agencies, nonprofit organizations, community groups, and service providers. By working together, sharing resources, and leveraging expertise, these stakeholders can develop innovative solutions and holistic approaches that address the diverse needs of LGBTIQ+ youth and promote housing stability and well-being. Central to effective homelessness prevention is the recognition of the diverse experiences and identities within the LGBTIQ+ community. Intersec-tionality plays a crucial role in shaping the unique challenges and vulnerabilities faced by LGBTIQ+ youth, and prevention efforts must be inclusive, culturally competent, and responsive to the inter-secting needs of individuals from diverse backgrounds. As we conclude this manual, it is essential to recognize that the work of homelessness prevention is ongoing and ever-evolving. It requires a commitment to social justice, equity, and human rights, as well as a willingness to listen to the voices and experiences of those most affected by homeless-ness. By continuing to prioritize prevention, advocate for systemic change, and support the well-be-ing of LGBTIQ+ youth, we can build a more inclusive and compassionate society where every young person has the opportunity to reach their full potential. Resources Abramovich, A. (2012) • No Safe Place to Go: LGBTQ Youth Homelessness in Canada. 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Retrieved from FEANTSA FEANTSA Youth (2019) • LGBTIQ Youth Homelessness in Europe: Findings from a Survey of FEANTSA Member- ship. Retrieved from FEANTSA Keuroghlian, A. S., Shtasel, D., & Bassuk, E. L. (2014) • Out on the Street: A Public Health and Policy Agenda for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 66-72. Maccio, E. M., & Ferguson, K. M. (2016) • Services to LGBTQ Runaway and Homeless Youth: Gaps and Recommendations. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, 47-57. National Alliance to End Homelessness (2018) • LGBTQ Youth Homelessness. Retrieved from National Alliance to End Homelessness Quintana, N. S., Rosenthal, J., & Krehely, J. (2010) • On the Streets: The Federal Response to Gay and Transgender Homeless Youth. Center for American Progress. Ray, N. (2006) • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An Epidemic of Homelessness. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute and the National Coalition for the Homeless. Robinson, B. A. (2018) • Child Welfare Systems and LGBTQ Youth Homelessness: Gender Segregation, Instability, and Intersectionality. Child Welfare, 96(2), 29-45. Shelton, J. (2015) • Transgender Youth Homelessness: Understanding Programmatic Barriers Through the Lens of Cisgenderism. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 10-18. True Colors United (2018) • LGBTQ Youth Homelessness in Focus. Retrieved from True Colors United True Colors United (2019) State Index on Youth Homelessness. Retrieved from True Colors United True Colors United (2020) • At the Intersections: A Collaborative Resource on LGBTQ Youth Homelessness. Re- trieved from True Colors United True Colors United & National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (2017) • Responding to LGBTQ Youth Homelessness: A Key Issue Brief. Retrieved from True Colors United