STANE GABROVEC (1920-2015)
12. januarja 2015 nas je v svojem 95. letu starosti zapustil akademik dr. Stane Gabrovec, velikan slovenske arheologije in mednarodno priznan vrhunski znanstvenik.
Kot je sam slikovito opisal svoja mlada leta v intervjuju za Novo revijo leta 1996, je svojo prešerno mladost preživel v Kamniku, kjer se je na graščini na Zapricah 18. aprila 1920 tudi rodil. Obiskoval je škofijsko gimnazijo v Šentvidu nad Ljubljano, tedaj vrhunsko srednješolsko ustanovo na Slovenskem, kjer je 1939. leta maturiral. Tam ni dobil le odlične humanistične izobrazbe in med vrstniki prijateljev - kasneje pomembnih slovenskih intelektualcev -, temveč tudi pečat življenjske strogosti.
Po maturi je vpisal študij klasične filologije na Filozofski fakulteti v Ljubljani. Med II. svetovno vojno je bil interniran v Italiji (Gonars, Novara), po njeni kapitulaciji pa mu je uspelo prebiti se v Švico, kjer je nadaljeval študij na univerzi v Bernu. Samo po sebi umevno mu je bilo, da se je po koncu vojne vrnil in nadaljeval študij klasične filologije v povezavi z arheologijo in antično zgodovino na ljubljanski Filozofski fakulteti, kjer je leta 1948 diplomiral. Leta 1962 pa je doktoriral s tezo "Prazgodovina Gorenjske" pri prof. dr. Alojzu Bencu na Filozofski fakulteti zagrebške univerze v Zadru.
V študijskem letu 1956-57 se je kot univerzitetni asistent izpopolnjeval v arheološkem seminarju univerze v Tubingenu, in sicer pri profesorju Wolfgangu Kimmigu, sodeloval pa je tudi na slavnih arheoloških izkopavanjih na Heuneburgu ob zgornji Donavi.
Službeno pot je Gabrovec začel leta 1948 v Narodnem muzeju kot kustos za prazgodovinsko arheologijo. Kot je sam izjavil, se mu je odprl
On the 12th of January 2015, at the age of 95, the Academician Dr. Stane Gabrovec left us forever. He was a giant of Slovenian archaeology and an internationally recognized outstanding scholar and scientist.
As he himself described his youth in an interview with the magazine 'Nova revija' in 1996, he joyfully grew up in Kamnik, where he was also born, in the manor house at Zaprice on the 18th of April 1920. He attended the diocesan high school in Šentvid above Ljubljana, then the top secondary school institution in Slovenia, from which he graduated in 1939. There he obtained not merely an excellent humanistic education and friends among his peers - later important Slovenian intellectuals - but also the foundations for living a strict life.
After graduation, he began studying classical philology at the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana. During World War II he was interned in Italy (Gonars, Novara), and after its capitulation he succeeded in reaching Switzerland, where he continued his studies at the University of Bern. It goes without saying that naturally after the way he returned and continued his study of classical philology in conjunction with archeology and ancient history at the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana, where he graduated in 1948. In 1962, he received his doctorate on the subject of 'The Prehistory of Upper Carniola/Gorenjska' with the mentor Prof. Alojz Benac at the Faculty of Arts of Zagreb University in Zadar.
In the academic year 1956-57, he continued his studies as a university assistant at the archaeological seminar of the University of Tübingen by Prof. Wolfgang Kimmig, where he participated in the famous archaeological excavations at the Heuneburg on the upper Danube River.
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In memoriam
čisto nov svet, iz katerega bi najbrž zbežal, če ne bi tedanji ravnatelj prof. dr. Jože Kastelic "vsakdanjega muzejskega dela dvigal v čudoviti, polni svet antike, umetnosti in literature". Hkrati pa je kmalu spoznal, "da zahteva arheologija celega človeka, da moraš obvladati njeno obrt", kar je Gabrovcu tudi povsem uspelo, kot kaže njegova uspešna kariera. Postal je znanstveni svetnik in bil dolgoletni vodja arheološkega oddelka Narodnega muzeja vse do upokojitve leta 1987. Leta 1969 je bil izvoljen za izrednega profesorja za prazgodovinsko arheologijo ljubljanske univerze, kjer je kot pogodbeni profesor predaval na Filozofski fakulteti skoraj 20 let. Leta 1987 je postal izredni član, 1991 pa redni član Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti.
Stane Gabrovec je deloval in ključno sooblikoval slovensko arheološko vedo na treh med seboj prepletenih področjih - na muzejskem, na univerzitetno-pedagoškem in na znanstveno--raziskovalnem. Tako na prvem kot na drugem področju pa ne bi bil tako uspešen, če ne bi imel tako široke humanistične izobrazbe, če ne bi bil velik humanist in vrhunski znanstvenik.
V	Narodnem muzeju se je Gabrovec s sodelavci sprva posvečal urejanju obsežnih arheoloških zbirk in dopolnil njihovo dokumentacijo s kartotekami in arhivskim gradivom, posebej dunajskim izpred leta 1918. Kot je zapisal ob Gabrovčevi 60-letnici prof. dr. Jože Kastelic1, tedanji ravnatelj Narodnega muzeja, se je lahko jubilant z zadovoljstvom ozrl na svoje vzorno dokončano delo, ki ga je ravnatelj - Kastelic - primerjal kar s Sizifovim opravilom. Gabrovčeva zasluga je bila, da so bili po dolgih letih trdega dela arheološki depoji Narodnega muzeja urejeni, predmeti konzervirani ter depoji dostopni in odprti za nadaljnje znanstveno proučevanje.
Vendar pa se Gabrovec ni omejil le na delo v lastnem muzeju, temveč se je zavedal poslanstva Narodnega muzeja kot osrednje slovenske muzejske znanstvene ustanove. Sodeloval je namreč pri vzpostavitvi arheoloških zbirk v muzejih v Novem mestu, Brežicah in Metliki, za katere je napisal še danes branja vreden vodnik "Najstarejša zgodovina Dolenjske" (1956).
V	tej zvezi je posebne omembe vredna tudi Gabrovčeva vloga kot soorganizatorja mednarodne razstave o situlski umetnosti, spremljane z izvrstnim katalogom "Umetnost alpskih Ilirov in Venetov", ki se je v letu 1962 zvrstila od Padove prek Ljubljane do Dunaja in v takšnem obsegu in
The official career of Gabrovec began in 1948, as the curator for prehistoric archaeology at the National Museum in Ljubljana. As he himself said, a whole new world had opened up to him, from which he would probably have run away had not the then director, Prof. Jože Kastelic, 'elevated everyday museum work into a wonderful world full of antiquity, art and literature'. At the same time, he soon realized that 'archaeology requires the whole person, you have to master its craft', at which Gabrovec was entirely successful, as is shown by his successful career. He became a research advisor and the longtime head of the Archaeological Department of the National Museum until his retirement in 1987. In 1969, he was given the rank of associate professor of prehistoric archaeology at the University of Ljubljana, where he gave lectures as an adjunct professor at the Faculty of Arts for almost 20 years. In 1987 he became an associate member, and in 1991 a full member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Stane Gabrovec was active and crucial in helping shape the Slovenian archaeological discipline in three mutually related areas - museum-curating, university-teaching, and scientific-researching. Both in the first and the second field he would not have been so successful if he had not had so broad a humanistic education, and if he had not been a great humanist and excellent scientist.
In the National Museum, Gabrovec and his colleagues first dedicated themselves to arranging the extensive archaeological collections and supplementing their documentation with files and archival material, particularly that from Vienna before 1918. As he wrote in the works collected in honor of Gabrovec's 60th birthday, Prof. Jože Kastelic,1 then the director of the National Museum, stated that the celebrant could look back with satisfaction on his exemplary completed work, which the director - Kastelic - compared to a Sisyphean task. It was due to Gabrovec that after many years of hard work the archaeological storage areas of the National Museum were properly arranged, the objects conserved, and the storerooms accessible and open to further scientific study.
However, Gabrovec did not limit himself to work in his own museum, rather he was aware of the responsibility of the National Museum as the central Slovenian museum (and scientific) institution. He participated in the establishment
1 J. Kastelic, Ob šestdesetletnici. Zbornik, posvečen Stanetu Gabrovcu ob šestdesetletnici. Situla 20/21, 1980, 5-8.
1 J. Kastelic, Ob šestdesetletnici. Zbornik, posvečen Stanetu Gabrovcu ob šestdesetletnici. Situla 20/21, 1980, 5-8.
In memoriam
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Stična, gomila 48. Arheološka izkopavanja Narodnega muzeja Slovenije leta 1960, vodja Stane Gabrovec (arhiv AO NMS).
Stična, Tumulus 48. Archaeological excavations by the National Museum of Slovenia in 1960, directed by Stane Gabrovec.
kvaliteti še ni doživela "ponovitve". O njegovem visokem znanstvenem nivoju in izredni stroko vno--organizacijski zavzetosti pričata tudi priznanji, ki sta mu jih izkazali italijanski znanstveni ustanovi: leta 1963 je postal dopisni član Inštituta za prazgodovino in protozgodovino Italije, leta 1972 pa dopisni član Inštituta za etruščanske in italske študije v Firencah.
Izredno pomembna in hkrati častna naloga je bila Gabrovcu zaupana tudi leta 1971, ko je vodil sekcijo za bronasto in železno dobo na 8. svetovnem kongresu za prazgodovinske in protozgodovinske vede v Beogradu (Union Internationale des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques).
Tvorno je sodeloval tudi na veliki evropski razstavi o halštatski kulturi leta 1980 v Steyrju, ki je bila postavljena pod vodstvom dvornega svetnika dr. Wilhelma Angelija, vodje Prazgodovinskega oddelka dunajskega Naravoslovnega muzeja ("Die Hallstattkultur. Frühform europäischer Einheit. Internationale Ausstellung des Landes Oberö-
of archaeological collections in museums in Novo Mesto, Brežice, and Metlika, for which he wrote the guide (still worth reading) 'The Earliest History of Lower Carniola' (1956).
In this context, Gabrovec's role is especially noteworthy as co-organizer of the international exhibition of Situla Art, accompanied by the excellent catalog 'The Art of the Alpine Illyrians and Veneti', which in 1962 travelled from Padua via Ljubljana to Vienna and has still not been exceeded in terms of scope and quality. His elevated scientific level and extraordinary professional and organizational commitment were also testified by the recognition awarded to him by Italian scientific institutions: in 1963 he became a corresponding member of the Institute of the Prehistory and Protohistory of Italy, and in 1972 a corresponding member of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies in Florence.
An exceptionally important and also honorable assignment was entrusted to Gabrovec in 1971, when he chaired the section on the Bronze and Iron Ages at the 8th World Congress of Prehistoric and Proto-historic Sciences in Belgrade (Union Internationale des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques).
He also actively participated in the major European exhibition on the Hallstatt Culture in 1980 in Steyr, which was placed under the authority of court councilor Dr. Wilhelm Angeli, the director of the Prehistoric Department of the Vienna Natural History Museum ('Die Hallstattkultur. Frühform Europäischer Einheit. Internationale Ausstellung des Landes Oberösterreich, 15. April bis 26. Oktober 1980, Schloß Lamberg, Steyr').
In addition to strictly museum activities, Gab-rovec's investigations in the field were also extremely important. Along with Dr. Jože Kastelic, he excavated the prehistoric and early Slavic cemetery at Pristava near Bled in 1948-1951. For that time, the monographic publication of the prehistoric finds from Bled was also exemplary (1960). He later investigated other sites, such as Kobarid (1976, 1977), Tolmin and Bohinj (1974), and not merely sites in the Slovenian Littoral/Primorska and Upper Carniola/Gorenjska, but also in Lower Carniola/ Dolenjska. Among his earlier investigations was the excavation and excellent publication of the tumulus at Volčje Njive (1956), while the most important were the archaeological excavations at Stična. From 1960 to 1975, Gabrovec directed truly extensive excavations at Stična. Further, he continued excavating the giant burial mounds at Vrhpolje near Šentvid, whose investigation had been started in 1946 - as the first systematic archaeological exca-
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In memoriam
sterreich, 15. April bis 26. Oktober 1980, Schloß Lamberg, Steyr").
Poleg strogega muzealskega dela je nadvse pomembno tudi Gabrovčevo terensko delo. Z dr. Jožetom Kastelicem sta v letih 1948-1951 izkopavala staroslovansko in prazgodovinsko grobišče na Pristavi pri Bledu. Za takratne časa zgledna je tudi monografska objava blejskih prazgodovinskih najdb (1960). Kasneje je raziskoval še druga najdišča, npr. v Kobaridu (1976, 1977), Tolminu in Bohinju (1974), a ne le na Primorskem in Gorenjskem, temveč tudi na Dolenjskem. Med njegova zgodnja dela sodi izkopavanje in odlična objava gomile v Volčjih Njivah (1956), a najpomembnejše so bile arheološke raziskave v Stični. Od 1960 do 1975 je Gabrovec namreč vodil res obsežna izkopavanja v Stični. Najprej je nadaljeval izkopavanje mogočne gomile na Vrhpolju pri Šentvidu, raziskave katere je leta 1946 - kot prvo sistematično arheološko izkopavanje po II. svetovni vojni - začel že dr. Jože Kastelic.2 Nato se je posvetil raziskavam na naselbini - na Cvingerju nad Virom pri Stični -ter nazadnje vodil še izkopavanje gomile na Virski gmajni.3 Ta izkopavanja so prav zaradi Gabrovče-vega mednarodnega ugleda prerasla v mednarodna arheološka izkopavanja, kar je bil za takratni čas izredni uspeh. Pri izkopavanjih so namreč poleg arheološkega seminarja Filozofske fakultete ljubljanske univerze sodelovali Arheološki seminar univerze iz Marburga na Lahni pod vodstvom prof. dr. Otto-Hermana Freya in dr. Volkerja Pingla ter Smithsonian Institute iz Washingtona pod vodstvom prof. dr. Stephena Foltinyja.
Arheološka izkopavanja v Stični so bila v mnogih pogledih pionirska, ne le z raziskovalnega stališča, temveč tudi izobraževalnega - bila so dragocena šola modernih izkopavanj, odlična šola tudi za nas - takratne študente arheologije, ne le z ljubljanske univerze, temveč tudi z drugih univerz, saj so bili med udeleženci izkopavanj tudi nemški, avstrijski, italijanski, madžarski in ameriški študentje. Postala so paradigmatična za moderno načrtovane arheološke raziskave v Sloveniji. Zaobjela so različne segmente celotnega poselitvenega prostora, od sistematičnih topografskih pregledov širše okolice, izmere in izdelave novih načrtov tlorisov naselbine
2	Gomila je bila najprej označena kot I. gomila, kasneje v končni objavi (2006) kot gomila 48.
3	Gomila je bila najprej poimenovana po lastniku zemljišča kot Tratarjeva gomila, kasneje kot 5. gomila.
vations after World War II - by Dr. Jože Kastelic.2 He then concentrated on excavations at the nearby settlement - at Cvinger above Vir pri Stični - and finally led further excavations of the tumulus at Virska gmajna.3 This excavation evolved into an international archaeological excavation because of Gabrovec's international reputation, which for the time was an extraordinary success. In addition to the Archaeological department of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana, the excavations were joined by staff of the University of Marburg on the Lahn, led by Prof. Otto-Herman Frey and Dr. Volker Pingel, and the Smithsonian Institute from Washington, led by Prof. Stephen Foltiny.
The archaeological excavations at Stična were pioneering in many aspects, not merely from the research point of view, but also in terms of education - as a valuable school of modern excavation methods, and also an excellent school for us archaeology students at the time - not merely from the Ljubljana university, but also other universities, as German, Austrian, Italian, Hungarian, and American students also participated in the excavations. The excavations became the paradigm for modern planned archaeological investigations in Slovenia. They encompassed various segments of the entire settlement area, from systematic topographic survey of the wider vicinity, measuring and making new plans of the layout of the settlement and tumulus cemetery,4 to systematic excavations of two tumuli and parts of the fortified settlement at Cvinger, where 22 trenches were excavated. Several sections of the walls and the interior of the settlement were investigated (1994).5 The excavations have produced important new insights into the origins of the powerful Iron Age settlement above Vir pri Stični -known already by Josip Jurčič6 - one of the largest in the southeastern Alpine region, and certainly
2	The tumulus was first denoted as Tumulus I, and later in the final publication (2006) as Tumulus 48.
3	The tumulus was first named by the owner of the land as Tratar Tumulus, and later as Tumulus 5.
4	In this topographic measurement, the fruitful collaboration of Gabrovec with Dr. Mitja Brodar should be mentioned in particular.
5	The excavation results were promptly presented at professional meetings and symposia, and published in various journals and acts of symposia. See the bibliography of Gabrovec.
6	J. Kastelic, Jurčičevo zanimanje za prazgodovinske gomile v Stični. Zbornik občine Grosuplje 11, 1980, 175-178.
In memoriam
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Stična, prazgodovinska naselbina na Cvingerju. Arheološka izkopavanja Narodnega muzeja Slovenije leta 1970. Stane Gabrovec s profila opazuje meritve in risanje profila v sondi (arhiv AO NMS). Stična, the prehistoric settlement at Cvinger. Archaeological excavations by the National Museum of Slovenia in 1970. Stane Gabrovec observing the measuring and drawing of the trench profile.
in gomilnega grobišča4 do sistematičnih izkopavanj dveh gomil in pa predelov v utrjeni naselbini na Cvingerju, kjer je bilo izkopanih kar 22 sond. Z njimi je bilo raziskanih več odsekov obzidja in notranjosti naselbine (1994).5 Izkopavanja so
4	Pri teh topografskih meritvah naj posebno omenimo tudi plodno sodelovanje Gabrovca z dr. Mitjem Brodarjem.
5	Rezultati izkopavanj so bili sprotno predstavljeni na
strokovnih srečanjih in simpozijih ter objavljeni v različnih
strokovnih revijah in aktih simpozijev. Glej Gabrovčevo bibliografijo.
in Lower Carniola/Dolenjska.7 It was shown, in fact, that Cvinger near Stična, despite its immense size, had been planned and built in 'one go', so to speak, so that it represents a historic act dated to the 8th century BC. Despite its ups and downs, which are quite identifiable on the basis of multiple renovations to the walls, the settlement at Cvinger continued in existence up to the Roman occupation
7 Cf. J. Dular, S. Tecco Hvala, South-Eastern Slovenia in the Early Iron Age. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 12, 2007.
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In memoriam
prinesla pomembna nova spoznanja o nastanku mogočne železnodobne naselbine nad Virom pri Stični, ene največjih v jugovzhodnem predalpskem prostoru, zagotovo pa na Dolenjskem,6 ki jo je poznal že Josip Jurčič.7 Pokazala so namreč, da je bil stiški Cvinger v vsej svoji velikosti načrtovan in zgrajen tako rekoč v "enem zamahu", torej da gre za zgodovinsko dejanje, datirano v 8. st. pr. n. št. Kljub svojim vzponom in padcem, ki so dobro razpoznavni na osnovi večkratnih obnov obzidja, je naselbina na Cvingerju obstala vse do rimske zasedbe naših krajev. O njenih prebivalcih, o njihovi družbi, kot je razvidna iz načina pokopavanja v skupinskih, rodovno-družinskih gomilah, pa govorijo na novo proučene stiške gomile, ki kažejo na mogočne rodove, ki so "virsko belo mesto" zgradili in ki so nato več stoletij dajali dolenjski halštatski kulturi odločilni pečat (2006, 2008/2010). Skratka, stiška izkopavanja so dala povsem nov uvid v zgodovino dolenjske kulturne skupine, ki ima med železnodobnimi kulturami Slovenije in tudi v širšem okviru Srednje Evrope ter Balkana zelo pomembno mesto.
Z odlično izpeljanimi obsežnimi izkopavanji in z nepričakovanimi, nadvse pomembnimi rezultati raziskav je Stane Gabrovec še povečal svoj mednarodni ugled, nedvomno največji, ki ga je kdaj užival slovenski arheolog. Poleg že omenjenega častnega članstva v italijanskih znanstvenih ustanovah je leta 1967 postal izredni, leta 1977 pa redni član Nemškega arheološkega inštituta v Berlinu, 1985 pa dopisni član Bavarske akademije znanosti v Munchnu.
Kot je že iz doslej povedanega razvidno, je bilo glavno znanstveno delo Staneta Gabrovca posvečeno prav raziskovanju bronaste in železne dobe. Na podlagi arheoloških izkopavanj in sistematičnih objav gradiva je s svojimi številnimi študijami gradil pot do sinteze o bronasti in železni dobi na slovenskem ozemlju in njegovem sosedstvu. Izdelal je novo kronologijo za bronasto, starejšo in mlajšo železno dobo. Še posebej njegov koncept periodizacije halštatskega obdobja je doživel splošno mednarodno odmevnost ter obdržal svojo veljavnost vse do danes (1964-1965, 1966, 1973). Na novo je opredelil kulturne skupine halštatskega in latenskega obdobja kot prvi na Slovenskem ter orisal njihovo
6	Primerjaj J. Dular, S. Tecco Hvala, Jugovzhodna Slovenija v starejši železni dobi. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 12, 2007.
7	J. Kastelic, Jurčičevo zanimanje za prazgodovinske gomile v Stični. Zbornik občine Grosuplje 11, 1980, 175-178.
of this area. Information about its inhabitants and their society, as was evident from the manner of burial in collective clan-family tumuli, is offered by the newly reviewed Stična tumuli, which point to powerful clans who built the 'white shining town' of Vir and who gave a decisive stamp to the Lower Carniola Hallstatt Culture for several centuries (2006, 2008/2010). In short, the excavations at Stična gave a completely new insight into the history of the Lower Carniola/Dolenjska cultural group, which holds a very important place among the Iron Age cultures of Slovenia and also in the wider context of Central Europe and the Balkans.
With excellently executed extensive excavations and unexpected, highly important research results Stane Gabrovec further increased his international reputation, undoubtedly the greatest ever enjoyed by a Slovenian archaeologist. In addition to the already mentioned honorary membership in Italian scientific institutions, in 1967 he became an associate, and in 1977 a regular member of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin, and in 1985 a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich.
As is already evident from the above, the main scientific focus of Stane Gabrovec was dedicated to research into the Bronze and Iron Ages. On the basis of archaeological excavations and the systematic publication of material he built with his numerous studies the route to syntheses about the Bronze and Iron Ages on Slovenian territory and its vicinity. He created a new chronology for the Bronze Age, and the earlier and later Iron Age. In particular, his concept for the periodization of the Hallstatt period has experienced a general international recognition and has retained its validity until the present (1964-1965, 1966, 1973). He was the first in Slovenia to redefine the cultural groups of the Hallstatt and La Tene periods and outline their cultural-historical image (1966). His fundamental research about individual types of elements of the material culture and studies in the field of spiritual culture are also numerous. Among the former, special mention should be made of discussions of defensive weapons in the Hallstatt period - bell-shaped cuirasses (1960) and various types of helmets (1950, 1962-1963, 1965, 1966) - and about jewelry, such as double-looped bow fibulae (1970), and also studies on Situla Art (1962, 1964-1965, 1977, 1980, 1984). He also readdressed problems about the ethnicity of populations of the Iron Age cultures in Slovenia and the Balkans (1964, 1990). He summarized the results of his numerous studies in the synthetic surveys of the Bronze and
In memoriam
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kulturnohistorično podobo (1966). Številne so tudi njegove temeljne raziskave o posameznih zvrsteh materialne kulture in študije s področja duhovne kulture. Med prvimi velja posebej omeniti razprave o zaščitnem orožju v halštatskem obdobju - o zvončastih oklepih (1960) in različnih vrstah čelad (1950, 1962-1963, 1965, 1966) - in pa o nakitu, kot so dvozankaste ločne fibule (1970), med drugimi tiste
0	situlski umetnosti (1962, 1964-1965, 1977, 1980, 1984). Na novo je postavil tudi probleme etničnih nosilcev železnodobnih kultur na Slovenskem in Balkanu (1964, 1990). Rezultate svojih številnih študij je strnil v sintetičnih prikazih bronaste in železne dobe Slovenije in Istre, ki so izšli v okviru monumentalnega dela "Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja", v IV. in V. knjigi, prva je posvečena bronasti (Bronzano doba, 1983), druga železni dobi (Željezno doba, 1987). Ta izjemni opus magnum o jugoslovanski arheologiji, pri ustvarjanju katerega je bil Gabrovec aktivno soudeležen, tudi kot soure-dnik V. knjige, je nastal pod vodstvom akademika prof. dr. Alojza Benca v Centru za balkanološka ispitivanja na Akademiji nauka i umjetnosti Bosne
1	Hercegovine v Sarajevu. Z delovanjem tega Centra je bil namreč Gabrovec tesno povezan, saj je bil njegov redni član že od 1962. leta dalje.
Ob vseh naštetih delih ne smemo pozabiti na Gabrovčev pomemben delež pri nastajanju arheološke karte Slovenije, epohalnega leksikona vseh do tedaj znanih arheoloških najdišč, ki je nastajal pod okriljem Medakademijskega odbora za izdajo arheološke karte Jugoslavije pod predsedstvom akademika Srečka Brodarja. Gabrovec je bil član slovenskega uredniškega odbora, pisec temeljnih razprav o naselitveni zgodovini Slovenije v hal-štatskem in latenskem obdobju ter avtor gesel za številna najdišča. Slovenski zvezek, ki je poleg Arheološke karte Bosne in Hercegovine8 edini realiziran, je leta 1975 izdal Inštitut za arheologijo SAZU pod naslovom "Arheološka najdišča Slovenije". Gabrovec pa ni sodeloval le pri tem projektu inštituta, temveč tudi pri drugih, med drugim je
8 Arheološka karta BiH, ki šteje 4 enote v sedmih zvezkih, je izšla 1988. Njen glavni urednik je bil akademik Borivoj Čovic. Vendar naj na tem mestu omenimo, da sta na Hrvaškem doslej izšla zvezek Registar arheoloških nalaza i nalazišta sjeverozapadne Hrvatske pod uredništvom Marine Šimek (1977, druga izdaja 1997) in pa reprezentančna izdaja Stotinu hrvatskih arheoloških nalazišta pod uredništvom Aleksandra Durmana. Omenimo naj, da so v Srbiji začeli izdajati zvezke Arheološka grada Srbije, katerih iniciator in glavni avtor je Mile Stojic (Niš, 2006; Kruševac, 2006; Požarevac, 2008; Leskovac, 2010).
Iron Ages in Slovenia and Istria that were published in the framework of the monumental work 'The Prehistory of the South Slavic Lands', in volumes IV and V, the first dedicated to the Bronze Age (Bronzano doba, 1983), the second to the Iron Age (Željezno doba, 1987). This exceptional opus magnum about Yugoslavian archaeology, in which Gabrovec was actively involved, also participating as the co-editor of volume V, was created under the leadership of the Academician Prof. Alojz Benac of the Center for Balkan Studies at the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Gabrovec was closely tied to the activities of this Center, as he was a member of it from 1962 onwards.
Along with all the above achievements, Gabrovec's important part in the creation of the Archaeological Map of Slovenia should not be forgotten. This epochal lexicon of all until then known archaeological sites, which was formed under the auspices of the Inter-Academy Committee to publish an archaeological map of Yugoslavia, chaired by Academician Srečko Brodar. Gabrovec was a member of the Slovenian editorial board, the author of fundamental discussions about the settlement history of Slovenia in the Hallstatt and La Tene periods, and the author of the identification terms for many sites. The volume for Slovenia, which was the only one to be issued other than the Archaeological Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina,8 was published in 1975 by the Institute of Archaeology of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) with the title 'Arheološka najdišča Slovenije/The Archaeological Sites of Slovenia'. Gabrovec did not participate merely in this project of the Institute, but also many others, and among other things he was for many years a member of the editorial board of the central Slovenian archaeological journal Arheološki vestnik.9
8	The Archaeological Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which consists of 4 units in seven volumes, was published in 1988. Its main editor was the Academician Borivoj Čovic. It should also be mentioned that in Croatia so far have been published a 'Register of Archaeological Finds and Sites of Northwestern Croatia', edited by Marina Šimek (1977, second edition 1997) and the publication 'A Hundred Croatian Archaeological Sites', edited by Aleksandar Durman. In Serbia, they have begun to publish volumes of 'The Archaeological Material of Serbia', whose initiator and main author is Mile Stojic (Niš, 2006; Kruševac, 2006; Požarevac, 2008; Leskovac, 2010).
9	Member of the editorial board from 1962 to 2012, member of the Scientific Committee of the Institute from 1983 to 1 October 2012.
18
In memoriam
bil dolgoletni član uredniškega odbora osrednjega slovenskega strokovnega glasila Arheološki vestnik.9
Izjemna osebnost je bil Gabrovec tudi kot univerzitetni profesor. Leta 1969, ko je postal predstojnik oddelka za arheologijo na Filozofski fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani profesor dr. Jože Kastelic, do tedaj ravnatelj Narodnega muzeja, je pripeljal na oddelek novega profesorja za prazgodovinsko arheologijo - dr. Staneta Gabrovca. Skupaj sta ustvarila na arheološkem oddelku povsem novo študijsko atmosfero, odprla sta nam nova obzorja arheološke vede. To ni bilo povezano le s takrat na novo urejeno knjižnico, ki je bila pred tem nedostopna za nas študente, in z ureditvijo nove seminarske sobe, kjer smo lahko nemoteno študirali, temveč z odličnimi rednimi predavanji in seminarji ter ekskurzijami, hkrati pa so se nam odprle možnosti sodelovanja na arheoloških izkopavanjih, predvsem v Stični.
S svojimi izredno sistematičnimi in inspi-rativnimi predavanji nas je profesor Gabrovec popeljal v svet arheološke znanosti, v zapleteno problematiko prazgodovine, še posebej nam je odkrival in približal obdobje tako imenovanega cvetočega dolenjskega halštata. V seminarjih pa smo spoznavali pravo znanstvenoraziskovalno delo. Očitno je po Gabrovčevi presoji seminarsko delo doseglo takšen nivo, da je zasnoval z nami poseben raziskovalni projekt, usmerjen v kronološko problematiko slovenskega halštatskega obdobja. Rezultate smo skupaj predstavili na mednarodnem kolokviju v Novem mestu leta 1972, objavljenem v Arheološkem vestniku 24, 1973 (1975). Od takrat se govori, ne le v Sloveniji, temveč v širšem evropskem prostoru, o Gabrovčevi ljubljanski šoli - podobno torej kot na primer o marburški šoli Gera von Merharta,10 slavni v sredini prejšnjega stoletja, ali o Kossackovi munchenski šoli.
Gabrovec pa nam ni posredoval le vrline akademskega študija in nas vpeljal v metodološke postopke terenskih izkopavanj, ampak nam je odprl prenekatera vrata v tuje muzeje in muzejske depoje, pa tudi v seminarje na univerzah v tujini.
Kot vodja arheološkega oddelka Narodnega muzeja je Stane Gabrovec skrbel za sistematično objavo arheoloških zbirk lastnega muzeja,11 kar je nato kot
9	Član uredniškega odbora od 1962-2012, član Znanstvenega sveta inštituta od 1983 do 1. 10. 2012.
10	Gabrovec, Arheo 4, 1984.
11	V tej zvezi velja omeniti tudi številne objave gradiva predvsem arheoloških najdišč Dolenjske izpod peresa dr. Vide Stare, tedaj kustodinje v Narodnem muzeju, tako v
Gabrovec was also an outstanding figure as a university professor. In 1969, when Prof. Jože Kastelic, until then director of the National Museum, became the head of the Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana, he introduced to the department also a new professor of prehistoric archaeology - Dr. Stane Gabrovec. Together they created an entirely new academic atmosphere in the archaeological department, and opened new horizons for students in the discipline of archaeology. This was related not merely to the newly organized library, which had previously been inaccessible to students, and the arrangement of the new seminar rooms, where we were able to study undisturbed, but also the excellent scheduled lectures and seminars and field trips, while at the same time, the possibilities were offered of participating in archaeological excavations, primarily at Stična.
With his extremely systematic and inspiring lectures, Professor Gabrovec led us into the world of archaeological science, the complex problems of prehistory, and particularly uncovered and brought us close to the period of the so-called flourishing Lower Carniola/Dolenjska Hallstatt.
In the seminars, we were introduced to true scientific research. Apparently Gabrovec had decided that the seminar works had achieved an elevated level, and he established with his students a special research project, oriented to the chronological problems of the Hallstatt period in Slovenia. The results were presented together at an international colloquium in Novo Mesto in 1972, and published in the journal Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975). Since then, not merely in Slovenia, but rather in a broader European context, it was possible to speak of Gabrovec's Ljubljana school - similar, for example, to the Marburg school of Gero von Merhart10, famous in the middle of the last century, as well as Kossack's Munich school.
Gabrovec not only instilled in us the virtues of academic study and introduced us to methodological procedures in field excavations, but also opened many doors to foreign museums and museum storerooms, as well as seminars at universities abroad.
As the head of the Archaeological department of the National Museum, Stane Gabrovec was responsible for the systematic publication of the archaeological collections of his own museum,11 which he as a pro-
10	Gabrovec, Arheo 4, 1984.
11	In this context, we should also mention the numerous publications of material, mainly from the archaeological sites of Lower Carniola written by Dr. Vida Stare, then a
In memoriam
19
profesor zaupal tudi svojim študentom.12 Hkrati pa se je zavedal, da je potrebna objava celotnega starega fonda arheološkega gradiva, ki se zaradi zgodovinskih danosti hrani v tujih muzejih - na Dunaju, v Gradcu, Trstu, Oxfordu, Harvardu,13 kar je pomenilo, da je bilo to gradivo nedostopno za znanstveno raziskovanje v Sloveniji. Zato je skupaj z akademikom dr. Jaroslavom Šašlom zasnoval projekt "Dokumentiranje arheoloških najdb s slovenskega prostora v tujih muzejih". V okviru tega projekta smo njegovi študentje zrisali, opisali in proučili večino najdb, ki jih hranijo na Dunaju in v Gradcu. Rezultat tega dela so bile najprej številne diplomske, magistrske in doktorske naloge, ki so objavljene ali v obliki člankov v strokovnih revijah14 ali pa monografsko v zbirki Katalogi in monografije Narodnega muzeja Slovenije.15 V ta sklop sodi tudi objava gradiva s Szombathyjevih izkopavanj na nekropoli na Mostu na Soči, ki so potekala pred I. svetovno vojno.16 Le-ta predstavlja doslej eno izmed največjih raziskanih nekropol iz
Arheološkem vestniku kot tudi v Katalogih in monografijah 10, 1973, in 18, 1980.
12	Glej npr. J. Dular, Podzemelj. Katalogi in monografije 16, 1978.
13	Na tem mestu naj omenimo, da so arheološke najdbe z Magdalenske gore in iz Stične iz Mecklenburške zbirke, ki jih je med obema vojnama kupil harvardski Peabody Museum, že objavljene. Objavo sta z znatno strokovno podporo Gabrovca pripravila Hugh Hencken (The Iron Age Cemetery of Magdalenska gora in Slovenia. Mecklenburg Collection, Part II. American School of Prehistoric Research -Bulletin 32, Harvard 1978) in Peter S. Wells (The Emergence of an Iron Age Economy. The Mecklenburg grave groups from Hallstatt and Stična. Mecklenburg Collection, Part III. American School of Prehistoric Research - Bulletin 33, Harvard 1981). Neobjavljene so ostale najdbe iz Vinice in primorskih najdišč (primerjaj Treasures of Carniola, New York 1934).
14	Kot primere naj navedemo le nekatere izmed njih: M. Guštin, Kronologija notranjske skupine. Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 461-506; J. Dular, Bela krajina v starohalštatskem obdobju. Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 544-591; P. Kos, Koritnica ob Bači. Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 848-873; V. Kučar, Prahistorijska nekropola Beram. Histria archaeologica 10/1, 1979, 85-131, Tab. 1-20.
15	Npr. M. Guštin, Notranjska. K začetkom železne dobe na severnem Jadranu. Katalogi in monografije 17, 1979; A. Dular, Prazgodovinska grobišča v okolici Vinjega vrha nad Belo Cerkvijo. Šmarjeta II. Katalogi in monografije 26, 1991; M. Guštin, Posočje v mlajši železni dobi. Katalogi in monografije 27, 1991; S. Tecco Hvala, J. Dular, E. Kocuvan, Železnodobne gomile na Magdalenski gori. Katalogi in monografije 36, 2004.
16	Katalogi in monografije 22, 1983; 23/1-2, 1984-1985.
fessor also entrusted to his students.12 At the same time he was aware that the publication was necessary of entire earlier collections of archaeological material from Slovenia that because of certain historical realities are kept in foreign museums - in Vienna, Graz, Trieste, Oxford, and Harvard,13 meaning that this material was inaccessible for scientific research in Slovenia. So, together with the Academician Dr. Jaroslav Šašel he founded the project 'The documentation of archaeological finds from Slovenian territory in foreign museums'. In the framework of this project, we, his students, drew, described, and studied the majority of finds that are kept in Vienna and Graz in Austria. The initial results of this work were numerous undergraduate, masters, and doctoral theses, which were published either in the form of articles in professional journals,14 or as monographs in the series Katalogi in monografije/ Catalogues and Monographs of the National Museum of Slovenia.15 This also includes the publication of
curator in the National Museum, both in Arheološki vestnik and in Katalogi in monografije 10, 1973, and 18, 1980.
12	See e.g. J. Dular, Podzemelj. Katalogi in monografije
16,	1978.
13	At this point it should be mentioned that the archaeological finds from Magdalenska Gora and from Stična from the Mecklenburg Collection, which was purchased between the two world wars by the Peabody Museum in Harvard, have been published. The publication, with considerable professional support from Gabrovec, was prepared by Hugh Hencken (The Iron Age Cemetery of Magdalenska gora in Slovenia. Mecklenburg Collection, Part II. American School of Prehistoric Research - Bulletin 32, Harvard 1978) and Peter S. Wells (The Emergence of an Iron Age Economy. The Mecklenburg grave groups from Hallstatt and Stična. Mecklenburg Collection, Part III. American School of Prehistoric Research - Bulletin 33, Harvard 1981). The finds from Vinica and coastal sites have remained unpublished (cf. Treasures of Carniola, New York 1934).
14	To cite only a few of them as examples: M. Guštin, Cronologia del gruppo preistorico della Notranjska (Carniola Interna). Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 461-506; J. Dular, Die Bela krajina in der frühen Hallstattzeit. Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 544-591; P. Kos, Koritnica an der Bača. Arheološki vestnik 24, 1973 (1975) 848-873; V. Kučar, La nécropole préhistorique de Béram. Histria archaeologica 10/1, 1979, 85-131, Pl. 1-20.
15	E.g. M. Guštin, Notranjska. Zu den Anfängen der Eisenzeit an der nördlichen Adria. Katalogi in monografije
17,	1979; A. Dular, Die vorgeschichtlichen Nekropolen in der Umgebung von Vinji Vrh oberhalb von Bela Cerkev. Šmarjeta II. Katalogi in monografije 26, 1991; M. Guštin, Posočje in der jüngeren Eisenzeit. Katalogi in monografije 27, 1991; S. Tecco Hvala, J. Dular, E. Kocuvan, Eisenzeitliche Grabhügel auf der Magdalenska gora. Katalogi in monografije 36, 2004.
20
In memoriam
starejše železne dobe v srednji Evropi.17 Prav te objave o najpomembnejših slovenskih prazgodovinskih najdiščih so plod Gabrovčeve šole, so dokaz, kakšen uspeh je požel Gabrovec kot univerzitetni profesor. Brez njega jih nikoli ne bi bilo, kajti pod njegovim mentorstvom smo jih ustvarili njegovi učenci. Gabrovčeva šola je postala še bolj prepoznavna daleč prek meja naše ožje domovine. Njemu gre zahvala, da sta se arheološki oddelek Filozofske fakultete in z njim slovenska arheologija dvignila na raven velikih evropskih središč za arheološke prazgodovinske študije.
Arheološka veda se je Stanetu Gabrovcu kot enemu vodilnih poznavalcev prazgodovine v srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi oddolžila z vrsto priznanj. Poleg že omenjenih, ki so mu jih podelile italijanske, nemške, jugoslovanske in na koncu tudi slovenske znanstvene inštitucije, naj na tem mestu spomnim, da je leta 1996 prejel nagrado za življenjsko delo Slovenskega arheološkega društva, leta 2000 pa je bil odlikovan z Zoisovo nagrado za življenjsko delo.
Trajno priznanje Stanetu Gabrovcu kot odličnemu predstavniku arheološke vede pa predstavlja zbornik, posvečen njegovi 60. obletnici, ki ga je pripravil Narodni muzej Slovenije. V njem so zbrane številne znanstvene razprave prominentnih tujih in domačih arheologov (Situla 20-21, 1980). Za njegovo 80. obletnico smo mu njegovi učenci pod pokroviteljstvom SAZU pripravili znanstveno srečanje, na katerem je bil s številnimi prispevki še enkrat poudarjen pomen Staneta Gabrovca kot univerzitetnega profesorja in izjemnega znanstvenika (Arheološki vestnik 52, 2001). Za njegovo 90. obletnico pa je potekala svečanost v njegovem rojstnem kraju, na gradu Zaprice, sedaj kamniškem muzeju. Njemu na čast je prišlo na graščino veliko število obiskovalcev, med njimi njegovi prijatelji, kolegi, učenci. Tam blizu je našel tudi svoj zadnji počitek.
Biba TERŽAN
the material from Szombathy's excavation of the cemetery in Most na Soči, which took place prior to World War I.16 It represents one of the largest ever investigated cemeteries from the Early Iron Age in Central Europe.17 Such publications about the most important Slovenian prehistoric sites were the result of the 'Gabrovec school', proving what successes Gabrovec achieved as a university professor. Without him what his students accomplished under his supervision would never have existed. The Ga-brovec school has become even more recognizable far beyond the borders of our homeland. It is thanks to him that the Archaeological Department of the Faculty of Arts, and with it Slovenian archeology, was raised to the level of major European centers for prehistoric archaeological studies.
The discipline of archaeology in return has reciprocated by granting several awards to Stane Gabrovec as one of the leading experts on prehistory in Central and Southeastern Europe. In addition to the already mentioned recognitions awarded to him by the Italian, German, Yugoslavian, and at the end even Slovenian scientific institutions, it should be mentioned that in 1996 he received the lifetime achievement award from the Slovenian Archaeological Society, and in 2000 he was awarded the Zois Award for his lifetime of work.
One lasting recognition of Stane Gabrovec as an excellent representative of the discipline of archaeology is the volume of collected works on the occasion of his 60th birthday, prepared for him by the National Museum of Slovenia. It contains numerous scientific articles by distinguished Slovenian and foreign archaeologists (Situla 20-21, 1980). For his 80th birthday, under the auspices of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts his students prepared a scientific meeting where, with many contributions, the importance was once again underlined of Stane Gabrovec as a university professor and an exceptional scientist (Arheološki vestnik 52, 2001). For his 90th anniversary, a ceremony was held at his birthplace, the Zaprice Castle, now the Museum of Kamnik. A large number of visitors came to the manor house to honor him, including his friends, colleagues, and students. Nearby he also found his last resting place.
17 Žal izkopavanja tržaškega arheologa Carla Marchesettija, ki so potekala deloma sočasno s Szombathyjevimi pred I. svetovno vojno, še niso doživela moderne sistematične objave.
16	Katalogi in monografije 22, 1983; 23/1-2, 1984-1985.
17	Unfortunately, the excavations by the Trieste archaeologist Carl Marchesetti, which took place partly at the same time as Szombathy's before World War I, have not yet undergone a modern systematic publication.