Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies
Peter Pavel Klasinc, Dr.
Director of the International Institute for Archival Science of Trieste and Maribor, Via A. La Marmora 17
34139 Trieste, Italy e-mail: peter.klasinc@guest.arnes.si
INTRODUCTION
At the Conference International Archival Day 2011 we are dealing with the topics on the relation among archives and states/societies1 in the world. We agreed upon such topic last year at the assembly of regularly appointed members of the IIAS Trieste - Maribor, because we want members and other invited lecturers to present research results on the role of archives of the past, present and future.
We want to get answers to the questions: What were the relations between archives and states/ societies in the past? How are they today? We are especially excited to get information on what role they will have or should have in the future modern societies. The success of the results will show this years issue (XXI) of ATLANTI 2011.
When preparing this introductory contribution I have been in the dilemma, whether to write about the historic development of archives or the role of archives in the former states/societies2.
LAWS ON ARCHIVES NOW AND THEN
Fact is that the operation of archives (in the last 200 years) in certain states/societies was defined by adopted laws on archives and archival records (archival laws)3. Laws laid down some basic competences, tasks, professional work, protection etc., but differently in a particular historical period and geographical location. According to archival legislation, the relationship between archives and states/ societies has been set a long time ago4.
The first archival laws (the most important) on the functioning of archives were laid down before World War I, and some even earlier. These laws determined the role of archives very differently from the archival legislation today, but nonetheless determined the basic activity of archives, namely to keep archival records. This commitment is also written down in archival legislation today, but with some additions, for instance, archives have to "gather, manage, and keep archival records as well as perform other important archival jobs". Archival law or legislation, which determined the existence and functioning of archives, was different in individual states/societies and too often associated with the non-provision of material conditions under which certain archives did not fulfill the prescribed basic tasks.
Allow me to point out an interesting booklet that recently came into my hand, since it was originally published already in 1571. The booklet contains provisions for managing documentary records. The author is Jakob von Rammingen. According to German archivists he was the first to publish »provisions« for archival records management. Of course, in terminology used at that time5.
1.	I use the term state/society together, although there is a difference of the meaning between them.
2.	The are many historic evidences about the development of archives and archives in states/societies. It is thoroughly dealt with in workbooks for Archivistics, but also in the book: Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Material Conservation of Classic and New Information Carriers in Archives), Maribor 1992.
3.	Archival laws in detail in ATLANTI, N. 20, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, various authors, pages 51 to 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
4.	ATLANTI, No.:20, The following authors write about archival legislation; Tato/Italy, Larin/Russia, Hanus/Slovak, Penzo Doria/Italy, Schöggl-Ernst/Austria, Rybakou/Belarus, Cook/UK, Aguado Gonzales/Spain, Budowski/Israel, Arathymou/Greece, Calvao Borges/Portugal, Heäbeli/Croatia, Kožar/Bosnia in Herzegovina, Delmas/ France, Selan/ Slovenia, Wanner/Czech Republic, Semlič Rajh/Slovenia, Popovic/Serbia, pages 51 to 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
5.	JBLD Stroemberg (translator), The earliest predecessors of archival science: Jacob von Rammingen-s two manuals of regis-
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
MEANING OF ARCHIVAL RECORD PROTECTION NOW AND THEN
Archives got throughout the history more attention that we are willing to agree today. The importance of archives in states/societies can already be found in Ancient Greece and Rome. We are all aware of the fact that the Greek countries allocated one building as "arheion". At the time of the Roman Empire in the capital city of Rome existed a specific building to store archival records called ar-chivum6.
The purpose of state/society to preserve archival records (archives) was twofold. The first was to preserve records (of archives) as evidence of business, other (relatively early attested), however, that the archives (documents) are retained for historical research. Roman historians bear witness of this. Let me just mention Tacitus, who is known for his history in seven books written also on the basis of preserved documents, for which the Roman state provided prescribed retention in specific buildings.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire the field of archival preservation (of documents) in Central Europe remained untouched over centuries. A new era of relations between archives state/society begins at the time of Carl the Great in the 10th century. While constructing his headquarters in Aachen he also set the premises for the storage of archives, and thus became an example, when the head of state prescribed ordinances for the operation of archives. From 10th century the preservation of archives remained also the concern in church institutions7 mostly convents and soon also in medieval cities, which recorded this activity in their statutes, and they often also provide storage space for archival records. In some medieval countries, kings and other powerful noble families began relatively early to establish archives which were not in separate buildings, but in special buildings determined for preservation of documents. Royal families in Spain, Italy, France, Germany and elsewhere decided to store their archival records (here, we cannot speak of state archives, but only of archives of those, who have led these countries and wanted to have documents (archives) always at hand). These so-called royal archives preserved documents, because with them they proved their tradition, property, territories and possessions, in other words their real estates and related taxes8.
The development of modern states/societies and their relation to archives was different. In some parts of the world archives (archival services) developed well, in some again, less successfully. Archival legislation before and after World War I set the relations between archives and states/societies. These have begun to establish separate institutions, which maintained larger volumes of documents collected by that time, as they realized that archival records have to be stored in specialized institutions - archives called "treasuries of human memory"9.
Development of administration, judiciary, education, economic structures and other creators of archival records from the second half of the 19th century (accompanied by the positive archival legislation) resulted in good relations between archives and states/societies. This development was of course not the same in all parts of the developed world. After World War I greatly increased the number of archives, which improved relations between archives and states/societies. This situation even improved after World War II, the number of new archives increased, relations between archives and states/societies were strengthen, because they based on legal regulations10.
PRESENT SITUATION AND EVALUATION
At the conference International Archival Day last year we discussed the archival legislation and
try and archival management, printed in 1571, 188 pages. English text and transcription of the German text and facsimile.
6.	Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Material Conservation of Classic and New Information Carriers in Archives,) Maribor, 1992.
7.	In 1612, in the time of Pope Paul V (1605-1621), some 400 years ago the Pope's personal archives have been established. The statement of Sergio Pagana was published on 6. 7. 2011 in Družina, the Slovenian catholic weekly paper, n. 30, on 24. 7. 2011. Ljubljana.
8.	Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Material Conservation of Classic and New Information Carriers in Archives), Maribor 1992.
9.	Dr. Marjan Drnovšek, Arhivi - zakladnice človeškega spomina, »Arhivi«, 29(2006), n. 2, pg. 366-367.
10.	I would like to point out the archival newspapers (reviews) that are being published in all developed countries throughput the world. Some of them are listed at the end of the paper.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
came to the conclusion that in the recent history the relations between archives and states/societies were identified in archival laws or laws that determined the functioning of the archives. We have seen, and we still can, that systems of the states/societies generally involve also forms and ways of working with archives, as articles of (archival) legislation often determine the activities of archives. At the same time in archives we witness increased scope of obligations that states/societies lay upon archives. In this way the obligations of archives towards societies/states are increasing faster than they are willing to increase the material (financial) conditions so that they all can optimally fulfill their obligations11.
As we are all aware of all the duties and obligations of archives, I am not going to list them. But I will draw your attention to some archival professional activities e.g. taking over, storing, managing and transfer of archival records as they represent the basics of each and every archive. These obligations require extensive complementary skills e.g. evaluation of materials, evaluation and determination of creators, carrying out checks on the field (external archive service), storage (preservation), and managing and the like.
At the same time archives are loaded with various additional obligations such as academic research, publishing, exhibitions, participation in educational processes andthe like12.
I have not listed many obligations as they have occurred recently or as they are not implemented in some archives. These are the following areas: conservation and restoration, taking lists of records in other archives, contacts with researchers and users of records, advice on reading the "complicated" fonts (Gothic alphabet) or records written in foreign languages and the like.
Archives are also placed before the current new task for the deployment and use of new information technologies, new media, forms of presentation of records (scanning), receiving of material in digital form and their electronic storage. All these areas, each for themselves, need specific expertise, specific conditions of storage and handling and the various forms of managing.
All the many forms of new information carriers that are encountered by archives require additional new tasks. Today, the states/societies require that archives also take some obligations from the field of new information technologies and new media. Given these activities, I want to be critical because today the introduction of these new procedures can really show some positive movements in the development of archival institutions, particularly in the processes of formation of information states/ societies, but not in the long term13. Therefore, in my opinion archival records in digital form should also be evaluated. In collaboration with archivists from competent archives the creator of records must therefore implement all required professional archival tasks14 defined by said archives. They will namely set the conditions under which they will take over the archival records and decide what should be written forms and methods of archival records like 30, 40 or 50 years from now.
Taking over archival records in digital form by competent archives shortly after its formation constitutes a major danger on the protection and preservation of archival records, although producers of information technologies and computer programs offer simple, easy and cheap solutions. However, the experience of recent years shows that this is not so, even if such solutions (unfortunately) find their place in some of the new archive laws and statutory guidances. Major problems will have competent archives once they find out that they are not capable of implementing this professional work, which is set by states/societies and to such methods of transferring responsibilities from the creators of archival records to the relevant archives.
Today we can be proud of the relations between archives and states/societies because we know that in the world a lot of archives have been built or renovated, that the number of employees in archives increased and that the number of students of Archivistics increased. The activity of the transfer of expertise of employees in the relevant archives as well as those who work in the archival services at creators increased15.
11.	Archival laws in detail in ATLANTI, n. 20, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, various authors, pages 51 to 240, Trst - Trieste 2010. See comment No. 5.
12.	On the evaluation of creators of archival records have been working many researchers (Zaletelj, Klasinc, Zontar, Zumer et al). Their papers are published in: Sodobni arhivi, Atlanti and e sewhere.
13.	Luciana Duranti, Arhivski zapisi, teorija in praksa (Archival Records, Theory and Praxis), Zagreb 2000.
14.	Charles M. Dollar, Arhivistika i informacijske tehnologije (Archivistics and Information Technology), Zagreb 1999.
15.	Some of archival newspapers are listed at the end.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
AND TOMORROW
Optimism of professional development should be the basis for future relations between archives and states/societies, as legal regulations, high professionalism, provided good material conditions and respect for the archival profession will provide good harmony for the mutual benefit. Besides the implementation of these commitments in professional archives they should also be implemented to the lighest extent at the creators of archival records and at those, who are combined in civil initiatives such as the ICARUS16 or Familysearch17 and the like.
In Slovenia, this year we even have a referendum to decide on some articles of the Archival Law. I do not know of a case elsewhere in the world that citizens determined the accessibility of the archive by referendum18. Besides, states/societies should ensure more means for the conservation and restoration workshops. Today it makes no sense to deal with answers to the questions of who is to blame for the fact that in archives there are too many archival records that urgently need good restoration and conservation. The needed restoration of archival records from the 12th century or only 100 or 200 years old records must be a mutual commitment of states/societies on the one hand and archives on the other hand.
We can expect that the states/societies will provide archives with a position they deserve as national, regional and municipal institutions. The archives should enable users as easy as possible access to archival records without unnecessary intervention of one or other policy.
Practice of today, when archives are an integral part of various ministries of culture and similar, is bad. Archives should be extracted from such institutional frameworks and emancipated, while precision is necessary to determine the obligations of states/societies concerning their funding (state budget). National archives and associated regional and municipal archives should therefore be emancipated as separate cultural, scientific, research and educational institutions, also because they hold unique archival records and therefore they should receive full support from the state/society.
Let me conclude with findings that archivists are familiar with that is that archives keep written or otherwise recorded cultural heritage of nations where they are active in. Therefore, archives are important today and I hope that in future even more. Not only because with maintaining archival records they show some procedures that have been implemented by states/societies, but also because of citizens that are seeking help, or their rights also with the use of archival records. Archives will serve those who come to archives looking for information for their research on the history, geography, law, economics and many other sciences. The archives will serve the people who will go to the archives looking for information about their ancestors (familysearch), people will go to the archives because they simply want to know how people lived in the past (photo and film archives), how something used to work (technical archives, machinery), develop (the construction and architectural plans), took place (work, statistical and other reports) or how something used to be in the past (maps, postcards of cities and towns). We know that these people have no ambition to write about history, they are simply interested in archives (and that is alright), but archives must enable them smooth and easy access, wide support and unlimited possibilities of reproduction.
Archives should therefore more than in the past become real public institutions, where the citizens are confronted with the past and looking for a path in the future, because we know that whoever does not know of his past can not expect a bright future. And this is why the states/societies have to allow a favourable development, unfettered existence and give archives an appropriate reputation.
16.	ICARUS, European Union Project. More in the article Joachim Kemper, ICARUS, "Atlanti", 20(2010), pg. 267276.
17.	Genealogical Society of Utah (ZDA) - Project: FAMILYSEARCH (more in Annex of Atlanti 2011).
18.	More in the article Melik - Jeraj, "Atlanti", 21(2011).
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
Sources and literature
ARCHIVAL NEWSPAPERS (related to the footnote No. 10)
The American archivist, ZDA (od leta 1938, Chicago); Archeion, Poljska (od leta 1931 Varšava); Archival science, ZDA (2001 Boston); Archiv und Wirtschaft, Nemčija (1968, Stuttgart); Archivalische Zeitschruft, Nemčija (Koeln); Der Archivar, Nemčija (1954 Duesseldorf); Archive in Bayern, Nemčija (Muenchen); Archives, Anglija (London); Archivni časopis, Češka (Praga); Arhiven pregled, Bolgarija (Sofija); Arhivska praksa, BiH (Tuzla); Arhivski pregled, Srbija (Beograd); Arhivski vjestnik, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Arkistolaitos, Finska (Helsinki); Bulletin.. ; Janus..., Archivum..., Comma, ICA, Francija (Paris); Gazete des archives, Francija (Paris); Journal, Anglija (?) (Berkskire); Leveltari, Madžarska (Budinpešta); Mittelungen..., Avstrija (Dunaj); Nachrichten..., Nemčija (Muenchen); Otečestvenye... , Rusija (Moskva); Pagine..., Češka (Praga); Prologue..., ZDA (Washington); Sbornik...., Češka (Praga); Scrinium....; Avstrija (Dunaj); Slovenska archivistika, Slovaška (Bratislava); Vjetar, Kosova (Priština); Archivaria...., Canada (Ottawa); Archivi & computer, Italija (San Miniato); Archivmitteilungen, V.Nemčija (Potsdam); Arhivista Polski, Poljska (Waršava); Arhivist, Jugoslavija (Beograd); Boletin..., Španija (Madrid); Bulletin FIAF, Belgija (Bruxelles); Bulletin.., Avstralija (?); Glasnik, BiH (Sarajevo); Informator, Makedonija (Skopje); Insar, Evropska skupnost (Bruessel); Izdanja, Hrvatska (Split); Leveltari szemle, Madžarska (Budimpešta); Makedonski arhivist, Makedonija (Skopje); Mittelungen... Nemčija (Koblenz); Mittelung des..., Avstrija (Graz); Nederland archievenblad, Nizozemska (Tilburg); Rassegna degli archivi di Stato, Italija (Rim); The Record..., ZDA (Washington); Retroinformace, Češka (Praga); Sovetskie ar-hivy, Rusija (Moskva); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Rijeka); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Pazin); Voprosy..., Rusija (Moskva); Mitteilungen fuer die Archivpflege Bayerns, Nemčija (Muenchen); Bulletin, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Archivi Ukraini, Ukrajina (Kijev); Archives et ..., Belgija( Bruexelles), Archives and....Avstralija (O,Connor); Arkivi komunal..., Kosovo (Priština) itd
Archivschule Marburg; Fortbildung^ Marburg 2011, nepaginirano.
Anbietung von Unterlagen^ Rainer Polley (Hrsg.)^.Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule. Marburg; n. 50. Marburg 2011, p. 186.
Arhivski predpisi v R Sloveniji, Ljubljana 2007, p. 366.
Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992, p. 370.
Vladimir Žumer, Poslovanje z zapisi^.Ljubljana 2007, p. 648 Hraniti in ohraniti, Maribor 2003, p. 480.
Marco Aurelio Rivelli, Le genocide occulte, Lausanne 1998, p. 288. Arhivsko društvo Slovenije, Zbornik, Dolenjske Toplice 2009, p. 167. Slovenski arhivi se predstavijo, Ljubljana 2010, p. 64. Archives in Crisis Situations, Zbornik, Bratislava 2009, p. 164.
Katrin Wenzel - Jan Jaeckel, R^etrokonversion^. Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule Marburg, n. 51. Marburg 2009, p. 386.
20 let Slovensko - Madžarski mednarodni arhivski raziskovalni tabor, 2010, p. 160. Študij arhivistike in dokumentolog
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
International Centre for Archival Research
The "International Centre for Archival Research (ICARUS)" was established as an international non-profit association according to Austrian Law in October 2007, with its main office in Vienna (AT). Its members are public institutions - state-, national-, provincial-, ecclesiastical archives, universities, scientific and research institutions, etc. - from all over Europe. Since its establishment ICARUS gained over 80 members from 20 European countries (by July 2011).
The association is aimed at firmly establishing and gradually expanding a European network for written cultural heritage. People's awareness for Europe's common historical past and the historical memory of its countries and cultures is supposed to be strengthened through the development of innovative new strategies by means of modern technologies.
ICARUS is to be considered a complementary initiative to today's leading European initiatives in this sector:
Establishing a network and setting a framework for archival cooperation in Europe builds the basis for creating high-quality digital content that will be integrated into portals such as APEnet or Europeana;
By putting the main geographical focus on countries in Central and South Eastern Europe,
ICARUS will pave the way for raising awareness among Europeans for the cultural heritage of those regions, which so far has been rather underrepresented in the relevant portals.
Aims and work programme of ICARUS
1.	Expanding the international network of ICARUS by means of intensified communication with other institutions on a personal and professional level. This is to be accomplished by:
a.	Semi-annual ICARUS-meetings
b.	"ICARUS@work": workshops in the different member countries
c.	„ICARUS-Lectures": held by different external speakers from foreign institutions
d.	Presentations at national and international conferences, workshops etc.
e.	Experts Exchange Programme
f.	„Linking the Neighboorhood" - Programme
2.	Support for digitising projects of all members (and also other institutions if needed)
3.	Ongoing further development of the online archives www.monasterium.net and www. matricula-online.eu as well as input of new digital content
4.	Usage of the online portals on an educational level within schools and universities
5.	Dissemination
1. Expanding the international network of ICARUS
Main goal is to expand the already existing network of European institutions. This aim is to be achieved by the following activities:
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176 a) Semi-annual ICARUS-Meetings:
Already since the establishment of ICARUS regular meetings for all the members of the association were held every 6 months in a different member country. Those meetings last 2 to 3 days and serve to
gn common activities,
Continuously alig
Exchange latest developments and experiences made in the member states, Report on each member's latest activities, Make further plans,
Develop common visions and strategies.
A general assembly is scheduled each June, while in November a meeting of the board is held.
b)	Regular national workshops:
In order to make ICARUS and its work known among experts within the individual countries and attract new partners for the network, each member country of ICARUS hosts a national workshop. The organisation of those workshops basically lies with the hosting partner, however it has been agreed upon as a guideline that they should last one day and consist of two blocks:
1.	An appraisal of national activities in the area of digital processing of archival records,
2.	A discussion in context to ICARUS and international developments in general.
The introductory presentations regarding block 2 will be held by lecturers from other countries, organised by ICARUS, safeguarding an exchange on an international basis
c)	„ICARUS-Lectures":
Expert knowledge on different fields of archivistics such as digitisation, online-archives and the like are not only to be presented to a circle of experts but also to the wider range of historically interested people. Therefore ICARUS will organise lectures dealing with different topics of archival sciences. The lectures are to be held in the member countries by experts from another country.
d)	Presentations at national and international conferences, workshops, etc.:
Another possibility for an extensive exchange of knowledge and experience is offered by various workshops, subject-specific national and international conferences regularly held in the different member countries (e.g.: national archival conferences etc.). An active participation of ICARUS-members in such events is most welcome and can also be coordinated by the administration of ICARUS if required.
e)	Experts Exchange Programme
Within the frame of the EU-project „Charters Network" a first design of an expert exchange programme was crafted- continuing in the follow-up project "ENArC - European Network on Archival Cooperation" running from 2011-2015.
The programme offers staff members of archival institutions the opportunity to work in another archive for a certain period of time (up to 2 weeks). In doing so, people will be able to share their expertise across borders with other institutions and at the same time gain knowledge and new experience in turn. Costs for travel, accommodation and daily allowances will be covered by ICARUS.
The main goals of the programme are:
•	To establish personal networks and contacts at expert level
•	To familiarise with different working methods and technologies
•	To intensively exchange knowledge and experience
•	To strengthen the intercultural dialogue
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
To apply for the programme it is necessary to fill in an application form (download from www. icar-us.eu), and send it to ICARUS in addition to a letter of recommendation. The selection of the applicants will be handled by a committee.
After the end of the stay, the exchange staff is asked to fill in an evaluation form, which should be downloadable from the homepage as well.
Further information on the project can be found on the website www.icar.us.eu.
f) „Linking the Neighbourhood" - Programme
In order to systematically expand the network of ICARUS it is planned to enhance the cross-border communication within the so called "Linking the Neighbourhood"- programme. Members of ICARUS are asked to establish closer contacts to their neighbouring countries and encourage further cooperation by organising workshops in those very countries.
Main goals of the programme are:
•	Establishing new contacts
•	Dissemination
•	Organisation of a national workshop in the neighbouring country together with a local host
2.	Support of digitising projects:
The second large part of the work programme of ICARUS deals with digitisation and indexing activities within the individual archives of the partners. It is not intended to create a new digital library, but rather to integrate and publish all contents within the framework of already existing relevant platforms (please see below). This will bundle capacities and competences and warrant an effective and continuous availability of all contents:
•	All contents (both descriptive metadata and digital objects) will be made available through national portals (e.g. ARHInet in Croatia, www.arhinet.hr) or content-related portals (e.g. for charters, www.monasterium.net).
•	That way, content will be integrated into the nascent European archive portal APEnet (www. apenet.eu), where ICARUS is an associated member.
•	Furthermore, there will be direct access to all digital objects via Europeana.
But nevertheless ICARUS is in more than one way a complementary initiative to the above-named portals:
•	While the latter basically deal with developing the technical pre-requisites for merging existing electronic and digital information on archival material in European commemorative institutions, ICARUS aims at institutionalising and coordinating the workload before and after with the objective of making high-quality content available on those portals.
•	Other than that, ICARUS guarantees an extension of today's content in APEnet and Europeana with material from large parts of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe where most Consortium members come from.
ICARUS will constantly offer to coordinate and support digitising activities of the partners, be it by organising technical equipment, professional staff or the like.
3.	Ongoing further development of the online archives as well as input of new digital content
The continuous administration of the online charters-portal www.monasterium.net as well as the newly established church register portal technical www.matricula-online.eu is another important working field of ICARUS. Input of new digital contents into these portals, as well as into the APEnet-portal is an ongoing process.
In cooperation with the institute Historisch- Kulturwissenschaftliche Informationsverarbeitung
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
(HKI, roughly: Humanities Computer Science) of the university of Cologne new features and qualities for the digital archives are developed and administered.
4.	Usage of the online portals on an educational level within schools and universities
^e development of the collaborative archive MOM-CA allows an active use of the digital contents of the porta . ^is can now be effectively used as teaching methods within schools and university courses, as currently undertaken at the University of Vienna and the Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. Experiences and achievements gained from these courses will be further analysed in order to develop similar projects for other learning institutions.
5.	Dissemination
^e publishing of news concerning ICARUS and its members, both inside and outside the network and towards to the general public, is another important factor. Regular news-updates on the homepage www.icar-us.eu will keep the users informed about upcoming and past events, conferences, workshops etc.
ICARUS will furthermore release electronic newsletters in more or less regular intervals (according to necessity) to all the members of the network, as well as other interested people and institutions. These newsletters therefore offer the opportunity for all members of ICARUS to inform the public about latest news and other important events.
FamilySearch - A Valuable Contribution to Society
About FamilySearch
FamilySearch is a non-profit, international organization with over 250.000 volunteers dedicated to helping people discover their family history. With over 3 billion records, FamilySearch has helped the genealogy community preserve and share its collections for over 100 years. Based in Salt Lake City, Utah, FamilySearch is the world's largest genealogical organization and provides its services to the public free of charge through FamilySearcn.org, the Family History Library, and 4.600 local family history centers in 132 countries.
1894 Our Beginnings: Genealogical Society of Utah
FamilySearch has its roots in the Nonprofit Genealogical Society of Utah, which was established in 1894 with the goal of preserving and sharing the world's family records.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
1922 Using Technology: Indexing and
Preservation Initiatives
From the beginning, FamilySearch has been leading the way with new approaches, techniques, initiatives and technologies. In 1922, FamilySearch began its first effort to index genealogical records and in 1938, it began using microfi^lm to preserve records and increase accessibility.
FamilySearch has microfilmed important family history sources in over 100 countries.
1963 The Granite Mountain Records Vault
In 1963, FamilySearch built the Granite Mountain Records Vault in the mountains near Salt Lake City. This secure, climate controlled facility stores over 3 billion pages of family history records, including 2.4 million rolls of microfilm and 1 million microfiche.
1985 Records Access: The Family History Library
In order to facilitate public access to records, FamilySearch built the world's largest genealogical library in 1985. The Family History Library in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, is free and open to the public. A staff of experts provides personal help for those who want to learn more about their heritage.
Family History Library patrons can access:
-	Records from more than 100 countries
-	Records that include birth, marriage, and death records from churches and governments; census returns; probate records; emigration and immigration lists; printed genealogies; and family histories.
-	350.000 books, serials, gazettes, and other publications
-	4.500 periodicals, 3.700 electronic resources, hundreds of computers, microfilm readers, and other resources.
The Family History Library has 4.600 branches in 132 countries, all of which are free to the public. These family history centers also provide personal research help, access to online resources, and access to the FamilySearch microfilm collection.
1998	Leading Edge Technology: Records Digitization
In 1998, FamilySearch began digitizing its vast collection, continuing its commitment to using technology to preserve the records of the world. FamilySearch is also using digital cameras to capture new genealogical information.
1999	Global Access: FamilySearch.org
In 1999, FamilySearch created a website to increase the accessibility of its records. FamilySearch. org offers free access to a wide variety of resources and records, including the names of over one billion individuals. As one of the most heavily used genealogical sites on the Internet, FamilySearch.org provides tools to help people find their ancestors more effectively.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
FamilySearch Process
•	For over 100 years, FamilySearch has served records custodians and societies around the world. We pioneered
•	industry standards for gathering, imaging, indexing, and preserving records. ^e following process flow illustrates
•	some of the services we can offer your organization
Collection
FamilySearch has microfilmed important family history sources in over 100 countries worldwide. At any given time, there are over 200 digitizing projects in over 45 countries, producing over 40 million digital images and 20 thousand rolls of microfilm each year. FamilySearch has no interest in records ownership or exclusive access; its only goal is to make records of genealogical importance available to those researching their family history. A volunteer force of 200.000 indexers around the world helps index these important records.
Image Capture
Obtaining a preservation - ( records custodians. Microfilm has technology offers many important dwide camera teams, we can help.
Digital Conversion
uality image is often the most costly and time-consuming step for been the standard for many years, but the increasing use of digital benefits. Whether you opt to do it yourself or use one of our worl-
For those records custodians who already have a substantial collection of microfilm, we can help digitize those images and even provide digital image storage.
Indexing
•	Once an image is digitized, key data needs to be transcribed in order to produce a searchable index that patrons,
•	around the world can access. Our online indexing application enables volunteers from around the world to quickly
•	and accurately create indexes.
Online Access
Whether your goal is to help fund your operations or simply to make your records freely available to the public, FamilySearch can assist you every step of the way. We can even host and post the information for you to help minimize your costs and increase your effectiveness.
Preservation
•	Preservation copies of microfilm, microfiche, and digital records from over 100 countries and spanning hundreds of
•	years are safely stored in the Granite Mountain Records Vault, a long-term storage facility designed for preservation.
Contact:
Raul Rios is one of the representatives of Family Search in Europe; his office is in Vienna, Austria.
You can contact him directly, riosr@familisearch.org or visit our website Familysearch.org
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
Il curriculum vitae degli archivi negli stati/societa
INTRODUZIONE
Alla Giornata Archivistica Internazionale 2011 abbiamo a che fare con l'argomento riguardante la relazione fra archivi e stati/societa1 nel mondo. Questo argomento e stato approvato l'anno scorso all'Assemblea dei Membri dell'IIAS Trieste - Maribor, perche si era voluto che i membri e gli altri conferenzieri invitati presentassero i risultati della ricerca sul ruolo degli archivi del passato, del presen-te e del futuro.
Si volevano avere risposte alle domande: Quali erano le relazioni fra stati/societa nel passato? Come sono al giorno d'oggi? Siamo particolarmente avidi di avere informazioni su quale sara il loro ruolo nelle future societa. Il successo dei risultati verra mostrato nell'edizione di quest'ano (la XXI) di Atlanti 2011.
Nel preparare questo intervento d'introduzione, mi sono posto il dilemma se scrivere sullo svi-luppo storico degli archivi o sul ruolo degli archivi nei passati stati/societa2.
LEGGI SUGLI ARCHIVI ORA E NEL PASSATO
E' un dato di fatto che le operazioni sugli archivi (negli ultimi 200 anni) in certi stati/societa erano definiti adottando leggi sugli archivi ed i documenti archivistici (leggi archivistiche)3. Le leggi ponevano alcune competenze di base, compiti, lavoro professionale, protezione, ecc., ma in maniera differente in un particolare periodo storico e luogo geografico. In ottemperanza alla legislazione archi-vistica, le relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa vennero stabilite molto tempo fa4.
Le prime leggi archivistiche (le piu importanti) sul funzionamento degli archivi vennero redatte prima della Prima Guerra mondiale, ed alcune anche prima. Queste leggi determinarono il ruolo degli archivi in modo molto differente dall'odierna legislazione archivistica, ma cio nonostante determina-rono l'attivita basilare degli archivi, soprattutto la gestione dei documenti d'archivio. Questo impegno e anche scritto nell'odierna legislazione archivistica, ma con alcune aggiunte, ad esempio che gli archivi devono "raccogliere, gestire e conservare i documenti d'archivio cosi come compiere altri importanti lavori archivistici". La legge o la legislazione archivistica, che determina l'esistenza ed il funzionamento degli archivi, era diversa nei vari stati/societa e troppo spesso associata alla non fornitura di condizioni materiali sotto le quali certi archivi non assolvevano ai prescritti compiti basilari.
Permettetemi di evidenziare un interessante libretto che mi e capitato in mano di recente, pub-blicato originariamente nel 1571. Il libretto contiene istruzioni per la gestione dei documenti. L'auto-re e Jakob von Rammingen. Secondo gli archivisti tedeschi egli e stato il primo a pubblicare "istruzio-ni" per la gestione dei documenti archivistici. Ovviamente, con la terminologia utilizzata all'epoca5.
IL SIGNIFICATO DELLA PROTEZIONE ARCHIVISTICA OGGI ED ALLORA
Nel corso della storia gli archivi hanno ottenuto piu attenzione di quella che siamo noi oggi di-sposti ad accordare loro. L'importanza degli archivi negli stati/societa puo esser trovata nella Grecia
1.	Uso i termini stato/societa assieme, sebbene vi sia una differenza di significarto tra di loro.
2.	Ci sono molte evidenze storiche riguardo lo sviluppo degli archivi e riguardo gli archivi negli stati/societa. E' trattato a fondo nei testi di lavoro per gli archivisti, ma si veda anche: Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Material Conservation of Classic and New Information Carriers in Archives), Maribor 1992.
3.	Legislazione archivistica nel dettaglio in: ATLANTI, n. 20, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, various authors, pages 51 to 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
4.	ATLANTI, n. 20, I seguenti autori trattano della legislazione archivistica: Tato/Italia, Larin/Russia, Hanus/Repubbi-ca Slovacca, Penzo Doria/Italia, Schöggl Ernst/Austria, Rybakou/Bielorussia, Cook/Regno Unito, Aguado Gonzales/ Spagna, Budowski/Israele, Arathymou/Grecia, Calvao Borges/Portogallo, Heäbeli/Croazia, Kožar/Bosnia-Herzegovina, Delmas/ Francia, Selan/Slovenia, Wanner/Repubblica Ceca, Semlič Rajh /Slovenia, Popovic/Serbia, pages 51 to 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
5.	JBLD Stroemberg (traduttore), ^e earliest predecessors of arhivalscience: Jacob von Rammingen-s two manualls of registry and archival management, stampato nel 1571, 188 pagine. Testo inglese e traduzione del testo tedesco e facsimile.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
antica ed a Roma. Siamo tutti consapevoli del fatto che le citta greche destinavano un edificio ad "arhe-ion". Al tempo dell'Impero romano nella capitale Roma esisteva uno specifico edificio per conservare
i documenti archivistici, chiamato "archivum
"6
Lo scopo dello stato/societa nel conservare I documenti archivistici (archivi) era duplice. Il pri-mo era di conservare documenti (d'archivio) come evidenza di affari, l'altro (attestato relativamente tardi), era che gli archivi (documenti) venivano conservati per fini storici. Gli storici romani portano testimonianza di cio. Permettetemi di menzionare il solo Tacito, famoso per la sua storia in sette libri scritti anche sulle basi dei documenti conservati, per i quali lo stato romano prevedeva una prescritta conservazione in appositi edifici.
Dopo il crollo dell'Impero romano oil campo della conservazione archivistica (di documenti) nell'Europa centrale rimase intoccato per secoli. Una nuova era di relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa arrivo al tempo di Carlo il Grosso, nel X secolo. Nel costruire la propria residenza ad Aachen, egli mise le basi per la conservazione degli archivi, cosi divenendo un esempio, quando il capo dello stato pre-scriveva ordinanze per le operazioni d'archivio. Dal X secolo la conservazione degli archivi rimase ap-pannaggio anche delle istituzioni ecclesiastiche7, per lo piu conventi, e presto anche nelle citta medie-vali, che registravano questa attivita nei propri statuti, e spesso provvedevano spazi di raccolta per i documenti archivistici. In alcuni stati medievali i re ed altre potenti famiglie nobiliari iniziarono rela-tivamente presto a formare archivi che non si trovavano in edifici separati ma in edifici speciali desti-nati alla conservazione dei documenti. Le famiglie reali di Spagna, Italia, Francia, Germania ed altre nazioni decisero di depositare i propri documenti archivistici (qui, non parliamo di archivi di stato, ma solo di archivi i quelli che avevano retto quelle nazioni e volevano avere documenti - archivi - sempre a portata di mano). Questi cosiddetti archivi reali conservavano documenti, perche con essi provavano le propria tradizioni, proprieta, territori e possessi, in altre parole il loro effettivo patrimonio e relative tasse8.
Lo sviluppo dei moderni paesi/societa e le loro relazioni con gli archivi fu diverso. In alcune parti del mondo gli archivi (i servizi archivistici) si svilupparono bene, in altre meno. La legislazione archivistica prima e dopo la Prima guerra mondiale istitui relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa. Questi avevano iniziato a formare istituzioni separate che conservavano una vasta mole di documenti raccolti al tempo, quando capirono che i documenti d'archivio devono essere conservati in istituzioni specia-lizzate - archivi chiamati "tesori della memoria umana"9.
Lo sviluppo dell'amministrazione giudiziaria, educativa, delle strutture economiche e di altri produttori di documenti archivistici dalla seconda meta del secolo XIX (accompagnato da un'appro-priata legislazione archivistica) ebbe risultati nei buoni rapporti fra archivi e stati/societa. La situazione miglioro ancora dopo la Seconda aera mondiale, il numero degli archivi crebbe, le relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa si rafforzarono perche basati su regolamenti di legge10.
SITUAZIONE ODIERNA E VALUTAZIONE
Alla Giornata Archivistica Internazionale dell'anno scorso abbiamo discusso della legislazione archivistica e siamo giunti alla conclusione che nella storia recente le relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa erano identificate nelle legislazioni archivistiche o nelle leggi che determinano il funzionamento degli archivi. Abbiamo visto, ed ancora possiamo vedere, che i sistemi degli stati/societa generalmente im-plicano anche forme e modi di lavorare con gli archivi, dato che articoli di legislazione (archivistica) spesso determinano le attivita degli archivi. Al tempo stesso negli archivi noi vediamo il crescente ob-bligo degli stati/societa sugli archivi. In questo modo gli obblighi degli archivi verso gli stati/societa
6.	Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Conservazione materiale dei classici e nuove carriere informatiche in archivio), Maribor 1992.
7.	Nel 1612, al tempo di papa Paolo V (1605-1621), circa 400 anni fa, l'archivio personale del papa venne costituito. Sergio Pagana venne pubblicato il 6 luglio 2007 in Družina, settimanale cattolico sloveno, No. 30, il 24 luglio 2011 a Lubiana.
8.	Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih (Conservazione materiale dei classici e nuove carriere informatiche in archivio), Maribor 1992.
9.	Dr. Marjan Drnovšek, Arhivi - zakladnice človeškega spomina, »Arhivi«, 29(2006), n. 2, pg. 366-367.
10.	Vorrei precisare che le riviste archvistiche sono pubblicate in tutto il mondo svilujppato. Alcune di esse sono elencater alla fine dell'articolo.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
sono incrementati piu velocemente di quel che sono disposti ad incrementare nelle condizioni materiali (finanziarie), cosi che possano far fronte in maniera ottimale ai propri obblighi11.
Noi tutti ci rendiamo ben conto di tutti i doveri e gli obblighi concernenti gli archivi, non staro ad enumerarli. Ma vorrei attirare la vostra attenzione su alcune attivita archivistiche professionali, come ad esempio la presa in carico, la conservazione, la gestione ed il trasferimento di documenti d'ar-chivio, che rappresentano la base di ogni e qualsisia archivio. Questi obblighi richiedono vaste abilita complementari, come la valutazione dei materiali, la valutazione e determinazione dei produttori, il portare avanti esami sul campo (servizi archivistici esterni), il deposito (conservazione), la gestione, e cose simili12.
Al tempo stesso gli archivi sono gravati di vari obblighi addizionali, quali la ricerca accademica, il produrre pubblicazioni, mostre, la partecipazione al processo formativo, e cosi via.
Non ho menzionato molti obblighi recenti o come se non fossero portati avanti in alcuni archivi. Questi appartengono ai seguenti campi: conservazione e restauro, elencazione di documenti presen-ti in altri archivi, contatti con i ricercatori e l'utenza, consigli sulla lettura di caratteri "complicati" (l'alfabeto gotico) o documenti scritti in lingue straniere e cosi via.
Gli archivi sono inoltre inseriti fra i nuovi obiettivi per lo spiegamento e l'utilizzo delle nuove tecnologie dell'informazione, i nuovi media, forme o presentazioni dei documenti (scannerizzazioni), ricezione di materiale in formato digitale e la loro conservazione digitale. Tutti questi campi, ognuno per se, richiedono specifiche competenze, specifiche condizioni di conservazione e manipolazione e varie forme di gestione.
Tutte le varie tipologie dei nuovi supporti per l'informazione incontrati dagli archivisti richiedono nuove addizionali competenze. Al giorno d'oggi gli stati/societa richiedono che gli archivi prendano anche obblighi dal campo delle nuove tecnologie dell'informazione ed i nuovi media. Date queste at-tivita, voglio essere critico perche oggi l'introduzione di queste nuove procedure puo veramente mostrare alcuni positivi movimenti nello sviluppo delle istituzioni archivistiche, in particolare nei proces-si di formazione degli stati/societa dell'informazione, ma non a lungo termine13.
Per questo, a mio parere i documenti archivistici in formato digitale dovrebbero venire valutati. In collaborazione con archivisti provenienti da eminenti archivi il produttore dei documenti deve mettere in pratica tutti i necessari compiti archivistici professionali14 definiti da i nominati archivi. Essi determineranno cioe le condizioni in seguito alle quali sostituiranno i documenti archivistici e decide-ranno le forme e le metodologie dei documenti archivistici fra 30, 40 o 50 anni da adesso.
Portare documenti archivistici nel formato digitale subito dopo la loro produzione costituisce un pericolo maggiore per la protezione e la conservazione dei documenti d'archivio, sebbene i produttori di tecnologie informatiche e programmi per computer offrano soluzioni semplici, facili e poco costose. Comunque l'esperienza di anni recenti mostra che cosi non e, anche se tali soluzioni (sfortunatamente) trovano posto in alcune nuove leggi e linee guida sugli archivi. Maggiori problemi avranno i compe-tenti archivi una volta che avranno trovato che non sono capaci di implementare il loro lavoro professionale, che e stato stabilito dagli stati/societa ed a questi metodi di trasferire responsabilita dai produttori agli archivi.
Oggi possiamo essere orgogliosi delle relazioni fra archivi e stati/societa perche sappiamo che nel mondo un sacco di archivi sono stati costruiti o rinnovati, che il numero degli impiegati negli archivi e cresciuto e cosi pure il numero degli studenti di archivistica. L'attivita del trasferimento di conoscen-ze agli impiegati negli archivi cosi come quelli che lavorano nei servizi archivistici e cresciuta15.
11.	Legislazione archivistica in dettaglio in ATLANTI, n. 20, autori vari pagine 51-240, Trieste, 2010. Vedasi nota n. 5
12.	Sulla valutazione dei produttori di documenti archivistici hanno lavorato molti ricercatori: (Zaletelj, Klasinc, Žontar, Žumer et al). I loro articoli sono pubblicati in: Sodobni arhivi, Atlanti ed altrove.
13.	Luciana Duranti, Arhivski zapisi, teorija in praksa (Documenti d'archivio, teoria e pratica), Zagreb, 2000.
14.	Charles M. DOLLAR, Arhivistika i informacijske tehnologije (Archvistica ed informatica), Zagreb 1999.
15.	Alcune riviste di archiviatica sono elencate alla fine.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
IL DOMANI
L'ottimismo di sviluppo professionale dovrebbe essere la base per le future relazioni tra archivi e stati/societa, come norme di legge, alta professionalita, purche le condizioni di buon materiale ed il rispetto per la professione di archiviazione fornira buona armonia per il reciproco vantaggio. Oltre alla realizzazione di questi impegni in archivi professionali essi dovrebbero anche essere implementate per la piu alta misura a creatori di documenti d'archivio e di coloro che sono uniti in iniziative civili come ICARUS16 o FamilySearch17 e simili.
In Slovenia, quest'anno abbiamo anche un referendum per decidere su alcuni articoli della Leg-ge archivistica. Non conosco di un caso in altre parti del mondo nel quale i cittadini determinino Taccessibilita agli archivi con un referendum18. Inoltre, gli stati/societa dovrebbero garantire piu mezzi per la conservazione e laboratori di restauro. Oggi non ha senso aver a che fare con domande tipo di chi sia la colpa per il fatto che negli archivi ci sono troppi documenti che hanno urgente bisogno di restauro e di buona conservazione. Il bisogno di restauro di documenti d'archivio del 12° secolo o di solo 100 o 200 anni deve essere un impegno reciproco di stati/societa da un lato e degli archivi dall'al-tra parte.
Possiamo aspettarci che gli stati/societa forniranno gli archivi di una posizione che meritano come istituzioni nazionali, regionali e comunali. L'archivio dovrebbe consentire agli utenti il l'accesso piu semplice possibile ai documenti senza intervento inutile di politiche.
La pratica odierna, quando gli archivi sono parte integrante di vari ministeri della cultura e simi-li, e un male. Gli archivi dovrebbero essere estratti da tali quadri istituzionali e emancipata, mentre e necessaria precisione per determinare gli obblighi degli stati/societa relativi al loro finanziamento (bi-lancio statale). Archivi nazionali e archivi connessi regionali e comunali dovrebbero pertanto essere emancipati dal punto di vista culturale, scientifico, di ricerca e come istituzioni educative, anche per-che detengono documenti unici e quindi dovrebbero ricevere pieno supporto dagli stati/societa.
Vorrei concludere rilevando che gli archivisti hanno familiarita col fatto che gli archivi manten-gono testimonianza scritta o registrata del patrimonio culturale delle nazioni dove sono attivi. Dun-que, gli archivi sono importanti oggi e spero in futuro anche di piu. Non solo perche con il manteni-mento di documenti d'archivio che mostrano alcune delle procedure che sono state attuate dagli stati/ societa, ma anche per i cittadini che cercano aiuto, o i loro diritti anche con l'utilizzo di documenti d'archivio. Gli archivi serviranno a coloro che vengono in archivio alla ricerca di informazioni per le loro ricerche sulla storia, la geografia, diritto, economia e tante altre scienze. Gli archivi serviranno a chi andra in archivio in cerca di informazioni sui loro antenati (FamilySearch), a chi andra in archivi semplicemente perche sapere come si viveva nel passato (foto e archivi cinematografici), come qualcosa veniva utilizzato (gli archivi tecnici, dei macchinari), come si e sviluppato (la costruzione e progetti architettonici), ha avuto luogo (lavoro, rapporti statistici e altri) o come qualcosa era in passato (mappe, cartoline di citta e paesi). Sappiamo che queste persone non hanno l'ambizione di scrivere di storia, sono semplicemente interessati agli archivi (e questo e bene), ma gli archivi deve consentire loro un accesso agevole e facile, un ampio sostegno e infinite possibilita di riproduzione.
Gli archivi dovrebbero quindi piu che in passato diventare vere e proprie istituzioni pubbliche, dove i cittadini si confrontano con il passato e cercano un percorso nel futuro, perche sappiamo che chi non conosce il suo passato non puo aspettarsi un futuro luminoso. Ed e per questo gli stati/societa devono permettere uno sviluppo favorevole, l'esistenza libera e dare agli archivi una reputazione ade-guata.
16.	ICARUS, Progetto Europeo. Ulteriori informazioni nell'articolo di Joachim Kemper, ICARUS, "Atlanti", 20(2010), pp. 267-276.
17.	Genealogical Society of Utah (ZDA) - Project: FAMILYSEARCH (ulterior dettagli in: Annex ad Atlanti 2011).
18.	Ulteriori informazioni nell'articolo Melik - Jeraj, "Atlanti", 21(2011).
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Riviste di archivistica (riferite alla nota n. 10)
^e American archivist, ZDA (od leta 1938, Chicago); Archeion, Poljska (od leta 1931 Varšava); Archival science, ZDA (2001 Boston); Archiv und Wirtschaft, Nemčija (1968, Stuttgart); Archivalische Zeitschruft, Nemčija (Koeln); Der Archivar, Nemčija (1954 Duesseldorf); Archive in Bayern, Nemčija (Muenchen); Archives, Anglija (London); Archivni časopis, Češka (Praga); Arhiven pregled, Bolgarija (Sofija); Arhivska praksa, BiH (Tuzla); Arhivski pregled, Srbija (Beograd); Arhivski vjestnik, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Arkistolaitos, Finska (Helsinki); Bulletin.. ; Janus..., Archivum..., Comma, ICA, Francija (Paris); Gazete des archives, Francija (Paris); Journal, Anglija (?) (Berkskire); Leveltari, Madžarska (Budinpešta); Mittelungen..., Avstrija (Dunaj); Nachrichten..., Nemčija (Muenchen); Otečestvenye... , Rusija (Moskva); Pagine..., Češka (Praga); Prologue..., ZDA (Washington); Sbornik...., Češka (Praga); Scrinium....; Avstrija (Dunaj); Slovenska archivistika, Slovaška (Bratislava); Vjetar, Kosova (Priština); Archivaria...., Canada (Ottawa); Archivi & computer, Italija (San Minia-to); Archivmitteilungen, V.Nemčija (Potsdam); Arhivista Polski, Poljska (Waršava); Arhivist, Jugoslavija (Beograd); Boletin..., Španija (Madrid); Bulletin FIAF, Belgija (Bruxelles); Bulletin.., Avstralija (?); Glasnik, BiH (Sarajevo); Informator, Makedonija (Skopje); Insar, Evropska skupnost (Bruessel); Izdanja, Hrvatska (Split); Leveltari szemle, Madžarska (Budimpešta); Makedonski arhivist, Makedonija (Skopje); Mittelungen... Nemčija (Koblenz); Mittelung des..., Avstrija (Graz); Nederland archievenblad, Nizozemska (Tilburg); Rassegna degli archivi di Stato, Italija (Rim); ^e Record..., ZDA (Washington); Retroinformace, Češka (Praga); Sovetskie arhivy, Rusija (Moskva); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Rijeka); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Pazin); Voprosy..., Rusija (Moskva); Mitteilungen fuer die Archivpflege Bayerns, Nemčija (Muenchen); Bulletin, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Archivi Ukrai-ni, Ukrajina (Kijev); Archives et ..., Belgija( Bruexelles), Archives and....Avstralija (O,Connor); Arkivi komunal..., Kosovo (Priština) itd
Archivschule Marburg; Fortbildung^ Marburg 2011, nepaginirano.
Anbietung von Unterlagen^ Rainer Polley (Hrsg.)^.Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule. Marburg; n. 50. Marburg 2011, p. 186.
Arhivski predpisi v R Sloveniji, Ljubljana 2007, p. 366.
Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992, p. 370.
Vladimir Žumer, Poslovanje zzapisi^.Ljubljana 2007, p. 648 Hraniti in ohraniti, Maribor 2003, p. 480.
Marco Aurelio Rivelli, Le genocide occulte, Lausanne 1998, p. 288. Arhivsko društvo Slovenije, Zbornik, Dolenjske Toplice 2009, p. 167. Slovenski arhivi se predstavijo, Ljubljana 2010, p. 64. Archives in Crisis Situations, Zbornik, Bratislava 2009, p. 164.
Katrin Wenzel - Jan Jaeckel, R^etrokonversion^. Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule Marburg, n. 51. Marburg 2009, p. 386.
20 let Slovensko - Madžarski mednarodni arhivski raziskovalni tabor, 2010, p. 160. Študij arhivistike in dokumentolog
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
Curriculum arhivov v državah - družbah
UVOD
Na konferenci Mednarodni arhivski dan 2011 obravnavamo temo o odnosu med arhivi in državami-družbami1 po svetu. Za tako temo smo se odločili lansko leto na skupščini redno imenovanih članov Mednarodnega inštituta arhivskih znanosti Trst - Maribor tudi zato, ker želimo, da bi člani inštituta in drugi povabljeni predavatelji opravili ter predstavili rezultate raziskave o tem kakšno vlogo so imeli arhivi nekoč, kakšno imajo danes in kakšno naj bi imeli v odnosu do države-družbe2
Želimo dobiti odgovore na vprašanja kakšni so bili odnosi med arhivi in državo-družbo nekoč, kakšni so ti odnosi danes in z zanimanjem lahko pričakujemo predvsem podatke o tem kakšno vlogo bodo ali naj bi imeli arhivi v bodočih modernih družbah. Koliko nam bo to uspelo, bo pokazala analiza letošnje XXI številke ATLANTOV 2011.
Pri pripravi tega uvodnega prispevka sem osebno bil v dilemi ali naj pišem o zgodovinskem razvoju arhivov ali o vlogi arhivov v nekdanjih državah-družbah3.
ZAKONI O ARHIVIH VČERAJ IN DANES
Izhajati moramo iz dejstva, da so delovanje arhivov (recimo zadnjih 200 let) v posameznih državah-družbah, predpisovali sprejeti zakoni o arhivih in arhivskem gradivu (arhivski zakoni)4. Z zakoni so bile namreč arhivom določene osnovne pristojnosti, naloge, strokovno delo, varovanje itd, vendar različno v določenem zgodovinskem obdobju in v geografskih sredinah. Glede na arhivsko zakonodajo je odnos med arhivi in državami-družbami urejen že dolgo časa5.
Prvi arhivski zakoni (vsaj pomembnejši) o delovanju arhivov so nastali pred prvo svetovno vojno, nekateri pa že tudi prej. V njih je bila vloga arhivov glede na današnjo arhivsko zakonodajo, zelo različna, vendar je kljub temu določala osnovno dejavnost arhivov, »da hranijo arhivsko gradivo«. Ta obveznost je med drugim zapisana v arhivski zakonodaji tudi danes ko se tej obvezi dodaja še, da morajo arhivi »zbirati arhivsko gradivo, ga urejati in hraniti ter opravljati še mnoga druga arhivsko strokovna opravila«. Arhivska zakonodaja ali zakonodaja, ki je določala obstoj in delovanje arhivov, je bila in je še po posameznih državah-družbah različna in prepogosto povezana z nezagotavljanjem takšnih materialnih pogojev, v okviru katerih arhivi predpisane osnovne dejavnosti niso zadovoljivo opravljali.
Dovolite, da opozorim na zanimivo knjižico, ki mi je pred kratkim prišla v roke, saj je bila v originalu izdana že leta 1571. V njej so določila za poslovanje z dokumentarnim gradivom. Avtor te knjige je Jakob von Rammingen in je po ugotovitvah nemških arhivskih kolegov, prvi, ki je pripravil »regule« za poslovanje z arhivskim gradivom, seveda je pri tem uporabljena terminologija, ki je bila v uporabi v tistem času6.
1.	Smiselno uporabljam naziv država-družba skupaj, čeprav med njima obstaja strokovno utemeljena razlika.
2.	Z besedo arhiv tolmačim v glavnem arhivsko ustanovo, zavod, institucijo ne oziraje se na to ali se ta nahaja v samostojni zgradbi ali zaseda samo del zgradbe. Včasih z besedo arhiv označujem arhivsko gradivo, arhivsko zbirko, osebno ali rodbinsko arhivsko gradivo ali pa gradivo, ki ga ima pri sebi ustvarjalec ali posameznik. Definicije o arhivu in arhivskem gradivu je možno najti v najrazličnejših slovarjih arhivske terminologije. Posebej opozarjam na IIAS slovar na www.iias-trieste-maribor.eu.
3.	Literature o zgodovinskem prikazu razvoja arhivov in o arhivih v državah-družbah ni malo. Predvsem je zajeta v učbenikih za arhivistiko, nekoliko starejša pa je podana tudi v knjigi; dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992.
4.	Podrobneje o arhivski zakonodaji v ATLANTI, št:20, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, različni avtorji, strani 51 do 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
5.	ATLANTI, St:20, O arhivski zakonodaji v arhivih pišejo; Tato/Italija, Larin/Rusija, Hanus/Slovaška, Penzo Doria/ Italija, Schöggl- Ernst/Avstrija, Rybakou/Belorusija, Cook/ Anglija, Aguado Gonzales/Spanija, Budowski/Izrael, Arathymou/Grčija, Calvao Borges/Portugalska, Hedbeli/Hrvaška, Kožar/Bosna in Hercegovina, Delmas/ Francija, Se-lan/Slovenija, Wanner/Češka, Sem. Rajh/Slovenija, Popovic/Srbija, strani 51 do 240, Trst - Trieste 2010.
6.	JBLD Stroemberg (avtor prevoda), The earliest predecessors of arhival science: Jacob von Rammingen-s two manualls of registry and archival management, printed in 1571, 188 strani. Angleški tekst in transkripcija nemškega teksta in faksimile.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
NAMEN VAROVANJA ARHIVSKEGA GRADIVA VČERAJ IN DANES
Arhivom se je skozi zgodovino posvečalo več pozornosti kot smo to danes pripravljeni priznati. Pomembnost arhivov v državah-družbah lahko zasledimo že v grškem in rimskem obdobju saj nam je iz zgodovine (tudi zgodovine arhivistike) znano, da so grške države znotraj najpomembnejših zgradb določile tudi eno, ki so jo imenovali »arheion«. Za časa rimskega imperija je bila v glavnem mestu Rimu določena posebna zgradba za shranjevanje arhivskega gradiva. Imenovali so jo »archivum«. V njem so delovale tudi pisarne s »scriptorii ali tabulariusi«, ki so skrbeli za zapisovanje podatkov ter za shranjevanje teh na » papirusovih rotolusih« ali na glinastih, keramičnih ali kamnitih ploščah7.
Namen držav-družb, da ohranjajo arhivsko gradivo (arhive) je bil dvojen. Prvi je bil ohranjanje zapisov (arhivov) kot dokaz poslovanja, drugi (relativno zgodaj izpričan) pa, da se arhivi (dokumenti) hranijo za raziskovanje preteklosti. O tem nam pričajo dela rimskih zgodovinarjev. Naj omenim samo Tacita, za katerega vemo, da je svojo zgodovino v sedmih knjigah napisal tudi na osnovi ohranjenih dokumentov, za katere je rimska država zagotavljala predpisano hrambo v posebnih prostorih.
Po propadu rimskega cesarstva je bilo na področju varstva arhivov (dokumentov) v srednjeevropskem prostoru več stoletno zatišje. Novo obdobje odnosov med arhivi državo-družbo se prične v času Karla Velikega v 10. stoletju. Ta je ob gradnji svojega sedeža v Achenu določil tudi prostore za hrambo arhivov ter tako postal primer, ko je državni poglavar določil in predpisal odloke za delovanje arhivov. Od 10. stoletja naprej se pojavlja skrb za ohranjanje arhivskega gradiva tudi v cerkvenih ustanovah8 predvsem samostanih kmalu pa tudi v srednjeveških mestih, ki to aktivnost zapišejo tudi v svoje statute ter v njih pogosto določijo tudi prostore za hrambo arhivskega gradiva. V posameznih srednjeveških državah so pri močnih kraljevih in drugih plemiških družinah pričeli prav tako relativno zgodaj ustanavljati arhive, ki niso bili v samostojnih zgradbah, ampak v za hrambo dokumentov določenih posebnih prostorih. Kraljeve družine (v Španiji, Italiji, Franciji, Nemčiji in drugod) so se odločale hraniti svoje arhivsko gradivo, pri čemer ne moremo govoriti o državnih arhivih, ampak le o arhivih tistih, ki so te države vodili in so želeli imeti dokumente (arhive) vedno pri sebi. Tako imenovani kraljevi arhivi so ohranjali dokumente, ker so z njimi dokazovali svojo tradicijo, lastnino teritorijev in posesti, torej svoje nepremičnine in z njimi povezane davke i.p.9.
Razvoj modernih držav-družb in njihov odnos do arhivov je različno potekal. V enih delih »sveta« so se arhivi (arhivske službe) razvijali bolj, na drugi strani spet manj uspešno. Šele arhivska zakonodaja je pred in po prvi svetovni vojni uredila odnose med arhivi in državami-družbami. Te so pričele ustanavljati samostojne ustanove, ki so ohranjale v večjem količinskem obsegu kot do takrat zbrane dokumente, saj so spoznale, da je arhivsko gradivo potrebno hraniti v specializiranih ustanovah - arhivih imenovanih tudi »zakladnice človeškega spomina«10.
Razvoj uprave, sodstva, šolstva, gospodarskih struktur in drugih ustvarjalcev arhivskega gradiva, je od druge polovice 19. stoletja naprej, ustvarjal, ob pozitivni arhivski zakonodaji, ugodne odnose med arhivi in državami-družbami. Ta razvoj seveda ni potekal v vseh delih razvitega sveta enako. Po prvi svetovni vojni se je število arhivov močno povečalo, kar je izboljšalo odnose in relacije med arhivi in državami-družbami. Ta situacija se je po drugi svetovni vojni še izboljšala, število novih arhivov je zelo poraslo, odnosi med arhivi in državami-družbami so se še bolj izboljšali, ker so sloneli na zakonskih predpisih11.
DANAŠNJE OCENE
Zelo lahko dajem današnje ocene, saj sem skoraj petinštirideset let sodoživljal razvoj odnosov med arhivi in državami-družbami, ne samo na prostorih nekdanje Jugoslavije ampak v evropskem in izven evropskem prostoru.
7.	Dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992.
8.	Leta 1612, v času papeža Pavla V (1605 - 1621), torej pred 400 leti, je bil ustanovljen papeški zasebni arhiv. Izjava prefekta vatikanskega tajnega arhiva škofa Sergia Pagana dne 6. 7. 2011 je bila objavljena v Družina - Slovenski katoliški tednik, št. 30, dne 24. 7. 2011. Ljubljana .
9.	dr. Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992.
10.	dr. Marjan Drnovšek, Arhivi - zakladnice človeškega spomina, »Arhivi«, 29(2006), n. 2, štr. 366-367.
11.	Opozoril bi na arhivske nacionalne strokovne časopise (revije), ki izhajajo v vseh razvitih državah sveta. Izbor nekaterih je podan na koncu tega teksta.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
Funkcije v Mednarodnem arhivskem svetu in kot vodji Mednarodnega inštituta arhivskih znanosti so mi omogočile, da sem se seznanil z arhivsko teorijo in prakso v mnogih državah po svetu.
Lansko leto smo na konferenci Mednarodni arhivski dan razpravljali o arhivski zakonodaji ter ugotavljali, da so v polpretekli zgodovini odnosi med arhivi in državami-družbami bili opredeljeni v arhivskih zakonih oziroma zakonih, ki so določali delovanje arhivov.
Priče smo bili, in smo še, dejstvu, da države-družbe v svoje sisteme delovanja načeloma vključujejo tudi oblike in načine sodelovanja z arhivi, saj v členih (arhivske) zakonodaje pogosto določajo kaj vse morajo arhivi delati. Ob tem v arhivih ugotavljamo povečan obseg obveznosti, ki jih države-družbe predpisujejo arhivom. Tako se obveznosti arhivov do držav-družb povečujejo hitreje kot pa so te pripravljene povečati materialne (finančne) pogoje tako, da bi ti vse obveznosti lahko optimalno izpoln-jevali12.
Ker dobro poznamo vse naloge in obveznosti, ki jih imajo arhivi in jih tukaj vseh ne bom našteval, bom opozoril samo na nekatera arhivsko strokovna opravila kot so, prevzemanje, hranjenje in urejanje ter posredovanje arhivskega gradiva in to zato ker ta predstavljajo osnovne obveznosti vseh arhivov, ne oziraje se na to, kje delujejo. Te obveznosti zahtevajo obsežna dopolnilna arhivsko strokovno tehnična znanja tudi za to, ker so potrebna za vzporedna znanja kot so vrednotenje gradiva, vrednotenje in določanje ustvarjalcev, izvajanje kontrole na terenu (zunanja arhivska služba), hranjenje (materialno varovanje) in urejanje ter podobno.
Ob tem pa so arhivom naložene še razne dodatne obveznosti kot so študijsko raziskovalno delo, založništvo, publiciranje, razstavna dejavnost, sodelovanje v izobraževalnih procesih in podobno. Te obveznosti morda nekaterim arhivom odgovarjajo in si tako sami sebi zdijo pomembni. Vprašanje pa je ali so to njihovo pomembnost pripravljeni spoznati in priznati nosilci državnih - družbenih funkcij oz. države-družbe v celoti13.
Mnogih obveznosti arhivov nisem naštel, ker se te pojavljajo v zadnjem času ali pa se v nekateri arhivi sploh ne izvajajo. To so področja; konservacija in restavracija, evidentiranje gradiva v drugih arhivih (evidentiranje), kontakti z raziskovalci in uporabniki gradiva, svetovanje pri branju »zamotanih« pisav (gotice) ali gradiva napisanega v tujih jezikih in podobno.
Arhivi so postavljeni tudi pred aktualne nove naloge, zaradi uvajanja in uporabe novih informacijskih tehnologij, novih medijev, oblik predstavljanja gradiva (skeniranje), sprejemanje gradiva v digitalni obliki in njihove elektronske hrambe. Vsa ta področja, vsaka za sebe, potrebujejo posamezno strokovno znanje, posebne pogoje hrambe in posamezne načine strokovne obravnave in različnih oblik poslovanja.
Vse mnoge oblike novih nosilcev informacij, s katerimi se srečujejo arhivi, nalagajo tem dodatne nove naloge. Danes države-družbe od arhivov zahtevajo, da arhivi prevzemajo tudi obveznosti s področja novih informacijskih tehnologij in novih medijev. Glede teh aktivnosti želim biti kritičen in opozoriti na razmišljanje Michaela Ducheina, ki je pred več kot tridesetimi leti pozival k previdnosti pri uporabi novih medijev v arhivih. Ob tem želim osebno opozoriti na nujnost racionalnega vračanje C temeljnemu poslanstvu ter osnovnim nalogam arhivov. Pri tem ne bo škodilo, če arhivi v razvitem delu sveta stopijo korak ali dva nazaj, predvsem v odnosu do uvajanja novih medijev, informacijskih tehnologij, različnih računalniških programov in podobno. Danes postopki uvajanja teh »novosti« res lahko pokažejo določene pozitivne premike pri razvoju arhivskih ustanov, posebej v procesih nastajanja informacijskih družb-držav, vendar ne za dolgo dobo (long term). Za to ni preprosto enostavnega načina, kot ga poznajo tisti arhivi, ki hranijo pri sebi arhivsko gradivo, ki je staro tisoč in več ali manj
let14.
Pri upoštevanju osnovnih dejavnosti arhivskih ustanov bodo morale države-družbe spoznati, da arhive ni potrebno obremenjevati s postopki za hrambo digitalno zapisanega dokumentarnega in arhi-
12.	Podrobneje o arhivski zakonodaji v ATLANTI, Št:20, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, različni avtorji, strani 51 do 240, Trst - Trieste 2010. Glejte opombo št. 5.
13.	S problematiko vrednotenja ustvarjalcev arhivskega gradiva so se ukvarjali mnogi raziskovalci ( Zaletelj, Klasinc, Žontar, Žumer, i.p.). Prispevki so objavljeni v: Sodobni arhivi, Tehnična^, Arhivi, Atlanti in drugje.
14.	Luciana Duranti, Arhivski zapisi, teorija in praksa (prevod), Zagreb, 2000.
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
vskega gradiva, ki nastaja pri ustvarjalcih. To morajo prevzeti tisti, ki arhivsko gradivo ustvarjajo. Takšno razmišljanje seveda modernim arhivistom, ki jih srečujemo po evropskih pa tudi izven evropskih arhivih, ne bo všeč. Ti arhivski kolegi me prepričujejo, da s pripravo »navodil« zagotavljajo varnost in ohranjenost informacij v digitalnih oblikah pri ustvarjalcih že mnogo prej, preden jih bo v svoja skladišča prevzel pristojni arhiv kot arhivsko gradivo. Seveda moraio nad tem arhivskim gradivom izvajati nadzor pristojni arhivi in sicer od trenutka, ko je nastalo, do trenutka, ko ga bo ustvarjalec predal v pristojni arhiv. Zato je po mojem arhivsko gradivo v digitalni obliki prav tako potrebno vrednotiti in odbirati oz. določati tiste informacije, ki imajo značaj arhivskega gradiva. V sodelovanju z arhivisti iz pristojnih arhivov mora zato ustvarjalec gradiva izvajati vsa predpisana strokovna arhivska opravila15 v katerih bodo pristojni arhivi postavili pogoje, pod katerimi bodo prevzeli arhivsko gradivo ter določili, kakšne naj bodo oblike in načini zapisanega arhivskega gradiva, ki ga bodo arhivi po preteku trideset, štirideset ali petdeset let in več od nastanka, prevzeli v svoja arhivska skladišča.
Prevzemanje arhivskega gradiva v digitalni obliki v pristojne arhive kmalu po njegovem nastanku pomeni veliko nevarnost glede varovanja in ohranjanja gradiva pa čeprav arhivom proizvajalci informacijskih tehnologij in računalniških programov ponujajo rešitve, ki so po njihovem enostavne, lahke in zelo poceni. Vendar pa izkušnje zadnjih let kažejo, da temu ni tako, pa čeprav so take rešitve (na žalost) našle svoje mesto tudi v nekaterih novih arhivskih zakonih ali predpisanih navodilih. Velike težave bodo imeli pristojni arhivi takrat ko bodo ugotovili, da niso v stanju izvajati tistega strokovnega dela, ki jim ga danes države-družbe predpisujejo in na take načine prenašajo obveznosti od ustvarjalcev arhivskega gradiva na pristojne arhive.
Danes smo lahko z odnosi med arhivi in državami-družbami zadovoljni tudi zaradi tega, ker vemo, da je bilo po svetu zgrajenih ali adaptiranih veliko število arhivov, da se je povečalo število zaposlenih v arhivih, da se je povečalo število študentov po svetu, ki so končali študij arhivistike ali tistih, ki so arhivistiko študirali ob drugih predmetih n.pr. zgodovine, informatike, dokumentologije in drugih ved. Povečala se je aktivnost posredovanja strokovnega znanja že zaposlenim v pristojnih arhivih kakor tudi tistim, ki delajo v arhivskih službah pri ustvarjalcih. Z navdušenjem lahko sprejemamo poročila o velikih količinah prevzetega arhivskega gradiva, s čemer se ohranja pisna kulturna dediščina in spomini narodov. Normalizira se tudi stanje v državah v tranziciji, kjer so pristojni arhivi zaradi situacije in zavarovanja arhivskega gradiva tega prevzeli skupaj z dokumentarnim gradivoma in ga šele sedaj odbirajo. Arhivi so zelo aktivni pri izdajanju arhivskih časopisov, revij, zbornikov, priročnikov,
17
v
učbenikov itd16. Količina znanja je velikanska, kar kaže podatek, da je bilo na primer v Atlantih dvajsetih številkah objavljenih okoli 4600 strani strokovnih tekstov približno 500 arhivskih strokovnjakov iz vsega sveta. Nimam pa odgovora na vprašanje, pa bi ga rad imel, koliko arhivistov, arhivskih strokovnjakov, v arhivih zaposlenih in drugih je to veliko število prispevkov prebralo, preštudiralo ali koliko (nekaj jih je) kandidatov za magistrske in doktorske znanstvene nazive je pri svojih raziskavah in pisanju magistrskih in doktorskih nalog te tekste tudi uporabljalo. Z veseljem lahko zapišem, da sem že pred leti dobil informacijo, da je v nekaterih arhivskih šolah (Pariz, Amsterdam) branje že omenjenih Atlantov, ki jih izdaja Mednarodni inštitut arhivskih znanosti Trst - Maribor obveznost tamkajšnjih študentov.
Odnose med državami-družbami in arhivi v današnjem času lahko ocenimo kot pozitivne čeprav bi bili lahko tu ali tam tudi boljši. Vendar naj nam optimizma ne zmanjka.
IN JUTRI
Optimizem strokovnega razvoja naj bo osnova bodočim odnosom med arhivi in državami-družbami saj bodo zakonske regulative, visoka strokovnost, zagotovljeni dobri materialni pogoji in prednostno spoštovanje arhivske stroke, omogočale dobro sožitje v obojestransko korist. Zraven izvajanja teh obveznosti v profesionalnih arhivih naj se te v največjem možnem obsegu opravljajo tudi pri ustvarjalcih arhivskega gradiva in pri tistih, ki se združujejo v civilne iniciative kot so na primer ICARUS18 ali Familysearch19 ter podobne druge.
15.	Charles M. Dollar, Arhivistika i informacijske tehnologije (prevod), Zagreb 1999.
16.	Arhivski časopisi so vsaj nekateri podani na koncu teksta.
17.	ATLANTI, Revija za sodobno arhivsko teorijo in prakso, Mednarodni inštitut arhivskih znanosti Univerze v Mariboru, Mednarodni inštitut arhivskih znanosti Trst- Maribor. Izhajajo od leta 1991, Maribor, Trst.
18.	ICARUS, projekt Evropske skupnosti. Več v članku Joachim Kemper, ICARUS, "Atlanti", 20(2010), štr. 267-276.
19.	Genealogical Society of Utah (ZDA) - projekt: FAMILYSEARCH (več v prilogi Atlanti 2011).
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
V Sloveniji smo celo letos z referendumom odločali o nekaterih členih arhivskega zakona. Ne poznam, da so kje drugje po svetu državljani z referendumom določali o dostopnosti do arhivskega
gradiva20. Nisem tudi prepričan, da je bila taka pot ne bo šlo toliko za vprašanje odnosa med arhivi in prave in iskanja optimalnih strokovnih rešitev, ki ji
srava, a ostale so nam odprte možnosti za jutri, ko ružbami-državami, ampak za resne strokovne raz-bo nato potrebno vnesti v arhivsko zakonodajo.
To so perspektive, ki naj jih ponudijo arhivi državam-družbam, te pa naj arhivom omogočijo izboljševanje njihovega strokovnega znanja in organizirati študij samostojne znanstvene arhivistike na fakultetah, univerzah in podobno, predvsem tam, kjer to še ne poteka. Za uspešno delo v arhivih je potrebno zagotoviti pravilno usposobljen strokovni kader. Arhivom je potrebno zagotavljati materialne pogoje za opravljanje svojih osnovnih dejavnosti predvsem pa za varovanje arhivskega gradiva z adaptacijami obstoječih prostorov za arhive, z izgradnjo novih arhivskih zgradb, za kvalitetno oprema v arhivih in arhivskih skladiščih ter pri tem upoštevati vse standarde, ki so predpisani.
Države-družbe naj zagotovijo v bodoče za arhive tudi več sredstev za delovanje konzervacijskih in restavracijskih delavnic. Danes nima smisla, da se ukvarjamo z odgovori na vprašanja, kdo je kriv za to, da je v arhivih po svetu preveč arhivskega gradiva, ki nujno potrebuje dobre restavracijske in kon-zervacijske posege. Nujna obnova arhivskega gradiva iz 12. stoletja ali samo 100 ali 200 let starega arhivskega gradiva mora biti obojestranska obveza na eni strani držav-družb in na drugi strani arhivov.
Pričakujemo lahko, da bodo države-družbe dajale arhivom pozicije, ki jim kot ustanovam nacionalnega, regionalnega ali mestnega nivoja tudi pripadajo in si jih arhivi kot samostojne znanstvene, kulturne in izobraževalne ustanove tudi zaslužijo. Arhivi morajo uporabnikom omogočiti čim lažji in enostavnejši dostop do arhivskega gradiva brez nepotrebnega posredovanje ene ali druge politike.
Praksa današnjega časa, ko so arhivi sestavni del raznih ministrstev za kulturo, notranjih, pravnih ali zunanjih ministrstev in podobno, je slaba. Arhive je potrebno institucionalno izločiti iz takih okvirjev in jih osamosvojiti, pri tem pa je potrebno precizno določiti obveznosti držav-družb do njihovega financiranja (v državnem proračunu). Nacionalni arhivi in z njimi povezani regionalni in mestni arhivi se morajo torej osamosvojiti kot samostojne kulturne, znanstvene, raziskovalne in izobraževalne inštitucije, tudi zaradi tega, ker hranijo edinstveno (unikatno) arhivsko gradivo in zaradi tega morajo dobivati od držav-družb vso podporo. Tako si bodo arhivi pridobili tudi ugled v državah-družbah in glede na pisno kulturno dediščino, ki jo hranijo, bi morali soditi pod predsednike držav.
Naj sklenem z nam arhivistom znanimi ugotovitvami, da arhivi hranijo pisano ali kako drugače zapisano kulturno dediščino narodov, kjer delujejo. Zato so arhivi pomembni že danes in upam, da bodo v bodoče še bolj. Ne samo zaradi tega, ker z ohranjenim arhivskim gradivom dokazujejo neke postopke, ki so jih izvajale države-družbe, ampak tudi zaradi državljanov, ki iščejo pomoč ali svoje pravice tudi z uporabo arhivskega gradiva. Arhivi bodo služili tistim, ki prihajajo v arhive iskat podatke za svoje raziskave s področji zgodovine, geografije, prava, ekonomije in še mnogih drugih ved. Arhivi bodo služili ljudem, ki bodo hodili v arhive iskati podatke o svojih prednikih (familysearch), ljudem, ki bodo hodili v arhive zaradi tega, ker jih preprosto zanima, kako se je včasih živelo (foto in filmski arhivi), kako je nekoč nekaj delovalo (tehnični arhivi,stroji), razvijalo (gradbeni in arhitekturni načrti), odvijalo (delovna, statistična in druga poročila) ali kako je včasih nekaj bilo (zemljevidi, vedute, razglednice mest in krajev). Vemo, da ti ljudje nimajo ambicij, da bi pisali o zgodovini, njih preprosto zanima arhivsko gradivo (in prav je tako), arhivi pa jim morajo omogočiti neoviran in enostaven dostop, široko pomoč in neomejene možnostmi reproduciranja.
Arhivi naj torej bolj kot do sedaj postanejo prave javne ustanove, kjer se naj državljani srečujejo s preteklostjo in iščejo pot v prihodnost, ker vemo, da kdor ne pozna svoje preteklosti, ne more pričakovati lepe prihodnosti. In prav zaradi tega morajo države-družbe arhivom v bodočnosti omogočiti ugoden razvoj, neoviran obstoj in jim dati primeren ugled.
20. Več o tem v članku Melik - Jeraj, "Atlanti", 21(2011).
Peter Pavel KLASiNC: Curriculum of the Archives in States - Societies, 155-176
PRILOGE!
NEKATERI ARHIVSKI ČASOPISI (veza z opombo št. 10)
^e American archivist, ZDA (od leta 1938, Chicago); Archeion, Poljska (od leta 1931 Varšava); Archival science, ZDA (2001 Boston); Archiv und Wirtschaft, Nemčija (1968, Stuttgart); Archivalische Zeitschruft, Nemčija (Koeln); Der Archivar, Nemčija (1954 Duesseldorf); Archive in Bayern, Nemčija (Muenchen); Archives, Anglija (London); Archivni časopis, Češka (Praga); Arhiven pregled, Bolgarija (Sofija); Arhivska praksa, BiH (Tuzla); Arhivski pregled, Srbija (Beograd); Arhivski vjestnik, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Arkistolaitos, Finska (Helsinki); Bulletin.. ; Janus..., Archivum..., Comma, ICA, Francija (Paris); Gazete des archives, Francija (Paris); Journal, Anglija (?) (Berkskire); Leveltari, Madžarska (Budinpešta); Mittelungen..., Avstrija (Dunaj); Nachrichten..., Nemčija (Muenchen); Otečestvenye... , Rusija (Moskva); Pagine..., Češka (Praga); Prologue..., ZDA (Washington); Sbornik...., Češka (Praga); Scrinium....; Avstrija (Dunaj); Slovenska archivistika, Slovaška (Bratislava); Vjetar, Kosova (Priština); Archivaria...., Canada (Ottawa); Archivi & computer, Italija (San Minia-to); Archivmitteilungen, V.Nemčija (Potsdam); Arhivista Polski, Poljska (Waršava); Arhivist, Jugoslavija (Beograd); Boletin..., Španija (Madrid); Bulletin FIAF, Belgija (Bruxelles); Bulletin.., Avstralija (?); Glasnik, BiH (Sarajevo); Informator, Makedonija (Skopje); Insar, Evropska skupnost (Bruessel); Izdanja, Hrvatska (Split); Leveltari szemle, Madžarska (Budimpešta); Makedonski arhivist, Makedonija (Skopje); Mittelungen... Nemčija (Koblenz); Mittelung des..., Avstrija (Graz); Nederland archievenblad, Nizozemska (Tilburg); Rassegna degli archivi di Stato, Italija (Rim); ^e Record..., ZDA (Washington); Retroinformace, Češka (Praga); Sovetskie arhivy, Rusija (Moskva); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Rijeka); Vjesnik, Hrvaška (Pazin); Voprosy..., Rusija (Moskva); Mitteilungen fuer die Archivpflege Bayerns, Nemčija (Muenchen); Bulletin, Hrvaška (Zagreb); Archivi Ukrai-ni, Ukrajina (Kijev); Archives et ..., Belgija( Bruexelles), Archives and....Avstralija (O,Connor); Arkivi komunal..., Kosovo (Priština) itd
Viri in literatura
Archivschule Marburg; Fortbildung^ Marburg 2011, nepaginirano.
Anbietung von Unterlagen^ Rainer Polley (Hrsg.)^.Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule. Marburg; n. 50. Marburg 2011, p. 186.
Arhivski predpisi v R Sloveniji, Ljubljana 2007, p. 366.
Peter Pavel Klasinc, Materialno varovanje klasičnih in novih nosilcev informacij v arhivih, Maribor 1992, p. 370.
Vladimir Žumer, Poslovanje z zapisi ^.Ljubljana 2007, p. 648 Hraniti in ohraniti, Maribor 2003, p. 480.
Marco Aurelio Rivelli, Le genocide occulte, Lausanne 1998, p. 288. Arhivsko društvo Slovenije, Zbornik, Dolenjske Toplice 2009, p. 167. Slovenski arhivi se predstavijo, Ljubljana 2010, p. 64. Archives in Crisis Situations, Zbornik, Bratislava 2009, p. 164.
Katrin Wenzel - Jan Jaeckel, ^etrokonversion^. Veroeffentlichungen der Archivschule Marburg, n. 51. Marburg 2009, p. 386.
20 let Slovensko - Madžarski mednarodni arhivski raziskovalni tabor, 2010, p. 160. Študij arhivistike in dokumentolog