SIX DECADES OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA ŠEST DESETLETIJ HUMANE GEOGRAFIJE IN VARSTVA OKOLJA V ACTI GEOGRAPHICI SLOVENICI Mimi Urbane, Drago Kladnik, Drago Perko Evening in the southern part of the Ljubljana Marsh. Večerni pogled na južni del Ljubljanskega barja. Six Decades of Human Geography and Environmental Protection in Acta geographica Slovenica DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS54201 UDC: 911.3:050(497.4)"1952/2012" 502:050(497.4)"1952/2012" COBISS: 1.02 ABSTRACT: This article presents the position of human geography, landscape ecology, and environmental protection and how these areas have developed over the sixty years that the journal Acta geographica Slovenica/Geografski zbornik has been published. The goal is to present the development and changes in content orientation, changes in research approaches, and changes in article authorship. The overview shows the development of these research disciplines in Slovenia and the research orientations of researchers at the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute. During the time that the journal has been published, there has been a perceptible shift from defining and analyzing geographical features to a problem-oriented approach, and towards seeking cause-and-effect connections and responses to current social events. In this process, previously dominant individual contributions have been complemented by articles that were the fruits of joint labor and, alongside various Slovenian contributions, the number and thematic diversity of articles by international contributors has increased. Physical and regional geography will be presented in separate articles. KEY WORDS: Acta geographica Slovenica, human geography, social geography, cultural geography, landscape ecology, environmental protection The editors received this article on June 5 2013. ADDRESSES: Mimi Urbane, Ph. D. Anton Melik Geographical Institute Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Gosposka ulica 13, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: mimi@zrc-sazu.si Drago Kladnik, Ph.D. Anton Melik Geographical Institute Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Gosposka ulica 13, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si Drago Perko, Ph.D. Anton Melik Geographical Institute Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Gosposka ulica 13, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: drago@zrc-sazu.si 1 Introduction In 2012 the journal Acta geographica Slovenica/Geografski zbornik (hereinafter: AGS) celebrated its sixtieth anniversary of publication. To observe this important event, three articles analyze all of the contributions to the journal and shed light on the development of geography, especially Slovenian geography. Unlike the trend today, in the twentieth century the journal primarily published articles by Slovenian researchers. This first article primarily deals with human geography, landscape ecology, and environmental protection, and how these have developed over the sixty years that AGS has been published. The next volume will include an article about physical geography, followed by an article on regional geography, which will also offer a regional contextualization of the articles on physical and human geography. The goal of these analyses is to present the development and changes in content orientation, changes in research approaches and how findings are presented in the journal, and changes in article authorship. At the same time, it draws attention to the internationalization of geographical studies (this will be addressed in detail in the article on regional geography in AGS). The goal of this article is to show the development of human geography and environmental protection in Slovenia in general, which is also an expression of research at the journal's publisher, the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute (hereinafter: GIAM), or the research orientations of the researchers working there. Human or social geography is a broad and variegated field of research that deals with the presence of people in the landscape and the environment, connections between them, and processes connected with their interaction. In Slovenia and in Slovenian, human geography has a position equal to that of physical and regional geography. Within the framework of general geography, Vrišer (1998) equated it with socialna geografija 'social geography' and antropogeografija 'anthropogeography', and in his text he stated that the terms socialna geografija 'social geography' and kulturna geografija 'cultural geography' were also used for it. In English, the term human geography generally subsumes social geography and cultural geography (Smith 2010). This article understands the term human geography as an umbrella term for geography that is concerned with how a space, a place, and the environment influence people and their activities, and are a result of their activities at the same time. To human geography have also been added landscape ecology and environmental protection - branches of geography that function as a bridge between physical geography and human geography. The material presented here is also presented graphically through tag clouds, which were formed from keywords. The keywords are not standardized, unless the same keyword appears in the singular and plural forms, but instead are preserved the way they were written in the article itself (e.g., hribovske kmetije 'hill farms' and samotne kmetije 'isolated farms'). The »tag« is usually comprised of a single word, which is most often cited in alphabetical order, whereby the importance of the individual tag is shown by the size and/or color of the font. A tag cloud is based on the number of repetitions of an individual word or tag. If the keywords are phrases, the tags are also composed of more than one word. In order for the program that creates the tag cloud to be able to understand phrases as one word, it was necessary to combine them, for which there were two possibilities: the words could be written together (i.e., without spaces), or they could be connected with hyphens. The second option was chosen for clarity. 2 Human geography If one follows the basic traditional division, the diverse topic of human geography is most often represented in AGS as rural geography, within which there is a clear dominance of research on hill farms as a result of the former GIAM research program. In the 1960s articles were published on hill farms in the Solčava area (Meze 1963), the Luce area (Meze 1965), and the Upper Savinja Valley (Meze 1969), and, after a decade-long hiatus, a new series of articles on hill farms in the Upper Savinja Valley (Meze 1980), along the Kokra River and in the foothills of Mount Krvavec (Meze 1981), between the Kokra and Draga valleys (Meze 1984), in the Slovenj Gradec Pohorje Mountains (Gams 1984) and on the Dobrovlje Plateau (Natek 1984), in the Polhov Gradec and Rovte hills (Meze 1986), in the Idrija and Cerkno regions (Meze 1987), in the Poljane Valley (Orožen Adamič 1987), and on the Šentviška Gora Plateau and in Trebuša (Meze 1988). After another decade's pause, a new series of articles appeared, but in comparison to the previous ones they had a more comprehensive scope and thematically focused on a particular aspect of hill farms; for example, on the typology of hill farms (Kerbler 2003) and on the influence that factors related to the sociogeographic structure of Slovenian hill farms had on decisions on their succession (Kerbler 2008). The last contribution on the role and significance of owners' perceptions for preserving intergenerational continuity (Kerbler 2010) is in the spirit of new trends in geography. Other material in rural geography comprises general agricultural geography studies of the Tuhinj Valley and the [avrini Hills (Klemencic 1952; Briski 1956) and the mountain pastures outside the Alpine area (Melik 1956), after which there was a long silence. Even though the Slovenian countryside has undergone intensive transformation, this process was not covered properly in AGS, with one exception. Later on, the modern transformation of the countryside and the challenges connected with this were presented based on Prekmurje as an example (Kladnik 1993). Since 2000, the range of material has been very broad. The general image of agriculture was presented in an article about its production role (Vriser 2002). This was followed by articles that represent a shift in content from dealing with agriculture and its production role to a broader understanding of agriculture in its multifunctional role. A new perspective on rural space was offered by an article on the significance of subdividing the countryside to promote regional development (Kladnik and Ravbar 2003). Common land was discussed by Hrvatin and Perko (2008) from the perspective of landscape features, and Todorovic and Bjeljac (2009) examined the very popular and widespread notion that tourism is a magical straw to agrarian-geography Alpine-economy animal-husbandry Banat Bovec -region climatology climatology-geography colonization deagrarization ■ demographic-geography Drava-plain economic- geography economic-history economy energetics fishing Gomilsko Gorica-hills hop-growing human- ge o ^gr^a p h y Istria Koper-hills land-tenure-structure Ljubljana Lower-Sava-region Luce-region mountain-farms mountain-pastures physical-geography Piran Podkoren population regional-geography road-transport settlement- geography settlements Slovenes Slovenia Soča-settlement solitary-homesteads towns transport-geography Tržič Tuhinj-valley Upper-Sava-valley urban-geography Vojvodina Vrhnika weather Yugoslavia clutch at for less developed rural areas in Serbia. The last two articles in this group address a very topical subject: conflict of interests and processes where town and countryside meet (Razpotnik Viskovic 2011) and using a karstification indicator to define less suitable areas for agriculture (Ciglič etal. 2012). Within rural geography, land use is also well represented. This group includes twelve articles. Some of them present land use in general, in a particular area (Kranjc 1972; Natek 1985b; Perko 1987), and later contributions in this area (as in human geography as a whole) focused on the problem aspect of studying land use and/or on presenting new methods (Bat 1990; Gams 1992; Gabrovec 1995). The use of GIS tools in particular opened up new opportunities to study land use (Loczy and Szalai 1993; Hrvatin, Perko, and Petek 2006; Vijulie etal. 2012), generated new methodological approaches (Petek 2002, 2005), and made possible the development of an exceptionally comprehensive and seminal article that is frequently cited on modern findings on land use in Slovenia (Gabrovec and Kladnik 1997). During the first years that AGS was published, settlement geography was dominated by comprehensive descriptions of a particular settlement, group of settlements, or a specific small area. At that time, in addition to studies on Tržič (Lipoglavšek - Rakovec 1954), Vrhnika (Habič 1962), and Bovec (Melik 1962), there were also studies of certain smaller settlements such as Gomilsko (Natek 1962), Podkoren (Natek 1963), and Soča (Planina 1954). The prime studies in Slovenian settlement geography, which were an important step forward, were a study of central places (Kokole 1971), as well as Vrišer's study on the urban network agricultural-lands agriculture categories-of-land central- places Cerkno-hills demographic-geography Dobrovlje-plateau Draga-valley East-Krsko-basin economy farms Gorenjska-region human-geography Idrija-hills influence-areas-of-cities inundation-areas karst karstology Kocevje-polje Kokra-region Kokra-valley Kranj Krvavec-promontory land-use Ljubljana-moor Ljubljanica-river-tributaries migrations mountain-farms physical- geography Pohorje Poljanska-Sora-val ey population Radovljica regional-planning Rovte-hills saw-mills settlement settlement- geography Slovenia social-geography spatial-diferentiation Tolmin-region towns traffic Trebusa Trzic Upper-Savinja-valley urban-geography utilization-of-the-water-energy water-mills (Vriser 1974) and an exceptionally influential and groundbreaking study on central places in Slovenia (Vriser 1988). Problem-oriented studies include two articles: a socioeconomic description of Slovenian towns (Vriser and Rebernik 1993) and an article on the transformation of towns and peri-urban settlements (Ravbar 1997). This was again followed by articles examining a single settlement or a few settlements, or perhaps focusing only on a specific segment of the broader field of settlement geography: the expansion of Ljubljana into the Ljubljana Marsh (Gasperic 2004), spatial and functional changes to built-up land in rural settlements after 1991 (Topole etal. 2006), and the impact of tourism on the development of Rogaska Slatina (Horvat 2001). Regional planning became more prominent in AGS only after the merger of GIAM and the Institute of Geography, where this discipline was well established. This was the same time when regional policy also became important, primarily because of the process of joining the European Union. Two very topical articles address regional policy legislation and its spatial effects (Nared 2003) and premises for monitoring and evaluating regional policy (Nared and Ravbar 2003). The article »Regional Development in the Regional Division of Slovenia« (Ravbar 2004) is a response to political trends on the division of Slovenia into regions. A similar issue was dealt with by Serbian researchers, who used the case of Serbia to define regional inequality as a development problem (Miljanovic, Miletic and Dordevic 2010). Articles by Greek and Iranian authors agrarian-geography agriculture changes Croatia cultural-landscape daily-migrations demographic-geography demography economic-geography evaluation exonimization exonym geographical- names geosite getourism gis globalization Hungary Istria land- use land-use-changes less-developed-regions linguistics Ljubljana maps Mediterranean mountain-farms national-minorities physical-geography Prekmurje-region regional-development regional-disparities regional-policy regionalization relief rural-areas rural- geography Serbia settlement-geography Slovenia suburbanization succession tourism towns transition transport-geography typology urban-geography urbanization Vojvodina address the use of GIS in spatial planning of activities, which is exceptionally important today (Polyzos, Sdrolias and Koutseris 2008; Lotfi, Habibi and Koohsari 2009). An article on the development of former mining areas also presents very topical material (Marot and Harfst 2012). The basic premises for planning are dealt with in an article on spatial data infrastructure (Živkovic 2012). Economic geography was represented in AGS from the very beginning; in the second issue it was intro -duced with a general economic geography article on the Gorizia Hills (Vrišer 1954). Before the salt pans became a general natural and cultural value, their economic aspect was at the forefront, which was also reflected in AGS (Savnik 1965). During this period, a series of similar studies were published that dealt with various aspects of economic geography. Žagar (1965) published an article on the village of Tabor, Bogic (1965) analyzed the connection between the weather in October 1959 and the Slovenian power distribution business, and the historian Kos (1965) presented the economic difficulties faced by the Bovec area in the past. After a pause of two decades, an article was published on using the power of tributaries of the Ljubljanica River in the Ljubljana Marsh (Natek 1985a), and after another hiatus an extensive article comprehensively and systematically shed light on socioeconomic orientations of Slovenian towns (Vrišer and Rebernik 1993). At the end of the twentieth century, when economic processes and economic policy had become a component and decisive part of European and also global currents, the modern economic character of Slovenia also started being reflected in AGS. As the most important megatrend in the modern world, globalization became a key concept. A general outline of economic changes in Slovenia as a response to the currents of globalization was provided by Lorber (1999). O'Reilly (2004) published a related article that describes the diverse, clear, and rapid economic changes in Ireland; the current economic crisis in this island nation has given this article new dimensions. Another similarly topical article is by Ravbar (2009), describing the importance of investments in regional development and their geographical evaluation. After 2000, two new topics appeared, following global trends in geography: creativity and the cultural industry (Ravbar, Bole and Nared 2005; Bole 2008). Energy and the workforce have not been a competitive advantage for a long time, having been replaced by knowledge and creativity. Population geography was introduced by broadly conceived articles on the causes, consequences, and features of Slovenian colonization of the Banat region (Pak 1963), characteristics of the labor force from other Yugoslav republics in Slovenia (Natek 1969), and spatial differentiation of Slovenia because of the settlement mobility of the population (Klemenčič 1971). After two decades of »silence,« Perko (1989) published an article on landscape composition and the population, using new computer methods to determine the connection between natural and social landscape elements in the Krka Basin. Minority ethnic groups were also covered in AGS: the Hungarian and German minority along the border with Austria and Hungary (Kocsis and Wastl-Walter, 1993), the Hungarian minority in Prekmurje from the perspective of ethnic identity (Zupančič 1993), and the Romany minority in Prekmurje with regard to demographic characteristics (Josipovič and Repolusk 2003). Here one can also include a study on Peruvian immigrants to Santiago, Chile (Gomez Segovia 2011). Geography has also responded to current trends in declining fertility (Josipovič 2003). In the last two issues there has been a real renaissance of population studies. Articles by Serbian researchers have examined population characteristics in Vojvodina (Djurdjev, Arsenovic and Dragin 2010), looked for connections between mortality and temperature conditions in Belgrade (Djurdjev, Arsenovic and Dragin 2012), and compared commuting in Serbia and Slovenia (Lukic and Tošic 2011). New material has been introduced, such as aging at home with the help of information communication technologies (Kerbler 2012) and creative social groups in Slovenia (Ravbar 2011). A relatively new content area is the cultural landscape, although this was also represented earlier, but in connection with other material studied. This has been an independent area of research since the late 1990s. Nearly half of the articles have addressed it as a palpable material unit of geographical reality, in which they thematize the cadastral survey under Emperor Francis I as being key to understanding it (Petek and Urbanc 2004), terraced landscapes in Slovenia (Ažman Momirski and Kladnik 2009), landscape changes in the low-elevation karst of White Carniola (Paušič and Čarni 2012), and its evaluation and opportunities for future development based on the case of Krk, the largest Adriatic island (Rechner Dika et al. 2011). Other articles follow the modern trends of studying the cultural landscape, which is more of an intangible, felt, and perceived concept than something material (Kučan 1997; Urbanc et al. 2004; Staut, Kovačič and Ogrin 2007; Urbanc 2008; Fridl, Urbanc and Pipan 2009). Traffic geography has been rather poorly represented in AGS. The first general overview was published in the 1960s, when Žagar (1967) precisely presented the features of Slovenian road traffic. The next such article appeared a full thirty-seven years later, when Bole (2004) published an article on employee commuting in Slovenia. This had a broader scope because it examined population mobility (which was in line with modern trends in geography, when traditional traffic studies were replaced by mobility studies). This was followed by articles on accessibility of regional centers (Kozina 2010), comparative analysis of employee mobility in the largest Slovenian employment centers between 2000 and 2009 (Bole 2011), and planning public transportation between the town and countryside based on the case of Ljubljana (Bole et al. 2012). 3 Landscape ecology and environmental protection In the past two decades, the topic of landscape ecology and environmental protection has become very well recognized and well represented. Since the publication of the first such article in 1993, nearly every issue of the journal has contained at least one article of this type. Material on environmental protection agriculture bibliometrics Canada Cerknica-lake classical-karst cognitive-maps contamination Dinaric-karst Dobrepolje drinking-water dunghills ecology ecosystems enironment- protection environmental- pollution fertilizers Gorenjske-Dobrave groundwater illegal-dumping-factors interdisciplinarity land-degradation landscape-ecology landscape-elements Letenice Ljubljana Ljubljana-plain mapping natural- landscapes partition-of-the-landscape pedogeography physical-geography public -awareness public-participation questionnaries Ramsar-convention register-of-illegal-dumps samsun science-overlay-maps Se~ovlje-salt-pans Slovenia soils space Srednja-vas sustainability-science sustainable-development Turkey waste-deposits waste-waters water- protection-areas became especially well represented after the former Institute of Geography was absorbed, where this topic area has a long and rich tradition. In the past decade there have been articles whose content is closer to environmental psychology. As in all spheres of public and social life, in research there is also a considerable tendency towards bottom-up approaches, with an emphasis on people's relation to a particular problem or the way they perceive a certain issue. Within this broad and diverse group, the most frequent studies have involved various aspects of drinking water supply, especially from groundwater. The first such article was written by Hungarian researchers (Balogh and Loczy 1993) and had an expressly physical geographic character. This was followed by several articles dealing with people's impact on the state of drinking water sources. Emphasis was placed in the vulnerability of water resources (Brecko Grubar 1999) and how they are burdened by manure pits (Kladnik, Rejec Brancelj and Smrekar 2003), illegal waste dumps (Breg, Kladnik and Smrekar 2007; Matos, Ostir and Kranjc 2012), and pollutants (Ravbar 2006). Interest in this topic is also connected with increasingly greater social awareness of drinking water and the importance of ensuring sufficient quantities of drinking water for future development. It has become clear that it is people that shape the future, and therefore their understanding of and relationship to the environment are of key importance; among other things, this is marked by educational level. This finding is also reflected in an article that uses the method of drawing mental maps as a new way to shed light on the issue of water protection zones (Smrekar 2006); here the author already outlines the divide between claimed and actual environmental awareness based on the example of Ljubljana, which he later presents in greater detail (Smrekar 2011). The fact that people and their conceptualization of the geographic environment are of key importance for future development is evident from articles on wetland protection (Polajnar 2008) and awareness of environmental problems among the Turkish public (§ahin 2009). Durkin (2102) uses the cases of Slovenia and Canada to comparatively assess public inclusion in environmental policy. Three articles address landscape protection, threats, and degradation with an emphasis on soil degradation (Repe 2002), gravel pits in urban areas (Urbanc and Breg 2005), and environmental protection aspects of agriculture (Rejec Brancelj 1999). This last topic is also addressed in articles dealing with agriculture from the perspective of energy consumption (Urbanc 1998) and organic farming as a development opportunity for broad protected areas (Straus, Bavec and Bavec 2011). Two articles examine the division of northeast Slovenia and the Dobrepolje-Struge karst region, the first into ecological units (Vovk Korze 1996) and the second into natural units (Hrvatin and Hrvatin 2001). A fresh new perspective is offered by an article on temporal dynamics of the interdisciplinary nature of research on sustainability (Nucic 2012). Finally, this overview includes some articles that cannot be put into any of the categories above. The first one is theoretical and discusses the study of international boundaries in geography and anthropology (Knezevic Hocevar 2000), and the next three focus on the Slovenian-Croatian border (Pipan 2007) or its sections in the Dragonja River area (Pipan 2008) and the Bay of Piran (Kladnik and Pipan 2008). This last article also examines geographical names and historical cartography, which was included as a source or tool in multiple articles, but has only rarely been an independent area of research. Exceptions are articles on cartographic representations of Slovenia over time (Gasperic 2007), Gaetan Palma's 1812 map of the Illyrian Provinces (Gasperic 2010) and the atlas Atlant in connection with Slovenian ethnic consciousness (Urbanc etal. 2006). In the treatment of geographical names, the issue of exonyms has been at the forefront. These have been examined with regard to degree of exonymization in various European languages (Kladnik 2007), semantic demarcations with endonyms (Kladnik 2009), and their familiarity among the Slovenian professional community (Kladnik and Bole 2012). Especially the first article on geographical names in AGS presented geographical issues in onomastics based on the Kamnik-Savinja Alps (Persolja 1998). A completely new dimension in the treatment of geographical names that has become increasingly popular in recent years was raised by an article on the significance of microtoponyms for the study of the cultural landscape (Penko Seidl 2008). Cultural heritage has rarely been addressed in AGS. It was discussed by Topole (2009) in connection with the tourism potential of the demographically threatened area of Jurkloster, and the role of inventorying and typing in effective protection of tree heritage was defined by Smid Hribar and Lisec (2011), whose article also involves natural heritage. This category also includes a series of articles from a thematic issue on geotourism (Hose etal. 2011; Hose 2011; Vujicic etal. 2011; Yiping and Luk 2011; Vasiljevic etal. 2011). Publications after 2000 have also included articles that cannot be classified into any of the »traditional« subdivisions of human geography, but reflect modern trends in geography. Perception - the study of how individuals obtain, evaluate, and save information and then build it into their everyday lives - has also made its way into Slovenian geography with some delay. This was the inspiration for two articles on the spatial perception of the Mediterranean in Slovenia (Staut, Kovačič and Ogrin 2007) and the importance of teachers' awareness of space in the educational process (Fridl, Urbanc and Pipan 2009). There remains a group of articles that can be classified into several groups. These include articles that deal with economic geography and settlement geography between the Sava and Sotla rivers (Kokole 1956), the sociogeographic development of the Upper Drava Plain (Pak 1969), the population, settlement, and traffic in the Ljubljana Marsh (Orožen Adamič 1985), and the socioeconomic transformation of the Municipality of Domžale (Pelc 1993). These last articles are only some of many that show the general orientation of AGS toward following concepts about the comprehensiveness or complexity of geography. For many years, the policy of the journal's editorial board and the publisher at GIAM has followed academy member Svetozar Ilešič and his guidelines for contextualizing geography as »the discipline of mutual connections between features of the Earth's surface and its individual parts« (Ilešič 1979). Although individual articles emphasize a particular feature or set of features, their concepts are embedded in the broader context of cause-and-effect geography of the whole. Even more so than at present, when geography is frequently moving toward narrow specializations and is in fact facing the danger of losing its basic essence and mission, the idea of complex geography was firmly anchored among authors in the 1960s and 1970s. A good example of such efforts is the study of the Ljubljana Marsh, which was an umbrella topic divided into subtopics. These subtopics, or narrower fields of research, were presented in AGS in independent articles. These individual articles on the use of tributaries as sources of power (Natek 1985a), agricultural use (Natek 1985b), population, settlement, and traffic (Orožen Adamič 1985), geomorphological development (Šifrer 1984), and flood characteristics (Kolbezen 1985) offer a comprehensive, complete, and complex image of the Ljubljana Marsh. Another similar umbrella topic, with a full eighteen articles, was the treatment of flood zones, which were defined in the context of effects of natural geographical principles and the most diverse human spatial interventions (Natek and Perko 1999). This complexity, comprehensiveness, mutual connectedness, and breadth of perspectives represent the main values of our journal. 4 Conclusion AGS has »reflected the research activity, orientation, and development of the institute as well as Slovenian geography in general« (Natek and Perko 1999), and at the same time the substantive development of GIAM, which publishes the journal. Thus, after the Institute of Geography was absorbed, alongside physical geography articles there was an increasing presence of articles containing social geography (Zorn and Komac 2010). In sixty years of publication, there has been a shift from defining and analyzing geographical features to a problem-oriented approach and seeking cause-and-effect connections as well as to responses to current social phenomena. In the first decades, the articles were straightforwardly geographic, but later, especially after Slovenian independence, interdisciplinary came to the fore in research in line with general global trends. During this time there was also a considerable shift in content from the traditional topics of human geography to modern topics such as mobility, sustainable development, and globalization. The articles reflected the fact that writing them (and the research underlying them) has clearly become a group or team effort and that Slovenian research opened outwards, which is shown in publications by authors that come from various institutions as well as by an increasing number of articles by international contributors. As already stated, the geographical level of Slovenia versus abroad will be presented in greater detail in an article addressing regional geography. At this point, it suffices to say that the first articles by international authors were published in 1993. To date, twenty have been published, including two written jointly by Slovenian and international authors. Especially in recent years, Serbians have predominated among contributors from abroad. The year 1993 was also a milestone for coauthorship, when the first such articles appeared (Balogh and Lóczy 1993; Kocsis and Wastl-Walter 1993; Lóczy and Szalai 1993; Vrišer and Rebernik 1993). In the following two decades, just over half of the articles were written by one author, one-fifth had two contributors, one-sixth had three, and one-tenth had four or more. In six decades, AGS has taken a large step in human geography and environmental protection or landscape ecology, moving from being an »institutional« journal (which was, however, always open to outside contributors) with a limited range of topics to an increasingly prominent international journal, open to anton-melik boštjan-kerbler branislav-djurdjev damir-josipovic daniela-arsenovic darko-ogrin david-bole djordjije- vas jeva drago-kladnik drago-meze drago-perko franci-petek gr»^^« igor- ■ V vrišer ivan-gams janez-nared jerneja-fridl maja-topole marjan-ravbar marjan-žagar matej- gabrovec mauro-hrvatin miha-staut milan- natek milan-orožen-adamic mimi-urbanc mirko-pak miroslav-vujiCic nika-razpotnik-viskovic peter-repolusk primož- V ■ V gašperic primož-pipan slobodan-markovic thomashose tin-lukic vladimir-k emenciC vladimir-kokole Figure 7: Tag cloud composed of the names of thirty-seven authors that published at least two solo or coauthored articles on human geography and environmental protection. They are mostly former or current GIAM employees. There are 109 authors altogether. all geographical researchers and the most varied of topics. With its open editorial policy, rich illustrations, and early and consistent presence on the internet, it can increasingly take its place alongside the best European geographical research journals. 5 References Ažman Momirski, L., Kladnik, D. 2009: Terraced landscapes in Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 49-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS49101 Balogh, J., Loczy, D. 1993: Geoecological survey of groundwater system and surface pattern on an alluvial fan in the Szigetkoz area. Geografski zbornik 33. Bat, M. 1990: Vpliv fizičnogeografskih dejavnikov na rabo tal (na primeru treh krajev v predalpskem hribovju Slovenije). Geografski zbornik 30. Bogic, M. 1965: Vreme v oktobru 1959 in elektrogospodarstvo Slovenije. Geografski zbornik 9. Bole, D. 2004: Daily mobility of workers in Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 44-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3986/AGS44102 Bole, D. 2008: Cultural industry as a result of new city tertiarization. Acta geographica Slovenica 48-2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS48202 Bole, D. 2011: Changes in employee commuting: a comparative analysis of employee commuting to major Slovenian employment centres from 2000 to 2009. Acta geographica Slovenica 51-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3986/AGS51104 Bole, D., Gabrovec, M., Nared, J., Razpotnik Viskovic N. 2012: Integrated planning of public passanger transport between the city and the region: the case of Ljubljana. Acta geographica Slovenica 52-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS52106 Brečko Grubar, V. 1999: Landscape vulnerability of Ljubljana's most important water source. Geografski zbornik 39. Breg, M., Kladnik, D., Smrekar, A. 2007: Dumping sites in the Ljubljansko polje water protection area, the primary source of Ljubljana's drinking water. Acta geographica Slovenica 47-1. 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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS50101 Zupančič, J. 1993: The ethnic identity of Hungarians in the demographically threatened area of Prekmurje. Geografski zbornik 33. Žagar, M. 1965: Tabor pri Dornberku. Geografski zbornik 9. Žagar, M. 1967: O značilnostih cestnega prometa v Sloveniji. Geografski zbornik 10. Živkovic, L. 2012: Towards institutional and organisational framework for the national spatial data infrastructure development in Serbia. Acta geographica Slovenica 52-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ AGS52108 Šest desetletij humane geografije in varstva okolja v Acti geographici Slovenici DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS54201 UDK: 911.3:050(497.4)"1952/2012" 502:050(497.4)"1952/2012" COBISS: 1.02 IZVLEČEK: V članku predstavljamo položaj humane geografije, pokrajinske ekologije in varstva okolja ter njihov razvoj v šestdesetih letih izhajanja znanstvene revije Acta geographica Slovenica/Geografski zbornik. Cilj je prikazati razvoj oziroma spremembe vsebinskih usmeritev, spremembe v pristopih raziskav in spremembe v avtorstvu člankov. Pregled kaže na razvoj teh znanstvenih disciplin v Sloveniji in raziskovalne usmeritve raziskovalcev Geografskega inštituta Antona Melika ZRCSAZU. V času izhajanja revije se je zgodil opazen premik od opredeljevanja in analiziranja geografskih pojavov k problemskemu pristopu ter iskanju vzročno-posledičnih povezav in odzivom na aktualno družbeno dogajanje. Pri tem so nekdaj prevladujoče individualne prispevke dopolnili članki, ki so plod skupinskega dela, ob raznovrstnih domačih prispevkih pa so vse bolj številni in tematsko pestri prispevki tujih avtorjev. Fizična in regionalna geografija bosta predstavljeni v posebnih prispevkih. KLJUČNE BESEDE: Acta geographica Slovenica, humana geografija, družbena geografija, kulturna geografija, pokrajinska ekologija, varstvo okolja Uredništvo je prispevek prejelo 5. junija 2013. 1 Uvod Leta 2012 je znanstvena revija Acta geographica Slovenica/Geografski zbornik (v nadaljevanju AGS) praznovala 60 let izhajanja. V počasitev tega jubileja bomo v treh prispevkih analizirali vse prispevke v reviji in osvetlili razvoj geografije, predvsem slovenske, saj je v prejšnjem stoletju, v nasprotju z današnjimi težnjami, revija objavljala predvsem članke slovenskih avtorjev. Prvi prispevek se ukvarja predvsem s humano geografijo, pokrajinsko ekologijo in varstvom okolja ter njihovim razvojem v šestdesetih letih izhajanja AGS, v naslednjem letniku bo izšel prispevek o fizični geografiji, nato pa še prispevek o regionalni geografiji, kjer bodo regionalno umeščeni tudi članki iz fizične in humane geografije. Slika 1: Število člankov s področja humane geografije in varstva okolja in pokrajinske ekologije glede na vse članke po letih izhajanja. Glej angleški del prispevka. Cilj predstavljene analize je prikazati razvoj oziroma spremembe vsebinskih usmeritev, spremembe v pristopih raziskav oziroma v reviji predstavljenih njihovih rezultatov in spremembe v avtorstvu člankov. Obenem opozarjamo na internacionalizacijo geografskih raziskav (natačno bo obdelana v prispevku, ki bo obravnaval regionalno geografijo v AGS). Namen pričujočega prispevka je prikazati razvoj humane geografije in varstva okolja v Sloveniji na splošno, ki je tudi odraz raziskovalnega dela na Geografskem inštitutu Antona Melika ZRC SAZU (v nadaljevanju GIAM), izdajatelju revije, oziroma raziskovalnih usmeritev v njem zaposlenih raziskovalcev. Humana ali družbena geografija je široko in razvejeno znanstveno področje, ki se ukvarja s prisotnostjo človeka v pokrajini in okolju, povezavami med njimi ter procesi, povezanimi z njihovim součinkovanjem. V Sloveniji in slovenskem jeziku humana geografija nastopa enakopravno s fizično in regionalno geografijo. V shemi splošne geografije jo Vrišer (1998) enači s socialno geografijo in antropogeografijo, v besedilu pa navaja, da se zanjo uporabljata tudi izraza socialna geografija in kulturna geografija. Na angleškem govornem področju izraz human geography običajno združuje social geography in cultural geography (Smith 2010). V tem prispevku razumemo izraz humana geografija kot krovni termin geografije, ki se navezuje na to, kako prostor, kraj in okolje vplivajo na človeka ter njegove aktivnosti, obenem pa so tudi rezultat njegovih aktivnosti. Humani geografiji smo pridružili tudi pokrajinsko ekologijo in varstvo okolja, geografski panogi, ki sta most med fizično in humano geografijo. Slika 2: Število člankov po vsebinskih sklopih humane geografije in po letih izhajanja. Glej angleški del prispevka. Predstavljene vsebine smo tudi grafično prikazali prek tako imenovanih deskriptorskih polj, ki smo jih oblikovali iz ključnih besed. Ključnih besed nismo poenotili,razen če se enaka ključna beseda pojavljala v edninski in množinski obliki, ampak smo jih ohranili, kot so zapisane v samem članku (na primer hribovske kmetije in samotne kmetije). »Deskriptor« običajno sestavlja ena sama beseda, ki je največkrat navedena po abecednem zaporedju, pri čemer je pomembnost posameznega deskriptorja prikazana z velikostjo in/ali barvo pisave. Deskriptorsko polje temelji na številu ponovitev posamezne besede oziroma deskriptorja. Če so ključne besede sestavljene, so tudi deskriptorji sestavljeni iz več besed. Da bi jih lahko program oblikovanja deskriptorskih polj razumel kot eno besedo, jih je bilo treba povezati, za kar sta se pokazali dve možnosti: besede se lahko zapisujejo skupaj, to je brez presledka, lahko pa so povezane s stičnimi vezaji. Zaradi boljše razumljivosti smo se odločili za drugo možnost. 2 Pregled humane geografije V raznovrstni tematiki humane geografije je, če sledimo temeljni klasični delitvi, v AGS-u najpogosteje zastopana geografija podeželja, znotraj katere izrazito prevladuje preučevanje hribovskih kmetij kot posledica nekdanjega raziskovalnega programa GIAM-a. V šestdesetih letih so bili objavljeni članki o hribovskih kmetijah na Solčavskem (Meze 1963), v Lučki pokrajini (Meze 1965) in Zgornji Savinjski dolini (Meze 1969), po desetletju premora pa je sledila nova serija prispevkov o hribovskih kmetijah, in sicer v Zgornji Savinjski dolini (Meze 1980), ob Kokri in v Krvavškem predgorju (Meze 1981), med dolinama Kokre in Drage (Meze 1984), na Slovenjgraškem Pohorju (Gams 1984) in Dobroveljski planoti (Natek 1984), v Polhograj-skem in Rovtarskem hribovju (Meze 1986), na Idrijskem in Cerkljanskem (Meze 1987), v Poljanski dolini (Orožen Adamič 1987) ter na Šentviški planoti in v Trebuši (Meze 1988). Po vnovičnem desetletju premora je bila objavljena nova serija prispevkov, ki pa so v primerjavi s prejšnjimi prinašali celovitejši pregled in so bili tematsko osredotočeni na določen vidik hribovskih kmetij, denimo na tipologijo hribovskih kmetijskih gospodarstev (Kerbler - Kefo 2003) in na vpliv dejavnikov socialnogeografske strukture slovenskih hribovskih kmetij na odločanje o njihovem nasledstvu (Kerbler - Kefo 2008). Zadnji prispevek o vlogi in pomenu gospodarjevih percepcij za ohranjanje medgeneracijske kontinuitete (Kerbler 2010) je v duhu novih trendov v geografiji. agrarna-geografija (2) (1) Bovško (2) (1) deagrarizacija (1) Dravsko-polje (1) družbena- geografija» ekonomska- geografija (6) (1) fizična-geografija (2) geografija-naselij (1) geografija-podnebja (1) geografija-prebivalstva (2) geografija-prometa (1) Gomilsko (1) Goriska-brda (1) gospodarska-zgodovina (1) gospodarstvo (3) (1) hribovske- kmetije (3) Istra (1) Jugoslavija (1) klimatologija (1) kolonizacija (1) Ljubljana (1) Lučka-pokrajina (1) mesta (1) naselja (3) (1) (1) planinsko-pašništvo (1) Podkoren (1) Posavje (1) prebivalstvo regionalna-geografija (5) (1) samotne-kmetije (2) Savrinsko-gričevje (1) Slovenci (1) Slovenija (21) Soča-naselje (1) Trzič (1) Tuhinjska-dolina (1) urbana-geografija (1) Vojvodina (1) vreme (1) Vrhnika (1) zemljiško-posestna-struktura (1) zgornja-Savska-dolina (1) Živinoreja (1) Druge vsebine geografije podeželja sestavljajo splošni agrarnogeografski študiji Tuhinjske doline in Šavrinskega gričevja (Klemenčič 1952; Briški 1956) ter planin zunaj alpskega sveta (Melik 1956), čemur je sledilo dolgotrajno zatišje. Čeprav je slovensko podeželje zajela intenzivna preobrazba, ta proces, razen ene izjeme, v AGS-u ni našel pravega mesta. Pozneje so bili sodobna preobrazba podeželja in z njo povezani izzivi prikazani na primeru Prekmurja (Kladnik 1993). V novem tisočletju je nabor vsebin zelo širok. Splošno sliko kmetijstva prinaša članek o njegovi proizvodni vlogi (Vrišer 2002). Sledijo članki, ki pomenijo vsebinski premik od obravnavanja kmetijstva in njegove proizvodne vloge k širšemu razumevanju kmetijstva v njegovi multifunkcijski vlogi. Nov vidik podeželskega prostora je prinesel članek o pomenu členitve podeželja pri spodbujanju regionalnega razvoja (Kladnik in Ravbar 2003). Skupna zemljišča sta z vidika pokrajinskih značilnosti osvetlila Hrvatin in Perko (2008), Todorovic in Bjeljac (2009) pa sta tematizirala zelo populistično in splošno razširjeno mišljenje, da je turizem čudežna rešilna bilka za manj razvita podeželska območja v Srbiji. Zadnja dva prispevka iz tega sklopa obravnavata zelo aktualni temi, in sicer navzkrižje interesov in procesov na stiku mest in podeželja (Razpot-nik Viskovic 2011) ter določanje manj primernih območij za kmetijstvo s pomočjo kazalnika zakraselosti (Ciglič s sod. 2012). Znotraj geografije podeželja je dobro zastopana tudi raba tal. V to skupino smo uvrstili 12 prispevkov. Nekateri predstavljajo rabo tal na splošno, na določenem območju (Kranjc 1972; Natek 1985b; Perko 1987), pozneje pa so se prispevki s tega področja, kot se je zgodilo v celotni humani geografiji, osredotočili na problemski vidik preučevanja rabe tal in/ali na predstavitev novih metod (Bat 1990; Gams 1992; Gabro-vec 1995). Zlasti uporaba GIS orodij je odprla nove možnosti preučevanja rabe tal (Loczy in Szalai 1993; Hrvatin, Perko in Petek 2006; Vijulie s sod. 2012), generirala nove metodološke pristope (Petek 2002 in 2005) ter omogočila nastanek izjemno celovitega in temeljitega, velikokrat citiranega prispevka o sodobnih dognanjih rabe tal v Sloveniji (Gabrovec in Kladnik 1997). Pri geografiji naselij so v prvih letih izhajanja AGS-a prevladovali celoviti orisi določenega naselja, skupine naselij ali določenega manjšega območja. Takrat so svoje študije poleg Tržiča (Lipoglavšek - Rako-vec 1954), Vrhnike (Habič 1962) in Bovca (Melik 1962) dobila tudi nekatera manjša podeželska naselja, kakršna so Gomilsko (Natek 1962), Podkoren (Natek 1963) in Soča (Planina 1954). Osrednje študije slovenske geografije naselij, ki so bile pomemben korak naprej, so bile leta 1971 objavljena študija o centralnih krajih (Kokole 1971) in Vrišerjevi študiji o urbanem omrežju (Vrišer 1974) ter izjemno odmevna in prelomna o centralnih naseljih v Sloveniji (Vrišer 1988). Med problemske članke lahko uvrstimo tudi prispevka o družbenogospodarskem orisu slovenskih mest (Vrišer in Rebernik 1993) ter preobrazbi mest in obme-stij (Ravbar 1997). Zatem so znova sledili prispevki, ki so obravnavali eno samo naselje ali nekaj naselij, lahko pa so se osredotočali le na določeni segment širokega polja geografije naselij: širitev Ljubljane na Ljubljansko barje (Gašperič 2004), prostorske in funkcijske spremembe pozidanih zemljišč v podeželskih naseljih po letu 1991 (Topole s sod. 2006) ter vpliv turizma na razvoj Rogaške Slatine (Horvat 2001). Področje regionalnega planiranja se je v AGS-u uveljavilo šele z združitvijo GIAM-a in Inštituta za geografijo, na katerem je bilo dobro zastopano. To je bil obenem čas, ko je regionalna politika tudi, ali predvsem zaradi približevanja Evropski zvezi, pridobivala pomen. Zelo aktualna sta bila članka o zakonodaji s področja regionalne politike in njenih učinkih v prostoru (Nared 2003) ter izhodiščih za spremljanje in vrednotenje regionalne politike (Nared in Ravbar 2003). Članek Regionalni razvoj v pokrajinski členitvi Slovenije (Ravbar 2004) je odziv na politične težnje o delitvi Slovenije na pokrajine. S podobno problematiko se ukvarjajo srbski kolegi, ki so na primeru Srbije regionalno neenakost opredelili kot razvojni problem (Miljanovic, Miletic in Dordevic 2010). Članka grških in iranskih avtorjev se dotikata za sodobni čas izjemno pomembne uporabe GIS-ov pri prostorskem načrtovanju dejavnosti (Polyzos, Sdrolias in Koutseris 2008; Lotfi, Habibi in Koohsari 2009). Prav tako zelo aktualno vsebino prinaša članek o razvoju nekdanjih rudarskih območij (Marot in Harfst 2012). Temeljna izhodišča za načrtovanje obravnava prispevek o prostorski podatkovni infrastrukturi (Živkovic 2012). Ekonomska geografija je bila v AGS-ju zastopana od samega začetka; v drugi številki jo je uvedel splošen ekonomskogeografski članek o Goriških brdih (Vrišer 1954). Preden so soline postale naravna in kulturna vrednota, je bil v ospredju njihov ekonomski vidik, kar se zrcali tudi v AGS-u (Savnik 1965). V tem obdobju je bila objavljena vrsta podobnih študij, ki so obravnavale različne vidike ekonomske geografije. Žagar (1965) je objavil članek o Taboru pri Dornberku, Bogic (1965) je analiziral povezavo med vremenom v oktobru 1959 in elektrogospodarstvom Slovenije, zgodovinar Kos (1965) pa je predstavil gospodarsko problematiko Bovškega v preteklosti. Po dveh desetletij premora je bil objavljen članek o izrabi pogonskih moči pritokov Ljubljanice na Ljubljanskem barju (Natek 1985a) in po ponovnem premoru obsežen članek, ki je pregledno in sistematično osvetlil družbenogospodarsko usmeritev slovenskih mest (Vrišer in Rebernik 1993). Ob koncu tisočletja, ko so gospodarski procesi in gospodarska politika postali sestavni in odločujoči del evropskih in tudi globalnih gospodarskih tokov, se je sodobna gospodarska podoba Slovenije začela zrcaliti tudi v AGS-u. Ključni izraz je postal globalizacija, ki velja za najpomembnejši megatrend sodobnega sveta. Splošni oris gospodarskih sprememb v Sloveniji kot odziv na globalizacijske tokove je podala Lorberjeva (1999). Vsebinsko soroden članek je prispeval O'Reilly (2004), ki je opredelil raznovrstne, izrazite in hitre gospodarske spremembe na Irskem; v aktualni gospodarski krizi v tej otoški državi ta članek dobi nove dimenzije. Podobno aktualen je tudi članek, ki govori o pomenu naložb za regionalni razvoj in njihovem geografskem vrednotenju (Ravbar 2009). V tretjem tisočletju sta se pojavili novi temi, ki sledita svetovnim trendom v geografiji, to sta ustvarjalnost in kulturna industrija (Ravbar, Bole in Nared 2005; Bole 2008). Energija in delovna sila že dolgo nista več konkurenčni prednosti, ampak sta to postala znanje in ustvarjalnost. Geografijo prebivalstva so uvedli široko zasnovani članki o vzrokih, posledicah in značilnostih kolonizacije Slovencev v Banatu (Pak 1963), značilnostih delovne sile iz drugih republik Jugoslavije v Sloveniji (Natek 1969) in prostorski diferenciaciji Slovenije zaradi selitvene mobilnosti prebivalstva (Klemenčič 1971). centralna-naselja Cerkljansko-hribovje Dobroveljska-planota dolina-Drage dolina-Kokre družbena-geografija fizična-geografija geografija-naselij geografija-prebivalstva geografske-značilnosti Gorenjska Gornja-savinjska-dolina gospodarstvo hribovske-kmetije Idrijsko-hribovje izraba- vodne-sile kmetije kmetijska-zemljišča kmetijstvo kras krasoslovje Krvavško-predgorje Ljubljansko-barje mesta migracije mlini mobilnost Pohorje Pokokrje Polhograjsko-hribovje Poljanska-dolina poplavna-območja poselitev prebivalstvo pritoki-Ljubljanice promet prostorska- diferenciacija raba-tal Radovljica regionalno-planiranje Sentviška-pli nota Slovenija socialna-geografija tolminska Trebuša Tržič urbana-geografija vplivna-območja-mest žage zemljiške-kategorije Po dveh desetletjih »zatišja« je Perko (1989) objavil članek o pokrajinski sestavi in prebivalstvu, v katerem je s pomočjo novih računalniških metod na primeru Krške kotline ugotavljal povezanost naravnih in družbenih pokrajinskih sestavin. Svoje mesto v AGS-u so dobile tudi narodne manjšine in etnične skupnosti: madžarska in nemška manjšina vzdolž meje med Avstrijo in Madžarsko (Kocsis in Wastl-Walter 1993), madžarska manjšina v Prekmurju z vidika etnične identitete (Zupančič 1993) in romska manjšina v Prek-murju z vidika demografskih značilnosti (Josipovič in Repolusk 2003). Semkaj lahko uvrstimo tudi poročilo o raziskavi perujskih priseljencev v čilsko glavno mesto Santiago (Gomez Segovia 2011). Geografija se je odzvala tudi na sodobne trende zmanjševanja rodnosti (Josipovič 2003). V zadnjih dveh letnikih so pre-bivalstvene vsebine doživele pravcato renesanso. Prispevki srbskih kolegov tematizirajo prebivalstvene značilnosti Vojvodine (Djurdjev, Arsenovic in Dragin 2010), iščejo povezave med smrtnostjo in temperaturnimi razmerami v Beogradu (Djurdjev, Arsenovic in Dragin 2012) ter primerjajo dnevne migracije v Srbiji in Sloveniji (Lukic in Tošic 2011). Vpeljane so bile nove vsebine, kot sta staranje doma s pomočjo informacijsko komunikacijskih tehnologij (Kerbler 2012) in ustvarjalne socialne skupine v Sloveniji (Ravbar 2011). Razmeroma novo vsebinsko področje je kulturna pokrajina, čeprav je bila zastopane tudi prej, vendar v povezavi z drugimi preučevanimi vsebinami. Od druge polovice devetdesetih let 20. stoletja pa nastopa agrarna-geografija demografija dnevne- migracije ekonomska-geografija eksonim fizična-geografija geodediščina geografija-naselij geografija-podeželja geografija-prebivalstva geografija-prometa geološko-nahajališče geoturizem gis globalizacija hribovske-kmetije Hrvaška identiteta Istra jezikoslovje kmetijstvo kulturna-pokrajina Ljubljana Madžarska mesta nasledstvo nerazvita-območja podeželje pokrajina prostorsko-planiranje raba-tal regionalizacija regionalna-politika regionalne-razlike regionalni-razvoj relief Slovenija socialna-geografija spremembe sprem em be-rabe-tal Srbija Sredozemlje suburbanizacija tranzicija turizem urbana-geografija urbanizacija vrednotenje zemljepisna-imena zemljevidi kot samostojno področje preučevanja. Slaba polovica prispevkov jo obravnava kot otipljivo, materialno enoto geografske stvarnosti, pri čemer tematizira franciscejski kataster kot ključ za njeno razumevanje (Petek in Urbanc 2004), terasirane pokrajine v Sloveniji (Ažman Momirski in Kladnik 2009), pokrajinske spremembe na območju belokrajnskega nizkega krasa (Paušič in Čarni 2012) ter njeno vrednotenje in možnosti prihodnjega razvoja na primeru največjega jadranskega otoka Krka (Rechner Dika s sod. 2011). Preostali prispevki sledijo sodobnim trendom preučevanja kulturne pokrajine, ki je bolj kot materialna stvarnost neotipljiva, občutena in dojeta (Kučan 1997; Urbanc s sod. 2004; Staut, Kovačič in Ogrin 2007; Urbanc 2008; Fridl, Urbanc in Pipan 2009). Prometna geografija je v AGS-u dokaj slabo zastopana. Prvi vsesplošni pregled je bil objavljen v šestdesetih letih, ko je Žagar (1967) natančno predstavil značilnosti cestnega prometa v Sloveniji. Naslednji tovrstni članek, ki pa je bil vsebinsko širši, saj je obravnaval mobilnost prebivalstva (kar je bilo skladno s sodobnimi trendi v geografiji, ko so klasične prometne študije nadomestile študije mobilnosti), je bil objavljen šele po 37-tih letih, ko je Bole (2004) objavil članek o dnevni mobilnosti delavcev v Sloveniji. Sledijo še prispevki o dostopnosti do regionalnih središč (Kozina 2010), primerjalni analizi mobilnosti delavcev v največja slovenska zaposlitvena središča med letoma 2000 in 2009 (Bole 2011) ter o načrtovanju javnega potniškega prometa med mestom in zaledjem na primeru Ljubljane (Bole s sod. 2012). 3 Pregled pokrajinske ekologije in varstva okolja V zadnjih dveh desetletjih je tematika pokrajinske ekologije in varstva okolja postala zelo prepoznavna in dobro zastopana. Od objave prvega takšnega članka leta 1993 je v skoraj vsaki številki zastopan vsaj po en članek te vrste. Okoljevarstvene vsebine so postale posebej dobro zastopane po pripojitvi nekdanjega Inštituta za geografijo, kjer je to vsebinsko področje imelo dolgo in plodno tradicijo. V zadnjem desetletju so se poj avili članki, ki so vsebinsko blizu okolj ski psihologiji. Tako kot v vseh sferah j avnega in družbenega življenja je tudi v znanosti precejšnjo težo dobil pristop od spodaj navzgor, s poudarkom na odnosu ljudi do določenega problema oziroma način njihovega dojemanja določene problematike. V tej široki in raznoliki skupini je najbolj pogosto preučevanje različnih vidikov oskrbe s pitno vodo, še posebej iz podzemne vode. Prvi tovrstni članek izpod peresa madžarskih kolegov (Balogh in Loczy 1993) je bil izrazito fizičnogeografski. Sledilo je več člankov, ki so obravnavali vpliv človeka na stanje virov pitne vode. Poudarek je bil na ranljivosti vodnih virov (Brečko Grubar 1999), njihovem obremenjevanju zaradi gnojnih objektov (Kladnik, Rejec Brancelj in Smrekar 2003), nelegalnih odlagališčih odpadkov (Breg, Kladnik in Smrekar 2007; Matos, Oštir in Kranjc 2012) in onesnaževalcih (Ravbar 2006). Zanimanje za to temo je povezano tudi z vse večjo družbeno ozaveščenostjo o pitni vodi in pomenu zagotavljanja zadostnih količin pitne vode za prihodnji razvoj. Postalo je jasno, da prav človek kroji prihodnost in sta zato ključnega pomena njegovo dojemanje in odnos do okolja, ki ga med drugim zaznamuje izobrazbena raven. To spoznanje se zrcali tudi v članku, v katerem je s pomočjo metode risanja spoznavnih zemljevid na nov način osvetljena problematika vodovarstvenih pasov (Smrekar 2006), avtor pa v njem že nakazuje pozneje na primeru Ljubljane še podrobneje osvetljen razkorak med deklarativno in dejansko okoljsko ozaveščenostjo (Smrekar 2011). Da sta človek in njegovo dojemanje geografskega okolja ključna za prihodnji razvoj, je razvidno iz prispevkov o varovanjih mokrišč (Polajnar 2008) in zaznavanju okoljskih problemov v turški javnosti (§ahin 2009). Durnik (2012) je na primeru Slovenije in Kanade primerjalno ovrednotil vključevanje javnosti v okoljske politike. O varovanju, ogroženosti in degradiranosti pokrajine govorijo trije članki s poudarkom na degradaciji prsti (Repe 2002), gramoznicah v mestnem prostoru (Urbanc in Breg 2005) in okoljevarstvenih vidikih kmetijstva (Rejec Brancelj 1999). O slednjem je govora tudi v člankih, ki obravnavata kmetijstvo z vidika porabe energije (Urbanc 1998) in ekološko kmetijstvo kot možnosti za razvoj širših zavarovanih območij (Straus, Bavec F. in Bavec M. 2011). Dva članka obravnavata členitev severovzhodne Slovenije in Dobre-poljsko-Struškega krasa, prvi na ekološke enote (Vovk Korže 1996), drugi pa na naravne enote (Hrvatin in Hrvatin 2001). Nov in svež pogled prinaša članek Interdisciplinarnost znanosti o trajnostnosti: časovna dinamika (Nučič 2012). Za konec tega pregleda se dotaknimo še člankov, ki jih ne moremo uvrstiti v nobeno od zgoraj navedenih skupin. Prvi članek je teoretski in govori o preučevanju mednarodnih meja v geografiji in antropologiji (Kneževič Hočevar 2000), naslednji trije pa se osredotočajo na slovensko-hrvaško mejo (Pipan 2007) oziroma njena odseka na območju reke Dragonje (Pipan 2008) in Piranskega zaliva (Kladnik in Pipan 2008). Slednji sega tudi na področji zemljepisnih imen in historične kartografije, ki je bila kot vir ali orodje vključena v več prispevkov, a je bila le redko samostojno področje preučevanja. Izjeme so prispevki o kartografskih upodobitvah Slovenije skozi čas (Gašperič 2007), zemljevidu Ilirskih provinc Gaetana Palme iz leta 1812 (Gašperič 2010) in Atlantu v povezavi s slovensko narodno zavestjo (Urbanc s sod. 2006). Pri obravnavi zemljepisnih imen je v ospredju problematika eksonimov, ki so obravnavani z vidika stopnje eksonimi-zacije v različnih evropskih jezikih (Kladnik 2007), pomenske razmejitve z endonimi (Kladnik 2009) in njihovega poznavanja v slovenski strokovni javnosti (Kladnik in Bole 2012). Sploh prvi članek na temo zemljepisnih imen v AGS-u je bil namenjen predstavitvi geografskih problemov imenoslovja na primeru Kamniško-Savinjskih Alp (Peršolja 1998). Povsem novo, v novejših let čedalje bolj priljubljeno dimenzijo obravnave zemljepisnih imen odpira prispevek o pomenu ledinskih imen za preučevanje kulturne pokrajine (Penko Seidl 2008). Svoje mesto v AGS-u je le redko našla kulturna dediščina; v povezavi s turističnim potencialom demografsko ogroženega območja Jurklošter jo tematizira Topoletova (2009), vlogo inventarizacije in tipizacije pri učinkovitem varovanju drevesne dediščine pa sta opredelili Šmid Hribarjeva in Lisčeva (2011), ki s svojim agrarna-geografija bibliometrija dejavniki-nelegalnega-odlaganja demografija dinarski-kras divja-odlagališča ekonomski-razvoj-skupnosti fizična-geografija geografija-podeželja gnojišča Gorenjske-dobrave Goriče hidrologija iški-vršaj izobrazba km etijstvo kraški-vodonosniki Letenice Ljublja na Ljubljansko-polje mesto metodologija moč obalna-področja odlagališča-odpadkov odpadne-vode okolje onesnaževanje onesnaževanje-okolja ozaveščanje-javnosti ozaveščenost pedogeografija pitna-voda podzemna-voda pokrajinska-ekologija prekrivne-karte-znanosti prostor prsti ramsarska-konvencija register-divjih-odlagališč sečoveljske-soline Slovenija Struge trajnostni-razvoj varstvo- okolja vodni-viri vodovarstvena-obm očja vršaj zaznavanje znanost-o-trajnostnosti prispevkom že posegata tudi na področje naravne dediščine. Semkaj bi lahko prišteli še vrsto člankov iz tematske številke na temo geoturizma (Hose s sod. 2011; Hose 2011; Vujičic s sod. 2011; Yiping in Luk 2011; Vasiljevic s sod. 2011). Novo tisočletje je prineslo prispevke, ki jih ne moremo uvrstiti v nobeno od »klasičnih« podskupin humane geografije, so pa odraz sodobnih trendov v geografiji. Percepcij a, preučevanje načina, kako posamezniki dobivajo, vrednotijo ter shranjujejo informacije in jih potem vgrajujejo v svoje vsakdanje življenje, so z zamikom prišli tudi v slovensko geografijo. V tem duhu sta zasnovana prispevka o prostorskem dojemanju Sredozemlja v Sloveniji (Staut, Kovačič in Ogrin 2007) in pomenu učiteljevega zaznavanja prostora v izobraževalnem procesu (Fridl, Urbanc in Pipan 2009). Preostane še skupina člankov, ki jih lahko uvrstimo v več skupin. Mednje spadajo članki, ki obravnavajo gospodarsko geografijo in geografijo naselij med Savo in Sotlo (Kokole 1956), družbenogeografski razvoj Zgornjega Dravskega polja (Pak 1969), prebivalstvo, poselitev in promet na Ljubljanskem barju (Orožen Adamič 1985) ter družbenogospodarsko preobrazbo občine Domžale (Pelc 1993). Ti, nazadnje navedeni članki pa so le eni od mnogih, ki nakazujejo splošno usmeritev AGS-a k sledenju zamisli o celovitosti oziroma kompleksnosti geografije. Politika uredništva znanstvene revije in izdajatelja GIAM-a je vrsto let sledila akademiku Svetozarju Ilešiču in njegovim smernicam pri umeščanju geografije kot »vede o medsebojni povezanosti pojavov na zemeljskem površju in njegovih posameznih delih« (Ilešič 1979). Čeprav je v posameznih člankih poudarjen določen pojav ali vrsta pojavov, so njihovi idejni koncepti umeščeni v širši kontekst vzročno-posledične geografske celote. Še bolj kot v sodobnem času, ko gre geografija pogosto v smer ozke specializacije in se povsem realno sooča z nevarnostjo izgube svojega temeljnega bistva in poslanstva, je bila ideja kompleksne geografije trdno zasidrana med avtorji prispevkov v šestdesetih in sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja. Lep primer teh prizadevanj je preučevanje Ljubljanskega barja, ki je bilo krovna tema, razdeljena na podteme. In te podteme oziroma ožja raziskovalna področj a so bila v AGS-u predstavljena v samostojnih člankih. Iz posameznih prispevkov o rabi pogonskih moči pritokov (Natek 1985a), kmetijski rabi (Natek 1985b), prebivalstvu, poselitvi in prometu (Orožen Adamič 1985), pa tudi o geomorfološkem razvoju (Šifrer 1984) in značilnostih poplav (Kolbezen 1985), dobimo celovito in celostno oziroma kompleksno podobo Ljubljanskega barja. Podobna krovna tema s kar 18 članki je bila tudi obravnava poplavnih območij, pri čemer so bila ta opredeljena v kontekstu učinkov naravnogeografskih zakonitosti in najrazličnejših prostorskih posegov človeka (Natek in Perko 1999). Prav kompleksnost, celovitost, medsebojna prepletenost in širina pogledov so zagotovo poglavitne vrednote naše revije. 4 Sklep V AGS-u se »... zrcalijo raziskovalna dejavnost, usmerjenost in razvoj inštituta kakor tudi slovenske geografije nasploh ...« (Natek in Perko 1999) in obenem vsebinski razvoj GIAM-a, ki revijo izdaja. Tako so se po priključitvi Inštituta za geografijo ob fizičnogeografskih člankih vse bolj uveljavljali prispevki z družbe-nogeografskimi vsebinami (Zorn in Komac 2010). V šestih desetletjih izhajanja se je zgodil premik od opredeljevanja in analiziranja geografskih pojavov k problemskemu pristopu ter iskanju vzročno-posledič-nih povezav in odzivom na aktualno družbeno dogajanje. V prvih desetletjih so bili prispevki premočrtno geografski, pozneje, zlasti po osamosvojitvi Slovenije, pa je skladno s splošnimi svetovnimi trendi v ospredje raziskovalnega dela stopila interdisciplinarnost. V tem času se je zgodil tudi precejšen vsebinski premik od klasičnih tem humane geografije k sodobnim temam, kot so mobilnost, trajnostni razvoj, glo-balizacija. V prispevkih se zrcali, da je pisanje člankov (in raziskovalno delo, ki stoji za njimi) postalo izrazito skupinsko oziroma moštveno delo in, da se je slovenska znanost odprla navzven, kar se kaže v objavah avtorjev, ki prihajajo iz različnih ustanov ter vse bolj številnih prispevkih tujih avtorjev. Prvi članki tujih avtorjev so bili objavljeni leta 1993. Doslej jih je izšlo 20, od tega dva v soavtorstvu tujcev in Slovencev. Zlasti v zadnjih letih med tujimi avtorji prevladujejo srbski. Leta 1993 je bilo prelomno tudi glede soav-torstev; takrat so namreč v soavtorstvu izšli prvi članki (Balogh in Loczy 1993; Kocsis in Wastl-Walter 1993; Loczy in Szalai 1993; Vrišer in Rebernik 1993). V naslednjih dveh desetletjih je dobra polovica člankov sad individualnega dela, petina jih je nastala v soavtorstvu dveh, šestina v soavtorstvu treh in desetina v soavtorstvu štirih ali več avtorjev. Slika 7: Deskriptorsko polje, oblikovano iz imen 37 avtorjev, ki so objavili vsaj dva samostojna ali skupinska članka s področja humane geografije in varstva okolja. Prevladujejo nekdanji ali sedanji sodelavci GlAM-a. Vseh avtorjev je 109. Glej angleški del prispevka. Na področjih humane geografije in varstva geografskega okolja oziroma pokrajinske ekologije je AGS v šestih desetletjih obstoja naredila dolg korak od »inštitutske« revije (ki je bila sicer vedno odprta za zunanje avtorje) z omejenim naborom tem do čedalje bolj ugledne mednarodne revije, odprte vsem geografskim raziskovalcem in najrazličnejšim temam. Z odprto uredniško politiko, bogato slikovno opremljenostjo ter zgodnjo in dosledno prisotnostjo na medmrežju se lahko vse bolj meri z najboljšimi evropskimi geografskimi znanstvenimi revijami. 5 Literatura Glej angleški del prispevka