Slika 1: Značilni slemenjak in posebej oblikovani zaključki skrlvzatrepni steni nekdanje komunske kašče v Križu pri Sežani (z datacijo iz leta 1777). Stavba je s prenovo prevzela funkcijo mrliške vežice.
Typical ridge slate and specially designed closing slate above the gable wall of the former communal granary in Križ, Sežana (dated 1777). The building took on thefunction of mortuary chapel after renovation.
Slika2: Podružnična cerkev Marijinega Vnebovzetja v Šmarjah pri Sežani je s komunsko kaščo in bližnjo domačijo eden od redkih zaokroženih kompleksov stavb z ohranjenimi kamnitimi kritinami.
The succursal church of St. Mary's assumption in Šmarje by Sežana, as well as the communal granary and nearby farm, are some of the very few building complexes with preserved stone roofing.
Sliki 3,4: Skici terenskih izmer v raziskavi dokumentiranih ostrešij: Filipčje Brdo 2 (Sl. 4) in Tupelče4(Sl.3).
Sketches ofterrain measurements in the research ofdocumented roofs: Filipčje Brdo 2 (Fig. 4) and Tupelče 4 (Fig. 3).
Slika 6: Predlagani način obnove kamnite strehe z vidnim ostrešjem iz notranjosti objekta.
Proposed method for renewing stone roofs with roofing structure visible from the interior.
Slika 5:
Polaganje skrl v malto pri obnovi cerkvene strehe v Križu pri Sežani. Laying slates in grout during renewal of the church roofin Križ, Sežana.
Slika 7: Obnovljena streha s kamnito kritino na cerkvi v Križu pri Sežani.
Roof on the church in Križ, Sežana, renewed with stone roofing.
AR
2oo6/l
Živa Deu, Ljubo Lah
'STRESNA KRITINA NA KRASU STONE USED FOR ROOFING IN THE KARST AREA
raziskava, research
povzetek
Raziskava v uvodnem delu opozori na posebnosti in izjemnosti, ki jih predstavlja kamnita kritina v okviru razvoja stavbarstva na Krasu, vzporedno pa tudi na razloge in vzroke, ki so privedli do njenega zatona. V nadaljevanju sta predstavljena pomen in ustrezno vrednotenje recentnih ostankov kamnite kritine na Krasu.
Tudi po najsodobnejših merilih je namreč mogoče nekdaj najbolj kakovostno kritino še vedno uvrstiti med najbolj trajno in hkrati ekološko neproblematično. Kritna predstavlja vrhunski dosežek ustvarjalnosti na področju tehnologije gradnje, posebno vrednost pa ji pripisujemo tudi zaradi razpoznavnosti v arhitekturni krajini Krasa. V osrednjem delu raziskave sta - ob grafičnem gradivu in grafičnih ponazoritvah - predstavljeni in analitično razčlenjeni dve stavbi s kamnito kritino.
Diskusija ponuja nekaj splošnih priporočil, s katerimi bi lahko zboljšali odnos do kamnite dediščine kot sestavine kulturne dediščine, zaključek pa je namenjen priporočeni tehnologiji obnove ostrešij s kamnito kritino.
doseženi cilji, namen in rezultati
V raziskavi, bila je skrajno omejena, je ustrezno vrednotenje izpeljano na osnovi analize zgodovinskega razvoja, tujih vzorov, terenskih ogledov in dokumentiranja ostrešij s kamnito kritino. Kot študije primerov sta bili podrobno dokumentirani in analizirani dve značilni ostrešji s kamnito kritino: prvo, enostavno in najbolj pogosto ostrešje iz goltniških povezij (s Filiščjega Brda; pri Urbaničevih) in drugo goltniško povezje na zidnih legah (pozidnicah) na stavbi s t. i. visokim podstrešjem oziroma mezaninom (iz Tupelč; pri Petrovih).
Na osnovi spoznanih in dokazano utemeljenih vrednostih pomena varstva kamnite kritine je v sklepnem delu raziskave ponujen predlog varstvenih ukrepov.
Zaključek raziskave je namenjen priporočeni tehnologiji obnove, ki naj bi veljala še posebej v primerih, ko je za temeljito obnovo strehe treba odstraniti obstoječo kamnito kritino z ostrešja in hkrati ohraniti njen prvotni videz.
problematika v arhitekturi, umestitev obravnavane teme v te tokove in njen pomen
Kamnita stavbna dediščina je morda najbolj reprezentančni del celotne kulturne dediščine Krasa. Vanjo je vpeta tudi kamnita kritina kot redek in razpoznaven fenomen. Na slovenskem delu Krasa se je po grobih ocenah ohranilo približno 150 večjih in manjših stavb s kamnito kritino. Da bi v prihodnosti te redke primere stavbne dediščine s kamnito kritino lahko vzdrževali in ohranjali, je nujno, da kamnito kritino spoznamo ne le s tehnološkega vidika, temveč tudi z vidika arhitekturnega, etnološkega in kulturno-zgodovinskega pomena.
Raziskava se v celoti navezuje in dopolnjuje vzporedni raziskavi: obsežno raziskovalno delo Božidarja Premrla z naslovom "Kamnita strešna kritna stavb na Primorskem in izvor gradiva zanjo" ter geološko raziskavo Mateje Golež z naslovom "Raziskave kamnite kritine na Krasu". Del raziskovalnih dosežkov je bil predhodno že objavljen v monografiji "Kraška hiša in arhitektura krasa" avtorjev Stanislava Renčlja in Ljuba Laha.
ključne besede
kamnita kritina, skrle, obnova ostrešja, stavbna dediščina Krasa
summary
In its introductory part the research points out the specifics and exceptionality represented by stone slate roofing in the building tradition of the Karst region and gives a parallel account of reasons and causes that lead to its demise. In continuation the significance and suitable evaluation of remaining stone slate roofing in the Karst region are shown. Even by applying the most modern criteria it is still possible to include this formerly highest-quality roofing material amongst the most durable and ecologically safe. This roofing represents a top achievement in building technology and creativity, special value is added because ofits distinguishable character in the Karst architectural landscape. The central part of the research -alongside the graphic material and graphic illustrations - represents two buildings with stone slate roofing and their analyses.
The discussion offers some general recommendations that could help in improving attitudes to stone heritage as an element of cultural heritage, while the conclusion deals with recommended technologies for renewing roofs built with stone slate roofing.
intentions, goals and results
The research, albeit a very limited one, the pertaining analysis was carried out based on analysis of historical development, foreign examples, fieldwork and documenting roofs with stone roofing. Two typical stone slate roofs were chosen as case studies, which were documented in detail and analysed: the first, simple and most common type of roof built with clad trusses (from Filiščje Brdo; by the Urbanič's) and the other is a clad truss laid on the wall itself (locally called "pozidnice") in a building with a raised attic or mezzanine (from Tupelče; near thePeter's).
Based on known and proven values the significance ofpreserving stone roofing the research's concluding part provides a proposal of protection measures. The conclusion itself is a review of recommended renewal technologies, which should be especially applicable in cases where the roofneeds fundamental renewal and the extant roofing material has to be removedfrom the roof structure but its authentic image nevertheless preserved on completion.
architectural issues, positioning the topic in ongoing debate and its' significance
Stone built heritage is probably the most representative part of all cultural heritage in the Karst. It also includes stone roofing as a rare and distinct phenomenon. In the Slovene part of the Karst region a rough estimate shows some 150 larger or smaller buildings covered with stone roofing. If we want to maintain and preserve these rare examples of built heritage for future generations we have to learn about stone roofing, not only from the technological aspects but also about its architectural, ethnological and cultural-historical significance.
The research fully links and complements two parallel researches: the elaborate research by Božidar Premrl, titled "Stone roofing on buildings in Primorska and the origin of the used material" and the geological research by Mateja Golež, titled "Researching stone roofing in the Karst". Part of the research findings was previously published in the monograph "The Karst house and Karst architecture" by Stanislav Renčelj and Ljubo Lah.
key words
stone roofing, slates, renewal of roofs, built heritage, Karst