BHemHOCTb MM^onorMHecKMx cy^ecTB: enaBHHeKMe napannenw
Mwdunxo PadeuKoem
The appearances of mythological beings/. Mythological creatures may appear in anthropomorphical, zoomorphical, "zero-morphical" forms; there exist also some mixed images of their appearance. Often the same creature, depending on the land where it appears, may have various images. It is also necessary to consider their ability to turn into different animals and objects. The article is an attempt to describe their appearace by means of binary oppositions.
Echm HeHuCTaa euna Mo^eT 6biTb aHTponoMop^Ha, 3ooMop^Ha, «HyneMop^Ha» m CMemaHHo aHTponoMoMop^Ha, T.e. MHoronuKa u MHoroo6pa3Ha, Torga mo^ho nocTa-BMTb Bonpoc «KaKoB o6hmk gbHBonbCKMM?». MMeHHo TaKoft Bonpoc ctomt b 3araaBuu CTaTbu H. M. ToncToro 1976 roga. MHoroo6pa3ue o6hmkob, yTBep:«gaeT oh, c ogHoM CTopoHbi, npegcTaBnaeT co6om oTnMHMTenbHbift npu3HaK pa3Hbix peruoHanbHbix Tpa-gM^MM (u3BecTHo, HTo pyeanKy b HeKoTopbx paftoHax Poccmm, Benopyeuu u yKpauHbi npegcTaBnaroT no-pa3HoMy - to KaK ManeHKyro geBo^Ky, to KaK KpaeuByro geBymKy, to KaK HeKa3MCTyro CTapyro ^eH^MHy, ga^e c yeaMu). C gpyroft CTopoHbi, HeHuCTaa cuna cnoco6Ha npeBpa^aTbea, T.e. MeHHTb cbom o6hmk (Hanp., pyeanKa Bcerga aHTponoMop-^Ha, ho Mo^eT npeBpa^aTbCH b copoKy, ne6egKy, narymKy, 6enKy) (Tohctom 1976: 288319). Pa3Ho6pa3ue «HenucTUKoB» Tohctom epaBHUBaeT c pa3Hoo6pa3ueM enaBHHCKux HapogHbix koctkimob. Ho He3aBueuM0 ot ^To^o pa3Hoo6pa3ua, yTBep^gaeT oh, KocTro-mh b HeKoTopbx cbomx KoMnoHeHTax u geTanax gocraToHHo ycToftHMBbi.
Ha BHemHocTb Mu^onoruqecKux ey^ecTB o6paTuna BHMMaHMe u fl. H. BuHor-pagoBa b CTaTbe «HenoBeK/HenenoBeK b HapogHbix npegcTaBneHuax» (1995: 17-26) u b gpyrux cbomx CTaTbax (cp. BuHorpagoBa 2000: 35-38).
B ^TOM CTaTbe genaeTCH nonbTKa nocpegcTBoM paga 6uHapHbix o^^o3M^MM onu-caTb BHemHMH Bug cnaBHHCKux Mu^onorunecKux ey^ecTB. Pa3yMeeTCH, ^TOT pag He ko-HeneH, KaK He KoHeHHo u KonunecTBo npuBegeHHbix npuMepoB. ^nb pa6oTbi - yKa3aTb Ha B03M0:«H0CTb C03gaHMH «CeTKM», C n0M0^bK> K0T0p0M Mo^Ho 6hHo 6h onMCHBaTb MM^onorunecKue ey^ecTBa.
Xoth MM^onorunecKue ey^ecTBa noKa3biBaroTCH b o6nuKe nenoBeKa, y hmx, KaK npaBuno, MMeeTCH HeKuft npu3HaK, K0T0pbm oraunaeT ux ot nenoBeKa. TaKMM o6pa-3om, nrogu u MM^onorunecKue ey^ecTBa no BHemHeMy Bugy npoTMBonocTaBnaroTca no 0^^03M^MM neMapKupoeaHnoe/MapKupoeannoe. Bee ^e ^Ty 0^^03M^Mro mo^ho KoHKpeTM3upoBaTb enegy^uMu napaMu 0^^03M^MM: nocmoxHHUu/u3Memu6uu (me-necnuu/6ecmenecnuu), anmponoMopfinuu/sooMopfinuu, cpednee/6onbwoe unu Manenb-
Koe, ^nocmmiü/He^nocmmiü, KopomKuü/Bummymuü, o^Ho^onoBuü/MHo^o^onoBuü, cuMMempuHHUü/acuMMempuHHUü, HeKoeMamuü/KoeMamuü, Kocmmoü/Memannunec-kuü, mBepöbiü/M^Kuü (ofiopMneHHuü/mofiopMneHHuü; BunpHMneHHUü/co^Hymuü), mennbiü/xonodmiü, ^oBopxw,uü/HeMoü, 3pxnuü/cnenoü, ÖBoücmBeHHax/HeÖBoücmBeHHaH npupoda (meno u öyma/öyma KaK meno), rn^emmü/^emmü, cocmaBHoü/HecocmaB-hoü, naxHyw,uü/BOHWHuü, BuduMuü /HeBuduMuü.
MapKMpOBaHHOCTb MM^OnOTMHeCKMX Cy^eCTB M0»eT 6biTb BHpa^eHa M HeKOTO-pHMM gpyruMM npM3HaKaMM: Bewmu^i, KpOMe TOrO, hto ohm ycamu, MMeroT KpoBaBue ^na3a (rp^ufr BjenoKocufr 6.r.: 200-201) u T.g. Mnu »e geMOH M0»eT MMeTb BHBepHy-THe CTynHu - naTKM y Hero Bnepegu, a nanb^i c3agu. TaKOBH cnoBeHcKue KpuBoneme (Kropej 2008: 229), unu tyaBo y HepHoropcKoro nneMeHM KyHM (flyHufr 1931: 281), ko-TopHM nHTaeTCH o6MaHyTb HenoBeKa, npuHaB o6nuK ero »eHH, 0gHaK0 ero BbigaroT BHBepHyTHe cTynHM (HajKaHOBufr 1927: 414) (0^^03M^Ma npxMoü/KpuBoü).
nocmoxHuü/u3MemuBuü (menecHuü/öecmenecHuü)
OgMH M3 OCHOBHHX OTnMHMTenbHHX npM3HaK0B MM^OnOrMHecKMX Cy^eCTB, OTge-naro^ux ux ot HenoBeKa, ^TO ux cn0C06H0CTb npeBpa^aTbca - ohm MoryT npuHMMaTb pa3nuHHbie o6nuKM. 06hhho cy^ecTByroT nocToaHHbie ^opMbi TpaHc^opMa^MM y He-kotophx M3 hmx. Ohm Ha^e Bcero npuHMMaroT o6nuK »mbothhx, HenoBeKa unu 6ny»-garo^ero orHa (cBeTa) unu noaBnaroTca b Buge BeTpa. TaK, MM^onoruHecKue cy^ecrea MpaK, MaMuwop^a, opKo noKa3HBaroTca npeuMy^ecTBeHHO b Buge ocna, ho TaK»e m kohh unu neTyxa (Boskovic-Stulli 1959: 138), ne^poMaHm - b Buge Ka6aHa, ytuHu - b 06-nuKe KomKM, Buna - b o6nuKe narymKM, 3Meu (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 410-411, 387-388, 404, 372-373), oMaje npeBpa^aroTca b OBe^ K03, K03naT, 6yÖBonoB, co6aK (^op^eBuh fl. 1958: 562), ^po6HUK (BaMnup) noaBnaeTca b Buge Bona, co6aKM, 6apaHa (Vukanovic 1986: 329), manacM - b o6nuKe KpoTa (nonoB 1994: 193), Mopa npeBpa^aeTca b Myxy, 6noxy, HepHyro K03y, HepHyro KomKy (Boskovic-Stulli 1959: 143) unu KypM^y (Tp^ufr Bje-noKocufr 6.r.: 199) u T.g. OgHO M3 cy^ecTB, o6nagaro^ux 6onbmuMM bo3mo»hocthmm gna npeo6pa»eHua - BegbMa). OHa, no cnaBHHCKMM noBepbaM, Morna o6paTMTbca b cBMHbro, KomKy, co6aKy, KopoBy, nacKy, 0B^y, 3a^a, BonKa, copoKy, coBy, KypM^y, auc-Ta, yTKy, Myxy, neTyHyro MHmb, nayKa, Koneco, pemeTO, cTor ceHa, Kny6oK hmtok, nanKy, BeTKy, Kop3MHy, KycT (Cfl 1995, I: 297-298). Cy^ecTBO, nogo6Hoe BaMnupy, KOTopoe b 0KpecTH0cTax KpaTOBa b MaKegoHuu Ha3HBaeTca aBane, npeBpa^aeTca b »mbom Kny-6ok (ropaHOB 1983: 106). B Buge hohhoto 6nyM^aww¡e^o o^m b xopBaTcKOM npuMopbe aBnaroTca Ma^h (Boskovic-Stulli 1975a: 145-146), HeBuöumuhu, muHmunuH (^op^e-Bufr T. 1953: 156), b Bochum - ^peKaBa^ (Ho»MHufr 1990: 21), y pyccKux - mym (Bnaco-Ba 1998: 566) u T.g. (cp. PageHKOBufr 2008a: 355-357). Buxpb - ogHa M3 «HyneBbix» ^opM HenucTOM cunH (b HeM npanyTca xana, BunH, HepT, npu3paKu).
KaK npaBuno, HenoBeKy 3anpe^aeTca Ha6nrogaTb, KaK MM^onoruHecKoe cy^ecT-bo npeBpa^aeTca. Ecnu eMy ygacTca yBugeTb npeBpa^eHue u oh 06 ^T0M coo6^mt, to pucKyeT noTepaTb »M3Hb (cp. Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 167-168).
Anmpcm0M0p$Huü/300M0p$Huü
y:e roBopunocb, hto oTgenbHbie Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa MoryT noKa3biBaTb-ca b o6nuKe pa3HMHHHX :ubothhx. OgHaKo HeKoTopbie Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa uMeroT nocTOHHHHM o6nuK Hecy^ecTByro^ux :ubothhx, Ha^e Bcero Heo6biHHbix ^Tu^ unu 3MeenogoÓHbix cy^ecTB. TaK, b oKpecraocTOX flyópoBHMKa npenu^ noKa3bi-Banacb b Buge nTu^i Hanogo6ue ranKu, ho ee KnroB 6bin b gBa pa3a gnuHHee Tena (Byne-Tuh ByKacoBuh 1934: 184). B KpaTOBe (MaKegoHua) cy^ecraoBano noBepbe, hto geTu, yMepmue HeKpe^eHbiMu, npeBpa^aroTca b geMOHOB, KOTOpbie Ha3biBaroTca ceup^i u K0T0pbe npegcTaBnaroTca KaK 6onbmue nTu^i c gnuHHbiMu u cunbHHMu KnroBaMu u KorTHMu Ha Horax. Ohu neTaroT no HoHaM, cBH3aHHbie ^naMu (CuMuh 1954: 8). B ok-pecTHocTHx BpaHbH ceup^i npegcraBnanucb KaK otuhku BenuHuHon c HenoBeHecKyro nagoHb, uMero^ue Bce HacTu Tena KaK y pe6eHKa (^op^eBufr T. 1990: 165; PageHKoBuH 2004: 203-221). fleMoHbi b Buge nTu^ npoucxoga^ue ot yMepmux HeKpe^eHbix ge-Ten, nog Ha3BaHueM Haeu, Haeje u3BecTHbi b boctohhom Cep6uu, 3anagHon Bonrapuu u CnoBeHuu. nycm0n06U^ Ha k>:hom no6epe:be AgpuaTuKu uMena o6nuK hohhom nTu^i TeMHoro ^eTa, KoTopaa Mo:eT oTo6paTb y HenoBeKa ronoc (RJAZU XII: 720).
3Meenogo6HbiMu cy^ecTBaMu flBnaroTca ana, awdaja, naMja, KeM3a. B KocoBe any onucbiBanu KaK 6onbmyro 3Mero c xoxonKoM. Awdep npoucxoguT ot y:a, ho uMeeT Kpbinba u rpuBy (Vukanovic 1986: 443). B oKpecraocTOX TeBrenuu naMjy npegcTaBnanu ce6e KaK 3Meenogo6Hoe HygoBu^e c 6onbmon nacTbro, KpbinbHMu, c HeTbipbMa HoraMu u gnuHHbiM xboctom (TaHoBuh 1927: 311). KeM3a - 3Meenogo6Hbin BogaHon geMoH, KoTopbiM xboctom yTacKuBaeT Kynaro^uxca b peKy (TpojaHoBuh 1934: 244).
HeKoTopbie Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa uMeroT Bug HanonoBuHy HenoBeKa, Hano-noBuHy :ubothoto, unu :e uMeroT ronoBy :ubothoto u TynoBu^e HenoBeKa, u Hao6o-poT. Ha^e Bcero HenoBeHecKue HacTu Tena coeguHHroTca c HacTHMu Tena c0ÓaKU, K0HH, ceuHbu u pu6u. no noBepbro u3 Bhcohkom Haxuu b Bochuu, Ha Kparo cBeTa, b MpaH-hom ^pcrae :uByT nco^na6U - nrogu c co6aHben ronoBon (^ununoBufr 1949: 213). B Mcrpuu, ^uKe u gpyrux o6nacrnx 6bino mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeHo noBepbe o Kopone Amunne - nco^na6^e, o KoTopoM roBopunu, hto y Hero co6aHba ronoBa, HenoBeHecKoe TynoBu^e u Ko3bu Horu, xoth u3BecTHbi u gpyrue KOM6uHa^uu (Boskovic-Stulli 1967: 264, 230; Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 346). B Tep^roBuHe (DonoBa^) 3a^uKcupoBaHo noBepbe o ^pe H0pUHe, KoTopbin uMen «HenoBeHecKoe TynoBu^e u cBuHyro ronoBy» (Muho-Buh 1952: 338). KoHcKoe Teno u HenoBeHecKyro ronoBy, no noBepbro BeHrepcKux cep6oB, uMen ceemu Te0Ó0p, Korga Hombro noaBn^nca, hto6h HaKa3aTb Tex, kto He co6nrogan ero npa3gHuK (^paHKoBufr 1997: 81); b nogo6HoM o6nuKe noKa3biBanca b Bonrapuu bo BpeMH cbhtok geMoH KapaK0HÓM0, c Ton pa3Hu^M, hto y Hero 6binu u Kpbinba (Tp-hobcko, KapHo6aTcKo; MapuHoB 1994: 304-305), a y xopBaToB b BeHrepcKon nogpaBuHe - cmpujena^ (Eperjessy 1999: 45). y Tex :e xopBaToB cy^ecTBoBano noBepbe o 60Óhu-Ke, KoToporo onucbiBanu KaK HanonoBuHy pbi6y, HanonoBuHy BonocaToro My:HuHy c gnuHHHMu HorTHMu (TaM :e: 41). y MHorux HapogoB, b tom Hucne u Ha agpuaTunecKoM no6epe:be, pacnpocTpaHeHo noBepbe o cepeHU - Mu^onorunecKoM cy^ecTBe c rono-bom geBymKu u TenoM ph6h (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 326).
HeKoTopbie Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa b HenoBenecKoM o6nuKe uMeroT numb ot-genbHHe npu3HaKu :ubothhx, na^e Bcero xboct, unu :e ohu KocMaTH, unu c KonbiTbi-mu Ha Horax. Ecnu pe6eHoK po:gaeTca c xboctukom, ^TO npu3HaK ero npuHagne:Hoc-
tu geMOHUHecKOMy Mupy. B cenax ^pymKoß ropH Bepunu, hto xboct ecTb y ßemmu^ (ffiKapufr 1939: 136); b HepHoropuu (BoKa, namTpoBUHy) - y penana (Kapa^fr 1852: 886), y öaHaTCKMX repoB nogo6HHM npu3HaKOM o6nagaeT xanoeumu noeeK (^ununoBuh 1958: 281), b OKpecmocTOX ,Dy6poBHUKa - He^poMaHm (Boskovic-Stulli 19756: 214-215). B BoeBoguHe paccKa3HBanu, hto moöopoeu kohu npuxogunu Ha geBUHbu nocugenKU b o6nuKe roHomeö, ho y hmx 6binu BugHH KonHTa u xboct (Bocufr 1996: 222). KaK npaBU-no, u gbABon onucHBaeTca XBocraTbiM (PageHKOBufr 1997: 25-28).
Ha TeppuTopuu rep^roBUHH, ,^anMa^uu, agpuaTUHecKoro no6epembfl u T.g. eunu onucHBaroTCH KaK KpacuBHe geBymKu, y KOTopHX Ha Horax Konuma - uHorga KOHCKue, uHorga ocnuHHe, KopoBbu, KO3bu unu KaK y Myna (^opfieBufr T. 1953: 59-60). B o6nacTU ,Dy6poBHUKa nycmonoeuuy npegcraBnanu KaK meH^UHy c KO3buMu KonH-TaMu Ha Horax (ByneTufr ByKacoBufr 1934: 183-184); Ha ocTpoBe BpaH Konbi^a 6binu y MU^onomHecKoro cy^ecrea Mau,uh, KOTopoe ABnanocb TaM b o6pa3e ManeHbKoro pe-6eHKa b HepHOM manoHKe (Boskovic-Stulli 1975a: 145).
Po^a ecTb y öbxeona, ho TaKme u y HeKOTopHX gpyrux MU^onormecKUx cy^ecTB. B KoHaBnax, Ha ocTpoBax XBap u BpaH 6biTOBano noBepbe, hto cba^hhuk b ^pK-bu BuguT pomKU Ha ronoBe y meHmyuH-eemmuu, (^op^eBufr T. 1953: 14). B Bonrapuu (paöoH R^egenHeBa), KapaKOHÖwynu onucHBaroTca KaK UMero^ue pora (Mu^Ba 1994: 101), b to BpeMA KaK y xopBaTOB fleBaHcKoro HoBoro Cena b CnoBaKuu pora uMen ßod-hu MyM (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 377-378). Ha nonyocrpoBe ^enema^ KopoTKue pora, ho Ton^e, HeM y KopoBH, uMeno MU^onomHecKoe cy^ecreo, KOTopoe Ha3HBanu nodHe po-^amo (ByneTufr ByKacoBufr 1934: 177).
y MU^onomHecKUx cy^ecTB b HenoBeHecKOM o6nuKe MoryT npucyTcTBOBaTb u HeKOTopHe gpyrue 3OOMop^Hbie npu3HaKu, yKa3biBaro^ue Ha mx npuHagnemHocTb ge-MOHUHecKOMy Mupy. TaK, y 6aHaTcKux repoB (BpaHeB raö) modopuß MoryT no^Bn^Tbca b Buge roHomeM, ho c nomaduHUMu 3y6aMu (^ununoBufr 1958: 282); eunu - ^TO geBym-km c KpunbHMu (^op^eBufr T. 1953: 60-61) u T.g.
Cpeöme/6onbmoe unu ManeHbKoe
no pa3Mepy MU^onoruHecKue cy^ecTBa b Buge HenoBeKa Ha^e Bcero noKa3H-BaroTca unu KaK Memme unu KaK 3HaHUTenbHO 6onbme HenoBeKa. no pocTy HenoBeKy 6onbme Bcero cooTBeTcTByroT BunH, He cHUTaa cy^ecTB Tuna BaMnupa u BemTU^i, KOTopHe MoryT noKa3biBaTbca u b Buge o6hhhhx nrogeö. KapnuKOBHM pocT UMeroT Manu noeuß, eoöeHu dyx, 3eMHoü dyx (6epKMaH/nepKMaH, eHmemu), xaH3u, namynbKu, Mau,Monun, 6pa^. no noBepbro u3 XopBaTuu (^p^uHa^ Ha Bunorope), Manu noeu,u poc-tom gocTuranu MaKcuMyM go nneHa B3pocnoMy HenoBeKy. Ohm 6binu ogeTH b 3eneHyro ogemgy. Mx cTapeömuHa uMen 6enyro 6opogy u ycH u ManeHbKyro manoHKy c coKonu-hhm nepoM. Ohm nocTOHHHO Haxogunucb b gBumeHUu u Ha 6ery ygapanu nagoHbro o nagoHb (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 401-402). BodeHu dyx b Tumohkom KpauHe (oKpecraocTU Bopa) Bbirnagen KaK KapnuK b TeMHOM ogemge, y KOToporo 6binu KO3bu Horu u ymu (3eHeBufr 1973: 326). noBepbH o eHmemax, rHOMax-pygoKonax, OTMeHeHH b Cep6uu, b cenax Bgonb p. M6p Hume Kocobckom Mutpobu^i (^ununoBufr 1967: 81). PygoKonH-KapnuKu, KOTopHe MoryT 6HTb u xpaHUTen^Mu BUHHoro norpe6a, y xopBaTOB BeHrep-ckom nogpaBUHH Ha3HBaroTca xaH3u, npuKynun, öeu,a KpaHuu, unu Kpamu,u (Eperjessy 1999: 43). no gpyroMy onucaHuro U3 Toro me Kpaa, namynbKu 6Hnu ManeHbKUMU, ho c
gnuHHbiMu 6opogaMu (Frankovic 1990/9: 138). B McTpuu (Pama), ManeHbKuö pygoKon c BonocaTbiMu pyxaMM u gnuHHbiMu HorTHMM Ha3biBanca MauM-onuH (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 379-380; cp. PageHKoBuH 2007a: 258-265) unu nynuH (Boskovic-Stulli 1959: 137). Ha roro-BocroKe MaKegoHuu (oKpecmocm reBrenuu), 6pa^ npegcTaBnanca KaK Ma-nenbKUü öecnoKOMHHM pe6eHoK, KoTopbiö gocraBnaeT nrogaM HenpuaTHocTu, npaHa ux Be^u (TaHoBuh 1927: 310-311).
npeBocxogaT HenoBeKa poctom oeacap, ^a, eeöbi, KapaKondMynu, eedoMe^, eo-öernK, Cpueda, nomnuK, y pyccKux ^opnuü, nemuü u T.g. Oeacap - cTpamHbiö npu3paK, noxo^uö Ha HenoBeKa, «6onbmoö, KaK gy6» (nonu^ b ,^anMa^uu, RJAZU IX: 483). no ogHoMy npegaHuro u3 McTpuu, HyMa, «b Buge 6onbmoö «eH^uHH», npumna k nacTyxy u noTpe6oBana ee HocuTb. Ha ero Bonpoc, KaK oh cmo^t HocuTb ee, TaKyro 6onbmyro, oHa oTBeTuna: «# nerKaa, nerKaa» (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 380-382). B gpyrux o6nacTax qyMa u3o6pa^aeTca b o6nuKe o6hhhom ^eH^uHH (c pacrpenaHHbiMu BonocaMu, oge-toö b 6enoe u T.g.). Ha TeppuTopuu Bunoropbi b XopBaTuu cy^ecTBoBano noBepbe o ee-dax, KoTopHe npegcraBnanucb KaK oHeHb BbicoKue cy^ecrea My^cKoro nona, KoTopbie 6binu poctom Bbime goMa u nonHocTbro noKpbiTbi mepcTbro (Lovrencevic 1969-70: 72). no noBepbro u3 rpy^u b Cep6uu, KapaKondMynu, noaBnaro^ueca Ha cbatku, Bbiraa-gaT KaK 6onbmue Toncrae cy^ecrea (neTpoBuh 1948: 343). KaK orpoMHoe cy^ecTBo b Buge MegBega unu nony-HenoBeKa nony-MegBega npegcTaBnanca y cnoBeH^B 6e^OMe^ (Smitek 1998: 80). no npegaHuro u3 oKpecTHocTeö flbAKoBa b XopBaTuu, c noaBneHueM go^geBoö TyHu nocne 3acyxu b MenbHu^y Bomen eoöemaK b Buge HenoBeKa, poctom go noTonKa, u oh cben y MenbHuKa ropmoK ^aconu, ^nbiö xne6, noToM nopoceHKa u Ko3y (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 377). Boöxnoü b noBepbax cnaBAHcKux HapogoB Mo^eT 6biTb or-poMHoro pocTa, ho Mo^eT BbirnageTb u KaK KapnuK unu o6hhhhm HenoBeK (Radenkovic 2008: 322-325). B oKpecTHocrax Po^aa b HepHoropuu paccKa3biBanu o tom, KaK npu-mna Cpueda (cpega) b o6pa3e orpoMHoö »ch^mhh, hto6h HaKa3aTb HenoBeKa, koto-pHÖ 3acTaBun ^eHy pa6oTaTb no goMy HaKaHyHe cpegbi: «y gBepeö cToana 6onbmaa ^eH^uHa poctom co cTor ceHa, c rycTHMu u cegbiMu gnuHHbiMu BonocaMu, na3ray-na ^ene3HMMu 3y6aMu u 3aBopHana (y pujeHuMa... 1987: 67-68). y cep6oB flyHaöcKoM Knucypbi b PyMMHuu nomnuK npegcraBnaeTca KaK BenuKaH b HenoBeHecKoM o6nuKe, c orpoMHMMu HoraMu, KoTopbrn no HoHaM KpageT geTeö (Kpcruh 19876: 66). M y 6aHa-tckux repoB nomnuK onucbiBaeTca KaK orpoMHbiö HenoBeK «poctom c menKoBuHHoe gepeBo, KaK ABop, KaK goM», ho 6e3 ronoBbi (^ununoBuh 1958: 280).
tynocmnuü/neu,enocmnuü
OgHuM u3 BHemHux npu3HaKoB Mu^onoruHecKux cy^ecTB MoryT 6biTb u Tene-cHbie aHoManuu. CornacHo ogHoMy noBepbro u3 XopBaTuu, yMepmue Mamepu npuxogaT k cboum geTAM, hto6h ux noKopMuTb, ho y hux nem nu^ (Ho^uHuh 1990: 74). Buna y nogpaBcKux xopBaToB BeHrpuu npegcraBnanacb KaK KpacuBaa geBymKa, ho 6e3 noca: «^TO 6bmu KpacuBbe geBymKu. y hux 6bmu Ko3bu KonbTa, a Hoca He 6bmo» (Frankovic 1990/9: 145, 146). y 6onrap He uMeeT Hoca BaMnup (MapuHoB 1994: 311). no noBepb-am pyccKux BepxHero noBon^ba, pycanKU-mymoeKU noxo^u Ha geBymeK, ho nu^ y hux nepyMxnoe (BnacoBa 1998: 566). HeKoTopbe Mu^onoruHecKue cy^ecTBa MeHbmee unu 6onbmee Hucno ^anb^eB Ha Horax unu Ha pyKax. TaK, KapaKonÖMon b MaKegoHuu uMeeT no mpu nanb^ Ha Horax u pyKax (Bpa^uHoBcKu 1995: 136), HyMa b CnaBoHuu
MMeeT nemupe nanb^ Ha pyKax (Lovretic 1902: 198), mamom b npegaHuax xopBaTOB BeHrepcKOM nogpaBUHbi UMeeT mecmb nanb^e (^paHKOBuh 1988: 69). O eewmu^x b flparaneBe roBopunu, hto y hmx «Hem eonoc nogMbimKaMU» (HuKonuh 1996: 82), a b paöoHe npuenona - hto y hmx Hem eonoc b HU^Heö Hacru Tena (BnarojeBuh 1995: 178-179). y cnoBeH^B ynoMUHaeTca npe^na6u^a - 6enaa ^eH^MHa, KOTopaa b nongeHb noaBnanacb 6e3 ^ono6u (Kelemina 1997: 211). no noBepbro U3 oKpecTHocreö flyöpoB-HMKa, no HonaM npuxogunu b ^pKOBb nmdu 6e3 ^ono6u (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 418). y xopBaToB BeHrepcKOM nogpaBUHbi no HonaM noaBnanucb npM3paKM 6e3 ronoBbi, koto-pbie Ha3biBanucb npe3^na6Ha K03a, npe3^na6Hu KOHb, npe3^na6Hu nec, boühuk 6e3 ^na6e, xycap 6e3 ^na6e, non 6e3 ^na6e (Eperjessy 1999: 43). Cep6bi b BeHrpuu (^oBpa) nyranu geTeö Bbipa:«eHueM «MgeT Togop 6e3 ^onoeu\» (^paHKOBuh 1997: 81). flyx yMepmero HeKpe^eHoro pe6eHKa, o kotopom y pyccKux cy^ecTBOBano noBepbe, hto oh ÄUBeT b pa3HHx MecTax goMa, npegcraBnaeTca KaK ypoge^ 6e3pyK u Ho^ (HoBUHKOBa 1995: 207). fflapKu (ocnbi) noaBnaroTca b o6nuKe pa6bix ^eH^MH (Bonrapua).
KaK He^nocTHocrb MU^onorunecKux cy^ecTB MoryT paccMaTpuBaTbca TaKue npu3HaKu, KaK xpoMoma u 0^H0H0^0cmb. TaKMMM MoryT 6biTb öbxeon y cep6oB, ceemu Todop y 6onrap, 6a6a-ma y pyccKux u T.g. XpoMOHorocTb u ogHOHorocTb Mu^onoru-necKoro cy^ecTBa cogep^uT yKa3aHue Ha ero reHeTunecKyro cooTHeceHHocTb co 3MeeM (ycneHKuö 1982: 90)
KopomKuü/eumxHymuü
Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecrea qacro UMeroT BbiTAHyToe Teno, ronoBy, gnuHHbie bo-nocbi, HorTu, ga^e rpygu, ecnu ohu ecTb, BbiTAHyTbi. TaK, dpeK unu ^peKa6a^ b Boc-Huu (PagyHU^-Marnaö) npegcraBnanca b Buge HaBoa (Ivandic 1965: 62); «y Hero Teno necTpoe, gnuHHoe u TOHKoe, KaK HaBOM» (^op^eBuh T. 1953: 155). HyMa b 6onrapcKOM noBepbe BbirnaguT KaK cTapyxa c dnuHHUMu pyKaMu, HenecaHbiMU dnuHHUMu eonoca-mu u önuHHbiMu Ho^mxMu (neTpoBa 1988: 171). ^eHcKue MU^onorunecKue cy^ecrea na^e Bcero uMeroT dnuHHue eonocu, KaK, Hanp., euna (^op^eBuh T. 1953: 58-59), 6a6u-W (MunocaBaeBuh 1913: 95), cmyxa (Tp^ufr BjenoKocuh: 201-202), cmux (^ununoBuh 1939: 518-519), myMcKa MaÜKa (3eneBuh 1973: 326), mda (Munag0H0B^u 1983: 499), aeane (CuMuh 1954: 11), nyMa (rp6uh 1909: 239) u T.g. npu3HaK BbiTHHyToctu Mo^eT npoHBnaTbca u KaK ocTporonoBocTb. TaKOBbi mynuKyHU, nynuKymi Ha PycKOM CeBepe, TaKuM Mo^eT 6HTb eodmoü (Pelka 1987: 89).
B ogHoM cep6cKOM cKa3Ke öuecKa MajKa uMeeT TaKue gnuHHbie rpygu, hto umu oHa 3acbinaeT ^apoM xne6 Ha onare (HajKaHOBuh 1927: 472). rpygu 3a nnenu, no npega-Huro, 3a6pacbiBana Mm, MaTb Munoma O6ununa (HajKaHOBuh 1927: 378-288), b KoHaB-nax ^T0 genana nyMa (ByneTuh ByKacoBuh 1934: 178), b HepHoropuu - Konxpa (flynuh 1931: 292), y pyccKux - 6a6a-ma (BnacoBa 1998: 572) u T.g., (cp. Cfl 1995: 563). M BHe cnaBHHcKoö Tpagu^uu pacnpocTpaHeHbi noBepba o tom, hto HeKOTopbie Mu^onoru-necKue cy^ecTBa UMeroT 6onbmue rpygu, oTBucmue go KoneH, qacro nepeKUHyTMe 3a cnuHy. TaKOM npu3HaK oTMeneH y Ka^upoB TuHgyKyma, rge oh cBH3MBaeTca c 6oruHeM KmyMau, KaK u c MU^onorunecKUM cy^ecTBOM nepu, KOTopoe cxo^e c cep6cKOM BunoM (MeTTMap 1986: 113, 260, 293), b A3uu - c cy^ecTBOM an6acmu, y apa6oB oho cBa3aHo c canayeoü, cy^ecTBOM, KOTopoe no HeKOTopMM npu3HaKOM noxo^e Ha cep6cKyro xany (^emTapuh 1998: 102).
My^cKMe Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa nacTO uMeroT dnunnym 6opody. OTcroga npoucxoguT BTopoe Ha3BaHue ^pa6aH^UHmeü - ^y^o6pa^u (Eperjessy 1999: 42). Bopo-gy go KoneH, no noBepbro u3 BaHaTa, uMen 3eHmupau,, bhcokum HenoBeK, ^MBy^MM b KyKypy3e, KoTopbiM nyranu geTen (nonoB 1991: 71). 06hhho Hecopa3MepHO gnuHHbie 6opogbi uMeroT KapnuKu.
npu3HaK eumxHymuü y Mu^onorunecKux cy^ecTB oTKpbiBaeT ux 3MeuHyro npu-
pogy.
O^Ho^ono6uü/MHo^o^ono6uü
Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa MoryT oTnunaTbcfl ot HenoBeKa u TeM, hto y hux 6onbme ronoB. TaK, b xomo^ckom o6nacru b Cepóuu Bepunu, hto nyHHoe 3aTMeHue bh-3BaHo TeM, hto Ha nyHy HanagaroT anu, y KoTopbix dee ^ono6u, a Ha Horax mecTb nanb-^b (MunocaBaeBufr 1913: 397). B ogHon cKa3Ku u3 Cep6uu ana uMeeT mpu ^ono6u, Tpu KnroBa, Tpu Horu (HajKaHoBufr 1994/5: 256-262). CornacHo cep6cKoMy npegaHuro, gBa HenoBeKa, cnacancb ot qyMbi, nonanu b ropog, rge ^unu nrogoegbi c deyMX ^ono6aMU (MunufreBufr 1884: 151). no noBepbro 6onrapcKux MycynbMaH b Pogonax, Korga-To cy-^ecTBoBana naMX c deexmbw ^ono6aMU u geBATbro xBocTaMu (BoHeBa 1994: 36). Hacro 3Meu b cKa3Kax u3o6pa^aroTca MHororonoBbiMu. CornacHo noBepbro xopBaToB BeHrep-ckom nogpaBUHb, mapKam (3Men) UMeeT ceMb ronoB (Frankovic 1990/9: 129-149).
CuMMempUHH uü/acuMMempUHH uü
HeKoTopbie TenecHbie HegocTaTKU geMoHoB genaroT ux acuMMeTpuHHbiMu (ohu UMeroT oguH rna3, y hux HeT Ho3gpeM unu ecTb numb ogHa). C gpyron cropoHbi, TaM, rge nenoBeK acuMMeTpuneH - geMoH cuMMeTpuneH. Hanp., y HenoBeKa Ha Ka^gon pyKe unu Hore HenapHoe nucno nanb^B (nnTb), geMoH Mo^eT uMeTb no nerape nanb^. M3 mu-^onorunecKux cy^ecTB, y KoTopbix oguH rna3 Ha n6y, ynoMuHaroTcn Amuna b Mcrpuu (Boskovic-Stulli 1959: 126-127), due 3emdap Ha o-Be XBap (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 215217), dbxeon b Kocobo (Vukanovic 1986: 444), MeneK b 3anagHon Bochuu (^ununoBufr 1967: 300).
O KapaKoHg^ynax b Bonrapuu (panoH Fo^genneBa) roBopnT, hto y hux oguH rna3 u ogHa Hora (FsoprueBa 1993: 173). CornacHo noBepbro, hto y gbABona TonbKo ogHa Hora, bo3hukhu cooTBeTcTByro^ue Ha3BaHun: y 6onrap edrnKpaKUxm (MapuHoB 1994: 251), y MaKegoH^B - e^H0H0^U0m (Bpa^uHoBcKu 1995: 127).
y xopBaToB BeHrepcKon nogpaBuHbi 6bino noBepbe, hto y ^pa6aH^uxwa deapxda 3y6oe (^paHKoBuh 1990: 114). HeKoTopbie geMoHunecKue cy^ecTBa MoryT uMeTb mpu cepdw (motub, kotophm noHBnaeTcH b ^^UHecKUx necHflx u cBH3HBaeTca c npoTuBHu-kom rnaBHoro repon), mpu ^py^u u T.g.
HeKocMamuü/KocMamuü
Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecrea MoryT oTnuqaTbcn ot HenoBeKa u no npu3HaKy koc-MaTocTu, TaK KaK ux Tena 3apocnu mepcTbro. TaK, ^eH^uHH-BegbMH ycarae. Ho Ha Tex nacTHx Tena, rge ocTanbHbie nrogu uMeroT Bonocbi - ohu ux He uMeroT. y cnoBeH-^b (KonpuBHuK) KocMaTHM noncmaK (Cvetek 1993: 33). Ha AgpuaTuKe nycmonoeu-
w noKa3HBaeTCH b o6nuKe «eH^HHH, ho uMeeT KocMaTHe pyKu (ByneTufr ByKacoBuh 1934: 183). y cnoBeH^B yMepmue HeKpe^eHHMu geTu (MOBje) uMeKT BonocaTHe Horu. y 6onrap KocMaT KapaKOHÖMO (TeopmeBa 1993: 173), a b ogHoM npegaHuu xopBaToB BeHrepcKon nogpaBuHH roBopuTca, KaK MaTb poguna «KocMaToro» pe6eHKa, KoTopHM noToM cTan ^pa6aH^UKweM (Frankovic 1990: 114). B McTpuu KocMaTHMu aBnaKTca mBapMUHU (Jardas 1962: 219).
KocmxHoü/MemannmecKUü
Mu^onoruHecKoe cy^ecreo BMecTo kocthhhx uMeeT MeTannuHecKue 3y6bi, Ha^e Bcero »ene3HHe. y KapameBaKoB PyMMHuu »ene3HHe 3y6bi MMeeT wyMHXK (Birta 1993: 234-235). y 6onrap geMoHUHecKUM BcagHMK Cb. Todop MMeeT 3onomue 3y6u. M3-3a »e-ne3HHx 3y6oB o6pa3oBanucb HeKoTopHe Ha3BaHua ycTpamuTeneñ gna geTeM: ^B03^eH-3y6a (cep6bi u xopBaTH), Mene3Ha 6a6a (yKpauH^i), Mene3HU nanaBeK (6enopycbi).
TBepöbiü/M^KUü (o$opMneHHUü/Heo$opMmHHbiü; BbmpxMneHHUü/^Hymbiü)
no cpaBHeHuro c HenoBeKoM Teno BaMnupa aBnaeTca MarKuM, ^0^T0My oh Ha xogy maTaeTca (MapuHoB 1994: 311).
Tennuü/xonodmiü
Mu^onorunecKoe cy^ecTBo He uMeeT cBoero Tenna. HenoBeK BcTpeHaeT HoHbK »eH^uHy, u He 3Haa, hto oHa npu3paK, nogaeT eft pyKy. OKa3HBaeTca, hto «pyKa y Hee xonogHaa, KaK KaMeHb» (ByneTufr ByKacoBufr 1934: 181).
R)BOpXW,Uü/HeMOü
Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecrea o6^arorca Me»gy co6om He Ha HenoBeHecKoM a3H-Ke, ho gpyruM o6pa3oM: ohu eBuemxm, xoxonym, xnonamm pyKaMU, nnanym. OguH u3 cnoco6oB, KoTopHM Mu^onoruHecKue cy^ecTBa o6,baBnaKT o cBoeM npucyTcTBuu -6p^aHue ^nxMU (cp. HajKaHoBufr 1994/2: 199-200). y 6enopycoB (b Fom. y.) 3anpe^a-eTca cBucTeTb Ha gBope: no noBepbK, Ha cbuct cneTaeTca HeHucTaa cuna. ^BnaeTca u goMoBoM, u noToM cepguTca, hto ero HanpacHo BH3Banu (PoMaHoB 1912/VIII: 314). B k»hom Cep6uu cHuTanocb, hto HoHbK) Henb3a cBucTeTb (b goMe), hto6h oKono goMa He co6upanucb HepTu (^op^eBufr fl. 1958: 550).
Ecnu HenoBeK hto-to cKa»eT geMoHaM, ohu noBTopaKT ero cnoBa c ^neMeHTaMM ucKa»eHua (KaK 6ygTo cnoBa oTpa»aKTca ot hux ^xoM). TaK, HenoBeK, pagyacb, hto HoHbK Ha gopore Hamen 6apamKa, roBopuT eMy: «fleguHo apeH^!», a tot oTBeHaeT: «fle-guHo apeH^-e-e-e!» (BapuaHTH: PageHKoBufr 2008a: 353-354). TaK »e u nemuM nK6uT noBTopaTb nocnegHue cnoBa cBoero co6ecegHuKa (Apx., Bonor.) (BnacoBa 1998: 287). hto6h He BH3HBaTb 3aBucTb geMoHa, HenoBeK Ha HeHucTHx MecTax u b HoHHoe BpeMa gon»eH MonHaTb, unu »e He oT3HBaTbca, ecnu ero KTo-Hu6ygb 3oBeT. B npoTuBHoM cny-Hae geMoH Mo»eT oTo6paTb y Hero ronoc. TaK, no noBepbK ranunonbcKux cep6oB, ecnu Hepaüde (buhh) HoHbK BoBneKyT HenoBeKa b cbom TaHe^ eMy Hy»Ho TaH^BaTb, ho He npopoHuTb hu ogHoro cnoBa, uHaHe ohu y Hero omHUMym ^onoc (^ununoBufr 1946:
99). Ha AgpuaTuKe, Korga HoHbro 30BeT nycmonoeuHenoBeKy Henb3n oT3biBaTbcn, b npoTMBHOM cnyHae oHa 3a6epeT ero ronoc. Ecnu b ^T0 BpeMn 3a6neeT ob^ - oHa cpa3y cgoxHeT (ByneTufr ByKacoBufr 1934: 183).
3pHHUü/cnenoü
MMeroTcn ocHoBaHun roBopuTb o npu3HaKe cnenoTH y geMoHa, ga«e Korga oh ^Kc^nu^uTH0 He Bbipa«eH. 06 ^T0M cBugeTenbcTByeT gpeBHun motmb cKa3oK, rge MaTb geMoHa npnHeT repon, KoTopbiM Ha3biBaeT ee chobom «MaTb»: oHa ero He oHeHb crapa-TenbHo npnHeT, BeneB eMy BCTaTb 3a gBepbro unu nog ctohom; geMoHbi, ee cbrnoBbn, oTKpbBaroT npMcyTCTBMe repon b cBoeM npocTpaHCTBe no 3anaxy, o6hhho roBopn «3gecb naxHeT HenoBeHecKoM gymon». O cnenoTe geMoHa roBopuT u ogHo u3 Ha3BaHuM hohhoto npu3paKa b McTpuu - cnunapux (Boškovic-Stulli 1959: 154). B oKpecTHocrnx KpaToBa (MaKegoHun) Bepunu, hto nyua, Korga BxoguT b goM y6uBaTb nrogen, ugeT Bgonb cTeHb, noToMy hto oHa cnena (ropaHoB 1983: 103). y 6aHaTCKux repoB, Korga nrogu BbixognT HoHbro noMoHuTbcn, gnn 3a^ura npegynpe«garoT nen (Bun) cnegyro-^umu cnoBaMu: «,Hro6uT Bac MaTb, y6eraMTe, KpacaBu^i, hto6h noMoHuncn cnenon!» (OununoBufr 1958: 277).
fíeoücmeeHHax/uedeoücmeeHuax npupoda (meno u dyma/dyma KaK meno)
B oTnuHue ot HenoBeKa, y KoToporo ecTb gyma u Teno, y geMoHoB Tena HeT, ho mo«ho cKa3aTb, hto ux o6huk u Bce, hto Ha hux HageTo - HacTb ux gymu. n^ToMy ohu 3a6oTnTcn o tom, hto6h HacTb ux oge«gbi He nepemna b Hy«yro co6cTBeHocTb, noToMy hto Torga ohu nonagaroT b nneH. Hanp., Buna, ecnu y Hee oTo6paTb Kpbinbn u KopoHy, BHHy^geHa cTaTb «eHon repon; ecnu y TuHTunuHa unu gbnBona B3nTb manKy, ohu gon«Hbi npuHecTu 3ohoto, hto6h BbiKynuTb manKy; Buna oco6eHHo HacTauBaeT Ha tom, hto6h Bce ee bohoch gocTanu u3 KonroHero KycTa - omu6Ky noMo^HuKa oHa HaKa3biBaeT cMepTbro, a ycnex Bo3Harpa«gaeT. fleMoHa mo«ho y6uTb TonbKo ogHuM ygapoM.
He^emHoü/^emrnü
^BeT nBnneTcn BaxHHM npu3HaKoM, Ha ocHoBaHuu KoToporo Mu^onoruHecKux nepcoHa^en mo«ho oTnuHuTb ot peanbHo cy^ecTByro^ux nrogen, «ubothhx unu npegMeToB. ^eT MoTuBupyeT HauMeHoBaHun oTgenbHHx Mu^onoruHecKux cy^ecTB, xapaKTepu3yeT ux Teno, HacTb Tena, oge«gy, onucbiBaeT «uBoTHoe unu npegMeT, b ko-Topbie ohu npeBpa^aroTcn, nna^HTy, b kotopom po«garoTcn (PageHKoBuH 2007: 80-92; PageHKoBuh 20086: 337-346).
Eenuü wem Ha^e Bcero MoTuBupyeT Ha3BaHun «eHcKux cy^ecTB, KoTopbie o6hhho o6neHeHH b 6enue odewdbi (buhh, npuBugeHun, ^epcoHu^uKa^uu cMepTu): y cnoBeH^B (fflTupun) buhh Ha3HBaroTcn bele žene, bela dekleta (Kelemina 1997: 68, 165, 169); nrogen, KoTopbie npuxognT b nec gpaTb hhko, no BepoBaHunM pyccKux, npecnegy-eT BHcoKan 6enan geBymKa c pacny^eHHbiMu BonocaMu - 6enax deeKa (BnacoBa 1998: 38); TaK«e y pyccKux b BonorogcKon ry6epHuu «eH^uHa b 6enoM, KoTopan nonBnneTcn nepeg npopy6bro, Ha3HBaeTcn 6enax 6a6a (TaM «e: 37); npuBugeHue b o6nuHuu «eH^u-
hh b 6enoM, KOTopoe, cornacHo noBepbHM nonHKOB, cropo»uT 3aMOK, Ha3HBaeTCH Biaia Dama unu Biaia Pani (Pelka 1987: 220-221). nocKonbKy Mu^onoruHecKue cy^ecrea cBH3aHH c noTycTopoHHMM MupoM unu MX geHTenbHocTb cBH3aHa c MpaKoM, ohm HacTO uMeroT u aTpu6yT nepHuü. OgHo u3 o6^ux Ha3BaHuö HeHucroö cunbi y pyccKMX nepHan nnaHuda, a HyMa Ha3HBaeTCH nepHax cMepmb. M3 Mu^onoruHecKux cy^ecTB HepHbiö ^BeT na^e Bcero onpegenaeT gbHBona unu HepTa. OgHaKo 6onbmuHcTBo npuMepoB yKa-3HBaeT, hto He cy^ecreyeT hchom npMHMHH, noHeMy ogHo u to »e geMOHonoruHecKoe cy^ecreo 6biBaeT to 6enbiM, to HepHbiM. npuHMHy Hago ucKaTb b o6,beMe 3HaHeHua 6enoro u HepHoro, T.e. b npocTpaHcTBe, rge ^TM ^eTa BcrpeHaroTca.
Ecnu MM^onoruHecKoe cy^ecTBo onucbiBaeTca KaK 6enoe unu HepHoe, oho, KaK npaBuno, TaKoe ^nuKOM, a ecnu BBoguTca npu3HaK «KpacHoe», oh o6hhho yKa3biBaeT Ha oKpameHHocTb HeKOTopoö HacTu ero Tena unu oge»gbi. TaK, no noBepbro u3 boc-tohhom rep^roBuHbi, non Mo»eT y3HaTb, kto u3 »eH^uH Bewmu^, no KpacHUM 3y-6aM; no noBepbHM pyccKux (BenoMopbe) KpacHue 3y6u uMeeT pycanKa; no paccKa3aM u3 XopBaTuu (Otok b CnaBOHuu), pe6eHOK, po»geHHbiö ot cbh3u yKodnaKa (noKoÖHuKa, cTaBmero BaMnupoM) u ero «eHH, uMeeT KpacHue 3y6u (Lovretic 1902: 123); xopBaTH BeHrepcKOM nogpaBuHbi Bepunu, hto b nogBanax »uByT ManeHbKue HenoBeHKu - npu-Kynunu, unu	KpaHuu,, y kotophx KpacHue h3uku; b CuHbcKoö KpauHe (XopBaTua)
paccKa3HBaroT, hto gyx b o6nuKe pe6eHKa - Baduuß - noKa3biBaeTcfl HenoBeKy Becb b 6enoM c KpacHUMu go KoneH H0^aMu; b Bochuu Bunu npegcTaBnaroTca KaK geBymKu b 6enoM c KpacHUMu KocaMu; y 6onrap KpacHue Bonocu uMeroT caModuBu. OguH u3 Hac-thx aTpu6yTOB HeHucToö cunbi - KpacHan manKa. OHa Ha^e Bcero cBH3HBaeTca c gbH-BonoM. KpacHyro manKy hocht u Mawuh, d0M0B0Ü, nemuü, wunuKymi u T.g.
nocKonbKy Mu^onoruHecKue cy^ecTBa Ha^e Bcero cBH3aHbi c oTKpbiTbiM npo-cTpaHcTBOM unu »e ux KaneHgapHoe noHBneHue npuypoHeHo k BecHe, BpeMeHu 6yp-Horo pa3BuTuH pacreHuö, nogHepKuBaHue Toro ^aKTa, hto HeKOTopbie u3 hux uMeroT 3eneHHe HacTu Tena, BbMBnaeT ux npuHagne»HocTb guKoö npupoge u yKa3biBaeT Ha ux oTnuHue ot nrogeö. B oco6eHHocTu o pycanKax HacTo roBopHT, hto y hux 3eneHbie pacny^eHHHe Bonocbi, KaK u y nemux deBOK (pyccKuö CeBep) (HepenaHOBa 1983: 31), y cnoBeH^B - y duBbux MeH unu KpuBbonem (Kelemina 1997: 173). B Bochuu u Tep^-roBuHe cy^ecTBOBano noBepbe, hto Bunu MoryT ecTb TonbKo 3eneHyro nu^y, ecTb u3 3eneHoö nocygbi u hto KaMHu, Ha kotophx ohu egHT, cTaHOBATca 3eneHbiMu (Zovko 1901: 145). B 3eneHOM MoryT noKa3biBaTbca nemuü Ha pyccKOM CeBepe (HepenaHOBa 1996: 47); oxoTHuKu-KapnuKu (mali lovci) b Bunorope b XopBaTuu (Boskovic-Stulli 1997: 401-402); mep b oKpecTHocrax 3arpe6a (Zecevic 1976: 136). B HeKOTopbix cnyHaax mu-^onoruHecKoe cy^ecreo mo»ho oxapaKTepu3OBaTb KaK necmpoe. KaK npaBuno, Korga 3a BnacTb 6oproTcH gBa Mu^onoruHecKux cy^ecTBa b o6nuKe »ubothhx, Torga «cBoe» cy^ecTBo o6o3HaHaeTcfl KaK 6enoe unu necTpoe.
CocmaBHoü/HecocmaBHoü
no cpaBHeHuro c HenoBeKOM, KOTopbiö BocnpuHuMaeTcH KaK uMero^uö Bbipa-»eHHbie HacTu Tena (ronoBa, TynoBu^e, pyKu, Horu), geMOHuHecKue cy^ecTBa Hac-to noKa3biBaroTcfl HecocTaBHbiMu. TaK, BaMnup Ha^e Bcero noKa3biBaeTcfl b o6nuKe Mexa, HanuToro KpoBbro (CnupoBcKa 1977: 27); opKo, MaHUHep^o (XopBaTuu) no ho-HaM noKa3HBaroTcH KaK KaTH^uöcH Mex (Lozica 1995: 18); npu3paKu (6ny»garo^ue
gymu) - KaK CTor ceHa, Kny6oK, HenoBeK 6e3 ronoBbi, nomagb 6e3 ronoBbi (t.h. 6pe3-
^naeu KOHb).
naxnyw,uu/6onwHUu
B cKa3Kax geMoHMHecKMe cy^ecTBa y3HaroT no 3anaxy gymu, hto b mx npocTpaHc-TBe HaxoguTcH cnpHTaHHHM HenoBeK, m o6hhho cnegyeT Bonpoc: «3gecb naxHeT Heno-BenecKOM gymoft?» (Hanp., ne^onoe^i; HajKaHoBufr 1927: 98-99; 114-115). B noBepbax MU^onornnecKoe cy^ecTBo Mo^eT b o cnpMHMMaTb HenoBeKa KaK BoHroHero. TaK, Begb-Ma no 3anaxy o6Hapy:«MBaeT cnpaTaHHoro Ha Kopa6ne HenoBeKa m roBopuT: «CMpgu gymuHa» (BoHaeT gyma). B gpyroM cnyHae oHa kpmhmt: «CMpgu KpcT! CMpgu KpcT! fla ra nora3UMo!» (BoHaeT KpecT! BoHaeT KpecT! flaBaft 3aTorneM ero!) (Boškovic-Stulli 1997: 395, 404).
fleMoHbi, Hao6opoT, c tohkm 3peHMH nrogeft - bohhkit, KaK, HanpuMep, BMnbi, no noBepbHM c ocTpoBa XBap Ha AgpuaTUKe CBop^eBufr T. 1953: 60). fleBymKa, KoTopaa ucKana b ronoBe y Bunbi m cKa3ana, hto ee Bonocbi naxHyT, nonyHuna ot Hee b Harpagy 3onoTo, a gpyraa, KoTopaa cKa3ana, hto bohhkit - Kny6oK 3Meft (Boškovic-Stulli 1975a: 139). B m^hom nacTM AgpuaTUKU (b oKpecTHocrax fly6poBHUKa) cy^ecreo nycmonoeu-W BoHHeT gerreM m BonKoM. He 3Haa, hto He3HaKoMaa ^eH^MHa 6bina nycronoBU^M, KanuTaH nogan eft pyKy, a noToM ero «pyKa BoHana gerTeM m BonKoM» (ByneTufr ByKa-coBufr 1934: 183).
BuduMuU /neeuduMuU
UJupoKo M3BecTHb noBepba o tom, hto Mu^onorunecKue cy^ecTBa HeBuguMbi gna o6hhhhx nrogeft. Bun u BaMnupoB Mo^eT BugeTb TonbKo HenoBeK unu co6aKa, po-guBmuecH b cy66oTy, t.h. cy6omnuKU (Tp6ufr 1909: 326; ^ununoBufr 1958: 277). OgHa M3 unocTaceft HeBuguMocTu - Buxpb.
Ha ocHoBaHuu yxa3aHHbix npoTMBonocTaBneHMM, geMoHonoruHecKoe cy^ecTBo no cpaBHeHuro c HenoBeKoM Mo^eT 6biTb U3MenHueuM, 6ecmenecnuM, 3OOMOp<finbiM, 6onbmuu unu ManenbKUM, neu,enocmnbtM (de^eKmnuM), eumnnymuM, Mno^o^onoeuM, acuMMempUHHbiM, KOCMamuM, mmkum, neo^opMnennuM, ^nymbiM, xonodnuM, neMUM, cnenuM, ^emnuM, necocmaenuM, bohwhum, neeuduMUM.
nMTepaTypa
BnarojeBuh 1995 - H. Ena^ojeeuh. M3 HapogHe MUTonoruje npujenoacKor Kpaja// Mune-
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BuHorpagoBa 2QQQ - H. H. BuHo^pabo6a. HapogHaH geMOHonoruH u Mu^o-puTyanbHan Tpagu^UH cnaBHH. MocKBa, 2QQQ.
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reoprueBa 1993 - M. ^eop^ue6a. BtnrapcKa HapogHa MUTonoruH. Co^uh, 1993.
ropaHOB 19S3 - E. UopaHoe. ^ereHgu 3a mutumhu ct^ecTBa b apxuBa Ha E^peM Kapa-HOB II BtnrapcKu ^onKnop IX, kh. 4. co^uh, 19S3.
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^op^eBuh T. 1953 - T. P. "fioptyeeuh. BemTu^ u Buna y HameM HapogHOM BepoBaay u npegaay II CE36 LXVI. Beorpag, 1953.
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MuhoBuh 1952 - R>. Muhoeuh. ^ubot u o6uMaju nonoBa^ II CE36 LXV. Beorpag, 1952.
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Izgled mitoloških biča - slovenske paralele
Ljubinko Radenkovic
Mitološka bica (duhovi, demoni, nečista sila, natprirodna bica) se mogu prikazati kao antropomorfna, zoomorfna, "nulamorfna", a postoje i razni prelazni oblici njihovog ispoljavanja. Često isto bice, zavisno od kraja u kome se javlja, može imati različite oblike. S druge strane, treba uzeti u obzir i sposobnost da se ona mogu preobračati u razne živo-tinje i predmete. U ovom radu se daje pokušaj da se posredstvom binarnih opozicija opiše njihova spoljašnost.
Kada se mitološka bica pojavljuju u obliku čoveka ona imaju neko razlikovno obeležje, neku „markiranost", koja ukazuje da se radi o predstavniku drugog sveta. Ta „markiranost" u odnosu na čoveka se u raznim slučajevima može konkretizovati nizom opozicija, i to: postojano/promenljivo (telesno/bestelesno), antropomorfno/zoomorfno, srednje/veliko ili malo, celovito/necelovito, kratko/izduženo, jednoglavo/višeglavo, simetrično/asimetrično, nekosmato/kosmato, koštano/metalno, tvrdo/meko (oformljeno/ neoformljeno; ispravljeno/savijeno), toplo/hladno, govorno/nemo, ono koje vidi/slepo, dvojna/nedvojna priroda (telo i duša/duša kao telo), neobojeno/obojeno, raščlanjivo/ne-raščlanjivo, mirišljavo/smrdljivo, vidljivo/nevidljivo.
Zadatak ovog rada jeste ukazivanje na mogucnost stvaranja univerzalne „mreže" pomocu koje bi se opisavao spoljni izgled mitoloških bica.