1
Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17 | DOI: 10.14502/tekstilec.68.2025018 | First published November 13, 2025
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Amit Chakrabortty,
1
Shahriar Raian,
1, 2,
Subrata Kumar Saha,
1
Jamal Hossen
1
1
Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh
2
RCNMT, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality
of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
Uporaba analize variance (ANOVA) in analitičnega
hierarhičnega procesa (AHP) pri ocenjevanju kakovosti
bombažno-poliestrske siropreje
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni članek
Received/Prispelo 1–2025 • Accepted/Sprejeto 5–2025
Corresponding author/Korespondenčni avtor:
Amit Chakrabortty
E-mail: amit.te@aust.edu
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8592-3757
Abstract
Siro spinning, an evolution of ring spinning, optimizes parameters, such as roving strand distance and twist
multiplier, thereby enhancing yarn quality according to numerous studies. Experts have differing opinions on
the benefits of roving distances for yarn quality. However, the effect of roving distance on the roving blending
technique in the ring frame has not been fully investigated. An integrated analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based methodology are presented in this work to close the research
gap between yarn quality attributes and roving strand distance in the context of roving blending. For this pur-
pose, five yarn samples of 19.68 tex were developed using different roving distances, specifically 2 mm, 4 mm,
6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm, within the drafting zone using a 50/50 cotton-polyester roving blending technique
in a ring frame. Subsequently, the quality metrics of the yarn were studied, including variation concerning
yarn mass (CV
vm %), the imperfection index (IPI
Y
) value, hairiness (HI), the count strength product (CSP
LS
) value,
elongation at break (ε
br
%) and the total quality index (TQI
YQ
). The results revealed that yarn sample B, made
using a distance of 4 mm, resulted in good yarn quality. An ANOVA demonstrated that roving distance had
no significant effect on HI, ε
b
r
%
or TQI
YQ
. However, AHP assisted in determining the ideal roving strand distance
among various options. The study’s findings provide practical suggestions for determining the ideal roving
strand distance for better blended yarn quality.
Keywords: siro spinning, cotton-polyester roving blended yarn, analysis of variance, analytical hierarchy process
Izvleček
Številne raziskave so pokazale, da se pri siropredenju, ki je nadgradnja prstanskega predenja, z optimizacijo
parametrov, kot sta razdalja med stenjema v raztezalni coni in faktor zasuka, lahko bistveno izboljša kakovost
preje. Strokovna mnenja o vplivu razdalje med stenjema na kakovost preje so različna, vpliv te razdalje na učin-
kovitost mešanja obeh stenjev v prstanskem predilniku pa do sedaj še ni bil celovito raziskan. V tej raziskavi je
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Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
predstavljena integrirana metodologija, ki temelji na analizi variance (ANOVA) in analitičnem hierarhičnem
procesu (AHP), njen namen pa je bil zapolniti raziskovalno vrzel med atributi kakovosti preje in razdaljo med
stenjema glede na mešanje stenjev pri predenju. Za ta namen je bilo izdelanih pet vzorcev preje z dolžinsko
maso 19,68 tex pri različnih razdaljah med stenjema v raztezalni coni (2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm in 10 mm) z
uporabo mešanice bombaž/poliester v razmerju 50/50. Proučeni so bili izbrani kazalniki kakovosti preje: variaci-
ja mase preje (CVvm %), indeks nepopolnosti (IPIY), lasavost (HI), produkt finosti in trdnosti (CSPLS), raztezek pri
pretrgu (Ebr %) in skupni indeks kakovosti (TQIYQ). Pokazalo se je, da je najboljšo kakovost dosegla preja vzorca
B, izdelana pri razdalji med stenjema 4 mm. Analiza ANOVA je pokazala, da razdalja med stenjema ni imela
statistično pomembnega vpliva na lasavost preje (HI), raztezek pri pretrgu (Ebr %) ali skupni indeks kakovosti
(TQIYQ). Metoda AHP pa je omogočila določitev optimalne razdalje med stenjema med preizkušenimi mo-
žnostmi. Ugotovitve iz raziskave ponujajo praktične smernice za določanje optimalne razdalje med stenjema
v raztezalni coni pri predenju, kar pripomore k izboljšanju kakovosti mešane bombažno-poliestrske siropreje.
Ključne besede: predenje siro, preja iz mešanice bombaža in poliestra, analiza variance (ANOVA), analitični
hierarhični proces (AHP)
1 Introduction
In the textile sector, backward linkage begins with
yarn manufacturing or spinning, which transforms
fibres into yarns [1−2]. Several yarn manufacturing
methods are useful for this transformation, includ-
ing ring spinning, open-end spinning such as rotor
spinning, and air vortex spinning. Because of its
adaptability, ring spinning is especially widely used.
There have been numerous technical improvements
made to this spinning technique in recent years, but
the fundamental technology behind it has stayed
virtually the same. There have been some improve-
ments to ring spinning in recent decades in terms
of yarn quality and production rates. As a result,
unique and efficient spinning technologies such as
compact spinning, siro spinning and solo spinning
have emerged [3]. The International Wool Secre-
tariat (IWS) and the Division of Textile Industry
Laboratories of the Australian CSIRO created the
relatively new and extensively utilized technique of
siro spinning in 1975−1976. Two rovings are drawn
in parallel in the drafting zone, emerge from the
front roller through twisting, and are then combined
in siro spinning [4].
The roving strand distance, spindle speed, trav-
eller, twist multiplier, drafting method and other
factors all had an impact on the quality of siro spun
yarn. Siro spinning has been studied for a variety of
process parameters. Many researchers have made
important contributions to overcome the difficulties
rela ted to these qualities.
Numerous studies have been conducted on siro
spinning in literature taking into account various
process parameters, such as the twist multiplier
(TM) and roving spacing etc., as indicated in Table
1. Those studies concentrated on the use of natu-
ral-based textile yarn. Today, however, studies focus
on the use of man-made fibre-based yarn, especially
for advancing functional and sustainable properties
rather than conventional textile usage. For example,
Zachariah et al. found that yarns for ballistic and
woven aramid fabric play a crucial role in providing
exceptional strength and protection [5]. The yarn is
meticulously crafted to maintain consistent quality
and performance. Designed to endure extreme
conditions, it provides reliable protection while
remaining lightweight and strong. Aramid yarn en-
sures comfort and mobility without compromising
on safety. The main aim of using aramid yarn is to
obtain high tensile strength, heat resistance and
abrasion resistance, which enables the resulting yarn
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
3
to be suitable for the applications of ballistic vests,
helmets and other protective gear [6]. Khan et al.
carried out another study in which researchers de-
veloped a sustainable blending approach employing
cotton, banana, and Tencel fibres in siro spinning,
resulting in fabrics with 6.61% and 12% higher tear
and tensile strength, respectively, than conventional
woven fabrics. Another significance of their study
is that all the raw materials are obtained from waste
cotton and banana fibres [7]. Moreover, yarns,
especially micro and nano-sized variants, possess
distinctive characteristics that are advantageous for
micro electromechanical systems (MEMS). These
specialty yarns are designed to fulfil the specific
requirements of MEMS applications, necessitating
narrow diameters, great strength and, when required,
electrical conductivity. They can function as structur-
al elements, offering support and stability to fragile
MEMS structures. Moreover, these yarns can serve
as electrical connectors or sensing components, en-
hancing a system’s overall usefulness. The production
procedure for these yarns is meticulously regulated
to guarantee uniformity and dependability in MEMS
devices. The adaptability of these yarns facilitates their
incorporation into intricate geometries, fostering
inventive designs that improve both performance
and usefulness. The appropriate yarn can markedly
enhance the durability, reliability and efficiency of
sensors, actuators or other MEMS components. The
potential of micro/nano yarns in MEMS has been
examined in various studies, with an emphasis on the
essential function of specific yarns in guaranteeing
optimal performance in MEMS devices, particularly
for mechanical strength, electrical characteristics and
integration capabilities. Yarns manufactured from
fibres with diameters of micrometers or nanometers
are known as micro/nano yarns. They are often devel-
oped via electrospinning, melt spinning or advanced
twisting, resulting in fine, flexible and lightweight
structures [8−10].
Despite the fact that functional yarns for ad-
vanced applications and siro spinning have made
great progress, there are still a number of unanswered
questions. Few in-depth studies have investigated
how siro technology, which combines natural and
synthetic fibres, might improve sustainability and
performance in a range of industrial contexts. Op-
timizing process parameters, such as roving spacing
and twist multiplier, to enhance the mechanical
properties of specific yarns, especially for MEMS
devices, requires additional research. Moreover, in
order for these advanced yarns to be commercially
viable, further research into their scalability and
environmental impact is necessary. Furthermore,
further research is needed to fully understand how
roving distance effects the roving blending process,
as there is limited existing literature on the topic.
In order to optimize the siro spinning process, it
is essential to understand the intricate relationship
between roving distance and blending efficiency.
To learn more about the effects of roving distance
variations on fibre alignment, blending uniformity
and yarn qualities, further research is needed.
These findings have the potential to enhance the
performance of yarns used in niche applications
such as MEMS and high-tech protective clothing. To
elucidate the matter further, research has examined
the impact of process parameters on the mechanical
and functional qualities of yarn during manufacture.
Improving yarn quality for new textile applications
can benefit greatly from the more in-depth study of
these issues [8, 11].
To close the present gap in research, this study
applied the combined use of various roving spacing
with a combined approach of using the analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) and one-way ANOVA to
produce good-quality siro spun yarn in the case of
roving blending. The following research questions
are required to find the optimum outcome of this
current study:
• How does roving distance affect roving blending
for both natural and synthetic fibres?
• Do varying roving distances have a significant
impact on essential quality indicators such as
mass variation, imperfection index, hairiness,
strength, elongation and overall quality index?
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Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
• Which statistical analysis is most suitable for
finding the optimum roving distance?
To address the research issues stated above, the
following objectives have been developed:
• To determine the impact of different roving
distances in the case of roving blended cot-
ton- polyester (50/50) siro yarn.
• To evaluate the significant impact of roving
distances from the different yarn quality metrics
such as
CVvm
%, IPI
Y, H
I
, CSPLS
, Ebr
% and
TQIYQ
using one-way ANOV A.
• To identify the optimum roving distance from
different options for producing good quality
yarn using the AHP method.
Table 1: Overview of prior research studies
No. Author Objective Materials Methodology Key findings
1.
Subramaniam et
al. [12]
To identify the impact of
processing parameters
such as spacing between
top and bottom aprons,
twist multiplier (TM) and
the speed of the spindles
on produced blended yarn
properties such as tensile
strength elongation, and
evenness.
100% cotton
Central
composite
rotatable design
(CCRD).
Reduced break draft in the ring
frame and closer apron spacing
improved all but one of the
investigated attributes.
2. Cheng et al. [13]
To determine the effect of
TM and spacing among
the strands of rovings on
produced cotton siro yarn
quality.
100% cotton Empirical data
Increased strand spacing increases
the tenacity of 36.9 tex siro spun
yarn, peaking at 9 mm for 28.1 and
18.5 tex yarns, while yarn hairiness
decreases gradually.
3. Liu WY et al. [14]
To study how filament-
roving strand-spacing
influences siro yarn
properties.
50 % wool/50
% polyester
Empirical data
Yarn qualities include evenness,
tensile strength and breaking
elongation, yarn hairiness, as well
as ideal strand spacing for different
spinning methods.
4.
Soltani P et al.
[15]
To ascertain how the
structural and mechanical
characteristics of siro yarns
are influenced by the TM
and the spacing of the
roving strands.
100% lyocell ANOVA
Lower hairiness and higher mean
fibre standing, fibre migrating
factor, broken fibre proportion and
strand spacing of 8 mm increase in
toughness. A statistical investigation
also demonstrated that yarn
durability is affected by TM and
roving strand spacings.
5. Liu SQ et al. [16]
To determine how siro yarn
manufacturing variables
affect cotton- flax blended
yarn.
55% flax/45%
cotton. Flock
blending
carried out in
a blow room.
ANOVA
The specification of the traveller
and spacing between two strands
greatly affected the yarn’s H
I
and
CV m %. A
heavier traveller and more
space resulted in lower hairiness
with higher unevenness values,
where 8 mm roving strands were
suitable for high-quality yarn.
6.
Sundaresan et
al. [17]
To establish how the siro
compact yarn’s strand
spacing influences the
fabric’s characteristics.
100% cotton
Regression
analysis
Higher overall yarn quality was
reported when roving strands
were spaced 8 mm apart and there
was 24 mbar of negative pressure.
Siro compact yarn on the fabric’s
properties.
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
5
7. Wang et al. [18]
To investigate elastic-
conductive composite
yarns’ tensile response on
the strand spacing.
Core spun
using rayon
and filament
Least significant
difference (LSD)
method and
ANOVA
The findings showed that the
break ing strength and length at
yarn break increase with increased
spacing up to a value of 14.0 mm,
after which they decrease, and
the mean values were deemed
substantially different.
8.
Temel E et al.
[19]
To examine both polyester
and combined polye
ster-cotton siro yarn ‘s
spinnability.
100%
polyester
and cotton-
polyester
blended yarn
ANOVA
The quality of the yarn was
significantly affected by the types
of fibres, count of yarns, twist
multiplier and spacing between
strands.
9. Ute et al. [20]
T create a statistical
approach to f orecast siro
yarn evenness.
100% cotton Linear regression
The study assessed cotton blends
from Turkish spinning mills using
AFIS, identifying yarn production
parameters as independent
variables, and manufacturing siro
spun yarns under standardized
conditions.
2 Experimental part
2.1 Materials
The primary components of this experiment were
fibres of cotton and polyester. Table 2 illustrates the
fibres’ characteristics, obtained from a high-volume
instrument (HVI) according to ASTM D7642 [21].
Table 2: Attributes of fibres
Attributes of
fibres
Cotton fibre Polyester fibre
Fibre length (mm) 29.2 38
Fibre fineness
(den)
a)
1.6 1.4
Strength (N/tex) 282.52 309.02
Short fibre
content (%)
9.2 -
a)
1 den = 0.9 dtex
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Research outline
The research work was conducted following the
diagram depicted in Figure 1.
2.2.2 Working procedure
In this study, 19.68 tex siro spun yarns made of 50%
polyester and 50% cotton were produced. Roving
blending was performed in the ring-spinning frame
with a 50/50 blend ratio. During this experiment,
three samples were prepared with five different rov-
ing strand distances: 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm and
10 mm. The working procedure is described below:
First, carded slivers of cotton and polyester fibre were
collected from the carding portion. The slivers were
then fed individually into the breaker and finisher
draw frames, resulting in individually drawn slivers
of cotton and polyester. Individual slivers of cotton
and polyester were fed to the simplex machine to
produce the required roving hank at a 50:50 blend
ratio. After that, 437.40 tex roving of cotton and
407.24 tex roving of polyester were fed into the ring
frame to produce siro spun cotton and polyester
blended yarn. In this experiment, five samples were
produced, as shown in Table 3, while the other pro-
cess parameters of the various machines remained
constant, as indicated in Table 4.
Table 3: Data matrix for the experiment
Samples Roving strand distance (mm)
I 2
II 4
III 6
IV 8
V 10
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Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
Figure 1: Approach for this study
Table 4: Technical parameters of various machines
Name of the
equipment
Model Origin Name of the equipment’s parameters Values of each parameter
Carding Rieter C-70 CH
Turns of the carding cylinder (m
-1
) 750
Sliver count (ktex/Ne) 10/0.1
Drawframe
Rieter SB-D22
(Breaker), Rieter RSB
D30 (Finisher)
CH
Speed of the delivery roller (m/min) 700 (breaker), 600 (finisher)
Sliver count (ktex/Ne) 9.09/0.11
Simplex FXM4-5-HY/L CN
Twist of roving (cm
-1
/ inch
-1
) 7.87/1.1
Roving count (tex/Ne)
437/1.35 (cotton);
407/1.45 (polyester)
Roller gauge (mm) 37.5 mm × 48.5 mm × 49.5 mm
Spacer size (mm) 6.5
Flyer speed (m
-1
) 1000
Ring frame G-32 CH
Spindle gauge (mm) 70
Roller gauge (mm) 44 × 60
Spindle speed (m
-1
) 14.800
Twist of yarn (cm
-1
/ inch
-1
) 7.229/18.34
Spacer size in (mm) 2.5
Yarn fineness (tex) 19.86
Roving distance (mm) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
7
The quality parameters of five yarn samples, in-
cluding variation concerning yarn mass (CV
vm
%),
the imperfection index (IPI
Y) value, hairiness (HI),
the count strength product (CSPLS) value and elon-
gation at break (E
br
)%, were
tested using a Uster tes-
ter-5, Wrap reel, Lea strength testers and Uster Tens-
orapid, following the standard test methods given in
Table 5. Testing equipment details are given in Table
6. Finally, test results were analysed to determine the
impact of five levels of roving strand distances on
the quality of siro spun yarns. The total quality index
(TQI) can be calculated using Equation 1.
Table 5: Test standards
Parameters Test method Reference
Yarn count ASTM D 1907 [22]
Evenness, imperfection
and hairiness values of
yarn
ASTM D1425M-14 [23]
Bundle yarn strength ASTM D 1578 [23]
Tenacity (cN/tex) ASTM D 2256 [24]
Table 6: List of testing equipment
Machine name Model Manufacturer Country
HVI HVI 1000 USTER CH
USTER evenness
tester
UT-5
Zellewger
USTER
CH
Wrap reel
Ele Warp
XT
MAG IN
Lea strength tester
Me
Stretch
XT
MAG IN
(1)
In Equation 1, tenacity (cN/tex) represents the
strength of a single yarn, mass variation (CVm%)
quantifies the percentage variation in yarn mass and
elongation (%) defines the highest extension before
breaking.
2.3 Evaluation using statistical methods
2.3.1 ANOV A technique for analysing variance
When comparing the mean values of three or more
groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
is employed to determine if there are significant
differences among the groups’ means. This statis-
tical technique assesses whether the means vary
significantly from one another. The ANOV A yields
an F-statistic, which represents the ratio of the dif-
ferences between the group means to the difference
within each group. This F-statistic is crucial in
deciding whether to accept or reject the null hypoth-
esis. A statistical table provides the F-critical value,
which is compared with the F-value obtained from
the test results. If the calculated F-value exceeds the
F-critical value, the null hypothesis can be rejected.
Additionally, the null hypothesis, which posits that
all groups have the same mean, should be rejected
if the one-way ANOVA produces a P value lower
than 0.05 [26−28]. Yarn quality indicators, such as
the
coefficient of variation of yarn mass (CV
vm
%),
imperfection index (IPI
Y
), hairiness index (HI),
count strength product (CSP
LS) and elongation at
break (Ebr
%), were evaluated using this approach
to
determine the impact of varying roving distances.
2.3.2 Briefly about the analytic hierarchy process
(AHP)
The Satty-developed AHP is a widely used deci-
sion-making tool for determining the most usable
alternatives among all the alternatives. It was used
to choose the highest quality yarn sample form with
five different roving strand distances. According to
this technique, the consistency ratio (CR) is obtained
from the ratio between the consistency index (CI)
to the random index (RI) in a matrix of the same
size. Equations 2 and 3 were also used to calculate
the CI and CR [29-30]. Figure 2 depicts a statistical
model for a problem analysis. Various criteria have
been developed using the Satty scale, as shown in
Table 7 where the inputs from industry experts are
very crucial. A pair-wise matrix for AHP analysis is
presented in Table 8.
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Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
(2)
where n represents the number of items, λ max
represents the consistency vector and CI represents
the consistency index.
(3)
where RI represents the random consistency index,
CI represents the consistency index and CR rep-
resents the consistency ratio.
Figure 2: Methodology for problem analysis
Table 7: Scale for comparing two things in AHP
[29−30]
Priority or
inclination
degree
Explanation in words
1
Equal weight is given to the two
components
3
One factor is moderately significant to the
other
5 One factor is highly significant to the other
7 One factor is very significant to the other
9 One factor is extremely significant to other
2, 4, 6, 8 Values positioned intermediately
Table 8: Pair-wise matrix
Yarn
characteristics
IPI
Y
CSP
LS
HI CV
vm
%
IPI
Y
1 3 5 5
CSP
LS
1/3 1 3 3
HI 1/5 1/3 1 2
CV
vm
%
1/5 1/3 1/2 1
3 Results and discussion
In this study, five yarn samples of 30 Ne were pre-
pared using different types of roving strand distances
in a ring frame machine. Test results from different
samples against various distances are summarized
in Table 9. In order to minimize random errors, each
experiment was carried out three times using a total
of five samples. When examining the data using stan-
dard deviation (±0.5) and coefficient of variation (CV:
1.5−2%), there was little difference between runs.
3.1 Graphical representation
3.1.1 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
CV
vm
% of siro spun yarn
The impact of spacing on yarn evenness is demon-
strated in Figure 3, which shows the mass variation
(CVm%) of yarn produced at five various roving
strand distances.
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
9
Table 9: Uster test results for 30 Ne cotton/polyester roving blended yarn
Sample CV
vm
% IPI
Y
HI CSP
LS
E
LB
%
T otal quality index (TQI
YQ
)
I 13.78 278 5.84 2846 6.55 8.01
II 13.15 240 4.65 2955 7.12 9.57
III 13.21 257 5.15 2928 6.91 9.01
IV 13.34 268 5.46 2890 6.83 8.47
V 14.19 310 6.47 2733 6.65 7.72
Figure 3: CV
vm
% of siro spun yarn at different roving
distances
It can be concluded from the above figure that
the values of mass variation were higher for samples
made from 2 mm and 10 mm distances compared to
other samples. The 2 mm gap between rovings was
insufficient to spread out the fibres in the drafting
zone, resulting in the higher mass variation of the
yarn. After that, the mass variation in the drafting
zone was reduced for a distance of 4 mm and then
progressively increased as the roving strand distance
rose. A distance of 4 mm provided a good result
because the narrow space between two rovings in the
drafting zone improves the controlling of fibres during
drafting, resulting in a lower mass variation (CV
vm
%).
These findings support previous studies show-
ing that too small or large strand spacing causes
slippage and poor fibre control, which deteriorates
the yarn structure [13, 19]. Additionally, the current
research’s findings are in line with previous research
that found that yarn evenness was enhanced by
moderate strand spacing and decreased by higher
spacing [13, 14].
3.1.2 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
IPI
Y
of siro spun yarn
The imperfection index (IPI) values of yarn are
shown in Figure 4. These values are determined by
adding the neps (+200%), thick areas (+50%) and
thin places (-50%) per kilometre [31]. The figure
illustrates the variation in yarn imperfections with
varying roving strand spacing.
Figure 4: IPI value of siro spun yarn at different roving
distances
Yarn samples with roving strand intervals of 4
mm, 6 mm and 8 mm showed a gradual increase in
IPI, showing that imperfections increase with roving
spacing.
This pattern can be explained by the spinning
triangle’s expansion at longer distances, which lessens
10
Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
the drafting rollers’ ability to regulate edge fibres, and
increases fibre migration and nep generation. [17].
Moreover, the blending efficiency between cotton
and polyester fibres declines with increasing roving
spacing, especially in the ring frame drafting zone,
resulting in a weaker fibre network and more imper-
fections. Conversely, roving distances of less than 4
mm cause the yarn sample’s imperfection values to
increase. A shorter distance causes an issue for fibre
spreading during drafting and also helps to promote
fibre entanglement. These results are consistent with
other studies that showed that yarn structure is
adversely affected by both extremely tiny and very
large strand spacings, mostly as a result of ineffective
fibre control or ineffective blending dynamics in the
drafting zone [17].
3.1.3 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
hairiness (HI) of siro spun yarn
Figure 5 depicts the hairiness values of siro spun
yarns with varied roving spacing. The yarn’s hairiness
is primarily the protruding fibres at the yarn surface.
Hairiness has a big impact on fabric performance and
is a key component in evaluating yarn quality [32].
The hairiness value is also affected by twist level.
Figure 5: Hairiness (HI) of siro spun yarn at different
roving distances
The findings show that increased roaming dis-
tance is associated with higher hairiness scores. Re-
markably, yarn samples spun at distances of 4 mm,
6 mm and 8 mm showed less hairiness than those
made at distances of less than 4 mm or more than 8
mm. This shows that both insufficient and excessive
strand spacing compromise the yarn’s structural
integrity by lowering the converging point in the
spinning triangle which produces more protruding
fibres [17]. When blending varying lengths of fibre,
shorter fibres consistently tend to cause slippage
between the nipping and convergence points, which
further adds to the hairiness of the yarn.
The results, however, differ from earlier research
that indicated a decrease in hairiness with strand
spacing at distances greater than 8 mm. However,
as strand spacing increased from 8 mm to 12 mm,
a slight rise in hairiness was noted, most likely as a
result of uneven fibre movement and a loss of control
at greater distances. This finding emphasizes the
need to control roving strand spacing in maintaining
yarn smoothness and fibre cohesiveness, which has
not been thoroughly addressed in previous research
[13]. This study contributes to the understanding of
how strand spacing influences hairiness by focusing
on the combined effect of roving distance and fibre
cohesion in cotton-polyester blends. The findings
suggest that the spacing between rovings influences
not just the yarn structure but also the cohesive
strength of cotton and polyester fibres during blend-
ing, an attribute that has received less attention than
hairiness.
3.1.4 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
strength (CSP
LS
) of siro spun yarn
The CSP
LS
of siro yarn is shown in Figure 6 at
varying roving distances. This figure indicates that
yarn samples taken at distances of 4 mm, 6 mm and
8 mm showed greater strength than samples taken at
distances of 2 mm and 10 mm.
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
11
Figure 6: Strength of siro spun yarn at different roving
distances
The yarn strength gradually decreased when
increasing roving spacing. Higher spacing is also
related to a higher amount of imperfection in the
yarn samples, resulting in inferior yarn strength.
Increased strand spacing, which results in longer
strands, may induce increased fibre slippage in
strands above the convergence point. This slippage
may result in weaker areas and a possible decrease in
the strength of the yarn [12]. Roving spacing of less
than 4 mm interrupts fibre processing in the drafting
zone, resulting in increased yarn imperfections and
decreased strength. Yarn quality is further deteri-
orated when the spacing exceeds 8 mm because it
reduces the drafting roller’s control over individual
fibres. Furthermore, whereas prior research reported
higher tenacity at 8 mm strand spacing, the current
study demonstrates that distances greater than 8 mm
reduce yarn strength due to a lack of fibre cohesion
and control inside the drafting zone.
3.1.5 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
elongation at the break (E
LB
) % of siro spun
yarn
The elongation values of siro spun yarn at different
roving distances are presented in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Elongation at break (E
LB
) % of siro spun yarn
at different roving distances
The overall extensibility and performance of the
end product are determined by the right breaking
elongation of the strands, which is crucial when
turning yarn into fabric. A load is distributed be-
tween the individual fibres that make up yarn and the
arrangement of the fibres inside the yarn’s structure,
while fibre extension affects the yarn’s breaking elon-
gation. The data shown above in Figure 7 indicates
that there was no significant change in elongation
percentage among the five samples, indicating that
roving strand distance did not affect the elongation
property of the yarn. When compared to samples
taken at distances of 2 and 10 mm, yarn samples tak-
en at 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm had good elongation
properties. Poorer elongation property results from
poorer fibre integration within the yarn structure
caused by roving distances greater than 10 mm and
less than 4 mm. These two distances also have an
impact on the yarn’s spinning triangle, which makes
twisting the yarn inappropriate because of the inad-
equate insertion of the fibres therein. These results
align with earlier research that found that greater
strand spacing typically leads to a loss in breaking
elongation because of increased fibre slippage and
irregular fibre arrangement.
12
Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
3.1.6 Effect of different levels of roving distance on
total quality index (TQI
YQ
) of siro spun yarn
Figure 8 depicts varied TQI
YQ
values for different
yarn samples at various roving distances.
Figure 8: Total quality index (TQI
YQ
) of siro spun yarn
at different roving distances
Yarn tenacity, elongation at break and evenness
are important characteristics for determining the
quality of yarn. It is simpler to compare a single
descriptive number than several. The total quality in-
dex gives the overall quality idea of the yarn samples.
Higher TQI
YQ
values suggest that multiplication val-
ues of strength and elongation were higher, but mass
variation was lower. Yarn samples made from 4, 6,
and 8 mm had greater TQI values than those made
from 2 and 10 mm. Distances of less than 2mm and
greater than 10 mm affect yarn quality factors, such
as elongation at break and mass variation, resulting
in lower TQI
YQ
values for the yarn.
3.2 Statistical analysis
3.2.1 ANOV A with a single-way test
In the case of ANOVA with a single-way test,
the null hypothesis was “There is no correlation
between yarn quality characteristics and roving
strand distances” . On the other hand, the alternative
hypothesis was “There is a correlation between yarn
quality characteristics and roving strand distances” .
The test results of several samples from Table 8 were
utilized to calculate the one-way ANOV A analysis. A
summary of the results is presented in Table 10. This
statistical analysis was done using Excel software.
Table 10: Results of one-way ANOVA for different
yarn samples
Yarn Quality
Parameters
F-statistics P value F-critical
CV
vm
( %)
27.83 0.007
5.32
IPI
Y
504.56 0.000
HI 0.112 0.754
CSP
LS
5402.64 0.000
E
LB
%
0.3280 0.528
TQI
YQ
3.094 0.1165
The ANOVA results in Table 9 indicate that the
values of F-statistics are significant because, in terms
of mass variation, imperfection index and count
strength product, F-statistics values are higher than
F-critical values for a 0.05 significance obtained
from the table [33], indicating the acceptance of
alternative hypothesis and the
rejection of the null
hypothesis. P values for CV
Vm
%, IPI
Y and CSPLS
are always less than alpha 0.05, which denotes a 95%
confidence level [34]. Thus, based on this analysis, it
can be concluded that the quality of yarn is greatly
impacted by varying roving strand spacing in terms
of quality parameters such as CV
vm
%, IPI
Y and CSP
LS
.
The F-statistical values are less than the F-critical
values, however, because the values of the hairiness
elongation% and total quality index of the various
yarn samples did not change significantly. P values
greater than the alpha value of 0.05 were identified
for hairiness, elongation and overall quality index.
The various roving distances thus have little to no
effect on these quality parameters.
3.2.2 Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
Based on the input from industry experts, four
criteria were chosen. Excel software was used to
determine the weighting of the criteria. First, the
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
13
CI and CR were calculated. The CR was presented
in Table 11 following verification. The random
consistency index value is 0.89 for the four number
of elements. The acquired value of the consistency
ratio was 0.0389, which was acceptable because it
is less than 0.1 [35]. Finally, the weights assigned to
the three options were calculated. When calculating
weights, the lowest imperfection index (IPI), lowest
mass variation, lowest hairiness and highest count
strength product (CSP) were considered for each al-
ternative shown in Table 12. During this calculation,
the quality parameters of yarn from different samples
shown in Table 8 were used. Following that, Table 12
displayed the final performance value.
Table 11: Determination of CI and CR
CI and CR
Criteria’s
Average consistency
vector (λ
max
)
Consistency index,
CI=
λ
max
– n
n – 1
Consistency ratio=
Consistency index
Random Consistency index
C onsistenc y ratio ( CR)
[24−25]
IPI
Y
4.104 0.034 0.0389
Because a CR of
0.0389 < 0.1,
it is acceptable
CSP
LS
HI
CV
vm
%
Table 12: Calculation of weights for various alternatives
Weightage calculation for different alternatives
Alternatives
criteria weight
P er formance score Criteria weightage 0.533 0.243 0.115 0.079
Alternatives
IPI
Y
CSP
LS
HI
CV
vm
( %)
I 0.46 0.23 0.09 0.075 0.86 5
II 0.53 0.24 0.12 0.079 0.97 1
III 0.50 0.24 0.10 0.079 0.92 2
IV 0.48 0.24 0.10 0.078 0.89 3
V 0.41 0.22 0.08 0.073 0.79 4
The statistical analysis of five-roving spacing’s
is presented in Table 12, which displays the ranking
in significance of the various choices. Sample II,
obtained from a 4 mm roving distance, had the
highest weightage, showing that this distance is ideal
for creating high-quality yarn in the roving blending
process, with a score of one. As shown in Table 12,
the statistical analysis places the alternatives in the
following performance order: II > III > IV > I> V.
Samples A and E, which were produced with different
roving spacing, had lower scores. This occurred at a
lower and higher distance, which causes issues with
fibre processing during drafting and also affects the
spinning triangle’s convergence point, which has a
major impact on the parameters affecting yarn quality.
4 Conclusion
This study identified and analysed the relationship
between roving strand distance with the quality of
siro yarn. It can be concluded that sample A made
from a 4 mm distance showed better yarn quality
than the others. This happened because minimum
distance reduced the fibre slippage in the strands
14
Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–17
above the convergence point as a result increased
inter-fibre cohesion. Additionally, this distance helps
to preserve the inter-fibre cohesiveness between two
different fibre types of roving blending technique
and is appropriate for improved fibre processing
in the drafting zone of a ring frame machine. In
comparison to Sample II, Sample I’s yarn quality
attributes were of lesser quality due to its production
using a 2 mm roving strand spacing. A 2 mm spacing
also disturbed the spinning triangle and inhibited the
fibre processing in the drafting zone. Furthermore,
extending the roving distance beyond acceptable
levels reduced yarn quality because higher lengths
compromised fibre- to-fibre cohesion, resulting in
lower yarn quality. In an ANOVA analysis, variable
roving strand spacing had a substantial impact
on yarn quality measures such as CV
vm
%, IPI
Y
and CSPLS
. However,
the hairiness, elongation at
the break, and overall quality index were not sig-
nificantly affected by these disparities in distance.
Furthermore, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
method identified 4 mm as the optimal roving strand
distance for producing high-quality siro yarn, as it
had the highest criteria weight compared to other
samples. Thus, while Sample II stood out favourably,
Samples III and IV were seen as viable options worth
considering within the context of this study.
5 Future research directions
Siro spinning must explore several essential domains
to improve yarn performance and optimize process-
es. The impact of roving distance on different yarn
blends and fibre compositions warrants significant
attention. Examining the effects of varying roving
distances on the structural integrity and functional
properties of blends, including natural and synthetic
fibres, is essential for the progression of yarn tech-
nology. Broadening the analysis to include a wider
variety of yarn counts and qualities would yield in-
sights into the optimization of spinning parameters
for various textile applications [36]. Additionally,
examining the relationships between roving distance
and other spinning variables, such as twist multipli-
er, tension and draft, provides a means to optimize
the overall spinning process. This may result in more
uniform yarns exhibiting improved mechanical
and functional characteristics, particularly for spe-
cialized uses such as protective textiles and MEMS
devices. Long-term studies evaluating the durabil-
ity, abrasion resistance and overall performance of
yarns produced with different roving distances are
essential for predicting their behaviour in practical
applications, particularly in demanding fields such
as ballistic protection and advanced sensors [8].
Moreover, integrating advanced technologies, in-
cluding machine learning and artificial intelligence,
into the siro spinning process has the potential to
enhance efficiency and quality control significantly.
Utilizing predictive models to ascertain optimal
roving distances and other process parameters en-
ables manufacturers to improve product consistency,
minimize waste and optimize material utilization.
These innovations may facilitate large-scale produc-
tion of high-performance yarns suitable for various
advanced applications, such as wearable electronics,
smart textiles and MEMS-based systems [8].
Furthermore, some other studies emphasize the
necessity for a more comprehensive understanding
of the intricate relationships between processing
parameters and yarn properties [37−38]. Future
research should focus on integrating computational
models with experimental data to enhance the
efficiency and sustainability of yarn manufacturing
processes. The integration of textile engineering and
data-driven technologies is crucial for addressing
the increasing requirements of next-generation
textile applications.
Declarations: The authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest.
Funding statement: There were no specific grants
provided for this study by government or private
funding organizations.
Application of ANOVA and AHP in Assessing the Quality of Roving Cotton-Polyester Siro Yarn
15
Data availability statement: Since November 6,
2025, the research data have been available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17539792.
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