Construction Materials for a Sustainable Future Book of Abstracts and Programme 2n nd International Conference CoMS 2020/21 20-21 April 2021 Online Conference Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Ljubljana 2021 CoMS_2020/21 Construction Materials for a Sustainable Future 2 nd International Online Conference Book of Abstracts Programme Slovenia, April 20−21, 2021 Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Ljubljana 2021 Conference CoMS_2020/21, 2nd International Conference on Construction Materials for a Sustainable Future 20-21 April 2021, Online Conference Editors Aljoša Šajna, Andraž Legat, Sabina Jordan, Petra Horvat, Ema Kemperle, Sabina Dolenec, Metka Ljubešek, Matej Michelizza Design Samo Mahnič-Kalamiza Published by Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Ljubljana, 2021 Price Free copy First electronic edition Available at http://www.zag.si/dl/coms2020-21-abstracts-programme.pdf http://www.zag.si © 2021 Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Ljubljana 2021 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN 978-961-7125-02-3 (PDF) CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 63096579 ISBN 978-961-7125-02-3 (PDF) Committees Conference Program Committee Lucija Hanžič Ruben Snellings Andraž Legat (chair) Miha Hren Irina Stipanović Ivana Banjad Pečur Ksenija Janković Aljoša Šajna Dubravka Bjegović Sabina Jordan Andrijana Škapin Mirjana Malešev Friderik Knez Goran Turk Vlastimir Radonjanin Lidija Korat Rok Vezočnik Wolfram Schmidt Tilmann Kuhn Johan Vyncke Andreas Rogge Andreja Kutnar Vesna Žegarac Leskovar Aljoša Šajna Andraž Legat Aleš Žnidarič Marjana Lutman Scientific Committee Mirjana Malešev Organizing Committee Andrej Anžlin Katja Malovrh Rebec Aljoša Šajna (chair) Boris Azinović Ksenija Marc Sabina Jordan Ivana Banjad Pečur Sebastjan Meža Ema Kemperle Ana Baričević Kristina Mjornell Darko Korbar Dubravka Bjegović Ana Mladenovič Sabina Dolenec Uroš Bohinc Laurens Oostwegel Matej Michelizza Meri Cvetkovska Alexander Passer Petra Horvat Sabina Dolenec Vlastimir Radonjanin Vilma Ducman Wolfram Schmidt Roland Göttig Marjana Serdar Tuesday, April 20, 2021 8:30 – 9:00 30 min REGISTRATION P L E N A R Y S T A G E 9:00 – 9:15 15 min Opening ceremony Aleš Žnidarič, PhD, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Director Tomaž Boh, PhD, Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, General Science Directorate, Director Patrik Kolar, PhD, European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA), Head of Department C (Green Research and Innovation) PLENARY 1 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER Ueli Angst, PhD, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: Size effects in corrosion of steel in concrete 9:15 – 10:05 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER John Provis, PhD, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom: Alkali-activated materials – from talk to action 10:05 – 10:15 10 min BREAK B L U E S T A G E G R E E N S T A G E Y E L L O W S T A G E SESSION Innovations in materials and technologies Sustainable design (moderator Friderik Knez) Recycling and circular economy (moderator (moderator Andraž Legat, PhD) Vesna Zalar Serjun, PhD) 20 min KEYNOTE SPEAKER Karen Scrivener, PhD, KEYNOTE SPEAKER Andreja Kutnar, PhD, KEYNOTE SPEAKER Ana Mladenovič, PhD, Switzerland: Limestone calcined clay cements: Slovenia: Wood as a building material for Slovenia: Establishing circular economy practices progress in implementation and understanding sustainable construction in the construction sector in Slovenia mechanisms 10:15 – 11:05 15 min Electromagnetic fibre alignment to optimize the Challenges in LCA of existing building, Tajda Materials and design principals for a Circular, Bio- fibre utilization of ultra -high performance Potrč Obrecht, Slovenia based construction industry, Barrie Dams, United concrete (UHPC), Martin Schneider, Austria Kingdom 15 min On the use of metallurgical slags alternative to Renewable Materials in Buildings for Occupant Reactivity of Siliceous Fly Ashes, Anya blastfurnace slags in the formulation of alkali- Wellbeing and Performance, Michael Burnard, Vollpracht, PhD, Germany activated binders, Maurizio Bellotto, PhD, Italy PhD, Slovenia 11:05 – 11:20 15 min BREAK 15 min Industrialization of an alkali-activated slag Pavement-Watering Applied to Traditional and Sustainable pre-treatment of wood biomass ash binder: solving the issues of early strength and Cool Pavement Structures, Martin Hendel, PhD, for partial cement replacement, Karmen Kostanić superplasticizer efficiency, Luka Zevnik, PhD, France Jurić, Croatia Slovenia 15 min Using Bacteria for Early Age Strength LCA and LCC assessment of UHPFRC FLAME - Fly Ash to Valuable Minerals: Upscaling 11:20 – 12:05 Improvement of Concrete, Lorena Skevi, United application for railway steel bridge strengthening, of A New, Dry Classification Technology for Kingdom Aljoša Šajna, PhD, Slovenia Recovery of Performant Cementitious Materials, Ruben Snellings, PhD, Belgium 15 min Effect of crystalline admixtures on self-healing, ECOroads (Economical COncrete roads), Mud From the Sitarjevec Mine as a Pigment for Lina Ammar; France Johannes Horvath, PhD, Germany Textile Printing, Darja Rant, PhD, Slovenia 12:05 – 13:15 70 min LUNCH BREAK P L E N A R Y S T A G E 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER Alexander Passer, PhD, TU Graz, Austria: Sustainable Construction – New Chances for our Future? PLENARY 2 13:15 – 14:05 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER Kristina Mjörnell, PhD, Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden: Estimation of presence of hazardous substances in the existing building stock using machine learning on building specific data 14:05 – 14:15 10 min BREAK SESSION Innovations in materials and technologies Energy efficiency (moderator Andreja Kutnar, Inspection, monitoring, assessment and (moderator Lidija Korat, PhD) PhD) repair (moderator Irina Stipanović, PhD) 20 min RILEM TC 267-TRM Report: Optimisation of R3 KEYNOTE SPEAKER Sabina Jordan, PhD, KEYNOTE SPEAKER Andrej Anžlin, PhD, Reactivity Test, Most Promising Method for Slovenia: Energy efficiency of buildings in the Slovenia: Inspection and monitoring of bridges to Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Diana context of sustainability support the management activities of critical Londono-Zuluaga, PhD, Switzerland infrastructure 14:15 – 15:05 15 min Influence of Density on Tensile and Consumption and potential energy savings in the Inspection, Assesment and Repair of Fire Compressive Properties of Polyurethane Foam, office building, Arta Sylejmani, Kosovo Damaged Concrete Structure, Meri Cvetkovska, Paulina Krolo, PhD, Croatia PhD, North Macedonia 15 min Sustainable insulating composite from almond Thermal bridge assessment in prefabricated Comprehensive permanent remote monitoring shell, Filip Brleković, Croatia ventilated façade systems with recycled system of a multi-span highway bridge, Doron aggregates, Mergim Gaši, Croatia Hekič, Slovenia 15:05 – 15:20 15 min BREAK 15 min Mode of operation of bio-based polymers for the The impact of building zone elements on Corrosion-cracking parameter in the concrete control of fresh concrete properties, Wolfram airtightness, Sanjin Gumbarević, Croatia structure and impact in reinforced steel bars, Schmidt, PhD, Germany Mihrie Bajoku, Croatia 15 min Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Street furniture design as a means to mitigate Monitoring of steel corrosion in concrete exposed 15:20 – 16:05 Wood Biomass Ash, Jelena Šantek Bajto, urban heat island phenomenon: A case study, to marine environment, Miha Hren, PhD, Slovenia Croatia Andrej Bernik, France 15 min Effects of Waste Glass in Properties of Effects of energy renovation measures Migratory Corrosion Inhibitors Technology for Concrete, Naser Kabashi, PhD, Kosovo implemented on a residential building, Jože Improving Durability of Europe’s Bridges Hafner, PhD, Slovenia Infrastructures, Ivana Lipoščak, Croatia Wednesday, April 21, 2021 9:00 – 9:10 10 min REGISTRATION P L E N A R Y S T A G E 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER Andreas Rogge, PhD, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany: Future Challenges in Construction PLENARY 1 Engineering 9:10 – 10:00 25 min PLENARY SPEAKER Erik Schlangen, PhD, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands: 3D-printing for construction at different scales 10:00 – 10:10 10 min BREAK B L U E S T A G E G R E E N S T A G E Y E L L O W S T A G E SESSION Digitalization and automation (moderator Material – environment interaction (moderator Construction, maintenance and modelling Andrej Anžlin, PhD) Miha Hren, PhD) (moderator Aljoša Šajna, PhD) 20 min KEYNOTE SPEAKER Ksenija Marc, Slovenia: KEYNOTE SPEAKER Marijana Serdar, PhD, KEYNOTE SPEAKER Irina Stipanović, PhD, Implementing BIM in Slovenian Public Sector Croatia: The importance of understanding Croatia: Predictive maintenance planning for microstructure of alternative binders to predict concrete structures their durability 10:10 - 11:00 15 min Designing generatively to achieve an efficient Measurement of the chloride resistance of Ductility of Hybrid FRP – Steel Reinforced and optimised solution, Gradišar Luka, Slovenia Environmentally friendly and Durable conCrete, Concrete Sections, Tvrtko Renić, Croatia Alisa Machner, Germany 15 min Extending BIM for Air Quality Monitoring, Sulfate resistance of cement with different Flexible polymer connections for CLT structures, Michael Mrissa, PhD, Slovenia volumes of fly ash, Toni Arangjelovski, PhD, Boris Azinović, PhD, Slovenia North Macedonia 11:00 – 11:15 15 min BREAK 15 min BIM application in civil engineering projects, Comparative Study Selected Properties of Three Fibre Reinforcement - the Key to Sustainable Marina Davidović, Serbia Binders: Ordinary Portland Cement, Calcium Reinforced Concrete Structures, Darko Nakov, Sulfoaluminate Cement and Alkali Activated PhD, North Macedonia Material Based Mortars, Ivana Vladić Kancir, Croatia 15 min Education for zero energy buildings using BIM, Sulfate Resistance of Concrete after Two Years Experimental and numerical investigation of 11:15 – 12:00 Bojan Milovanović, PhD, Croatia Exposure to Aggressive Solutions, Vesna restrained shrinkage of concrete, Lucija Hanžič, Bulatović, Serbia PhD, Slovenia 15 min Characterization of the reaction degree of slag Effect of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion Seismic Strengthening of Stone Masonry in a cement by neural networks based electron Behaviour of Structural Steel in Mortar: Structures – State of the Art, Ivan Hafner, Croatia microscopy image analysis, Priscilla Teck, Comparison between Standardized and Belgium Alternative Method, Kiran Ram Porikam Poil, Croatia 12:00 – 13:00 60 min LUNCH BREAK SESSION Digitalization and automation (moderator Material – environment interaction (moderator Construction, maintenance and modelling Lucija Hanžič, PhD) Nina Gartner) (moderator Marijana Serdar, PhD) 15 min Novel Cementitious Materials for extrusion- Study on mechanical and durability properties of Numerical Modelling of Concrete Beam based 3D printing, Richard Ball, PhD, United concrete with RTPF after high temperature Reinforced with FRP Bars Subjected to Bending Kingdom exposure, Marija Jelčić Rukavina, PhD, Croatia Until Failure, Tomislav Kišiček, PhD, Croatia 15 min Temperature pre-treatment of gypsum for Effect of Binder Composition on Carbonation Evaluating the impact of age on the behaviour of powder based 3D printing technology, Vesna Resistance of Sustainable Concrete SFRC during flexural loading, Jakob Šušteršič, 13:00 – 14:00 Zalar Serjun, PhD, Slovenia Formulations, Ognjen Rudić, Austria PhD, Slovenia 15 min Development of sustainable lightweight 3D Steel reinforcement in slag containing binders Modelling the durability of novel cementitious printing mixtures for 3D printing, Pawel Sikora, and its susceptibility to chloride-induced materials exposed to the drying and carbonation, PhD, Poland corrosion, Shishir Mundra, PhD, United Kingdom Yushan Gu, PhD, France 15 min 3D multi scale imaging in additive Influences of the combined application of Flexural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete manufacturing, Lidija Korat, PhD, Slovenia polysaccharides and superplasticizers on early with Steel and Polypropylene Fibers, Natalija hydration of cement, Alexander Mezhov, PhD, Bede, PhD, Croatia Germany 14:00 – 14:15 15 min BREAK P L E N A R Y S T A G E 14:15 – 15:15 60 min Panel discussion Kristina Mjörnell, PhD, Research Institutes of Sweden Andreja Kutnar, PhD, InnoRenew CoE & University of Primorska Erik Schlangen, PhD, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands: 3D-printing for construction at different scales Friderik Knez, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Aleš Ugovšek, PhD, moderator 15:15 – 15:30 15 min Closing Sponsors Silver Bronze Also supported by Founded in 1949, JEOL aims the development and manufacture of high-tech scientific equipment. 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P R O G R A M M E Plenary Lectures Page Tuesday Morning Plenary Talks, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 9:15-10:05 Location: Orange stage Session: Plenary Lectures 27 Chair: Aleš Ugovšek Size effects in corrosion of steel in concrete 27 Ueli Angst Alkali-activated materials – from talk to action? 27 John Provis Tuesday Afternoon Plenary Talks, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 13:15-14:05 Location: Orange stage Session: Plenary Lectures 27 Chair: Aleš Ugovšek Sustainable Construction – New Chances for our Future? 27 Alexander Passer Estimation of presence of hazardous substances in the existing building 27 stock using machine learning on building specific data Kristina Mjornell Wednesday Morning Plenary Talks, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 9:10-10:00 Location: Orange stage Session: Plenary Lectures 27 Chair: Aleš Ugovšek Future Challenges in Construction Engineering 28 Andreas Rogge 3D-printing for construction at different scales 28 Erik Schlangen 13 Oral Presentations Page Tuesday Morning Track A - S1, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 10:15-11:05 Location: Blue stage Session: Innovations in materials and technologies 31 Chair: Andraž Legat Limestone calcined clay cements: progress in implementation and under- 31 standing mechanisms Karen Scrivener Electromagnetic fibre alignment to optimize the fibre utilization of ultra- 31 high performance concrete (uhpc) Sandra Ofner, Manuel Megel, Martin Schneider, Carina Neff On the use of metallurgical slags alternative to blastfurnace slags in the 31 formulation of alkali-activated binders Maurizio Bellotto, Luka Zevnik Tuesday Morning Track B - S2, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 10:15-11:05 Location: Green stage Session: Sustainable design 31 Chair: Friderik Knez Wood as a building material for sustainable construction 31 Andreja Kutnar Challenges in LCA of existing building 32 Tajda Potrč Obrecht, Sabina Jordan, Andraž Legat, Roman Kunič Renewable Materials in Buildings for Occupant Wellbeing and Perform- 32 ance Michael D Burnard, Dean Lipovac, Nastja Podrekar, Darjan Smajla, Jure Žitnik, Tatiana Abbaure Gavrić, Nejc Šarabon Tuesday Morning Track C - S3, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 10:15-11:05 Location: Yellow stage Session: Recycling and circular economy 32 Chair: Vesna Zalar Serjun Establishing circular economy practices in the construction sector in Slov- 32 enia Ana Mladenovic Materials and design principals for a Circular, Bio-based construction in- 33 dustry Barrie Dams Reactivity of Siliceous Fly Ashes 33 Johannes Haufe, Anya Vollpracht Tuesday Before Noon Track A - S4, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 11:20-12:05 Location: Blue stage Session: Innovations in materials and technologies 33 Chair: Andraž Legat 14 Industrialization of an alkali-activated slag binder: solving the issues of 33 early strength and superplasticizer efficiency Luka Zevnik, Maurizzio Bellotto Using Bacteria for Early Age Strength Improvement of Concrete 34 Lorena L Skevi, Bin B. Li, Bianca B Reeksting, Susanne S Gebhard, Kevin K Paine Effect of crystalline admixtures on deformation and self-healing 34 Lina Ammar, Kinda Hannawi, Aveline Darquennes Tuesday Before Noon Track B - S5, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 11:20-12:05 Location: Green stage Session: Sustainable design 35 Chair: Friderik Knez Pavement-Watering Applied to Traditional and Cool Pavement Structures 35 Sophie Parison, Martin MH Hendel, Arnaud AG Grados, Laurent LR Royon LCA and LCC assessment of UHPFRC application for railway steel bridge 35 strengthening Irina Stipanovic, Sandra Skaric Palic, Aljoša Šajna, Eleni Chatzi, Henar Martin-Sanz Ecoroads 35 Johannes Horvath Tuesday Before Noon Track C - S6, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 11:20-12:05 Location: Yellow stage Session: Recycling and circular economy 35 Chair: Vesna Zalar Serjun Sustainable pre-treatment of wood biomass ash for partial cement replace- 36 ment Karmen Kostanić Jurić, Nina Štirmer, Ivana Carević FLAME - Fly Ash to Valuable Minerals: Upscaling of A New, Dry Clas- 36 sification Technology for Recovery of Performant Cementitious Materials Ruben Snellings, Michel Loots, Aljoša Šajna, Can Rüstü Yörük, Roeland Geurts, Mateja Štefančič, Andre Gregor, Hadi Kazemi-Kamyab, Janez Turk, Sabina Dolenec, Peter Nielsen, Andres Trikkel, Ana Mladenovic, Liesbet Van den Abeele Mud from the Sitarjevec Mine as a Pigment for Textile Printing 36 Darja Rant, Mateja Štefančič, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Mateja Golež Tuesday Afternoon Track A - S7, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 14:15-15:05 Location: Blue stage Session: Innovations in materials and technologies 37 Chair: Lidija Korat RILEM TC 267-TRM Report: Optimisation of R3 Reactivity Test, Most 37 Promising Method for Supplementary Cementitious Materials Francois Avet, Xuerun Li, Diana Londono-Zuluaga, Ruben Snellings, Karen Scrivener Influence of Density on Tensile and Compressive Properties of Polyureth- 37 ane Foam Paulina Krolo, Natalija Bede, Davor Grandić, Ivan Palijan Sustainable insulating composite from almond shell 37 Filip Brleković, Tamara Fiolić, Juraj Šipušić 15 Tuesday Afternoon Track B - S8, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 14:15-15:05 Location: Green stage Session: Energy efficiency 37 Chair: Andreja Kutnar Energy efficiency of buildings in the context of sustainability 37 Sabina Jordan Consumption and potential energy savings in the office building 38 Arta Sylejmani, Ivana Banjad Pečur, Bojan Milovanović Thermal bridge assessment in prefabricated ventilated façade systems with 38 recycled aggregates Mergim Gaši, Bojan Milovanovic, Jakov Perišić, Sanjin Gumbarević Tuesday Afternoon Track C - S9, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 14:15-15:05 Location: Yellow stage Session: Inspection, monitoring, assessment and repair 38 Chair: Irina Stipanovic Inspection and monitoring of bridges to support the management activities 38 of critical infrastructure Andrej Anžlin Inspection, assessment and repair of fire damaged concrete structure 39 Fidan Salihu, Meri Cvetkovska, Koce Todorov, Nikola Postolov, Riste Volcev Comprehensive permanent remote monitoring system of a multi-span high- 39 way bridge Andrej Anžlin, Uroš Bohinc, Doron Hekič, Maja Kreslin, Jan Kalin, Aleš Žnidarič Tuesday Late Afternoon Track A - S10, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 15:20-16:05 Location: Blue stage Session: Innovations in materials and technologies 39 Chair: Lidija Korat Mode of operation of bio-based polymers for the control of fresh concrete 39 properties Wolfram Schmidt, Alejandra Ramirez, Rose Mbugua Mechanical properties of concrete containing wood biomass ash 40 Jelena Šantek Bajto, Nina Štirmer, Ivana Carević, Ivana Hržan Influence of waste glass addition on concrete properties 40 Naser Kabashi, Enes Krasniqi, Milot Muhaxheri 16 Tuesday Late Afternoon Track B - S11, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 15:20-16:05 Location: Green stage Session: Energy efficiency 40 Chair: Andreja Kutnar The Impact of Building Zone Elements on Airtightness 40 Sanjin Gumbarević, Bojan Milovanovic, Mergim Gaši, Marina Bagarić Street furniture design as a means to mitigate urban heat island phe- 41 nomenon: A case study Andrej Bernik, Aljoša Šajna, Lidija Korat Effects of energy renovation measures implemented on a residential build- 41 ing Jože Hafner, Sabina Jordan Tuesday Late Afternoon Track C - S12, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 15:20-16:05 Location: Yellow stage Session: Inspection, monitoring, assessment and repair 41 Chair: Irina Stipanovic Corrosion-cracking parameter in the concrete structure and impact in re- 41 inforced steel bars Mihrie Bajoku Monitoring of steel corrosion in concrete exposed to marine environment 42 Miha Hren, Nina Gartner, Tadeja Kosec, Andraž Legat Migratory corrosion inhibitors technology for improving durability of 42 europe’s bridges infra-structures Ivana Liposcak Wednesday Morning Track A - S13, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 10:10-11:00 Location: Blue stage Session: Digitalization and automation 42 Chair: Andrej Anžlin Implementing BIM in Slovenian Public Sector 42 Ksenija Marc Designing generatively to achieve an efficient and optimised solution 43 Luka Gradišar, Matevž Dolenc, Robert Klinc, Žiga Turk Enriching building information model with environmental quality monit- 43 oring for healthy living Michael Mrissa, Jan Vcelak, Laszlo Hajdu, Balazs David, Miklos Kresz, Jakub Sandak, Anna Sandak, Rok Kanduti, Monika Varkonji Sajn, Anja Jutraz, Katja Malovrh Rebec 17 Wednesday Morning Track B - S14, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 10:10-11:00 Location: Green stage Session: Material – environment interaction 43 Chairs: Aljoša Šajna and Miha Hren The importance of understanding microstructure of alternative binders to 43 predict their durability Marijana Serdar Measurement of the chloride resistance of Environmentally friendly and 44 Durable conCrete Alisa Machner, Marie H. Bjørndal, Aljoša Šajna, Lucija Hanžič, Yushan Gu, Benoit Bary, Klaartje De Weerdt Sulfate resistance of cement with different volumes of fly ash 44 Kristina Hadzievska, Toni Arangjelovski, Darko Nakov, Goran Markovski Wednesday Morning Track C - S15, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 10:10-11:00 Location: Yellow stage Session: Construction, maintenance and modelling 44 Chair: Aljoša Šajna Predictive maintenance planning for transport infrastructure 44 Irina Stipanovic Ductility of Hybrid FRP – Steel Reinforced Concrete Sections 45 Tvrtko Renić, Ivan Hafner, Tomislav Kišiček Flexible polymer connections for clt structures 45 Boris Azinović, Andreja Pondelak, Jaka Pečnik, Vaclav Sebera Wednesday Before Noon Track A - S16, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 11:15-12:00 Location: Blue stage Session: Digitalization and automation 45 Chair: Andrej Anžlin Bim application in civil engineering projects 45 Dejan Vasić, Marina Davidovic Education for zero energy buildings using Building Information Modelling 45 Bojan Milovanovic, Mergim Gaši, Sanjin Gumbarević, Marina Bagarić Characterization of the reaction degree of slag in a cement by neural net- 46 works based electron microscopy image analysis Priscilla Teck, Ruben Snellings, Jan Elsen 18 Wednesday Before Noon Track B - S17, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 11:15-12:00 Location: Green stage Session: Material – environment interaction 46 Chair: Miha Hren Comparative study of selected properties of three binders: blended port- 46 land cement, calcium sulfoaluminate cement and alkali activated material based concrete Ivana Vladic Kancir, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Marijana Serdar Sulfate resistance of concrete after two years exposure to aggressive solu- 46 tions Vesna Bulatović, Mirjana Malešev, Miroslava Radeka, Vlastimir Radonjanin, Ivan Lukić Effect of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion Behaviour of Structural Steel 47 in Mortar: Comparison between Standardized and Alternative Method Kiran Ram Porikam Poil, Matea Flegar, Marijana Serdar Wednesday Before Noon Track C - S18, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 11:15-12:00 Location: Yellow stage Session: Construction, maintenance and modelling 47 Chair: Aljoša Šajna Fibre Reinforcement - the Key to Sustainable Reinforced Concrete Struc- 47 tures Darko Nakov, Hatim Ejupi, Goran Markovski, Toni Arangjelovski Experimental and numerical investigation of restrained shrinkage of con- 47 crete Lucija Hanžič, Jurij Karlovšek, Tomaž Hozjan, Sabina Huč, Zhongyu Xu, Igor Planinc, Johnny Ho Seismic Strengthening of Stone Masonry Structures – State of the Art 48 Ivan Hafner, Tvrtko Renić, Tomislav Kišiček, Mislav Stepinac Wednesday Afternoon Track A - S19, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 13:00-14:00 Location: Blue stage Session: Digitalization and automation 48 Chair: Lucija Hanžič Novel Cementitious Materials for Extrusion-based 3D Printing 48 Richard J. Ball, Barrie Dams, Paul Shepherd Temperature pre-treatment of gypsum for powder based 3D printing tech- 48 nology Lidija Korat, Vesna Zalar Serjun Development of sustainable lightweight 3D printing mixtures for 3D print- 49 ing Pawel Sikora, Karla Cuevas Villalobos, Jarosław Strzałkowski, Dietmar Stephan 3D multi scale imaging in additive manufacturing 49 Lidija Korat, Mateja Podlogar Wednesday Afternoon Track B - S20, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 13:00-14:00 Location: Green stage Session: Material – environment interaction 49 Chair: Nina Gartner 19 Study on mechanical and durability properties of concrete with RTPF 49 after high temperature exposure Marija Jelčić Rukavina Effect of Binder Composition on Carbonation Resistance of Sustainable 50 Concrete Formulations Ognjen Rudic, Joachim Juhart, Jonas Neumeyer, Josef Tritthart, Markus Kruger Steel reinforcement in slag containing binders and its susceptibility to 50 chloride-induced corrosion Shishir Mundra, John Provis Influences of the combined application of polysaccharides and superplas- 50 ticizers on early hydration of cement Alexander Mezhov, Wolfram Schmidt Wednesday Afternoon Track C - S21, Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 13:00-14:00 Location: Yellow stage Session: Construction, maintenance and modelling 51 Chair: Marijana Serdar Numerical Modelling of Concrete Beam Reinforced with FRP Bars Sub- 51 jected to Bending Until Failure Tomislav Kišiček, Nikolina Uglešić Evaluating the impact of age on the behaviour of sfrc during flexural load- 51 ing Jakob Šušteršič, David Polanec, Rok Ercegovič, Andrej Zajc Modelling the durability of novel cementitious materials exposed to the 51 drying and carbonation Yushan Gu, Alisa Machner, Marie H. Bjørndal, Klaartje De Weerdt, Aljoša Šajna, Lucija Hanžič, Benoit Bary Flexure Behaviour of High Strength Concrete with Steel and Polypropyl- 51 ene Fibers Natalija Bede, Silvija Mrakovcic 20 Poster Presentations Page Poster Session Track, Tuesday, Apr 20 2021, 9:15-Wednesday, Apr 21 2021, 17:00 Location: online Session: Posters 55 Chair: Aljoša Šajna Behaviour of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) in 55 terms of water absorption throughout their lifetime Andreja Pondelak, Lidija Korat, Primož Plešec, Danijel Lisičić, Sabina Jordan Resistance of Concrete Made with Finely Milled Cathode Ray Tube Glass 55 as a Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Sulphate Attack Dusan Grdic, Nenad Ristic, Gordana Toplicic-Curcic, Jelena Bijeljic, Zoran Grdic Properties of light-weight self-compacting concrete for precast walls with 55 improved energy efficiency Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov, David Antolinc, Andreja Padovnik, Tjaša Zupančič-Hartner Sensors for long-term control of relative humidity and temperature inside 56 concrete and mortar Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov, Vid Pristavec, David Antolinc, Samo Beguš, Slaven Ranogajec, Zvonko Jagličić Influence of Drying Methods in Alkali Activation of Waste Casting Cores 56 Barbara Horvat, Alenka Pavlin, Vilma Ducman Effects of Waste Glass in Properties of Concrete 56 Naser Kabashi, Enes Krasniqi, Milot Muhaxheri Electrochemical corrosion tests on steel in alkali-activated materials 56 Nina Gartner, Tadeja Kosec, Miha Hren, Andraž Legat Microstructural investigation of phosphogypsum based ternary system 57 binder Girts Bumanis, Jelizaveta Zorica, Rihards Gailitis, Andina Sprince, Diana Bajare The Design of New Sustainable Cements Using Wastes and Bio-derived 57 Organic Additives Gaone Koma, John Provis Design of a Conference Gift for the CoMS 2020/21 57 Darja Rant, Mateja Golež Assessment of Social Effects in Asset Management 58 Darko Kokot, Alfred Weninger-Vycudil Influence of different types of fibers on the ultimate and residual flexural 58 strength of sprayed concrete Marko Stojanovic, Ksenija Jankovic, Dragan Bojovic, Lana Antic Arandjelovic, Ljiljana Loncar Energy efficiency improvement and fire safety of high-rise residential build- 58 ings’ façades Suzana Draganić, Jasmina Dražić, Mirjana Malešev, Mirjana Laban, Olivera Bukvić Application of terrestrial laser scanning methodology in façade reconstruc- 58 tion and rehabilitation projects Dejan Vasić, Mehmed Batilović, Marina Davidovic, Tatjana Kuzmić Facade Fire Safety – Legal Framework in Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia 59 Olivera Bukvić, Suzana Draganić, Mirjana Laban, Vlastimir Radonjanin Degradation of Tension Stiffening due to Corrosion – an Experimental 59 Study on Cracked Specimens Paulo Šćulac, Davor Grandić, Ivana Štimac Grandić 21 Valorisation of selected secondary raw materials for low-CO2 cements 59 Katarina Šter, Peter Kesserű, Ildiko Kovacs, Mustafa Hadžalić, Gorazd Žibret, Klemen Teran, Snežana Nenadović, Andrej Ipavec, Sabina Dolenec Non-destructive evaluation and monitoring cement concrete-an experi- 60 mental approach Sumedha Moharana Use of Steel Slag for the Synthesis of Belite-Sulfoaluminate Clinker 60 Lea Žibret, Martina Cvetković, Maruša Borštnar, Mojca Loncnar, Andrej Ipavec, Sabina Dolenec First experiences in the development of slovenian sustainable building in- 60 dicators Sabina Jordan, Friderik Knez, Miha Tomšič, Marjana Šijanec Zavrl Properties of concrete curbs with recycled aggregate from precast elements 61 Ksenija Jankovic, Dragan Bojovic, Marko Stojanovic, Iva Despotovic, Lana Antic Arandjelovic Assessment of the condition and repair of the culverts on the highway 61 Miloš Šešlija Use of Sargassum (Brown Seaweed) Bio-waste in Construction Materials 61 Alejandra Ramirez Caro, Wolfram Schmidt, Hans-Carsten Kuehne Appropriate sound insulation of facades as a measure to ensure acceptable 62 acoustic comfort in residential buildings Mihael Ramšak Condition and repair assessment of the culverts on the main roads 62 Miloš Šešlija Experimental carbonation study for durability assessment of novel cemen- 62 titious materials Sebastijan Robič, Aljoša Šajna, Lucija Hanžič, Alisa Machner, Marie H. Bjørndal, Klaartje De Weerdt, Yushan Gu, Benoit Bary, Rosamaria Lample Effect of Accelerated Carbonation on the Efficiency of Immobilization of 62 Cs in the Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag Miroslav Komljenovic, Gordana Tanasijević, Vedran Carević, Ivan Ignjatović, John Provis High volume cement replacement by biomass ashes in cement-lime mortar 63 Slobodan Šupić, Mirjana Malešev, Vlastimir Radonjanin Analysis of the influence of temperatures due to concrete cosmetics of fair 63 faced concrete Martin Schneider, Susanne Benigni Self-Sensing Properties of the Slag Geopolymer Composite with Graphite 63 Powder under Flexure Pavel Rovnaník, Cecílie Mizerová, Ivo Kusák, Pavel Schmid Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings in Kosovo 63 Arta Sylejmani, Bojan Milovanovic Thermal compatibility of repair mortars based on fly ash as SCM according 64 to EN 13687-1 Tiana Milovic, Mirjana Malešev, Miroslava Radeka, Vlastimir Radonjanin Use of marine bio-waste in construction materials 64 Alejandra Ramirez Caro Investigation and strengthening of a damaged eleven stories building in 64 Dar Es Salaam John Makunza 22 Experimental Investigation of Creeping Effects Under Repeating Load 64 Histories Marija Docevska, Goran Markovski, Peter Mark Performance of Geopolymers Doped with Antimicrobial Metal Agents un- 65 der Aggressive Sewers Conditions Florian Mittermayr, Neven Ukrainczyk, Guenther Koraimann, Martin Dietzel, Cyrill Grengg Alternative alkali activators based on waste bottle glass and waste cathode- 65 ray tube glass Katja König, Katja Traven, Vilma Ducman P L E N A R Y L E C T U R E S ’ A B S T R A C T S Plenary Lectures Climate change presents the single biggest threat to sustainable development everywhere and its widespread, Tuesday Morning Plenary Talks unprecedented impacts. While the construction sector including buildings is responsible for approximately 40% of Apr 20, 9:15 - 10:05 Europe’s energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions, PL-01 making it the single largest cause of energy consumption Size effects in corrosion of steel in concrete and GHG-emissions, it also holds huge potential for im- Ueli Angst provement. However, urgent actions are needed to cut ETH Zurich, Switzerland energy consumption and GHG-emissions caused in con- struction product industry as well as in the construction, Predicting the corrosion performance of reinforced facilities management and real estate sectors. Therefore, concrete is essential to ensure durability, safety, cost-the reduction of life cycle related carbon footprint of con-efficiency, and sustainability of new and existing concrete struction works shall become an imperative. The keynote structures. The traditional concepts in both carbonation will address the latest methodological, technological and and chloride exposure environments are based on trans-policy related developments as well as presents good ex-port models to predict the penetration of the carbonation amples that already show that it is feasible to create a front or the chlorides through the concrete cover until a net-zero GHG-emission built environment. In addition certain limit state is achieved. In these conceptual ser-to addressing climatic and environmental concerns, these vice life predictions, the corrosion propagation stage is projects also engage with wider societal concerns expressed generally – in a conservative manner – not considered. in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These This contribution explores novel concepts to forecast both positive examples are proof of technical, social and eco-corrosion initiation and propagation in carbonation and nomic feasibility. There is an imperative to adopt these chloride exposure environments. These concepts are based practices widely. on recent converging research advances in the field of corrosion and electrochemistry of steel in concrete (or porous PL-04 media in general), which can essentially be regarded as Estimation of presence of hazardous substances in questions of “size effects”. the existing building stock using machine learning on building specific data PL-02 Kristina Mjornell Alkali-activated materials – from talk to action? Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden John Provis University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science and The research group has developed methods for predict-Engineering, United Kingdom ing characteristics in multi-family buildings using machine learning methods on large-scale data from the Swedish There has been an enormous growth in the volume building stock. The predicted results have been used as and scope of technical analysis of alternative cements, in-input to get better cost estimates for renovation strategies cluding alkali-activated materials, during the past decade. in the building stock. Hazardous substances are typically Some of this growth has been accompanied by “real-world” observed during the actual renovation, and can increase actions in terms of commercialization, trials, and deploy- the renovation costs several fold. So, knowing this inform-ment. However, there are a very large number of lines ation beforehand is advantageous when deciding on appro-of investigation – some of which appear extremely prom- priate renovation measures. Machine learning tools have ising from environmental and technical perspectives – that not yet been used to automate predictions for the pres-have not yet been translated into reality. This presenta- ence of hazardous materials in building components be-tion will address some of the key drivers for innovation fore. The absence of centralized storage of environmental in cement technology, with a particular focus on alkali-inventories and decommissioning inventories is a crucial activated materials, including comments on the pathways reason. Sweden is unique in terms of the requirements by which some of the evident potential of these materials for carrying out environmental inventories and demolition can be unlocked for the benefit of society. inventories prior to rebuilding and demolition. Unfortu-nately, this information has only been stored by property Plenary Lectures owners and urban construction offices and environmental administrations and not at national level. In this project, important is done to collect and systematize observations Tuesday Afternoon Plenary to make them useful for machine learning. Talks Apr 20, 13:15 - 14:05 Plenary Lectures PL-03 Sustainable Construction – New Chances for our Wednesday Morning Plenary Future? Alexander Passer Talks Graz University of Technology, Austria Apr 21, 9:10 - 10:00 27 PL-05 Future Challenges in Construction Engineering Andreas Rogge Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung in Berlin, Germany Productivity and sustainability are key factors for the technical development of the construction sector during the next decades. Only a corresponding, goal-oriented and efficient combination of specifically developed construction materials and techniques based on innovative digital technologies and ideas will contribute to the huge societal challenges of the future. On a material level, sustainability in concrete production stands for the use of alternative binders, aggregates and reinforcing fibres in combination with bio-based additives to produce robust mixtures with a minimized CO2-footprint. On a construc- tional level, the focus will be on reducing manpower on site by automated techniques like additive manufacturing and by an increased use of prefabricated elements up to modular room cells, accompanied by innovative methods for the re-use of constructional elements, reduction of supplementary constructions and digitally optimized site logistics. This presentation will discuss recent developments in these fields, as well as upcoming ideas. PL-06 3D-printing for construction at different scales Erik Schlangen Delft University of Technology, Netherlands 3D printing is the new method for construction of con- crete elements and structures. The material to be used for printing is completely different than the conventional concrete for construction. Designing and optimising materials for this purpose with excellent properties during printing, but also in the final product is still a challenge. Different approaches leading to different final products will be presented as well as methods for improving ductility of the printed material and increasing bond strength between the layers. 3D printing can also be used on a smaller level by printing fibres or micro-reinforcement or creating material shapes and structures with special properties. Several ideas for this will be discussed. Final aspect that will be presented is the use of printing to create smart structures by adding sensing or self-healing capacity to a structure in certain location. 28 O R A L P R E S E N T A T I O N S ’ A B S T R A C T S Innovations in materials and than 80% is used for the production of cement and con- technologies crete. The remainder is not quenched, and is therefore not a suitable pozzolanic addition. Thus, no blastfurnace slag is left for alkali-activated binders. Moreover, the cost Tuesday Morning Track A - S1 of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) is higher Apr 20, 10:15 - 11:05 than the one of CEM II cement, the most widespread in Europe, making alkali-activated binders not commercially OR-01 attractive. Limestone calcined clay cements: progress in im- It is therefore necessary to find alternative sources of plementation and understanding mechanisms slags which may constitute additional volumes of low- Karen Scrivener priced material. The first choice is the use of foundry Laboratory of Construction Materials, Ecole Polytechnique cupola-furnace slag, whose composition is quite similar Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, Switzer-to GGBS. Its actual composition differs according to the land quality of pig-iron produced, and it may show higher Mg Limestone calcined clay cement present an enormous contents in the case of spheroidal pig iron. The observed potential to lower the embodied CO2 of cementitious ma-different reactivity is due to the different pore solution terials. In the presentation recent progress toward im-chemistry and nucleation kinetics, which can be accounted plementation and also in understanding the durability of for with the addition of reactive silica and soluble Ca2+ these materials will be discussed. containing species. Another important source of slag is the ladle refining of OR-02 steel, which accounts for the production of 4 Million Tons Electromagnetic fibre alignment to optimize the of white slag in Europe, presently entirely landfilled. This fibre utilization of ultra-high performance concrete slag is richer in calcium with respect to GGBS, making (uhpc) it difficult to quench and granulate. We have performed Sandra Ofner1, Manuel Megel2, Martin Schneider 1, Carina tests adding a silicon bearing material (silica sand, foundry Neff2 samd) to the molten slag in the ladle to modify is compos-1Carinthian University of Applied Sciences, Austria ition and make it suitable for quenching and granulation. 2Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Germany The material which is produced is as reactive as GGBS As UHPC itself is a very brittle material, steel fibres and is a suitable candidate for the production of alkali-are usually used to get a more ductile behaviour. Because activated slag binders. of the viscosity of the UHPC matrix in its fresh state, the steel fibres follow the direction of the filled in concrete and, Sustainable design as a result, they are more or less randomly oriented, which means that only a small amount of them are aligned in the needed direction to absorb tension stresses. Due to that Tuesday Morning Track B - S2 fact, it is difficult to predict the behaviour of UHPFRC Apr 20, 10:15 - 11:05 components while loading because only a small amount of fibres can be taken into account for designing the struc-OR-04 ture. Furthermore, it is not efficient and in particular not Wood as a building material for sustainable con-ecological to insert more steel fibres as needed to achieve struction the desired result. Concerning this, an existing approach Andreja Kutnar is to align the steel fibres in the fresh liquid UHPC with InnoRenew, Slovenia magnetic fields. This proceeding can lead to an increasing Forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle of the material efficiency. The focus of the present case and the fight against climate change. Wood products can study is to align steel fibres in UHPFRC members and in contribute to climate change mitigation as they act as a subsequently added strengthening layers. carbon pool during their service lives, as they withdraw CO2 from its natural cycle, as wood products can substi-OR-03 tute for more energy-intense products after their service On the use of metallurgical slags alternative to life. blastfurnace slags in the formulation of alkali- In this presentation the need for research and innovation activated binders activities leading to new business opportunities will be Maurizio Bellotto 1, Luka Zevnik2 discussed. How to improve the re-usability and recyclab-1Polytechnic of Milano, Milano, Department of Chemistry, ility of wood composites and construction material will Materials and Chemical Engineering, Italy be presented. Efficient resource use is the core concept 2LZ Concrete, Leonardo d.o.o., Slovenia of cascading, which is a sequential use of a certain re-Alkali-activated blastfurnace slags can be used for source for different purposes. This means that the same the formulation of one-part binders for the production of unit of a resource is used for multiple high-grade mater-load-bearing structures replacing conventional Portland ial applications (and therefore sequestering carbon for a cements. The European production of blastfurnace slag greater duration) followed by a final use for energy gener-sums to about 24.5 Millon Tons (Euroslag, 2016). More ation and returning the stored carbon to the atmosphere. 31 Intelligent concepts for reuse and recycling of valuable ma-it is critical to investigate how building design affects oc-terials at the end of single product life will reduce the cupant wellbeing, as we spend most of our time indoors. amount of waste to be landfilled. Furthermore, we should Previous investigations have revealed that a variety of psy-develop systems for wooden buildings allowing for easy chophysiological, affective, and cognitive effects may be dismantling and remounting. Examples of the develop- caused by interacting with wood. These effects can in-ment of environmentally-friendly additives and impregnat-fluence emotional wellbeing, stress levels, work performing agents for wood products will be presented. ance, musculoskeletal health, comfort and other aspects of human health. These benefits are amplified by the OR-05 sustainability and performance benefits of wood construc-Challenges in LCA of existing building tion. The InnoRenew CoE Human Health in the Built En- Tajda Potrč Obrecht 1, Sabina Jordan1, Andraž Legat1, Ro-vironment research group explores human wellbeing and man Kunič2 performance in relation to building design, material selec-1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, tion, use patterns, and overall indoor environmental qual-Slovenia ity. This presentation will include an overview of recent 2FGG, Slovenia and ongoing research investigating human health in build-The existing building stock is responsible for a large ings at the InnoRenew CoE. Topics including how wood share of the European CO2- eq emissions. Because a furniture in offices effects stress, cognition, and mental large share of the building that will be occupied in 2050 is wellbeing, the design and performance of ergonomic fur-already built, it is crucial that building will be renovated niture from wood, school furniture mismatches, the rela-in order to be able to meet the sustainable development tionship between thermal properties of desktop materials goals proposed by UN. The EU is encouraging their and human comfort, and other studies. Finally, perspect-member state to increase the renovation share up to ives on converting these research findings to actionable 2-3 % of the building stock per year while the current design strategies to support renovation and new construc-renovation rate is 1.2 %. To assess the benefits of tion that merges health and sustainability will be presen-the renovation the environmental impacts should be ted. assessed. Life Cycle Assessment is a methodology is a recognized methodology for assessing the impacts but Recycling and circular economy it is mainly applied to new buildings at the start of their life cycle. There are certain differences when we are assessing buildings that are in the middle of their Tuesday Morning Track C - S3 life cycle or before the renovation. For example, if we Apr 20, 10:15 - 11:05 want to know what the residual value of the building materials is, we have to find ways how to determine the OR-07 environmental impacts of materials that were produced Establishing circular economy practices in the con- in the past? During the research we have found out that struction sector in Slovenia it is important that the datasets are remodeled in a way Ana Mladenovic that enables fast changing of the parameters that are Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute connected with energy flow in the dataset, since these (ZAG), Slovenia are the parameters that had changed the most during In Slovenia, the recycling practices in construction sec-the recent period. Also, we need to know how much tor started in the 1970’s, when Siemens-Martin furnace the service life of a building material can influence the slag aggregate was used to a large extent for road con-results. There are several inputs that have to be retaught struction. Because of unsuitable use of this material, many when we are assessing existing buildings. This is crucial, roads began to show damage, resulting in economic costs. because only a harmonized and robust method of evalu- We learnt a lot from this failure and from the current perating the environmental impacts of building will serve as spective this failure is considered as a step out of the com-a background to further stimulate the building renovation. fort zone. Since then a lot of knowledge has been gained and a lot of effort has been put into promotion of recycling in construction sector. As a consequence many vivid OR-06 recycling activities on different types of waste have been Renewable Materials in Buildings for Occupant already established as a successful daily business. Among Wellbeing and Performance them are steel slags, C&D waste, incineration residues, Michael D Burnard 1, Dean Lipovac1, Nastja Podrekar1, sewage sludge, etc. Immobilization procedures are fre-Darjan Smajla1, Jure Žitnik1, Tatiana Abbaure Gavrić2, Nejc quently used in case that treated waste is not environ- Šarabon3 mentally inert. All these recycled waste-based materials 1InnoRenew CoE & University of Primorska, Slovenia are legally put on the market with the Declaration of Con-2InnoRenew CoE, Slovenia formity, which is based either on the Construction Product 3InnoRenew CoE & University of Primorska & S2P, Ltd., Slov-Regulation either on the Slovenian Technical Approval. enia In this moment economic benefit of partners in the waste The environments we spend time in impact our well- holder – recycling plant – final user value chain are the being and performance in a variety of ways. Accordingly, main drivers of such practices. The paradigm »Everything 32 that can be recycled should be recycled« is moral imper-OR-09 ative rather than economic logic, since in many cases re-Reactivity of Siliceous Fly Ashes cycling is still more expensive than landfilling. Therefore Johannes Haufe, Anya Vollpracht these ethical dilemmas should come to the agenda for fu-RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Building Materials Re-ture incentives and regulation on the national level. search, Germany There are some other issues that hinder the recycling, Siliceous fly ash is a supplementary cementitious ma- e.g. the problems occurring in transition of recycling tech- terial (SCM) often used in the production of cement and nology from laboratory scale to production scale, vari- concrete because of its pozzolanic reactivity. Furthermore ations in waste properties and disturbances in waste sup-the replacement of Portland cement by fly ash reduces ply chain. On top of that, a strong opposition of civil CO2 emissions and energy consumption. The knowledge society against waste recycling opens a new field of activ-of its chemical, mineralogical and physical properties is ities, in which securing and holding the Social Licence to vital to understand and to predict its behaviour in a ce-Operate would be the main prerequisite for beneficial, sus-mentitious environment. The influence of these properties tainable... on the reactivity of siliceous fly ashes was examined using a broad variety of commercial fly ashes. The reactive po-OR-08 tential was analysed by relative mortar strength and the Materials and design principals for a Circular, Bio-recently proposed R³ rapid screening test. The R³ heat based construction industry calorimetry test has been designed to predict the contri-Barrie Dams bution of a SCM to the hydration reaction in an artifi- University of Bath, Department of Architecture and Civil Encial environment within a relatively short time. In this gineering, United Kingdom research, a mixture of the FA, portlandite, gypsum and The construction industry has traditionally operated KOH solution was used to simulate a cementitious envir- with linear economy principals, with buildings being deonment. Statistical data analysis was performed to assess molished rather than recycled following the end of the impact factors on the reactivity of the ashes. It can be design life. The industry can play a major role in reducing concluded that the R³ screening test is able to predict the requirements for valuable natural resources and promoting reactivity, whereas the strength reactivity index is not a sustainable design and construction by adopting practices good measure to characterise the reactivity, because the adhering to circular economy principals. Central to this influence of the interaction between cement and fly ash would be the use of renewable bio-based construction ma-and granulometric effects overlap with the underlying acterials and designing buildings for disassembly - with a tual potential of the fly ash. The R³ test is able to meas-buildings’ elements and connecting components designed ure the reactivity with high reproducibility independent to be reused, rearranged in a different configuration or of such interactions. It could be observed that the TiO2 recycled following the expiration of the buildings’ initial content of the fly ash impacts its reactivity, whereas glass functional use. content or fineness show no correlation with the reaction The Circular Bio-based Construction Industry (CBCI) heat (as well as with mortar strength). The research was project team have conducted reviews and evaluations con-conducted in connection with the work of the RILEM TC cerning the current range of bio-based loadbearing, insu-267-TRM (Tests for Reactivity of Materials). lation and façade materials and reversible designs. The significance of this research is the determination of suitable materials and construction systems for the creation Innovations in materials and of bio-based, sustainable and reversible wall panels and technologies modular units for living laboratories. Alongside materials such as timber, there are emerging Tuesday Before Noon Track A - technologies and 21st century innovations. Key consider-S4 ations are the extent to which non-organic constituents - Apr 20, 11:20 - 12:05 included to improve mechanical properties and durability - may be added to materials so that the finished products OR-10 may still be disassembled and reused at the end of the Industrialization of an alkali-activated slag binder: buildings’ initial function. The compatibility of construc-solving the issues of early strength and superplas- tion methods with the concept of designing for disassembly ticizer efficiency is discussed. Structural and logistical elements of design Luka Zevnik 1, Maurizzio Bellotto2 are evaluated along with protocols concerning reversibil- 1LZ Concrete, Leonardo d.o.o., Slovenia ity. Simple design, minimal material variation, transpar-2Politechnico Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and ent and accessible mechanical connections and the off-site Chemical Engineering, Italy prefabrication of units, panels or linear elements are all compatible with circular economy design. The production of alkali activated binders as dry- Acknowledgement: The Circular Bio-based Construction premixed powders which hydrate and harden on mixing Industry (CBCI) project is funded by the European Union with water effectively widens up the ease and scope of ap-Regional Development Fund Interreg 2 Seas Mers Zeeen plication of such systems. However some issues must be (2S05-036). tackled for enabling a wide scale commercial use of such binders. The most relevant are assuring an adequate early 33 strength, providing efficient superplasticizers and provid- studies have demonstrated the enhancement of strength ing compatibility with the EN-197 prescriptions. We show in concrete by the addition of bacteria cells. These resa practical example of an industrial solution. ults were attributed to the precipitation of calcite that is Activation by sodium carbonate alone gives a slow setting induced by the metabolism of the microbes. Here, a dif-and hardening, and several options have been proposed in ferent approach to the phenomenon is attempted. In this the past to accelerate it. We have chosen hydrated lime paper, both live and dead bacteria were added directly in or clinker as the accelerating addition, to use the calcite cement mortars in different concentrations. The effect of precipitation equilibrium as the sink for carbonate ions the bacterial addition on the hydration of cement pastes in solution. The best performances in terms of early set-and the strength properties of mortars at 3, 7 and 28 days ting and strength development are obtained for equimolar were studied. An increase in the strengths of most of the additions of hydrated lime and sodium carbonate. When mortars containing bacteria was reported, which was more using clinker as the accelerating addition, it is possible to pronounced for the samples containing dead cells. No ad-formulate a CEM III/C by allowing clinker � 5 wt% and ditional calcite formation was detected in the samples dis-sodium carbonate � 5 wt%. proving earlier theories. Furthermore, the hydration rate A drawback of these systems is the lack of efficacy of of the cement was not significantly affected by the addi-conventional superplasticizers, with sugars and lignosulf-tion of the bacteria, either live or dead, suggesting that onates behaving the best but showing only limited ef-it is also not a nucleation effect. Microstructural analysis fect. This lack of efficiency can be related to the much with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo-lower Ca2+ concentration in the pore solution compared gravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for interpreting to Portland cement. To overcome this limitation we have the strength results and other hypotheses for the strength tried sodium sulfate as an activator with Ordinary Port- improvement are suggested. The addition of bacteria ap-land Cement CEM I as the accelerating addition. We have pears to be a cheap and environmental-friendly solution also prepared similar blends with bypass condensation kiln for enhancing the properties of low-strength sustainable dust as a replacement for sodium sulfate. Bypass concement-based materials, thus encouraging their wider use densation kiln dust is a mixture of potassium and sodium in constructions. chlorides and sulphates. These systems are reactive and show excellent behavior with all conventional superplasti-OR-12 cizers. Similarly to the above, CEM III/C cements can be Effect of crystalline admixtures on deformation formulated by allowing clinker � 5 wt% and the activator and self-healing � 5 wt%. Lina Ammar, Kinda Hannawi, Aveline Darquennes With such a system (called ECOncrete) we have batched a INSA Rennes, France concrete to cast an industrial flooring. The maximum ag-Reinforced concrete frequently presents cracks due to gregate size was 16 mm, with a water/binder ratio of 0.45. mechanical loadings or environmental conditions. By The compressive strength was 5 MPa at 1 day, 35 MPa modifying the transfer properties of concrete, cracks affect at 7 days and 45 MPa at 28 days. The slab was 100 m 2 the structure and material durability by making easier the and was cast without shrinkage cuts, and yet no cracking penetration of aggressive agents (CO2, chloride, sulphate, has appeared after more than 1 year. Notwithstanding the etc.). Previous researches have proved that self-healing of high level of chlorides in the kiln bypass dust, no reinforce-cracks can limit this problem. Indeed, self-healing by rement corrosion has been noticed, and a very low chloride ducing the crack size decreases significantly the concrete permeability has been measured on the manufact. permeability and improves its durability. To accelerate this process, crystalline admixtures can be used to ensure OR-11 an autonomous healing. Today, several types of crystal- Using Bacteria for Early Age Strength Improve- line admixtures are proposed on the market of construc-ment of Concrete tion materials. They are generally effective to limit con-Lorena L Skevi 1, Bin B. Li1, Bianca B Reeksting2, Susanne crete permeability and shrinkage. In the present research S Gebhard2, Kevin K Paine1 study, the deformation and healing capacity of mortars 1University of Bath, Architecture and Civil Engineering, BRE containing two types of crystalline admixtures are evalu-Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, United Kingdom ated on a Portland cement mortar as well as their micro-2University of Bath, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, structure (porosity, hydration products). To monitor the United Kingdom healing process, specimens are pre-cracked at 28 day-old Development of early age strengths of concrete struc-and stored under water. The evolution of the crack di- tures is a crucial parameter in in-situ concrete casting af-mensions is measured by means of 2D optical microscope fecting the time and therefore the cost of the construc-observations after 35 and 120 days of curing. tion process. A hindering factor for expanding the use of low-carbon cement is the initial lower strength gain that these materials present in comparison to Portland cement. Nonetheless, employing low-carbon cementitious materials is key for achieving sustainability in the construction industry. An unconventional way for improving the early age strength of concrete is by using bacteria. Several 34 Sustainable design the assessment results, a strengthening slab was designed using Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Tuesday Before Noon Track B - (UHPFRC) formula. In the life cycle analysis, using LCC and LCA models, the comparison of the application of S5 UHPFRC cast in-situ deck is compared to the bridge re- Apr 20, 11:20 - 12:05 placement solution, which was actually selected method by the owner. The executed solution used also a tempor- OR-13 ary bridge in order to enable continuous traffic, which has Pavement-Watering Applied to Traditional and caused very high construction costs. In order to compare Cool Pavement Structures different options, we have additionally analysed a solution Sophie Parison1, Martin MH Hendel 1, Arnaud AG without a temporary bridge, which created three life cycle Grados2, Laurent LR Royon1 1 scenarios. Most important steps during the construction, Université de Paris, LIED, UMR 8236, France 2 exploitation and end-of-life stage have been taken into ac-Université de Paris, MSC, UR 7057, France count and integrated into the LCA and LCC models. Fi- The thermal behavior of 12 traditional and cool pave- nally the environmental, economy and societal impacts of ment structures (asphalt, granite, stabilized sand, cobble-three solutions were compared over the period of 60 years. stones, reflective paints, pervious concretes, dry grass, The rehabilitation option with UHPFRC deck has shown etc.) is studied in the lab under heat-wave like conditions. by far the lowest direct and environmental cost while the Pavement-watering is applied and adjusted to each struc-user delay costs only after the period of 50 years are not ture to maximize cooling and minimize water consump-the most convenient for users. Superior characteristics tion using two linear cooling regimes. The surface heat of UHPFRC enabled the optimization of the load bearing budget is closely analyzed and used to estimate the par-deck and by that a very low total used quantity of material titioning of irradiance and net radiation into conductive, resulting in minimum direct and indirect costs. convective, radiative and cooling flux at surface. Energy partition, surface temperature increase and optimal water- OR-15 ing rates all exhibit good correlation with an absorptivity Ecoroads index that includes the albedo and emissivity and their Johannes Horvath respective irradiance proportion in long and short-wave Lafarge Zementwerke GmbH, Sales & Innovation, Austria radiations. In-depth transmitted flux is also characterized Roads play a very important part in any nation’s infra-versus a composite transmission index that includes the structure. Their construction and maintenance, and the absorptivity index as well as the apparent conductivity of vehicles that travel over them, consume large amounts of the material layers. Results from this work contributes energy. This energy use results in atmospheric emissions, to improving our understanding of the energy balance of the reduction of a non-renewable resource, and other en-cool pavements compared to traditional ones under spe- vironmental impacts. Any reduction of the lifetime energy cific weather conditions, as well as that of processes in-use, even if only by a small percentage, will have signific-volved in the optimization of their evaporative cooling. antly positive implications for sustainable development. Benefits of each pavement, efficiency of the method, lim-Concrete roads are durable and safe without defects like itations of the protocol and its potential transposition to rutting, cracking, stripping, loss of texture, and potholes the field are all discussed in this contribution. etc. This low maintenance requirement is one of the principal advantages of concrete pavements. There are OR-14 well-designed concrete pavements that have required little LCA and LCC assessment of UHPFRC application maintenance well beyond their designed 30-year design for railway steel bridge strengthening lives. Irina Stipanovic1, Sandra Skaric Palic1, Aljoša Šajna 2, Eleni Chatzi3, Henar Martin-Sanz3 Concrete pavements are well developed at Austrian High- 1Infra Plan consulting, Croatia ways and Expressways, Rural Roads predominated by as- 2Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute phalt. Our objective in this new branch project is to trans- (ZAG), Slovenia fer the technology from H&E to rural roads. Goal of this 3ETH, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic En-programme is to achieve more quality, improve value for gineering (IBK), Switzerland money and provide a boost to innovation in road construction in Austria. Most of the existing railway steel bridges are nowadays older than 70 years, experiencing serious aging and over-load problems. Therefore they either need to be replaced Recycling and circular economy or strengthened to fulfil the increased requirements. The main idea of strengthening existing steel bridges is consid-Tuesday Before Noon Track C - ering the possibility of adding load bearing deck above S6 the main girders without replacing them. In this par- Apr 20, 11:20 - 12:05 ticular case study, the original steel structure of the 9m long railway bridge was dismantled and transported to the laboratory for the experimental assessment and de- velopment of the new rehabilitation method. Based on 35 OR-16 (500 kg/h). The technology enables to extract ultrafine Sustainable pre-treatment of wood biomass ash for (d50 of 3-4 µm), fine (d50 of 10-20 µm) and medium partial cement replacement or coarse (d50 > 30 µm) size fractions from dry mineral Karmen Kostanić Jurić, Nina Štirmer, Ivana Carević powders such as coal combustion fly ashes. The techno-Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb, Department logy was validated for different scale prototypes and for a of Materials , Croatia range of inorganic powders. The separation principle was In July 2019, Croatian energy market operator had confirmed by computational fluid dynamics simulations of 38 contracts for electricity from renewable energy sources air flow and particle trajectories. The produced classi- (RES) with power plants under construction. 50% of these fied materials were tested in relevant end-product applic-were for biomass power plants and represented 19% of ations. The ultrafine fraction extracted from fly ashes en-planned install power. While the increasing number of ables substitution of silica fume in high strength concrete, plants creates more wood biomass ash (WBA) to man-the fine fraction from fly ashes complies to requirements age, landfilling prices are rising and although this research for use as cement and concrete constituent and improved is done locally, the problem is global. In 1882 the first the workability of self-compacting concrete. The coarse coal fired power plant was built in London as a project fraction was tested as a substitute filler in plastic compos-by Thomas Edison. The first high-volume coal fly ash reites and as an opening agent in ceramic bricks. Life cycle cycles in concrete was done to repair a part of the Hoover analysis indicated that the environmental impact of the Dam in 1942. In the 80s, with first legal guidelines and FLAME classification process is subordinate to the reduc-construction expansion, recycling of coal ash in concrete tion in environmental impact by substitution of primary become routine. Biomass has been used as heat energy raw materials or materials of high embodied energy such since people learned to control fire, but when speaking as Portland cement clinker in the end-products. about RES, we refer to modern biomass combustion sys- tems that started to sprout in developed countries dur- OR-18 ing the 90s. Extensive research on the characterization Mud from the Sitarjevec Mine as a Pigment for of WBA and its influence on concrete properties has been Textile Printing Darja Rant, Mateja Štefančič, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Mateja going on during the last few years. Research has also been Golež done on the impact of recycling for other fields trying to Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, find a quicker solution for ash disposal this time. For Slovenia now, we know that WBA can be used as an active (replacement of cement) or inactive (filler, sand substitute) SUMMARY: The Sitarjevec mine, located near the concrete component. Fly WBA is usually compared with town of Litija (Central Slovenia), is recognized by the coal fly ash, but ash properties vary depending on many strong yellow colour of its dripstone structures and mine factors - from type and growth conditions, through the mud deposits. The mine mud, composed predominantly combustion system, to ash management on site. The link of goethite, accumulates on the ground of the mine shafts between power plants and the concrete industry should be as the result of the interaction between percolating un-established through consistency and quality control. This derground water, iron ore minerals and microorganisms. could be achievable by establishing ash pre-treatments. Since the accumulation of limonite mine mud is an on-Treated ashes could be a more reliable material for larger going process, larger quantities of mud have been depos-scale cement replacement. ited in the mine shafts since its closure. These deposits present a real threat of unleashing a mine mud spill on the OR-17 town of Litija. Such a scenario has already previously oc-FLAME - Fly Ash to Valuable Minerals: Upscal- curred. In order to find new potential routes for recycling ing of A New, Dry Classification Technology for larger quantities of this mine mud, the present research Recovery of Performant Cementitious Materials work was performed to assess the use of mine mud as a Ruben Snellings 1, Michel Loots2, Aljoša Šajna3, Can Rüstü pigment in the dye industry. In the first stage, the chem-Yörük4, Roeland Geurts1, Mateja Štefančič3, Andre Gregor4, ical (XRF) and microstructural (SEM) characteristics of Hadi Kazemi-Kamyab1, Janez Turk3, Sabina Dolenec3, Peter the mine mud were defined together with the identific-Nielsen1, Andres Trikkel4, Ana Mladenovic3, Liesbet Van den ation of its phase composition (XRD), particle size dis-Abeele1 tribution and specific surface area (BET). Furthermore, 1VITO, Materials, Belgium the pigment was used to colour textile printing paste on 2Value Ash Technologies NV, Belgium a laboratory scale. To define the most appropriate qual-3Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute ity of textile prints the rheological response of the various (ZAG), Slovenia textile printing paste samples was investigated in terms of 4Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia their plastic viscosity, indicating their suitability for use New, performant processing technologies that recover in textile printing. Test prints were conducted, and the valuable resources from low-grade by-products or wastes properties of leaching and fastness in the prints were as-are key enablers in materializing a circular economy. In sessed. the FLAME project a new, dry, energy-efficient powder classification technology has been upscaled from small- scale laboratory (10 kg/h) to semi-industrial prototype 36 Innovations in materials and the test results, the influence of density on tensile and technologies compressive strength as well as compressive modulus of elasticity is reported. Tuesday Afternoon Track A - S7 OR-21 Apr 20, 14:15 - 15:05 Sustainable insulating composite from almond shell OR-19 Filip Brleković, Tamara Fiolić, Juraj Šipušić RILEM TC 267-TRM Report: Optimisation of R3 Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Croatia Reactivity Test, Most Promising Method for Supplementary Cementitious Materials New generations of eco-friendly and sustainable insu- Francois Avet1, Xuerun Li1, Diana Londono-Zuluaga 1, lating materials are prepared as composite materials in Ruben Snellings2, Karen Scrivener1 which the plant fibrous material (by-product of agricul-1Laboratory of Construction Materials, Ecole Polytechnique tural activity) is bonded by inorganic binders. In addition Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, Switzer-to good mechanical properties and low density, these com-land posite materials also possess good insulating properties. 2VITO, Materials, Belgium In this paper the possibility of the preparation of composite material on the basis of almond shell with potential Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are application as insulating boards has been studied. Com- commonly used in concrete practice nowadays, either in posites from milled and sieved almond shells and wood- blended cements or as separate additions into the con- wool bonded with Portland cement and sodium silicate crete mixture. The use of cementitious and pozzolanic solution have been prepared. The hydrolytic properties, by-products (fly ash and other artificial pozzolans, nat-flexural strength, thermal properties, and calorific value of ural pozzolans, slag, limestone, …) is one way to obtain a prepared composites were investigated. more sustainable binder for the construction industry and Composites prepared with Portland cement alone had set-there are also benefits related to costs and some durability ting times greater than 24 h, and further test were carried problems. But there is an important lack of methods to out on composites prepared with the addition of sodium assess the potential reactivity of a material for use as an silicate solution as a binder. Optimal mechanical proper-SCM. In the round robin campaign on chemical reactiv- ties, density, and water glass consumption had composites ity test methods showed that the R3 reactivity test, using prepared with almond shell particle size from 1,25 to 2,5 calorimetry and bound water, provides the most relevant mm. Mechanical testing of samples with density of 0,503 indication of the reactivity of supplementary cementitious g/cm3 showed that strain in range of 144-180 N causes a materials (SCMs), compared to other methods. In this maximum deformation of 12 cm and the stress of 0,12 MPa second stage, the main aim was focus on improving the causes irreversible deformation and cracking. Thermal robustness of the protocol of the test. The influence of conductivity of prepared composite was 0,203 Wm-1K-1 the mixing conditions, mix design, dying procedure and and its thermal diffusivity was 0,124 mm2s-1. Calorific so on. As well as the repeatability and reproducibility of value test showed slightly higher results than wooden ma-the final protocol. terials with low sulphur and chlorine content. Examined mechanical and thermal properties of composite material OR-20 are comparable to the properties of insulating materials Influence of Density on Tensile and Compressive available on the market. The advantage of such material Properties of Polyurethane Foam is so-called binding of CO2, because by production and Paulina Krolo 1, Natalija Bede1, Davor Grandić1, Ivan Palijan2 use of this kind of material, CO2 embedded in the plant 1University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia material is bonded throughout the lifetime of the building. 2Palijan d.o.o., for design and development of steel and composite structures, Croatia Energy efficiency Polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in building structures. Due to their good thermal and sound insula- Tuesday Afternoon Track B - S8 tion properties, PU foams are often applied in the pro- Apr 20, 14:15 - 15:05 duction of façade systems as a non-structural component. In addition, they are commonly used in structural load- OR-22 bearing components, e.g. as a core material in composite Energy efficiency of buildings in the context of sus-sandwich panels. In order to be used in load-bearing struc-tainability tures, it is necessary to know their mechanical properties. Sabina Jordan The main mechanical properties of PU foams are influ- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, enced by many parameters such as density, temperature, Slovenia anisotropy, loading condition, etc. In this paper, the influence of density on tensile and compressive properties of Energy efficient buildings are the key components for PU foam is presented. Therefore, the uniaxial tension and the transition into a sustainable and low-carbon built en-compression tests according to the International Stand- vironment, while offering people better living conditions. ards for six different densities were performed. Based on In order to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, 37 the European Commision has put in place a legislative and ultimately building damage. Therefore, much atten-framework to promote policies aimed at achieving a highly tion should be given to the design of thermal bridges and energy-efficient and decarbonised building stock, as well ultimately, its construction. This paper deals with the as establishing the basis for a more stable economic en-impact of thermal bridges on the outer building envel- vironment. The Commission also presented a renovation ope of the ventilated façade system of the first ECO-strategy to accelerate the energy renovation of buildings SANDWICH® house in Croatia. The house was built and encourage their deep renovation. For the ultimate in Koprivnica as part of the Green Zone project and is goal of energy efficiency, i.e. the zero- or even plus-energy designed according to the standards for passive houses, standard, the Commission encourages the development i.e. A+ energy class, using innovative, ventilated Eco-of innovative technologies and supporting processes for sandwich® façade panels, designed at the Faculty of Civil buildings. However, to achieve energy efficiency and all Engineering, University of Zagreb. Details of thermal other aspects of sustainability, these solutions are not al-bridges in this paper will be modelled as linear thermal ways fully optimized. There is also a lack of methodologies bridges, according to the HRN EN ISO 10211 stand-to provide comprehensive analyses of buildings, as envi- ard, and therefore the heat flow was modelled as two-sioned by the sustainability concept. Moreover, despite dimensional. The numerical calculation was carried out by advances in digitalization, automation and monitoring in software specialised for the heat flow and thermal bridge the construction sector, there is still a large quality per-calculation – Flixo. The output result, linear heat trans-formance gap between planning and reality - not only due fer coefficient (Ψ), which quantifies the impact of linear to construction processes, but also as a result of unforeseen thermal bridges on the one-dimensional heat flow, will also and inappropriate user activities. be analysed by variation of parameters, such as thermal insulation thickness. Finally, the numerical results were OR-23 compared with the results obtained by default values of Consumption and potential energy savings in the linear thermal bridges according to the standard HRN EN office building ISO 14683 to show the error between the results obtained Arta Sylejmani 1, Ivana Banjad Pečur2, Bojan Milovanović2 by the numerical calculation and the default values which 1Municipality of Prishtina, Urban Planning, Albania are typically taken in the traditional calculation of heat 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Depart-losses in buildings. ment of Materials, Croatia This research illustrates the concept of using dynamic Inspection, monitoring, assessment simulation as an instrument for the assessment and ana- lysis of the final energy performance for the new office and repair building of the Municipality of Prishtina. The aim is to analyse the energy performance in this building by pre-Tuesday Afternoon Track C - S9 dicting energy consumption during the phase of further Apr 20, 14:15 - 15:05 interventions. The same analysis were done also for other two cities such as Peja and Ferizaj. OR-25 In this study, the total energy consumption was examined Inspection and monitoring of bridges to support for this building model according to the detailed design the management activities of critical infrastructure project through dynamic simulation calculated by ARCH-Andrej Anžlin ICAD tool and add-in EcoDesigner Star. The results of Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, this paper suggest that much better improvement can be Slovenia achieved by intervening in building envelope than in high-When we are responsible for rationalising the process cost equipment. of maintenance to provide safe and serviceable bridges one needs to look further to utilize state-of-the-art techniques OR-24 to inspect, and monitor the condition of their infrastruc-Thermal bridge assessment in prefabricated vent- ture. In this paper, different techniques supporting this ilated façade systems with recycled aggregates process will be briefly presented and case studies will be Mergim Gaši 1, Bojan Milovanovic1, Jakov Perišić2, Sanjin Gumbarević1 given. Principal inspection is one of the most essential 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Depart-and indispensable part of any bridge management system ment of Materials, Croatia (BMS) to collect bridge condition data. It is very popular 2Urbane ideje, Croatia lately to find new ways to increase the level of digitalisation and automation in the current bridge condition sur-Despite numerous national regulations, it has been vey procedures. Some insight in the undergoing research shown that the traditional practice when insulating build-project to validate digitalisation possibilities for monitoring envelope is insufficient if not enough attention is given ing the bridge condition state using drones equipped with to thermal bridges. Heat losses through thermal bridges state-of-the-art sensors will be given. However, there are are much higher than through the surrounding area. Be-cases when the bridge condition has to be assessed with cause of that, the thermal bridges are accompanied by a more in-depth analysis, i.e. the reliability assessment of lower surface temperatures, resulting in the higher risk of the structure. In such cases, bridge weigh-in-motion (B-water vapour condensation and the formation of mould, WIM) technology can be used for the so called short-term 38 monitoring or soft load testing (SLT). This is a measure-As part of the reconstruction of a multi-span viaduct ment of the response of a structure under the known axle on a Slovenian highway, a permanent remote monitoring loads in free-flow traffic. It can have a decisive impact system with over 200 sensors was established. Several in the optimal bridge reliability assessment since it en-parameters are monitored on different parts of the viaduct ables to measure the most relevant structural performance by means of temperature sensors, accelerometers, strain parameters (influence lines, dynamic load amplification, gauges, long-gauge deformation and Fibre Bragg Grat- …). The results imply that a less conservative method is ing (FBG) sensors. In this way strains, frequencies and available to assess the realistic structural safety of bridges temperatures on external prestressed beam cables, carbon and, consequently, more optimal rehabilitation measures fibre rebars used for the flexural strengthening of a deck can be selected. To minimise the occurrence of exceptional overhang, pier caps and prestressed beams are measured events, long-term monitoring tailored to each case study and stored into the on-site central data acquisition sys-can be used. In this way pre-targeted performance indic-tem. This paper presents architecture of the permanent ators of the bridge are controlled. If coupling of B-WIM bridge monitoring system and preliminary results of the and SHM system is applied, additional traffic data can be measurements. collected and validation of structure’s response in case of exceptional transport can be performed. Innovations in materials and OR-26 technologies Inspection, assessment and repair of fire damaged concrete structure Tuesday Late Afternoon Track Fidan Salihu1, Meri Cvetkovska 2, Koce Todorov2, Nikola A - S10 Postolov2, Riste Volcev2 1Faculty of Civil Engineering in Pristina, Serbia Apr 20, 15:20 - 16:05 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Materials, North Macedonia OR-28 Mode of operation of bio-based polymers for the Fire is a potential threat for any building and can ser-control of fresh concrete properties iously damage the structure. Structural response to fire Wolfram Schmidt 1, Alejandra Ramirez1, Rose Mbugua2 is very complex and depends on used construction ma- 1Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Ger-terials, type and geometrical characteristics of structural many elements, duration and nature of fire, existing structural 2Walter Sisulu University, South Africa loads, structural and architectural details, etc. Proper design and successful repair of RC structure damaged in With increasing industrialisation and efficiency in-fire can only be provided if a detailed in-situ investiga- crease of concrete casting, rheology control has become tion, laboratory investigation and correct assessment of a relevant parameter for concrete. A functioning cast-residual structural capacity is made. In December 2017, ing and hardening process does not only allow for more the basement of a building in Skopje was in fire. A part innovative processes but also ensures the durability and of the structure was in fire and the last three spans were functionality of the concrete later at hardened state. completely burned. According to the damages recorded in While today polycarboxylate based superplasticizers are situ, it was found out that fire caused severe damage to well established and allow for effective and tailored yield the reinforced concrete bearing structure. After the visual stress control, their application in cementitious systems, inspection, the residual concrete strength was defined by in which the ongoing hydration causes variabilities, can sclerometer and the results were compared with results ob-create robustness challenges. Therefore, often additional tained by the nonlinear transient heat transfer analysis of rheology controlling admixtures are applied, which help fire exposed elements. For the thermal analysis and for the increasing the robustness. Typically, polysaccharides are nonlinear stress-strain analysis of the whole structure the used of various origin. These polymers depending upon program SAFIR was used and the results are presented in the source and processing can have multiple characterist-this paper. The results showed that during the fire action ics, and to date the published data on polysaccharides the strength and stiffness of structural elements were sig-with and without supplementary superplasticizers is very nificantly reduced. Based on these results and the detailed limited. in-situ investigation, an adequate repair of the damaged With increasing need to develop greener technologies for elements of the bearing structure was suggested and de-construction, in this paper various plant-based sources of tails are presented in this paper. polysaccharides have been studied that can be obtained in Europe and Africa. Their interactions with cement and OR-27 superplasticizers are studied regarding their influence on Comprehensive permanent remote monitoring sys-the rheology of cement-based systems. Their mode of op- tem of a multi-span highway bridge eration is then explained considering their specific poly-Andrej Anžlin, Uroš Bohinc, Doron Hekič, Maja Kreslin, meric properties in the ionic environment of cement paste. Jan Kalin, Aleš Žnidarič Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Slovenia 39 OR-29 tion. The study is tackled at two different levels. Firstly, Mechanical properties of concrete containing wood the interaction of cement and milled waste glass will be biomass ash established through fresh (consistency, flow test and set-Jelena Šantek Bajto, Nina Štirmer, Ivana Carević, Ivana ting times) and solid state (mortar bending and compres-Hržan sion tests). These findings will lead on optimal substitu-University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department tion content of waste glass with respect to cement. At of Materials, Croatia the second level a correlation between crushed waste glass Renewable energy, together with environmentally- and aggregate grading curves will be established through friendly materials, gives us an insight into a sustainable series of tests at fresh (slump test) and solid state (com-future – one where reliance on fossil fuels and greenhouse pression and bending tests). In the same time the chem-gas emissions are minimised. The leading source of renew-ical analysis of waste glass will be presented and interac-able energy in the EU are biomass fuelled power plants. tion with cement will be discussed. This paper gives an Among different types of biomass, wood has the widest overview of the current progress and recycling situation application while holding the majority share with 59% of of waste glass and point out the direction for the proper all renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, combustion of use of waste glass as replacement of cement. The role of 1 tonne of wood biomass generates approximately 3% of glass powder as replacement of cement provides consider-wood biomass ash (WBA), resulting in large amounts of able value-added utilization and significantly affects the waste. WBA management is an issue in need for prompt output of greenhouse gases from cement industry. This solutions, to avert further endangerment of the environ- paper presents the feasibility of the substitution of waste ment as well as disposal costs. Using WBA as partial ce-glass powder for cement to achieve economical and envirment replacement is considered to be a feasible application onmentally friendly construction material. These will not in cement composites. However, the fluctuating chem- only help in the reuse of waste glass but also tents to create ical composition of WBAs somewhat differs from coal fly a greener environment. ash, already acknowledged as a supplementary cementi- tious material. Due to the aforementioned difference and lack of standards and guidelines for WBAs application in Energy efficiency cement composites, its wider application is still limited. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to quantify Tuesday Late Afternoon Track the acceptable amount of fly WBAs in concrete, while con-B - S11 sidering the chemical composition of different fly WBAs. Apr 20, 15:20 - 16:05 Three WBAs utilized in this research were collected from different power plants located in Croatia, that exploit un-OR-31 treated wood chips as fuel while applying pulverised fuel The Impact of Building Zone Elements on Air-combustion and grate firing as combustion technology. Six tightness concrete mixtures were prepared with ash content of 15% Sanjin Gumbarević, Bojan Milovanovic, Mergim Gaši, Mar-and 20%. The impact of each WBA on concrete prop- ina Bagarić erties was analysed based on the determined compressive University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department strength and modulus of elasticity. Differences between of Materials, Croatia particular WBAs have been reflected on the properties of To achieve the goals set by the European Union (EU) concrete mixtures. In general, it can be concluded that in terms of energy savings and decrease of the greenhouse concrete mixtures with WBA display similar behavioural gas emissions, the member states of the EU obliged that trend of decreased compressive strength and modulus of they would increase the number of the Nearly Zero-Energy elasticity. Buildings (NZEB). That increase has to be accomplished not only by building new NZEBs but also by deep en- OR-30 ergy renovations of old ones. One of the criteria to fulfil Influence of waste glass addition on concrete prop-NZEB demands is to ensure the airtightness of the build-erties ing, which is usually tested by an air pressurisation test. Naser Kabashi, Enes Krasniqi, Milot Muhaxheri As there will be a great number of buildings which must Faculty of Civl Engineering and Architecture, Civil Engineer-undergo the testing in the near future, it is important to ing, Albania find a way to speed up the testing for the multizone buildIn order to address environmental effects associated ings. This paper presents research based on the results with cement manufacturing, there is a need to develop al-of building zone airtightness estimations based on a fan ternative binders to make concrete. Crushed waste glass pressurisation test by the so-called Blower Door system. accumulated at some extent has a negative environmental It is a part of research whose goal is to develop a pre-impact, moreover likewise there is a propensity of cement dictive model of the air-change-rate for a multizone build-production manufactures toward using supplementary ce- ing based on randomly tested zones. The paper describes mentitious materials that result on less emissions in terms a connection between the airtightness of tested building of the environmental pollution. In this paper it will be zones and elements which make up these zones. This re-highlighted the key findings of milled/crushed waste glass search is crucial as a starting point for the development as a substitution of cement content for concrete produc-of the predictive model in order to define the parameters 40 that affect these measurements. Statistical analysis was will have to meet the energy efficiency requirements. The performed not only for the analysed results but also for an building stock represents a huge potential for renovation exploration of the connection between the zone elements in terms of energy use and environmental impacts, as well and the zone’s airtightness as well. The paper presents as the quality of living. Interventions in the buildings in a hypothesis based on the abovementioned research and terms of measures for more efficient use of energy prac-proposes further research for the future development of tically always bring a positive result, but they need to be the model. well planned for optimal effect. The calculated energy use for a building is an approximation of the real value, which OR-32 depends on many parameters and the quality of the input Street furniture design as a means to mitigate data. The article presents a comparison between the meas-urban heat island phenomenon: A case study ured energy use for heating with the calculated values for Andrej Bernik 1, Aljoša Šajna2, Lidija Korat2 an old residential building. The comparison was made in 1Fieldwork architecture, France the light of gradually implemented energy efficiency meas-2Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute ures. Two software packages were used for the analysis, (ZAG), Slovenia PHPP 2007 on monthly and annually calculation basis Climate change combined with urban heat island ef- and KI Energija 2017 on monthly calculation basis. For fect makes cities particularly vulnerable to summer heat. each phase, simulations were prepared for diverse average Higher overall summer temperatures and especially peri-indoor air temperatures, and the results were compared ods of intense heatwaves are a major health issue for with the measured values. The study proved that, des- populations living in dense urban environments. Risks pite methodological differences, all the calculation meth-are even higher for low-income neighborhoods since they ods involved provide a good basis for defining energy use tend to have higher population density and fewer green for each energy efficiency measure. The analysis showed areas which act as a cool refuge during a crisis. Miss-that the annual calculation method is accurate enough to ing Tree explores an alternative strategy for urban heat determine the energy use of energy efficient buildings on island mitigation in dense urban areas where tree plant- an annual basis. It was also found that in the case of ation is not possible. In many cases, cities are in fact non-renovated building, the simulation results match the mineral deserts where rainwater is evacuated as quickly measured values when lower average indoor air temperat-as possible through surface runoff and sewerage. Missing ures are used than expected. Therefore, to calculate the Tree is part of an effort to locally restore the water cycle: energy savings for heating during an energy renovation of precipitation, infiltration, evaporation. building, it is necessary to know the average indoor air The prototype presented here is a tree for urban pub-temperature before its renovation. Otherwise incorrect lic spaces where access to open ground is impossible. It conclusions can be drawn about reduction of energy use is made of a new permeable humidity retaining mineral through renovation measures. building material. Future designs could take shape of a meadow, a bush or even another form beyond reference to Inspection, monitoring, assessment plants. Missing Tree is the first in a collection of objects for urban public space which aims to make the city better and repair suited for the changing climate. The design strategy uses new capabilities of computa- Tuesday Late Afternoon Track tional design and fabrication to combine social and envir-C - S12 onmental issues. The resulting objects provide possibilities Apr 20, 15:20 - 16:05 for non-directive use in urban public space and are at the same time part of the cooling infrastructure to mitigate OR-34 the urban heat island effect. Corrosion-cracking parameter in the concrete Permeable humidity-retaining mineral material stores structure and impact in reinforced steel bars rainwater and prevents overheating through evaporative Mihrie Bajoku cooling. The material is under development and has been Faculty of Civl Engineering and Architecture, Albania tested in laboratory conditions. Design and material science combined provide an in- Concrete structures are under the different environ- novative approach to urban rainwater use for climate mental conditions, which phenomena will lead to the dam-change mitigation in dense urban areas. ages of structure in the time factor. The bridge struc- tures are more attacked, focused on corrosion of steel bars, OR-33 and with damages of structure elements. Corrosion is Effects of energy renovation measures implemen- caused by many factors of the external environment which, ted on a residential building through the protective layer of concrete, reaches the rein-Jože Hafner, Sabina Jordan forced steel bars in the process caused by the degrada- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, tion of the concrete in general. The presence of perman-Slovenia ent humidity is the permanent factor that involves in the process many other factors from the aggressively of en-To achieve ambitious energy and environmental goals vironment substances: chlorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide, set by the European Commission, also existing buildings sulfates, during the penetration process in concrete. The 41 case study analyzing in this paper is a bridge structure, at higher costs and prior then planned. located in village Drelaj, the region of Rugova, mountains By using migration inhibition technology in severely cor-in Kosova. The bridge is at an altitude above 2000m and is rosive environments, structures can have a stronger res-under the constant influence of extreme temperature conistance to corrosion and therefore longer durability. Inditions. The methods to be applied in this case are ana-creased durability means fewer repairs, enhanced struc- lytical and experimental methods. The analytical method tural integrity and a longer service life, all leading to is based on measurements and calculate the depth of cor-greater sustainability. This paper presents a review of the rosion according to ASTM code and calculate the percent- present status of migratory corrosion inhibitors technology age of corrosion according to ACI code. The experimental that is to be used regarding improving durability design laboratory method we will determine the corrosion rate of new and existing structures. The focus is placed on the with the Corrosion meter instrument. In the end, we will European scenario and on the most widespread deterior-make a comparison between the results achieved, and the ation mechanisms: steel corrosion induced by chlorides proposal for repairing, to increase the bearing capacity. (very frequent in marine environments or in cold regions where deicing salts are applied) or by carbonation. OR-35 This paper includes some analyses of concrete bridges; Monitoring of steel corrosion in concrete exposed service life assessment, including comments on life-cycle to marine environment costs; and concludes with discussion of design options that Miha Hren, Nina Gartner, Tadeja Kosec, Andraž Legat have been used or have become available recently that Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, might be considered to achieve a service life of 120 years Slovenia for major concrete bridges. Steel in concrete exposed to marine environment is susceptible to chloride induced corrosion, but certain details related to interchange of water and oxygen and con-Digitalization and automation sequent macro-cell coupling are poorly known. In order to understand the influence of periodic wetting and dry-Wednesday Morning Track A - ing, a set of reinforced concrete columns fully equipped S13 with various types of probes were exposed at sea level and Apr 21, 10:10 - 11:00 continuously monitored. 16 steel electrode and 5 elec- trical resistance (ER) sensors were equally spaced along OR-37 the column height. The steel electrodes, which are con- Implementing BIM in Slovenian Public Sector figured as coupled multi-electrode arrays (CMEA), and Ksenija Marc the ER sensors were both connected to data loggers and DRI upravljanje investicij, d.o.o., Slovenia measurement data are transmitted wirelessly to the cloud. In Slovenia, BIM has been first used among designers. Water temperature and sea level are also monitored. Consultants and engineers at DRI were introduced to BIM The effects of changing water level on corrosion rates at in recent years by trainings and additional education and different column heights will be presented. The influence they soon recognized the advantages that this technology of the different exposure zones, as the deep water expos-can offer. In 2015 siBIM, BIM Association Slovenia, was ure, the tidal zone, the splash zone and the dry zone, will founded, uniting experts from differed fields of engineering receive particular consideration. The obtained results will and architecture in order to further encourage the use of identify critical areas with higher or lower corrosion rates, BIM. which might influence future design decisions of partially Executives of DRI, a state owned company, which mainly submerged reinforced concrete structures. deals with managing large public infrastructure projects in the country, encouraged the initiative and first presented OR-36 its advantages to one of the major public clients DARS, Migratory corrosion inhibitors technology for the Motorway Company of Slovenia. DARS saw possible improving durability of europe’s bridges infra- benefits and, as the first public client, requested BIM in his structures latest large project: the construction of the second tube of Ivana Liposcak the Karavanke tunnel at the Slovenian - Austrian border. Cortec Corporation, Croatia Recently, some other public projects have been designed Bridges are of vital importance to the European in-using BIM for both railways and housing projects. frastructure network. Due to its significance in the polit-In 2016 Slovenia became a member of EU BIM Task ical economy, the demand for sustainable is emphasized, Group. The aim of the group is to bring together national which means very advanced, economical, environment- efforts into a common and aligned European approach to ally friendly, and long-lasting constructions. Now, the develop a world-class digital construction sector. European market is dominated by concrete bridges. A sur-siBIM is organizing annual conferences and has reached vey on condition assessment of European bridges showed out to several Ministries in the country to present the that 1/3 of the bridges has symptoms of deterioration, advantages of BIM for the public sector. Ministry of Eco-with carbonation and/or chloride induced steel corrosion nomic Development and Technology appointed siBIM to as main degradation mechanisms. Accordingly, significant prepare “Slovenia BIM Roadmap” with the intention to resources are put in the maintenance of such bridges often be adopted by the Government. 42 The establishment of the Technical Committee for BIM limited to static models and lack integration capacities to within SIST, Slovenian Institute for Standardization will efficiently exploit environmental quality monitoring data. additionally increase the development of BIM in the coun-In order to overcome these limitations, we designed and try. We are ahead of another important step forward by implemented a generic software architecture that relies on establishing buildingSmart Chapter Slovenia. accessible Building Information Model (BIM) attributes to add a dynamic layer that integrates environmental qual-OR-38 ity data coming from deployed sensors. Merging sensor Designing generatively to achieve an efficient and data with BIM allows creation of a digital twin for the optimised solution monitored building where live information about envir- Luka Gradišar, Matevž Dolenc, Robert Klinc, Žiga Turk onmental quality enables evaluation through numerical University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engin-simulation. Our solution allows accessing and displaying eering, Construction IT, Slovenia live sensor data, thus providing advanced functionality to Recent developments in the field of artificial intelli- the end-user and other systems in the building. In or-gence and related areas have opened up new possibilities der to preserve genericity and separation of concerns, our for computers to generate solutions independently. One solution stores sensor data in a separate database avail-such approach is generative design. Generative design is able through an application programming interface (API), proving to be an efficient alternative design approach to which decouples BIM models from sensor data. Our proof-the traditional processes. In this paper we present the of-concept experiments were conducted with a cultural framework for generative design, which is characterised heritage building located in Bled, Slovenia. We demon-by three main features: computational model, generator strated that it is possible to display live information re-and design evaluation. This framework was applied to garding environmental quality (temperature, relative huthe practical example of the search for an efficient pass-midity, CO2, particle matter, light) using Revit as an ex-ive shading system with complex geometry. Here we used ample, thus enabling end-users to follow the conditions of BIM models from Revit and Dynamo environment to build their living environment and take appropriate measures to a computational model. For the generation and evaluation improve its quality. of the design alternatives Project Refinery was used together with Python. We have learned that this approach can be beneficial to us by automating the search for design Material – environment interaction solutions, creating complex designs we wouldn’t think of and generating more design options from which we can Wednesday Morning Track B - find the efficient design more quickly. The same approach S14 can be applied to any real-world design problem which we Apr 21, 10:10 - 11:00 can translate to the computational model. OR-40 OR-39 The importance of understanding microstructure Enriching building information model with envir- of alternative binders to predict their durability onmental quality monitoring for healthy living Marijana Serdar Michael Mrissa 1, Jan Vcelak2, Laszlo Hajdu1, Balazs Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Department David1, Miklos Kresz1, Jakub Sandak1, Anna Sandak1, of Materials, Croatia Rok Kanduti3, Monika Varkonji Sajn4, Anja Jutraz5, Katja Malovrh Rebec6 It is now more obvious than ever that the only op- 1InnoRenew CoE, Slovenia tion for the development of the built environment is a 2CVUT UCEEB, Czech Republic sustainable and environmentally responsible one. In the 3Spica International, Slovenia field of building materials, especially in concrete techno-4Unistar Pro, Slovenia logy, there are many studies that deal with alternative raw 5NIJZ, Slovenia materials, such as by-products, recycled materials or nat-6Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, ural resources that are not fully exploited. However, with Slovenia the alternative materials, alternative durability challenges may also arise. More so, some of the known durability As we spend more than 90% of our time inside build- challenges may re-emerge in alternative forms. ings, indoor environmental quality is a major concern for Alternative materials have different chemical and phys-healthy living. Recent studies show that almost 80% of ical properties compared to a classical system. Different people in European countries and the United States suffer reaction products, different pore structure, electrical res-from SBS (Sick Building Syndrome), which affects phys- istivity or tortuosity of the pores can lead to different be-ical health, productivity and psychological well-being. In haviour of the materials and their degradation mechan-this context, environmental quality monitoring provides isms. To predict and control the durability of alternative stakeholders with crucial information about indoor living materials in the environment, a complete understanding conditions, thus facilitating building management along of their microstructure is of utmost importance. its lifecycle, from design, construction and commissioning In the present work, some examples of developed al-to usage, maintenance and end-of-life. However, currently ternative binders based on local materials are presented. available modelling tools for building management remain Among others, binders based on high cement replacement, 43 binders based on calcium aluminate and alkali-activated using fly ash as a partial replacement of cement clinker binders are discussed. Among the degradation mechan- and its influence on the sulfate resistance of cement. For isms, chloride penetration, corrosion and carbonation and that purpose, four samples of fly ash from the TPP Bitola their specific mechanisms with alternative binders are ad-were taken in the time period of two weeks. All cement dressed. components including fly ash were completely tested from the aspect of chemical composition and physical proper-OR-41 ties. Two samples of fly ash which showed the biggest Measurement of the chloride resistance of Envir- difference in their fineness were chosen for further invest-onmentally friendly and Durable conCrete igations and preparation of cements. Laboratory cements Alisa Machner 1, Marie H. Bjørndal1, Aljoša Šajna2, Lucija were prepared by varying the quantity of fly ash as reHanžič2, Yushan Gu3, Benoit Bary3, Klaartje De Weerdt1 placement of clinker, from 0% to 50%. For all labor- 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), atory produced cements complete chemical analysis and Department of Structural Engineering, Norway determination of the physical and mechanical properties 2Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute have been carried out. The method of Koch & Steinegger (ZAG), Slovenia and the recommendations of the Technical Committee of 3The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Com- Cement in CEN/TR 15697 were used for determination mission (CEA), France of sulfate resistance of the laboratory cements. According The increasing demand for concrete and thereby Port- to this method, small specimens (prisms with dimensions land cement, creates the need for novel low-clinker Port- 10/10/60 mm) were prepared and then cured in deionized land composite cements. Concretes prepared with such water and aggressive solution – 4,4% Na2SO4. The corro-novel composite cements need to show similar or even sion coefficient calculated on the basis of flexural strength improved durability compared to concrete prepared with of the specimens tested after 56 days in aggressive solution commonly used Portland composite cements. This study was used as indicator of sulfate resistance of the cements. represents a part of the EnDurCrete project that fo- On the basis of the test results, it is determined that the cuses on the durability of concrete produced with novel fly ash and cements fulfill the quality criteria defined in low-clinker cements, containing high-value industrial by- the standards. It is also concluded that the cements with products. More specifically, we investigated the chlor- 30% fly ash show the best results from the aspect of sulfate ide ingress resistance of such concrete. Concrete cylin-resistance. ders were submitted to chloride ingress by bulk diffusion. The chloride ingress resistance was investigated on con-Construction, maintenance and crete samples by µXRF scanning and chloride titration. In addition, the chloride binding capacity of these novel modelling binders was investigated on paste samples by determin- ing chloride binding isotherms for both binders. In the Wednesday Morning Track C - next step of the project, these experimental results will S15 be matched with an advanced model, which is being de- Apr 21, 10:10 - 11:00 veloped within the project. By combining modelling with experimental verification, we aim to reach a better under-OR-43 standing of the fundamental chloride ingress mechanisms Predictive maintenance planning for transport inacting on novel types of concrete. The overall goal of the frastructure work is to produce a concrete with lower cost, lower envir-Irina Stipanovic onmental footprint and with verified similar or improved Infra Plan consulting, Croatia durability. Infrastructure maintenance is a complex task due to OR-42 the number of factors, e.g. safety and availability re- Sulfate resistance of cement with different volumes quirements, ageing of the existing assets, increased traffic of fly ash intensity and budget constraints. With the shift from Kristina Hadzievska1, Toni Arangjelovski 2, Darko Nakov2, manual to computerized solutions, many transport agen-Goran Markovski3 cies are storing and managing the immense amount of data 1DIU Urban Engineering, North Macedonia related to assets’ properties and their operational perform-2University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, FCE, Concrete and Tim-ance. Yet, the maintenance planning of these assets is still ber structures, North Macedonia mostly driven by available budgets, planned schedules, ex-3UKIM Faculty of Civil Engineering, Concrete and Timber perts’ intuition, and sudden failures. Road and railway structures, North Macedonia agencies are lacking automated solutions or decision support models that could make the use of available data and Sulfate attack is complex severe set of chemical and could assist in decision-making processes. physical processes that have great influence on concrete In this paper, different approaches for development of de-durability. Sulfate resistance of concrete should be ob-cision support models for optimization of maintenance tained by requirements for low-permeability, use of sulfate planning will be presented. A typical predictive main-resistance cement and proper production. In this paper tenance modelling framework and its key components are an experimental research is presented on the possibility of going to be discussed. Finally, the application of machine 44 learning models on large number of assets along the trans-adhesives could potentially be used in CLT structures for port infrastructure network will be illustrated. anchoring the CLT wall with “flexible” glued-in rods or as a “flexible” vertical shear connection between the CLT OR-44 walls. Such systems have a potential to dissipate energy Ductility of Hybrid FRP – Steel Reinforced Con-in seismic areas. crete Sections Tvrtko Renić, Ivan Hafner, Tomislav Kišiček University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department Digitalization and automation of structural engineering, Croatia Reinforced concrete is a widely used structural ma- Wednesday Before Noon Track terial. Usually, steel is the material used for reinforcing A - S16 elements. Most important problem with using steel is the Apr 21, 11:15 - 12:00 fact that it is susceptible to corrosion, which significantly affects durability of a structure. Fiber reinforced poly-OR-46 mer (FRP) materials can be used instead of steel to avoid Bim application in civil engineering projects corrosion. FRP can either be used for repair of existing, Dejan Vasić, Marina Davidovic or design of new structures. Different materials can be Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia used to form FRP reinforcement, each having their own BIM, abbreviation from “Building Information Model- modulus of elasticity and strength, but all of them be- ing” is a relatively new concept in the technical disciplines. having elastically until failure. Usually, stiffness of steel Scientists, engineers and designers consider this techno-is greater than stiffness of FRP bars, making FRP rein- logy as future in all stages of design. In traditional design, forced elements more sensitive to deflections. Hybrid FRP there are two-dimensional elements, while BIM also im- – steel reinforced members mitigate insufficiencies of both plies a third dimension. However, the BIM model of an elements reinforced only with steel and elements reinforced object is not just a 3D model, it is also a model that con-only with FRP. Behaviour of hybrid reinforced members tains numerous kinds of data and information that can depends on not only the amount of each type of reinforce-be used and manipulated throughout the whole life cycle. ment, but also on its distribution inside a section. Since This paper gives an overview of BIM technology and mod-ductility of sections is important for overall structural re-eling based on captured data. The obtained point cloud, sponse, a more detailed analysis of ductility is given in this as input data is obtained by laser scanning. Two case paper. Different concrete sections with the same bending studies are presented - creating a 3D smart home model moment capacity are analyzed. Only rectangular sections and 12 km long rail. under bending moment are considered in this paper. Con- crete class, width and height are all kept the same, while OR-47 the rebar material, amount and layout are varied. Bending Education for zero energy buildings using Building moment – curvature diagrams are obtained and compared Information Modelling with each other, as well as section stiffnesses. Bojan Milovanovic, Mergim Gaši, Sanjin Gumbarević, Marina Bagarić OR-45 University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department Flexible polymer connections for clt structures of materials, Croatia Boris Azinović 1, Andreja Pondelak1, Jaka Pečnik2, Vaclav Sebera2 The construction industry across Europe is facing ma- 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, jor challenges in achieving energy efficiency targets, in Slovenia particular for Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB), but 2Innorenew CoE, Slovenia they are also experiencing a digital revolution, with Building Information Modelling (BIM). The Fit-to-NZEB, Net- This paper explores the possibility of using flexible UBIEP (Horizon 2020) and BIMzeED (Erasmus+) pro- polymer adhesives to dissipate energy in CLT buildings jects intend to improve the human-capital basis of the con-during earthquakes. In the first series of tests, pull-off struction sector, which is identified as a strategic initiative tests of various polyurethane (PUR) adhesives were per-by the European Commission, acting on Higher Education formed. The connection was tested in pull-pull config- Institutions (HEIs) and Vocational Education and Train- uration using monotonic, tension-only loading. The tests ing (VET) systems in Europe. These projects support have shown that the adhesive can resist large deformations the construction industry, through education and training already in tension loading and with small thicknesses of to upskill on technical innovation and digitalization. Not the bond-line. Based on the pull-off test results, one adonly is digitalisation trainings an important focus for the hesive has been selected for further testing. Monotonic progression of the construction sector, but providing a low lap-shear tests were performed with the selected adhesive carbon efficient economy requires the integration of BIM and thick bond-line (3 and 6 mm). The results show, that with nZEB design and development approaches. At EU the standard method for lap-shear testing (EN 205) needs level, the challenge remains to introduce relevant stand-to be adapted for thick glue-line. It was found that the ardised environmental and energy efficient learning topics strength of 3 mm glue-line is higher than 6 mm one, which into mainstream training and degree courses at HEIs & is in agreement with adhesion theory. The flexible PUR VETs. This paper analyses the current situation in the Ar-45 chitecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry Material – environment interaction in several EU countries and provides a possible solution for the abovementioned problems in the field of NZEBs Wednesday Before Noon Track and BIM. The analysis of current formal and informal educational B - S17 programs in the AEC industry revealed that topics re- Apr 21, 11:15 - 12:00 lated to the DER and NZEBs are not adequately covered, OR-49 or not covered at all, resulting with a lack of qualified Comparative study of selected properties of workers and professionals. Another major problem detec- three binders: blended portland cement, calcium ted in the conventional project delivering is an absence of sulfoaluminate cement and alkali activated mater-integrated or interdisciplinary approach between all the ial based concrete stakeholders. Ivana Vladic Kancir, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Marijana This paper will show how the competences of construc-Serdar tion stakeholders in the field of NZEBs and BIM can be Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia increased. The dependency on cement as the main binder in the OR-48 manufacturing of concrete has increased the demand for Characterization of the reaction degree of slag in a cement. Though it is vital for construction, it has a sig-cement by neural networks based electron micro- nificant carbon footprint as during its production, high scopy image analysis energy is consumed, and greenhouse gases are emitted. Priscilla Teck 1, Ruben Snellings1, Jan Elsen2 According to recent studies, the cement industry cur- 1VITO, Sustainable Materials, Belgium rently contributes to approximately 10% of total global 2KU Leuven, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Belgium CO2 emissions. To reduce the adverse effects, research has been ongoing following the principles of sustainabil-Ground granulated blast furnace slag is often used as ity, to produce eco-friendlier alternative binders for the a supplementary cementitious material in cement to im-construction. In this experimental work, a comparative prove the durability of the cement and reduce CO2 emis- study was conducted on concrete prepared with calcium sions. The performance of the slag containing cement de-aluminate cement (CSA), Alkali-Activated Binder (AAM) pends on the degree of reaction of the slag, which makes and a reference blended Portland cement (PC). To eval-measurement of the reaction degree essential. Commonly uate the binders for potential utilisation, the compressive used methods are XRD, selective dissolution and electron strength, capillary absorption, chloride diffusion and dry-microscopy image analysis. RILEM round robin results ing shrinkage were determined. The results indicated that have shown that XRD-PONKCS required further protocol CSA, though had higher chloride diffusion than PC on 28 development and selective dissolution tended to underesdays, this difference reduced on 56 days. At the same time, timate the degree of reaction. Electron microscopy seemed the difference between chloride diffusion of AAM and PC to give more consistent results, however, image analysis was exponential. The capillary absorption results indic-using BSE images + EDX mappings is time consuming ated that both CSA and AAM achieved higher capillary and resolution dependent. Developing an image analysis absorption than PC. The drying shrinkage over time of algorithm that correctly segments the electron microscopy CSA and PC were almost identical, whereas for AAM the images can take a long time, involving many cycles of trial shrinkage was much higher than PC and CSA at all tested and error and is user dependent. In our study, we compare ages of concrete. It was observed from the compressive classical “manual” image analysis to artificial intelligence strength that CSA achieved higher early age strength and assisted image analysis using artificial neural networks for similar 28-days strength as PC while the AAM showed sig-determining the reaction degree of slag in cement. Artifi-nificant difference at different ages. Based on the results cial neural networks are a type of machine learning model obtained, it is pointed out that, if alternative binders are that will independently attempt to find the optimal way to to be used in concrete structures, their different properties segment an image based on a limited number of example compared to PC should be considered during preliminary segmentations (training cases). In addition to using color design of concrete in structures. information to segment, these networks can also recognize phases based on shapes and textures. Therefore, they have OR-50 a large potential to enhance image analysis. We use a real Sulfate resistance of concrete after two years ex-hydrated cement containing GGBFS and show that the posure to aggressive solutions reaction degree of GGBFS obtained by a neural networks Vesna Bulatović, Mirjana Malešev, Miroslava Radeka, based model is similar to “manual” image analysis and Vlastimir Radonjanin, Ivan Lukić XRD PONCKS. Furthermore, the neural network model Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Civil proved to require less development effort and contains less Engineering and Geodesy, Serbia systematic errors than the “manual” image analysis mak- ing it a promising technique to use in the future. SUMMARY: The sulfate resistance of four types of concrete immersed in 5% Na2SO4 or 5%MgSO4 solutions for period of 24 months was investigated. Two water to cement ratios were varied (0.38 and 0.55) and two types of common cement were used: portland cement (CEM I 46 42.5R) and blastfurnace cement (CEM III 32.5N LH/SR). One of the main reasons for strengthening, repair or Control specimens were cured in lime-saturated water. even demolishing of concrete structures is the appearance Sulfate resistance was monitoring through change in com-of large deflections or cracks developed in the service life pressive strength and volume change. Thermogravimet- of the structures, caused by many different reasons. On ric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA– the other hand, sustainability of concrete structures can DSC) were used as an additional analysis. It is concluded be achieved if we avoid these actions by design of more that both methods (change in compressive strength and durable structures. The addition of fibres to concrete is length change) show results that lead to the similar as-well known measure that can help in achieving this goal, sessment of sulfate resistance. The experimental results proven by now on many short term test. Since there is of chosen methods showed that the effect of w/c ratio was a scarcity of long-term tests dealing with fibre reinforced more pronounced for the portland cement, while the blast-concrete, to find out the influence of different types of furnace cement was less affected by an increase in the w/c fibre reinforcement on the long-term deflections and long-ratio. Concrete will achieve satisfactory sulfate resistance term cracks of concrete structures, an experiment was after immersion in sulfate solutions for 24 months if appro-carried out at the Faculty of Civil Engineering–Skopje. priate type of cement or water to cement ratio is chosen. The experiment consists of 12 full scale reinforced concrete beams, all manufactured with concrete class C30/37, OR-51 but reinforced with different types (steel, macro and micro Effect of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion Be-polypropylene fibres and their combination) and amount haviour of Structural Steel in Mortar: Comparison of fibres (0, 0.38%, 0.39% and 0.76% from the volume) and between Standardized and Alternative Method additional longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The Kiran Ram Porikam Poil, Matea Flegar, Marijana Serdar results from the long-term tests showed up that even small Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Department amount of added fibre reinforcement have big influence on of Materials, Croatia both deflections and cracks, thus ensuring more durable Nowadays, corrosion of steel rebars is the most de-structures and reducing the costs for their possible repair structive durability issue in RCC structure. There are or strengthening in future. number of reasons behind this issue including chloride ingress and carbonation. In this study, the effect of two OR-53 different type of admixtures (set retarder and water repel-Experimental and numerical investigation of re- lent) on corrosion resistance of steel in mortar system was strained shrinkage of concrete investigated by method standardized in EN 480-14. In or-Lucija Hanžič 1, Jurij Karlovšek2, Tomaž Hozjan3, Sabina Huč4, Zhongyu Xu2, Igor Planinc3, Johnny Ho5 der to know the efficiency of standard procedure, another 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute set of specimens were casted and assessed by an altern- (ZAG), Slovenia ative corrosion detection method. All the specimens were 2The University of Queensland, School of Civil Engineering, exposed to 3.5% NaCl and saturated Ca (OH)2 solution Australia and the corrosion activity monitored regularly. In stand-3University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engin-ard method, corrosion activity was evaluated by measur- eering, Slovenia ing the maximum current density values during potentio- 4University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical static polarization. After detection of the corrosion, speci-Technology, Slovenia mens were opened and checked to confirm the corrosion by 5Guangzhou University, School of Civil Engineering, China visual observation. In the alternative method, corrosion was monitored for a specific period by linear polarization To promote the understanding of shrinkage related be-method. haviour of concrete used for tunnel linings the experi- mental and theoretical investigation including numerical and analytical approach was performed on ring-shaped Construction, maintenance and specimens. Overall one analytical (an.) and two numer- modelling ical models, namely (i) and (ii) were also developed. Models (an.) and (i) considered the restraining steel ring to Wednesday Before Noon Track be rigid, thus not exhibiting any deformation. Numerical C - S18 model (ii) considered the steel ring to be deformable. The experimental set-up consisted of a large concrete ring with Apr 21, 11:15 - 12:00 an inner diameter of 120 cm, an outer diameter of 160 cm and 20 cm in height. The restraining steel ring was 5.5 cm OR-52 thick. Two concrete rings were made, namely R1 with a Fibre Reinforcement - the Key to Sustainable Re- low compressive strength of ˜26 MPa and the other, R2, inforced Concrete Structures with medium compressive strength of ˜40 MPa. The strain Darko Nakov 1, Hatim Ejupi1, Goran Markovski2, Toni was measured in the hoop direction on the inner circumfer-Arangjelovski1 1 ence of the steel ring and on the outer circumference of the University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, FCE, North Macedonia 2 concrete ring. Concrete rings were subjected to circumfer-UKIM Faculty of Civil Engineering, Concrete and Timber ential drying. Numerical model (ii) predicted critical time structures, North Macedonia to the formation of the first crack to be between 13 and 47 14 days. The experimentally determined critical time is or off site, utilise specialist formulations. This paper de-found to be 11 to 13 days with cracks gradually opening scribes a new cementitious formulation which can be ex-over several days. This was indicated by changes in meas-truded from a syringe device without the requirement for ured concrete and steel strain. Modelled concrete strain the addition of an accelerator at the nozzle. This approach just before cracking was between -20 and 30 × 10 6 m m brings advantages in that the system required is smaller, 1 however, measured concrete strain was ˜150 × 10-6 m lighter, consumes less power and is suitable for mounting m-1. Modelled steel strain was between -30 and -40 × 10-6 on robots which are not reliant on external power or ma-m m-1 while measured steel strain was between -10 and terial supplies. Applications of this smaller scale system 20 × 10-6 m m-1. These discrepancies, in particular the include concrete crack repair in hard to access areas and positive steel strain obtained in experiments, require fur-printing of specialist conductive formulations which can ther investigation and improvements of the experimental be used for sensing. Cementitious pastes were successfully set-up. printed using a miniature deposition device which could be carried by a small robotic printing agent. Appropri-OR-54 ate workability and buildability following deposition was Seismic Strengthening of Stone Masonry Struc-achieved through the use of cellulose gum additions to the tures – State of the Art mix formulation. Analysis and characterisation tests car-Ivan Hafner, Tvrtko Renić, Tomislav Kišiček, Mislav Step-ried out on fresh mixes enabled comparison of a 1:1 mix inac of aluminium lactate and diethanolamine with the com- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department mercially available accelerator Master X-seed, and mixes of Structural Engineering, Croatia with no accelerating admixture added. When compared In Croatia, a great amount of buildings are built in ma-to results featuring no accelerating agent, tests demon-sonry. The majority of them were built before the develop- strated that Master X-seed was the more effective accel-ment of seismic codes and a lot of them are vernacular, un-erator, promoting early compressive and flexural strength reinforced structures. As a result, many of these buildings development, but neither accelerator made a construct-need to be evaluated and, if needed, strengthened. Today, ive contribution to rheological properties over a two-hour codes and guidelines for the evaluation and retrofitting period. X-seed was the more effective, but rheology res-of existing masonry structures do exist but are not very ults suggest the difference occurs logistically too soon for a comprehensive and require a lot of engineering subjective miniaturised deposition system. The retardation effect of judgement to implement. Furthermore, the problem lies cellulose gum and the potential role of in-situ and off-site in the complexity of implementing retrofitting methods miniaturised AM methods are evaluated. since most of the masonry buildings are in use (private or public) during the strengthening. Besides that, a great OR-56 number of buildings in Croatia (i.e. City of Dubrovnik) Temperature pre-treatment of gypsum for powder and around the world built in stone masonry have a great based 3D printing technology heritage value so the requirements made by conservators Lidija Korat, Vesna Zalar Serjun play a part in the methods used as well. An overview of Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, the most commonly used methods of seismic analysis and Slovenia strengthening are presented in this paper. The main ob- In recent years many researchers have been involved jective of this paper is to comprehend, gather and compare in studies in the field of pre-treatment of various raw ma-different state-of-the-art principles of seismic retrofitting terials. Temperature treatment of materials results in of structures focusing on stone masonry. Different ap- several advantages, which have been already recognised proaches are analysed and compared in order to get closer and successfully applied in various fields of applications. to a unified method of evaluation and strengthening of Where at the same time, the practices has been adopted existing structures. also in the field of 3D printing. Enhanced strength and stiffness, assuring desirable performance criteria of the 3D printed models, reflect the most important characterist-Digitalization and automation ics. 3D printing binder jetting technology is based on the application of liquid binders onto powdered mater- Wednesday Afternoon Track A - ial, where gypsum powders have been commercially used S19 as a base raw material. As natural raw materials can be Apr 21, 13:00 - 14:00 replaced by other materials, such as recycled industrial by products, the aim of this research work was to evalu-OR-55 ate the potential usage of three synthetic gypsum powders Novel Cementitious Materials for Extrusion-based from different industrial processes for 3D printing. The in-3D Printing vestigation covered (a) mineralogical and microstructural Richard J. Ball, Barrie Dams, Paul Shepherd characteristics of gypsums from different origin and (b) University of Bath, Department of Architecture and Civil Enthe effect of pre-treatment of gypsum powders at different gineering, United Kingdom temperatures (up to 500 °C). On the basis of the results, the most promising temperature regime for each different 3D printing (or ‘additive manufacturing’ (AM) systems waste gypsum powder treatment, reflecting in the most used to manufacture cementitious structures, either in-situ 48 optimal setting time, was defined. Synthetic gypsums Slovenia were characterized by X-ray diffraction (QXRD), scanning 2Josef Stefan Institute, Slovenia electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal ana- In recent years, many new characterization techniques lysis (TG/DTA). The results showed that all three syn- have been introduced and improved in material science. thetic gypsums (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4�2H2O) A wide and diverse range of methodologies is now thermally degrade into calcium sulfate anhydrite (CaSO4) available in 2D and 3D scale imaging, combining the via an intermediate calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4� power and advantages of different imaging systems, e.g., ½H2O, bassanite) phase. Microstructural and mineralo-light, electron, ion, X ray [1,2]. All of these methods gical differences were observed when temperature treated are being implemented as correlative methods, providing gypsums from different origins were compared. The de-valuable information about the examined samples. By tailed knowledge of gypsum powder properties at different applying multiple workflows in additive manufacturing, temperature regime is important parameter for the assur-the identification of impurities or dislocations can be ance of 3D printing key parameters such as flowability, made, as well as understanding the process that led to the roughness and wettability, especially for determination of errors. Correlative microscopy can also be implemented in saturation levels and setting time. After all, these para-the detection of the deformation and potential structural meters define final mechanical properties of 3D printed failure of the fabricated elements. This study aims to structures. investigate experimentally (a) the effect of the “gypsum like” powder material characteristics on the elements OR-57 fabricated via binder jetting additive manufacturing by Development of sustainable lightweight 3D print- electron, ion and X ray microscopy (XRM) techniques, ing mixtures for 3D printing (b) to observe internal processes such as cracks initiation Pawel Sikora 1, Karla Cuevas Villalobos1, Jarosław and propagation down to the micro scale by the in situ use Strzałkowski2, Dietmar Stephan1 1 of the 3D XRM observation chamber under compressive Technische Universität Berlin, Building Materials and Con-loading and (c) to evaluate the possible combinations of struction Chemistry, Germany 2 multiple techniques, going from the micro to nano scale. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty Understanding the characteristics of printed elements of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland by binder jetting is crucial, especially for improving Additive manufacturing of cementitious composites en- accuracy, material compatibility and the mechanical ables the optimization of the wall systems which cannot properties. With unique multiple methods such char- be achieved by using formworks. Through, optimization acteristics can be better understood, nevertheless it is of the wall structure and thickness it is possible to improve well known that none of them can offer a read out of their thermal efficiency, thus reduce the energy loss during all characteristics simultaneously, and a combined effort heating and cooling seasons. However, to achieve this goal should be implemented. there is a strong need to balance between cavities and 3D printed material as well as decide on proper structure of [1] https://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/int/products/correlative-wall system. In addition, there is a necessity to develop a microscopy.html 3D printable mixture composition with low thermal con- [2] Toshio Ando et al 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 ductivity without disturbing mechanical properties. The 443001 purpose of this work is to develop sustainable lightweight concrete mixture to produce 3D printed wall systems. To achieve this goal waste glass aggregates as well as expan-Material – environment interaction ded microspheres were incorporated to the mixture. Fresh and hardened properties of printable mixtures were evalu-Wednesday Afternoon Track B - ated. Incorporation of waste glass aggregate and expanded S20 microspheres allowed to reduce the density of the mixture Apr 21, 13:00 - 14:00 as well as decrease its thermal conductivity. Wall con- figurations with different fillers were designed to evaluate OR-59 thermal transmittances (U-values) of the printed walls. Study on mechanical and durability properties of The cavities between printed elements were filled with air, concrete with RTPF after high temperature ex-ultra-lightweight foamed concrete or polyurethane foam. posure Through simulation studies, the most thermally-effective Marija Jelčić Rukavina wall system was developed in order to meet the U-values University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department regulated by EU towards applying them as a building en-for Materials, Croatia velopes. This paper presents the results of an experimental OR-58 study conducted to evaluate the effect of recycled tyre 3D multi scale imaging in additive manufacturing polymer fibres (RTPF) on the mechanical and durabil- Lidija Korat 1, Mateja Podlogar2 ity properties of concrete after high temperature expos-1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, ure as an alternative to polypropylene fibres (PPF) for spalling mitigation. For this purpose, three different concrete mixes were tested: conventional concrete without 49 fibres and two mixes with 2 kg/m3 of RTPF and PPF re-Portland cement (PC) to binders with high proportions of spectively. After one year of curing, the specimens were supplementary cementitious materials such as blast fur-tested under ambient conditions and after exposure to a nace slags such as CEM II, CEM III A/B, alkali-activated predefined elevated temperature of up to 500°C with re-slags (AAS). The reducing nature of the blast furnace is spect to compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, UPV retained by the slag, which contains ˜1–3 wt.% sulfur (exand water absorption. The results obtained in this study pressed as SO3), mostly in a reduced state and available lead to the important conclusion that the addition of RT- to dissolve when mixed with water or an alkaline solu-PFs in an amount of 2 kg/m3 can be used as a substitute tion. The pore solution chemistry of most modern ‘alfor PPF to prevent explosive spalling in heated concrete, ternative’ construction materials can be characterised as but without further degradation of the mechanical and being rich in reduced sulfur species, and highly alkaline. durability properties that may be caused by their melting. There remain many open questions about the influence of such alkaline-sulfide solutions on the passive film formed OR-60 on common mild steel reinforcement, and thus the sus- Effect of Binder Composition on Carbonation Res- ceptibility of this steel to chloride-induced corrosion. This istance of Sustainable Concrete Formulations study focusses on the influence of reduced sulfur species on Ognjen Rudic, Joachim Juhart, Jonas Neumeyer, Josef mechanisms of passivation of steel and the phenomena of Tritthart, Markus Kruger localised corrosion due to chlorides in highly alkaline elec-Graz University of Technology, Institute of Technology and trolyte solutions with containing varying concentrations Testing of Building Materials (IMBT-TVFA), Austria of reduced sulfur species, via electrochemical and spectro-Sustainable concrete formulations typically have low scopic techniques. The passive film formed on the steel clinker content and a high portion of supplementary ce-is an assemblage of Fe(OH)2 and Fe-S complexes, instead mentitious materials (SCM), so that their carbonation res-of the conventional Fe (III) oxide film that forms in con-istance may be low. In order to investigate microstructure tact with sulfide-free alkaline solutions. In alkaline-sulfide and carbonation resistance of blended binders systemat-solutions, the critical chloride concentration to induce cor-ically, in the presented test series the portion of OPC rosion was found to be dependent on the concentration of was varied from 100% to 60 % and specific SCM were sulfide (i.e. the reducing capability of the electrolyte), added: 2 different limestone powders (LSP) and finely and on the time that steel specimens were exposed to the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Specimen electrolyte, consistent with the progressive formation of a were exposed to both natural and accelerated carbona-protective sulfidic layer on the steel. tion exposure with 0,04% and 2% of CO2, respectively. Porous microstructure as dominant factor governing the OR-62 durability behavior was investigated by Mercury intrusion Influences of the combined application of polysac-porosimetry (MIP) and low nitrogen adsorption porosi- charides and superplasticizers on early hydration metry (BET), while the mechanical properties were as- of cement sessed by compressive strength assessment up to 182 days. Alexander Mezhov, Wolfram Schmidt Gas transport and water uptake were evaluated by air Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), permeability measurements and dynamic vapour sorption Germany (DVS) tests. Compressive strength assessment indicate Organic admixtures are an indispensable component of significantly higher strength increase at early age (from modern concrete. Thus, their purposeful application is not 1st through 28th day) of blended formulations compared only technically and economically viable but in addition to reference OPC mortars, highlighting the positive influ-an inevitable tool to make concrete more environmentally ence of combined contribution of latent-hydraulic reaction friendly. In this context, the use of polysaccharides has and LSs „filler-effect“ on early strength development. It increasingly gained interest in the built environment as is shown how different binder compositions influence ca-sustainable resource for performance enhancement. How- pillary pore size distribution and subsequently fluid (gas ever, due to its origin, biopolymers possess a vast variety and water) transport properties. Consequences for the of molecular structures which can result in incompatibilit-carbonation resistance of blended mortars are discussed In ies with other polymers present in concrete, such as plasti-addition, residual Ca(OH)2 content obtained by DTA/TG cizers. The present study highlights effects of the joint ap-investigations suggests the importance of portlandite pres-plication of different polysaccharides such as diutan gum ence in case of blended binder formulations as a vital para-and different types of starches and polycarboxylates with meter related to carbonation resistance. respect to their influence on cement hydration, binding capacity of calcium ions and structural build-up of cement OR-61 pastes. Steel reinforcement in slag containing binders and its susceptibility to chloride-induced corrosion Shishir Mundra1, John Provis 2 1Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Germany 2University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, United Kingdom The construction industry has moved from using plain- 50 Construction, maintenance and for evaluating the behaviour of SFRC, which considers the modelling entire surface under the load – deflection curve. Both parameters (��b and 1/B) show a similar impact of age on SFRC behaviour. A slightly different estimate of the Wednesday Afternoon Track C - impact of age is obtained when the equivalent strength is S21 considered, which is calculated from the surface under the Apr 21, 13:00 - 14:00 load-deflexion curve to the characteristic deflexion of frac-ture zone ��, which also varies with the age of the SFRC. OR-63 Numerical Modelling of Concrete Beam Rein- OR-65 forced with FRP Bars Subjected to Bending Until Modelling the durability of novel cementitious ma-Failure terials exposed to the drying and carbonation Tomislav Kišiček 1, Nikolina Uglešić2 Yushan Gu 1, Alisa Machner2, Marie H. Bjørndal2, Klaartje 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia De Weerdt2, Aljoša Šajna3, Lucija Hanžič3, Benoit Bary1 2D&Z d.o.o., Croatia 1The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Com- mission (CEA), France The topic of this paper is numerical modelling of con- 2Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), crete beams reinforced with FRP reinforcement and com-Department of Structural Engineering, Norway parison of the results with experimental ones. Numerical 3Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute models of concrete beams subjected to bending until fail- (ZAG), Slovenia ure, reinforced with steel, GFRP or CFRP reinforcement have been made. The finite element method was used, and The behaviour of novel cementitious materials (low the models were made in Midas FEA software. Concrete clinker cement CEM II/C and CEM VI) exposed to CO2 is modelled by the total strain crack theory. A smeared is simulated and investigated with a simplified model in cracks model was used. Steel is modelled as Von Mises this paper. Based on studies of the evolution of the phase material, while FRP behaviour is linear elastic. The inter- assemblage obtained from GEMS, the carbonation pro-face between the reinforcement and the concrete was also cess is simplified into the dissolution of one combined Ca-modelled, as bond – slip function. The goal is to com- containing phase and the precipitation of calcite phase. pare the results obtained by numerical models with the The purpose is to quantify some physical variables rep- results obtained by experiments, which were elaborated in resentative of the reactive transport properties: satura-previous work of first author. Experimental results contion degree for drying, porosity, calcite and Ca-containing tain material properties of used materials: concrete, steel phase content for carbonation. The dissolution rate of and FRP reinforcement and bond slip behaviour between the Ca-containing phase and corresponding precipitation reinforcement and concrete. The results showed that it is of calcite are assumed to be determined by the saturation possible to obtain similar results obtained by experimental degree, the partial pressure of CO2, and the concentra-research, but very important is knowledge of material be-tion of calcium in solid phases. The carbonation process haviour and modelling of it. is assumed to be ruled by two phenomena: the water mi- gration through the connected porosity and the diffusion OR-64 of carbon dioxide in the gaseous phase, which are governed Evaluating the impact of age on the behaviour of by two mass conservation equations. This model is solved sfrc during flexural loading by the finite element code Cast3M, and is verified using Jakob Šušteršič, David Polanec, Rok Ercegovič, Andrej experimental data from carbonation depth measurements Zajc using a pH indicator, portlandite and carbonate profiles IRMA Institute for Research in Materials and Applications, from thermogravimetric analysis and drying experiments Slovenia on mortar and concrete. The paper gives and evaluates the results of flexural tests of 3-day-old to 4-year-old Steel Fibber Reinforced OR-66 Concretes (SFRCs). Flexural behaviour of SFRC was Flexure Behaviour of High Strength Concrete with measured on beams with dimensions 100 × 100 × 400 mm Steel and Polypropylene Fibers Natalija Bede, Silvija Mrakovcic (span length of 300 mm). A static four-point flexural con-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department for Computer Mod-figuration was used for measurements in accordance with eling of Materials and Structures, Croatia the Japanese standard JSCE-SF4. Deflection measured at midspan increased with a constant rate of 0,5 mm/min High strength concrete (HSC) is very often used in during the testing. The parameter that was used to eval- structural design due to its numerous advantages in com-uate the impact of age on the behaviour of SFRC dur- parison to ordinary concrete. However, HSC has a ma- ing flexural loading is equivalent flexural strength��b. It is jor disadvantage, high brittleness. In general, addition of proposed by JSCE-SF4 and calculated by considering area fibres to concrete mixture increases ductility. Hence, to under load-deflection curve up to the deflection of L/150 overcome limitation of HSC steel fibres and combination = 2 mm (span L = 30 cm). In addition, the impact of of steel fibres with different volume fraction of polypro-age on the behaviour of SFRC during flexural loading was pylene fibres (PP) were added to concrete matrix. The further evaluated by ductility factor 1/B. It is a parameter main purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of 51 the addition of hybrid steel-polypropylene fibres on flex-ure behaviour of concrete. Based on three-point bending tests flexural strength and flexural toughness are experimentally determined. Further, load-displacement curves and typical failure mode from flexural tests are given. Moreover, standard cube specimens were tested to de- termine the compressive strength. All above mentioned properties are compared with referent concrete. 52 P O S T E R P R E S E N T A T I O N S ’ A B S T R A C T S Posters harmful impact on the environment. Since the turn of the twenty first century, it has been insisted on usage of re-Poster Session Track cycled materials which could, at least in part, substitute traditional materials. Even though the TV sets with cath-Apr 20, 9:15 - Apr 21, 17:00 ode ray tubes are no longer being produced, the amount of cathode ray tube glass (CRT) on the waste disposal sites PO-01 has still been increasing. Behaviour of External Thermal Insulation Com- The goal of experimental research was determining poten-posite Systems (ETICS) in terms of water absorp- tial for usage of finely milled CRT glass as a supplementary tion throughout their lifetime cementitious material and checking resistance of such con-Andreja Pondelak1, Lidija Korat 1, Primož Plešec1, Danijel cretes on the sulphate action. Six experimental batches of Lisičić2, Sabina Jordan1 1 concrete were made. The replacement percentage of ce- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, ment with CRT was: 5%,10%, 15%, 20% and 35%, by Slovenia 2 cement mass. Each batch consisted of 18 cylindrical spe-JUB d.o.o., Slovenia cimens with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 100 mm. The main function of External Thermal Insulation A half of specimens was cured in saturated solution of Composite Systems (ETICS) is to provide higro-thermal calcium-hydroxide until the test. The second half of spe-protection of the building and to improve its energy bal-cimens was kept for the first 28 days in the saturated solu-ance. For such system to perform efficiently throughout tion of calcium-hydroxide, after which they were exposed its entire life span, the properties of the rendering system to action of 5% solution of sodium-sulphate. Assessment (base coat and finishing coat) in terms of water absorp-of durability of concrete to sulphate action was performed tion are crucial. However, this protective function may be by the visual evaluation of concrete appearance and by limited with the ageing. testing the variation of compressive strength of treated In order to study the effect of aging, our first task was concrete specimens at the age of 3, 6 and 12 months. to evaluate the performance of the samples with the base coat. Samples manufactured by JUB were exposed to ac-PO-03 celerated aging and then tested according to procedure of Properties of light-weight self-compacting concrete determination of the resistance of external wall systems to for precast walls with improved energy efficiency driving rain under pulsating air pressure. The results of Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov 1, David Antolinc1, Andreja the measured water uptake showed that all aged samples Padovnik1, Tjaša Zupančič-Hartner2 absorbed less water than non-aged samples. Regarding 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engin-that, additional laboratory investigations have been made eering, Slovenia by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR spectro- 2VARIS Goup, Slovenia scopy to determine the changes in phase composition. HgThe paper will present physical and mechanical proper- porosimetry was used to analyse the changes in pore size ties of light-weight self-compacting concrete (LSCC) with distribution, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) designed density below 1600 kg/m3 and designed 28 day coupled with EDS was used to examine the changes in compressive strength class, according to EN 206 not lower morphology and to determine the mineral composition. than LC 15/16. It was found that lower water uptake of aged samples Low density of the LSCC mixture was obtained using ex- was caused mainly due to the changes in the sample sur- panded clay aggregate grains with density of about 650 face. This was demonstrated by SEM analysis where non- kg/m3 and high air content of the hydrated cement paste. aged samples have an undefined structure while the aged Adequate viscosity of the mixture in the fresh state and samples have defined crystalline one. The resulting rhom-high enough compressive strength in the hardened state bohedral particles, with the size of approximately 0.4-4 were obtained using cement CEM I 52.5 R, low water-to µm, are calcium carbonate (calcite), as shown by EDS. cement ratio and PCE superplasticizer. Reometer ConTec Higher proportion of formed calcite on the surface of aged Viscometer 5 was the main tool when designing fresh con-samples compared to the surface of non-aged ones was crete properties that assure concrete self-compacting abil-confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and by the EDS ity and adequate stability. analysis. High porosity of the hydrated cement paste and incor- poration of expanded clay aggregate grains considerably PO-02 lowered the E-modulus of concrete (17.5 GPa) and at the Resistance of Concrete Made with Finely Milled same time improved energy efficiency of the LSCC, com- Cathode Ray Tube Glass as a Supplementary Ce- pared to the normal weight reference SCC composition. mentitious Materials to Sulphate Attack However, drying of the LSCC is much slower, compared Dusan Grdic 1, Nenad Ristic1, Gordana Toplicic-Curcic1, to the reference SCC, due to high water retention capa-Jelena Bijeljic2, Zoran Grdic1 1 city of the lightweight aggregate. Capillary porosity and University of Nis, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architec-water vapour diffusivity of the LSCC, on the other hand, ture, Serbia 2 are about the same as for the reference composition. College of applied technical science Nis, Serbia Sustainable building is one of the key requirements in contemporary civil engineering aimed at reducing the 55 PO-04 Samples, where precursor was ground and sieved once be- Sensors for long-term control of relative humidity low 600 µm or below 90 µm, did not show any positive and temperature inside concrete and mortar results at room temperature. However, with curing at 110 Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov 1, Vid Pristavec1, David Antolinc1, °C or with microwaves, samples dried, solidified, and, in Samo Beguš2, Slaven Ranogajec2, Zvonko Jagličić1 the case of foamed structure, they kept pore distribution 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engin-stable. The highest compressive strength, 25 MPa, was eering, Slovenia gained with curing at 110 °C. Lowest density, 0.5 kg/l, 2University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, with compressive strength above 3 MPa was achieved with Slovenia treating with microwaves. The purpose of the study was functionality testing of Acknowledgement: Project No. C3330-17-529032 a custom made sensor system, which could be used for “Raziskovalci-2.0-ZAG-529032” was granted by the Min- long term measurements of the temperature and relative istry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of humidity inside mineral composites with alkaline binders, Slovenia. The investment is co-financed by the Republic such as cement, cement-hydrated lime or pure hydrated of Slovenia. lime binder. Long-term functioning of the SHT sensors was studied us-PO-06 ing three different composite mixtures: lightweight self-Effects of Waste Glass in Properties of Concrete compacting concrete (LSCC), cement-hydrated lime ma- Naser Kabashi, Enes Krasniqi, Milot Muhaxheri sonry mortar and pure hydrated lime mortar. The LSCC Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Civil Engineer-was cast into specially prepared moulds to simulate wall ing, Albania of prefabricated bathroom, whereas the two mortar com-There is a limit on the availability of natural aggreg- positions were used to build masonry prisms made of 3 ate used for making concrete mix, and also an environ- clay bricks and two mortar joints to simulate conditions ment imposition to reduce energy consumption and gas in masonry walls. The prepared sensors were positioned emission resulting from construction processes. A poten-at the centre of each element; concrete wall (2 parallel tial solution of this problem are considered thought usages specimens) and mortar joint (2 joints per mortar compos-of waste glass as partial replacement of natural coarse ition), and were later, during the casting, covered by fresh and fine aggregates in concrete mixes. Among the vari-mixture. The ALMEMO sensor system was used as a ref- ous waste materials, glass is considered a good substitute erence system only in the concrete specimens, because the for natural sand due to similarities in physical properties inclusion of a special tube with the protection of sensor and chemical compositions. The effect will be oriented at the top of the sensor was not possible for the mortar in replacement of aggregate in optimal percent to achieve joints. the requested parameters in concrete or improvement of specific properties. In order to account the numbers of PO-05 variables and establish a clear approach, various paramet-Influence of Drying Methods in Alkali Activation ers such as sand grading, source of waste glass, design mix of Waste Casting Cores and chemical analyses are taken into consideration. This Barbara Horvat 1, Alenka Pavlin2, Vilma Ducman1 study elaborates the property of fresh and solid state of 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, recycled glass concrete, focused on silica reactivity, grad-Slovenia ing of recycling glass and fine modulus. This paper gives 2Termit, Slovenia an overview of the current progress and recycling process Alkali activated materials are a potential future solu-of waste glass and using the waste glass as replacement of tion in the building industry since they address the aggregate and through this we tend not only help in the scarcity of available raw materials and larger and larger reuse of waste glass but also create a greener environment. amounts of waste materials which can be used as the precursors in alkali activation technology. Namely, only those PO-07 waste materials that have enough Si and Al in the amorph-Electrochemical corrosion tests on steel in alkali- ous phase can be utilized in alkali activation technology. activated materials Si and Al form an aluminosilicate network where both Nina Gartner, Tadeja Kosec, Miha Hren, Andraž Legat Al3+ and Si4+ are in tetrahedral coordination, which Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, leads to the need for balancing the charge for Al3+ with Slovenia elements from the 1st group. One of the potential alternatives to Ordinary Portland Waste casting cores are residue from the foundry industry. Cement (OPC) are Alkali-Activated Materials (AAMs). There are several types of cores depending on the techno- The service life of reinforced concrete structures greatly logical process and specifically casting temperature: hot depends on the corrosion resistance of embedded steel re-box, shell box (warm box), and cold box. Waste produced inforcement. Due to the wide range of AAMs and their with shell box method, where binder hardens with heat diverse properties, corrosion processes of steel in these only the outer layer of the sand core, was activated with materials are relatively unknown. Corrosion monitoring NaOH and Na-water glass, cured at lower conditions, and methods or their interpretations in certain cases cannot be dried at room conditions at 110 °C and volumetrically with directly transferred from the ones for OPC materials. The microwaves. chemical compositions of pore solution in different AAMs 56 influence the results of electrochemical measurements and crostructure, chemical and mineralogical composition was their interpretations. Within this research, three differ-investigated by SEM, EDX and XRD. Results of ternary ent alkali-activated mortar mixes were prepared, based on binder was compared both for PG and commercially avail-fly ash, slag or metakaolin. Pore solutions were extracted able gypsum plaster in composition. Presented material from each mortar and chemical analysis was acquired. Dif-proved to be competitive binder to create composites such ferent electrochemical corrosion measurements were peras mortars similar to materials based on traditional Port-formed on steel submerged to synthetic pore solutions. In land cement. parallel, ordinary carbon steel reinforcing bar was installed in the same types of alkali-activated mortar mixes. Spe-PO-09 cimens were exposed to wet/dry cycles with saline solu- The Design of New Sustainable Cements Using tion and periodic measurements of electrochemical imped-Wastes and Bio-derived Organic Additives ance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. Measured para- Gaone Koma, John Provis meters in both systems were analysed and compared. It University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science and was concluded that electrochemical measurements in pore Engineering, United Kingdom solutions can provide basic overview on corrosion beha- Alkali activated materials are a promising opportunity viour in different AAMs environments. Periodic EIS meas-to enable the valorisation of wastes while yielding high per-urements enabled monitoring of corrosion initiation and forming alternative cements. The uptake of these cements, propagation on steel reinforcement in AAMs, although which can be designed to offer attractive environmental the information on the corrosion type is missing. Inter- footprints, has been limited in part due to their high vis-pretation of results depends on visual analysis of corro-cosities and consequently poor workability. This study sion damages after the end of exposure, providing inform-aims to design flowable fresh pastes from blast furnace ation on corrosion type and intensity. The continuation of slag and fly ash activated cements without compromising research on corrosion monitoring techniques will be per-their strength development. This is achieved by the use of formed by using Electrical Resistance (ER) sensors and abundant, inexpensive and renewable bio-derived organic Coupled Multi-Electrode Array (CMEA) sensors. lignosulfonate admixtures. The study of the mechanism of action of these admixtures further contributes to the un-PO-08 derstanding of the binder chemistry and the design of low Microstructural investigation of phosphogypsum cost, low CO2 cements with technical characteristics that based ternary system binder are desirable in modern construction industries. Blast fur-Girts Bumanis 1, Jelizaveta Zorica1, Rihards Gailitis2, nace slag and fly ash were activated with sodium silicate Andina Sprince2, Diana Bajare1 and sodium hydroxide solutions; scanning electron micro-1Riga Technical University, Department of Building Materials scopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise these and Products, Latvia materials before and after activation. A low sugar, cal-2Riga Technical University, Institute of Building and Recon-cium lignosulfonate (LS) derived from softwood was added struction, Latvia immediately upon activation and mini-slump tests, setting The construction industry is developing through the time and rheology tests were carried out to demonstrate implementation of global trends, such as the problem of the influence of this organic additive on the fresh-state conservation of earth resources, which with each passing properties of these alkali activated pastes. day becomes more relevant. Reduction of waste and its harmfulness from extractive industries and amending is PO-10 set as goal of European Parliament and the Council by Design of a Conference Gift for the CoMS 2020/21 directive 2006/21/EC, which can be carried out by using Darja Rant, Mateja Golež waste in the production of building materials. A prom- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, ising example and in the same time challenging material is Slovenia phosphogypsum (PG) – gypsum waste coming from fertil- The Sitarjevec mine in the town of Litija, Slovenia, is izer production plants, which could be used as a potential known for its ancient history of ore mining. Nowadays the replacement of natural gypsum. Since there are legisla-mine is abandoned, but the local community has recog- tion limits and prejudice coming from society regarding to nized the tourist potential of the mineral-rich mine, which PG, direct use of PG as substitution of natural gypsum contains some of the fastest growing dripstone structures products is problematic. Solution offered in this paper in in the world. An unexpected colour appears in certain utilization of PG is associated with the development of an areas of the mine as a consequence of mine mud deposits. advanced and new type of binder which has much lower These unique characteristics of the mine were a source carbon footprint comparing to Portland-cement while the of inspiration in the process of designing new products strength properties are similar to Portland cement. A for tourists. Larger mine mud deposits in the abandoned ternary binder based on PG, waste metakaolin and Port- mine shafts are considered as waste material, but, with land cement was researched in this study. Proposed its surprising colour, mine mud has been recognized as a material could contain up to 70% of PG while the op-source of pigment. To determine its recycling potential, timal design of ternary binder (50 wt% of PG) composi-pigment from the mine was investigated in terms of its tion in water-saturated conditions could give compressive suitability for textile printing at the Slovenian National strength up to 50 MPa at the age of 28d. Binder mi-Building and Civil Engineering Institute. Following pos-57 itive results, the pigment was used as a textile printing PO-12 colorant in the design of a conference gift. The design Influence of different types of fibers on the ulti-process combined the design of patterns visually related mate and residual flexural strength of sprayed con-to the heritage of the mine and the surrounding area with crete the use of pigment from the mine and product design. The Marko Stojanovic, Ksenija Jankovic, Dragan Bojovic, Lana goal was to develop a product suitable for the office envir- Antic Arandjelovic, Ljiljana Loncar onment. As a result, a unique gift for the CoMS 2020/21 IMS Institute, Centre for materials, Serbia conference was developed. The gift should serve as a tan-TThe influence of the application of different types of gible reminder of the event – something people will keep fibres on the flexural strength of beams cut from slabs and use in their office. It should be practical and useful, as of sprayed concrete is presented in the paper. Fibres well as tell a story of its production, meaning and design. of different materials, shapes and dimensions were used. The design process was centered around the creation of a All types of concrete were made of the same component low-cost yet original, crafted and sustainable conference materials and composition, except the amount of fibres gift. A pencil holder requiring self-assembly was designed, that is varied. Slabs of dimensions 60x60x10 cm were that allows the user to be part of the final design / process made using a concrete spraying machine. After curing, of realization. the beams of 75x125x500 mm were cut from the beams. Flexural strength of beams was tested according to SRPS PO-11 EN 14488-3 at the age of 28 days. Based on the test Assessment of Social Effects in Asset Management results, depending on the type, shape, amount and distri-Darko Kokot1, Alfred Weninger-Vycudil 2 bution of fibres, values of ultimate and residual strengths 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute were analysed. The highest values of ultimate and resid- (ZAG), Slovenia ual strength at deformations of 0.5-1, 0.5-2 and 0.5-4 mm 2PMS-Consult – Deighton Associates Ltd, Austria, Austria had sprayed concrete (or shotcrete) with the addition of The transnational European CEDR project ISABELA 40 mm polypropylene fibres. (Integration of social aspects and benefits into lifecycle asset management) was launched to define a common basis PO-13 for social impact assessment in asset management. The Energy efficiency improvement and fire safety of aim was to define a holistic asset management frame- high-rise residential buildings’ façades work for social key performance indicators (S-KPIs) and Suzana Draganić, Jasmina Dražić, Mirjana Malešev, Mir-to model social benefits in terms of social effects (mon-jana Laban, Olivera Bukvić etary and non-monetary), social backlog and social risk. Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Civil These project results are becoming increasingly import-Engineering and Geodesy, Serbia ant in the context of evaluating different maintenance In the second half of the XX century several dozens strategies for road infrastructure networks. While decision of high-rise residential buildings were built in Novi Sad, makers need to present the consequences of their mainten- with different variants of external walls. After years of ex-ance strategies and policies on both technical and social ploitation and lack of regular maintenance, there is a need levels, ISABELA showed how social aspects can be an infor renewal of their facades in order to comply with the tegrated part in asset management frameworks, how to requirements of contemporary technical regulations and present social impacts and how to discuss maintenance standards. The problems of buildings’ thermal renewal are needs using social aspects. The project aimed to identify closely related to fire safety issues, thus applied solutions clear and justifiable social key performance indicators in have to meet both the energy efficiency and fire safety re-combination with existing technical parameters, taking quirements. Within the first part of the paper, evolution into account different stakeholders and their needs and of Serbian regulations in the field of thermal protection expectations. To this end, ISABELA considers mainten- and fire safety of façades is presented. In the second part ance aspects such as traffic availability, disturbance and an analysis of the possibilities for improving the energy efficiency (travel time, vehicle operating costs, etc.), road performance of high-rise residential buildings in Novi Sad, safety (fatal and serious accidents related to asset condi-through a case study, was carried out. The issue of op- tion), environment (noise, air pollution, natural resources, timal thermal insulation material selection in the façade etc.) and socio economy (asset value, wider social effects, renewal process was considered. etc.). In addition to the S-KPIs, ISABELA proposed a decision-making process for the selection of appropriate PO-14 parameters and models, and demonstrated the assessment Application of terrestrial laser scanning method-of social effects with practical examples. ology in façade reconstruction and rehabilitation projects Dejan Vasić, Mehmed Batilović, Marina Davidovic, Tatjana Kuzmić Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia In recent years, the need for spatial data and products that can be obtained by processing them has been increasing. As a result, there is a tendency to collect data as 58 quickly as possible, which led to the development of new practice. methods, as well as to the improvement of the quality of the final products. In addition to saving time, tendency is PO-16 also to collect data of more accuracy, higher density, ex-Degradation of Tension Stiffening due to Corrosion traction of as diverse information as possible based on the – an Experimental Study on Cracked Specimens collected data, etc. Moreover, high demand exists in de-Paulo Šćulac, Davor Grandić, Ivana Štimac Grandić veloping the devices and platforms by which raw spatial University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia data is collected. Specifically, their features are getting In this work an experimental research will be presen-better, the devices are getting smaller and more compact, ted in which cracked reinforced concrete specimens were and ultimately, cheaper, making them significantly more exposed to accelerated corrosion and tested in uniaxial affordable and attractive to users. Terrestrial laser scan-tension in order to investigate the degradation of tension ning enables quick and easy collection of spatial geometric stiffening due to reinforcement corrosion. data. By using laser scanner, the area of interest is sur-Experiments on reinforced concrete tension specimens veyed with high frequency. Based on the collected data, with corroded reinforcement have already been performed the position of each point in the 3D local coordinate sys-by many authors. Usually, the reinforcement corrosion tem is determined. In addition, it is possible to perform is induced through an external current power supply and georeferencing of spatial data, i.e. defining them in the the specimens don’t have cracks when the accelerated cor-state coordinate system. The paper gives a brief overview rosion is induced. Disadvantage of the tension stiffening of terrestrial laser scanning technology, methodology of obtained in this manner lies in the fact that concrete in data collection and processing for the needs of digitization structures usually subjected to bending or/and axial force of facades with a high level of detail. already has cracks perpendicular to longitudinal reinforcement, and that corrosion induced by galvanostatic method PO-15 (which causes mostly homogeneous reinforcement corro- Facade Fire Safety – Legal Framework in Serbia, sion) does not represent the actual corrosion process under Croatia and Slovenia natural environment (localised corrosion). Olivera Bukvić, Suzana Draganić, Mirjana Laban, Vlas-The concrete specimens are reinforced with a single bar timir Radonjanin running longitudinally through the centroid of the cross-Faculty of Tecnical Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering section, and exposed to reinforcement corrosion in a cyc-and Geodesy, Serbia lic corrosion test chamber by exchanging wet (salt water) Fire safety is one of the basic requirements buildings and dry (heating) cycles, simulating sufficiently repres-should meet during exploitation period. In recent years, entative the natural process of corrosion. Before exposing facade fires took dozens of human lives and caused great the reinforced concrete specimens to accelerated corrosion, material damage. In the last two years, Serbia’s fire safety cracks are introduced into the specimens. Consequently, regulations have been significantly improved, in line with this cracks have significantly deteriorated the bond in the Serbia’s commitments to the EU accession process. Regu-vicinity of the cracks. lation on Construction Products EU defines the minimum Testing was conducted on both corroded and controlling requirements that must be implemented into national le-un-corroded specimens, and a relationship between the ap-gislation of EU member states and countries in the process plied load and mean strain of the cracked specimens was of joining the EU. The performance of building materials, established. This model should be closer to the nature of and especially the reaction to fire, which are part of the a great number of reinforced concrete structures subjected exterior walls of buildings may significantly affect the pos-mainly to bending, meaning that the cracks form in the sibility of spreading fire on the façade of the building, as concrete already at the beginning of the exploitation of well as the transfer of fire to adjacent rooms in the building the construction, i.e. well before the corrosion process has affected by the fire.According to previous research studies started. on fire safety regulations for housing in Europe, there is still broad variety of systems of technical requirements for PO-17 buildings in the various European countries, despite the Valorisation of selected secondary raw materials existence of the Regulation on Construction Products and for low-CO2 cements the development of Euro Codes. The goals and topics are Katarina Šter 1, Peter Kesserű2, Ildiko Kovacs2, Mustafa quite similar, but detailed study reveals considerable vari- Hadžalić3, Gorazd Žibret4, Klemen Teran4, Snežana ety of functional requirements, performance requirements, Nenadović5, Andrej Ipavec6, Sabina Dolenec1 and specifications, with inconsistency within the require-1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, ments of some countries. A comparative analysis of fire Slovenia safety requirements for residential building façades in Ser-2Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd for Applied Research, Hungary bia, Croatia and Slovenia is performed in the paper, ac-3University of Zenica - Institute “Kemal Kapetanović”, Bosnia cording to the current legislation in all three countries, in and Herzegovina order to evaluate the need for further fire safety improve- 4Geological Survey of Slovenia, Slovenia ments. This article focuses on the analysis of fire safety 5Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia of facades, in order to identify differences in both levels 6Salonit Anhovo d.d., Slovenia of requirements and strategies that may be significant in Valorisation of secondary raw materials is being intens-59 ively investigated in the development of alternative min-PO-19 eral binders in the cement industry. A promising way of Use of Steel Slag for the Synthesis of Belite-recycling secondary raw materials is the synthesis of belite-Sulfoaluminate Clinker sulfoaluminate cement clinker. Due to the higher amount Lea Žibret 1, Martina Cvetković1, Maruša Borštnar1, Mojca of aluminium needed for their production in comparison to Loncnar2, Andrej Ipavec3, Sabina Dolenec1 common cements, valorisation needs to be performed first. 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, The aim of valorisation is to determine the aluminium-Slovenia containing residues that have a high potential to partially 2SIJ Acroni d.o.o., Slovenia or fully replace the limited and often expensive source of 3Salonit Anhovo d.d., Slovenia aluminium, i.e. bauxite that is currently used. On the Belite-sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cements are low carbon other hand, huge amounts of various industrial and mine mineral binders, which require low energy consumption waste in East-Southeast European countries could represand allow the incorporation of various secondary raw ma-ent a potential source of secondary raw materials. Thus, in terials in the clinker raw meal. In this study two types the first phase of the RIS-ALiCE project, different types of of unprocessed steel slags, coming from stainless steel pro-steel slags, ash, red mud, paper sludge, bauxite and metal duction, were incorporated in the BCSA clinkers. The mine tailings, have been identified. This study will present clinker phase composition, clinker reactivity, and the com-the results of the characterization of different previously-pressive strength of the cement were studied to evaluate collected secondary raw materials, using various analyt-the possible use of the slag in BCSA clinkers. The cement ical methods such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP clinkers were synthesized by using natural raw materials, optical emission spectrophotometry, gravimetry, X-ray white titanogypsum, mill scale, as well as two different powder diffraction, gamma spectroscopy, etc. Samples steel slags: (i) EAF S slag, which is a by product of melt-were characterized with respect to their chemical (main ing the recycled steel scrap in an electric arc furnace, and elements, trace elements, moisture content, mineral com- (ii) ladle slag as a by product of the processes of secondary position, presence of organic matter), physical (granulo- metallurgy, in various quantities. Raw mixtures with two metry, BET specific surface area, specific weight bulk different targeted phase compositions varying in belite, density) and radiological composition (content of radio-calcium sulfoaluminate and ferrite phases were sintered nuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th). Based on all these para-at 1250 °C. Clinker phases were determined by Rietveld meters, the potential of aluminium-rich residues for a low- quantitative phase analysis, while their distribution, mor-CO2 cement based on belite-sulfoaluminate clinker will be phology and incorporation of foreign ions in the phases assessed. As a secondary objective of the RIS-ALiCE pro-were studied by SEM/EDS analysis. The clinker reactivity ject, a detailed database (register) of Al-rich secondary was determined by isothermal calorimetry. BCSA cements sources in the ESEE Europe will be created and will serve were prepared by adding titanogypsum. The compressive as a link between the holders/producers of secondary raw strength of the cement pastes was determined after 7 days materials and potential end users. of hydration. The presence of a predicted major clinker phases was confirmed by Rietveld analysis, however peri-PO-18 clase was also detected. Microscopy revealed subhedral Non-destructive evaluation and monitoring ce- grains of belite and euhedral grains of calcium sulfoalumin-ment concrete-an experimental approach ate phases, while ferrite occurred as an interstitial phase. Sumedha Moharana The results showed differences in the microstructure and SHIV NADAR UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering, India reactivity of the clinker and cement, which can be attrib-In last few decades, the non-destructive evaluation and uted to varying amounts of ettringite due to different slag structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastruc-types. tures have gained popularity with the advent of smart material and better sensor integration with the structural PO-20 systems. Cement concrete system is heterogeneous nature First experiences in the development of slovenian and its strength development is very complex. There- sustainable building indicators fore, this paper studied the continuous monitoring of the Sabina Jordan 1, Friderik Knez1, Miha Tomšič2, Marjana concrete strength using two NDT & E method (UPV Šijanec Zavrl2 1 and Rebound Hammer) and Piezo-impedance based struc- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, tural health monitoring (PISHM). The embedded piezo Slovenia 2 sensor (epoxy coated piezo sensor) is used for this study. Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK, Slovenia Lab-based concrete samples are cast along the embedded The construction sector is recognised as having a key sensor and monitored for 30 days of air curing. The con-impact on the life on Earth. Consequently, the EU has tinuous strength monitoring concrete specimen is done for set clear environmental goals for 2030 and 2050, and is 30 days using both NDE techniques and smart materi-developing policies and tools to achieve them. One of als (Piezo Sensor) based evaluation. The overall results the tools for achieving these goals is to establish a sys-obtained from the three tests were compared for better tem for the evaluation of the environmental performance evaluation for the robust strength monitoring technique. of buildings, with the priorities of reducing GHG emis- sions, saving with natural resources and preserving the environment, while maintaining sustainable development 60 and ensuring a healthy living environment. Slovenia has PO-22 joined in achieving this goal with a study on the state Assessment of the condition and repair of the cul-of play, commissioned a few years ago by the Ministry verts on the highway of the Environment and Spatial Planning, as the starting Miloš Šešlija point for the development of sustainable building indic-Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering ators (SBIs). The research, which included an analysis and Geodesy, Serbia of the Slovenian legislation, commercial certification sys-The structures used to pass ditches, streams and canals tems for sustainable buildings and development in the field below the roads are culverts. They are small bridge struc-of green public procurement, exposed complementary but tures of openings up to 5.0 m. This paper presents the rather different goals and views. It further showed that the analysis of the culverts of different cross sections on the Level(s), which provides a common EU approach in assess-highway of the Niš District. It is given a brief description ing the environmental performance of buildings, seems to of each culvert with the defined types of damage observed be the most appropriate framework and the basis for the during the assessment, and the proposals for the repair of development of the Slovenian system of SBIs. The devel- this type of structure. About 25 culverts were surveyed opment of the Slovenian SBIs is currently underway within where different types of cross sections appeared, ie tubu-the project LIFE IP CARE4CLIMATE with the prepara- lar, plate, arched and a combination of these three types tion of guidelines, data sources and procedures for determ-of culverts. After the analysis, it was concluded that all ining the value of individual indicators for the assessment culverts should be regularly maintained, while for some of buildings. Initial research with key construction stake- culverts a complete reconstruction of the inflow or outflow holders has shown that the solution must be linked to the head should be done. national building legislation, computational methods and software tools, and also to the established planning proPO-23 cedures. The analyses have also shown that, parallel to Use of Sargassum (Brown Seaweed) Bio-waste in developing such a system, it is essential to provide a func-Construction Materials tional supporting environment and a specific, purposely Alejandra Ramirez Caro, Wolfram Schmidt, Hans-Carsten designed information platform to connect the stakeholders Kuehne with the developers of the sustainable building indicators Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Germany system. Sargassum is a brown seaweed polluting in massive quantities several seashores around the world. Currently, PO-21 this bio-based waste product is being removed from Properties of concrete curbs with recycled aggreg- touristic sectors, where is normally buried or discarded in ate from precast elements abandoned areas. However, limited knowledge is available Ksenija Jankovic 1, Dragan Bojovic1, Marko Stojanovic1, Iva Despotovic2, Lana Antic Arandjelovic1 about the potential benefits of this bio-waste in construc-1Institute IMS, Centre for materials, Serbia tion industry. Sargassum contains polysaccharides that 2Belgrade University College of Apllied Studies in Civil Engin-are well-known to positively influence the performance eering and Geodesy, Serbia of cement and concrete.[1-3] Some polysaccharides had rather fluidizing effects, others rather stabilizing effects The paper presents the possibility of using recycled and others strong thixotropic effects. The incorporation aggregate from precast concrete paving elements and of a rapid structural build-up in the very early stages of curbs in the production of concrete curbs. Experimental casting of concrete (by thixotropy) is one of the major work included several types of concrete consistency class challenges today in conjunction with more and more S1, made with different amounts of cement and coarse efficient and computerized technologies, as it helps to recycled concrete aggregate. The influence of percentage accelerate the production and supports additive manu-and grain size of recycled concrete aggregate on concrete facturing processes.[2] The aim of this investigation is to compressive strength at different ages was observed. extract the different types of polysaccharides present in Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded several sargassum species found in the Mexican Caribbean that the use of recycled concrete as an aggregate creates region and to study their effect on the rheology of cement. a new composite material that can be used for the Furthermore, the pozzolanic effect of sargassum residues production of precast elements. The results show that are also tested and their impact as co-fuel cement to the replacement of the coarse natural aggregate with minimize the energy and raw materials demand to reduce aggregate from crushed concrete is possible to produce CO2 emission. concrete curbs that meet the requirements of EN 1340, but the class depends on the replacement percentage [1] W. Schmidt, H.J.H. Brouwers, H.-C. Kühne, B. of the natural aggregate with recycled ones. In this Meng, Interactions of polysaccharide stabilising agents way, the production waste is turned back to process, and with early cement hydration without and in the presence the newly created concrete is certainly ecological material. of superplasticizers, Construction and Building Materials, 139 (2017) 584-593. [2] W. Schmidt, M. Alexander, V. John, Education for sustainable use of cement based materials, Cement and Concrete Research, 114 (2018) 103-114. 61 [3] Y. Peng, E. Xie, K. Zheng, M. Fredimoses, X. Yang, PO-26 X. Zhou, Y. Wang, B. Yang, X. Lin, J. Liu, Y. Liu, Experimental carbonation study for durability as- Nutritional and Chemical Composition and Antiviral sessment of novel cementitious materials Activity of Cultivated Seaweed Sargassum naozhouense Sebastijan Robič 1, Aljoša Šajna1, Lucija Hanžič1, Alisa Tseng et Lu, Marine Drugs, 11 (2013) 20-32. Machner2, Marie H. Bjørndal3, Klaartje De Weerdt3, Yushan Gu4, Benoit Bary4, Rosamaria Lample5 PO-24 1Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Appropriate sound insulation of facades as a meas- (ZAG), Slovenia ure to ensure acceptable acoustic comfort in res- 2Technical University Munich, Germany idential buildings 3Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Depart-Mihael Ramšak ment of Structural Engineering, Norway Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, 4The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Com-Slovenia mission (CEA), France 5Acciona Construction , Spain Wherever possible, the environment with residential buildings should be protected from the effects of noise The design process of concrete structures is carried out sources by environmental noise reduction measures. If using standards and guidelines, while the durability pre-such measures cannot reduce the noise level in the envir- dictions of concrete structures is supported only with ex-onment to an acceptable level, acceptable acoustic comfort posure classes and experience-based requirements. To im-in the residential buildings shall be ensured by adequate prove durability predictions of the carbonation resistance sound insulation of the facades, which is the main topic of concrete, a numerical model is being developed within of this paper. The paper outlines some of the criteria for the Horizon 2020 project EnDurCrete, coupling the rate of providing good acoustic comfort in the residential build-carbonation, and the drying rate. To verify the numerical ings, on the basis of which the conditions and necessary model, an accelerated carbonation study was carried out. measures for providing sufficient sound insulation of the Experiments were conducted on mortars incorporating a facade elements are discussed. Since, in addition to the novel CEM II/C (S LL) cement, developed within the En-noise from the environment, the acoustic comfort in apart-DurCrete project, and a commercially available reference ments is also affected by the noise from adjacent apart-cement CEM II/A S. EnDurCrete mortars (EnM) and ref- ments in the building, the link between the sound insula-erence mortars (RefM) were prepared with water-cement tion performance of facades and audibility of the speech ratios of 0.6 and 0.5 (denoted with label extensions -06 noise form adjacent apartments is also discussed. and -05). Visual assessments and thermogravimetric ana- lysis (TGA) were used to measure the carbonation rates, PO-25 which were found to be ˜1.0 mm day-0.5 in EnM-06 and Condition and repair assessment of the culverts on ˜0.6 mm day-0.5 in RefM-06, while in EnM-05 and RefM- the main roads 05 the values were ˜0.7 and ˜0.2 mm day-0.5 respectively. Miloš Šešlija Additionally, TGA shows that the initial portlandite (CH) Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering content is ˜1.5 wt% in EnM-06 as opposed to ˜3.0 wt% in and Geodesy, Serbia RefM-06. The difference in the initial CH content in the Culverts are structures used to pass ditches, streams two hydrated binders might explain the difference in their and canals below the roads. By definition, they are classi-carbonation rate. During the moisture transport experi- fied into smaller structures (bridges) of openings up to 5.0 ments a gravimetric method was used to determine mass m. In this paper the culverts of different cross sections, changes as specimens underwent drying and resaturation on the main road of the Raška District, were analyzed. A with and without CO2 present. The drying led to a de-brief description of each culvert was given, with the defined crease in mass, but in the presence of CO2 this mass loss types of damage observed during the visit, or assessment. was compensated by the mass gain due to uptake of CO2 Also, the suggestions are given for the repair of this type during carbonation. The resaturation experiments indic-of structure. About 60 culverts were surveyed where difate an increase in the suction porosity in the carbonated ferent types of cross sections appeared. Tubular, plate, samples compared to the non-carbonated samples. arched and a combination of these three types of culverts PO-27 were analyzed. After the analysis, it was concluded that Effect of Accelerated Carbonation on the Effi-all culverts should be cleaned, arranged around the inflow ciency of Immobilization of Cs in the Alkali-and outflow, as well as repairing of minor damage caused Activated Blast Furnace Slag by weather changes. In some culverts, in addition to the Miroslav Komljenovic1, Gordana Tanasijević 1, Vedran regular maintenance, a complete reconstruction of the in-Carević2, Ivan Ignjatović2, John Provis3 flow and outflow of the culverts must be done as well as 1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Bel-the replacement of the concrete culvert parts. grade, Materials Science Department , Serbia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia 3University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, United Kingdom In this paper the effect of accelerated carbonation pro-62 cess on the effectiveness of immobilization of cesium (sim-The visual appearance of exposed concrete increasingly ulated radioactive and toxic waste) in the alkali-activated plays a central role. Material imperfections, construction blast furnace slag (AABFS) matrix was studied. Blast errors, planning gaps as well as colour deviations are indic-furnace slag (BFS) was contaminated with 2% and 5% Cs ations for poor coordination, communication or prepara- (with respect to the dry BFS mass) and alkali-activated tion. For the professional refurbishment of imperfections, with sodium silicate solution, while the AABFS samples there are countless possibilities of concrete repair including were cured sealed in plastic envelopes for 24 h at 95oC. the “concrete cosmetics”. As part of a project work at the First series of AABFS samples were exposed to acceler-Carinthia University of Applied Sciences the influence of ated carbonation (open curing), while the second (refer-temperature on concrete-cosmetic operations on exposed ence) series of AABFS samples left to aging (also sealed) concrete was analysed. Three specimens were remodeled at room temperature until testing. Thereafter AABFS with the same mortar and each was stored at a different samples were subjected to a short-term (five-day) leach- place with different temperature: outside, indoor, and in ing tests according to the ANSI/ANS-16.1-2003 standard. a refrigerator. Already after the first weeks, slight colour The strength of AABFS mortars were tested according to differences were detected. Several specimens stored out-the SRPS EN 196-1 standard, while the carbonation was side and in the refrigerator showed a bright colouring, the confirmed by phenolphthalein test and SEM analysis. The specimens from the indoor conditioning retained a con-diffusion coefficient (D) and non-dimensional leachability stantly dark colour. The specimens stored in the refriger-index (L) of cesium leached from AABFS were calculated ator showed a dark colouring at the beginning but turned according to the ANSI/ANS-16.1–2003 standard. A cor-brighter from week to week. Depending on the different relation between the accelerated carbonation process and temperature influences, the specimens got various colours the effectiveness of immobilization of cesium in AABFS even though the same products were used. was established. PO-30 PO-28 Self-Sensing Properties of the Slag Geopolymer High volume cement replacement by biomass ashes Composite with Graphite Powder under Flexure in cement-lime mortar Pavel Rovnaník, Cecílie Mizerová, Ivo Kusák, Pavel Schmid Slobodan Šupić, Mirjana Malešev, Vlastimir Radonjanin Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Serbia Development of smart materials is one of the great challenges for the sustainable building. New functionalCement-lime mortar is used for a wide range of con- ities of common building materials can be achieved by the struction works and products around the globe, hence con-addition of conductive admixtures that reduce the elec- serving natural resources used for its production is of a trical resistivity. Such composites gain the importance great importance. Recent literature works indicate that in the new field of applications that comprise self-sensing ashes generated by combustion of harvest residues can and self-heating materials or self-monitoring structures. be used as SCM materials in cement-based composites, This paper deals with the self-sensing properties of slag thereby saving energy, reducing CO2 emission and con-based geopolymer with graphite powder. The amount tributing to cost effective and cleaner environment. In of graphite in the tested specimens was 3 and 10%, re-this research work, three types of biomass ashes were used spectively. The self-sensing properties were tested under as cement replacement in cement-lime mortar with 30%, repeated flexural loading with constant amplitude in the 50% and 70% substitution: the ash generated by combus- configuration of three-point bending test. Both compos-tion of wheat straw (WSA), mixture of wheat and soya ites showed good sensing properties and reproducibility of straw (WSSA) and mixture of wheat straw and sunflower the piezoresistive response to the flexural loading. husk. In addition, two types of fine aggregate were varied: standard quartz sand and sand for plastering of river PO-31 origin. In this way, 20 different cement-lime mortar mixes Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings in with binder-lime-aggregate volume ratio of 1:1:5 were cas-Kosovo ted. Investigations were carried out on fresh and mech- Arta Sylejmani 1, Bojan Milovanovic2 anical properties of mortar, which include: consistency of 1Municipality of Prishtina, Urban Planning, Albania fresh mortar and compressive strengths of hardened mor- 2University of Zagreb, Department of Materials, Croatia tar, at the ages of 28 and 90 days. The results indicate that it is possible to produce cement-lime mortar, blended Energy efficiency, is supposed to be the first step to-with biomass ashes, with satisfying fresh and mechanical wards sustainability in residential buildings. In Kosovo, properties comparable with those of reference mortar. the residential sector is considered to be the largest user of energy consumption, characterized by a high degree of PO-29 inefficiency. The main obstacles are the old buildings con-Analysis of the influence of temperatures due to structed during 70’s, which in most cases have had no concrete cosmetics of fair faced concrete development in this regard. The same situation is con- Martin Schneider 1, Susanne Benigni2 sidered to have continued after 1999, where due to the ab-1Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Austria sence of legislation and proper inspections, buildings were 2Baulabor der FH Kärnten, Austria built based on the free will of investors. Buildings in these periods are characterized by different rules of form and 63 structure in terms of orientation, materials, and construc-ledge is available about the potential benefits of marine tion techniques. Therefore, the initiative and willingness bio-waste in construction industry. Marine bio-waste con-to intervene in the aforementioned residential buildings is tains polysaccharides that are notorious to positively in-considered to be more a social need, it is about identi- fluence the performance of cement and concrete.[1-3] Some fying factors and choosing the optimal way to improve polysaccharides display fluidizing effects, others stabilizing constructive needs while proving more reliable in the long effects and others strong thixotropic effects. The incorpor-run. ation of a rapid structural build-up in the very early stages This article aims to illustrate the current situation of the of casting of concrete (by thixotropy) is one of the major existing buildings, and more specifically the constructions challenges today in conjunction with more and more effi-in these two periods, by attempting to analyse the con- cient and computerized technologies, as it helps to accel-stituent elements of the building envelope as constructive erate the production and supports additive manufacturing and thermal insulating. It will also attempt to compare processes. the materials, construction techniques and building elements used previously with those that are more advanced PO-34 nowadays. Investigation and strengthening of a damaged el- In order to achieve the idea of sustainable buildings, even stories building in Dar Es Salaam some development steps are needed beforehand to improve John Makunza them, therefore through qualitative research with specific University of Dar es Salaam, Structural and Construction En-project analysis and project documentation, will attempt gineering , Tanzania, United Republic of to explore and compare residential buildings envelope of An eleven stories building in the city of Dar es Salaam, pre and post-war periods in terms of energy efficiency. experienced an abrupt crush of one of its edge columns Therefore, this article uses specific buildings to present a at first floor level. The crush was accompanied with a method of improving efficiency in other residential build-loud noise like a small bomb. Due to this event, the Gov-ings in Kosovo and other cases that could be used as a ernment cancelled the certificate of occupancy for it and model. other three adjacent buildings and requested that a thor-ough structural investigation be done and come up with PO-32 an appropriate solution for reinstating the building. Fol-Thermal compatibility of repair mortars based on lowing the said request, structural investigation was done fly ash as SCM according to EN 13687-1 through studying different parameters such as displace- Tiana Milovic, Mirjana Malešev, Miroslava Radeka, Vlas-ments and cracks in the structural elements. Plumb of the timir Radonjanin building was then measured, the results of which showed Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Civil that there was negligible horizontal displacement in all Engineering and Geodesy, Serbia directions. Concrete matrix and quality were also invest-This paper presents the results of the experimental igated in columns, beams, foundations and floors. Special study on thermal compatibility of repair mortars based attention was given to the crushed column by careful ob-on fly ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) servation and testing from ground to the eleventh floor. applied to the concrete substrate, determined according It was discovered that the concrete in slabs, columns and to EN 13687-1. Chemical composition of fly ash from a in three exposed footings, was of good quality with suf-Serbian coal power plant was determined by XRF ana- ficient strength varying from 27 N/mm² to 34 N/mm². lysis. Repair mortar specimens were prepared with two However, at first floor level where the crushing of the “water-to-binder” ratios (0.4 and 0.5), Portland cement column took place, the concrete was observed to contain with 0%, 10% and 20% of fly ash as SCM and CEN stand-more fines and had low strength of 19 N/mm². There- ard sand. At the age of 28 days, the specially prepared fore, it was concluded that the crushing of the column specimens were exposed to 50 freeze-thaw cycles. The ef-was due to the observed weakness, and it was recommen- fect of fly ash on repair mortar tensile bond strengths after ded that the crushed column be strengthened by adding freeze-thaw cycling with exposure of specimen test face to three columns attached to it, and all other columns from saturated de-icing salt solution was investigated. After-foundation level to the first floor be jacketed with 150 mm wards, the tensile bond strengths of repair mortars were thick reinforced concrete membrane. Hence, a contractor determined by pull-off test. Based on the obtained results was hired and carried out the strengthening work success-it is concluded that all mortars met the requirement for fully. Finally, the City Authority permitted the residents class R4 according to EN 1504-3. of all four buildings to reoccupy again their dwelling apartments. PO-33 Use of marine bio-waste in construction materials PO-35 Alejandra Ramirez Caro Experimental Investigation of Creeping Effects Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Germany Under Repeating Load Histories Marine bio-waste pollutes several seashores around the Marija Docevska 1, Goran Markovski1, Peter Mark2 1 world. Currently, this bio-based waste product is being re-UKIM Faculty of Civil Engineering, North Macedonia 2 moved from touristic sectors, where it is normally buried Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Concrete Structures, or discarded in abandoned areas. However, limited know- Germany 64 Certain concrete structures may be subjected to fre-PO-37 quent but still longer-term loadings and unloadings in- Alternative alkali activators based on waste bottle duced by traffic (e.g. parking garages, city bridges, etc.) glass and waste cathode-ray tube glass Katja König, Katja Traven, Vilma Ducman or other live loadings (e.g. storage buildings, offices, etc.). Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, The intensity, duration and frequency of the variable loads Slovenia can significantly influence the time-dependent behavior of concrete. Currently, these effects are considered in the Alkali-activated binders are an environmentally codes through so-called quasi permanent load. However, friendly alternative to Portland cement, particularly when the creep and recovery property under variable repeating locally-available raw materials are used. It is well known loads are still far from clear. that alkali activation with a sodium silicate activator gen-First part of the study presents the main experimental erates a hardened binder with higher compressive strength findings about creep and creep recovery under various rethan a binder hardened with sodium hydroxide. As the peated load histories performed on a material level. Con-alkali-silicate activators are produced through energy ex-crete specimens were exposed to frequently repeated load-tensive processes, and their use can significantly increase ing and unloading cycles that produce different stress the carbon footprint of the final products, it is of great sig-levels in concrete (0.30fc; 0.40fc; 0.45fc). The results in-nificance to develop alternative alkaline activators based dicate that regardless of the stress level, the creep becomes on locally-available waste materials. This article as- fully recoverable after a sufficient number of loading and sesses the potential to apply waste bottle glass and waste unloading cycles. cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass to synthesise alternative al-Second part focuses on presenting the experimental pro- kali activators by the hydrothermal method. Inductively gram of an element-level tests in which full-scale rein-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) forced concrete flexural beams will be exposed to com- was used to determine silicon and aluminium content in parable load scenarios. The load scenarios are designed the alternative activators. The influence of dissolution based on the results from short-term pretests performed process parameters (time, temperature, particle size) on on identical beam elements. The final aim is to obtain the the concentrations of silicon and aluminium in the altern-quasi-permanent coefficient for each considered load hisative activators was investigated. The alternative activat-tory, as well as to identify how it is influenced by different ors with silicon concentration up to 19 g/L and aluminium stress states of concrete. concentration up to 0.9 g/L were prepared at T = 120 °C and boiling time 24 h. The alternative alkali activators PO-36 and, for comparison, also commercial sodium silicate were Performance of Geopolymers Doped with Anti- used in the alkali activation of fly ash powder. The formed microbial Metal Agents under Aggressive Sewers pastes were cured at 70 °C for 72 h. Mechanical strength Conditions measurements indicated that alkali activation of fly ash Florian Mittermayr 1, Neven Ukrainczyk2, Guenther with the optimal alternative activator yielded hardened Koraimann1, Martin Dietzel1, Cyrill Grengg1 paste with compressive strength of 33 MPa. However, the 1Graz University of Technology, Austria compressive strength of hardened paste prepared from fly 2Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany ash and commercial sodium silicate reached 70 MPa. Part Highly aggressive environmental conditions in of this difference can be ascribed to the lower density of wastewater infrastructure can lead to a fast rate of de-hardened pastes prepared with alternative activators. terioration of concrete sewers. This degradation process is associated with complex biological activities referred to as microbial induced acid corrosion (MIAC). Damage related to MIAC is still an unresolved global challenge with high economic and social relevance. Currently used construction materials in sewers do not withstand long-term requirements, thus raising the demand for more durable alternatives. One option in this context is to reduce or totally inhibit relevant microbes from colonizing concrete surfaces in order to avoid in-situ biogenic sulfuric acid production. In this paper, we report results from an on-site testing campaign. Outsourced geopolymer mortars that have been doped with Cu and Zn metal ions in different concentrations are compared to geopolymer mortars without metal additions, calcium aluminate cement based mortars and OPC based mortars. 65 Authors’ Index A Dolenc, Matevž 43, Jagličić, Zvonko 56, Abbaure Gavrić, Tatiana 32, Dolenec, Sabina 36, 60, 59, Jankovic, Ksenija 58, 61, Ahmed Jhatial, Ashfaque 46, Draganić, Suzana 59, 58, Jelčić Rukavina, Marija 49, Ammar, Lina 34, Dražić, Jasmina 58, Jordan, Sabina 32, 37, 41, 55, 60, Angst, Ueli 27, Ducman, Vilma 56, 65, Juhart, Joachim 50, Antic Arandjelovic, Lana 61, 58, Jutraz, Anja 43, E Antolinc, David 55, 56, Ejupi, Hatim 47, K Anžlin, Andrej 38, 39, Elsen, Jan 46, Kabashi, Naser 56, 40, Arangjelovski, Toni 47, 44, Ercegovič, Rok 51, Kalin, Jan 39, Avet, Francois 37, Kancir, Ivana Vladic 46, Azinović, Boris 45, F Fiolić, Tamara 37, Kanduti, Rok 43, B Flegar, Matea 47, Karlovšek, Jurij 47, Bagarić, Marina 45, 40, Kazemi-Kamyab, Hadi 36, Bajare, Diana 57, G Kesserű, Peter 59, Bajoku, Mihrie 41, Gailitis, Rihards 57, Kišiček, Tomislav 51, 48, 45, Ball, Richard J. 48, Gartner, Nina 42, 56, Klinc, Robert 43, Banjad Pečur, Ivana 38, Gaši, Mergim 38, 45, 40, Knez, Friderik 60, Bary, Benoit 62, 44, 51, Gebhard, Susanne S 34, Kokot, Darko 58, Batilović, Mehmed 58, Geurts, Roeland 36, Koma, Gaone 57, Bede, Natalija 51, Golež, Mateja 57, 36, Komljenovic, Miroslav 62, Bede, Natalija 37, Gradišar, Luka 43, König, Katja 65, Beguš, Samo 56, Grados, Arnaud AG 35, Koraimann, Guenther 65, Bellotto, Maurizio 31, Grandić, Davor 37, Korat, Lidija 41, 48, 55, 49, Bellotto, Maurizzio 33, Grandić, Davor 59, Kosec, Tadeja 42, 56, Benigni, Susanne 63, Grdic, Dusan 55, Kostanić Jurić, Karmen 36, Bernik, Andrej 41, Grdic, Zoran 55, Kovacs, Ildiko 59, Bijeljic, Jelena 55, Gregor, Andre 36, Krasniqi, Enes 56, 40, Bjørndal, Marie H. 62, Grengg, Cyrill 65, Kreslin, Maja 39, Bohinc, Uroš 39, Gu, Yushan 51, 44, 62, Kresz, Miklos 43, Bojovic, Dragan 58, 61, Gumbarević, Sanjin 45, 40, Krolo, Paulina 37, Bokan Bosiljkov, Violeta 55, 56, Gumbarević, Sanjin 38, Kruger, Markus 50, Borštnar, Maruša 60, H Kuehne, Hans-Carsten 61, Brleković, Filip 37, H. Bjørndal, Marie 51, 44, Kunič, Roman 32, Bukvić, Olivera 58, 59, Hadžalić, Mustafa 59, Kusák, Ivo 63, Bulatović, Vesna 46, Hadzievska, Kristina 44, Kutnar, Andreja 31, Bumanis, Girts 57, Hafner, Ivan 48, 45, Kuzmić, Tatjana 58, Burnard, Michael D 32, Hafner, Jože 41, L C Hajdu, Laszlo 43, Laban, Mirjana 58, 59, Carević, Ivana 40, Hannawi, Kinda 34, Lample, Rosamaria 62, Carević, Vedran 62, Hanžič, Lucija 44, 62, 47, 51, Legat, Andraž 32, 42, 56, Carević, Ivana 36, Haufe, Johannes 33, Li, Bin B. 34, Chatzi, Eleni 35, Hekič, Doron 39, Li, Xuerun 37, Cuevas Villalobos, Karla 49, Hendel, Martin MH 35, Liposcak, Ivana 42, Cvetković, Martina 60, Ho, Johnny 47, Lipovac, Dean 32, Cvetkovska, Meri 39, Horvat, Barbara 56, Lisičić, Danijel 55, Horvath, Johannes 35, Loncar, Ljiljana 58, D Hozjan, Tomaž 47, Loncnar, Mojca 60, Dams, Barrie 48, 33, Hren, Miha 56, 42, Londono-Zuluaga, Diana 37, Darquennes, Aveline 34, Hržan, Ivana 40, Loots, Michel 36, David, Balazs 43, Huč, Sabina 47, Lukić, Ivan 46, Davidovic, Marina 45, 58, I De Weerdt, Klaartje 51, 44, 62, M Ignjatović, Ivan 62, Despotovic, Iva 61, Machner, Alisa 51, 44, Ipavec, Andrej 60, 59, Dietzel, Martin 65, Machner, Alisa 62, Docevska, Marija 64, J Makunza, John 64, 67 Malešev, Mirjana 64, 63, 46, 58, Provis, John 50, 62, 27, 57, Skevi, Lorena L 34, Malovrh Rebec, Katja 43, Smajla, Darjan 32, R Marc, Ksenija 42, Snellings, Ruben 46, 36, 37, Radeka, Miroslava 64, 46, Mark, Peter 64, Sprince, Andina 57, Radonjanin, Vlastimir 64, 63, 59, 46, Markovski, Goran 44, 64, 47, Stephan, Dietmar 49, Ramirez, Alejandra 39, Martin-Sanz, Henar 35, Stepinac, Mislav 48, Ramirez Caro, Alejandra 64, 61, Mbugua, Rose 39, Stipanovic, Irina 44, 35, Ramšak, Mihael 62, Megel, Manuel 31, Stojanovic, Marko 61, 58, Ranogajec, Slaven 56, Mezhov, Alexander 50, Strzałkowski, Jarosław 49, Rant, Darja 36, 57, Milovanovic, Bojan 45, 40, 38, Sylejmani, Arta 38, 63, Reeksting, Bianca B 34, Milovanovic, Bojan 63, Renić, Tvrtko 48, 45, T Milovanović, Bojan 38, Ristic, Nenad 55, Tanasijević, Gordana 62, Milovic, Tiana 64, Robič, Sebastijan 62, Teck, Priscilla 46, Mittermayr, Florian 65, Rogge, Andreas 28, Teran, Klemen 59, Mizerová, Cecílie 63, Rovnaník, Pavel 63, Todorov, Koce 39, Mjornell, Kristina 27, Royon, Laurent LR 35, Tomšič, Miha 60, Mladenovic, Ana 36, 32, Rudic, Ognjen 50, Toplicic-Curcic, Gordana 55, Moharana, Sumedha 60, Rüstü Yörük, Can 36, Traven, Katja 65, Mrakovcic, Silvija 51, Trikkel, Andres 36, Mrissa, Michael 43, Š Tritthart, Josef 50, Muhaxheri, Milot 56, 40, Šajna, Aljoša 36, 44, 62, 41, 51, 35, Turk, Žiga 43, Mundra, Shishir 50, Šantek Bajto, Jelena 40, Turk, Janez 36, Šarabon, Nejc 32, N Šćulac, Paulo 59, U Nakov, Darko 47, 44, Uglešić, Nikolina 51, Šešlija, Miloš 61, 62, Neff, Carina 31, Ukrainczyk, Neven 65, Šijanec Zavrl, Marjana 60, Nenadović, Snežana 59, Šipušić, Juraj 37, V Neumeyer, Jonas 50, Štefančič, Mateja 36, 36, Van den Abeele, Liesbet 36, Nielsen, Peter 36, Šter, Katarina 59, Varkonji Sajn, Monika 43, O Štimac Grandić, Ivana 59, Vasić, Dejan 58, Ofner, Sandra 31, Štirmer, Nina 40, Vasić, Dejan 45, Štirmer, Nina 36, Vcelak, Jan 43, P Šupić, Slobodan 63, Volcev, Riste 39, Padovnik, Andreja 55, Šušteršič, Jakob 51, Vollpracht, Anya 33, Paine, Kevin K 34, Palijan, Ivan 37, S W Parison, Sophie 35, Salihu, Fidan 39, Weninger-Vycudil, Alfred 58, Passer, Alexander 27, Sandak, Jakub 43, X Pavlin, Alenka 56, Sandak, Anna 43, Xu, Zhongyu 47, Pečnik, Jaka 45, Schlangen, Erik 28, Perišić, Jakov 38, Schmid, Pavel 63, Z Planinc, Igor 47, Schmidt, Wolfram 39, 50, 61, Zajc, Andrej 51, Plešec, Primož 55, Schneider, Martin 31, Zalar Serjun, Vesna 36, 48, Podlogar, Mateja 49, Schneider, Martin 63, Zevnik, Luka 31, 33, Podrekar, Nastja 32, Scrivener, Karen 37, 31, Zorica, Jelizaveta 57, Polanec, David 51, Sebera, Vaclav 45, Zupančič-Hartner, Tjaša 55, Pondelak, Andreja 55, 45, Serdar, Marijana 43, 47, Ž Porikam Poil, Kiran Ram 47, Serdar, Marijana 46, Žibret, Lea 60, Postolov, Nikola 39, Shepherd, Paul 48, Žibret, Gorazd 59, Potrč Obrecht, Tajda 32, Sikora, Pawel 49, Žitnik, Jure 32, Pristavec, Vid 56, Skaric Palic, Sandra 35, Žnidarič, Aleš 39, 68 Document Outline P R O G R A M M E P L E N A R Y L E C T U R E S ' A B S T R A C T S O R A L P R E S E N T A T I O N S ' A B S T R A C T S P O S T E R P R E S E N T A T I O N S ' A B S T R A C T S Authors' Index