Mn^o^orafl jepeebee b TpajnunoHHon KyjbType c^aBHH: .lemiiHa (Corylus avellana)1
TambHHa AzanKuna
The author analyses the mythology of the nut tree (Corylus avallana) in the context of other Slavic ethnodendrological systems
CaaBaHCKyro 3THoaeHapoaorHro eaBa aH moxho oTHecTH k HHcay HaH6oaee pa3pa6oTaHHHx e^ep TpaaHnHoHHoH KyabTypH, h 3to Ha6aroaeHHe, k eoxaaeHHro, KaeaeTca h caMoro npeaMeTa, h eocToaHHa ero rayneHHa. CaaBaHCKaa (h npexae Bcero 3anaaHo- h BocTOHHoeaaBaHCKaa) MH^oaoranecKaa CHCTeMa aBaaeTca, eeaH moxho TaK BHpa3HTbca, CKopee 3oo-, HexeaH aeHapo-(^HTo-) whtphhhoh, xoTa aaa roxHocaaBAHCKoro apeaaa aonycTHMa HeKoTopaa nonpaBKa2. H3 CKa3aHHoro, BnponeM, oTHroflb He eaeayeT, hto eooTBeTCTByro^aa no3Hnna b eaaBaHCKoñ MoaeaH MHpa nycTyeT. Kpyr BepoBaHHH, CBa3aHHHx c aepeBbaMH, Bee xe aocTaTOHHo o6mHpeH h cy^ecTBeHHo BapbHpyeTca b pa3HHx o6aacTax CaaBHH. ^epeBba, KoTopne Ha eeBepe 3aHHMaroT BaxHoe MecTo b 3THoaeHapoaorHHecKon CHCTeMe, Ha rore MoryT oKa3aTbca Ha ee nepH^epHH (cm. o6 3tom Ha npHMepe ochhh: AranKHHa 1996), h Hao6opoT.
B HacToa^eñ CTaTbe mh npeanoaaraeM paecMoTpeTb BepoBaHHa h MaraqecKyro npaKTHKy, oraoea^Heea k aecHoMy opexy3. H xoTa b roxHoeaaBaHCKoñ TpaaHnHH ae^HHa 6oaee 3aMeTHa, HexeaH b boctohho- h 3anaaHoeaaBaHCKoñ, TeM He MeHee 3aecb mh CKopee eTaaKHBaeMea e peaKHM eaynaeM eaHHoro b CBoeñ ocHoBe MH^ono3THnecKoro o6pa3a.
^aa MH^oaorHH h CHMBoaHKH opemHHKa npHHnHnHaabHoe 3HaneHHe HMeeT to, hto oh 3aHHMaeT norpaHHHHoe noaoxeHHe b 3THoaeHapoaorHHecKoñ CHCTeMe. .e^HHa — KycTapHHK aHKopacTy^HH (3to noeaeaoBaTeabHo oTpaxeHo b ero Ha3BaHHax THna BocT.-eaaB. Aew,una, rox.- h 3an.-eaaB. leska), ho, BMecTe e TeM, npHHoea^Hñ naoaH, KoTopHe ynoTpe6aaroTca b nH^y, hto onpeaeaaeT npHHaaaexHocTb aecHoro opexa h k e^epe npHpoaH, h k o6aacTH KyabTypH (k Heñ othocatca Bee naoaoBHe aepeBba)4. 9thm noeaeaHHM o6cToaTeabCTBoM o6tacHaeTca mHpoKoe Hcnoab3oBaHHe ae^HHH (ee BeToK, apeBecHHH h naoaoB) BnpoaynHpyro^Hx neaax. BeHKH H3 opemHHKa KaaaH Ha eoeya, b
This article was financially supported by RGNF (grant N 96-04-06034 "Mifologiceskie osnovy slavjanskoj narodnoj kul'tury").
9to 0C06eHH0 3aMeTH0 Ha npHMepe naoaoBbix aepeBbeB, 06paaH0CTb h CHMBoaHKa kotopmx b KbKHOcaaBaHCKOH TpaaHUHH HecpaBHeHHO 6oraie, qeM b apyrHX o6aacTax CaaBHH.
B OTaH^He ot 6oabmHHCTBa apyrHX aepeBbeB h KycTapHHKOB, opemHHKy nocBa^ern o6mHpHaa aHTepaTypa, cm.: Kulisic 1939; neTpoB 1974; HajKaHOBHh 1985; EeH0BCKa-Ct6K0Ba 1987; noTe6Ha 1989; nonoB 1994; AranKHHa 1995.
AHaaorH^HMH CTaTyc HMeeT h KH3Ha (dpen) — KycTapHHK aHKopacTy^HH h naoaoBbifl.
2
kotophh nepBbrn pa3 aonan OBen b ropbeB fleHb (ro.-caaB.), H3 opexoBbix BeTOK naean Kop3HHy, b KOTopyro CHHMaaH BbiaeTeBmnn H3 yaba pon nnea, hto6h 6biao 6oabme Meaa (ro.-caaB.), nOflKaaflHBaan hx noa HacecT, hto6h Kypnna BbiBeaa 6oabme nbinaaT (ro.-caaB.), BTbiKaan KycoHKH opemHHKa b oaexay HOBo6paHHbix h naean H3 ero BeTOK BeHUbi aaa HHx xe (ro.-caaB.), aeaaan H3 OpemHHKa apeBKO cBaae6Horo 3HaMeHH (ro.-caaB.), 3aMemHBaan BeTOHKaMH OpemHHKa poxaecTBeHcKyro necHHny h noaKaaabiBaan BnOcaeacTBHH sth BeTKH b xaeB, Haaeacb TeM caMHM 6aarOTBOpHO noBanaTb Ha npnnaoa cKOTa (ro.-caaB.), H3roTOBaaan H3 apeBecHHbi OpemHHKa nepBOe BepeTeHO aaa HaHHHaro^eñ npacTb aeBOHKH, hto6h pa6oTa y Hee cnopnaacb (ro.-caaB.), Kaaan Opexn h BeTKH OpemHHKa b cyHayKH c aeBHHbHM npnaaHbiM, hto6h b hhx npH6biBaao oaexabi (yKp.), aeaaan H3 OpemHHKa nacTymecKHn khh, noaaraa, hto ot sToro cKOTa cTaHeT 6Oabme (noa.), Kynaan aeTen b OTBape H3 ancTbeB ae^HHbi, hto6h ohh xopomo pocan (noa.), noaKaaaHBaan opexoBHe BeTKH b aM6ap noa 3epHO, paccHHTbiBaa Ha ero yMHOxeHne (caoBan.), h T.a.
y boctohhhx caaBaH Ha6aroaaeTca TecHaa cBa3b Mexay opemHHKOM h 3aaKOBHMH KyabTypaMH. Ha BnTe6^HHe, HanpHMep, cHHTaaocb, hto no ypoxaro aecHHx opexoB moxho cyaHTb o npeacToa^eM ypoxae pxaHoro xae6a (a caMH opexoBbie naoaH 3aecb Ha3HBaan koaocobukumu) (Hhkh^opobckhh 1897, c. 129). B pyccKHx 3araaKax opex, cpean nponero, onncbiBaeTca KaK ropmoK c onapon nan Kamen: «IopmoneK MaaeHbKHn, onapoHKa caaaeHbKa», «MaaeHbKHH ropmoneK, aa KamKa BKycHa» (Mmpo^aHOBa 1968, c. 66). 9to HaxoaHT noaTBepxaeHne b 6eaoMopcKHx aereHaax o6 o6eTOBaHHOH OpexoBOH 3eMae: «CKa3biBaaH cTapbie aroan — ecTb 6yaTO 3a MopaMH 3eMaa; pacTyT b Hen opexn b neaoBenecKyro roaoBy, pacKoaemb opex, a b HeM MyKa...» (Hhctob 1967, c. 312).
Bo BceM xe ocTaabHOM ae^HHa «BeaeT ce6a» KaK aHKopacry^ee aepeBo, h Ha stom ocHOBaHHH oHa BKaronaeTca b MH^onosTHHecKHe croxera h pmyaabHbie KOHTeKCTbi, THnHHHbe aaa aepeBa KaK TaKOBoro. npHBeaeM xapaKTepHbie npHMepbi.
y pa3Hbx caaBaHcKHx HapoaoB ae^HHa Hapaay c 6oabmHHcTBOM aHKopacTy^nx aepeBbeB cHHTaaacb m e c t o m o 6 h t a h h a a e m o h o b (no npeHMy^ecTBy xeHc-khx): 6oarapb noaaraan, hto Ha KycTe aecHoro opemHHKa xHByT caMoaHBbi (reoprneBa 1983, c. 111), a r^yabi Bepnan, hto b koh^ TponnKon (pycaabHon) Heaean hhsku, new,ne h HHbie xeHcKHe aeMOHHHecKHe cy^ecraa THna pycaaoK TaHnyroT b KycTax opemHHKa (Schnaider 1899, s. 218).
^e^HHa mnpoKO ncnoab3OBaaacb b m a r h h h b KanecTBe o 6 e p e r a. MxHbie caaBaHe ynoTpe6aaan ee aaa o6aerneHHa poaoB, aaa aeneHHa anxopaaKH, 6opoaaBOK h MHornx apyrnx 6oae3HeH (Kulišic 1939, s. 51). y 6oarap, noaaKOB, xopBaTOB h caoBeHneB b MarHH 6bao BecbMa nonyaapHO pa3xnraHHe orHa H3 BeTOK ae^HHb: sto npeamecTBOBaao MarnnecKOMy pHTyaay «rameHHa yraen», npoBoaHMoro b aene6Hbix neaax, a TaKxe cayxnao cnoco6oM pacno3HaBaHHa BeabMbi, OT6nparo^eH y kopob MoaoKo: npn pa3xnraHHH TaKoro orHa BeabMa HaHHHaaa HcnbiTbiBaTb MyneHHa (Rožic 1908, s. 105; Cisek 1889, s. 75)5. Eoarapbi H3roHaan aeMOHOB, Hacbiaaro^nx 6eccoHHHny Ha pe6eHKa, o6eraa ero Koabi6eab c 3axxeHHon opexoBon BeTKon; noaemyKH, 3a^H^aacb ot pycaaoK, bhocmh b aoMa h npHBa3biBaan k cnHHe BeTKH aecHoro opexa (nA). CaoBeHnbi bo BpeMa poxaecTBeHcKHx raaaHHn, Bbi3biBaa Ha nepeKpecTKe HenncTyro cnay,
5 HanoMHHM, HTO TaKoñ xe MaraqecKHñ oroHb Moran pasxHraTb H3 BeTOK ochhh HaH 6y3HHb.
onepHHBMH ce6a MarmecKHM KpyroM c noMombro BeTKH aemHHH (Kuret 1970, s. 187-188)6.
HaKOHen, b e t k h aemaHH Haman mnpoKoe npHMeHeHHe bo MHoxecTBe KaaeH^apHHx o6paaoB: 6oarapH H3roToBaaaH H3 hhx «cypBanKH», caoBeH^i h xopBaTH Hcnoab3oBaan aaa pmyaabHoro cTeraHHa aroaeö h cKoTa b aeHb H36HeHHa MaaaeHneB, noaaKH, nexH h caoBaKH ocBamaaH BeTKH opemHHKa b Bep6Hoe BocKpeceHbe, yKpamaaH hmh xHabe Ha TpoHny, c opexoBoö BeTKoö o6xoaHa aoMa noaa3HHK (cep6.) h T.a.
Bce nepenHcaeHHHe croxeTH h pmyaabi c6aHxaroT aemHHy c 6oabmHHcTBoM apyrHx aepeBbeB h KycTapHHKoB, H3BecTHbix b caaBaHcKoö sTHoaeHapoaoranecKoft cHcTeMe. Hto xe KacaeTca c n e n h ^ h k h MH^onosranecKoro o6pa3a aemHHH, to oHa ^opMHpyeTca Ha ocHoBaHHH hhhx sTHoKyabTypHHx napaaHrM h onpeaeaaeTca apKo BHpaxeHHoö npHHaaaexHocTbro ae^HHH k «BepxHeMy» h «HHxHeMy» MHpaM oaHoBpeMeHHo.
npexae Bcero, KaK h HeKoTopHe KpynHHe aepeBba h KycTapHHKH, aemHHa BHcTynaeT y roxHHx caaBaH b poaH k y a b t o b o r o a e p e b a, cayxHBmero oGmktom noHHTaHHa h MecToM coBepmeHHa HeKoTopHx o6paaoB (b tom HHcae h xpHcTHaHcKHx). B Eochhh H3BecTHH paccKa3H o tom, hto aepeBy aecHoro opexa moxho 6biao HcnoBeaaTbca, a naoaH HaH no^KH KycTapHHKa ynoTpe6aaaHcb BMecTo npoc^opH Ha PoxaecTBo h nacxy (HajKaHoBHh 1985, c. 162). B boctohhoh Cep6HH b tom caynae, ecaH BÖaH3H ceaa HeoxHaaHHo BHcHxaa Ha KopHro «3anHc», Kpcmonorne, o6xoaamHe ceao h oKpecTHocTH Ha Bo3HeceHHe, BTHKaaH b 3eMaro BeTKy aemHHH h coBepmaaH Moae6eH oKoao Hee (Kocmh 1984, c. 333). EoarapH Bo3aBHraaH noa opexoBHM aepeBoM o6ponHHe KpecTH (MapHHoB 1984, c. 574), a xHTeaH Eochhh b tom caynae, ecaH b aoMe caynaaacb 6eaa, o6xoaHaH TpHxaH BoKpyr aemHHH h npocHaH Eora noMonb hm (Kulišic 1939, s. 59)7. Cp. TaKxe BecbMa nonyaapHHÖ y roxHHx caaBaH 3anpeT «paHHTb» aemHHy TonopoM8.
^ro6onHTHo h to, hto aemHHa o6HapyxHBaeT HeKoTopHe npHMeTH «apeBa xh3hh» (b HnocTacH aepeBa no3HaHHa). KaK oTMenaa B. HaÖKaHoBHH, ecaH noaoxHTb b pot m«co 3MeH, xHBmeö noa aemHHoö, Haraemb noHHMaTb a3HK xhbothhx; a ecaH cbecTb cepane TaKoö 3MeH, to noöMemb a3HK TpaB, oco6eHHo aeKapcTBeHHHx (HajKaHoBHh 1994, c. 170)9.
Bo Bcex caaBaHcKHx TpaaHnnax opemHHK oTHocHaca k TeM aepeBbaM, b KoTopHe, KaK noaaraaH, h e 6 b e t r p o m. 9to o6cToaTeabcTBo npHBeao k mHpoKoMy Hcnoab3oBaHHro aemHHH aaa 3amHTH neaoBeKa h KyabTypHoro npocTpaHcTBa ot rpoMa, rpaaa h HenoroaH: BeTKH aemHHH, Koa, KpecTHKH h 6oabmHe KpecTH, caeaaHHHe H3 Hee, BTHKaaH b noaa h BHHorpaaHHKH, cTaBHaH b yraax aoMoB, xaeBoB h aM6apoB, xraH
6	06 Hcnoab3oBaHHH aemHHH b Ka^ecree yHHBepcaabHoro o6epera, b tom ^Hcae, ot noKoÖHHKoB, ^mohob, 6oae3Hefl, cm. TaKxe: (Kulišic 1939, s. 48-53).
7	Cp. coo6meHHe HeMe^oro xpoHHcra Tep6opaa o cBameHHoM opexoBoM aepeBe y 6aaTHÖcKHx caaBaH b ^e^He (XII b.). CoraacHo ToMy xe coo6m;eHHro, pa^oM c opexoBHM Haxo^Haocb apyroe cBameHHoe aepeBo — orpoMHHH ay6.
8	üpaMyro napaaaeab k 3thm roxHocaaBaHcKHM cBH^eTeabcTBaM Haxo^HM b paaaHcKHx BapHaHTax cKa3KH o üeTpe h OeBpoHHH (cBoero poaa ^oabKaopHMx nepecKaaax H3BecTHoö apeBHepyccKofi noBecTH), rae ynoMHHaeTca o Mecmofi aocronpHMeqaTeabHocTH — Kycre aecHoro opexa, noa kotophm aKo6H MoaHaacb OeBpoHHa (cm.: CoKoaoBa 1970, c. 252-254).
9	C 3toh oco6eHHocra.ro MH^oaorHH aemHHH cep6cKHe Hccae^oBaTeaH cBa3HBaroT npaKTHKy HaKa3HBaTb yqeHHKoB yaapaMH opexoBHx npyTbeB b crapofi cep6cKoö mKoae.
ne^HHy npH rpo3e, TaK KaK «leszczyna chroni od pioruna» (Karwicka 1979, s. 202); nenoBeK xe Mor HyBCTBoBaTb ceöa b 6e3onacHocTH, cnpaTaBmncb bo BpeMa rpo3H non ne^HHy (TaK KaK, «rne pocTyTb opemKH, Tyna MonHna He nonanae», HA), 3aTKHyB 3a noac BeTKH ne^HHH nnn npnKpennB hx k manKe («Hacryxy nemnbmy y manKy ymbiroTb, ko6 rpoM He yöny», HA), nocKonbKy, KaK cnnTanocb, b 3tom cnynae nbaBon He cMoxeT cnpaTaTbca non mnany ot npecnenyro^ero ero rpoMa (TpojaHoBnh 1911, c. 197). OpexoByro nanKy, c noMo^bro kotopoh nenoBeKy cnynanocb oTorHaTb 3Mero ot xaöbi, cepöbi Ha3HBann pacmaeaK: ee nepxann b noMe, nocKonbKy oHa oTBonnna nroöoe 3no, b tom nncne pa3roHana rpanoBHe Tynn (Kulišic 1939, s. 51-52)10.
TaKaa ocoöaa oTMeneHHocTb neqnHH b pany npyrnx nepeBbeB, 6e3ycnoBHo, TpeöoBana 3TnonornnecKoro oöocHoBaHna, b KanecTBe KoToporo b ^onbKnope ncnonb3oBanncb 3nn3onbi HoBo3aBeTHon xpncTnaHcKon hctophh. Cboëctbo ne^HHbi oTBonnTb ot ceöa rpoMbi n MonHnn oötacHann TeM, nTo ne^HHy aKoöbi öpocann non Horn Hncycy XpncTy bo BpeMa ero Bte3na b HepycannM (non.), nTo ne^HHa cnacna Boroponnny Ha nyrn b ErnneT (6en., non.), nTo nbaBon 3a6bin ynoMaHyTb ne^HHy, Korna cnopnn c BoroM (yKp.), n mh. np.
TeM He MeHee TecHaa cBa3b necHoro opexa c rpoMoM enBa nn oötacHHMa cronb no3nHHMH MoTHBaMH. CKopee ecTb cMbicn npennonoxnTb, nTo oHa oTpaxaeT rnyönHHbie MH^onoaTHnecKne 3aKoHoMepHocTH n yKa3biBaeT Ha npnnacraocTb opemHHKa k MH^y o rpoMoBepxne (HepyHe, Hnbe n np.) n TeM caMbiM — k BepxHeMy Mnpy. KaK HaM KaxeTca, necHon opex, oTBona^nn ot ceöa HeöecHbrä oroHb, KaK 6h 3aKnronaeT b ce6e ero nacTnnKy. HonTBepxneHneM 3ToMy MoxeT cnyxnTb penKoe nonbcKoe cBnneTenbcTBo, rnaca^ee, nTo b nenoBeKa, kotophë HeceT c coöon KycoK ne^HHbi, He öbeT rpoM (piorun), TaK KaK ne^HHa aKoöbi ma swój ogien [nMeeT cboë oroHb] [Kolbuszowski 1896, s. 159]. .roöonbrrao n to, nTo b BocTonHon Cepönn b nncne nepeBbeB, b kotoph He öbeT rpoM, ynoMHHaroTca oöbinHo — noMHMo necKH — TonbKo nBa: «3annc» (BepoaTHo, KaK caKpanbHbin oömkt), a TaKxe nyö (xpacm), HMero^nn cTaTyc «nepeBa rpoMoBepxna» (cp.: 3eneBnh 1993, c. 263).
EcTb, BnponeM, e^e onnH Kpyr noBepnn, b kotopom moxho ycMoTpeTb öe3ycnoBHyro napannenb Mexny ne^HHon n rpoMoM. B MH^onornn BocTonHHx n 3ananHbix cnaBaH nocTaTonHo mnpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHne nonynnno npencTaBneHne o tom, nTo Hapany c nanopoTHHKoM, nBeTy^HM b KynanbcKyro Honb, nynoTBopHHMH cBoncTBaMH oönanaeT n BeTKa necHoro opexa, nBeTy^aa TaKxe onnH pa3 b rony: Ha BnaroBe^eHne, b Crpacraon neTBepr (Hhkh^opobckhë 1897, c. 128) nnn Ha Kynany (Olejník 1966, s. 204). Ho öenopyccKHM noBepbaM, ecnn oTopBaTb TaKyro BeTKy n nnrn Tyna, Kyna oHa BeneT, moxho HaËTH Knan (fflnroöcKi 1927, c. 106). Homhmo KnanoB, cornacHo nemcKHM cBnneTenbcTBaM, onHoneTHnn noöer opexoBoro nepeBa, kotophë cpe3ann Ha MononoM Mecane n Ha3Bann HMeHeM onHoro h3 Tpex BonxBoB-Koponen (Kacnapa, Menbxnopa nnn BanTa3apa), MoxeT pacKpHTb BonHbiË ncronHHK (Houška 1854, s. 533)11. Ha3BaHHbie cBoncTBa nynoTBopHon opexoBon BeTKn noöyxnaroT BnneTb b Hen aHanor MonHnn, rpoMoBoro ynapa nnn TaK Ha3HBaeMon rpoMoBon cTpenbi (öeneMHHTa), nocKonbKy Bce ohh oönanaroT onHHM n TeM xe «napoM»: oTKpHBaTb 3eMnro, non3eMHbie Knronn n Knanbi. .e^HHa cnocoÖHa oTBecTH rpo3y nocTonbKy, nocKonbKy
10	To xe y pyMbiH.
11	To xe y HeMneB.
b HeKOTopoM cMbicae h caMa aBaaeTca «rpo3oñ», TOHHee — coaepxHT b ce6e cy6cTaHynro He6ecHoro orHa12.
ConpHHacTHocTbro jeqnHH h rpoMa moxho oótacHHTb Bepy b to, hto oHa nporoHaeT 3Meñ h hhhx xTOHHnecKHx cymecTB, npoTHBocToamHx «BbicmHM cHaaM». Boarapbi, HanpHMep, noaaraaH, hto «ot aecKoBa npMKa 3MHaTa yMHpa h 6ara» (neTpoB 1974, c. 397). Bot noneMy npyTbaMH h3 aemHHbi H3roHaaH 3Meñ 1 MapTa h Ha BaaroBemeHHe h H3roTOBaaaH h3 apeBecHHbi opexa nocox aaa oBnapa HaH nacTyxa (nonoB 1994, c. 202). ^KHTeaH ,D,xepaana cwraaH, hto opexoBHM npyToM aerne Bcero y6HTb 3Mero, nosTOMy aeTH, pacxaxHBaa 6ochkom no TpaBe, HocHaH c co6oñ naaKy h3 aemHHbi, noaaraa, hto oHa 3amHTHT hx ot yKyca; TaM xe HampaaH yKymeHHoe 3Meeñ MecTo BeTKaMH HaH aHCTbAMH aecHoro opexa (3eneBHh 1993, c. 266). Y nexoB npyToM h3 aemHHbi xo3aeBa 6HaH no cTeHaM aoMa h xo3añcTBeHHbix nocTpoeK, H3roHaa oTTyaa MHmeñ: «Jdete mysi ven z tohoto domu ke mysím, a nechod'te sem vice zase...» (Cesky lid, 1894, r. 3, s. 525).
BMecTe c TeM, KaK mh yxe ynoMHHaaH, MH^onoaTHnecKHñ o6pa3 aemHHbi cBa3aH h c hhoh TeMoñ: aemHHa HMeeT oraomeHHe k o6aacTH c m e p t h h «ToMy cBeTy» Boo6me, hto BnoaHe ecTecTBeHHo, ecaH BcnoMHHTb o cBa3H ae^HHb (b tom HHcae h 3THMoaorHHecKoñ) c «aecoM» KaK npocTpaHcTBoM ahkhm h no^TH 3anpeaeabHbiM. npHMepoB ToMy HeMaao, h ohh aocTaro^Ho pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi. naoabi aecHoro (a TaKxe rpeyKoro) opexa 6biaH cBoero poaa «xroHHHecKoñ eaoñ»: Ha cb^tkh, T.e. b nepHoa, Koraa cpeaH xhbhx He3pHMo npHcyTcTBoBaaH aymH npeaKoB, xo3aeBa o6a3aTeabHo paccbinaaH opexH no noay h KHaaaH b yrabi (rae oÓHTaaH aymH), TeM caMHM npHKapMaHBaa hx (caoBay., nem., noa., caoBeH., cep6., 6oar. h ap.). BnocaeacTBHH no 3thm opexaM aeBym-kh raaaaH o 3aMyxecTBe (Bartos 1892, s. 18), c noMombro opexoB pacno3HaBaaH Bopa (OKapHh 1939, c. 87), raaaaH o cyab6e (,D,o6pyaxa, c. 312), o6 ypoxae h T.n. BMecTe c TeM, MarHnecKHe aeñcTBHa c opexaMH b cBaTonHbiñ nepHoa cocymecTBoBaaH c BcTpenaromHMca HHoraa 3anpeToM ecTb b 3to BpeMa opexH (rEMB 1936, k&. 11, c. 89, MaaBa). KaK moxho npeanoaoxHTb, oh oótacHaeTca TeM, hto Ha cbatkh opexH oKa3HBaroTca BMecTHaHmeM aymH. B KoHTeKcTe cKa3aHHoro o6paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha HeKoTopbe ^aKTH, KocBeHHo noaTBepxaaromHe Bo3MoxHocTb noao6Horo ToaKoBaHHa (aecHoñ opex KaK BMecTHaHme aymH h T.a.). CpeaH pyccKHx 3araaoK, ocBemaromHx caMbie pa3Hbe acneKTH MH^oaorHH aemHHbi, b HHcae npo^Hx ecTb h TaKHe: «HeT hh okoh, hh aBepeñ, nocpeaHHe apxupeü», «MaaeHbKHñ MywmoK, KocTaHaa my6Ka», «MaMHUK b ayxe — xbocthk Hapyxe» (Mmpo^aHoBa 1968, c. 66). napaaaeab k noaoÓHbiM 3araaKaM moxho ycMoTpeTb b pyccKoñ aereHae o coaaaTe h CMepTH: Tocnoab BeaHT coaaaTy KopMHTb CMepTb opexaMH, hto6h oHa nonpaBHaacb. CoaaaT nomea co CMepTbro b aec h nocnopHa c Heñ, hto oHa He Bae3eT b nycToñ opex. CMepTb caypy Bae3aa Tyaa, Toraa coaaaT 3aTKHya abipo^Ky b opexe KoabimKoM h cnpaTaa opex (A^aHacbeB 1990, c. 99).
^emHHa mHpoKo Hcnoab3oBaaacb b noMHHaabHHx o6paaax, a TaKxe b pHTyaaax, HMeromHx oTHomeHHe k noxopoHaM. BaHaTcKHe repbi H3roToBaaaH H3 aemHHbi «pa6om», Ha kotopom oTMenaaH KoaHnecTBo ropmKoB Boab pa3HeceHHoñ no aoMaM b noMHHaabHoM o6paae «mamare Boae MpTBHMa 3a ayme» (OHaHnoBHh 1958, c. 272). ^KHTeaH boctohhoh Cep6HH, a TaKxe pyMHHH, xraH H3 aemHHbi noMHHaabHHe koctph
12 C apyroñ cTopoHH, cnoco6HocTb jiemHHbi oTKpHBaTb Kaaabi accoyHHpyeTca c npHBeaeHHbiMH Bbme aaHHbiMH o Heñ KaK o «aepeBe noarnHHa», a TaKxe c o6mHpHbiM KopnycoM HapoaHbix h khhxhhx croxeToB o pacTeHHax h xhbothhx (tocto OBaaaHHHX apyr c apyroM), o6aaaaromHX MH^HqecKoñ cnoco6HocTbro npoHHKaTb b HeBeaoMoe, pacKpHBaTb TañHbi h T.n.
Ha BaaroBemeHHe, b CrpacraoH HeTBepr h apyrae aHH (3eneBHh 1978, c. 465). Kamy6bi, onoBemaa oaroceabnaH o CMepTH, caynrnmeHca b ceae, oöxoaHaH aoMa c naaKoH, BHpe3aHHOH H3 aemHHbi (Fischer 1921, s. 151). B noabcKHx TaTpax, KTo-HHÖyab, 3aayMaB Heao6poe Ha apyroro HeaoBeKa, aeaaa H3 aemHHbi naaKy aaHHoH c rpo6 h npH 6aHxaHmHx noxopoHax 6pocaa ee b MorHay, b pe3yabTaTe nero HeaoBeK, Ha KoToporo HaBoaHaacb TaKHM o6pa3oM nopna, aoaxeH 6bia BcKope yMepeTb (AKJ, N 7257). Ha BpecTmHHe neaoBeK, cTpaaaromHH ot snHaencHH, hto6h Bbiaewrbca, aoaxeH 6bia noaoxHTb Ha HbHx-aHÖo noxopoHax b rpo6 opexoByro naaKy, no aaHHe paBHyro ero pocTy (nA).
npHHacTHocTb aecHoro opexa k o6aacTH noTycTopoHHero, k cMepTH, npocaexHBaeTca b cnenH^rnecKoM pHTyaae, H3BecTHoM öoarapaM h cep6aM. npH poxaeHHH b xo3aHcTBe araeHKa (xepe6eHKa h T.n.) Bce aoMamHHe cTpeMHaHcb KaK moxho 6bicTpee noaHaTb ero c 3eMaH, h nepBbiH, B3aBmHH ero Ha pyKH, npoH3HocHa: «nycTH aecKoBy, y3MH apeHoBy» (MHjaTOBHh 1907, c. 162). TeM caMbiM ToabKo hto poaHBmeeca xHBoTHoe ^H3HnecKH oTpHBaaH ot xToHHnecKoH c^epbi h xeaaaH KaK moxho 6bicTpee ocraBHTb ee (nycmu jiecKoey) h HanaTb pacTH h KpenHyTb (ysMu dpenoey), cp. npeacraBaeHHa o apeHe (KH3Hae) KaK aepeBe 3aopoBba h KpenocTH. Ta xe ^opMyaa mHpoKo Hcnoab3oBaaacb b MaranecKHx npaKTHKax, coBepmaeMbix b caynae, ecaH pe6eHoK no KaKHM-To npHHHHaM aoaro He HaHHHaa xoaHTb: pe6eHKa o6hochth BoKpyr aoMa Ha xae6HoH aonaTe HaH, noao3BaB ero k ce6e, BpynaaH eMy KH3HaoBbiH npyTHK co caoBaMH: «BanH aecKoBo, y3MH apeHoBo» (^e6e^KoBHh 1907, c. 180) HaH «OtpraH aecKoBHTe, 3HMaH apeBHoBHTo» (CToaHoB 1970, c. 153). TaKHe xe caoBa («,D,px' apeHoBy, nycTH aecKoBy») aapecoBaaH 6oabHoMy, xeaaa eMy nocKopee npeoaoaeTb «onacHbrä», 6aH3KHH k cMepTH nepHoa h Bbi3aopoBeTb (Bymerah 1911, c. 586).
.ro6onbrraoH napaaaeabro k onHcaHHoMy KoMnaeKcy npeacTaBaeHHH MoryT cayxHTb BepoBaHHa, kotoph y roxHbix caaBaH oTHocaTca k aepeBy TaK Ha3. rpenKoro opexa (Juglans Regia, cep6 opax, 6oar. opex), cBoero poaa «KyabTypHoro aHaaora» aemHHbi. BepoBaHHa, KacaromHeca o6ohx aepeBbeB, KaK HaM KaxeTca, b H3BecTHoM cMbicae poacTBeHHb apyr apyry H, bo3moxho, noaBepraHcb B3aHMoBaHaHHro. y cep6oB, MaKeaoHneB h 6oarap rpenKHH opex cHMBoaH3HpyeT xToHHHecKHe cHabi h mhp npeaKoB. noBceMecTHo H3BecTHo noBepbe o tom, hto HeaoBeK, nocaaHBmHH rpenKHH opex, yMpeT Toraa, Koraa aepeBo cpaBHaeTca no ToamHHe c meeH 3Toro HeaoBeKa, ero TaaHeH HaH Koraa Ha HeM noaBaTca nepBbie naoabi (EpaMaTHKoB 1992, c. 35; OHaHnoBHh 1949, c. 200). OTMeTHM, hto cxoaHbe noBepba ecTb h y boctohhhx caaBaH (ecaH aepeBo, nocaxeHHoe neaoBeKoM, nepepacTeT ero, to HeaoBeK yMpeT, CepxnyroycKi 1930, c. 29 h ap.), ho 3aecb sth noBepba name oTHocaTca He k opexy, a k ay6y. CBa3b c mhpom npeaKoB 3aMeTHa h b nonyaapHbx öoarapcKHx h MaKeaoHcKHx o6braaax, npHyponeHHbix k Bo3HeceHHro h ^xobckhm npa3aHHKaM, Koraa, coraacHo noBepbaM, aymH yMepmHx, BpeMeHHo npeöbBaromHe Ha 3eMae, Bo3BpamaaHcb o6paTHo Ha «tot» cBeT. no TpaaHnHH b sth aHH aroaH oTnpaBaaaHcb b nepKoBb, rae, paccTeaHB no noay opexoBbie BeTBH, npeKaoHaaH KoaeHH h npHcaymHBaaHcb b 3ByKaM, aKo6bi HcxoaamHM ot BeToK. CHHTaaocb, hto TaKHM cnoco6oM moxho yBHaeTb h ycabimaTb MepTBbix. OpexoBbiMH BeTKaMH TaKxe ycTHaaaH Moraabi, co3aaBaa TeHb aaa aym. BeTKH opexa cayxHaH cBoeo6pa3HHM «mocthkom» Mexay «sthm» h «TeM» cBeToM, nyTeM, no KoTopoMy aymH npHxoaHaH b «stot» mhp h yxoaHaH o6paTHo (C6Hy, 1900, kh. 16-17, h. 2, c. 33). EcaH 6h hhkto h3 aoMonaaneB He npHmea b stot aeHb b nepKoBb h He Bo3aoxHa 6h Ha noa opexoBHe BeTKH, to aymH He cMoraH 6h BepHyTbca o6paTHo h ocTaaHcb 6h 3anepTHMH Ha «stom» cBeTe (EpaMaTHKoB 1992, c. 35).
npncyTCTBHe b Mi^oaorii aecHoro opexa hckotophx, Ha nepBbiñ B3raaa, He coraacyro^ixca apyr c apyroM mothbob (aBHaa cBa3b ae^HHbi h c BepxHHM, h c hexhim mhpom) noaTBepxaaeTca e^e oaHHM He6e3HHTepecHHM ^ktom. HecMoTpa Ha to, nTo ae^HHa aBaaeTca yHHBepcaabHbiM oöeperoM ot rpoMa, h b Hee caMy He 6beT rpoM, naoabi ae^HHbi ya3BiMH aaa yaapoB rpoMa. Bo Bcex caaBaHcKHx Tpaaiiiax H3BecTHH noBepba
0	tom, nTo rpo3a (rpoM) b oaHy i3 aeTHix Honen nopTiT opexí. Ohe nepHeroT, nepBHBeroT, a na^e croparoT i3HyTpi. 9to caynaeTca oöbinHo b Honb HaKaHyHe Habí, Ha Kynaay, b Honb HaKaHyHe aHa cb. neTpa í naBaa, a y BocTonHHx caaBaH — o6hhho b TaK Ha3HBaeMyro «paöiHoByro» Honb (aeTHroro Honb c ciabHoñ rpo3oñ), nacTo npixoaa^yroca aí6o Ha Kynaay, aí6o Ha KaHyH YcneHía Boropoaiibi. CoraacHo noaeccKHM noBepbaM, rpoM í MoaHía cxararoT opexí íaí iBeT Ha hex13, cp.: «MíraeT, MíraeT Honbro, to, roBopaT, pa6íHoBa Honb. OHa b CnacoBKy [YcneHcKHñ nocT] öbrnaeT. MaaaHKa [MoaHía] no6íaa opexí. Opexí nonaaiT, aeaaroTca nepHbie»; «^k rpoM rpeMíT, Tyna HaxoaiT cTpamHaa TaKaa — pa6íHoBaa Honb. ^k HapBemb opexoB, aaK nycTbix öoroTo, nepHbie b cepeaiHe, roBopaT: „MaaaHKa Cbeaa"» (nA, IoMeabcKaa o6a.). CoraacHo yKpaíHcKiM noBepbaM, aecHbie opexí xopomo naoaoHocaT ToabKo b tom roay, b kotopom ao HabiHa aHa He 6biao ciabHbix MoaHiñ, íHane ohh ÖHBaroT nycTHMí í nepHHMí b cepeaiHe (Kopemicki 1887, s. 206). Bochhhih b HabiH aeHb ocTeperaaicb aaxe npoi3HociTb caoBo jyewnuK, 3aMeHaa ero Ha 3B^eMicTinecKoe zy6a, íHane opexí 6h nonepBiBeai (OiainoBiñ 1949, c. 141).
3aMeTíM, oaHaKo, nTo BepoBaHía, aHaaoranHbie 3thm, b pa3Hbix oöaacTax CaaBíí cBa3HBaaícb He ToabKo c aecHHMí opexaMí, ho TaKxe í c rpeiKHMH, a KpoMe Toro — co MHoxecTBoM apyrix pacTeHíñ í 3aaKoBHx KyabTyp b nepíoa íx iBeTeHia. B tom xe noaecbe rpoM í MoaHíí b paöiHoByro Honb cxaraai He ToabKo opexí, ho TaKxe í iBeT Ha rpenixe, Kapro^eae, KaroKBe, abHe: «TaKa Honb, Koaí 6aicKaBHia [MoaHía] e, a aoxaro HeMa... 6aícKaBína 6oraTo nopní po6íT. Caa nopTiTca, aK iBeTe, cnaaiBaeT iBeT. ByaeT naoxoñ ypoxañ. ^k xhto iBeTeT, to cnaaiBaeT iBeT, aK aeH iBeTeT, to Maao ceMaH 6yaeT» (nA, BpecTcKaa o6a.).
TaKHM o6pa3oM, mh yöeaiaicb b cy^ecTBoBaHii y caaBaH pa3BHToñ cicTeMH noBepiñ o tom, nTo b oaHy i3 aeTHix Honeñ MoaHía i rpoM HaHocaT ypoH iBeTy^iM pacTeHiaM, cxararoT íx iBeT i TeM caMHM nopTaT öyay^ie naoaH. Y BocTonHHx caaBaH 3th noBepba cBa3aHH c paöiHoBoö i KynaabcKoñ HonaMi, t. e. BpeMeHeM ocoöeHHo ciabHoro pa3ryaa HenicToñ ciaH14. HanoMHiM, nTo i HabiH aeHb, b KaHyH KoToporo MoaHía cxiraeT opexí, TaKxe cniTaeTca aHeM, Koraa HenicTaa ciaa BHxoaiT Hapyxy,
1	Haba-npopoK noBcroay npecaeayeT ee (cm.: MaKamiHa 1982). KpoMe Toro, HaM KaxeTca HecaynañHHM, nTo npecaeaoBaHiaM rpoMoBepxia noaBepraroTca pacreHHa HMeHHo b nepíoa íx iBeTeHia. D,BeTeHie pa3Horo poaa aiKHx i KyabTypHHx pacTeHiñ Bceraa cniTaaocb BpeMeHeM onacHHM (cp. caynai Ta6yipoBaHia caoBa u,eecmu: o iBeTy^ix orypiax roBopaT, nTo ohh ¿opnm, o xiTe — nTo oho Kpacyemcn), He6aaronpiaTHbiM aaa aro6oro npeanpiaTia, BpeMeHeM, Koraa 3aMeTHo aKTHBH3ipyeTca HenicTaa ciaa (cp. cepöcKoe noBepbe o tom, nTo bo BpeMa iBeTeHHa 6y3iHH nacTo BiaaT abaBoaa), BpeMeHeM, KoTaa Ha 3eMae noaBaaroTca aymi yMepmix (cp. KoMnaeKc noBepiñ o pycaaKax, oöiTaro^ix Ha 3eMae bo BpeMa iBeTeHHa xHTa15). .roöonbrrao, nTo KaaeHaapHbiñ nepíoa,
13	npe^BapHTeabHyro nyöaHKaiHro no TeMe cm.: BaaaaaHoBa 1983.
14	O paÖHHoBoH HonH cm. cneiHaabHo: AranKHHa, TonopKoB 1989.
15	06 3tom cm. noflpo6Hee: BHHorpaaoBa 1995.
Korna b ochobhom h nponcxonaT Bce onHCbiBaeMbie 3necb coGhtha, nocnenoBaTenbHo CBa3HBaeTca c TpeMa coGhthamh: c uBeTeHneM pacTeHHi, pa3rynoM HenncTH h c rpo3aMH. Ha XnToMHp^HHe, ecnn neTOM cnynanacb cnnbHaa rpo3a, nronn roBopnnn: «nanopoTb HaBepHoe uBeTeT» (nA); Ha PoBeH^HHe cnHTann, nTo b KynanbcKyro Honb, Korna UBeTeT nanopoTHHK, «BenbMbi nexaT b nanopoTH» (nA), a Ha ceBepo-BocTOKe Pocchh nepnon ot Kynanbi no neTpoBa ahä Ha3biBanca ueembeM (Batckhh ^onbKnop, c. 113).
Moxho npennonoxHTb, nTo cnaBaHcKHe noBepba o necHbix opexax, coxxeHHbix MonHHen h rpoMoM b onHy H3 neTHHx Honen, npencTaBnaroT co6oö oahh h3 BapnaHToB croxeTa o npecnenoBaHHH HenHCToö chah (nepTa, xToHHnecKoro cy^ecTBa h T.n.) HeKon Bbicmen cnnon, Bonno^eHHoö b rpoMe h MonHHax hah opynyro^eö hmh. D,BeTbi hah nnonbi necHoro opexa cTaHoBarca Ha BpeMa npnöexn^eM neMoHHnecKoro hah xToHHnecKoro cy^ecraa h, nopaxaa ero, rpoM onHoBpeMeHHo HaHocnT Bpen h caMHM nnonaM (HanoMHHM b stoh cbä3h xapbKoBcKoe noBepbe o tom, nTo pycanKH npe6biBaroT Ha 3eMne c Hanana uBeTeHna xHTa h no Toro MoMeHTa, noKa He sazpeMum nepeuü zpoM, 3eneHHH 1995, c. 182). Bepoarao, HMeHHo to o6cToaTenbcTBo, nTo necHbie opexn, KaK h npyrne nnonbi, uBeTH h pacTeHHa, MoryT BMe^aTb b ce6e xToHHnecKoe hah neMoHHnecKoe cy^ecTBa, o6ycnoBHno hx ocBA^eHne b uepKBH, npnxona^eeca b Pocchh h b nonbmn, nTo cHMnToMaTHnHo, KaK pa3 Ha YcneHHe Boroponnubi (15/28.VIII), neHb, Ha3HBaeMHH b Pocchh Opexoeuü Cnac. B 3tot neHb nponcxonnno ocBa^eHHe TpaB, uBeTOB h pacTeHHi (cp. nonbcKoe Ha3BaHHe npa3nHHKa — Dzien Matki Boski Zielnej), a b KaHyH ero cnynanncb «paÖHHoBHe Honn» c cnnbHon rpo3on, Korna äko6h uBenn nanopoTHHK, ne^HHa hah paÖHHa. D,epKoBHoe ocBA^eHne hah rpoMoBon ynap H3roHanH neMoHa (xToHHnecKoe cy^ecrao) H3 nnonoB ne^HHbi h nenann hx npnronHHMH nna ynoTpe6neHHa b nnmy (bo MHornx MecTax no YcneHHa BoroponnuH ecTb opexn 3anpe^anocb).
Bo3Bpa^aacb k MH^onornn ne^HHbi, cnenyeT npH3HaTb, nTo ee xroHHnecKHe cbä3h He ncnepnHBaroTca npnnacTHocTbro HcKnronHTenbHo k o6nacTH cMepTH h neMoHHnecKoMy Hanany. y 6onrap, a TaKxe y pyMHH ceBepo-BocronHoö Cep6nn ÖHTOBano noBepbe o tom, nTo necKa — «KptcTHHua Ha 3MHHTe», «KyMa Ha 3MHHTe», «3MHjcKa KyMa» (neTpoB 1974, c. 383; 3eneBHh 1993, c. 266). HHorna HMeHHo sthm noBepbeM o6tacHann anoTponennecKHe cBoncTBa ne^HHbi h ee cnocoÖHocTb oTBpa^aTb 3Men; ero xe moxho cBÄ3aTb c croxeToM o nopaxeHHH nnonoB ne^HHbi rpoMoM. Bonpoc o ceMaHTHnecKHx cbä3äx THna «ne^HHa — moahhä» h «ne^HHa — 3Mea» b KoHTeKcTe MH^onornn 3Men nonpo6Hee paccMoTpeH M. BeHoBcKoö-Ct6KoBoö (1987).
XToHHnecKHe cbä3h ne^HHH Haxon^T h e^e onHy napannenb b BocTonHocnaBÄHcKoM ^onbKnope. 3necb nonynnna mnpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe neTcKaa h MononexHaa nrpa «^^ep», HMero^aa oTnexnHBo BHpaxeHHyro nro6oBHo-6panHyro cHMBonHKy, KaK H3BecTHo, npncymyro b uenoM xToHHnecKHM cy^ecTBaM (BcnoMHHM neTaro^ero 3Mea — ochobhoto MH^nnecKoro nro6oBHHKa cnaBÄHcKoro ^onbKnopa). Hrpa coctoht b cnenyro^eM. B cepenHHe Kpyra chaht nrpoK (napeHb hah ManbnHK) — «^rnnyp», «Kanep», <«Sma», a BoKpyr Hero neBymKH (hah neBonKH) boaät xopoBon h npn 3tom noroT necHro o ^mype, cnna^eM b opexoBoM KycTe, rpbi3y^eM opexn h xenaro^eM nonynHTb ce6e xeHy: «Can3iub, can3iub ^rnnyp, capon Kaparony, ^rnnyp apix TonHUb, xamuica xonaub...» (HepHaycKaa 1919, c. 12), «Chah, chah, jjmnype, OpixoBHH BHHKy, Man co6n nHBKy! ^k He iMem, — 3aBTpa BMpemb, 3aBTpa no paHKy cxoBaeM y aMKy, — TaM nponanemb!» (TpHHneHKo 1899, c. 102). no 3aBepmeHHH neHHa «^^ep» BcKaKHBaeT c MecTa, 6pocaeTca k oahoh h3 neBoneK, 3aKpHBaeT ee nnaTKoM h KpyxHTca c Hen, nocne
nero aeBOHKa c noueiyeM oTaaeT eMy cboh bchok (niaToK hih HTo-HH6yab apyroe) (06 Hrpe cm. noapo6Hee: BepHmTaM 1990). 3aMeTHM, hto bo Bcex H3BecTHbix HaM Hrpax MecToM o6HTaHHa «3^epa» aBiaeTca HMeHHo opexoBbiñ KycT.
9poTHnecKHe KoHHoTauHH iecHoro opexa, o6HapyxHBaeMbie b 3toh Hrpe (iro6Beo6HibHbiñ 3Meñ b opexoBoM KycTe, TaHUH c noueiyaMH, Bbi6op xeHbi), oKa3aiHcb BecbMa npoayKTHBHHMH Ha ciaBaHcKoñ no^Be16. nprneaeM HaH6oiee Bbipa3HTeibHbie npHMepb. B yKpaHHcKon cBaab6e 6hio H3Becrao o6paaoBoe neneHbe zopiwKi 'opemKH', KoTopoe HHoraa noaHocHiH mojojmm nocie 6panHoñ hohh (flaHKÍBcKa 1925). nonyiapHbiñ b pyccKoM ^oibKiope mothb dapenm opexoe, KaK npaBHio, cBHaeTeibcraoBai o ceKcyMbHo-6panHbix HaMepeHHax aapHTeia, cp. b necHe, HcnoiHaeMoñ Ha nocHaeiKax: «Hto npHcBaTaica... xeHHx, cyiHi aeBymKe opexoB neTBepHK. MHe opemKoB oneHb xoneTca, 3a Hero h^th He xoneTca. 3 opemKH-To npHMy, npHMy, 3a Hero 3aMyx Heñay, Heñay» (Tpyabi KocTpoMcKoro o6^ecTBa, c. 35), cp. TaKxe npaKTHKy yro^aTbca opexaMH Ha MoioaexHbix nocHaeiKax. CBa3b iecHoro opexa c im6obhoh TeMoñ HanpaMyro BbipaxeHa y pyccKoM (BiaaHMHpcKoM) 3anpeTe py6HTb KycTbi opemHHKa noToMy, hto ot aToro ako6h «napHeñ aeBKH He 6yayT iro6HTb, a 6a6bi MyxHKoB» (3aBoñKo 1914, c. 163). B yKpaHHcKHx necHax nacTo ^HrypHpyeT «opexoBaa KopnMa» c KpacaBHueñ-xo3añKoñ: TaKaa KopnMa BocnpHHHMaeTca KaK MecTo Beceiba, ryiaHHñ h BHe6panHoñ im6bh (cm.: EoioBauKHH 1878, c. 82). E^e 6oiee oTKpoBeHHbiñ cmhci HMeroT pyccKHe 3araaKH o6 opemHHKe, onHcbBaro^He opexoBbiñ KycT b TepMHHax xeHcKoro Tena, a co6HpaHHe opexoB — b MeTa^opHKe KoHTyca: «Ehh MeHa, jiomh MeHa, noie3añ Ha MeHa: Ha MHe ecTb MoxHaTKa, b MoxHaTKe riaaKa, b riaaKoñ ciaaKo»; «Ctoht aepeBo MoxHaTo, b MoxHaToM-To riaaKo, a b ria^KoM-To ciaaKo, npo 3Ty ciacTb h y Hac ecTb cHacTb» (Mmpo^aHoBa 1968, c. 66)17. HaKoHeu, opexH h BeTKH ie^HHbi HamiH mHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe k im6obhoh MarHH. K npHMepy, y roxHbix ciaBaH, eciH aeBymKa xoTeia noKopHTb napHa, oHa aoixHa 6biia copBaTb ieTopocib iecHoro opexa h TpHxabi yaapHTb hm napHa no cnHHe, nocie nero oh yxe He Mor 6h cMoTpeTb hh Ha Koro apyroro (HajKaHoBHh 1985, c. 283).
9poTHnecKaa cHMBoiHKa opemHHKa oTHacTH o6tacHaeTca ynoao6ieHHeM opexa 3epHy h ceMeHH (o neM mh ynoMHHaiH BHanaie), a TaKxe npHHaaiexHocTbro opemHHKa k nioaoBHM aepeBbaM, cp. mHpoKo H3BecTHbiñ 6aiKaHcKHM ciaBaHaM o6braañ ocbinaTb MoioaoxeHoB opexaMH noao6Ho ToMy, KaK y boctohhhx ciaBaH hx ocbinaroT 3epHoM.
Mh paccMoTpeiH oTaeibHHe, Ha Ham B3riaa, ocHoBHHe acneKTH MH^oiorHH iecHoro opexa, conocTaBHB hx oTHacTH c THnoiorHnecKH 6ih3khmh eMy MH^onosTHHecKHMH o6pa3aMH (npexae Bcero — rpeuKHM opexoM). B HTore mh MoxeM KoHcTaTHpoBaTb HecoMHeHHbiñ napaiaeiH3M oTaeibHHx acneKToB MH^oiorHH iecHoro h rpeuKoro opexa. 9tot napaiieiH3M Hamei BHpaxeHHe b TaKHx ^aKTax, KaK cBa3b o6ohx aepeBbeB c o6iacTbro xroHHnecKoro, o6^hh aia hhx mothb «npecieaoBaHHa aeMoHa hih xroHHHecKoro cy^ecTBa, npany^eroca b opexe», Hcnoib3oBaHHe nioaoB Toro h apyroro aepeBa b KanecTBe «nH^H aia aym npeaKoB» Ha cbatkh, a TaKxe b tom, hto o6a aepeBa (ie^HHa h rpeuKHñ opex) o6HapyxHBaroT tohkh conpHKocHoBeHHa c o6pa3oM ocHoBHoro, nepBoro, aepeBa ciaBaHcKoro MH^onoaTHnecKoro aeHapapHa — c ay6oM (ie^HHa c acneKTe oTHomeHHñ «aepeBo — rpoM», «aepeBo — KyibroBbiñ o6teKT», a rpeuKHñ opex c no3HUHH «aepeBo — neioBeK»).
16	BnpoqeM, He ToibKo Ha ciaBaHcKoñ. B iHTepaType h HcKyccTBe cpeaHeBeKoBoñ EBponH opexH BocnpHHHMaiHcb KaK 3HaK rpexoBHocTH, a caM opexoBHñ KycT paccMaTpHBaica KaK spoTHqecKHH chmboi.
17	O6 apoTH^eoKHx KoHHoTauHax ie^HHH b ciaBaHcKHx aara^Kax cm. cneuHaibHo: chkhmhü 1996.
OTMeneHHaa HaMH npoTHBopenHBOCTb o6pa3a aecHoro opexa, a HMeHHo: ero npnnacTHOCTb h k BepxHeMy, h b HHXHeMy Mmpy OflHOBpeMeHHO — aerKo cHHMaeTca, ecan paccMaTpHBaTb oTaeabHbie acneKTH MH^oaorHH aeqiHH CKBO3b npH3My HHTerpaabHoro o6pa3a MHpoBoro aepeBa, coeamHaro^ero Bce Tpm ypoBHa MHpa h cB^3aHHoro b paBHOH cTeneHH h c xH3Hbro, h co cMepTbro. Cnenm^HKa MH^ono3THHecKoro o6pa3a aecHoro opexa KaK pa3 h coctoht, Bo-nepBbix, b hohth noaap-hom npoTHBonocTaBaeHHH oTaeabHHx acneKToB o6pa3a (cp. 3KcnaHnHraoe BbipaxeHme 3toh aMÖHBaaeHTHocTH b pyccKoH 3araaKe o aecHoM opexe: «Bmmy eucoKO, naaaro husko, cHapyxH zopbKO, BHyTpn caadKO», Mmrpo^aHoBa 1968, c. 66), a, bo-btophx — b HaaHHHH pa3BHToH cHCTeMbi ceMaHTHHecKHx h cHMBoamnecKHx cBa3eH ae^HHbi h rpoMa-MoaHHH, MoaHHH h 3Mem, 3Mem h ae^HHbi b KoHTeKcTe hx MeamaTHBHbix ^yHKqmH, ^aKTHnecKH cHHMaro^mx BHaHMyro «amcKpeTHocTb» o6pa3a aecHoro opexa.
npHHaTbie coKpa^eHHa
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Die Mythologie der Bäume in der traditionellen Kultur der Slawen:
Corylus avellana
Tatjana A. Agapkina
In dem Artikel werden die Hauptaspekte der Mythologie der Wahlnuss (Corylus avellana) im Vergleich zu den ihr ähnlichen mythopoetisch wichtigen Pflanzen sowie im allgemeinen Kontext des slawischen ethnodendrologischen Systems analysiert. Zu betonen ist, daß die Grenzposition der Wahlnuss in diesem System und gleichzeitig ihre Zugehörigkeit zu den "wildwachsenden" Pflanzen, ihre bestimmten Kultfunktionen, die Verbindung mit dem Donner und mit der oberen Welt einerseits und mit dem chtonischen Element andererseits für die Symbolik dieses Baumes eine prinzipielle Bedeutung hat.