POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI • POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Katalogi in monografije / Catalogi et monographiae 44 2021 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 1 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 2 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE / CATALOGI ET MONOGRAPHIAE 44 POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI • POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Biba Teržan in / and Matija Črešnar s sodelavci / with contributors Teja Gerbec, Lucija Grahek, Mihela Kajzer, Vesna Koprivnik, Bine Kramberger, Tamara Leskovar, Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Iztok Štamfelj, Jayne-Leigh Thomas, Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik, Borut Toškan, Rafko Urankar Ljubljana, 2021 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 3 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 Katalogi in monografije / Catalogi et monographiae 44 Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar s sodelavci / with contributors Teja Gerbec, Lucija Grahek, Mihela Kajzer, Vesna Koprivnik, Bine Kramberger, Tamara Leskovar, Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Iztok Štamfelj, Jayne-Leigh Thomas, Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik, Borut Toškan, Rafko Urankar POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil / Slovenian language proofreading Nina Krajnc, Dušan Merhar Prevodi / Translation Andreja Maver, Miha Kunstelj, Tamara Leskovar, Agni Prijatelj Karte razprostranjenosti / Distribution maps Vesna Svetličič, Manca Omahen, Nejc Dolinar Risbe na tablah / Drawings on Plates Drago Oman, Bine Kramberger in avtorji / and authors Oblikovanje / Design Aleš Cimprič Recenzenta / Reviewed by Janez Dular, Mitja Guštin Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije / Editor-in-chief of the series Peter Turk Uredniški odbor / Editorial board Dragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič, Timotej Knific, Biba Teržan Založnika / Publishers Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani in Narodni muzej Slovenije Zanju / Publishing executive Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Pavel Car, direktor Narodnega muzeja Slovenije Tisk / Print Present d. o. o. Naklada / Number of copies 500 Cena / Price 59 € To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Mednarodna licenca (izjema so fotografije). / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (except photographs). Tiskano s finančno pomočjo Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Printed with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic Slovenije, Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike of Slovenia, the Slovenian Research Agency, the Institute for the Slovenije, Narodnega muzeja Slovenije ter občin Zreče in Hoče-Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, the National Museum of Slivnica. Slovenia and the municipalities of Zreče and Hoče-Slivnica. Prva e-izdaja. Publikacija je v digitalni obliki prosto dostopna na https://e-knjige.ff.uni-lj.si/ DOI: 10.4312/9789610604198 Kataložna zapisa o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani Tiskana knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=48032515 ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1 (Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete) E-knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=48022275 ISBN 978-961-06-0419-8 (pdf) Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 4 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 KAZALO / CONTENTS Pohorsko podravje pred tremi tisočletji – Tradicija in inovativnost v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi – Predgovor Pohorsko Podravje three millennia ago – Tradition and innovation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages – Preface Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Oris zgodovine raziskav pozne bronaste dobe v severovzhodni Sloveniji History of research of the Late Bronze Age in north-eastern Slovenia Matija Črešnar ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 NASELBINE / SETTLEMENTS Orehova vas pri Mariboru – Naselbina iz pozne bronaste dobe (horizont Rogoza–Orehova vas) Orehova vas near Maribor – A settlement of the Late Bronze Age (Rogoza–Orehova vas horizon) Lucija Grahek ................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Pobrežje v Mariboru – Naselbina iz mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč Pobrežje in Maribor – A settlement of the Late Urnfield Period Bine Kramberger, Matija Črešnar ............................................................................................................................................. 55 Hotinja vas – Naselbina starejše železne dobe na Dravskem polju Hotinja vas – A settlement of the Early Iron Age on the plain of Dravsko polje Teja Gerbec .................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 GROBIŠČA / NECROPOLISES Pobrežje v Mariboru – Grobovi mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč Pobrežje in Maribor – Graves of the Late Urnfield Period Vesna Koprivnik ............................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Gračič pod Brinjevo goro – Nekropola kulture žarnih grobišč Gračič below Brinjeva gora – A necropolis of the Urnfield Period I. Katalog grobov in grobnih pridatkov I. Catalogue of graves and grave goods Vesna Koprivnik .......................................................................................................................................................... 215 II. Analiza sestavov grobnih pridatkov in družbena struktura II. Analysis of the grave-good compositions and social structure Vesna Koprivnik, Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................ 279 III. Kronološki oris III. Chronological outline Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 299 Rogoza pri Mariboru – Gomile iz starejše železne dobe Rogoza near Maribor – Tumuli of the Early Iron Age Matija Črešnar .............................................................................................................................................................................. 329 Gomile iz starejše železne dobe pod Poštelo Early Iron Age tumuli under Poštela I. Uvod I. Introduction Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 343 II. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem II. Large tumulus above Razvanje Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Mihela Kajzer, Bine Kramberger .................................................................................. 347 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 5 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 III. Gomila 14 iz Pivole III. Tumulus 14 at Pivola Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Biba Teržan ......................................................................................................................... 401 IV. Gomila 13 iz Pivole IV. Tumulus 13 at Pivola Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar, Bine Kramberger ................................................................................................ 411 V. Kronološki oris gomil 13 in 14 iz Pivole ter Velike gomile nad Razvanjem V. Chronological outline of Tumuli 13 and 14 from Pivola and the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 423 SPEKTROMETRIČNE IN OSTEOLOŠKE ANALIZE / SPECTROMETRIC AND OSTEOLOGICAL ANALYSES Kemijske analize predmetov iz grobov pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe Pohorskega Podravja Chemical analyses of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age grave goods from Pohorsko Podravje Rafko Urankar, Matija Črešnar ................................................................................................................................................ 469 Konjski ostanki iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem Horse remains from the Velika gomila tumulus above Razvanje Borut Toškan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 481 Antropološke analize – Uvod Anthropological analyses – Introduction Tamara Leskovar, Matija Črešnar ........................................................................................................................................... 487 Antropološka analiza sežganih človeških ostankov z najdišč Pohorskega Podravja in Prekmurja Anthropological analysis of cremated human remains from Pohorsko Podravje and Prekmurje Jayne-Leigh Thomas ................................................................................................................................................................. 493 Antropološka analiza sežganih človeških kosti iz gomil starejše železne dobe v okolici Poštele Anthropological analysis of cremated human remains from Early Iron Age burial mounds near Poštela Tamara Leskovar .......................................................................................................................................................................... 525 DODATEK / ADDENDUM Brezje pod Brinjevo goro, srednja bronasta doba Brezje below Brinjeva gora, Middle Bronze Age I. Antropološka analiza skeletov iz gomile I. Anthropological analyses of the skeletons from the tumulus Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik ............................................................................................................................................ 535 II. Antropološka analiza človeških ostankov iz štirih grobov iz gomile II. Anthropological analysis of human remains from four graves from the tumulus Jayne-Leigh Thomas ............................................................................................................................................... 545 III. Analiza človeških zob in čeljustnic pokopov iz gomile III. Analysis of human teeth and jaws from graves from the tumulus Iztok Štamfelj .............................................................................................................................................................. 547 SKLEPNA BESEDA / CONCLUSION Pohorsko Podravje v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi The Pohorsko Podravje region during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar ..................................................................................................................................................... 561 Imensko kazalo / Name Index ................................................................................................................................................ 585 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 6 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 Knjigo posvečamo spominu na Stanka Pahiča (1924-2003), kustosa arheologa v Pokrajinskem muzeju v Mariboru, izvrstnega poznavalca arheoloških najdišč na Štajerskem, Koroškem in v Prekmurju The book is dedicated to the memory of Stanko Pahič (1924-2003), curator of archaeology at the Maribor Regional Museum (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor), a personality of vast and in-depth knowledge of the archaeological sites in the Štajerska (Styria), Koroška (Carinthia) and Prekmurje regions of Slovenia Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 7 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 8 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED POHORSKO PODRAVJE TREMI TISOČLETJI – THREE MILLENNIA AGO – TRADICIJA IN TRADITION AND INOVATIVNOST INNOVATION V POZNI BRONASTI IN IN THE LATE BRONZE STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI AND EARLY IRON AGES PREDGOVOR PREFACE V preteklih treh desetletjih je prišlo predvsem zaradi Numerous new archaeological sites have come to light zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanj ob izgradnji avto- in the last three decades, mainly during the rescue exca-cestnega križa v Sloveniji do številnih odkritij novih vations conducted in advance of motorway construc- arheoloških najdišč iz različnih obdobij, kar velja tions across Slovenia. The same is true for Pohorsko tudi za Pohorsko Podravje. Že tekom arheoloških iz- Podravje1 as well. In course of these campaigns, quite kopavanj so našo pozornost vzbudila razmeroma go- densely spaced settlements from the Late Bronze Age sto razporejena arheološka najdišča naselbin iz pozne have been unearthed, which was surprising consider- bronaste dobe, ki so spreminjala do tedaj znano po- ing that the knowledge up to these excavations did not dobo o poselitvi Pohorskega Podravja (Teržan 1999; hint at such a settlement pattern in the area (Teržan Strmčnik Gulič 2001). To je bil tudi povod za pose- 1999; Strmčnik Gulič 2001). Pohorsko Podravje has ben raziskovalni projekt, s katerim smo želeli znan- since been the focus of a special research project aimed stveno obdelati in proučiti novo odkrito arheološko at studying the newly discovered archaeological finds gradivo ter s tem pridobiti nove podatke o procesih and gaining new insights into the habitation remains naseljevanja in naselbinskih strukturah na Dravskem and settlement processes on the plain of the Dravsko polju v stoletjih ob izteku 2. tisočletja in zgodnjega polje and the fringes of the Pohorje Mountains in the 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. To je bil čas, ko je kultura žar-centuries of the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BC. nih grobišč s svojim pulziranjem doživljala vzpone, This was a time of the Urnfield culture with its peaks pa tudi padce in ko se je ob njenem zatonu porajala and declines, the last of which also led to a new age – nova doba – zgodnja železna doba in z njo halštatska The Early Iron Age and the Hallstatt culture. kultura. The project of a much greater scope first ten- Uspelo nam je, da je projekt s skoraj povsem dered for funding by the European Research Coun- enakim naslovom, kot ga nosi naš zbornik, Tra- cil (ERC), which was positively assessed in the ERC dicija in inovativnost v prazgodovini (N6-0004), peer review process, but not approved for co-financ-finančno podprla Javna agencija za raziskovalno ing. Fortunately, we succeeded in securing the fi- dejavnost Republike Slovenije (ARRS) v okviru nancial support for the project under a title almost komplementarne finančne sheme. Projekt je bil na- the same as the one for these proceedings, Tradition mreč v mnogo večjem obsegu najprej prijavljen na and innovation in prehistory (N6-0004), from the razpis evropskega raziskovalnega sveta (ERC), kjer Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) as part of their je bil solidno ocenjen, a ne izbran med financirane complementary funding scheme/the ERC Comple- projekte. Po izteku projekta so se raziskave nadalje- mentary Scheme. After the end of the project, our vale tudi v sklopu ARRS Raziskovalnega programa research continued in the ARRS funded research P6-0247. Za podporo želimo ARRS na tem mestu programme No. P6-0247. We wish to thank the izreči zahvalo. Seveda smo se dolžni zahvaliti tudi Slovenian Research Agency for their support. We Znanstvenemu inštitutu in Oddelku za arheolo- would also like to extend our gratitude to the Scien- gijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani kot tific Research Institute ( Znanstveni inštitut Filozof-oddelkoma matične ustanove. Posebna zahvala gre ske fakultete) and Department of Archaeology at the študentkam in študentom arheologije Univerze v Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana ( Oddelek za Ljubljani, ki so v sklopu terenskih vaj sodelovali pri arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani), naših raziskavah. as the departments of the mother institution. We Kot je razvidno iz vsebinskega kazala predložene 1 knjige, so bile naše raziskave usmerjene v tri temat- Pohorsko Podravje is a part of Štajerska region, covering the Pohorje Mountains, the lowlands besides the Drava ske sklope. V prvem sklopu predstavljamo rezultate River and the surrounding areas. 9 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 9 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 temeljitih analiz celotnega gradiva na novo raziska-also thank the students of archaeology at the Univer- nih nižinskih naselbin, odkritih pri krajih Pobrežje, sity of Ljubljana, who participated in the research as Orehova vas in Hotinja vas; prvi dve iz pozne brona- part of their curriculum fieldwork. ste dobe1, zadnje imenovana iz starejše železne dobe. The research had three main focus areas. The first Mira Strmčnik Gulič, vodja zaščitnih arheoloških was to point at detailed and comprehensive analyses izkopavanj na teh najdiščih, arheologinja konser- of the finds from the lowland settlements newly in- vatorka na mariborski enoti Zavoda za varstvo kul- vestigated at Pobrežje, Orehova vas and Hotinja vas, turne dediščine Slovenije, OE Maribor (ZVKDS, the first two dating to the Late Bronze2, the third OE MB), je namreč velikodušno odstopila gradivo one to the Early Iron Age. The rescue excavations at iz izkopavanj omenjenih najdišč v obdelavo mlaj- all three sites were headed by Mira Strmčnik Gulič, šim kolegom, ki so se s trdim delom uspešno prebili conservator at the Regional Office Maribor of the In- skozi velike količine podatkov in najdb ter s svojimi stitute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slo- izsledki obogatili naše poznavanje tistega davnega venia (ZVKDS), who kindly offered the documen- časa. Seveda je bila uspešna obdelava teh najdišč mo- tation and material from these sites to be analysed by žna tudi zaradi plodnega sodelovanja s Skupino za younger colleagues. They rigorously examined the arheologijo na avtocestah Slovenije (SAAS) in Cen- vast quantities of data and artefacts to advance our trom za preventivno arheologijo Zavoda za varstvo knowledge of those distant periods. This has been kulturne dediščine Slovenije (CPA ZVKDS), za kar possible also because of a fruitful collaboration with se želimo zahvaliti predvsem prof. dr. Bojanu Dju- the Committee for archaeology on the Slovenian riću, vodji skupine SAAS, in Barbari Nadbath, vodji highways (SAAS) and the Centre for Preventive Ar- CPA ZVKDS. chaeology at the Institute for the Protection of Cul- V okviru našega projekta smo ob tem začeli tural Heritage of Slovenia (CPA ZVKDS), for which tudi s ponovnimi arheološkimi raziskavami na Po- we primarily wish to thank prof. dr. Bojan Djurić, šteli, tako na utrjeni naselbini iz železne dobe kot the head of SAAS, and Barbara Nadbath, the head of tudi na pripadajočih nekropolah. Raziskave so za- the CPA ZVKDS. radi vključevanja številnih naravoslovno-tehničnih Within the framework of our project, renewed disciplin in eksperimentiranja z različnimi novimi archaeological investigations at Poštela, both the Iron metodološkimi pristopi (geofizika, geokemija itd.), Age hillfort and the associated cemeteries below it, za kar so bila pridobljena tudi dodatna evropska in have been initiated. The investigations involved a domača raziskovalna sredstva, po obsegu prerasle myriad of other scientific and technical disciplines, as okvir te knjige in bodo objavljene v posebni mono-well as experimenting with different new methodolog- grafski publikaciji. ical approaches (geophysics, geochemistry and others) Drugi tematski sklop je posvečen nekropolam, additionally financed from European and Slovenian in sicer doslej še neobjavljenim najdbam iz pozne research funds. These investigations and their results bronaste in starejše železne dobe. Te predstavljajo have grown beyond the scope of this publication and naselbinskim najdbam komplementaren arheološki will be presented in a separate monograph. vir, pomemben za razumevanje poselitvenih vzor- The second scope area represents the research of cev v prostoru in času, ki je ob tem nepogrešljiv necropoleis, more precisely the till now unpublished pri preučevanju družbene strukture in obredja. Za finds from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. They obdelavo arheoloških najdb iz žarnih grobišč v Po- are an archaeological source important for a more brežju pri Mariboru in z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro comprehensive understanding of the settlement pat- pri Zrečah, ki jih je v 50. in 60. letih preteklega terns, but also for the study of the contemporary so- stoletja izkopaval Stanko Pahič in se hranijo v Po- cial structure and ritual practices. The archaeological krajinskem muzeju Maribor, smo ob soglasju direk- finds from the cremation cemeteries at Pobrežje near torice dr. Mirjane Koren uspeli nagovoriti kusto- Maribor and Gračič below Brinjeva gora near Zreče, dinjo arheologinjo Vesno Koprivnik. Obema velja that Stanko Pahič excavated in the 1950s and 60s and naša zahvala. Pri obdelavi najdb iz izkopanih gomil are now kept in the Maribor Regional Museum, were v Razvanju in Pivoli, katerih izkopavanja so pote- analysed by the archaeologist Vesna Koprivnik, cura- kala pod vodstvom Mire Strmčnik Gulič, ZVKDS, tor at the said museum on the approval of its direc- tor, Mirjana Koren. The excavation of the tumuli at 1 Na tem mestu moramo omeniti še tretjo naselbino iz tega 2 obdobja, Rogozo pri Mariboru, ki pa je že bila celostno Mention should be made of another contemporary settle- predstavljena v prispevku, objavljenem v Arheološkem ment, Rogoza near Maribor, which was already published vest niku 61 (Črešnar 2010). in an article in Arheološki vestnik 61 (Črešnar 2010). 10 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 10 8. 03. 2021 12:52:02 Slika 1. Pohorsko Podravje z arheološkimi najdišči iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe, predstavljenimi v monografiji. Pobrežje Figure 1. Pohorsko Poštela Podravje with archaeological sites from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Pivola Rogoza Ages presented in the monograph. POHORJE Orehova vas Hotinja vas Drava Brinjeva gora Dravinja (Velika gomila v Razvanju in Pivola, gomila 14) in Razvanje and Pivola were led by Mira Strmčnik Gulič, podpisanih (Pivola, gomila 13) so sodelovali tudi ZVKDS (Razvanje, large tumulus, and Pivola, Tumu- restavrator Stanko Gojkovič, Mihela Kajzer, oba lus 14), and the editors of this book (Pivola, Tumulus ZVKDS, OE MB, Drago Oman, Pokrajinski muzej 13), while the analysis and restoration of the finds also Maribor in dr. Bine Kramberger, ki smo jim prav involved the collaboration of other colleagues, namely tako globoko hvaležni. Stanko Gojkovič (restorer) and Mihela Kajzer from V tretjem sklopu raziskav pa so predstavlje- the ZVKDS Regional Office Maribor, Drago Oman ne analize naravoslovnih disciplin. Kot prve so from the Maribor Regional Museum and Bine Kram- predstavljene arheometrične raziskave kovinskih berger. To all of them we are much obliged. predmetov, za katere smo dolžni zahvalo dr. Nevi The third research strand were the archaeomet- Trampuž Orel, Narodni muzej Slovenije, in dr. ric, archaeozoological and anthropological analyses. Rafku Urankarju, PJP d.o.o. Za analizo živalskih Dr. Neva Trampuž Orel, National Museum of Slove- kostnih ostalin iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem se nia, and dr. Rafko Urankar, PJP d.o.o, have carried moramo zahvaliti dr. Borutu Toškanu z IzA ZRC out the archaeometric analyses of the metal finds. SAZU. Najobsežnejši je zadnji sklop, ki je name- Dr. Borut Toškan, Research Centre of the Slove- njen antropološkim analizam. Te so opravili različ- nian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU), ni strokovnjaki. Analize sežganih/kremiranih kosti analysed the animal bone remains from the Velika iz žarnih grobov različnih grobišč v Pohorskem Po- gomila above Razvanje. A number of experts have dravju sta opravili dr. Jayne-Leigh Thomas, takrat done the anthropological analyses. Dr. Jayne-Leigh doktorandka Univerze v Edinburghu, in dr. Tama- Thomas, then PhD student at the University of ra Leskovar z Univerze v Ljubljani. V dodatku ob Edinburgh, and dr. Tamara Leskovar, University of tem objavljamo ponovne analize skeletnih ostalin Ljubljana, analysed the cremated bones from the iz srednjebronastodobne gomile pod Brinjevo goro, cemeteries in Pohorsko Podravje. In the addendum, ki sta jih izvedli dr. Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik in prej we are further presenting the revised analyses of the 11 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 11 8. 03. 2021 12:52:04 omenjena J.-L Thomas. Zobno gradivo teh skeletov skeletal remains from the Middle Bronze Age tumu-je posebej preučil dr. Iztok Štamfelj z Univerze v lus below Brinjeva gora, carried out by dr. Tatjana Ljubljani. Tomazo Ravnik and J.-L. Thomas, while dr. Iztok Ker je bila večina prispevkov, ki jih objavljamo Štamfelj, University of Ljubljana, made new research v tem zvezku KiM-a, spisana in oddana v redakcijo on the dental remains from these individuals. že v letih 2016/2017, novejša strokovna literatura ni Most of the articles in our monograph have been več upoštevana. Žal je zaradi različnih vzrokov prišlo finished already in the years 2016/2017, therefore lat- do tiska z večjim časovnim zamikom, za kar se tako er literature is mostly not included. It is due to various avtorjem prispevkov kot tudi glavnemu izdajatelju, reasons that this delay occurred. We owe therefore the tj. Narodnemu muzeju Slovenije, opravičujeva. A authors and the publisher, i.e. the National Museum naju kljub temu veseli, da smo – čeprav z zamudo of Slovenia, our sincere apologies. Despite the delay, – uspeli obelodaniti za Pohorsko Podravje tako po- we are pleased about the publication of these impor- membno prazgodovinsko gradivo. tant prehistoric material from Pohorsko Podravje. Nenazadnje gre naša zahvala mag. Barbari Rav- Finally, we would also like to thank mag. Barbara nik, direktorici Narodnega muzeja Slovenije, in dr. Ravnik, director of the National Museum of Slovenia, Petru Turku, glavnemu uredniku zbirke Katalogi in and dr. Peter Turk, editor-in-chief of the Katalogi in monografije, ki sta sprejela naš zbornik v tisk kot 44. monografije series, for publishing our research as Vol- zvezek KiM-a. Za pomoč pri tehničnem pregledu ume 44 of the series. For the technical help we would manuskripta se zahvaljujemo Manci Omahen Gru- like to thank also Manca Omahen Gruškovnjak and škovnjak in dr. Tamari Leskovar. Slednja je ob tem dr. Tamara Leskovar. The latter has above that helped sodelovala pri urejanju in prevajanju besedil, po- with editing and translating the texts dealing with svečenih antropološkim analizam, katerih prevode human osteology, which were proof-read by Agni v angleščino je jezikovno pregledala Agni Prijatelj. Prijatelj. The final text has received important input K jezikovni podobi besedil so pomembno prispevali also from Andreja Maver and Miha Kunstelj with tudi prevajalca v angleščino, Andreja Maver in Miha their English translations as well as dr. Nina Krajnc Kunstelj, ter lektorica za slovenski jezik, dr. Nina and Dušan Merhar with the Slovenian proof-reading. Krajnc in Dušan Merhar. Apart from the National Museum of Slovenia, publi- Tisk zvezka so poleg Narodnega muzeja Slove- cation and printing was financially supported by the nije s finančno podporo in postavljanjem omogočili Faculty of Arts Scientific Press, led by dr. Matevž Ru- Znanstvena založba FF UL, ki jo vodi dr. Matevž dolf, as well as the Slovenian Research Agency ARRS Rudolf, ARRS ter občinama Zreče in Hoče-Slivnica. and the municipalities of Zreče and Hoče-Slivnica. Vsem iskrena hvala! Sincere thanks to all! Biba Teržan in Matija Črešnar, urednika zbornika Biba Teržan and Matija Črešnar, editors 12 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 12 8. 03. 2021 12:52:05 ORIS ZGODOVINE RAZISKAV HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF POZNE BRONASTE DOBE V THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN SEVEROVZHODNI SLOVENIJI NORTH-EASTERN SLOVENIA Matija Črešnar Matija Črešnar Pozna bronasta doba je obdobje kulture žarnih gro- The Late Bronze Age or Urnfield culture period is bišč in je tako s stališča številnih arheoloških najdišč certainly among the most prominent and best re-kot raziskav, ki so se odvijale vse od začetkov razvoja searched archaeological periods of north-eastern Slo- arheološke vede pri nas v drugi polovici 19. stoletja, venia, both in the number of known archaeological brez dvoma eno pomembnejših in bolje raziskanih sites and the level of investigation conducted here arheoloških obdobij v severovzhodni Sloveniji. ever since the beginnings of archaeology in Slovenia Prve arheološke najdbe, ki so v drugi polovici 19. during the second half of the 19th century. stoletja vzbudile zanimanje in izvirajo iz pozne brona- The first Late Bronze Age artefacts, which came ste dobe, so bile depojske oz. založne najdbe. Podatki to light in the second half of the 19th century, were o najdiščnih okoliščinah so sicer skromni, pomen- hoard finds. The data on their context are scarce, ljiva pa je njihova količina, saj sta bili do I. svetovne but not their quantity as two thirds of the known vojne odkriti kar dve tretjini do zdaj znanih depojev. hoards came to light before World War I, includ- Med njimi so tisti iz Čermožiša, Grab pri Središču ob ing the hoards from Čermožiše, Grabe near Središče Dravi, Hercegovščaka, Hudinje, Podgradja, Bele pri ob Dravi, Hercegovščak, Hudinja, Podgradje, Bela Poljčanah in Slovenske Bistrice.1 A čas ni niti najmanj near Poljčane and Slovenska Bistrica.1 This was a naključen, saj je bilo prav to obdobje ustanavljanja time of emerging museum associations and mu- muzejskih društev in muzejev, torej začetek orga- seums, i.e. the beginnings of organised interest in niziranega zanimanja za lastno preteklost.2 Ob tem the local past.2 Also important was the role of the moramo omeniti tudi pomen ustanov iz Gradca in s institutions in Graz and the imperial capital Vien- cesarskega Dunaja, ki so s sodelovanjem z lokalnimi na, which were instrumental in keeping the profes- ustanovami in razvejano mrežo sodelavcev pomaga- sional public abreast of contemporary guidelines in le pri seznanjanju strokovne javnosti s trenutnimi scientific endeavour with the help of local institu- znanstvenimi smernicami. Prav tako je pomembno tions and an elaborate network of associates. They njihovo vključevanje lokalnih posvetnih in cerkvenih consistently included the local secular and religious oblasti ter šol, saj so s tem ob pridobivanju novih po- authorities, as well as schools into their activities, as datkov o morebitnih arheoloških najdiščih tudi med it provided them with new information on potential laičnim prebivalstvom dvignili čut za spoštovanje archaeological sites, but also raised the awareness re- kulturne dediščine.3 Vse našteto lahko brez zadržkov garding cultural heritage among the general public.3 razlagamo kot vzrok, da tudi na najdbe prvih brona- This soon led to the discovery of the first Bronze stodobnih grobov ni bilo potrebno čakati prav dolgo. Age burials. Already in 1875, i.e. at roughly the Že leta 1875 je bilo namreč odkrito znamenito prvo same time as the discovery of the famous Dežman žarno grobišče v Rušah, kar časovno sovpada z odkri- pile-dwelling sites in the Ljubljansko barje, an urn tji slavnih t. i. Dežmanovih kolišč na Ljubljanskem cemetery was unearthed in Ruše (well-known Ruše 1 1 Teržan 1990, 13 ss; ista 1999, 130 ss; Čerče, Turk 1996, Teržan 1990, 13 ff; 1999, 130 ff; Čerče, Turk 1996, 7 ff; 7 ss; Teržan 1995b, T. 37: 1–6; 42: 5–49: 89; 70: 1–9; 73: Teržan 1995b, Pls. 37: 1–6; 42: 5–49: 89; 70: 1–9; 73: 1–13; 88: A1–2; 124: B1–2; 127: A1–5; Dular, Šavel et al. 1–13; 88: A1–2; 124: B1–2; 127: A1–5; Dular et al. 2002, 2002, 13 ss. 13 ff. 2 2 V Celju je bil krajevni muzej odprt leta 1882, naslednje The local museum in Celje opened in 1882, followed by leto pa je bilo ustanovljeno še Muzejsko društvo. Na Ptuju the museum association in the next year. At Ptuj, the mu-je bilo društvo ustanovljeno leta 1893 in je nemudoma za-seum association was established in 1893 and immediately čelo ustvarjati lastno muzejsko zbirko. Razmeroma pozno, began creating its own museum collection. The first local leta 1902, je z ustanovitvijo prvega društva sledil Maribor. museum association in Maribor was established later, in A ker je bilo to v nemških rokah, je bilo že naslednje leto 1902. As it was in German hands, a Slovenian association ustanovljeno slovensko Zgodovinsko društvo za slovensko (Historical Association for Slovenian Styria) was estab- Štajersko. Do leta 1909 sta tako v Mariboru delovali kar lished the following year and by 1909 two museum in-dve muzejski ustanovi (Zupan 1932, 131–138; več pri stitutions were active in Maribor (Zupan 1932, 131–138; Teržan 1990, 14 ss). more in Teržan 1990, 14 ff). 3 3 Baš 1953–54, 14 ss. Baš 1953–54, 14 ff. 13 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 13 8. 03. 2021 12:52:05 barju.4 Prvo etapo izkopavanj, ki so jo vzpodbudile I cemetery).4 The discovery of chance finds at the naključne najdbe, je vodil Alfonz Müllner, takratni site was followed by the first excavation campaign profesor na učiteljišču v Mariboru. Tik po zaključ- under the lead of Alfons Müllner, then professor at ku izkopavanj, septembra 1875, je bil imenovan za the teacher training college in Maribor. He was ap- konservatorja Centralne komisije, natančneje njene pointed conservator of Sektion I of the Zentralkom-I. sekcije, ki je bdela nad prazgodovinskimi objekti mission immediately after the end of excavations, in in spomeniki antične umetnosti. Dodeljeno mu je September 1875. The section was in charge of the bilo območje južne (slovenske) Štajerske in Kranj- prehistoric finds and the monuments of ancient art, ske.5 Poročilo o izkopavanjih je v glasilu komisije Müllner more particularly of those in the regions izšlo še istega leta.6 Naslednje leto je njegovo delo of southern (Slovenian) Styria and Carniola.5 He nadaljeval grof Gundaker Wurmbrand, eden izmed published the excavation report in the commission’s ustanovnih članov Antropološkega društva na Du- journal that came out the same year.6 The following naju, ki je s svojim obsežnim programom skrbelo year, his work was taken over by Count Gundakar za razvoj prazgodovinskih ved, ki so bile takrat še Wurmbrand, one of the founding members of the obravnavane kot integralni del naravoslovnih znano- Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Vienna that had an sti. In prav ta usmeritev je razlog, da je natančnost extensive programme aimed at developing prehis- objave 172 grobov iz leta 1879 popolnoma primer- toric studies then still considered an integral part of ljiva z najmanj stoletje mlajšimi deli7 ter bi lahko bila natural history. It is this orientation that resulted in v poduk mnogim, ki so v hlastanju za bogatimi (ko-the 1879 publication of 172 graves being as detailed vinskimi) najdbami, ali pa le zaradi lastnega nezna- and precise as those written a century and more lat- nja, spregledali oz. zanemarili že razbite keramične er.7 It may also be a lesson to all who disregarded the posode, kaj šele druge detajle, ki nam jih skrivajo ar- broken pottery and many other details of archaeo- heološka najdišča. A izkopavali so tudi drugi. Celjsko logical sites in their pursuit of rich (metal) artefacts muzejsko društvo je v letih po ustanovitvi leta 1883 or by plain ignorance. Apart from Ruše, there were med drugim začelo tudi z izkopavanji na rifniških other excavations. After its foundation in 1883, the grobiščih, pri katerih so bili med množico predvsem Celje museum association began investigating the starejšeželeznodobnega gradiva odkrite tudi najdbe cemeteries on Rifnik, with finds mainly dating to iz časa pozne bronaste dobe.8 Kljub temu, da je bila the Early Iron Age, but some also to the Late Bronze prazgodovinska arheologija v okolici Ptuja deležna Age.8 In the area of Ptuj, prehistoric archaeology manjšega zanimanja, pa so bile le nekaj let kasneje attracted less attention, but did yield Late Bronze poznobronstodobne najdbe odkrite tudi tam. Franc Age finds only a few years later than at Celje. Franc Pollak, ki je v imenu muzejskega društva med dru- Pollak excavated the burial mounds at Spodnje Pod- gim izkopaval gomile v Spodnjih Podložah, je sku- lože and other sites on behalf of the Ptuj museum paj s Francem Ferkom v letih 1906 in 1907 izkopal association, in collaboration with Franc Ferk also plano žgano grobišče na Zgornji Hajdini, katerega the flat cremation cemetery at Zgornja Hajdina in grobne celote so delno uničene.9 Istočasno so se v 1906 and 1907; the grave groups of this cemetery okolici Maribora, natančneje v Spodnjem Radvanju, have been partly destroyed.9 At the same time in the prav tako pojavili prvi plani žgani grobovi. Najdbe vicinity of Maribor, more precisely at Spodnje Rad- so bile domnevno pridobljene med letoma 1903 in vanje, the first flat cremation also came to light. The 1907 ob odkopavanju zemlje za opekarno, primer- goods were reportedly unearthed between 1903 and no pa so bile, sicer brez podatkov o grobnih celotah, 1907 during the earthworks for the construction of a brickworks; they were only adequately published 4 Leghissa 2017. 5 4 Več Dular et al. 2002, 25 ss. Leghissa 2017. 6 5 Müllner 1875. More in Dular et al. 2002, 25 ff. 7 6 Wurmbrand 1879. Kasneje je grobove ponovno objavil Müllner 1875. 7 H. Müller-Karpe (Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 108–115), a je Wurmbrand 1879. Hermann Müller-Karpe (Müller-Kar- izpustil Wurmbrandove natančne opise grobov. To je po- pe 1959, Pls. 108–115) later published the graves anew, skušala dopolniti J. Kaerner (1989, T. 67–131) v svojem but left out Wurmbrand’s precise descriptions of the neobjavljenem magistrskem delu. graves. Juliane Kaerner (1989, Pl. 67–131) attempted to 8 Vsa razpoložljiva literatura pri Teržan 1990, 14, 80 ss, 366 add this in her unpublished master’s thesis. 8 ss (monografska objava v pripravi). All available literature cited in Teržan 1990, 14, 80 ff, 366 9 Stare 1950; Müller-Karpe 1959, 272 s, T. 116–117; To- ff (monographic publication in preparation). 9 manič 1969. Grobove, ki se nahajajo v deželnem muze- Stare 1950; Müller-Karpe 1959, 272f, Pl. 116–117; ju Joanneum v Gradcu, je po grobnih celotah v svojem Tomanič 1969. Kaerner analysed the grave goods kept neobjavljenem magistrskem delu obravnavala J. Kaerner in the Joanneum in Graz (1989, Tab. 1–19) according to (1989, T. 1–19). grave groups in her unpublished master’s thesis. 14 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 14 8. 03. 2021 12:52:05 objavljene šele mnogo kasneje, ko je bilo določeno and dated much later, albeit without information on tudi njihovo časovno mesto.10 grave groups.10 Ob izkopavanjih že poznanih lokacij je raslo tudi Alongside the excavations of known sites, there zanimanje za odkrivanje in časovno opredeljevanje was also a growing interest in the discovery of new ar- novih arheoloških najdišč. Takšno dejavnost je med chaeological sites. This activity was among the prior- svojimi prioritetnimi nalogami predvidevala in zato ities of the Zentralkommission, in Slovenia conducted podpirala tudi Centralna komisija, na Slovenskem on its behalf by Müllner. In 1876, he sent a total of pa jo je v njenem imenu izvajal A. Müllner. Leta one thousand questionnaires to schools and parishes, 1876 je na šole in v župnišča skupaj razposlal 1000 which were aimed at gathering new information on vprašalnikov, s pomočjo katerih je pridobil nove po- potential archaeological sites. He spent the follow- datke o potencialnih arheoloških najdiščih, ki jih je ing few years surveying the sites and then reported prehodil v naslednjih letih ter o svojih ugotovitvah on his findings.11 Another important achievement tudi poročal.11 Med objavami pred koncem stoletja in the 19th century is Pichler’s archaeological map je pomembno omeniti še s kopico podatkov opre- of Styria, which contains a wealth of information.12 mljeno Pichlerjevo arheološko karto Štajerske.12 Že The first overview of hoard finds was published al- v začetku 20. stoletja je izšel tudi prvi pregled depoj- ready at the beginning of the 20th century, written skih najdb, ki je prišel izpod peresa W. Schmida. Ob by Walter Schmid. It contained a catalogue and an katalogu je podal tudi razlago depojev, kjer je posa- interpretation of the hoards, in which he saw indi- mezne najdbe in manjše depoje označil kot kazalce vidual finds and small hoards as indicators of trading trgovske dejavnosti, večje depoje s po večini razlo- activities, while the larger ones with mostly broken mljenimi predmeti pa je poskušal razložiti v sklopu objects were rather interpreted as evidence of metal- metalurških in livarskih dejavnosti.13 lurgy and metal casting.13 Po I. svetovni vojni so se karte na novo preme- Situation changed after World War I and ar- šale in tudi v arheološki stroki se je bilo potrebno chaeology was not spared as the political situation postavit na lastne noge. Pri tem je pokazalo moč changed. Particularly ambitious was the historical predvsem Zgodovinsko društvo v Mariboru, ki mu association in Maribor, which succeeded in 1938 je leta 1938 uspelo, da je mariborski muzej prido- to secure the status of a regional institution for the bil status pokrajinske ustanove. Zasluge za to gredo Maribor museum. This was mainly thanks to the predvsem Franju Bašu, ki pa je bil ob mnogih de- efforts of Franjo Baš, who was active in numer- javnostih pomemben tudi kot terenski arheolog. V ous fields including archaeological fieldwork. He zaščitnih posegih je pridobil mnogo pomembnega gained numerous important finds during his rescue gradiva, ki bi bilo brez njegovega osebnega udejstvo- efforts, which would probably have been lost with- vanja najbrž za vedno izgubljeno. V letih od 1931 out his personal commitment. Between 1931 and do 1933 je tako izkopal žarno grobišče na Mladin- 1933, he excavated an urn cemetery at Mladinska ski ulici v Mariboru z okoli 320 grobovi, sočasnemu ulica in Maribor with roughly 320 graves, as well as grobišču pa naj bi pripadale tudi neohranjene najdbe a presumably contemporaneous cemetery at Parti- iz Partizanske ulice.14 Odkritja pa so se gostila tudi zanska ulica, the goods from which are now miss- na obrobju Maribora. Plana žgana nekropola je bila ing.14 Other sites were found along the outskirts of leta 1936 ugotovljena na vzhodnem robu Pobrežja, Maribor. A flat cremation cemetery was discovered leta 1944, torej med II. svetovno vojno, pa je bilo in 1936 at the eastern edge of Pobrežje, while sev- ob gradnji zaklonišča izkopanih nekaj žganih grobov eral cremations were unearthed during the 1944 tudi v Limbušu.15 Med obema vojnama so bili od- construction of a bomb shelter in Limbuš.15 Pri- kriti tudi depoji v Cerovcu pod Bočem, na Hočkem or to that, between both wars, hoards also came to 10 10 Müller-Karpe 1959, 116; Pahič 1968, 20, 47, T. 4; 5; Ter-Müller-Karpe 1959, 116; Pahič 1968, 20, 47, Pl. 4; 5; žan 1990, 59 s, T. 67–68. Teržan 1990, 59 f, Pl. 67–68. 11 11 Müllner 1878; isti 1880; isti 1892. Svoja dognanja je predMüllner 1878; id. 1880; id. 1892. He also presented his stavil tudi na srečanju avstrijskih antropologov in prazgo-findings at the meeting of Austrian anthropologists and dovinarjev pri dunajski Akademiji znanosti, ki je bilo leta prehistorians that the Viennese academy of sciences held 1879 v Ljubljani. in 1879 in Ljubljana. 12 12 Pichler 1879. Pichler 1879. 13 13 Schmid 1909, 133 ss. Schmid 1909, 133 ff. 14 14 Baš 1933; Müller-Karpe 1959, 116 ss, T. 118–121. Gro- Baš 1933; Müller-Karpe 1959, 116 ff, Pl. 118–121. Stanko bove iz grobišča ob Mladinski ulici je rekonstruiral S. Pa-Pahič reconstructed the grave groups from the cemetery in hič, v neobjavljenem magistrskem delu pa jih je obravna-Mladinska ulica, which Kaerner (1989, Pl. 20–66) ana- vala Kaerner 1989, T. 20–66. lysed in her unpublished master’s thesis. 15 15 Zupan 1932, 39; Pahič 1953, 141 ss; isti 1965, 137. Zupan 1932, 39; Pahič 1953, 141 ff; id. 1965, 137. 15 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 15 8. 03. 2021 12:52:05 light on Cerovec below Boč, in Hočko Pohorje and Pušenci,16 which represents half of all hoard finds discovered on Slovenian territory at the time. Also between both wars, Schmid continued to publish studies on prehistoric archaeology. In addition, two volumes of the archaeological map of Yugoslavia were written in this period.17 After World War II, there was a reorganisation of museums and archaeology as a discipline. Re- gional museums became state institutions and ar- chaeology was given its own seminar, which later became a department at the University of Ljublja- na, as well as a section at the Academy of Sciences and Arts.18 Fieldwork began almost immediately after the end of the war. Already in 1946, Josip Korošec conducted excavations at the castle in Ptuj and unearthed, among other finds, the remains of a Slika 1. Stanko Pahič Pohorju in v Pušencih,16 kar predstavlja polovico v settlement dating to the Urnfield culture period.19 z ekipo na Brinjevi tistem obdobju odkritih založnih najdb na območju In the early 1950s, Stanko Pahič began excavating gori leta 1963 (Arhiv današnje Slovenije. Z razpravami, ki so vključevale in and around Brinjeva gora ( fig. 1, 2), but also Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor). oz. so se posvečale prazgodovinski arheologiji, je tudi elsewhere, for example the flat urn cemeteries at Figure 1. Stanko med obema vojnama nadaljeval W. Schmid, v tistem Ruše and Pobrežje; his extensive fieldwork and very Pahič with his team času pa sta izšla tudi dva zvezka Arheološke karte prolific writing of comprehensive studies probably on Brinjeva gora Jugoslavije.17 prevented him from promptly publishing more in the year 1963 (Archive of the Po II. svetovni vojni je prišlo do nove organizi- than two comprehensive publications of the sites he Regional Museum ranosti tako muzejskih inštitucij, saj so pokrajinski had excavated.20 In 1955, Bernarda Perc took over Maribor). muzeji postali državne ustanove, kot tudi arheologije the excavations of the Urnfield culture settlement kot vede, ki je dobila svoj seminar, kasneje oddelek at Ormož. Two years later, Lojze Bolta began inves- na Univerzi v Ljubljani in Sekcijo pri SAZU.18 Ne- tigating the multi-period settlement on the hill of mudoma se je začelo tudi s terenskim delom, saj je Rifnik near Šentjur.21 Josip Korošec že leta 1946 na Ptujskem gradu vodil Extensive excavations came to a halt at the be- izkopavanja, ki so med drugim razkrila tudi ostanke ginning of the 1960s. Alas, they were not accompa- naselbine iz časa kulture žarnih grobišč.19 V zgodnjih nied by a comprehensive analysis and publication of petdesetih je Stanko Pahič začel z izkopavanji na in the finds from these excavations, part of which has v okolici Brinjeve gore ( sl. 1, 2), ob tem desetletnem not yet seen the light of day. It is true that Hermann projektu pa je izvajal še več izkopavanj. Med drugim Müller-Karpe published his Beiträge zur Chronologie naj omenim le reševanja planih žarnih nekropol v der Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich der Alpen at Rušah in na Pobrežju. Obilica terenskega dela in zelo 16 Čerče, Turk 1996, 7 ff; Teržan 1995b, Pls. 41: 1–5; 74: plodno pisanje širših razprav pa sta pri njemu ver- 1–87: 235; 124: A1–4. jetno pogojevali, da sta luč sveta v doglednem času 17 Schmid 1915; id. 1925; id. 1943; Klemenc, Saria 1936; uzrli le dve celovitejši objavi izkopanih najdišč.20 eid. 1939. 18 Pahič 1966; Gabrovec 1984. 16 19 Čerče, Turk 1996, 7 ss; Teržan 1995b, T. 41: 1–5; 74: Korošec 1951. The finds have only recently been compre- 1–87: 235; 124: A1–4. hensively published (Dular 2013, 137–177). 17 20 Schmid 1915; isti 1925; isti 1943; Klemenc, Saria 1936; Pahič 1957; id. 1972; id. 1981; id. 1985; id. 1991; Oman ista 1939. 1981; Pahič 1988–1989. In a certain segment, this publi- 18 Pahič 1966; Gabrovec 1984. cation is the continuation of his work, bringing two pub-19 Korošec 1951. Gradivo je bilo v celoti objavljeno šele pred lications based on his field data: the comprehensive publi-kratkim (Dular 2013, 137–177). cation of the cemetery at Gračič below Brinjeva gora (see 20 Pahič 1957; isti 1972; isti 1981; isti 1985; isti 1991; Oman here Koprivnik, Gračič) and the publication of the graves 1981; Pahič 1988–1989. Njegovo delo v določenem se-from Pobrežje found after those that Pahič published in gmentu nadaljujemo tudi s pričujočo publikacijo, saj v tem 1991 (see here Koprivnik, Pobrežje). 21 zvezku prinašamo dve objavi, ki temeljita na njegovih te-Bolta 1959; id. 1962; Perc 1962–63; Pirkmajer 1983; renskih podatkih, in sicer celostna objava grobišča z Gračiča ead. 1994; Teržan 1990, 49 ff, 366 ff; ead. 1996a. Iztok pod Brinjevo goro (glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič) in del obja-Vrenčur analysed the prehistoric finds from Rifnik as part ve dodatnih grobov s Pobrežja, ki jih je sicer v samozaložbi of his doctoral thesis, which has not yet been published Pahič (1991) že objavil (glej tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje). (Vrenčur 2018). 16 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 16 8. 03. 2021 12:52:06 Leta 1955 je Bernarda Perc prevzela izkopavanja žar- nogrobiščne naselbine v Ormožu, le dve leti kasneje pa se je terenskega preučevanja večobdobne višinske naselbine na Rifniku pri Šentjurju lotil Lojze Bolta.21 Obsežna izkopavanja so bila v začetku šestdese- tih zaključena, vendar pa to ne velja tudi za obdelavo in objavo celotnega gradiva, na katere deloma čaka- mo še danes. V tem času pa je luč sveta uzrlo delo Hermanna Müller-Karpeja Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich der Alpen, ki je izjemnega pomena za poznavanje obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč v Sloveniji.22 V njem igrajo zelo po- membno vlogo tako depoji kot žarna grobišča, ki so bila na naših tleh odkrita pred II. svetovno vojno, saj so ključnega pomena za kronološko delitev tako starejše kot mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč v jugovzho- dnoalpskem svetu. Kljub mnogoterim kritikam in popravkom, ki so in še zmeraj prihajajo izpod peres this time, a book of immense importance for the Slika 2. Stanko Pahič raznih raziskovalcev, pa je delo, ki je slovenska najdi-understanding of the Urnfield culture period in in Vlado Lorber s šča postavilo na mesto veznega člena med srednjee-Slovenia.22 It extensively discusses both hoards and sodelavkama med izkopavanjem gomile vropskimi in sredozemskimi kronološkimi sistemi in urn cemeteries discovered on the territory of Slove- iz srednje bronaste kulturami, za mnoga desetletja zaznamovalo nadalj-nia prior to World War II, which are crucial for the dobe na Brezju nje raziskave tega obdobja. chronological division of the Early and Late Urnfield pod Brinjevo goro leta 1956 (Arhiv Novo obdobje razvoja slovenske arheologije je period in the south-eastern Alpine area. In spite of Pokrajinskega muzeja sledilo v 70. in 80. letih prejšnjega stoletja, ko so se the criticism and numerous corrections that contin- Maribor; glej tu začeli ustanavljati regionalni zavodi za spomeniško ue to be written by several scholars, his work that es- Tomazo Ravnik; varstvo, ki so zagotavljali nova delovna mesta za ar-tablished Slovenian sites as a link between the central Thomas, Brezje; Štamfelj). heologe. Ob tem so se spremenile tudi pristojnosti European and Mediterranean chronological schemes Figure 2. Stanko različnih institucij, saj je pod njihovo okrilje prešlo and cultures marked the research of the period for Pahič and Vlado celotno spomeniško-varstveno delo. Pomembno na-many decades. Lorber with co- workers during logo sprotnega seznanjanja s preliminarnimi izsledki A new era in the development of Slovenian ar- excavations of the arheoloških izkopavanj je prevzela že leta 1948 usta-chaeology began in the 1970s and 80s with the es- Middle Bronze Age novljena revija Varstvo spomenikov, ki je s tem raz-tablishment of regional institutes for the protection barrow at Brezje bremenila Arheološki vestnik in mu omogočila nov of cultural heritage, which meant additional jobs below Brinjeva gora in 1956 (Archive konceptualni razvoj.23 Pomemben doprinos k pozna- for archaeologists. This also changed the compe- of the Regional vanju tudi pozne bronaste dobe je predstavljalo delo tences of other institutions, as the institutes took Museum Maribor; se Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, ki je izšlo leta 1975 in v over the task of protecting cultural heritage. They here Tomazo Ravnik; Thomas, Brezje; katerem je S. Pahič med drugim s sintetičnim pregle- began producing the Varstvo spomenikov journal in Štamfelj). dom orisal čas kulture žarnih grobišč na Slovenskem. 1948, which had an important role in publishing Leta 1983 je izšlo še eno pomembno delo, Praistorija the preliminary results of archaeological excava-jugoslavenskih zemalja IV. Brončano doba, v sklopu tions and thus took over some of the tasks of Arheo-katerega je Stane Gabrovec predstavil tudi pozno loški vestnik, enabling the latter a new conceptual bronasto dobo jugovzhodnoalpske regije. V svojem development.23 An important contribution to the pregledu se je sicer držal Staretove opredelitve dobo- knowledge on the Late Bronze Age was the mon- vsko-ruške skupine, a je združitev označil kot pro- ographic publication of all archaeological sites in blematično in opravičil svojo skupno predstavitev s Slovenia, Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, which came konceptom publikacije.24 out in 1975 and included a contribution by Pahič that offered an overview of the Urnfield culture pe- 21 Bolta 1959; isti 1962; Perc 1962–63; Pirkmajer 1983; ista riod in Slovenia. In 1983, another important pub-1994; Teržan 1990, 49 ss, 366 ss. Prazgodovinske najdbe lication appeared, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja z Rifnika so bile obdelane v sklopu doktorske disertacije I. Vrenčurja, a še niso objavljene (Vrenčur 2018). IV. Brončano doba. In it, Stane Gabrovec presented 22 Müller-Karpe 1959. 23 22 Teržan 1999, 131. Müller-Karpe 1959. 24 23 Gabrovec 1983, 54–63. Teržan 1999, 131. 17 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 17 8. 03. 2021 12:52:06 Z novim zanosom je delovalo tudi Slovensko arthe Late Bronze Age in the south-eastern Alpine heološko društvo, ki je začelo prirejati strokovna sreča-area, retaining the definition of the Dobova-Ruše nja, posvečena problematiki posameznih arheoloških group, according to France Stare, but marking it as obdobij. Tako je bil leta 1986 na sporedu trinajsti problematic and defending it with the concept of kolokvij, njegova tematika pa je bila Bronasta doba v the publication.24 Sloveniji in s tem tudi kultura žarnih grobišč. Izsledki The Slovenian archaeological association ( Slov-srečanja so, kot tudi mnogih predhodnih, objavljeni ensko arheološko društvo) was also given new impe-v eni izmed naslednjih številk Arheološkega vestni- tus, organising professional meetings on individ- ka.25 Kolokvij naj bi spremljala tudi razstava, ki pa ual archaeological periods. In 1986, the thirteenth je bila z zamudo odprta naslednje leto in ob kateri colloquium was conducted on the subject of the je izšel tudi priložnostni katalog, ki je prvič predsta- Bronze Age in Slovenia, which included the Urnfield vil bronasto dobo ne le kot znanstveno utemeljeno culture period. The proceedings of the colloquium arheološko stopnjo z zbirom najrazličnejših predme- were published in one of the following volumes of tov, temveč kot pristni del naše prazgodovine z vsemi Arheološki vestnik, as was the standard practice.25 vidiki takratnega življenja.26 The colloquium was planned to be accompanied by Izkopavanja so bila v tem času omejena pred- an exhibition, but its opening was deferred to the vsem na zaščitne posege, a so tudi ti razkrivali mar- following year. The exhibition catalogue for the first sikaj, kar bi bilo brez nadzora spomeniškovarstve- time presented the Bronze Age not only as an scien- nih služb izgubljeno. Omeniti velja Rabelčjo vas tifically grounded archaeological phase and a collec- pri Ptuju, kjer so bili ob gradnji šolskega centra tion of artefacts, but also as part of vivid prehistory in stanovanjskega kompleksa med drugim odkriti with all of the aspects of life in the period.26 ostanki bronastodobne in starejšeželeznodobne na- Excavations were at this time largely limited to selbine in žgani grobovi.27 Podobno je bilo tudi v rescue interventions, unearthing finds that would Ormožu, kjer mnogim arheološkim posegom bo- have been lost without the watchful eye of the her- truje predvsem dejstvo, da se današnje naselje na- itage protection service. Worth mentioning among haja nad prazgodovinskim. Ob enem izmed teh je such sites is Rabelčja vas near Ptuj, where the re- bilo odkrito tudi manjše plano grobišče iz mlajše mains of a Bronze and Early Iron Age settlement, kulture žarnih grobišč.28 as well as cremation burials were found in advance Izven okvirja zaščitnih posegov je v sklopu obrav- of constructing a school centre and a housing com- navane tematike potekalo sistematično arheološko plex.27 A similar situation was in Ormož, where a izkopavanje srednje- in poznobronastodobne nasel- prehistoric settlement was investigated during nu- bine Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakošu, ki je po zaključku merous interventions into the subsoil of the mod- izkopavanj doživelo tudi celostno objavo.29 ern town. One of these interventions unearthed a Pregled zgodovine raziskav do konca osemdese- small flat cemetery from the Late Urnfield culture tih je bil že večkrat predstavljen,30 osvetliti pa je po-period.28 trebno obdobje, ki ga živimo in se je začelo v devet- Also of importance and not discovered during a desetih letih dvajsetega stoletja. V prvi vrsti je to čas, rescue campaign is the Middle and Late Bronze Age ki ga zaznamujejo obsežni izkopavalni projekti, ki so settlement at Oloris near Dolnji Lakoš, which was povezani z infrastrukturnimi posegi, kot so gradnja comprehensively published after the excavations had slovenskega avtocestnega križa ( sl. 3), železniške in-ended.29 frastrukture in urbanizacija prej neposeljenih obro- The history of research up to the end of the bij mest itn. Posegi v naravno in kulturno krajino so 1980s has been presented on several occasions.30 neprimerljivo večji kot kadarkoli doslej, a arheološka What needs more illumination is the present stroka je tudi po izkušnjah, pridobljenih ob gradnjah 24 Gabrovec 1983, 54–63. 25 25 Arh. vest. 39–40, 1988–89, 111–523. Arh. vest. 39–40, 1988–89, 111–523. 26 26 Trampuž Orel et al. 1987. Trampuž Orel et al. 1987. 27 27 Tomanič-Jevremov 1974; ista 1977b; Strmčnik-Gulič Tomanič-Jevremov 1974; ead. 1977b; Strmčnik-Gulič 1980; ista 1988–89. 1980; ead. 1988–89. 28 28 Tomanič-Jevremov 1977a; ista 1979; ista 1981; ista 1983; Tomanič-Jevremov 1977; ead. 1979; ead. 1981; ead. ista 1988–89; Tušek 1984; Lamut 1987; isti 1988–89; isti 1983; ead. 1988–89; Tušek 1984; Lamut 1987; 1988–89; 2001. id. 2001. 29 29 Horvat-Šavel 1980; ista 1988–89; Dular 1987; Šavel Horvat-Šavel 1980; ead. 1988–89; Dular 1987; Šavel 1994, 55 ss; Dular et al. 2002. 1994, 55 ff; Dular et al. 2002. 30 30 Pahič 1966; Gabrovec 1984; Teržan 1990; ista 1999; No- Pahič 1966; Gabrovec 1984; Teržan 1990; ead. 1999; No- vaković et al. 2004. vaković et al. 2004. 18 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 18 8. 03. 2021 12:52:06 avtocest, ko je bilo izkopanega izjemno veliko nove-period, from the 1990s onwards. This is primarily a ga gradiva, sedaj bolj neposredno vključena v načr- time marked by extensive excavation projects taking tovanje umeščanja posegov v prostor. Predpisovanje place in advance of infrastructural projects such as načina dela in nadzor raziskav seveda ostaja v dome- the construction of the Slovenian motorway cross ni spomeniškega varstva, a moč kapitala in časovni ( fig. 3), railroad network and urbanisation of previ-roki pogojujejo celoletna in čim hitrejša izkopavanja. ously uninhabited outskirts of towns and cities. In- Vse omenjeno zahteva nove in bistveno spremenjene terventions into the natural and cultural landscape metodološke postopke, kjer je nepogrešljivo uvaja- have been considerably greater than ever before. It nje novih tehnoloških orodij in postopkov. S tem se is also true that with the experience gained during je celostno že v 90. letih 20. stoletja spoprijela eks- the motorway constructions, when an enormous pertna Skupina za arheologijo na avtocestah Slovenije amount of new finds were unearthed, archaeology (SAAS), ki ji je od samega začetka predsedoval Bojan became much more directly involved into the pro- Djurić.31 V sklopu vrste izkopavanj so bila odkrita cess of spatial planning. Prescribing the method of mnoga nova najdišča. Ker trase avtocest med dru- archaeological work and supervising the investiga- gim potekajo po prostranih rečnih dolinah, kjer je tions still remains in the domain of the heritage pro- sicer zelo težavno odkrivati arheološka najdišča, so tection services, but the power of capital and the te najdbe dodobra spremenile pogled na domala deadlines lead to investigations taking place at all vsa obdobja slovenske (pra)zgodovine. Podobno se times of the year and at a very rapid pace. All this je zgodilo in se dogaja tudi z obdobjem, ki je pod requires new and radically different methodological drobnogledom v pričujočem prispevku in monogra- approaches, where new technological tools and pro- fiji, pozno bronasto dobo, in njej sledečo starejšo že- cedures become a necessity. This was a task tackled lezno dobo. in a comprehensive manner already in the 1990s Med vsemi infrastrukturnimi projekti, ki so by an expert group for archaeology on Slovenian vključevali arheološke raziskave, gre kot dober pri- motorways ( Skupina za arheologijo na avtocestah mer v smislu uvajanja novih metodoloških pristo- Slovenije or SAAS), headed from the very beginning pov, interdisciplinarnega sodelovanja in nenazadnje by Bojan Djurić.31 A multitude of new sites was dis- tudi zaključka raziskav z monografskimi publikaci- covered during excavations, also in the otherwise jami izpostaviti že omenjene raziskave ob gradnjah rather ‘silent’ broad river valleys. These excavations avtocest ( sl. 3). Prva pregledna objava cele vrste iz-thoroughly altered our understanding of almost all kopanih najdišč je pod okriljem Zavoda za varstvo periods of Slovenian (pre)history, including the Late kulturne dediščine Slovenije (ZVKDS) izšla leta Bronze and the Early Iron Ages. 2003 pod naslovom Tla pod vašimi nogami. Arheo- Among the series of infrastructural projects that logija na avtocestah Slovenije. Vodnik po najdiščih. V involved archaeology, the already mentioned inves- isti sapi velja omeniti tudi zbirko Arheologija na av-tigations preceding the construction of Slovenian tocestah Slovenije (AAS), v sklopu katere so bila ob-motorways ( fig. 3) should be mentioned as a good javljena že številna in bodo objavljena vsa najdišča, example of introducing new methodological ap- odkrita v tem projektu.32 Omeniti velja tudi plodno proaches, of interdisciplinary collaboration and also in poučno neformalizirano sodelovanje med neka- of publishing excavation results in monographs. The terimi muzeji in območnimi enotami ZVKDS ter first two overviews of a series of sites excavated un- Oddelkom za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Uni- der the auspices of the Institute for the Protection verze v Ljubljani, saj so študentje večkrat dobili do- of Cultural Heritage (ZVKDS) came out in 2003 stop do izkopanega gradiva in ga obdelali v svojih under the title The Earth Beneath Your Feet. Archae- 31 ology on the Motorways in Slovenia. Guide to Sites. Projekt varovanja arheološke dediščine je nastal leta 1994 kot posledica potrebe po verodostojnih osnovah za načr- 31 tovanje avtocestnih odsekov, pri katerem naj bi se ognili The project of archaeological heritage protection started vsem registriranim območjem arheoloških najdišč in ob-in 1994 as the result of the need for firm foundations in enem v najmanjši možni meri poškodovali ali celo uničili planning motorway sections that would strive to avoid all še neznana arheološka najdišča. V njegovem sklopu so bile listed archaeological sites and also minimise the damage že zgodaj oblikovane rešitve, uveljavljene pri varovanju or destruction of the as yet unknown sites. As part of this arheološke dediščine, ki hkrati vplivajo na spremembe project, solutions were formulated very early on that were konceptov arheoloških terenskih raziskav in možnosti va-implemented in the field of archaeological heritage pro- rovanja (Djurić 2003; navaja tudi Grosman, D., P. No- tection and also influence the changes in the concepts of vaković 1994, Struktura in postopki. – Ljubljana (interno archaeological fieldwork and the possibilities of heritage gradivo SAAS).) protection (Djurić 2003; also cited in Grosman, D., P. 32 Prešeren 2003; Vse objave v sklopu zbirke AAS so dostop- Novaković 1994, Struktura in postopki. – Ljubljana (interne na spletu med publikacijami ZVKDS (www.zvkds.si). nal records of SAAS).) 19 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 19 8. 03. 2021 12:52:06 Slika 3. Zračni posnetek obsežnih arheoloških izkopavanj na avto- cestni trasi pri Rogozi leta 1998–1999 (Arhiv ZVKDS; glej tu Črešnar, Rogoza). Figure 3. Aerial photograph of the extensive archaeological excavations on the motorway course at Rogoza in 1998–1998 (Archive ZVKDS; se here Črešnar, Rogoza). diplomskih in magistrskih nalogah ter doktorskih There is also the Arheologija na avtocestah Sloveni- disertacijah.33 je (AAS) series, where a number of sites excavated Če izhajamo iz jedra naše študije, Pohorskega as part of the project have already been published, Podravja, je bilo tukaj v zadnjih desetletjih odkri- while others await publication.32 In addition, there tih in objavljenih kar nekaj najdišč, ki so datirana is a fruitful and officially unformalised collaboration v pozno bronasto in starejšo železno dobo.34 To so between certain museums and regional offices of poznobronastodobne naselbine Rogoza35, Orehova the ZVKDS, on the one hand, and the Department vas in Pobrežje,36 od katerih sta slednji predstavljeni of Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, University of tudi v tej monografiji, podobno pa velja za železno- Ljubljana, on the other, in which students are given dobno Hotinjo vas37. Ob tem je potrebno omeniti še the excavated finds to analyse in their diploma, mas- bližnja najdišča Slivnica in Spodnje Hoče,38 nekoliko ter’s and doctoral theses.33 južneje na Dravskem polju pa ležijo še Dolge njive pri The archaeological investigations conducted over Šikolah39. Več najdišč je bilo odkritih tudi v okolici the last few decades in the Pohorsko Podravje region Ptuja, kot so Draženci (Selska cesta)40 in starejšežele- revealed several Late Bronze and Early Iron Age sites znodobno naselje z grobiščem Srednica41, a večina gra- that have already been published.34 These are the Late diva še ni v celoti obdelana in objavljena. Nizvodno Bronze Age settlements at Rogoza35, Orehova vas and 33 Pobrežje,36 the latter two included in this volume, as Če se omejimo le na obravnavano obdobje in območje, so takšni primeri Šiman pri Gotovljah, Hajndl pri Ormo- 32 žu, Dolge njive pri Šikolah in Draženci (Selska cesta) pri Prešeren 2003; all publications of the AAS series are avail-Ptuju, pa Rogoza in Hotinja vas pri Mariboru. Našteta zaable online among the publications of the Institute for the ključna dela so bila izdelana pod mentorstvom akad. zasl. Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (www.zvkds.si). 33 prof. dr. B. Teržan (Tomažič 2000; Mele 2003; isti 2009; From the time and place discussed in this volume, there Kovač 2004; Žižek 2005; Magdič 2006; Filipidis 2008; are the finds from Šiman near Gotovlje, Hajndl near Or- Črešnar 2009; Gerbec 2014). mož, Dolge njive near Šikole and Draženci (Selska cesta) 34 Na tem mestu omenjamo le najdišča, ki so dostopna vsaj z near Ptuj, as well as Rogoza and Hotinja vas near Mari-nekoliko bolj obsežnimi objavami in ne le s preliminarnibor. The theses were written under the mentorship of Biba mi povzetki. Teržan (Tomažič 2000; Mele 2003; id. 2009; Kovač 2004; 35 Črešnar 2010. Žižek 2005; Magdič 2006; Filipidis 2008; Črešnar 2009; 36 Glej tu Grahek; Kramberger, Črešnar. Gerbec 2014). 37 34 Glej tu Gerbec. Only the sites presented in slightly more comprehensive 38 Strmčnik-Gulič 2001a–b; ista 2003a–e. publications and not merely preliminary reports are con- 39 Žižek 2005. sidered here. 40 35 Filipidis 2008. Črešnar 2010. 41 36 Lubšina Tušek 2008. See here Grahek; Kramberger, Črešnar. 20 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 20 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 ob Dravi sta pomembni predvsem naselbina iz starejše well as the Iron Age settlement at Hotinja vas37. There železne dobe Hajndl pri Ormožu, ki je zanimiv tudi are also nearby sites at Slivnica and Spodnje Hoče,38 v primerjavi s sosednjo, vsaj delno sočasno in mno- as well as Dolge njive near Šikole further south in go bolje poznano utrjeno naselbino Ormož,42 in kot the Dravsko polje39. Several sites came to light in the kaže precej dolgotrajno grobišče pri Zavrču43. Pri Sv. area of Ptuj, for example at Draženci (Selska cesta)40 Juriju ob Ščavnici je bilo izkopano najdišče Sodolek,44 and an Early Iron Age settlement with the associated v Prekmurju pa velja opozoriti predvsem na južne cemetery at Srednica41, though most of the finds from obronke Murske Sobote. Med starejša najdišča v na- these sites have as yet not been entirely analysed and šem časovnem okvirju tega prostora sodi naselje Pod published. Two important sites are located down the Kotom - sever, ki je približno sočasno z že omenjenim River Drava; one is an Early Iron Age settlement at Olorisom pri Dolnjem Lakošu in drugimi prekmur- Hajndl near Ormož, interesting also in comparison skimi naselbinami, kot so Gornje njive pri Dolgi vasi, with the adjacent, at least partially contemporaneous Nedelica pri Turnišču in Pod Grunti - Pince.45 Med and much better known fortified settlement at Or- izjemne najdbe sodi sicer majhno grobišče Gorice mož,42 as well as a cemetery at Zavrč which appears pri Turnišču, ki pa zapolnjuje vrzel v Ha A obdobju to have been in use for a long period of time43. The kulture žarnih grobišč.46 Posebno mesto tako v pozni Sodolek site was investigated near Sv. Jurij ob Ščavni- bronasti kot starejši železni dobi ima večobdobno naj- ci44. In the region of Prekmurje, prominent sites came dišče Nova Tabla pri Murski Soboti47, ki ga moramo to light along the southern outskirts of Murska Sobo- v starejši železni dobi obravnavati skupaj s proti zaho- ta. The settlement at Pod Kotom - sever ranks among du ležečimi najdišči Kotare - Krogi, Kotare - Baza in the early sites in our time frame, roughly contempora- Za Raščico,48 saj brez dvoma predstavljajo poselitveno neous with the already mentioned Oloris near Dolnji enoto. V južnemu delu Prekmurja, nedaleč stran od Lakoš and other settlements such as Gornje njive near Lendave, velja kot sočasno obravnavati še najdišče Tri- Dolga vas, Nedelica near Turnišče and Pod Grunti - mlini/Pri Muri49, ob tem pa je bila slika celotne regije Pince.45 There is also a small cemetery at Gorice near v starejši železni dobi pravkar predstavljena50. Turnišče, which is of great importance as it fills the Pod jugozahodnimi obronki Pohorja je bilo pri gap in the Ha A phase of the Urnfield period.46 The Slovenskih Konjicah nedolgo tega odkrito in že na- multi-period site at Nova Tabla near Murska Sobota tančno analizirano poznobronastodobno najdišče holds a pride of place in both the Late Bronze and Blato,51 ki ga je potrebno obravnavati tudi v pove- the Early Iron Age47, for the latter period considered zavi z bližnjo višinsko naselbino na Brinjevi gori. V in association with the sites at Kotare - Krogi, Ko- Savinjski dolini je na prehod srednje v pozno brona- tare - Baza and Za Raščico located west of it,48 as they sto dobo datirana naselbina Šmatevž52, pomembna undoubtedly represented a single settlement unit. In predvsem zaradi pojavljanja keramičnih najdb z zna- southern Prekmurje, not far from Lendava, another čilnostmi srednje bronaste dobe53. V to prehodno ob- contemporaneous site is Trimlini/Pri Muri49. Besides dobje pa sodi tudi najdišče Črnolica pod Rifnikom, that, a regional study of the Early Iron Age in Prek- ki je bilo pred kratkim prepoznano ob ponovnem murje was also recently presented.50 pregledu najdb iz gomile iz starejše železne dobe54. At the south-western foot of the Pohorje Hills, Čas od konca osemdesetih let dvajsetega stoletja a Late Bronze Age site has recently been discovered torej v prvi vrsti prinaša izjemno veliko novih najdišč. 37 See here Gerbec. 42 38 Mele 2003; isti 2005a–b; Kovač 2004; Magdič 2006; Strmčnik-Gulič 2001a–b; ead. 2003a–e. 39 Mele 2014. Žižek 2005. 43 40 Blečič Kavur et al. 2018. Filipidis 2008. 44 41 Kavur 2007; isti 2012. Lubšina Tušek 2008. 45 42 Kerman 2013; isti 2018 (Pince); Šavel, Sankovič 2013 Mele 2003; id. 2005a–b; Kovač 2004; Magdič 2006; Mele (Nedelica). 2014. 46 43 Plestenjak 2010. Blečič Kavur et al. 2018. 47 44 Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001; Tiefengraber 2001; Guštin Kavur 2007; id. 2012. 45 et al. 2017. Kerman 2013; id. 2018 (Pince); Šavel, Sankovič 2013 48 Kerman 2011a–b; isti 2014a–b; Šavel, Sankovič 2010; Je- (Nedelica). 46 reb et al. 2014. Plestenjak 2010. 49 47 Šavel, Sankovič 2011; ista 2014. Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001; Tiefengraber 2001; Guštin 50 Kerman 2019. et al. 2017. 51 48 Bricelj 2018. Kerman 2011a–b; id. 2014a–b; Šavel, Sankovič 2010; Jer- 52 Tica, Djurić 2007. eb et al. 2014. 53 49 Teržan 2010. Šavel, Sankovič 2011; eid. 2014. 54 50 Vrenčur 2011. Kerman 2019. 21 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 21 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 A so pomembni tudi številni drugi raziskovalni do-at Blato near Slovenske Konjice,51 which has already sežki, ki so plod obširnih kronoloških in družbenih been analysed in detail and needs to be considered študij, uvajanja novih metod itn. Obdobje se je za- in association with the nearby hilltop settlement on čelo z monografsko objavo Starejša železna doba na Brinjeva gora. The settlement at Šmatevž in the val- Slovenskem Štajerskem, v kateri je B. Teržan celostno ley of Savinjska dolina is dated to the transition from predstavila pokrajino in njeno življenje v obravnava- the Middle to the Late Bronze Age52, particularly im- nem kronološkem odseku. Ob zelo natančni obrav- portant in that it yielded pottery finds with Middle navi starejše železne dobe, ki je osnovna tema zvezka, Bronze Age traits53. Another site dates to this transi- so obravnavani tudi njeni začetki, ki so ukoreninje- tion – Črnolica below Rifnik, only recently identi- ni v kulturi žarnih grobišč.55 Ista avtorica je ob ožje fied and re-interpreted during a review of the finds usmerjenih študijah večkrat predstavila tudi stanje from a tumulus from the Early Iron Age54. raziskav in naloge, ki nas še čakajo pri raziskovanju The time from the end of the 1980s onwards is pozne bronaste dobe v Sloveniji, ter s svojim delom primarily marked by an enormous number of previ- nemara namerno vzpodbujala in usmerjala zanima- ously unknown sites. But there is a number of other nje mnogih arheologov ter študentov arheologije.56 important research achievements that are the result Ob tem ne gre prezreti dela I. Šavel, ki je v istem of extensive chronological and social studies, the in- obdobju začela z objavljanjem tako novih arheolo- troduction of new methodologies and so forth. The ških najdišč kot tematskih raziskav, med katerimi so period began with the monograph on the Early Iron izjemnega pomena topografske študije Prekmurja in Age in Slovenian Styria ( The Early Iron Age in Slove-analize prazgodovinskih naselij ter naselitvene dina- nian Styria), in which Biba Teržan comprehensively mike Pomurja.57 Nekoliko kasneje je skupaj s kole-presented the region and its life during this particular gom B. Kermanom vodila tudi številna izkopavanja span of time. Although dedicated to the Early Iron in sooblikovala objave v sklopu serije AAS. Podobna Age, the study tackles its beginnings rooted in the vloga, vodje številnih izkopavanj, pa tudi avtorice Urnfield culture period.55 The same author went on več preglednih člankov, je v Podravju pripadlo M. to publish more narrowly oriented studies that also Strmčnik Gulič ( sl. 4).58 presented the state of research and the tasks that still Ob klasičnih tipološko-kronoloških študijah awaited researchers in the study of the Late Bronze arheološkega gradiva se je v tem času zgodil večji Age in Slovenia. Her work incited and guided the premik k interdisciplinarnosti. Tako so bile v sklo- interests of many archaeologists and students of ar- pu izkopavanj vedno pogosteje sistematično vklju- chaeology.56 There is also the work of Irena Šavel, čene arheozoološke, arheobotanične59 in delno tudi who in the same period began publishing both the antropološke analize60, zaradi raznoterih okoliščin newly discovered archaeological sites and broader pa je nekoliko počasneje napredovala uveljavitev ar- studies on particular topics, among the latter topo- heometalurških raziskav. Po apelih Bibe Teržan po graphic studies of Prekmurje and analyses of prehis- (pre)potrebnosti uvedbe načrtnih in sistematičnih toric settlements and the settlement dynamics in the metalurških analiz v raziskave kovinskih obdobjih Mura Valley57. Later and in collaboration with her je konec osemdesetih let zaživel projekt sistematič- colleague Branko Kerman, she led numerous excava- nih analiz depojskih najdb pozne bronaste dobe.61 tions and also participated in the publications as part V tem sklopu je bilo do leta 1995 analiziranih kar of the AAS series. Mira Strmčnik Gulič ( fig. 4) had 928 predmetov iz 23 depojev.62 Rezultati so bili a similar role, of heading excavations and authoring izredni, najširše pa predstavljeni v drugem delu overviews, but in the region of Podravje.58 monografije Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe This was also a period of a shift in orientation, bakrene in bronaste dobe na Slovenskem, ki vključuje with the classic typo-chronological studies of the 51 Bricelj 2018. 55 52 Teržan 1990. Tica, Djurić 2007. 56 53 Teržan 1995a; ista 1996b–c; ista 1999. Teržan 2010. 57 54 Šavel 1991; ista 1994; ista 1996. Vrenčur 2011. 58 55 O njenem delu pričajo številne publikacije o avtocestnih Teržan 1990. 56 izkopavanjih (Strmčnik-Gulič 2001a–b; ista 2003a–e), a Teržan 1995a; ead. 1996b–c; ead. 1999. 57 je veliko izkopanega gradiva predala v obdelavo študentom Šavel 1991; ead. 1994; ead. 1996. 58 Oddelka za arheologijo FF UL. Her work includes a number of publications on the finds 59 Tukaj naj omenim le preglede dosedanjega dela (Barto- recovered during the motorway excavations (Strmčnik- siewicz 1999; Culiberg 1999). Gulič 2001a–b; ead. 2003a–e), but she also offered for 60 Npr. Tomazo Ravnik 1990. analysis a fair amount of the excavated finds from several 61 Teržan 1983; ista 1989; Trampuž Orel 1999, 425 ss. sites to the students at the Department of Archaeology in 62 Trampuž Orel 1999, 427. Ljubljana. 22 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 22 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 Slika 4. Mira Strmčnik Gulič in Stanko Gojkovič med izkopavanji na Pobrežju leta 2001 (Arhiv ZVKDS; glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar). Figure 4. Mira Strmčnik Gulič and Stanko Gojkovič during excavations at Pobrežje in 2001 (Archive ZVKDS; see here Kramberger, Črešnar). tudi kronološke in širše kulturološke vidike pred- archaeological finds now accompanied by interdisci- stavljenih tipov najdb.63 Integralni del monografije plinary studies. Excavations began to systematically je tudi celostna obravnava depojskih najdb, s katero include archaeozoological, archaeobotanical59 and je Peter Turk nakazal nove možnosti pri njihovem partly also anthropological analyses60, while archae- vrednotenju.64 Ob tem delu so obdobje zaznamo- ometallurgic investigations lagged behind for a vari- vale še druge študije sintetične ali ozko specialistič- ety of reasons. After several appeals by Biba Teržan ne narave, ki so potrdile visok nivo raziskav pozne for introducing planned and systematic metallurgic bronaste dobe pri nas. Neva Trampuž Orel in Peter analyses into the research of the Bronze and Iron Turk sta začeto delo nadaljevala v vrsti člankov, kjer Ages periods, a project for systematically analys- sta se še podrobneje srečevala z različnimi vidiki ko- ing Late Bronze Age hoard finds finally got off the vinskih najdb bronaste dobe.65 Žal moramo ugoto- ground towards the end of the 1980s.61 It involved viti, da razmahu metalografskih raziskav ni sledilo the analysis of 928 items from 23 hoards known tudi ustvarjanje kadrovskega bazena za tovrstne štu- up to 1995.62 The results were impressive and most dije, tako da smo namesto nadaljevanja sistematič- comprehensively presented in the second volume of nega dela v tem trenutku vezani bolj na samostojne Hoards and individual metal finds from the Eneolith- iniciative posameznikov. Podobno usodo delijo tudi ic and Bronze Ages in Slovenia, a book that includes analize človeških kostnih ostankov, saj je menjava chronological and wider culturological aspects of the generacije za seboj zapustila praznino, ko slovenska discussed types of finds.63 The book also includes a arheologija ob številnih izkopavanjih grobišč nima comprehensive analysis of the hoard finds in which stalno zaposlenega niti enega raziskovalca tega pro- Peter Turk pointed to new aspects in their chronol- fila. Terenske raziskave se tako praviloma odvijajo ogy.64 The time was marked by other studies, both brez prisotnosti antropološko izobraženega kadra, synthetic and narrowly specialised, that confirmed poizkopavalne raziskave, v katere je sedaj redno a high standard of research into the Late Bronze vključena tudi analiza človeškega kostnega gradi- Age in Slovenia. Neva Trampuž Orel and Peter Turk va, pa se tako prepogosto izvajajo v tujini, kar je za 59 I only mention the overviews of the previous work (Barto-63 Teržan 1995b; ista 1996a; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996. siewicz 1999; Culiberg 1999). 64 60 Čerče, Turk 1996; Turk 1996. E.g. Tomazo Ravnik 1990. 65 61 Trampuž Orel et al. 1993; Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998; Teržan 1983; ead. 1989; Trampuž Orel 1999, 425 ff. 62 Trampuž Orel, Orel 2003; Trampuž Orel, Drglin 2005; Trampuž Orel 1999, 427. 63 Trampuž Orel, Urankar 2009; Turk 1997; isti 2001a; isti Teržan 1995b; ead. 1996a; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996. 64 2001b; isti 2003; isti 2005. Čerče, Turk 1996; Turk 1996. 23 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 23 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 razvoj domače stroke velika škoda. Nekaj možnosti continued their work with a series of articles that za spremembe sicer ponujajo raziskovalni projekti, discussed in even greater detail the different aspects a samo v tej obliki zaposlovanja brez dvoma ni iska- of the Bronze Age metal finds.65 Unfortunately, the ti rešitev za tako deficitarne poklice.66 boom in metallographic studies was not accompa- Pomemben doprinos k razumevanju pozne nied by the formation of experts in the field to con- bronaste dobe, predvsem njene formativne faze, je duct such studies in the future and, as a consequence, že omenjena monografska objava nižinske naselbi- we are today relying on the initiative of individuals ne Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakošu, ki so jo avtorji vešče rather than ongoing systematic work. A similar sit-vpeli v širši prostor in je nenazadnje pripeljala tudi uation can be observed in the field of anthropology, do pestre znanstvene diskusije.67 Njeno kronološko as the generation shift left behind a void, without a nadaljevanje je pregledna monografija Severovzhodna single permanently employed researcher to tackle the Slovenija v pozni bronasti dobi, v kateri je J. Dular ob multitude of remains from the numerous excavat-predstavitvi dotlej še neobjavljenega gradiva z Graj- ed cemeteries. Fieldwork is thus largely conducted skega griča na Ptuju in z Grajskega hriba v Gornji without the presence of a trained anthropologist and Radgoni pripravil tudi celosten regionalni pregled s desktop analyses, which now regularly include the poudarkom na primerjavi keramičnega gradiva.68 analysis of the human bone remains, are often done Pomemben korak za stroko predstavlja tudi abroad to the detriment of the profession at home. uvajanje radiokarbonskih datiranj kot standardnega Research projects do offer a glimmer of hope in this analitskega postopka v sklopu poterenskih raziskav. regard, but they alone cannot save such undersub- To so omogočile predvsem raziskave najdišč ob gra- scribed professions.66 dnjah avtocestnega križa, a tudi raziskovalni projekti An important contribution in the understand- v domačih in mednarodnih okvirjih. Številne teren- ing of the Late Bronze Age, its formative phase in ske raziskave v zadnjem obdobju so bile tako podpr- particular, is the already mentioned monograph on te tudi z radiokarbonskimi datacijami. Tako je bilo the lowland settlement at Oloris near Dolnji Lakoš. zbrano tudi dovolj veliko število radiokarbonskih Besides presenting the wider context, the book also datiranj z najdišč iz časa bronaste in železne dobe, sparked a lively scholarly discussion on the topic.67 ki so omogočala pripravo prenovljenega kronolo- It was followed by a synthetic monograph on the škega pregleda slovenskega prostora v teh obdobjih. north-eastern Slovenia in the Late Bronze Age ( Nor- Nastala je monografija Absolutno datiranje bronaste dostslowenien in der späten Bronzezeit), in which Jan-in železne dobe na Slovenskem, ki je tako s pomočjo ez Dular presented the previously unpublished finds velikega števila sodelavcev ustvarila pomemben zbir from Grajski grič in Ptuj and Grajski hrib in Gornja podatkov za absolutno datiranje pozne prazgodovine Radgona, but also offered a comprehensive regional na Slovenskem in izpostavila nekatera obdobja, kjer overview with an emphasis on comparable pottery bi to lahko še dopolnili. Delo je pomembno tudi za- finds.68 radi novoobjavljenega gradiva, ki poudarjeno izhaja An important step for archaeology was the in- iz dobro dokumentiranih zaključenih arheoloških troduction of radiocarbon analyses as the standard kontekstov in tako prinaša tudi metodološke stan- analytical procedure of desktop research. This was darde za nadaljnje raziskave.69 made possible primarily by the investigations of sites Kaj pa prinaša prihodnost na področje arheolo- in advance of motorway constructions, but also the gije pozne bronaste dobe na Slovenskem? Vsakole- national and international research projects. Nu- tne predstavitve raziskav Slovenskega arheološkega merous fieldwork campaigns in the recent past have društva, tj. Arheologija v letu …, ki so v zadnjih le-included sampling for radiocarbon analyses, which tih obogatene tudi s tiskom publikacije s kratkimi also resulted in a considerable number of reliable ra- povzetki predstavitev, in Dan bronaste dobe, ki ga diocarbon dates from Bronze and Iron Age sites that priprav ljajo na Inštitutu za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, allowed for a chronological revision of these periods nas sicer vsako leto seznanjajo z novimi odkritji, on the territory of present-day Slovenia. The com- podatki pa nas tu in tam dosežejo tudi preko sple- prehensive chronological overview was published ta. A končnih objav najdišč, razen že omenjenih, je 65 Trampuž Orel et al. 1993; Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998; malo in neobjav ljenost že izkopanega gradiva postaja Trampuž Orel, Orel 2003; Trampuž Orel, Drglin 2005; Trampuž Orel, Urankar 2009; Turk 1997; id. 2001a; id. 66 Glej tu Urankar, Črešnar; Leskovar. 2001b; id. 2003; id. 2005. 67 66 Dular et al. 2002; Teržan 2010; Dular 2011. See here Urankar, Črešnar; Leskovar. 68 67 Dular 2013. Dular et al. 2002; Teržan 2010; Dular 2011. 69 68 Teržan, Črešnar 2014. Dular 2013. 24 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 24 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 ponovno velik problem. Kljub zakonskim obvezam under the title Absolute Dating of Bronze and Iron namreč t. i. »končna poročila« še vedno ne dajejo za- Ages in Slovenia. With the help of numerous collab-dovoljivega vpogleda v raziskana arheološka najdišča, orators, the book offered an important collection of ob tem pa praviloma tudi ne končajo na knjižnih po- data for the absolute dating of late prehistory in Slo- licah, pa naj bodo te fizične ali digitalne. venia and highlighted certain periods that still await illumination in terms of absolute dating. The book is also important for the newly published finds orig- inating from well documented closed archaeological contexts and provides the methodological standards for further investigations.69 What will the future bring to the field of Late Bronze Age archaeology in Slovenia? The investiga- tions presented at Archaeology in the year…, an annu-al meeting organised by the Slovenian archaeological association and recently accompanied by proceed- ings with short reports in Slovenian, as well as the Bronze Age Day, organised yearly by the Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU, inform us of the new discoveries, while some information also come from the internet. Having said that, comprehensive publica- tions of sites with the exception of those mentioned here are few and far between, and the unpublished finds are again and rapidly becoming a problem. In spite of legal obligations, the ‘final reports’ cannot bring a satisfactory insight into the investigated ar- chaeological sites and also usually fail to end up on book shelves, be it physical or digital. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Bartosiewicz L. 1999 Bolta L. 1962 Recent developments in archaeozoological research in Slovenia. Poročilo o dosedanjem delu na Rifniku in o pomenu tega naj- – Arheološki vestnik 50, 311–323. dišča za slovensko arheologijo. – Celjski zbornik 1962, 269–272. Baš F. 1933 Bricelj M. 2018 Zgodnjehalštatske najdbe na Pohorju in v Mariboru. – Časopisa Poselitev pod Konjiško goro v času kulture žarnih grobišč. – Doktor-za zgodovino in narodopisje 28, 37–40. ska disertacija / Ph. D. thesis, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). Baš F. 1953–54 Organizacija spomeniškega varstva v slovenski preteklosti. – Culiberg M. 1999 Varstvo spomenikov 5, 13–37. 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Lippert (ur./ Wurmbrand G. 1879 ed.), Die Drau, Mur und Raab Region im 1. vorchristlichen Jahr-Das Urnenfeld von Maria-Rast. – Archiv für Anthropologie 11, tausend: Akten des internationalen und interdisziplinären Sympo-232–440. siums vom 26. bis 29. April 2000 in Bad Radkersburg, Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 78, Bonn, Zupan G. 1932 155–164. Vodnik po Mariboru / Führer durch Maribor . – Maribor, Ljubljana. Turk P. 2003 Late Bronze Age Lowland Settlements in Central Slovenia. – Žižek T. 2005 V/In: Diachronic Settlement Studies in the Metal Ages, Aarhus, Dolge njive pri Šikolah. – Diplomska naloga / Diploma, Od-109–119. delek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). Turk P. 2005 Some significant weights of objects from Late Bronze Age hoards in Slovenia. – V/In: Actes du XIVème Congrèse UISPP, Université de Liège, Belgique, 2–8. septembre 2001. Section 11, L‘âge du bronze en Europe et en Méditerranée, BAR International Series 1337, Oxford, 75–82. 30 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 30 8. 03. 2021 12:52:07 OREHOVA VAS PRI OREHOVA VAS NEAR MARIBORU – NASELBINA MARIBOR – A SETTLEMENT IZ POZNE BRONASTE DOBE OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE (HORIZONT ROGOZA– (ROGOZA–OREHOVA VAS OREHOVA VAS) HORIZON) Lucija Grahek Lucija Grahek Današnje naselje Orehova vas leži na zahodnem The present-day village of Orehova vas lies in the delu Dravskega polja, pod jugovzhodnimi obronki western part of the plain of Dravsko polje, below Pohorja. Vse do arheoloških raziskav ob načrtova- the south-eastern slopes of the Pohorje Hills. Un- ni izgradnji avtoceste na odseku Slivnica–Draženci til recently, the area of the village was very poorly je bila od tod poznana le najdba kamnite sekire.1 known in archaeological terms, with a single find of Arheološki pregledi, ki so bili opravljeni v prvi po- a stone axe.1 In the first half of 2006, archaeological lovici leta 2006,2 so pokazali, da severovzhodno od surveys took place here in advance of the motorway današnjega naselja leži obsežno arheološko najdišče. construction between Slivnica and Draženci and re- Na trasi avtocestnega razcepa Orehova vas so se zato vealed a vast archaeological site to the northeast of konec leta 2006 pričela zaščitna arheološka izkopa- the village.2 The ensuing rescue excavations began vanja pod vodstvom Mire Strmčnik Gulič iz Zavoda towards the end of 2006 and were concluded in the za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, OE Maribor. middle of the following year. They were led by Mira Z obširnimi izkopavanji, ki so se zaključila sredi leta Strmčnik Gulič from the Institute for the Protection 2007, je bilo raziskanih okoli 14,6 ha površine. Pri of Cultural Heritage, Regional Office in Maribor. tem so bili poleg ostalin naselja iz pozne bronaste The roughly 14.6 ha large excavated area revealed dobe odkriti tudi sledovi poselitve iz zgodnje bro- habitation remains from the Early Bronze Age, a naste dobe, manjše grobišče iz mlajše železne dobe settlement from the Late Bronze Age, a small cem- in rimskodobni gospodarski objekt. Rezultati izko- etery from the Late Iron Age and a Roman-period pavanj z obsežnim katalogom keramičnih in drugih building of a non-residential character. The results najdb, analiza kamnitih artefaktov ter paleobotanič- of the excavations with a vast catalogue of ceramic ne in radiokarbonske analize so že objavljeni.3 Ne- and other finds, of the analysis of the stone artefacts, koliko več pozornosti je bilo do sedaj posvečene le as well as the results of the palaeobotanical and ra- zgodnjelatenskim grobovom.4 diocarbon analyses have already been published.3 Of Na tem mestu se bomo omejili le na predstavitev all the discoveries, only the burials from the Early La ostalin naselja iz pozne bronaste dobe, ki predstavlja Tène period have been discussed in more detail.4 daleč največji in izjemno pomemben delež arheolo- This contribution focuses on the remains of the škega najdišča Orehova vas–Dolge njive. Gradivo z settlement from the Late Bronze Age, which repre- najdišča hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor. sents the largest part of the remains and a very im- portant part of the site named Orehova vas-Dolge njive. The small finds from the site are kept in the Maribor Regional Museum. OPIS NAJDIŠČA DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE Naselje iz pozne bronaste dobe ( sl. 1) se je razpro-The settlement from the Late Bronze Age ( fig. 1) stiralo na jugozahodnem delu izkopanega območja. spread across the south-western part of the excavated Osnovano je bilo ob vodnem viru, najverjetneje area. It stood in the vicinity of a water source, most manjšem potoku, kakršen je današnji Polanski po- probably a stream such as that of Polanski potok tok, ki teče severovzhodno od najdišča. V jugozaho- running northeast of the site today. This is suggested dnem delu raziskanega območja je bila v smeri od by the palaeochannel found in the western part of 1 1 Pahič 1975, 309. Pahič 1975, 309. 2 2 Djurić 2015. Djurić 2015. 3 3 Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2008; Grahek 2015a; Zu- Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2008; Grahek 2015a; Zu- pančič 2015; Tolar 2015; Grahek 2014. pančič 2015; Tolar 2015; Grahek 2014. 4 4 Grahek 2015b; ista 2012. Grahek 2015b; ead. 2012. 31 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 31 8. 03. 2021 12:52:08 Slika 1. Orehova vas, fotografija iz zraka in tloris naselja iz pozne bronaste dobe. M = 1:1000. Figure 1. Orehova vas, aerial photo and plan of the Late Bronze Age settlement. Scale = 1:1000. S17 S139 S138 S137 S136 S158 S157 S160 S159 M1a M3 S18 M2 M1 159A A1 M2a A1a A2 S156 173A A3 S19 A-Z Z2 S181 Z1 R2 50R S180 S20 50R 70R S179 S178 S177 R1 50R 50R P1 Z3 S182 S1 S204 55R Z5 S3 S203 S202 S201 S200 S199 S2 A4 24 m Z4a S4a Z4 A5 S4 P3 24 m P2 8 m S225 S224 S223 S222 97P S221 8 m 95P 96P 69Z 69Z - stavba - paleostruga - polzemljanka - kamniti tlaki S246 S245 S244 S243 zahoda proti vzhodu namreč odkrita paleostruga the site (50 R), running west–east and forking into nekdanjega potoka (50 R), ki se je razcepil na sever- the northern and the southern part. In the west- ni in južni krak. V zahodnem delu odkrite, a ne v ern part of the unearthed stretch, it had two dead celoti izkopane struge, sta bila odkrita še dva manjša branches (55 R and 70 R). The palaeochannel and 32 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 32 8. 03. 2021 12:52:08 rokava (55 R in 70 R). Korita nekdanjih vodotokov tip / Type stavba/ Building velikost / Size Slika 2. Tipi tlorisov so bila zapolnjena z naplavinskimi plastmi, ki so na stavb v Orehovi vasi. S 2 P 3 4,0 x 3,0 m Figure 2. Types of podlagi maloštevilnih keramičnih in kamnitih najdb S 3 M 2a 1 S 1 A 1a ground plans of the datirane v pozno bronasto dobo.5 M 3 2,65 x1,75 m buildings at Orehova Poleg sledi nekdanjega potoka je bila v tem delu A 4 A 2 vas. izkopanega območja odkrito veliko število jam raz- Z 3 S 4 6,0 x 3,2 m Z 4a M 2 ličnih oblik in velikosti. Čeprav za vse jame, ki so M 1 A 1 bile antropogene, ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti njihove Z 2 A 3 2 P 1 S 4a namembnosti, je bilo ugotovljenih 28 tlorisnih za- M 1a P 2 3,35 x 2,7 m snov stavb.6 Razen objekta R 1 (sek. 203/202) gre za A-Z Z 1 Z 4 7,0 x 3,7 m ostanke stavb z jamami – stojkami za stebre lesene A 5 Z 5 4,6 x 3,5 m konstrukcije.7 Odkrite jame za stojke so bile različnih oblik, velikosti in globin. V nekaterih jamah so bili kot za- gozda za dodatno učvrstitev lesenega stebra upora- 3 R 2 8,3 x 3,0 m bljeni kamni in celo fragment ognjiščne koze ( Tab. 2: 3). Poleg stojk za zunanje stene je bilo nekaj jam za stojke tudi v notranjosti objektov. Ker so bile te praviloma manjših velikosti in bolj plitke kot jame za stenske stojke, so bržkone služile za dodatne oja- čitve ali popravila,8 kar je še najbolje vidno pri stav- 4 R 1 8,0 x 4,5 m bi Z 3 (sek. 202).9 Najdbe posameznih večjih kosov hišnega ometa z odtisi, ki so povsem primerljivi z najdbami hišnega ometa iz Rogoze,10 kažejo, da so 159 A 3,98 x 2,52 m bile stene stavb narejene iz prepletenega protja, red- 125 P 3,3 x 2,8 m 5 keje iz debelejših brun, in ometane z ilovico. Glede 173 A 1,58 x 1,16 m na velikost stavb in število stenskih stojk lahko na ta način grajene stavbe tipološko razvrstimo v tri skupi- ne ( sl. 2: tip 1–3). Prvo predstavljajo manjše stavbe, the branches were filled with alluvial layers that in-običajno kvadratnega tlorisa z le štirimi stojkami. V cluded few finds, of ceramic and stone, dating to the to skupino uvrščamo 7 objektov, ki merijo od 4,0 × Late Bronze Age.5 3,0 m do 2,65 × 1,75 m. Večina stavb sodi v dru- On both sides of the palaeochannel, there was a go tipološko skupino. Zanjo so značilni podolgovati multitude of pits and holes of different shapes and stavbni tlorisi z dvema vrstama s po tremi stojkami, sizes, of anthropogenic origin. We could not deter- merijo pa od 6,0 × 3,2 m do 3,35 × 2,7 m. K stav- mine the function for all of them. A number of them bam drugega tipa prištevamo tudi veliko stavbo Z 5 was, however, brought together to form 28 ground (sek. 202) in nekoliko večjo stavbo Z 4 (sek. 224; plans buildings.6 With the exception of Structure R sl. 4: A), ki imata steni grajeni s po štirimi stojkami. 1 (Sections 203/202), all were constructed in the Pravokotno tlorisno zasnovo s stenama s po štirimi earthfast or post-in-ground technique.7 stojkami ima še stavba R 2 (sek. 181), ki predstavlja The documented postholes were of different tretji tip stavb. Zanjo je namreč značilno, da ima v shapes and sizes. Some of them revealed stones, even a piece of a firedog, used as packing material ( Pl. 5 Grahek 2015a, 49 s, G 551–552, G 699–704, G 810, G 2: 3). Most described the plan of the buildings, but 820–822. 6 V primarni objavi je prišlo do napake, saj je omenjenih some also stood in the building interiors. The lat- le 26 objektov (Grahek 2015a, 29, prim. 349). Poimeno- ter holes were predominantly smaller and shallower vanja posameznih stavb, jam in vseh odkritih plasti, to je than those delimiting the exterior and may have held vseh posameznih stratigrafskih enot (SE), so sestavljena iz črke, ki označuje posameznega izkopavalca, in zaporedne 5 številke. Glej Grahek 2015a, 18. Grahek 2015a, 49 f, G 551–552, G 699–704, G 810, G 7 Prim. Dular 2008, 340, sl. 2; 3. 820–822. 8 6 Stavbe A 5: SE 463 A; A–Z: SE 42 Z; P 1: SE 71 P; Z 2: SE The primary publication erroneously only cites 26 build- 4 Z, 8 Z; Z 3: SE 88 Z, 90 Z; Z 4: SE 144 Z. Glej Grahek ings (Grahek 2015a, 29, cf. 349). The name of individual 2015a, 76 ss. buildings, pits, holes and layers, i.e. all of the stratigraphic 9 Grahek 2015a, 81. units (SU) is composed of a letter marking the excavator 10 Črešnar 2010, sl. 36. Prim. opise stratigrafskih enot pri and a successive number. See Grahek 2015a, 18. 7 Grahek 2015a, 52 ss. Cf. Dular 2008, 340, figs. 2, 3. 33 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 33 8. 03. 2021 12:52:09 notranjosti ognjišče, od stavb drugega tipa pa odsto-support elements or indicated repairs;8 this is most pa tudi po velikosti. Po velikosti je bolj primerljiva z clearly visible in Building Z 3 (Section 202).9 The objektom R 1 (sek. 203, 202), ki označuje četrti tip large pieces of house daub with impressions, which stavbnih ostalin. are closely comparable with such finds from Rogo- Objekt R 1 se po načinu gradnje povsem razli- za,10 show that the walls were made of wattle, rare- kuje od preostalih 27 stavb ( sl. 2: tip 4). Označujeta ly of timbers or logs, and coated with loam daub. ga vzporedna jarka, v katerih so bili odkriti ostanki Given the different size and number of postholes, prečno položenih brun ali debelih klanih desk ( sl. we may distinguish between three types of post-in- 3). Jarka sta bila sprva opredeljena kot sledi nosilnih ground buildings at this site ( fig. 2: Types 1–3). The brun zunanjih sten, objekt pa je bil interpretiran kot first type represents small buildings of a more or less najverjetneje s sohami grajena stavba.11 Med jarkoma square plan with four posts, one in each corner. Sev- je bila namreč odkrita plast s koščki hišnega ometa en buildings are of this type, measuring from 4.0 × in redkimi najdbami keramike ter sledmi kar dveh 3.0 to 2.65 × 1.75 m. The greatest number of build- kurišč. V tem primeru bi se objekt R 1 od stavbe ings is of Type 2, characterised by elongated plans tretjega tipa R 2 razlikoval predvsem po načinu gra- with three posts on the longer sides and measuring dnje. Po ponovni preučitvi terenske dokumentacije from 6.0 × 3.2 to 3.35 × 2.7 m. Among them are pa se kaže bolj verjetna možnost, da gre pri objektu also the large Buildings Z 5 (Section 202) and Z 4 R 1 za ostanke brvi ali mosta čez nekdanji potok. (Section 224; fig. 4: A) with four posts on the longer Ostaline objekta so bile namreč odkrite v neposredni sides. Building R 2 (Section 181) also has four posts bližini nekdanjega potoka, ki pa v tem delu ni bil v along the longer sides, but is larger and has a hearth celoti izkopan in je bil v tlorisu dokumentiran bolj in the interior, thus representing a different, Type 3. shematično ( sl. 1). In its size, it is comparable with Structure R 1 (Sec- Čeprav so bile na mestu objekta R 1 odkrite tions 203, 202). sledi dveh kurišč, je ognjišče v notranjosti vendarle Structure R 1 differs from all other buildings in značilno le za stavbo tretjega tipa R 2. Na najdišču its construction manner ( fig. 2: Type 4). It had two je bilo odkritih še več ostankov ognjišč ali kurišč,12 parallel slots dug into the ground to receive trans- ki pa so vsa ležala izven stavbnih tlorisov. To velja versely laid timbers or thick cleft boards ( fig. 3). The tudi za jame z večjo količino raznolikih in običajno slots were initially interpreted as the remains of slots močno fragmentiranih keramičnih najdb, za katere for the sleeper beams of a house, most probably built menimo, da so odpadne ( Tab. 3: 17–27; 4: 1–13).13 in the corner-timbering technique.11 This interpre- Poseben, peti tip stavbnih ostalin predstavljajo tation was based on the layer unearthed between the jame 159 A, 173 A in 125 P ( sl. 2: tip 5), ki smo jih two slots containing pieces of daub, some pottery označili kot polzemljanke. Čeprav se vse tri po obliki sherds and traces of two fireplaces. After a re-exami- med seboj razlikujejo, jih ne moremo primerjati z nation of the field documentation, however, it seems bivalno jamo – polzemljanko M iz zgodnje bronaste more likely that the slots represent the remains of dobe, odkrito v jugovzhodnem delu najdišča.14 Jami a footbridge across the stream that ran through the 159 A (sek. 159) in 125 P (sek. 219; sl. 4: B) sta settlement. This is suggested by the close proximity glede na velikost primerljivi ter sta po velikosti po- to the palaeochannel, which was not fully excavat- dobni stavbam prvega tipa, medtem ko je jama 173 ed in this part and only schematically drawn on the A (sek. 159) za polovico manjša. V njej sta bili tudi plan ( fig. 1). dve stojki, verjetno kot opori nadstrešku.15 S stojko A hearth inside a supposed building is therefore lahko bržkone povežemo tudi manjšo poglobitev v only a feature of the one Type 3 building. The site polzemljanki 125 P ( sl. 4: B).16 did yield the remains of other hearths or fireplaces,12 but these were all located in the open. Also in the 11 Grahek 2015a, 33, 85 ss. Prim. Dular 2008, 340, sl. 4, 5. open were all the pits with large quantities of various 12 SE 207 A, 217 A, 221 A, 369 A, 427 A, 81 R, 83 R, 127 8 R, 190 S, 194 S, 197 S, 58 Z, 59 Z, 82 Z, 79 P, 162 P, 76 Buildings A 5: SU 463 A; A–Z: SU 42 Z; P 1: SU 71 P; Z B, 149 B, 151 B, 156 B (Grahek 2015a, 52 ss). 2: SU 4 Z, 8 Z; Z 3: SU 88 Z, 90 Z; Z 4: SU 144 Z. See 13 SE 160 M, 199 M, 124 M, 191 A, 286 A, 429 A, 133 R, Grahek 2015a, 76 ff. 9 178 S, 188 S (Grahek 2015a, 52 ss). V shrambene namene Grahek 2015a, 81. 10 je morda služila jama SE 435 A (sek. S222, kv. 11), v kateri Črešnar 2010, fig. 36. Cf. the descriptions of stratigraphic so bili najdeni fragmenti dveh velikih loncev oz. pitosov units in Grahek 2015a, 52 ff. 11 (G 286, G 287). Grahek 2015a, 33, 85 ff. Cf. Dular 2008, 340, figs. 4; 5. 14 12 Grahek 2015a, 26 ss, 50. SU 207 A, 217 A, 221 A, 369 A, 427 A, 81 R, 83 R, 127 15 Grahek 2015a, 62. R, 190 S, 194 S, 197 S, 58 Z, 59 Z, 82 Z, 79 P, 162 P, 76 16 Grahek 2015a, 104. B, 149 B, 151 B, 156 B (Grahek 2015a, 52 ff). 34 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 34 8. 03. 2021 12:52:09 Slika 3. Orehova vas, tloris objekta R 1, fotografija objekta B (A) in njegove zahodne strani z ostanki brun (B). Figure 3. Orehova vas, plan of Structure R 1, photo of it (A) and of its west side with the remains of wooden timbers (B). M = 1: 100 A and usually heavily fragmented ceramic finds, inter- preted as refuse pits ( Pls. 3: 17–27; 4: 1–13).13 The site yielded another type of buildings, rep- resented by Pits 159 A, 173 A and 125 P ( fig. 2: Type 5) and interpreted as semi-sunken-featured buildings or semi-SFBs. There are certain differences between them, but they are even more markedly dif- ferent from the Semi-SFB M from the Early Bronze Age found in the south-eastern part of the site.14 Pits 159 A (Section 159) and 125 P (Section 219; fig. 4: B) are roughly comparable in size to one another and to the buildings of Type 1, while Pit 173 A (Section 159) is only half their size and revealed two post- holes in the interior, probably for posts supporting a projecting roof.15 The shallow depression in Semi- SFB 125 P can probably be ascribed a similar func- tion ( fig. 4: B).16 13 SU 160 M, 199 M, 124 M, 191 A, 286 A, 429 A, 133 R, 178 S, 188 S (Grahek 2015a, 52 ff). The pit of SU 435 A (sec. S222, quad. 11) may have been used for storage, as it revealed the sherds of two large jars or pithoi (G 286, G 287). 14 Grahek 2015a, 26 ff, 50. 15 Grahek 2015a, 62. 16 Grahek 2015a, 104. 35 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 35 8. 03. 2021 12:52:09 Poseben, omembe vreden del naselja predstavlja-The settlement also revealed patches of stone pav- jo zaplate kamnitih tlakov ( sl. 4: C) jugozahodno od ings ( fig. 4: C) southwest of the building remains ( fig. večine stavbnih ostalin ( sl. 1: 95 P, 96 P, 97 P in 69 Z; 1: 95 P, 96 P, 97 P and 69 Z; Sections 244 and 221). sek. 244 in 221). Najverjetneje gre za z oblicami tla- These most probably represent the remains of a path. kovane poti. Za razliko od ostankov cest, kot jih po- As opposed to the remains of paths leading through znamo iz naselbine v Ormožu,17 na našem najdišču the settlement at Ormož,17 very few building remains južno od tlakov stavbne ostaline niso bile odkrite. came to light on the other side, i.e. south of the path Na del naselja, ki bi ležal vzhodno od poti, morebiti at Orehova vas. The continuation of the settlement kažejo polzemljanka 125 P (sek. 219) ter v njeni bli- on this side is only indicated by Semi-SFB 125 P žini najdeni ostanki kurišč.18 (Section 219) and the fireplaces in its proximity.18 NAJDBE SMALL FINDS Iz naselja iz pozne bronaste dobe v Orehovi vasi iz- Pottery represent the majority of the numerous small vira obsežna količina najdb, med katerim močno finds recovered from the Late Bronze Age settlement prevladuje keramika. Ta v največji meri izvira iz t. at Orehova vas. It mainly came to light in the so-called i. kulturnih plasti19 ( Tab. 2: 16–37; 3: 1– 11), ve-cultural layers19 ( Pls. 2: 16–37; 3: 1– 11), large refuse čjih odpadnih jam ( Tab. 3: 17–27; 4: 1– 13) in sledi pits ( Pls. 3: 17–27; 4: 1– 13), as well as in fireplaces kurišč ter ognjišč ( Tab. 3: 12–16, 28–31). Le malo and hearths ( Pls. 3: 12–16; 28–31). Only few finds najdb je bilo v posameznih stavbah ( Tab. 1; 2: 1–3), were unearthed inside the post-in-ground buildings pri čemer je bilo nekoliko več najdb v polzemljan- ( Pls. 1; 2: 1–3), slightly more in the semi-sunken-fea-kah ( Tab. 2: 11–15; 4: 14–21).20 Med vsemi stav- tured buildings ( Pls. 2: 11–15; 4: 14–21).20 In their bami ponovno odstopata objekta tretjega in četrtega contents, the buildings or structures of Types 3 and tipa. Poleg nekaj manjših fragmentov keramike, ki so 4 again stand apart. Building R 2 (Type 3) revealed bili najdeni v jamah za stojke ( Tab. 2: 4–6), izvira iz small pottery sherds in the postholes ( Pl. 2: 4–6) and ognjišča v stavbi R 2 tudi dobro ohranjena ročka. Še a well-preserved pitcher in the hearth. Even more več najdb je iz območja objekta R 1 ( Tab. 2: 7–10).21 small finds came to light in the area of Structure R Čeprav je bila na območju tega objekta poleg dveh 1 ( Pl. 2: 7–10).21 It revealed two fireplaces and a cul-kurišč odkrita kulturna plast (213 R), ki se je razliko- tural layer (213 R) that differed from those in the vala od plasti v okolici, izvira večina najdb iz ostalin surroundings, while most of the small finds were un-nosilnih brun, to je jarkov 183 R in 80 Z. Poleg ke- earthed in the two slots with wooden remains (183 R ramičnih najdb je bil v zahodnem jarku najden sileks and 80 Z). Apart from pottery, the west slot yielded ( sl. 7: 2); v vzhodnem pa fragment žrmelj.22 a stone flake ( fig. 7: 2) and the east slot a fragment of Največji delež keramičnih najdb predstavljajo fra-a quernstone.22 gmenti loncev in velikih shrambenih posod – pitosov Most of the pottery sherds belong to jars and ( sl. 5: L 1–L 5). Gre za velike trebušaste pitose L 1 s large storage vessels – pithoi ( fig. 5: L 1–L 5). These kratkim izvihanim, nemalokrat fasetiranim ustjem. have been divided into five groups. L 1 are large Podobni, a običajno nekoliko manjši, so kroglasti pi- ellipsoid pithoi with a short everted and some- tosi in lonci L 2, ki so pogosto okrašeni z rebri, razčle-times facetted rim. Similar, but usually smaller are njenimi z odtisi prstov, na ostenju pa imajo nemalokrat the globular pithoi and jars of L 2 that often bear 17 17 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, sl. 102; 105; 108; pril. 2. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, figs. 102; 105; 108; App. 2. 18 18 SE 76 B, 149 B, 156 B. Severno od koncentracije kamnov SU 76 B, 149 B, 156 B. Fireplace 162 P also lies north of 138 P (sek. 197) leži kurišče 162 P (Grahek 2015a, sl. the concentration of stones marked as 138 P (Section 197) 26b). (Grahek 2015a, fig. 26b). 19 19 Prim. Grahek 2015a, 15, 48 s. Cf. Grahek 2015a, 15, 48 f. 20 20 Najdbe navajamo s kataloško oznako (G) iz primarne ob- The finds are cited with the catalogue mark (G) from the jave: Grahek 2015a, Katalog gradiva – 136 ss. primary publication: Grahek 2015a, Catalogue of finds – Iz posameznih stavb izvirajo še najdbe: A 1a: G 248, G 136 ff. 252; A 4: G 249; S 3: G 652; Z 3: G 467–G 471; Z 2: G Small finds from individual buildings: A 1a: G 248, G 472; Z 4: G 473; P 1: G 807, G 808 ter iz polzemljanke 252; A 4: G 249; S 3: G 652; Z 3: G 467–G 471; Z 2: G 159 A: G 236–G 243 in polzemljanke 125 P: G 886–G 472; Z 4: G 473; P 1: G 807, G 808, from Semi-SFB 159 888. A: G 236–G 243 and Semi-SFB 125 P: G 886–G 888. 21 21 Za stavbo R 2 in objekt R 1 glej še Grahek 2014, sl. For Building R 2 and Structure R 1 also see Grahek 2014, 14.1.10: 7–23. Tu predstavljamo le najdbe, ki jih povezu-fig. 14.1.10: 7–23. Only the small finds associated with jemo s posameznima stavbnima tlorisoma, a izvirajo iz jam the two buildings are presented here, but these were found ali plasti, ki niso bile radiokarbonsko datirane. in layers without radiocarbon dates. 22 22 Grahek 2015a, 85. Grahek 2015a, 85. 36 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 36 8. 03. 2021 12:52:09 pritrjene jezičaste držaje. Z razčlenjenimi rebri so okra-Slika 4. Orehova vas, A šeni tudi najštevilnejše zastopani ovalni lonci L 3. Ti tlorisi stavb Z 4 in Z 4a (A), polzemljanke imajo v več primerih z odtisi prsta razčlenjen tudi sam Z4 125 P (B) in rob običajno kratkega izvihanega ustja. Manj številni kamnitega tlaka poti so enako okrašeni, a bolj konično oblikovani veliki 69 Z (C). lonci L 4. Bolj redko so z razčlenjenimi rebri okrašeni Figure 4. Orehova vas, plans of tudi cilindrično oblikovani lonci manjšega volumna Buildings Z 4 and tipa L 5. Zanje je značilno, da imajo pokončno ustje, Z4a Z 4a (A), Semi-SFB ki je le izjemoma rahlo zapognjeno navzven.23 125 P (B) and the stone paving of Loncem tipa L 2–L 5 lahko pripadajo tudi števil- 69 Z (C). ne najdbe slabše ohranjenih fragmentov ustij posod, ki jih razvrščamo v oblikovne skupine L 6–L 9 ( sl. B 5: L 6–L 9). V skupino L 6 sodijo lonci z raznoliko fasetiranimi ustji. Najštevilnejše so zastopane najdbe loncev s pokončnimi rameni in kratkim, navzven M = 1: 20 ostro zapognjenim ustjem tipa L 7. Pogoste so tudi najdbe podobnih ustij loncev s širokimi, stožčasto oblikovanimi rameni tipa L 8. Stožčasta ramena za- sledimo še pri loncih z lijakasto izvihanim, lahko ne- koliko odebeljenim ustjem, ki so uvrščeni v tip L 9.24 Med keramičnim gradivom iz Orehove vasi so torej najštevilnejše zastopani bolj ali manj trebušasto oblikovani lonci in pitosi s kratkim navzven ostro zapognjenim ali izvihanim ustjem, ki so pogosto okrašeni z razčlenjenimi rebri. Lahko imajo tudi jezičaste držaje in z odtisi, C največkrat kar prsta, razčlenjen rob ustja. Ustja so na notranji strani razmeroma pogosto fasetirana. Loncem in pitosom najdemo dobre primerjave med najdbami iz drugih naselij iz pozne bronaste dobe v severovzhodni Sloveniji,25 ki so datirane predvsem v čas Ha A, pa vse do začetka starejše železne dobe ali Ha B/C. Kronološko so lahko bolj pomenljivi redki primer- ki finih posod z vrezanim okrasom ( sl. 5, Tab. 4: 9). Gre predvsem za posode različnih oblik in velikosti, ki so okrašeni z vodoravnimi in cik-cak vrezi; zastopan pa je tudi motiv niza vrezanih visečih trikotnikov, zapolnje- nih z belo inkrustacijo. Po okrasu jih lahko primerjamo z najdbami iz plasti 3 na Brinjevi gori in najdbami dru- gega horizonta iz Gornje Radgone, ki pa so datirani že v mlajšo žarnogrobiščno stopnjo Ha B.26 Enako velja tudi za z vrezi in vbodi okrašen lonec s stožčastim vra- tom, ki ima primerjave v grobu 18 s Pobrežja, medtem ko so drugi, redki primerki loncev s stožčastim vratom ( sl. 5) podobni najdbam iz Rogoze.27 23 Grahek 2015a, 33 ss, sl. 27. a cordon with finger impressions and sometimes 24 Grahek 2015a, 35, sl. 28. 25 tongue-shaped grips. Cordons with impressions Npr.: Rogoza (Črešnar 2010), Ormož (Dular, Tomanič, Jevremov 2010; Lamut 2001; isti 1988–1989), Brinjeva decorate the most numerously represented ovaloid gora (Pahič 1981; Oman 1981), Gornja Radgona (Horvat L 3 jars; these also often bear finger impressions on Šavel 1981), Ptuj (Dular 2013) idr. Prim. Črešnar 2010, the lip of the usually short everted rim. Less numer- 96, op. 2, pril. 4. 26 Pahič 1981, pril. 3; Oman 1981, T. 27: 14; Horvat Šavel ous but equally decorated are the large conical L 4 1981, T. 5: 9; Teržan 1990, 36 ss, 46 ss, sl. 11. jars. Cordons with impressions can even be found, 27 Pahič 1972, T. 5: 1; Črešnar 2010, 37 s, sl. 15: L7. Prim. although rarely, on the smaller cylindrical L 5 jars Grahek 2015a, 36. 37 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 37 8. 03. 2021 12:52:09 Slika 5. Orehova vas, tipi pitosov in loncev (L1–L9), posod z vrezanim okrasom in loncev s stožčastim vratom. M = 1:8. Figure 5. Orehova vas, types of pithoi and jars (L1–L9), vessels with incised decoration and jars with a conical neck. Scale = 1:8. Dobre primerjave z grobnimi najdbami, datira- that are characterised by a vertical rim that is only nimi v Ha A in zgodnji Ha B, iz Podravja, Dobove v exceptionally everted.23 Posavju in Panonije, omogočajo maloštevilne najdbe 23 Grahek 2015a, 33 ff, fig. 27. 38 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 38 8. 03. 2021 12:52:10 amfor ( sl. 6, Tab. 4: 12, 13)28 in posamične najdbe Possibly ascribable to the L 2–L 5 jars are skodelic, ročk in dvoročajnih loncev ( sl. 6).29 Enako the numerous poorly preserved rim sherds classi-velja za slabše ohranjene, močno fragmentirane vrče, fied here as L 6–L 9 ( fig. 5: L 6–L 9). Group L kot smo opredelili fragmente bikonično ali trebuša- 6 comprises jars with variously facetted rims. The sto oblikovanih posod s poudarjenim prehodom v most numerous is Group L 7, of jars with a verti- stožčast vrat ter največkrat poševno ali navpično na- cal shoulder and a short and sharply everted rim. žlebljenim ostenjem ( sl. 6).30 Gre torej za obliko po-Also frequent are the jar rims with a wide conical sod, ki kaže na močne povezave s keramiko skupine shoulder of Group L 8. The jars of L 9 also have a Baierdorf-Velatice v severovzhodni Avstriji, na Mo- conical shoulder, but a funnel-shaped and slightly ravskem in na severozahodnem Madžarskem, kjer je thickened rim.24 datirana predvsem v čas Ha A.31 The most common form of pottery from Ore- Izrazite podobnosti z baierdorfsko-velatiškim hova vas is the more or less ellipsoid jars and pithoi repertoarjem odražajo tudi latvice ( sl. 6: La); še po-with a short and more or less sharply everted rim, of- sebej pogoste najdbe latvic s poševno kaneliranim ten decorated with a cordon with impressions, some uvihanim ustjem (La 1). Poleg njih so razmeroma with impressions also on the rim, sometimes bearing številne še najdbe latvic z vodoravno fasetiranimi tongue-shaped grips and frequently with faceting on uvihanimi ustji (La 2), ki omogočajo tudi dobre the rim interior. They are closely comparable with primerjave z Bd D/Ha A datiranimi najdišči virovi- such finds from other Late Bronze Age settlements tiške skupine, zasledimo pa jih tudi v Čaka kulturi in north-eastern Slovenia,25 which are mainly dated na Slovaškem.32 Kronološko slabše opredeljive so to Ha A, but also later, to the beginning of the Early najdbe neokrašenih latvic, med katerimi prevladu- Iron Age or Ha B/C. jejo primerki iz skupine globokih latvic s polkrožno Chronologically more diagnostic are the rare uvihanimi ustji (La 3). Najdenih je bilo tudi ne- finds of fineware vessels with incised decoration ( fig. kaj primerkov zelo nizkih latvic (La 4) in primerka 5, Pl. 4: 9). These are mainly jars of various shapes majhnih globokih latvic (La 5).33 and sizes decorated with incisions forming horizon- Morda celo bolj zgodnjo datacijo, kot jo na- tal and zigzag lines, sometimes also hanging triangles kazujejo najdbe nažlebljenih in fasetiranih latvic, filled with white incrustation. In decoration, they omogočajo najdbe nekaterih oblik skled ( sl. 6: Sk). are comparable with the finds from Layer 3 at Brin- To velja predvsem za polkrožno oblikovane sklede jeva gora and the finds from Horizon 2 from Gornja (Sk 1) z rahlo izvihanim ali pokončnim ustjem, ki Radgona dated to the Late Urnfield culture period so običajno okrašene z razčlenjenimi rebri in imajo or Ha B.26 The same is true of the jar with a conical majhne trakaste ročaje. Dobre primerjave jim naj- neck bearing incisions and stabbed decoration, with demo med Bd C–D datiranim gradivom iz Dolnje- parallels from Grave 18 at Pobrežje, while other, rare ga Lakoša v Prekmurju.34 Enako velja za globoke, examples of jars with a conical neck ( fig. 5) are com-bolj lijakasto oblikovane sklede (Sk 3), ki imajo parable with the finds from Rogoza.27 lahko na notranji strani poudarjen prehod ustja v The rare amphorae ( fig. 6, Pl. 4: 12, 13),28 indi-ostenje (Sk 4), in bolj plitke, odprte sklede polkro- vidual cups, pitchers and two-handled jars ( fig. 6)29 žne oblike, ki imajo običajno nekoliko odebeljen have close comparison among the grave goods of rob ustja (Sk 6). Poleg omenjenih je bilo na najdi- Ha A and early Ha B from the region of Podravje, šču najdenih tudi nekaj primerkov nizkih polkro- Dobova in the Posavje region and from Pannonia. žnih skled z izvihanimi in fasetiranimi ustji (Sk 5) 24 Grahek 2015a, 35, fig. 28. 28 25 Müller Karpe 1959, Taf. 117: 24, 33; Pahič 1972, T. 12: 1; E.g. Rogoza (Črešnar 2010), Ormož (Dular, Tomanič, 14: 15; 22: 4; 33: 9; Črešnar 2006, 129, sl. 28; Stare 1975, Jevremov 2010; Lamut 2001; id. 1988–1989), Brinjeva T. 1: 3; 4: 2; 48: 11; 50: 9; Patek 1968, 90 ss, T. 3: 9, 15, gora (Pahič 1981; Oman 1981), Gornja Radgona (Horvat 16; Kalicz Schreiber 2010, 248 s, T. 2: II. A1; 41: 3; 58: 4; Šavel 1981), Ptuj (Dular 2013) and others. Cf. Črešnar 96: 10; 116: 6; 147: 2. Prim. Grahek 2015a, 36 s. 2010, 96, Fn. 2, App. 4. 29 26 Grahek 2015a, 37 s, sl. 30. Pahič 1981, App. 3; Oman 1981, Pl. 27: 14; Horvat Šavel 30 Grahek 2015a, 39, sl. 32. 1981, Pl. 5: 9; Teržan 1990, 36 ff, 46 ff, fig. 11. 31 27 Npr. Lochner 1994, 197 ss, Abb. 197; ista 1986, 274 ss; Pahič 1972, Pl. 5: 1; Črešnar 2010, 37 f, fig. 15: L7. Cf. Kalicz Schreiber 2010, 247 s, T. 1: I. C, 14–16. Prim. Grahek 2015a, 36. 28 Črešnar 2011, 68 ss, sl. 2: 23. Müller Karpe 1959, Pl. 117: 24, 33; Pahič 1972, Pls. 12: 32 Vrdoljak 1994, 28, T. 16: 1–3; 17: 2–3; 18: 3; Paulík 1; 14: 15; 22: 4; 33: 9; Črešnar 2006, 129, fig. 28; Stare 1963, sl. 10: 1; 29: 2; 30: 8. 1975, Pls. 1: 3; 4: 2; 48: 11; 50: 9; Patek 1968, 90 ff, Pl. 3: 33 Grahek 2015a, 39 s, sl. 33. 9, 15, 16; Kalicz Schreiber 2010, 248 f, Pls. 2: II. A1; 41: 34 Prim. Dular et al. 2002, 153, sl. 8: S7. Za datacijo glej tudi 3; 58: 4; 96: 10; 116: 6; 147: 2. Cf. Grahek 2015a, 36 f. 29 Dular 2011; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 681 ss. Grahek 2015a, 37 f, fig. 30. 39 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 39 8. 03. 2021 12:52:10 Slika 6. Orehova vas, tipi amfor, dvoročajnih loncev, ročk, skodelic, latvic (La 1–La 5), vrčev in skodel ter skled (Sk 1–Sk 7). M = 1:8. Figure 6. Orehova vas, types of amphorae, two- handled jars, pitchers, bowls, dishes with an inturned rim (La 1– La 5), jugs and other dishes (Sk 1–Sk 7). Scale = 1:8. ter nekaj primerkov majhnih, klekasto profiliranih The same is true of the less well preserved, heavily skled (Sk 7). Bolj številne pa so najdbe polkrožno fragmented jugs, as we determined the fragments of odprtih skled (Sk 2) z bolj ali manj pokončnim, biconical or ellipsoid vessels with a conical neck, a običajno zaobljenim ustjem. Gre za bolj razširjeno pronounced shoulder-neck junction and frequently 40 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 40 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 obliko skled, ki jim najdemo primerjave med gradi-decorated with oblique or vertical grooves ( fig. 6).30 vom, datiranim od Bd D do Ha B.35 This form revealed strong ties with the pottery of Kronološko slabše so opredeljive preostale kera- the Baierdorf-Velatice group in north-eastern Aus- mične najdbe. Gre za povsem običajne najdbe nasel- tria, Moravia and north-western Hungary, mainly binske keramike, kot so fragmenti pekev ( Tab. 2: 8, dated to Ha A.31 15, 25; 3: 9; 4: 20) in pokrovov, ognjiščnih koz ( Tab. Similarities with the Baierdorf-Velatice pottery 2: 3) in prenosnih pečk ( Tab. 3: 31), cedil ( Tab. 2: can also be observed on the dishes with an inturned 18, 35), svitkov ( Tab. 4: 21), uteži, motka in vretenc rim ( fig. 6: La), particularly those with oblique ( Tab. 3: 10 –11). Med njimi velja posebej omeniti grooves on the rim (La 1). Also frequent are the dish-fragmente stiliziranih živalskih glav ( Tab. 2: 36, 37), es with a horizontally facetted inturned rim (La 2), ki, kot primerljivi ormoški primerki, najverjetneje which show similarities with the finds from the BA predstavljajo zaključke ognjiščnih koz.36 D/Ha A sites of the Virovitica group, but also with Obsežen keramičen repertoar najdb iz naselja po- the finds of the Čaka culture in Slovakia.32 Chrono- zne bronaste dobe v Orehovi vasi dopolnjujejo ma- logically less diagnostic are the plain dishes with an loštevilne druge najdbe. Izjemno malo je kovinskih inturned rim, of which the deep dishes with a semi- najdb. Iz radiokarbonsko datirane jame 133 R (sek. circularly inturned rim predominate (La 3). Oreho- 181)37 izvira bronasta igla z bikonično, vodoravno va vas also yielded several examples of very shallow nasvitkano glavo, pri čemer je srednji svitek okrašen dishes with an inturned rim (La 4) and two deep, but z vrezi ( sl. 7: 1).38 Primerjave ji najdemo med primer-very small dishes (La 5).33 ki iz Ha A datiranih grobov iz madžarskega grobišča Some forms of dishes ( fig. 6: Sk) point to an Budapest – Békásmegyer ali južnomoravskega grobišča even earlier date than the one suggested by the Ivanovice na Hané.39 Najverjetneje tulasti sekiri pripa- grooved and facetted dishes with an inturned rim. da fragment brona, ki je bil najden oddaljen od stavb- This is particularly true of the hemispherical dish- nih ostalin naselja, in sicer na severovzhodnem delu es (Sk 1) with either a slightly everted or a vertical izkopanega območja. Iz naselja izvirata le dva manjša rim usually decorated with a cordon with impres- amorfna kosa (staljenega) brona, ki sta bila najdena v sions and with small strap handles. Close compar- stratigrafsko mlajši kulturni plasti iz pozne bronaste isons for them can be found among the BA C–D dobe.40 finds from Dol nji Lakoš in the Prekmurje region in Nekoliko številnejši so kamniti artefakti. Poleg Slovenia.34 The same is true of the deep, more fun- fragmenta žrmelj so bili najdeni štirje primerki tol- nel-shaped dishes (Sk 3), dishes with a pronounced kačev – prodnikov ( Tab. 4: 6) in dva sileksa iz rožen-interior body-rim junction (Sk 4) and more shallow ca, pri čemer en kot žrmlje izvira iz območja objekta and open hemispherical dishes that usually have a ( sl. 7: 2),41 drugi pa je bil najden v starejši kulturni slightly thickened lip (Sk 6). Orehova vas also yield-plasti iz pozne bronaste dobe ( sl. 7: 3).42 V eni izmed ed examples of shallow hemispherical dishes with an naplavinskih plasti, ki so zapolnjevale (pozno)brona- everted facetted rim (Sk 5) and some small carinated stodobno paleostrugo 50R, je bil najden fragment dishes (Sk 7). More numerous are the hemispherical sekire iz svetlo zelenega serpentina (G 704),43 ki pa dishes with a more or less vertical rim and a usually ga najverjetneje ne moremo povezovati z naseljem iz rounded lip (Sk 2); this is a widespread dish form pozne bronaste dobe. Analiza kamnitih artefaktov with parallels among the finds spanning from BA je namreč pokazala, da jih je večina izdelanih iz lo- D to Ha B.35 kalnih kamnin, izjemi pa sta le dva primerka sekir Other ceramic finds are less diagnostic. They iz serpentina, ki se razlikuje od pohorskega.44 Poleg belong to common household items such as baking 35 ( Pls. 2: 8, 15, 25; 3: 9; 4: 20) and other lids, firedogs Grahek 2015a, 39, sl. 31. 36 Grahek 2015a, 40 s, sl. 34. Prim. Dular, Tomanič Jevre- ( Pl. 2: 3) and portable ovens ( Pl. 3: 31), colanders mov 2010, 76 s, sl. 91: 4–5. ( Pl. 2: 18, 35), ceramic rings ( Pl. 4: 21), weights, 37 Grahek 2014, 255 ss, sl. 14.1.8: 9; 14.1.12. 38 30 G 536, SE 132 R, inv. št. 19701. Grahek 2015a, 39, fig. 32. 39 31 Kalicz Schreiber 2010, 264; Typentafel 12: 16–19; T. 6: E.g. Lochner 1994, 197 ff, fig. 197; ead. 1986, 274 ff; Ka-6; 60: 10; 62: 9; 88: 3; 164: 11; Parma 2011, 190, T. 80: licz Schreiber 2010, 247 f, Pl. 1: I. C, 14–16. Cf. Črešnar 5. Prim. Říhovský 1979, 158 s, T. 49: 1218–1223; 50: 2011, 68 ff, fig. 2: 23. 32 1224–1229. Vrdoljak 1994, 28, Pls. 16: 1–3; 17: 2–3; 18: 3; Paulík 40 Grahek 2015a, 41. 1963, figs. 10: 1; 29: 2; 30: 8. 41 33 G 507, SE 182 R, inv. št. 19672. Grahek 2015a, 39 f, fig. 33. 42 34 G 334, SE 222 A, inv. št. 19498. Cf. Dular et al. 2002, 153, fig. 8: S7. For the date also see 43 Grahek 2015a, 41. Dular 2011; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 681 ff. 44 35 Zupančič 2015. Grahek 2015a, 39, fig. 31. 41 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 41 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 Slika 7. Bronasta igla bobbins and spindle whorls ( Pl. 3: 10 –11). There iz jame SE 133 R/132 are also fragments of stylised animal heads ( Pl. 2: 36, R46 (1) in sileksa iz 37) that most likely represent firedog finials, as sug-objekta R 1 (2) ter iz kulturne plasti SE gested by the comparable finds from Ormož.36 222 A, sek. 181 (3). The Late Bronze Age settlement at Orehova vas M = 1:2. yielded few non-ceramic small finds. Particularly rare Figure 7. Bronze pin from the pit of SU are metal objects. The radiocarbon-dated Pit 133 R 133 R/132 R46 (1) (Section 181)37 revealed a bronze pin with a biconical and the stone flakes and horizontally moulded head, of which the central from Structure moulding is decorated with incisions ( fig. 7: 1).38 Par-R 1 (2) and from the cultural layer of allels for it can be found among the goods from Ha A SU 222 A, Section graves in the Budapest-Békásmegyer cemetery in Hun- 181 (3). Scale = 1:2. gary and the Ivanovice na Hané cemetery in southern Moravia.39 Orehova vas also yielded a bronze fragment belonging to a socketed axe, which was found at some 1 distance from the building remains, in the north-east- ern part of the excavated area. Found within the set- tlement were two small amorphous pieces of (melted) bronze, recovered from a stratigraphically later, Late Bronze Age cultural layer.40 Somewhat more numerous are the stone arte- 3 2 facts. Orehova vas yielded a fragment of a quernstone, four hammerstones ( Pl. 4: 6) and two chert flakes, of which one flake and the quernstone fragment came omenjenega fragmenta je bila na najdišču najdena to light in the area of Structure R 1 ( fig. 7: 2),41 while še ena sekira (G 36) iz serpentina, ki pa zagoto ali vo the other flake came from the early cultural layer of a izvira iz zgodnjebronastodobnih ostalin.45 Zatorej je Late Bronze Age date ( fig. 7: 3).42 One of the alluvial povsem možno, da moramo najdbam iz zgodnje bro-layers that filled the (Late) Bronze Age palaeochan- naste dobe v Orehovi vasi pripisati tudi primerek (G nel of SU 50R revealed a fragment of an axehead of 704) iz nekdanjega potoka. light green serpentinite (G 704),43 but it is not likely connected with the Late Bronze Age settlement. The analysis of the stone artefacts has shown that most are made of local rocks with the exception of two axes of serpentinite that differs from the one locally 2 available in the Pohorje Hills.44 The second axe frag- ment of serpentinite (G 36) from Orehova vas was found in an Early Bronze Age context,45 suggesting that also the first-mentioned axe fragment, from the palaeochannel (G 704), should be attributed to the Early Bronze Age. 3 36 Grahek 2015a, 40 f, fig. 34. Cf. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 76 f, fig. 91: 4–5. 1 37 Grahek 2014, 255 ff, figs. 14.1.8: 9; 14.1.12. 38 G 536, SU 132 R, Inv. No. 19701. 39 Kalicz Schreiber 2010, 264, Type Tab. 12: 16–19; Pls. 6: 6; 60: 10; 62: 9; 88: 3; 164: 11; Parma 2011, 190, Pl. 80: 5. Cf. Říhovský 1979, 158 f, Pls. 49: 1218–1223; 50: 1224–1229. 40 Grahek 2015a, 41. 41 G 507, SU 182 R, Inv. No. 19672. 42 G 334, SU 222 A, Inv. No. 19498. 43 Grahek 2015a, 41. 44 Zupančič 2015. 45 45 Grahek 2015a, 26 ss; ista 2015b, 252 ss, sl. 14.1.5: 19; Grahek 2015a, 26 ff; ead. 2015b, 252 ff, figs. 14.1.5: 19; 14.1.7. 14.1.7. 46 46 Grahek 2014, 255 s, sl. 14.1.8: 9; 14.1.12. Grahek 2014, 255 f, figs. 14.1.8: 9; 14.1.12. 42 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 42 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 KRONOLOŠKA IN KULTURNA CHRONOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL OPREDELITEV NAJDIŠČA ATTRIBUTION OF THE SITE Na podlagi keramičnih in drugih najdb ne moremo Ceramic and other small finds from the Late Bronze sklepati o namembnosti tipoloških skupin stavbnih Age settlement at Orehova vas do not allow us to ostalin naselja iz pozne bronaste dobe v Orehovi vasi. make inferences on the functions of the different Boljši vpogled na ustroj samega naselja omogoča types of buildings. A better insight into the struc- prostorska analiza stavb. Kot v primeru bližnjega, so- ture of the settlement can be gained from the spatial časnega naselja v Rogozi se v razvrstitvi posameznih analysis of the buildings. Similarly as in the near- stavb kažejo manjše gruče, ki bržkone predstavljajo by and contemporaneous settlement at Rogoza, the posamezne gospodarske enote.47 locations of buildings reveal clusters that may have Samostojno gospodarstvo lahko predstavljajo represented individual farmsteads.47 stavbe, odkrite severno od nekdanje lokalne ceste ( sl. Such a unit may be seen in the buildings north 1). Gre za približno enako veliki stavbi M 1 in M 1a of the present-day local road ( fig. 1). It is composed (sek. 18, 19), postavljeni z manjšim odklonom od of two comparably large Buildings M 1 and M 1a smeri vzhod–zahod. Jugozahodno ter skorajda pra- (Sections 18, 19), orientated roughly east-west. To vokotno na njiju je bila postavljena stavba M 2 (sek. the southwest of them and almost perpendicular in 19), vzhodno od nje pa še ena majhna M 2a. Le-ta orientation is Building M 2 (Section 19), with the sodi v prvi tip stavb, ki najverjetneje predstavljajo small Building M 2a to the east of it. The latter be- pomožne, kaščam podobne gospodarske objekte. longs to the first building type that most likely repre- Glede na razporeditev in velikost so zelo verjetno sents outbuildings similar to granaries. Considering imele podobno namembnost tudi jame petega tipa their distribution and size, the pits of Type 5 build- stavbnih ostalin. Takšno domnevo še najbolje podpi- ing remains probably had a similar function. This rata polzemljanki 159 A in 173 A (sek. 159), ki pri- supposition is supported by the Semi-SFBs 159 A padata gruči stavb, ki ležijo severno od paleostruge.48 and 173 A (Section 159) that form part of the cluster V tem delu (sek. 159, 160, 180, 181) so bile štiri of buildings just north of the palaeochannel.48 bolj kot ne vzporedno postavljene stavbe A-Z, A 1, A This north part (Sections 159, 160, 180, 181) 2 in Z 2 ( sl. 1). Gre za stavbe drugega tipa, ki so bile revealed four Type 2 buildings: A-Z, A 1, A 2 and Z vse postavljene v smeri jugozahod–severovzhod. Od 2 ( fig. 1). They are roughly parallel, southwest-north-te usmeritve nekoliko odstopa le bolj proti paleostru- east orientated, of which only Building Z 1 (Section gi postavljena stavba Z 1 (sek. 180) z ostanki neka- 180) deviates slightly, located closest to the palaeo- kšne ograde na njeni zahodni strani. Med stavbami channel and having the remains of a sort of a fence A 1, A 2 in Z 2 (sek. 159 in 180) sta bili polzemljan- on its west side. Buildings A 1, A 2 and Z 2 (Sections ki 173 A in 159 A. Na zahodni strani stavbe A 1 je 159 and 180) are separated by Semi-SFBs173 A and bil pomožni objekt A 1a (sek. 159). Severozahodno 159 A. To the west of Building A 1 is the outbuild- od njega, nekoliko odmaknjena od preostalih stavb, ing of A 1a (Section 159). To the northwest of it je bila postavljena še ena stavba prvega tipa, in sicer and slightly removed from the others is another Type stavba M 3 (sek. 159/160). Prav posebno vlogo v 1 building, of M 3 (Sections 159/160). Within this gruči stavb te skupine pa je imela večja stavba R 2 cluster, the large Building R 2 (Section 181) with a (sek. 181). Gre za stavbo z ognjiščem, postavljeno hearth and located just at the stream must have had tik ob potoku. a special role. Južno od stavbe R 2, ki je v gospodarstvu sever- South of Building R 2 and on the other side of no od potoka imela posebno vlogo, so bile na juž- the stream, excavations revealed the remains of a nem bregu odkrite ostaline lesene konstrukcije, ki wooden structure, which may belong to a uniquely morebiti pripadajo edinstveno oblikovani stavbi, ni designed building, but, in case a stream used to run pa izključeno, da gre za ostanke brvi, v kolikor je v there, it is not excluded that these are the remains of tem času tekel potok, imenovane objekt R 1 (sek. a footbridge (Structure R 1; Sections 202/203; figs. 202/203; sl. 1, 3). 1, 3). Na južnem bregu nekdanjega potoka je bilo ve- The south bank of the stream also revealed a čje gospodarstvo z dvoriščno razporeditvijo stavb large cluster of buildings arranged round a courtyard ( sl. 1). Njegov zahodni rob predstavlja stavba Z 5 ( fig. 1). Building Z 5 (Sections 202/224) stands at (sek. 202/224), ki je približno enako usmerjena kot its western edge and shares its orientation with the 47 47 Prim. Črešnar 2010, 59 ss, 97 s. Cf. Črešnar 2010, 59 ff, 97 f. 48 48 Grahek 2015a, 29. Grahek 2015a, 29. 43 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 43 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 stavbe s severnega brega. Jugovzhodno od nje sta buildings on the north bank. To the southeast of bili ugotovljeni tlorisni zasnovi stavb Z 4 in Z 4a it are Buildings Z 4 and Z 4a (Section 224), with (sek. 224), pri katerih slednja bržkone predstavlja the latter one probably representing either an exten- dogradnjo ali drugo fazo stavbe Z 4 ( sl. 4: A). Do-sion or the second phase of Building Z 4 ( fig. 4: A). gradnjo in preureditev stavbe S 4 predstavlja stavba Building S 4a (Section 223) represents an extension S 4a (sek. 223). Skupaj tvorita jugovzhodni rob go- and adaptation of Building S 4, together forming spodarstva, ki ga na severni strani zamejuje stavba the south-eastern edge of the cluster delimited in the Z 3 (sek. 202). Med stavbama drugega tipa Z 3 north by Building Z 3 (Section 202). The Type 2 in S 4 so bili še trije manjši pomožni objekti S 1, Buildings Z 3 and S 4 are separated by three smaller S 2 in S 3 (sek. 201). Pri tem sta bili stavbi S 2 in outbuildings of S 1, S 2 and S 3 (Section 201). The S 3 na severni strani očitno zamejeni še z ogrado, line of three postholes north of Buildings S 2 and S na kar kaže vrsta treh jam za stojke. Z manjšima 3 suggest that they were delimited by a fence. Two ogradama, usmerjenima proti osrednjemu, dvo- smaller fences reaching into the yard were also at- riščnemu delu je imela zahodna vogala zavarovana tached to the west corners of Building S 4 (Section tudi stavba S 4 (sek. 223). Vzhodno od stavb S 4 223). Two other Type 2 buildings lie east of Build- in S 3 sta bili še dve stavbi drugega tipa. Gre za ings S 4 and S 3, but these may also have formed a stavbi A 4 in A 5 (sek. 222), ki pa sta lahko tvorili separate unit (Buildings A 4 and A 5; Section 222). že novo gospodarstvo. To velja tudi za stavbo P 2, The same is true of Building P 2, located together skupaj s pomožnim objektom P 3 (sek. 221), ki leži with the outbuilding of P 3 (Section 221) near the ob kamnitih tlakih v jugovzhodnem delu naselja.49 stone pavings in the south-eastern part of the un- Skratka, glede na razporeditev stavb drugega tipa earthed settlement.49 To summarise, the disposition ter spremljajočih gospodarskih objektov tipa 1 in 4 of the Type 2 buildings and the associated build- ( sl. 2) sklepamo, da so naselbino v pozni bronasti ings of Types 1 and 4 ( fig. 2) indicates that the Late dobi tvorila tri ali štiri gospodarstva. Bronze settlement was composed of three or four Paleobotanična analiza je pokazala, da je bil za units or farmsteads. gradnjo stavb v Orehovi vasi enako kot v Rogozi50 The palaeobotanic analysis has shown that večinoma uporabljen hrast ( Quercus sp. ) ali pa jesen mainly oak ( Quercus sp. ) and ash ( Fraxinus sp. ) wood ( Fraxinus sp. ). Pomenljivo pa je, da med ostanki lesa was used for the construction of the buildings at listavcev zagotovo ni bukve.51 Prav bukovina je bila Orehova vas, similarly as has been established for namreč vrsta lesa, ki je prevladovala med lesnimi the settlement at Rogoza.50 It has to be stressed, that ostanki iz naselja v bližnji Hotinji vasi, ki pa je datithe remains of deciduous trees did not include those rano v starejšo železno dobo.52 of beech,51 which was the predominant species at Kostni ostanki na najdišču v Orehovi vasi niso the nearby much later Early Iron Age settlement at bili odkriti. Nekoliko bolje so bili ohranjeni paleo- Hotinja vas.52 botanični ostanki, ki kažejo, da so v naselju iz po- As for subsistence, Orehova vas yielded no ani- zne bronaste dobe gojili žito ( Cerealia), lečo, grašico, mal bone remains. Other recovered palaeobotanical stročnice in proso.53 remains revealed that cereals ( Cerealia), lentil, vetch, Ne le po obsegu, legi in ureditvi, temveč tudi legumes and millet was consumed in the Late Bronze po keramičnih najdbah je naselje iz Orehove vasi Age settlement.53 primerljivo z naseljem iz Rogoze. Posamezne najd- The settlement at Orehova vas is comparable to be, ki kažejo podobnosti s keramiko iz Dolnjega that at Rogoza in size, location and internal layout, Lakoša, nakazujejo zasnovo naselja morda že konec but also the ceramic assemblage. Individual artefacts, Bd D, vendar pa to doživi svoj razcvet v času Ha comparable with the pottery from Dolnji Lakoš, A. Takšno datacijo narekujejo različne oblike po- suggest that the settlement may already have been ševno nažlebljenega posodja, ki kažejo na povezave established towards the end of BA D, but witnessed s keramiko baierdorfsko-velatiškega repertoarja. its most prosperous period in Ha A. Such a dating is Kot značilne oblike keramike se kažejo še lonci s based on the different forms of vessels with oblique stožčastim vratom, lonci s fasetiranimi ustji in tre- grooves that point to connections with the Baier- bušaste amfore z visokim vratom. Očitno novost dorf-Velatice group. Also characteristic are the jars 49 49 Grahek 2015a, 33. Grahek 2015a, 33. 50 50 Črešnar 2010, (70), 97. Črešnar 2010, (70), 97. 51 51 Tolar 2015, 344 s, sl. 41. Tolar 2015, 344 f, fig. 41. 52 52 Culiberg 2015, 166, sl. 19; 20; Gerbec 2015; ista 2014. Culiberg 2015, 166, figs. 19; 20; Gerbec 2015; ead. 2014. 53 53 Tolar 2015, 341 s, sl. 40. Tolar 2015, 341 f, fig. 40. 44 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 44 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 predstavlja pojav in uveljavitev repertoarja latvic, with a conical neck, the jars with a facetted rim and ki so pogosto poševno nažlebljene ali vodoravno the ellipsoid amphorae with a high neck. The appar- fasetirane.54 ent novelty is the range of dishes with an inturned Sočasnost naselij iz Orehove vasi in Rogoze na- rim that are often obliquely grooved or horizontally kazujejo tudi podobni rezultati radiokarbonskih facetted.54 analiz.55 V primeru Orehove vasi ti podpirajo do- The contemporaneity of the settlements at Ore- mnevo, da predstavlja nekoliko starejši del naselja hova vas and Rogoza is corroborated by the results gruča stavb na severni strani nekdanjega potoka, in of the radiocarbon analyses.55 For Orehova vas, these to kljub dejstvu, da najstarejša datacija (1301–1076 support the hypothesis of the part of the settlement BC (2σ 92,8 %, Poz-46621)) izvira iz jame 177 S north of the stream being the earliest in spite of the ( Tab. 4: 1–6), ki je bila južno od potoka, a nekoli-fact that the earliest date from the settlement (1301– ko odmaknjena od stavb.56 Iz gruče stavb na severni 1076 BC (2σ 92.8%, Poz-46621)) came from a strani potoka segajo radiokarbonske datacije od naj- sample from Pit 177 S ( Pl. 4: 1–6) located south of starejše iz ognjišča v stavbi R 2: 1261–1039 BC (2σ the stream, but slightly removed from any building 95,4 %, Poz-46618) do datacije polzemljanke 159 A: remains.56 The radiocarbon dates for the cluster or 1218–1011 BC (2σ 95,4 %, Poz-46634). Bržkone unit of buildings north of the stream range from mlajšega nastanka je del naselja južno od paleostru- the earliest for the hearth in Building R 2: 1261– ge, na kar kažejo datacije iz objekta R 1: 1135–1008 1039 BC (2σ 95.4%, Poz-46618) to the latest for BC (2σ 92,8 %, Poz-46633) do datacije iz stavbe Z the Semi-SFB 159 A: 1218–1011 BC (2σ 95.4%, 2: 1111–970 BC (2σ 92,8 %, Poz-46622), pri če- Poz-46634). Probably later is the part of the settle- mer je posebej pomenljivo, da se je pred modelira- ment south of the stream, as suggested by the dates njem rezultatov radiokarbonskih analiz kot najmlajši spanning from that for Structure R 1: 1135–1008 kazal prav po načinu gradnje izstopajoč objekt R 1 BC (2σ 92.8%, Poz-46633) to Building Z 2: 1111– (Poz-46627).57 970 BC (2σ 92.8%, Poz-46622). It should be not- Na najdišču je bilo odkritih več s keramičnimi ed that the latest date prior to modelling the results najdbami bogatih t. i. kulturnih plasti ( Tab. 2: 16– of the radiocarbon analyses was that of Structure 42; 3: 1–11), pri čemer vsaj v severnem delu naselja R 1 (Poz-46627) standing apart in its construction razlikujemo med stratigrafsko starejšo in mlajšo pla- technique.57 stjo. Kljub temu pa keramične najdbe ne omogočajo The settlement yielded several cultural layers razpoznavanja dveh faz poselitve, čeprav ju nakazu- rich in ceramic finds ( Pls. 2: 16–42; 3: 1–11); at jejo tudi radiokarbonske datacije.58 least in the north part, we were able to distinguish Orehova vas je skupaj z Rogozo eponimno najdi- between the early and the late layers in stratigraphic šče za poselitev iz časa stopnje Ha A v Podravju.59 Je terms. The results of the radiocarbon analyses also tudi prvo najdišče iz pozne bronaste dobe na širšem show two phases of habitation, while the recovered območju, kjer so bile domnevno odkrite sledi brvi ali ceramic finds, to the contrary, do not.58 mostu čez vodotok v naselju. Together with Rogoza, Orehova vas represents the eponymous site for the Ha A settlement in the Podravje region.59 It is also the first Late Bronze Age site in a wider area that presumably revealed traces of a footbridge across a waterway through a settlement. 54 54 Grahek 2015a; Črešnar 2010. Prim. Črešnar, Teržan 2014, Grahek 2015a; Črešnar 2010. Cf. Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 690 s. 690 f. 55 55 Grahek 2014; Črešnar 2014. Grahek 2014; Črešnar 2014. 56 56 Grahek 2014, 258, sl. 14.1.4; 14.1.11: 15–27; 14.1.22; Grahek 2014, 258, figs. 14.1.4; 14.1.11: 15–27; 14.1.22; ista 2015a, 41 ss. ead. 2015, 41 ff. 57 57 Grahek 2014, sl. 14.1.25. Prim. Grahek 2015a, 349, sl. Grahek 2014, fig. 14.1.25. Cf. Grahek 2015a, 349, figs. 42, 49, 61. 42, 49, 61. 58 58 Grahek 2015a, 41, 48 s. Prim. Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 695. Grahek 2015a, 41, 48 f. Cf. Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 695. 59 59 Črešnar, Teržan 2014, sl. 31. Prim. Črešnar 2011. Črešnar, Teržan 2014, fig. 31. Cf. Črešnar 2011. 45 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 45 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 OPISI NAJDB Tab. 1: 17. Odl. posode s predrtim ušescem (G 583). Sek. 181, Stavba A 1 inv. št. 19748. 1. Odl. pitosa z razčlenjenim ustjem, okrašen z razčle- 18. Odl. cedila (G 589). Sek. 181, inv. št. 19754. njenimi držaji in razčlenjenim rebrom (G 227).SE 156 A, inv. št. 19391. Kulturna plast SE 24 2. Odl. pitosa z razčlenjenim ustjem, okrašen z razčle- 19. Odl. fasetiranega ustja latvice (G 70).Sek. 18, inv. št. njenim rebrom (G228). SE 188 A, inv. št. 19392. 19233. 3. Odl. dna (G 229). SE 168 A, inv. št. 19393. 20. Odl. fasetiranega ustja latvice (G 71) Sek. 18, inv. št. Stavba M 2 19234. 4. Odl. pitosa z razčlenjenim ustjem, okrašen z razčle- 21. Odl. posode z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra (G 77). njenim rebrom nad jezičastim držajem (G 55). SE Sek. 18, inv. št. 19240. 192 M, inv. št. 19218. 22. Odl. pitosa z jezičastim držajem (G 72). Sek. 19, inv. 5. Lonec z razčlenjenim ustjem, okrašen z razčlenjenim št. 19235. rebrom (G 54). SE 190 M, inv. št. 19217. 23. Odl. amfore (G 78). Sek. 19, inv. št. 19241. 6. Odl. latvice (G 56). SE 192 M, inv. št. 19219. 24. Odl. posode z ročajem (G 79). Sek. 18, inv. št. 19242. Tab. 2: 25. Odl. pekve (G 82). Sek. 18, inv. št. 19245. Stavba M 3 Kulturna plast SE 15 1. Fragmentirana amfora, okrašena s parom bradavic 26. Odl. fasetiranega ustja lonca (G 353). Sek. 160, inv. (G 83). SE 141 M, inv. št. 19246. št. 19517. Stavba A 2 27. Odl. fasetiranega ustja lonca (G 355). Sek. 160, inv. 2. Odl. ustja sklede (G 247). SE 161 A, inv. Št. 19411. št. 19519. 3. Fragmentirana ognjiščna koza (G 235). SE 180 A, 28. Odl. ustja lonca (G 365). Sek. 160, inv. št. 19529. inv. št. 19399. 29. Fragmenta poševno nažljebljenega vrča s stožčastim Stavba R 2 (glej tudi Grahek 2014, sl. 14.1.10: 7) vratom (G 406). Sek. 160, inv. št. 19570. 4. Odl. posode z vodoravno predrtim ušescem (G 511). 30. Odl. ustja poševno nažlebljene latvice (G 398). Sek. SE 188 R, inv. št. 19676. 159, inv. št. 19562. 5. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z odtisi prsta (G 512). 31. Odl. ustja poševno nažlebljene latvice (G 397). Sek. SE 150 R, inv. št. 19677. 160, inv. št. 19561. 6. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z vtisi (G 513). SE 118 32. Odl. ustja latvice (G 391). Sek. 159, inv. št. 19555. R, inv. št. 19678. 33. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z vtisi nohta (G 387). Objekt R 1 (glej tudi Grahek 2014, sl. 14.1.10: 8–23) Sek. 159, inv. št. 19551. 7. Fragmentirana poševno nažlebljena latvica (G 510). 34. Odl. ustja sklede (G 376). Sek. 160, inv. št. 19540. SE 213 R, inv. št. 19675. 35. Odl. cedila (G 426). Sek. 160, inv. št. 19590. 8. Odl. ročaja pekve (G 514). SE 216 R, inv. št. 19679. 36. Fragmentiran zoomorfni zaključek ognjiščne koze (G 9. Dno lonca (G 508). SE 211 R, inv. št. 19673. 432). Sek. 159, inv. št. 19596. 10. Dno posodice (G 509). SE 81 Z, inv. št. 19674. 37. Fragmentiran zoomorfni zaključek ognjiščne koze (G Polzemljanka 173 A 433). Sek. 159, inv. št. 19597. 11. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z nizom okroglih vtisov (G 230). SE 172 A, inv. št. 19394. Tab. 3: 12. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z nizom vtisov nohta (G Kulturna plast 57 B = 66 B = 71 B 231). SE 172 A, inv. št. 19395. 1. Odl. ustja lonca (G 921). SE 66=071 B, sek. 244, 13. Odl. posode z ročajem (G 232). Se 172 A, inv. št. inv. št. 20087. 19396. 2. Odl. ustja lonca (G 928). SE 57=071 B, sek. 244, 14. Odl. ustja sklede z brazdasto vrezanim okrasom na inv. št. 20094. notranji strani (G 233). SE 172 A, inv. št. 19397. 3. Fragmentirana latvica (G 948). SE 57 B, sek. 242, 15. Odl. pekve z razčlenjenim spodnjim robom (G 234). inv. št. 20114. SE 172 A, inv. št. 19398. 4. Odl. fasetiranega ustja latvice (G 949). SE 57 B, sek. Kulturna plast SE 27 242, inv. št. 20115. 16. Odl. poševno nažlebljene posode (G 576). Sek. 182, 5. Odl. ustja latvice (G 932). SE 71 B, sek. 243, inv. inv. št. 19741. št. 20098. 46 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 46 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 6. Fragmentirana skodela (G 950). SE 57 B, sek. 218, Tab. 4: inv. št. 20116. Jama 178 S, SE 177 S, sek. 201 (po Grahek 2014, sl. 7. Odl. posode z ročajem (G 933). SE 71 B, sek. 243, 14.1.11: 15–27) inv. št. 20099. 1. Skleda s fasetiranim ustjem in ročajem, okrašena z 8. Odl. posode z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra (G 914). razčlenjenimi rebri in majhnimi držaji (G 622); inv. SE 66=071 B, sek. 244, inv. št. 20080. št. 19788. 9. Odl. pekve (G 946). SE 57 B, sek. 241, inv. št. 20112. 2. Odl. sklede s fasetiranim ustjem, okrašene z razčle- 10. Bikonično vretence (G 979). SE 57 B, sek. 242, inv. njenim rebrom (G 623); inv. št. 19789. št. 20145. 3. Odl. fasetiranega ustja lonca (G 625); inv. št. 19791. 11. Fragmentirano diskasto vretence (G 981). SE 57 B, 4. Skodelica s poševno kaneliranimi rameni in sedlasto sek. 241, inv. št. 20147. oblikovanim presegajočim ročajem (G 627); inv. št. Ognjišče 76 B, SE 70a B, sek. 243 19793. 12. Odl. zgornjega dela lonca z okrasom razčlenjenega 5. Fragmentirana skodelica (G 628); inv. št. 19794. rebra (G 899); inv. št. 20065. 6. Tolkač – prodnik iz gnajsa (G 635); inv. št. 19801. 13. Odl. ustja lonca z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra (G Odpadna jama 429 A, SE 428 A, sek. 222 901); inv. št. 20067. 7. Odl. ustja lonca (G 291); inv. št. 19455. 14. Odl. latvice (G 903); inv. št. 20069. 8. Odl. ustja lonca, okrašenega z razčlenjenim rebrom 15. Odl. amfore (G 908); inv. št. 20074. (G 292); inv. št. 19456. 16. Odl. ustja skodele (G 907); inv. št. 20073. 9. Odl. zgornjega dela sklede, okrašene z vodoravnimi Odpadna jama 199 M, SE 198 M, sek. 19 in cik-cak vrezi (G 293); inv. št. 19457. 17. Odl. ustja lonca z jezičastim držajem (G 42); inv. št. 10. Fragmentirana plitka latvica (G 294); inv. št. 19458. 19205. 11. Fragmentirana skodelica (G 297); inv. št. 19461. 18. Odl. ustja lonca (G 43); inv. št. 19206. 12. Amfora z visokim, lijakastim vratom in izvihanim 19. Odl. razčlenjenega ustja lonca (G 47); inv. št. 19210. ustjem, okrašena s kaneluro na ramenu (G 295); inv. 20. Odl. ustja sklede z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra (G št. 19459. 46); inv. št. 19209. 13. Fragmentirana amfora s stožčastim vratom, okrašena 21. Odl. zgornjega dela sklede (G 48); inv. št. 19211. s kaneluro na ramenu (G 296); inv. št. 19460. 22. Odl. ustja sklede (G 44); inv. št. 19207. Polzemljanka 159 A, SE 158 A, sek. 159 (po Grahek 23. Odl. zgornjega dela skodele (G 49); inv. št. 19212. 2014, sl. 14.1.10: 1–6) 24. Odl. poševno nažlebljene sklede (G 52); inv. št. 14. Odl. fasetiranega (ustja) lonca (G 236), inv. št. 19215. 19400. 25. Odl. sklede (G 53); inv. št. 19216. 15. Fragmentiran vrč s stožčastim vratom in poševno ka- 26. Odl. ustja poševno nažlebljene latvice (G 50); inv. neliranim ramenom (G 238), inv. št. 19402. št. 19213. 16. Odl. ustja lonca (G 237), inv. št. 19398. 27. Odl. zgornjega dela latvice (G 51); inv. št. 19214. 17. Odl. skodele z okrasom navpičnih žlebov (G 240), Kurišče 58 Z, SE 57 Z, sek. 180 inv. št. 19404. 28. Odl. fasetiranega ustja latvice (G 474); inv. št. 19639. 18. Odl. amfore z okrasom vodoravne kanelure in pošev- 29. Odl. ustja sklede (G 475); inv. št. 19640. nih žlebov (G 239), inv. št. 19403. 30. Odl. razčlenjenega ustja lonca (G 477); inv. št. 19642. 19. Odl. posode z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra (G 241), 31. Odl. prenosne pečke okrašene z odtisi prsta (G 476); inv. št. 19405. inv. št. 19641. 20. Odl. ročaja pekve (G 242), inv. št. 19406. 32. 21. Odl. svitka (G 243), inv. št. 19407. 47 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 47 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Culiberg M. 2015 älteren Eisenzeit. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 18, Paleobotanične analize. – V/In: T. Gerbec, Hotinja vas pri Ljubljana. Mariboru, Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 45, Ljubljana, 166–167. Gerbec T. 2014 Slivnica pri Mariboru, Hotinja vas / Slivnica near Maribor, Ho- Črešnar M. 2006 tinja vas. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds.), Absolutno Novi žarni grobovi iz Ruš in pogrebni običaji v ruški žarno-datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Da-grobiščni skupini / Die neuen Urnengräber aus Ruše und das ting of Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in monografije Bestattungsritual in der Ruše-Gruppe der Urnenfelderkultur. 40, Ljubljana, 275–286. ‒ Arheološki vestnik 57, 97‒162. 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Juni Kobarid, 12. 2009 in Wildon/Steiermark (Österreich), Internationale Archäologie: Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongres 15, Grahek L. 2014 Rahden/Westf., 63–80. Slivnica pri Mariboru, Orehova vas / Slivnica near Maribor, Orehova vas. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds.), Absolut- Črešnar M. 2014 no datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Rogoza pri Mariboru / Rogoza near Maribor. – V/In: B. Ter-Dating of Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in mono- žan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds.), Absolutno datiranje bronaste in žele-grafije 40, Ljubljana 249–273. zne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Dating of Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in monografije 40, Ljubljana, 661–702. Grahek L. 2015a Orehova vas. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 46, Ljub- Črešnar M., Teržan B. 2014 ljana. Absolutno datiranje bronaste dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Dating of the Bronze Age in Slovenia. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. 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April 2000 in Bad Radkersburg, Univer-Ormož, utrjeno naselje iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe sitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 78, Bonn, / Ormož, befestigte Siedlung aus der späten Bronze-und der 207–242. 48 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 48 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 Lochner M. 1994 Patek E. 1968 Späte Bronzezeit, Urnenfelderzeit. – V/In: J. W. Neuge- Die Urnenfelderkultur in Transdanubien. – Archaeologia Hun-bauer (ur./ed.), Bronzezeit in Ostösterreich, Wissenschaftli-garica 44, Budimpešta. che Schriftreihe Niederösterreich 98–101, St. Pölten, Wien, 195–223. Paulík J. 1963 Zur Problematik der Čaka-Kultur im Karpatenbecken. – Slo-Lochner M. 1986 venská archaeológia 11, 269–332. Das frühurnenfelderzeitliche Gräberfeld von Baierdorf, Niederösterreich - eine Gesamtdarstellung. – Archaeologia Austria- Říhovský J. 1979 ca 70, 263–294. Die Nadeln in Mähren und Ostalpengebiet – Prähistorische Bronzefunde XIII/5, München. Müller-Karpe H. 1959 Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich Stare F. 1975 der Alpen. – Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 22, Berlin. Dobova. – Posavski muzej Brežice 2, Brežice. Oman D. 1981 Strmčnik Gulič M., Kajzer Cafnik M. 2008 Brinjeva gora–1953 (obdelava prazgodovinske keramike) / Bri-Orehova vas. – Varstvo spomenikov, poročila 44, 193–195. njeva gora near Slovenske Konjice, excavation 1953. – Arheolo- ški vestnik 32, 144–153. Teržan B. 1990 Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron Pahič S. 1972 Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. Pobrežje. – Katalogi in monografije 6, Ljubljana. Tolar T. 2015 Pahič S. 1975 Analiza rastlinskih makroostankov. – V/In: L. Grahek, Orehova Orehova vas. – V/In: Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, Ljubljana, vas, Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 46, Ljubljana, 341– 309. 344. Pahič S. 1981 Vrdoljak S. 1994 Brinjeva gora 1953 (Brinjeva gora 1953). – Arheološki vestnik Tipološka klasifikacija kasnobrončanodobne keramike iz nase-32, 71–143. lja Kalnik-Igrišče (SZ Hrvatska). – Opuscula Archaeologica 18, 7–81. Parma D. 2011 Sídelní areály střední a mladší doby bronzové z trasy D 1 u Vyško-Zupančič N. 2015 va / Siedlungsareale der mittleren und jüngeren Bronzezeit in der Analiza vzorcev kamnitih artefaktov in kamnin. – V/In: L. Trasse der Autobahn D1 bei Vyškov: Katalog, Pravěk Supplemen-Grahek, Orehova vas, Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 46, tary 22, Brno. Ljubljana, 340. 49 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 49 8. 03. 2021 12:52:12 Tabla 1. Orehova vas, stavbi A 1 (1–3) in M 2 (4–6). M = 1:4. Vse keramika. Plate 1. Orehova vas, Buildings A 1 (1–3) and M 2 (4–6). Scale = 1:4. 1 All ceramic. 2 3 4 5 6 50 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 50 8. 03. 2021 12:52:16 Tabla 2. Orehova vas, stavbe M 3 (4), A 2 (2, 3) in R 2 (4–6), objekt R 1 (7–10), 2 19 polzemljanka 173 A (11–15) ter izbor 1 najdb iz kulturnih 20 plasti SE 27 (16–18), SE 24 (19–25) in SE 15 (26–37). M = 1:4. Vse keramika. Plate 2. Orehova vas, 21 22 Buildings M 3 (4), A 2 (2, 3) and R 2 (4–6), Structure R 3 1 (7–10), Semi-SFB 173 A (11–15) and 23 24 select finds from the cultural layers of SU 27 (16–18), SU 24 (19–25) and SU 15 4 5 6 (26–37). Scale = 1:4. 25 All ceramic. 26 7 8 27 28 9 10 11 29 30 33 12 31 34 13 32 35 14 15 16 17 36 37 18 30 51 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 51 8. 03. 2021 12:52:18 Tabla 3. Orehova vas, izbor najdb iz kulturne plasti 57 B = 66 B = 71 B 1 (1–11), ognjišča 76 17 B (12–16), odpadne jame 199 M (17–27) in kurišča 58 Z (28– 31). M = 1:4. Vse 19 keramika. 2 Plate 3. Orehova vas, 18 select finds from the 4 cultural layer of SU 57 B = 66 B = 71 B 3 (1–11), Hearth 76 5 B (12–16), Refuse 21 Pit 199 M (17–27) 20 and Fireplace 58 Z (28–31). Scale = 1:4. All ceramic. 6 22 23 7 8 24 25 10 26 9 11 27 12 13 28 14 29 30 15 16 31 52 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 52 8. 03. 2021 12:52:21 Tabla 4. Orehova vas, izbor najdb iz jame 178 S (1–6), odpadne jame 429 A (7–13) in polzemljanke 159 A (14–21). M = 1:4. 6 – kamen, ostalo 4 keramika. Plate 4. Orehova vas, select finds from Pit 178 S (1–6), Refuse 1 5 Pit 429 A (7–13) and Semi-SFB 159 A (14–21). Scale = 1:4. 6 – stone, other ceramic. 2 6 3 9 7 10 8 11 12 13 16 14 19 17 20 15 18 21 53 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 53 8. 03. 2021 12:52:23 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 54 8. 03. 2021 12:52:23 POBREŽJE V MARIBORU – POBREŽJE IN MARIBOR – NASELBINA IZ MLAJŠE A SETTLEMENT OF THE LATE KULTURE ŽARNIH GROBIŠČ URNFIELD PERIOD Bine Kramberger, Matija Črešnar Bine Kramberger, Matija Črešnar Mestna četrt Pobrežje se nahaja v vzhodnem delu Pobrežje is a district in the eastern part of the city Maribora. Območje visokih teras na desnem bregu of Maribor. It is located on a high terraces on the reke Drave, ki predstavlja skrajni severozahodni del right bank of the River Drava, at the north-west- Dravskega polja, je poznano predvsem po žarnem ern edge of the plain of Dravsko polje. It is known grobišču iz pozne bronaste dobe, ki ga je v letih mainly for the urn cemetery from the Late Bronze 1952, 1955–1957, 1964 in 1973 raziskoval Stan- Age that Stanko Pahič investigated in 1952, 1955– ko Pahič,1 vendar pa so bile na Pobrežju in v nje- 1957, 1964 and 1973.1 Throughout the 20th centu- govi neposredni bližini v 20. stoletju odkrite tudi ry, remains from other archaeological periods also ostaline iz drugih arheoloških obdobij. Okoli leta came to light at Pobrežje and its immediate vicinity. 1901 je bil na sedaj neznanem kraju na Pobrežju Around 1901, a La Tène burial was unearthed at an odkrit latenski grob z železnim mečem in sulično unknown location at Pobrežje that contained an iron ostjo.2 Leta 1943 je bila v Zrkovcih, na polju z ime- sword and an iron spearhead.2 In 1943, a stone mat- nom Štuki, odkrita kamnita kopača.3 Še pred drugo tock was found at Zrkovci, on a field by the name svetovno vojno so bile najdene tudi rimskodobne of Štuki.3 Before World War II, Roman-period fu- grobne najdbe, kot sta marmorni nagrobnik v obli- nerary remains were found that included a fragment ki levje glave in del baze nagrobnega spomenika.4 of a lion’s head of marble and stone fragments of a Druga poročila pa se nanašajo na gomili podobno funerary monument.4 Other reports relate a tumu- tvorbo blizu ledine Gomile in na množino člove- lus-like structure near the location known as Gomile ških kosti iz neznanega časa.5 (translates as ‘barrows’ in English), as well as a multi-V sklopu gradnje slovenskega avtocestnega križa tude of human bones of an unknown date.5 je bilo med leti 1996 in 1998 na terenskih pregledih The field surveys conducted between 1996 and na Pobrežju odkrito novo obsežno arheološko najdi- 1998 in advance of the construction of the motorway šče, zato so bila v letih 2000 in 2001 pod vodstvom cross in Slovenia revealed a vast new archaeological Mire Strmčnik Gulič iz Zavoda za varstvo kulturne site at Pobrežje. This led to rescue excavation in 2000 dediščine Slovenije, OE Maribor, izvedena zaščitna and 2001 directed by Mira Strmčnik Gulič from the arheološka izkopavanja ( sl. 1).6 V prvi fazi je bilo raz-Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of iskanih okoli 16.590 kvadratnih metrov površine na Slovenia, Regional Office in Maribor ( ZVKDS, OE območju pred načrtovanim novim mostom čez reko Maribor) ( fig. 1).6 A 16,590 m² large area was inves-Dravo. Pri tem so bili poleg naselbine iz pozne brona- tigated in this first phase of excavation, planned for ste dobe odkriti tudi žgan grob iz pozne bronaste ali the construction of a new bridge across the Drava. zgodnje železne dobe ( sl. 2: grob 1), en oz. morebiti The excavation revealed a settlement from the Late dva plana žgana grobova iz srednje bronaste dobe oz. Bronze Age, a cremation burial from the Late Bronze njenega prehoda v pozno bronasto dobo (horizont or Early Iron Age ( fig. 2: grave 1) and one or two flat Oloris–Podsmreka) ter sledovi poselitve iz rimskega 1 The cemetery was discovered in 1936, with the first ex- 1 Grobišče je bilo odkrito že leta 1936, prva izkopavanja na cavations following in 1939 under the supervision of the njem pa so bila izvedena leta 1939 pod nadzorom Muzej-museum society ( Muzejsko društvo) in Maribor (Pahič skega društva v Mariboru (Pahič 1972, 7; isti 1991, 2; glej 1972, 7; id. 1991, 2; also see here Koprivnik, Pobrežje). 2 tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje). The finds are kept in the Maribor Regional Museum, Inv. 2 Najdbi sta v PM MB, inv. št. A 1621–1622 (Pahič 1975, Nos. A 1621–1622 (Pahič 1975, 304–305; also see id. 304–305; glej tudi isti 1966). V PM MB naj bi bil pre- 1966). The museum reportedly received another prehis- dan še en prazgodovinski meč iz tega območja, najden leta toric sword from the area, found in 1908 at Zrkovci, but 1908 v Zrkovcih, vendar pa je ta danes neznano kje (Pahič the museum records note no such find (Pahič 1975, 307). 3 1975, 307). Kept in the Maribor Regional Museum, Inv. No. A 52 3 V PM MB, inv. št. A 52 (Pahič 1975, 307). (Pahič 1975, 307). 4 4 V PM MB, inv. št. A 2314, inv. št. 2326 (Pahič 1975, 305, Kept in the Maribor Regional Museum, Inv. No. A 2314, 307; isti 1991, 2). Inv. No. 2326 (Pahič 1975, 305, 307; id. 1991, 2). 5 5 Pahič 1975, 307. Pahič 1975, 307. 6 6 Djurić 1998; Velušček 2002; Strmčnik Gulič 2003, 206– Djurić 1998; Velušček 2002; Strmčnik Gulič 2003, 206– 207. 207. 55 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 55 8. 03. 2021 12:52:23 Slika 1. Balonska posnetka arheološkega najdišča Pobrežje med izkopavanji 2000– 2001 (foto: I. Bizjak, Arhiv ZVKDS). Figure 1. Aerial views of the Pobrežje archaeological site during the 2000– 2001 excavations (photo: I. Bizjak, Archive IPCHS). obdobja7. Izkopavanja so se nadaljevala v letih 2005 cremation burials from the late part of the Middle or in 2006, ko je bilo raziskanih nadaljnjih 67.840 kva- the early part of the Late Bronze Age (the Oloris – dratnih metrov površine na visoki dravski terasi med Podsmreka horizon), as well as habitation traces from Zrkovci in Brezjem, južno od območja na Pobrežju, the Roman period7. Excavations continued in 2005 7 7 Niso na načrtu poznobronastodobne naselbine ( sl. 2). Not on the map of the Late Bronze Age settlement ( fig. 2). 56 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 56 8. 03. 2021 12:52:25 raziskanega v letih 2000 in 2001. Zanimivo odkritje and 2006, when further 67,840 m² of the high Drava v tem delu izkopavališča predstavlja domnevna pot iz terrace between Zrkovci and Brezje were investigated, pozne bronaste dobe, ki je bila kot taka opredeljena lying south of the area investigated in 2000 and 2001. na podlagi dveh vzporednih vrst večjih kamnov in An exciting find in this area was a presumed path večjega števila najdb iz pozne bronaste dobe v njuni from the Late Bronze Age, identified as such on the okolici. Sicer pa je bilo na območju, ki je bilo razi- basis of two parallel lines of stones and an increased skano v letih 2005 in 2006, arheoloških sledov malo, number of finds from the Late Bronze Age in their vi- najdbe, med katerimi prevladujejo fragmenti posod cinity. The area investigated in 2005 and 2006 other- iz pozne bronaste dobe, pa so bile večinoma precej wise yielded few archaeological remains and the finds, fragmentirane, le delno kronološko opredeljive in predominantly Late Bronze Age pottery, were highly raztresene v vrhnjih plasteh.8 fragmented and scattered across the upper layers.8 OPIS NASELBINE IZ POZNE BRONASTE DOBE DESCRIPTION OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE Najbolje ohranjen del najdišča na Pobrežju pred- SETTLEMENT stavljajo ostaline naselbine iz pozne bronaste dobe The main discovery at the site are the remains of a Late ( sl. 1–2), pripadajoče znamenitemu žarnemu gro-Bronze Age settlement ( figs. 1–2), which can be asso-bišču. Ostaline naselja so bile zlasti številne v se- ciated with the well-known flat cremation cemetery at vernem delu izkopanega območja, ob robu visoke Pobrežje. They were particularly concentrated in the druge dravske terase in v skupni oddaljenosti okoli northern part of the excavation area, along the edge of 100 m proti jugu, nato pa se je z oddaljevanjem od the second Drava terrace and in the length of roughly tega prostora v smeri proti jugu gostota arheoloških 100 m; to the south, they became scarcer. The remains ostalin in najdb postopoma zmanjševala. Odkrita in included a number of holes for the posts of the wood- raziskana je bila množina jam, ki so služile kot jame en construction of houses9. Excavations also revealed za navpične nosilce lesenega ogrodja stavb, t. i. sohe large storage vessels and jars sunken into the ground, as oz. stojke9. Razen teh so bile odkrite velike, v zemljo well as clusters of pottery, medium-sized (refuse?) pits vkopane shrambene posode ali večji lonci, skupki ke-and concentrations of stones mixed with Late Bronze ramike, srednje velike (odpadne?) jame in zgostitve Age pottery (remains of floors, paved areas, hearths).10 kamenja s pozno bronastodobno keramiko (ostanki In the north, the finds continued in the same intensity tlakovanih površin, groblje, ognjišča).10 Najdbe so beyond the excavated area, along the edge of the ter- se v nezmanjšani intenziteti širile izven izkopnega race to the east and the west, while in the south, they polja, tik ob robu dravske terase tako proti vzhodu mainly continued to the west. This suggests that the kot tudi proti zahodu, južneje od tod pa predvsem v archaeological excavations only revealed a small part of smeri proti zahodu. Zato domnevamo, da je bil z ar-an extensive Late Bronze Age settlement. heološkim izkopavanjem raziskan le majhen del zelo The 2000–2001 excavations at Pobrežje un- obsežne naselbine pozne bronaste dobe. earthed the remains of around 21 buildings ( fig. 2).11 Na Pobrežju so bile v letih 2000 in 2001 od- All of them were rectangular in ground plan, but krite ostaline okoli 21 stavb ( sl. 2). Vse hiše so bile differed in size, layout and orientation, some possi-pravokotnih tlorisov, med seboj pa se razlikujejo bly also in construction manner. Roughly half of the po velikosti, tlorisnih zasnovah, usmeritvi, deloma buildings had a NE–SW orientation ( fig. 2; 3: Build- pa morda tudi po načinu gradnje. Približno polovi- ings 6–8, 11, 13, 15–17, 20–21), less than half had a ca stavb je bila usmerjenih v smeri severovzhod–ju-NW–SE orientation ( fig. 2; 3: Buildings 1, 3, 9–10, gozahod ( sl. 2; 3: O6–8, 11, 13, 15–17, 20–21),11 12, 14, 18–19) and two had a W–E orientation with nekaj manj kot polovica jih je bila usmerjena od a slight deviation to the north ( fig.2; 3: 4–5). Most 8 8 Strmčnik Gulič 2006. Strmčnik Gulič 2006. 9 9 Za različna poimenovanja glej Črešnar 2007a in Dular 2008. See Črešnar 2007a and Dular 2008. 10 10 Takšne zgostitve kamenja so bile na primer odkrite tudi v Such concentrations of stones have also been excavated naselbini iz pozne bronaste dobe v Orehovi vasi (Grahek in the Late Bronze Age settlements at Orehova vas (Gra- 2015, 31, 33) in v pozno bronastodobni naselbini v Or- hek 2015, 31, 33) and Ormož (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov možu (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 40–41). 2010, 40–41). 11 11 Velika črka O je okrajšava, ki pomeni objekt oz. stavbo. The capital letter O is the abbreviation, meaning object / Zaradi različne ohranjenosti jam za stojke je sicer možno, building. The varying degree of posthole preservation does da je bilo dejansko število stavb tudi nekoliko manjše ali allow for the number of the estimated buildings to be ei-večje. Nezanesljiv je npr. tloris objekta št. 7, medtem ko ther slightly lower or higher. Questionable is the ground bi lahko kakšen manjši objekt več domnevali na primer plan of Building 7, while a small building may also be have na podlagi nekaterih vrst jam za stojke, ki so bile odkrite v stood in the spot that revealed several lines of postholes in sektorju 2 ( sl. 2), npr. Dular 2008, 340. Sector 2 (fig. 2). 57 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 57 8. 03. 2021 12:52:25 Slika 2. Tloris naselbine iz pozne bronaste dobe na Pobrežju. Na skici v desnem prazgodovinska pot vogalu z rdečo / prehistoric path črto lega naselbine ter domnevne prazgodovinske poti na celotnem načrtu izkopanega polja arheološkega najdišča. M. = 1:1000. Figure 2. Ground plan of the Late Bronze Age settlement at Pobrežje. The map in the top right corner shows in red the location of the settlement and the presumed path within the plan of the excavated area. Scale = 1:1000. 50 m tloris stavbe / building ground plan jama iz pozne bronaste dobe / Late Bronze Age pit groblja / a heap of stones groblja s keramiko iz pozne bronaste dobe / a heap of stones with the Late Bronze Age pottery oznaka stavbe / building code vodni nanos s keramiko iz pozne bronaste dobe / alluvium with the Late Bronze Age pottery severozahoda proti jugovzhodu ( sl. 2; 3: O1, 3, buildings were constructed with posts set in postholes, 9–10, 12, 14, 18–19), dve pa v smeri zahod–vzhod, in the so-called earthfast or post-in-ground construc-z rahlim odklonom proti severu ( sl. 2; 3: O4–O5). tion.12 Posts set into variously deep holes were used to Večina stavb je bila zgrajena z navpičnimi nosil-construct the wooden frame of at least 19 buildings. ci, učvrščenimi v jamah, v t. i. sohasti gradnji.12 S The recovered pieces of burnt loam with impressions 12 12 Črešnar 2007a, 48–50; isti 2007b, 326–327; glej tudi Du- Črešnar 2007a, 48–50; Črešnar 2007b, 326–327; see also lar 2008, 340. Dular 2008, 340. 58 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 58 8. 03. 2021 12:52:27 sohami/stebri, ki so bili postavljeni v različno glo-of branches and timbers (see e.g. Pl. 11: 4) suggest boke jame, je bilo namreč zgrajeno leseno ogrodje that the walls of these buildings were made of wat- najmanj 19 stavb. Stene pri takih stavbah so bile, tle and daub. Most of the postholes were fairly large, sodeč po najdbah večjih kosov ožgane ilovice z measuring between 0.45 and 0.65 m, those measuring odtisi vej in brun (glej npr. Tab. 11: 4), narejene between 0.30 and 0.45 m were less numerous. The iz lesenega prepleta in glinenega ometa. Odkrite latter could also be made by driving poles into the jame so bile povečini večje, velikosti med 0,45 in ground rather than first digging a hole, but this is less 0,65 m; jame velikosti med 0,30 in 0,45 m so bile likely to have been the case as most of these holes were manj številne. Slednje lahko, kot vemo, nastanejo found in compact gravel along the edge of the Dra- tudi z zabijanjem stebrov v tla, a je v našem pri- va terrace, in the northernmost part of the settlement meru to manj verjetno, saj se je večina takih jam ( fig. 2: buildings O1–O5). Posts were kept in place us-nahajala na trdni prodnati podlagi ob robu dra- ing stone packing ( fig. 4), in some cases broken pots vske terase na skrajnem severnem delu naselbine and other ceramic objects ( Pls. 1: 1; 2: 1, 3, 5; 6: 1–4; ( sl. 2: O1–O5). Za dodatno utrditev stebrov so 7: 1–2, 4; 8: 1–4; 9: 1–3; 10: 1–5; 11: 1–7; 12: 1–5; bile pogosto uporabljene kamnite zagozde ( sl. 4), 13: 1–6). The sherds from the postholes could not be v nekaterih primerih pa tudi razlomljene posode in assembled to form complete vessels, which indicates drugi keramični predmeti ( Tab. 1: 1; 2: 1, 3, 5; 6: that the already damaged or broken vessels were used 1–4; 7: 1–2, 4; 8: 1–4; 9: 1–3; 10: 1–5; 11: 1–7; for this purpose. Ceramics were used not only as pack- 12: 1–5; 13: 1–6). Za ta namen so bile izbrane že ing, but also as bedding, as revealed by the sherds in delno poškodovane ali razlomljene posode, saj jih some holes being concentrated in the centre. In some v nobenem primeru ni bilo mogoče v celoti sesta- cases, the sherds of vessels were scattered across the viti. Zanimivo pa je tudi, da keramika ni služila posthole, while some postholes revealed a base of a ves- le za utrjevanje lesenih nosilcev, pač pa tudi kot sel in the centre; examples of the latter have also been podloga, na katero so bili leseni stebri postavljeni, found at the Late Bronze Age settlement at Orehova saj so se v posameznih primerih črepinje nahaja- vas.13 Placing ceramic sherds at the centre of postholes le predvsem v osrednjem delu jam, ponekod pa so may have been done for a number of reasons: they bile po celotni površini vse do dna. V posameznih may have lessened the sinking of the posts into the primerih pa se je v osrednjem delu jame nahajalo soil, served to raise the bottom of the hole if it had celo dno posode, kot na primer tudi v naselbini iz been dug too deep or they may even have served as pozne bronaste dobe v Orehovi vasi.13 Razlogi za drainage to lessen the progress of wooden post decay. keramiko v jamah za lesene stebre so lahko različni. The size of the documented ground plans and Lahko gre npr. za posege, s katerimi so poskušali the number and disposition of the postholes allow omiliti njihovo pogrezanje, za dvig nivoja dna v us to distinguish between five types of buildings con- primeru, ko so bile jame izkopane pregloboko, ali structed of posts set into the ground ( fig. 3). Two pa so poskušali s tamponom iz keramike izboljšati small rectangular buildings (measuring 3.16–4 m in drenažo ter omiliti talne vplive na les in tako po- length and 2–2.43 m in width) represent Type A with daljšati življenjsko dobo stavb. a W–E orientation and only four posts set one in Glede na velikost tlorisnih zasnov in število each corner ( fig. 3: A). Buildings O7–O13, O15 and ter razporeditev jam lahko stavbe, grajene z nav-O18 ( Fig. 3: B) form Type B. These are considera-pičnimi nosilci, razdelimo na pet tipov ( sl. 3). Tip bly larger rectangular buildings (measuring 9.8–11.5 A predstavljata majhna pravokotna objekta (širine m in length and 2.9–4.1 m in width), constructed 2–2,43 m in dolžine 3,16–4 m), usmerjena zahod– of ten, twelve or fourteen evenly spaced posts along vzhod, s štirimi vogalnimi stebri ( sl. 3: A). Drugi tip the longer sides. The interior of Building O15, in stavbe predstavljajo objekti O7–O13, O15, O18 the central part, revealed an oval surface paved with ( sl. 3: B). Gre za bistveno večje pravokotne stavbe cobbles; similar structures interpreted as hearths are (dolžine med 9,8 in 11,5 m in širine med 2,9 in known from other Late Bronze Age sites.14 Three 4,1 m), grajene iz desetih, dvanajstih ali štirinajstih other buildings of this type at Pobrežje revealed a pit stebrov, ki so bile enakomerno razporejene v dveh 13 Grahek 2015, 87. vrstah. Objekt O15 je imel v notranjosti na njegovi 14 The hearth in Building R2 of the settlement at Orehova severovzhodni strani z rečnimi oblicami tlakovano vas (Grahek 2015, 29–30) was placed in a similar position ovalno površino, ki bi lahko glede na primerjave within the building, while cobbled hearths have also been excavated at Ormož (see e.g. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 65–66, fig. 77) and Grajski hrib in Gornja Radgona 13 Grahek 2015, 87. (Dular 2013, 193, fig. 69). 59 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 59 8. 03. 2021 12:52:28 Slika 3. Tipi stavb in njihova usmeritev. Figure 3. Types of buildings and their orientation. z drugimi najdišči iz pozne bronaste dobe služila of a similar size as the paved surface that contained kot ognjišče,14 nekatere druge stavbe tega tipa pa cobbles and ceramic sherds (Buildings O11–O13). Buildings O1 ( fig. 5) and O17 are also rectangular 14 Na podobnem mestu znotraj objekta se je na primer in plan, but pronouncedly elongated (17 and 21.2 m v objektu R2 v naselbini v Orehovi vasi (Grahek 2015, long) and hence represent Type C ( fig. 3: C). 29–30) nahajalo ognjišče, z oblicami tlakovana ognjišča 60 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 60 8. 03. 2021 12:52:29 so imele na istem mestu jamo podobne velikosti, Slika 4. Pobrežje, v kateri so bili prodniki in odlomki posod (stavbe jama za soho SE 654, stavbe O14, obdana s O11–O13). Dve stenski vrsti jam za sohe in pravo- kamnitimi zagozdami kotno tlorisno zasnovo sta imela tudi objekta O1 (foto: I. Bizjak). ( sl. 5) in O17, vendar pa sta bila precej daljša (v Figure 4. Pobrežje, dolžino sta merila 17 oz. 21,2 m), zato predstavljata posthole SE 654, of the building samostojni tip stavbe ( sl. 3: C). O14, filled by stone Drugačne tipe stavb predstavljajo objekti O3, packing (photo: I. O6 in O14 ( sl. 3: D). Bili so namreč širši, zato so pri Bizjak). njih strešno konstrukcijo podpirali dodatni navpični leseni gradniki, ki so bili postavljeni v dveh vrstah na sredini stavbe. V osrednjem delu objekta O6 (dolži-Slika 5. Pobrežje, ne 10,7 m) je bila odkrita podobna tlakovana površi- ostanki jam za sohe za na kot v stavbi O15 ( prim. s sl. 3: B), medtem ko po leseno ogrodje stavbe dolžini (11,4 m) in tlorisni zasnovi primerljiv objekt O1 v severnem delu O14 takega tlaka ni imel ( sl. 3: D). Enako velja tudi naselbine (foto: I. Bizjak). za objekt O3, ki pa je bil v primerjavi z objektoma Figure 5. Pobrežje, O6 in O15 bistveno daljši (20,2 m), zato predstavlja remains of postholes samostojni tip stavbe ( sl. 3: E). of the building O1 in the northern part Zadnji in povsem drugačen tip stavbe v pozno of the settlement bronastodobni naselbini domnevamo na podlagi (photo: I. Bizjak). materialnih ostankov, ki so bili odkriti v sek. 22, kv. 410, 416–418, 440–442 (objekt O19, sl. 3: F). V Buildings O3, O6 and O14 represent another teh kvadrantih je bilo sedem različnih zgostitev ka- type. They were rectangular in plan, but wider and, menja, ki so ležali v dveh vzporednih vrstah, medtem most importantly, with two intermediate lines of ko jame za stebre niso bile odkrite. Navkljub temu posts that supported the roof construction ( fig. 3: D). menimo, da gre za stavbne ostanke, saj je bilo v bli- Building O6 (10.7 m long) revealed a similar paved žini teh kupov kamnov odkritih tudi več zgostitev surface in the central part as in Building O15 ( cf. lončenine.15 Pomenljiva je tudi usmeritev objekta fig. 3: B), while Building O14 that is comparable in severozahod–jugovzhod, saj se ujema z eno od obeh length (11.4 m) and ground plan had no such surface najbolj pogostih usmeritev stavb v naselbini. Verje- ( fig. 3: D). The same is true of Building O3, which tno gre v primeru objekta O19 torej za ostanke stavis again pronouncedly elongated (20.2 m long) and be, zgrajene s sohami s skeletno konstrukcijo ali s hence represents a different building type ( fig. 3: E). kladno zvezo brun oz. brunarico, katere nosilni ele- The last and completely different building type menti so bili položeni na kamnite podstavke, ki so is presumed on the basis of the material remains un- tvorili temelje stavbe ( sl. 3: F).16 earthed in Sector 22, Grid Squares 410, 416–418, Pogled na doslej odkrite naselbine iz pozne bro- 440–442 (Building O19). These remains included naste dobe v severovzhodni Sloveniji kaže, da ima- no postholes, only seven groups of stones arranged in mo na Pobrežju opraviti z ostanki nižinskega vaškega two parallel lines. Found in their vicinity were several naselja. Najbolje raziskane naselbine iz časa kulture concentrations of pottery, all of which is interpret- žarnih grobišč so Ormož, Rogoza in Orehova vas. V ed as the remains of a building.15 Also significant is primeru Rogoze in Orehove vasi gre za neutrjeni na- the NW–SE orientation of the presumed building, selbini, s hišami razporejenimi v gručah,17 medtem which corresponds with the most common orien- ko gre v Ormožu za z nasipom utrjeno naselbino tation of buildings at Pobrežje. Building O19 was »proto-urbanega« tipa, v kateri so bile stavbe postav- therefore probably a log structure, with sleeper beams ljene tako, da so imele stene usmerjene v smeri laid onto stretches of stone bedding ( fig. 3: F).16 The settlement unearthed at Pobrežje was a low- pa so bila odkrita tudi v Ormožu (glej npr. Dular, Toma- land village from the Late Bronze Age that joins oth- nič Jevremov 2010, 65–66, sl. 77) in na Grajskem hribu v ers of this kind known in north-eastern Slovenia. Of Gornji Radgoni (Dular 2013, 193, sl. 69). 15 the comparable settlements, most research has been Djura Jelenko 2002, 178. 16 Črešnar 2007a, 51–53; isti 2007b, 327–329; glej tudi Du- 15 lar 2008, 340–341. Djura Jelenko 2002, 178. 17 16 Teržan 1999, 102–105; Črešnar 2010, 97–98; Grahek Črešnar 2007a, 51–53; id. 2007b, 327–329; see also 2015, 29–33. Dular 2008, 340–341. 61 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 61 8. 03. 2021 12:52:30 sever–jug ali vzhod–zahod.18 Pobreška naselbina kaže conducted at Ormož, Rogoza and Orehova vas. The lastnosti obeh tipov naselbin. Očitno ni bila utrjena, latter two sites are unfortified settlements with hous- zaradi česar je primerljiva z naselbinama v Rogozi es arranged in clusters,17 while the ‘proto-urban’ set- in Orehovi vasi, ustaljena usmeritev objektov zno- tlement at Ormož was fortified with a rampart and traj naselbine pa spominja na naselbino v Ormožu, buildings with an either N–S or E–W orientation.18 (urejena usmeritev SZ–JV, SV–JZ). Zanimiva je tudi The settlement at Pobrežje shows the characteristics of primerjava velikosti in tlorisnih zasnov objektov. Kot both settlement types. It does not seem to have been že rečeno, je večina stavb na Pobrežju v dolžino me- fortified, which is comparable with Rogoza and Ore- rila med 9,8 in 11,5 m ( sl. 3: B, D), največji pa celo hova vas, while the organisation and orientation of med 17 in 21,2 m ( sl. 3: C, E). Bile pa so različno the buildings (mostly SZ–JV or SV–JZ) is compara- široke. Pri ožjih stavbah je streha slonela neposredno ble with that of Ormož. A comparison of the size and na stebrih stranskih sten ( sl. 3: A, B, C), medtem ko ground plan of the buildings in these settlements is sta pri širših streho dodatno podpirali dve vrsti no- also of interest. Most buildings at Pobrežje measured tranjih podpornikov ( sl. 3: D, E). Takšnih hiš v Ro-between 9.8 and 11.5 m in length ( fig. 3: B, D), the gozi in Orehovi vasi ni bilo odkritih,19 primerjave so largest ones even between 17 and 21.2 m ( fig. 3: C, znane iz Ormoža, vendar pa so bile tudi tam stavbe E), while their widths varied. In narrower buildings, le izjemoma daljše od 10 m.20 the roof rested directly on the posts of the outer walls ( fig. 3: A, B, C), while the roofs of the wider buildings rested on additional lines of inner posts ( fig. 3: D, E). The settlements at Rogoza and Orehova vas revealed no such houses,19 comparable houses are known from Ormož, but these rarely exceeded 10 m in length.20 NAJDBE SMALL FINDS Med obsežnim gradivom iz pobreške naselbine moč- The vast assemblage of small finds from Pobrežje no prevladujejo keramični predmeti.21 Ti so bili so- mostly comprises ceramic sherds.21 These were pre- razmerno pogosto najdeni v povezavi s stavbami: v dominantly found at or in buildings: in postholes, jamah za lesene stebre, v posamičnih jamah v notra- in pits within buildings or as clusters of finds on the njosti stavb, ali pa so se nahajali kot skupki keramike surface just above the sterile layer within buildings. na površini tik nad sterilno plastjo znotraj njihove- Other finds came to light in medium-sized pits and ga tlorisa. Preostale najdbe izvirajo iz srednje velikih concentrations of stones excavated in the vicinity of jam in zgostitev kamenja, ki so bile raziskane v bliži- buildings, a number of them also in the upper layers.22 ni stavb, velik del pa tudi iz vrhnjih plasti.22 The ceramic finds presented on the plates are Keramično gradivo, ki ga objavljamo na tablah the most typical for the Bronze-age settlement. ( Tab. 1–13), predstavlja izbor značilne keramike They were recovered in Buildings O1 ( Pls. 1–2), naselbine iz pozne bronaste dobe – kulture žarnih 17 Teržan 1999, 102–105; Črešnar 2010, 97–98; Grahek grobišč. Odkrito je bilo v okviru tlorisov stavb O1 2015, 29–33. 18 Teržan 1999, 105–107, 134–135; Dular, Tomanič Jevre- 18 Teržan 1999, 105–107, 134–135; Dular, Tomanič Jevre- mov 2010, 95–97; Dular 2013, 93–94. 19 mov 2010, 95–97; Dular 2013, 93–94. The buildings at Rogoza were predominantly between 5 19 Stavbe v Rogozi so bile namreč v povprečju dolge le med 5 and 8 m long (Črešnar 2010, 97), those at Orehova vas in 8 m (Črešnar 2010, 97), v Orehovi vasi pa med 3,4 in between 3.4 and 8.3 m (Grahek 2015, 29–33). 20 8,3 m (Grahek 2015, 29–33). Lamut 1988–1989; id. 2001, 209, Fig. 2; Tomanič Jevre- 20 Lamut 1988–1989; isti 2001, 209, fig. 2; Tomanič Jevre- mov 2001, 193–195, figs. 5–6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov mov 2001, 193–195, figs. 5–6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 88, 94; Dular 2013, 92–93. 21 2010, 88, 94; Dular 2013, 92–93. The assemblage includes stone artefacts (quern stones, tu-21 Odkrite so bile sicer tudi kamnite najdbe (žrmlje, izvrtek bular leftover from drilling the hole of a stone axehead, 5 sekire, 5 sileksov, 4 kamnite sekire, 7 tolkačev, 7 brusov) in flakes, 4 stone axes, 7 hammer stones, 7 whetstones) and jagoda iz svetlo rdečega stekla ali karneola, ki pa jih v tem a bead of either light red glass or carnelian, but these will prispevku podrobneje ne bomo obravnavali. not be discussed in detail here. 22 22 Gre za ornico (SE 001) in plasti pod njo, ki so bile stroj-They comprise the topsoil (SE 001) and the layers excavat-no odstranjene v različnih delih naselbine. V teh plasteh ed just under it in different parts of the settlement. These so se mešale najdbe iz različnih obdobij. Poleg keramike layers revealed finds from different periods. Besides the kulture žarnih grobišč so bile pogoste predvsem najdbe iz pottery from the Urnfield culture period there were also rimske dobe, vmes pa so se pojavljali tudi novoveški kosi numerous finds from the Roman period mixed with the ter keramični odlomki iz zgodnje bronaste dobe (keramika odd pieces from the modern period, ceramic sherds from s pramenastim okrasom) in mlajše železne dobe (latensko the Early Bronze (Litzen pottery) and Late Iron Ages (La obdobje). Tène period). 62 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 62 8. 03. 2021 12:52:30 ( Tab. 1–2), O6 ( Tab. 6), O11 ( Tab. 7), O14 ( Tab. O6 ( Pl. 6), O11 ( Pl. 7), O14 ( Pl. 8–12), O15 ( Pl. 8–12) in O15 ( Tab. 13) ter v njihovi neposredni bli-13) and in their immediate vicinity. Most of the žini. Večji del najdb izhaja iz jam za stebre (O1: Tab. finds came from the postholes (O1: Pls. 1: 1; 2: 1: 1; 2: 1, 3, 5; O6: Tab. 6: 1–4; O11: 7: 1–2, 4; O14: 1, 3, 5; O6: Pl. 6: 1–4; O11: 7: 1–2, 4; O14: Pls. Tab. 8: 1–4; 9: 1–3; 10: 1–5; 11: 1–7; 12: 1–5; O15: 8: 1–4, 9: 1–3; 10: 1–5; 11: 1–7; 12: 1–5; O15: Tab. 13: 1–6), v katerih so deli posod služili, kot že Pl. 13: 1–6), in which sherds served as packing or omenjeno, kot del zasutja ali kot podlaga, na katero bedding ( figs. 4–5).23 As these finds were laid into so bili položeni ( sl. 4–5).23 Ker so bili ti kosi upora-the holes at the time of the very construction of bljeni pri gradnji stavb, pomenijo torej terminus ad the buildings, therefore offer terminus ad quem for quem za datacijo stavb, torej nakazujejo čas, ko je bila the construction of the buildings and point to the naselbina ustanovljena in posamezne stavbe zgrajene. foundation of the settlement. Del najdb izvira iz groblje SE 1106 ob stavbi O1 Some finds were unearthed in a heap of stones ( Tab. 3–5). Po dva predmeta sta bila odkrita v jami (SE 1106) at Building O1 ( Pls. 3–5). Two pieces were SE 520III ( Tab. 13: 7–8) in v groblji SE 604 ( Tab. found in the pit of SE 520III ( Pl. 13: 7–8) and the 13: 9–10), ki sta se nahajali tik ob stavbi O15. Zna-heap of stones of SE 604 ( Pl. 13: 9–10), respectively, ten del najdb je ležal v srednje velikih jamah, ki so located at Building O15. A number of finds came se nahajale v osrednjem delu hiš (O11: Tab. 7: 5–12; to light in medium-sized pits in the central parts of O14: Tab. 12: 6–7). Nekatere shrambene posode in buildings (O11: Pl. 7: 5–12; O14: Pl. 12: 6–7). Sev-veliki lonci so bili vkopani v zemljo tik ob stenah eral storage pots and large jars were found sunken stavb, bodisi na zunanji strani (O14: Tab. 12: 8) bo-into the ground along the walls of buildings, either disi na notranji strani (O6: Tab. 11: 6; O14: Tab. on the exterior (O14: Pl. 12: 8) or the interior side 9: 4). Posamičen lonec pa je bil odkrit nad sterilno (O6: Pl. 11: 6; O14: Pl. 9: 4). One jar was also found plastjo znotraj tlorisa stavbe O11 ( Tab. 7: 3). above the sterile layer in Building O11 ( Pl. 7: 3). Tipološka in kronološka opredelitev Typological and chronological attribution keramičnih najdb of the ceramic finds Tipološka razvrstitev keramičnih posod in njihova The typological and chronological analysis of the ce- kronološka opredelitev iz poznobronastodobne na- ramic finds from the Late Bronze Age settlement at selbine na Pobrežju temelji na posodah, ki izvirajo Pobrežje is based on the vessels recovered from post- iz raznih jam in zgostitev kamenja. Le v primerih, holes, pits and concentrations of stones. Only rare ko posamičnih značilnih kosov ni bilo v omenjenih characteristic pieces not found in these contexts, but kontekstih, smo v obravnavo vključili tudi najdbe iz in the other cultural layers ( figs. 8: L2/3; 10: S4/6; kulturnih plasti ( sl. 8: L2/3; 10: S4/6; 11: Skd1/1) in 11: Skd1/1) have been included in the analysis. Most iz ornice. V našo obravnavo so bile vključene kera-pieces belong to forms present with more than a sin- mične najdbe, ki so na najdišču večkrat zastopane, gle type at the site, but the analysis also comprises izpustili pa nismo niti glede oblike in ornamenta iz- pieces that are exceptional in either form or decora- jemnih kosov. Ker se lončenina v času obstoja naselja tion. The pottery did not change much in the course ni bistveno spreminjala slonijo naše tipo-kronološke of the existence of the settlement and the pottery analize predvsem na bolje ohranjenih in delno risar- types are therefore based on the better preserved and sko rekonstruiranih posodah. V analizo okrasa pa so partially reconstructed vessels. The analysis of the bili vključeni tudi manjši keramični odlomki, saj je decoration also includes small sherds that reveal the pri določenih motivih mogoče tudi iz njih razpozna- decoration of the whole vessels. ti, kako je bila posoda okrašena. Shrambene posode ali pitosi Storage vessels or pithoi Največji delež keramičnih odlomkov na Pobrežju pri- The highest share of ceramic sherds at Pobrežje pada velikim shrambenim posodam in loncem, kar belongs to large storage vessels and jars, which is je glede na njihovo velikost razumljivo. Večje med understandable given their large size. The largest njimi so shrambene posode oz. pitosi s prostornino of these are storage vessels or pithoi, the capacity 23 23 Zlasti veliko keramike je bilo odkrite v jamah za sohe Particularly numerous sherds were found in the postholes objekta O14, ki pa je bil žal uničen v ognju, zato so od-of Building O14, which was destroyed in fire, hence many lomki posod precej prežgani in od ognja deformirani, tako of the sherds were burnt through and even deformed, and da številnih posod ni bilo mogoče risarsko rekonstruirati could not be reconstructed by drawings (see Pls. 8: 1, 3; 9: (npr. T. 8: 1, 3; 9: 2; 11: 1, 5, 7). 2; 11: 1, 5, 7). 63 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 63 8. 03. 2021 12:52:30 Slika 6. Pobrežje, velike shrambene posode tipov Pi1 in Pi2. M. = 1:6. Figure 6. Pobrežje, large storage vessels of Types Pi1 and Pi2. Scale = 1:6. med pribl. 25 in 127 litrov ( sl. 6–7). Bolje ohranjeni of which ranges between 25 and 127 litres ( figs. primerki so bili večinoma najdeni v jamah, ki niso 6–7). The better surviving examples were main- bile bistveno večje od samih posod; nahajali so se ly found in pits not much larger than the vessels običajno v neposredni bližini hiš. Za pitose so zna- themselves and dug in the immediate vicinity of čilni konveksni trebuhi in rahlo zaobljena ramena, houses. The recovered pithoi share a convex lower med seboj pa se razlikujejo predvsem po razmerju body and a slightly rounded shoulder, and differ in med višino ramen in vratov, po višini spodnjih delov the ratio between the height of the shoulder and posod v primerjavi z zgornjimi, po velikosti premera that of the neck, in the height ratio between the ustja v primerjavi s premerom najširšega oboda, po lower and the upper parts, in the ratio between the izvihanosti ustja ter tudi po usločenosti vratu. Glede diameter at the rim and maximum diameter, in the na te razlike smo jih razvrstili v štiri osnovne tipe shape of the everted rim and the curvature of the z 11 različicami. Za pitose tipa Pi1 je značilno, da neck. These differences led us to distinguish be- imajo kratka ramena, premer ustja pa približno enak tween four main types with 11 variants. The pithoi največjemu premeru posode. Ustje pri njih je lahko of Type Pi1 have a narrow shoulder and the rim močno izvihano, tako da nekoliko presega največji diameter almost equal to that of maximum diam- premer posode ( sl. 6: Pi1/1), ali pa je rahlo izvihano eter. They come in two variants: the rim may be in nekoliko manjše od najširšega oboda ( sl. 6: Pi1/2). strongly everted to the point of exceeding maxi- Obe različici se pojavljata z razčlenjenim plastičnim mum diameter ( fig. 6: Pi1/1) or only slightly evert-rebrom, pogosto pa je bilo z odtisi razčlenjeno tudi ed and slightly smaller than maximum diameter ustje pitosa. Na podoben način so bile okrašene tudi ( fig. 6: Pi1/2). Both variants bear a cordon with velike shrambene posode tipa Pi2, ki se od pitosov impressions, with the rim also frequently bearing 64 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 64 8. 03. 2021 12:52:31 tipa Pi1 razlikujejo po tem, da imajo daljša ramena impressions. Similarly decorated are the pithoi of in posledično v primerjavi z najširšim obodom izra- Type Pi2 that differ from those of Type Pi1 in a zito manjši premer ustja ( sl. 6: Pi2). Večina oblik je wider shoulder and consequently much narrower precej dolgotrajnih, saj se podobne posode pojavljajo rim in comparison with maximum diameter ( fig. tako v Ha A obdobju, kot tudi v Ha B in celo v Ha 6: Pi2). Most forms remained in use over long pe-C0,24 izjema je morda le pitos različice Pi2/3 (glej riods, appearing in Ha A, Ha B and even Ha C0;24 tudi Tab. 9: 4, 10: 1), ki mu najdemo najbližji pria possible exception is the pithos of Variant Pi2/3 merjavi v grobiščih stopnje Ha B, in sicer v grobišču (also see Pls. 9: 4, 10: 1) with closest parallels from na Mladinski ulici v Mariboru in na prvem žarnem the Ha B cemeteries at Mladinska ulica in Maribor grobišču v Rušah.25 and the Ruše I urn cemetery.25 Kronološko natančneje opredeljive so posame- Chronologically more precisely determinable zne različice pitosov s konveksnimi trebuhi, rahlo za- are individual variants of the pithoi with a bicon- obljenimi rameni in dolgimi stožčastimi vratovi ( sl. ical lower body, a slightly rounded shoulder and a 7: Pi3 in Pi4). Za posode tipa Pi3 so značilna kratka long conical neck ( fig. 7: Pi3 and Pi4). The pithoi of ramena in neizrazit, tekoči prehod v vrat ( sl. 7: Pi3). Type Pi3 are characterised by a narrow shoulder and Pitos različice Pi3/1 z volumnom okoli 50 litrov je smooth shoulder-neck junction ( fig. 7: Pi3). One na ramenu okrašen z dvema vodoravnima vrezanima pithos of Variant Pi3/1, with a capacity of roughly črtama, tik pod najširšim obodom pa z razčlenjenim 50 l, is decorated with a pair of horizontal incised plastičnim rebrom ( sl. 7: Pi3/1). Pitos različice Pi3/2 lines on the shoulder and a cordon with impres- z volumnom okoli 25,3 litrov je okrašen z bradavico sions just below maximum diameter ( fig. 7: Pi3/1). na prehodu iz ramen v vrat ( sl. 7: Pi3/2), sicer pa A smaller pithos of Variant Pi3/2, with a capacity se od različice Pi3/1 razlikuje predvsem po manjšem of around 25.3 l, bears a knob at the shoulder-neck premeru ustja v primerjavi z najširšim obodom poso- junction ( fig. 7: Pi3/2), and mainly differs from the de. Obe različici shrambenih posod sta značilni obli-Variant Pi3/1 pithoi in the rim being much narrower ki za Ha B obdobje v ruški žarnogrobiščni skupini, in comparison with maximum diameter. Both vari- kjer so take posode služile kot žare. Analogije pitosu ants are typical of Ha B in the Ruše Urnfield culture Pi3/1 najdemo predvsem v grobovih 7, 11 in 145 group, where they were used as urns. Comparisons na Pobrežju, različici Pi2/2 pa v grobovih 97, 114a for the pithos of Variant Pi3/1 from the settlement in 145 na istem grobišču26 ter v grobovih 99 in 170 at Pobrežje are mainly to be found in the cemetery at na 1. žarnem grobišču v Rušah.27 Podobna posoda Pobrežje, in Graves 7, 11 and 145. Comparisons for naši različici Pi3/1 izvira iz groba 5 v Miklavžu in je the Variant Pi2/2 pithoi are mainly to be found in značilni predstavnik mlajše stopnje faze Ha B, kar Graves 97, 114a and 145 of the Pobrežje cemetery,26 je podkrepljeno z radiokarbonskimi datacijami.28 as well as in Graves 99 and 170 of the Ruše I urn 24 Shrambena posoda različice Pi1/2 ima dobre primerjave v 24 radiokarbonsko datirani naselbini stopnje Ha A v Rogozi The storage vessel of Variant Pi1/2 has close parallels in (prim. sl. 6: Pi1/2 s Črešnar 2010, T. 10: 6). Za isti tip gre the settlement at Rogoza radiocarbon dated to Ha A (cf. verjetno tudi pri posodi iz groba 28 na 2. žarnem grobišču fig. 6: Pi1/2 with Črešnar 2010, Pl. 10: 6). Probably of stopnje Ha B v Rušah (prim. sl. 6: Pi1/2 s Pahič 1955, T. the same type is the vessel found in Grave 28 at the Ruše 12: 1; glej tudi T. 22: 2). Tudi pitos različice Pi2/2 ima pri-II urn cemetery attributed to Ha B (cf. fig. 6: Pi1/2 with merjave v Rogozi (prim. sl. 6: Pi2/2 s Črešnar 2010, T. 18: Pahič 1955, Pl. 12: 1; also see Pl. 22: 2). The Variant Pi2/2 1), v najnižji plasti stopnje Ha A na Brinjevi gori (prim. sl. pithos also has parallels at Rogoza (cf. fig. 6: Pi2/2 with 6: Pi2/2 z Oman 1981, T. 18: 1) ter v plasti nad njo (prim. Črešnar 2010, Pl. 18: 1) and Brinjeva gora, of the latter sl. 6: Pi2/2 z Oman 1981, T. 14: 1). Različica Pi2/1 ima in the finds from the lowest layer attributed to Ha A (cf. primerjave v naselbini v Orehovi vasi (prim. sl. 6: Pi2/1 fig. 6: Pi2/2 with Oman 1981, Pl. 18: 1) and in the finds z Grahek 2015, 151, G102), iz istega horizonta, pa tudi from the layer above it (cf. fig. 6: Pi2/2 with Oman 1981, npr. v naselbini iz Ha B–C stopnje v Ormožu (prim. sl. 6: Pl. 14: 1). Close comparisons for Variant Pi2/1 come from Pi2/1–2 z Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 31: 10) ter v the settlement at Orehova vas (cf. fig. 6: Pi2/1 with Grahek grobu 128 na 1. žarnem grobišču v Rušah (Müller-Karpe 2015, 151, G102) that belong to the same period, from 1959, T. 113: K1). Za primerjave pitosom različic Pi2/1–2 the Late Bronze–Early Iron Age settlement at Ormož (cf. glej tudi: Dular 2013, 28–29, sl. 6: P3. fig. 6: Pi2/1–2 with Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 25 Ruše, grob 133: Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 113: G; Maribor, 31: 10) and from Grave 128 of the Ruše I urn cemetery Mladinska ulica: ibid. T. 121: 12. (Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 113: K1). For the parallels for 26 Prim. sl. 7: Pi3/1 s Pahič 1972, T. 1: 15; 2: 1; 28: 5; prim. Variants Pi2/1–2 pithoi also see: Dular 2013, 28–29, fig. sl. 7: Pi3/2 s Pahič 1972, T. 19: 1; 27: 1; 28: 5. 6: P3. 27 25 Müller Karpe 1959, T. 111: J4; 115: D4. Ruše, Grave 133: Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 113: G; Maribor 28 Črešnar 2013, 82, op. 22, sl. 7: 14; Črešnar, Murko 2014, - Mladinska ulica: ibid., Pl. 121: 12. 26 209–213, sl. 10.7: 14; 10.9; glej tudi Črešnar, Teržan Cf. fig. 7: Pi3/1 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 1: 15; 2: 1; 28: 5; cf. 2014b, 697. fig. 7: Pi3/2 with ibid., Pls. 19: 1; 27: 1; 28: 5. 65 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 65 8. 03. 2021 12:52:31 Slika 7. Pobrežje, velike shrambene posode tipov Pi3 in Pi4. M. Pi4/3–4 = 1:8, drugo = 1:6. Figure 7. Pobrežje, large storage vessels of Types Pi3 and Pi4. Scale Pi4/3–4 = 1:8, others = 1:6. Enako oblikovana shrambena posoda, prav tako z cemetery.27 A vessel similar to the Variant Pi3/1 pi- vrezi na ramenih, je bila odkrita na 2. žarnem grobi- thos from Pobrežje was found in Grave 5 at Mik lavž, šču v Rušah, kjer pa izhaja iz uničenega groba.29 Pi- which is a characteristic representative of the late tosu različice Pi3/1 in njegovemu okrasu pa najdemo phase of Ha B and substantiated with radiocarbon 29 27 Pahič 1957, 35, T. 17: 1. Müller Karpe 1959, Pls. 111: J4, 115: D4. 66 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 66 8. 03. 2021 12:52:33 analogijo še v posodi iz groba 13 na grobišču St. An-dates.28 A storage vessel of the same form, also bear- drä v spodnji Avstriji (Ha B3), ki predstavlja poseb- ing horizontal incisions on the shoulder, was found nost, za katero C. Eibner domneva, da kaže na stike in the Ruše II urn cemetery, but unfortunately in a z ruško žarnogrobiščno skupino.30 damaged grave with no other known goods.29 An- Velike shrambene posode tipa Pi4 imajo v na- other comparison for the form and decoration of sprotju s posodami tipa Pi3 oster, izrazit prehod the Variant Pi3/1 pithos is a vessel from Grave 13 iz ramena v vrat ( sl. 7: Pi4). Ločimo štiri različice. of the cemetery at St. Andrä in Lower Austria (Ha Posode različic Pi4/1–2 imajo vrat precej daljši od B3), which stands apart among the grave goods of ramen. Bolje ohranjene so tri takšne posode, vse pa the cemetery and presumably indicates, according se pojavljajo z volumni med 33,1 in 35,6 litri. Prva to Clemens Eibner, contacts with the Ruše Urnfield posoda ima pod najširšim obodom štiri držaje in na culture group.30 prehodu iz ramen v vrat štiri bradavice ( sl. 7: Pi4/1). As opposed to Type Pi3, the large storage vessels Druga posoda ima nižji trebuh, držaj pod najširšim of Type Pi4 have a sharp shoulder-neck junction ( fig. obodom in navpična gladka rebra na ramenih ( Tab. 7: Pi4). We distinguish between four variants. The 8: 4). Za obe posodi je značilno močno izvihano vessels of Variants Pi4/1–2 have a neck that is much ustje, zato smo ju, navkljub odstopanju v propor- longer than the shoulder. Three such vessels are well cionalnem razmerju, a ob upoštevanju dejstva, da preserved, with the capacity between 33.1 and 35.6 je druga posoda precej bolj fragmentirana, uvrstili v l. One of these has four grips below maximum di- isto različico ( sl. 7: Pi4/1; Tab. 8: 4). Tretji pitos ima ameter and four knobs at the shoulder-neck junction v primerjavi s prvima dvema krajše in manj izvihano ( fig. 7: Pi4/1). The second vessel has a shallower low-ustje ter rahlo konkavno oblikovan spodnji del poso- er body, a grip below maximum diameter and plain de, zato predstavlja samostojno različico ( sl. 7: Pi4/2; vertical ribs on the shoulder ( Pl. 8: 4). Both vessels Tab. 6: 6).31 have a strongly everted rim and are therefore deter- Obema različicama pitosov najdemo ponovno mined as the same variant in spite of the differences dobre primerjave na pozno bronastodobnih najdi- in the proportions and the fact that the second vessel ščih, predvsem na tistih Ha B stopnje. Edina poso- is much more fragmented ( fig. 7: Pi4/1; Pl. 8: 4). da, ki ji najdemo primerjavo še na najdišču Ha A In comparison to these two, the third pithos has a stopnje, je različica Pi4/1. Ta ima namreč dobro ana- shorter and less everted rim, as well as a slightly con- logijo v Rogozi, le da je shrambena posoda iz Rogoze cave lower part of the vessel, and hence represents a v spodnjem delu okrašena z razčlenjenim plastičnim separate variant ( fig. 7: Pi4/2; Pl. 6: 6).31 rebrom in je njeno ustje na notranji strani fasetira- Close parallels for both variants can be found at no.32 To je pomembno, saj so fasetirana ustja na po- other Late Bronze Age sites, particularly those from sodah značilna predvsem za starejšo žarnogrobiščno Ha B. The only vessel with a parallel from a Ha A obdobje, medtem ko so v mlajše žarnogrobiščnem site is of Variant Pi4/1. This close comparison is a obdobju precej redka,33 kar pa velja tudi za posode v storage vessel from Rogoza that only differs in the naselbini na Pobrežju. Druga posoda, ki jo primer- presence of a cordon with impressions in the lower jamo z našo različico Pi4/1, je bila odkrita na Graj- part and in an internally facetted rim.32 The latter skem griču Ptujskega gradu, kjer se začetek naselja is important, as facetted rims are mainly character- domneva v mlajše žarnogrobiščnem obdobju (Ha B1 istic of the Early and become fairly rare in the Late stopnji), njen konec pa v zgodnje halštatskem ob- Urnfield culture period,33 which is also true of the dobju; 34 tretja posoda pa v Spodnjih Hočah.35 Pitos ceramics of the settlement at Pobrežje. The second Tab. 8: 4 ima, kot že rečeno, nižji trebuh, na rame-vessel that is comparable with the Pi4/1 pithos from nih pa je okrašen z navpičnimi rebri. Gre za izrazito Pobrežje came to light at the hill of Grajski grič in mlad element. Najbližjo analogijo za tako oblikova- Ptuj, a settlement that presumably began in the Late no in okrašeno posodo najdemo namreč v grobu 22 Urnfield culture period (Ha B1) and ended in the iz 2. žarnega grobišča v Rušah, torej v Ha B stopnji, 28 Črešnar 2013, 82, Fn. 22, fig. 7: 14; Črešnar, Murko 30 Eibner 1974, 38, T. 13: 13. 2014, 209–213, figs. 10.7: 14; 10.9; also see Črešnar, 31 Ali je bil brez bradavic in držajev ali pa se ti niso ohranili, Teržan 2014b, 697. 29 zaradi slabše ohranjenosti posode, ni jasno. Pahič 1957, 35, Pl. 17: 1. 32 30 Črešnar 2010, Sl. 15: L7/G459. Eibner 1974, 38, Pl. 13: 13. 33 31 Glej npr. Oman 1988–1989, 151. The poor preservation makes it impossible to say whether 34 Teržan 1990, 43; Dular 2013, 73–75, T. 1: 1. the vessel was without knobs and grips or whether they 35 Gre za najdišče, katerega gradivo, razen omenjene posode, simply did not survive. 32 še ni objavljeno. Sodilo naj bi v čas zgodnje faze pozne Črešnar 2010, fig. 15: L7/G459. 33 bronaste dobe (Strmčnik Gulič 2004, 242). See e.g. Oman 1988/1989, 151. 67 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 67 8. 03. 2021 12:52:33 pri čemer je imela posoda iz Ruš konkavno vbočeno Early Hallstatt period. 34 The third vessel was found dno.36 Podobno oblikovane in okrašene shrambe- at Spodnje Hoče.35 As already mentioned above, the ne posode se pojavljajo tudi v zgodnje halštatskem pithos on Pl. 8: 4 has a shallower lower part and obdobju, kar kažejo na primer posoda s stožčastim bears vertical ribs on the shoulder, both of which are vratom iz znamenitega groba z okrašenim situlskim particularly late elements. The closest analogy for pokrovom v gomili 76 v Stični in še posebej prime- this form and decoration is known from Grave 22 ri z najdišč štajerske vzhodnohalštatske skupine kot of the Ruše II urn cemetery, i.e. from Ha B, with the sta Poštela in Kleinklein.37 Z razliko od pobreške so Ruše vessel having a concave base.36 Storage vessels halštatske posode v nekaterih primerih grafitirane, v of similar form and decoration are also known in the zgornjem delu vratu pa lahko tudi dodatno okrašene Early Hallstatt period, as shown by the vessel with a z globokimi vodoravnimi kanelurami in/ali z vtisnje- conical neck from the famous grave with a decorated nimi pikami in jamicami v motivu trikotnikov, česar situla lid from Tumulus 76 at Stična, and even more pa v času kulture žarnih grobišč v Podonavju oz. na so the vessels from the sites of the Štajerska/Styria Štajerskem ne poznamo.38 group such as Poštela and Kleinklein.37 In contrast to Tretji izmed pitosov z nizkimi rameni in izrazi- the vessel from Pobrežje, the Hallstatt-period vessels tim prehodom v dolg stožčasti vrat se, kot že rečeno, can be graphite-coated and additionally decorated in pojavlja z manj usločenim ustjem in podobno niz- the upper part with deep horizontal grooves and/or kim trebuhom kot pri posodi Tab. 8: 4 ( sl. 7: Pi4/2). dots in triangular motives, which is absent on the Analogije mu najdemo v grobišču na Pobrežju, in si- Urnfield culture pottery from Styria.38 cer predvsem v grobovih 18 in 170, ki sta po Pahiču Comparisons for the third pithos with a low predstavnika starejše faze pokopov na grobišču (Ha shoulder and a pronounced junction with a long B1).39 Podobne so tudi nekatere žare iz obeh žarnih conical neck have a less curved rim and a similarly grobišč v Rušah,40 vendar pa imajo večinoma nižje shallow lower part as on the vessel on Pl. 8: 4 ( fig. trebuhe. V tem pogledu sta bolj podobni veliki žari 7: Pi4/2). They are known from the cemetery at Po-iz žganih grobov 1 in 14 v Ormožu, ki sta opredelje- brežje, particularly from Graves 18 and 170, that Pa- na v stopnjo Ha B3, ter žari iz grobov 1 in 5 na Lepi hič considered as representatives of the early phase of ravni pod Poštelo, ki sodita v isto časovno stopnjo.41 the cemetery (Ha B1).39 Also similar are some of the Drugačen tip velikih shrambenih posod na po- urns from both urn cemeteries at Ruše,40 but these breški naselbini predstavljajo posode različic Pi4/3 mainly have an even shallower lower body. Much in Pi4/4 ( sl. 7: Pi4/3–4). Gre za bistveno večje pito-closely comparable in this sense are the two large se, ki se od posod prejšnjih dveh različic razlikujejo urns from the cremation Graves 1 and 14 at Ormož, tudi po tem, da imajo širša ramena in štiri držaje. dated to Ha B3, and the two urns from Graves 1 and Prva posoda je največja odkrita v naselbini, njena 5 at Lepa ravna below Poštela from the same phase.41 prostornina znaša kar okoli 127 litrov. Zanjo pa je The vessels of Variants Pi4/3 and Pi4/4 ( fig. 7: značilno tudi to, da ima v zgornjem delu ramen iz- Pi4/3–4) differ from other storage vessels in their vrtano majhno luknjo, ki je zaprta s keramičnim če-considerably larger size, as well as a wider shoulder pom ( sl. 7: Pi4/3). Posoda različice Pi4/4 je nekoliko and four grips. One of the vessels has the capacity manjša, s prostornino okoli 70 litrov. Kot različico of approx. 127 l and a small hole in the upper part jo opredeljuje vodoravno razčlenjeno plastično re- 34 Teržan 1990, 43; Dular 2013, 73–75, Pl. 1: 1. bro ( sl. 7: Pi4/4), njena posebnost pa je tudi ta, da 35 The site has not yet been published with the exception of je njena površina med dnom in plastičnim rebrom the said vessel. It presumably dates to the early phase of the Late Bronze Age (Strmčnik Gulič 2004, 242). izrazito hrapava. Taka površina pri spodnjih delih 36 Pahič 1957, Pl. 10: 2. 36 37 Pahič 1957, T. 10: 2. The example from the grave at Stična is seen as a valuable 37 Primerek iz stiškega groba je namreč razumljen kot drago-gift that came from one of the centres in Pannonia (Ga- cen dar iz enega izmed panonskih središč (Gabrovec 2006, brovec 2006, Pl. 134: 30; Teržan 2008 (2010), 303–304; T. 134: 30; Teržan 2008 (2010), 303–304; Dobiat 1980, Dobiat 1980, 66 ff, figs. 8–9; Pls. 4: 1; 41: 1–2; Teržan 66 ss, sl. 8–9; T. 4: 1; 41: 1–2; Teržan 1990, T. 3: 1; 21: 2; 1990, Pls. 3: 1; 21: 2; 41: 7, 9. 38 41: 7, 9. See e.g. Dular 2013, 48–51, 58, figs. 14, 20, decorative 38 Glej npr. Dular 2013, 48–51, 58, sl. 14, 20, tip ornamen-motif O18. 39 tov O18. Cf. fig. 7: Pi4/2 with Pahič 1972, 15, 75, Pl. 5: 1 and with 39 Prim. sl. 7: Pi4/2 s Pahič 1972, 15, 75, T. 5: 1 in z isti id. 1991, 44, 87, fig. 1; see here Koprivnik, Pobrežje. 40 1991, 44, 87, sl. 1; glej tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje. Primarily the urn from Grave 15 of the Ruše I cemetery 40 Predvsem žara iz groba 15 na 1. ruškem grobišču: prim. sl. that yielded no other grave goods: cf. fig. 7: Pi4/2 with 7: Pi4/2 z Müller Karpe 1959, T. 108: H. Müller Karpe 1959, Pl. 108: H. 41 41 Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, 293, T. 7: 3; 22: 3; Teržan Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, 293, Pls. 7: 3; 22: 3; 1990, 60–66, T. 56: 6. Teržan 1990, 60–66, Pl. 56: 6. 68 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 68 8. 03. 2021 12:52:33 žarnogrobiščnih posod se pogosto razlaga kot gline-of the shoulder that was closed with a ceramic plug na prevleka (barbotin), vendar pa je bil lahko učinek ( fig. 7: Pi4/3). The other vessel, of Variant Pi4/4, was hrapavosti na posodah dosežen na različne načine.42 slightly smaller, with the capacity of around 70 l. It is Pri nekaterih načinih se je morala posoda v postopku determined as a variant on the basis of a cordon with izdelave popolnoma posušiti, spet pri drugih pa je impressions ( fig. 7: Pi4/4) and it also stands apart in morala biti površina ponovno ovlažena.43 Slednje do-its surface between the base and the cordon being mnevamo za naš pitos oblike Pi4/4, saj ni videti, da very coarse. Such a surface on the lower part of Urn- bi bila na posodo nanešena posebna plast gline, pač field culture vessels is usually described as a clay coat-pa se zdi, da je bila hrapava površina posode narejena ing (barbotine), though the coarse effect may have z vtiranjem krpe ali orodja. been achieved by other means.42 The potter could Primerjav za posode različic Pi4/3–4 v Podonav- have achieved it after the vessel had dried completely ju oz. v ruški skupini ni prav veliko, pravzaprav sta or had to moisten the clay again.43 The latter is sup- le dve. Prva posoda, ki se od naše razlikuje po faseti- posed for the Variant Pi4/4 pithos from Pobrežje, as ranem ustju, je bila odkrita v naselbini Ha A stopnje we could detect no additional layer of clay, but rath- v Rogozi, in sicer v kontekstu, katerega datacija je er that the surface was coarsened by pressing textile bila podkrepljena tudi z radiokarbonsko analizo.44 or something similar onto the surface. Druga posoda je bila v enem izmed grobov na Po- There are only two known comparisons for the brežju, stopnje Ha B.45 Obe posodi sta v primerjavi s vessels of Variants Pi4/3–4 in Podravje or Ruše group tistima iz pobreške naselbine precej manjši, prav no- of the Urnfield Period. One was found at the Ha A bena pa nima luknjice, plastičnega rebra ali hrapave settlement at Rogoza, in a radiocarbon-dated con- površine v spodnjem delu. Pogled na najdišča proti text, and differs from the vessel from Pobrežje in that vzhodu kaže, da so take posode značilne za žarno- it has a facetted rim.44 The second vessel was found grobiščno obdobje v Panoniji, na Moravskem in na in a grave at Pobrežje where burial mainly took place Nižje-Avstrijskem.46 Pogoste so bile npr. uporablje- in Ha B.45 In comparison with the vessels from the ne kot žare v grobišču Budapest-Békásmegyer skupi- settlement Pobrežje, the two analogies are consid- ne Val-Chotin med Ha A2 in Ha B2/3 stopnjo. Tam erably smaller and none has a hole, a cordon or a se pojavljajo v več različicah, nekatere tudi z držaji coarse surface in the lower part. Further analogies in razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom na trebuhu, spet are known eastward outside Slovenia and are typical druge pa z izrazito hrapavo površino v spodnjem of the Urnfield culture period in Pannonia, Moravia delu. Pomembno je omeniti, da je bila hrapava povr- and Lower Austria.46 They were commonly used as šina takih posod na najdišču Budapest-Békásmegyer urns at the Budapest-Békásmegyer cemetery of the narejena bodisi z vrezi47 bodisi z debelo plastjo smo- Vál-Chotín group, where burial took place from Ha le.48 Shrambene posode, katerih površina je hrapava A2 to Ha B2/3. Such vessels there appear in sever- zaradi vrezov, so v naselbini na Pobrežju zastopane al variants, some also with grips and a cordon with impressions on the lower part, others with a coarse 42 Glej. npr. Dular 2013, 47, 57, tip O1. Poudariti pa je po-surface in the lower part. The coarse surface on the trebno, da tudi Müller-Karpe nikjer izrecno ne omenja, da gre na 1. žarnem grobišču v Rušah za barbotin, pač pa vessels from Budapest-Békásmegyer was made either le hrapavo oz. hrapavljeno površino (Müller-Karpe 1959, with incisions47 or with a thick coat of a resinous 271–272, T. 114: A1, L). substance.48 Also other vessels with a coarse surface 43 Glej npr. Rice 1987, 136–144, 232. 44 42 Prim. sl. 7: Pi4/3 s Črešnar 2010, T. 6: 4; glej tudi isti See e.g. Dular 2013, 47, 57, Type O1. We should note 2014, sl. 13, 16. that Müller-Karpe, when describing vessels from the Ruše 45 Pahič 1972, 15–18, T. 32: 3. I urn cemetery, never explicitly stated that they bore bar-46 Patek 1968, 90, T. 3: 7; 48: 24; 103:1. botine, only that the surface was coarse (Müller-Karpe 47 Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 249–251, 296–298, 336–338. 1959, 271–272, Pl. 114: A1, L). 43 Glej npr. tudi posode v grobovih 17, 19, 112, 119, 311, See e.g. Rice 1987, 136–144, 232. 44 329, 364, 379, 413 in njihove opise v katalogu (Kalicz- Cf. fig. 7: Pi4/3 with Črešnar 2010, Pl. 6: 4; also see id. -Schreiber 2010, 336–338, T. 12: 2; 13: 11; 54: 3; 57: 1; 2014, fig. 13.16. 45 135: 6; 148: 3, 5; 165: 1; 172: 7; 189: 1). Pahič 1972, 15–18, Pl. 32: 3. 48 46 Kalicz-Schreiber. 2010, 46, T. 51: 2. Tukaj velja dodati, Patek 1968, 90, T. 3: 7; 48: 24; 103:1. 47 da je bila podobna plast smole na prenekateri posodi s Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 249–251, 296–298, 336–338. stožčastim vratom iz velike gomile nad Razvanjem, kar pa Also see e.g. the vessels from Graves 17, 19, 112, 119, 311, kaže, da je treba na takšen način izdelane hrapave površine 329, 364, 379, 413 and their descriptions in the catalogue posod računati tudi drugod pri nas (glej tu Strmčnik-Gu- (Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, Pls. 12: 2; 13: 11; 54: 3; 57: 1; lič, Kajzer, Kramberger, T. 2: 4; 3: 4; 4: 5; 5: 3). Številni 135: 6; 148: 3, 5; 165: 1; 172: 7; 189: 1. 48 etnografski primeri kažejo, da so pri različnih ljudstvih in Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 46, Pl. 51: 2. A similar resinous iz različnih razlogov posode v procesu ohlajanja pogosto coat has also been observed on a number of vessels with a preparirane z lesnimi smolami (Rice 1987, 163–167). conical neck from the large tumulus above Razvanje, in- 69 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 69 8. 03. 2021 12:52:33 še z več primerki, vendar pa njihovo obliko zaradi made with incisions are known from the settlement fragmentiranosti ni mogoče ugotoviti. Zato pa je at Pobrežje, but they are highly fragmented and their dobro ohranjena posoda s hrapavo površino iz groba form cannot be determined. A well-preserved vessel 13 na drugem ruškem grobišču,49 ki je bila nareje- with a coarse surface made with incisions is known na na enak način, vendar ima v primerjavi z našimi from Grave 13 of the Ruše II cemetery,49 which has a shrambenimi posodami različic Pi4/3–4 krajša ra- narrower shoulder and a concave base in comparison mena in vbočeno dno. with the o Pi4/3–4 vessels from Pobrežje. Lonci Jars Manjše posode, po obliki podobne pitosom, a z vo- Vessels that are formally similar to pithoi but have a lumni med 2,9 in 7,9 litrov, obravnavamo kot lonce smaller capacity ranging between 2.9 and 7.9 l are ( sl. 8). Med njimi so najpogostejši lonci tipa L1 ( sl. 8: determined as jars ( fig. 8). The most common jars L1), ki so oblikovani in okrašeni podobno kot velike are those of Type L1 ( fig. 8: L1), similar in form and shrambene posode tipa Pi/1, ter lonci tipa L2, ki so decoration to the pithoi of Type Pi/1, and the jars enake oblike kot pitosi tipa Pi2 ( sl. 8: L2). Od ostalih of Type L2, that share the form with the pithoi of tipov velja omeniti lonce, katerih glavne značilnosti Type Pi2 ( fig. 8: L2). Other jars include those char-so nižji polkroglasti trup, ročaj/ročaja in izvihan vrat acterised by a low hemispherical body, one or two ( sl. 8: L3), lonce brez vratu, ki imajo bolj ( sl. 8: L5/2) handles and an everted rim ( Fig. 8: L3), neckless jars ali manj zaobljeno ustje ( sl. 8: L5/1), ter manjši lonec with a more ( fig. 8: L5/2) or less rounded rim ( fig. s kratkim cilindričnim vratom ( sl. 8: L4). 8: L5/1) and a small jar with a short cylindrical neck Če si ogledamo najprej primerjave za lonce ( fig. 8: L4). oblik L1 in L2, ugotovimo, da jih je le malo takih, Most of the variants of Types L1 and L2 were ki bi se pojavljali le v kratkem časovnem obdobju. in use over longer periods of time; such were all the Za dolgotrajne lahko tako označimo prav vse razli- variants of Type L1 ( fig. 8: L1/1–3) and two of the čice loncev tipa L1 ( sl. 8: L1/1–3) in dve od štirih four variants of Type L2 ( fig. 8: L2/2, L2/4). They različic loncev tipa L2 ( sl. 8: L2/2, L2/4). Gre na-were very common both in the Late Bronze Age set- mreč za pogoste najdbe tako na pozno bronastodob- tlements of Ha A and Ha B and in the Early Iron Age nih naselbinah Ha A in Ha B stopenj v Podravju in settlements in Styria/Podravje; this has already been Pomurju kot tudi v zgodnje železnodobnih nasel- observed by previous authors who also discussed the binah, zato njihovih primerjav na tem mestu pose- comparisons.50 A chronologically more limited use bej ne navajamo.50 Zato pa so, kot kaže, kronološko can be observed for the jars of Variant L2/1 and a jar of bolje opredeljivi lonci različice L2/1 in lonec razli-Variant L2/3 with a garland-like cordon, which Janez čice L2/3 s plastičnim rebrom v obliki girlande, za Dular saw as typical finds of Ha B2/3 and HaC0.51 katera J. Dular ugotavlja, da gre za značilni najdbi The jars of Variant L2/1 appear in the settlement at stopenj Ha B2/3 in HaC0.51 Lonci različice L2/1 Pobrežje in various sizes, with the example shown on se pojavljajo na pobreški naselbini v različnih veli- the typological table ( fig. 8) ranking among the larg-kostih, pri čemer spada primerek na naši tipološki est ones. These are vessels with a variously wide and tabeli med največje ( sl. 8). Gre za posode z značilni-slightly rounded shoulder, a rounded shoulder-low- mi dolgimi rahlo zaobljenimi rameni, z zaobljenim er part junction and a short everted rim. The lower prehodom v spodnji del posode in kratkim izviha- body of these vessels is preserved only a few centime- nim ustjem. Spodnji del posode je bil v najboljšem tres from the shoulder down at best, but the angle primeru ohranjen le nekaj cm od prehoda iz ramen, and shape of the wall at the junction suggest that it a naklon in oblikovanost stene ob prehodu dajeta was convex and roughly equal in height to the upper slutiti, da je bil trebuh konveksen in približno enako part of the vessel. In Podravje, similar upper parts of visok kot zgornji del posode. Podobni zgornji deli jars are known from the settlements at Grajski grič loncev so v Podravju znani npr. iz Grajskega griča dicating that we should expect finds with such a coarse na Ptuju, iz naselbine v Ormožu in iz Poštele.52 Še surface elsewhere as well (see here Strmčnih-Gulič, Kajzer, bolj značilen je lonec različice L2/3. V nasprotju Kramberger, Pls. 2: 4; 3: 4; 4: 5; 5: 3). Ethnographic evidence shows that different peoples, for various reasons, 49 Pahič 1957, 20–21, T. 6: 1. often apply tree resins on their vessels during the cooling 50 Glej npr. Črešnar 2010, 34–37; Dular 2013, 30–31, 33, process (Rice 1987, 163–167). 49 55, sl. 7; 8: L9; Grahek 2015, 33–35. Pahič 1957, 20–21, Pl. 6: 1. 51 50 Dular 2013, 32–33, 56, sl. 8: L8; 17: L8. See e.g. Črešnar 2010, 34–37; Dular 2013, 30–31, 33, 55, 52 Teržan 1990, T: 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 4: fig. 7; 8: L9; Grahek 2015, 33–35. 51 12; Dular 2013, T. 20: 2; 27: 1. Dular 2013, 32–33, 56, fig. 8: L8; 17: L8. 70 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 70 8. 03. 2021 12:52:33 Slika 8. Pobrežje, lonci tipov L1–L5. M. = 1:4. Figure 8. Pobrežje, jars of Types L1–L5. Scale = 1:4. s prejšnjo različico loncev je za njega značilno, da in Ptuj, Ormož and Poštela.52 Characteristic is also ima krajša ramena in posledično večji premer ustja the jar of Variant L2/3. In contrast to the previously pri enaki velikosti najširšega oboda. Ustje lonca te discussed variant, these jars have a narrower shoulder različice je bilo rahlo izvihano, podobno kot pri po- 52 Teržan 1990, Pl. 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 4: sodah različice L2/4, ki se pojavljajo z vodoravnim 12; Dular 2013, Pls. 20: 2; 27: 1. 71 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 71 8. 03. 2021 12:52:34 razčlenjenim ali gladkim rebrom, pri posodah raz-and consequently a broader rim diameter in compar- ličice L2/2 pa je bilo ustje močno izvihano. Glav- ison with maximum diameter. The rim of these jars na razlika, po kateri se lonec različice L2/3 loči od is slightly everted, similarly as in the later vessels of preostalih dveh, je rebro v obliki girlande. V našem Variant L2/4 that bear a cordon that is either plain primeru je bilo to razčlenjeno, sicer pa se na drugih or with impressions, while the vessels of Variant L2/2 najdiščih pojavljajo podobne posode z girlandami, have a strongly everted rim. The main feature that izvedenimi z gladkimi rebri. J. Dular pri svoji tipo- distinguishes Variant L2/3 from Variants L2/2 and -kronološki analizi lončenine iz Ormoža, Ptuja in L2/4 is the applied garland. On the jar from Pobrež- Gornje Radgone (na podlagi primerjav s keramiko je, this garland bears impressions; the jars elsewhere iz naselbine Burgstallkogel in grobišč v Kleinkleinu have either plain garlands or such with impressions. ter na Lepi ravni pod Poštelo) ugotavlja, da so take In his typo-chronological analysis of the pottery from posode značilne za stopnje Ha B2/3 ter Ha C0.53 Ormož, Ptuj and Gornja Radgona (on the basis of Sicer pa je analogije razen v Ormožu in na Ptujskem comparisons with the finds from the settlement at gradu najti v Podravju ter na žarnih grobiščih na Burgstallkogel and from the cemeteries at Kleinklein Pobrežju, na Zgornji Hajdini, pa tudi na Mladinski and Lepa ravna below Poštela), J. Dular observed that ulici v Mariboru, kjer so take posode imele držaj.54 such vessels were typical of Ha B2/3 and Ha C0.53 Primerljive posode so tudi na sočasnih najdiščih v Apart from Ormož and Ptujski grad, other parallels sosednji Avstriji, na južnem Slovaškem in Madžar- in the Podravje region are known from the urn cem- skem, kot kaže primer na že omenjenem grobišču eteries at Pobrežje and Zgornja Hajdina, as well as at Budapest-Békásmegyer, kjer gre tako za posode z Mladinska ulica in Maribor, where such vessels have ročaji kot tudi za take brez njih.55 L. D. Nebelsick, a grip.54 Contemporary sites in Austria, southern Slo- ki je zbral tovrstne posode s širšega prostora Pano- vakia and Hungary, also the already mentioned cem- nije in jugovzhodnega predalpskega obrobja, jih je etery at Budapest-Békásmegyer, have yielded analo- opredelil kot lonce »protokalenderberškega tipa«.56 gies both with handles and without them.55 Louis D. V naši analizi gradiva iz pobreške naselbine so Nebelsick, who gathered a vessels of this type in the omembe vredni tudi lonci z nizkim polkroglastim wider area of Pannonia and the south-eastern sub-Al- trupom, izvihanim ustjem in ročajem na ramenu pine area, describes the jars of such decoration and ( sl. 8: L3). Pojavljata se dve različici. Pri prvi raz-form as the ‘proto-Kalenderberg type’.56 ličici, ki jo lahko po Dularjevi razporeditvi kera- The finds from the Pobrežje settlement include mičnega posodja57 primerjamo z lonci tipa L 11, another important jar type, with a low hemispheri- je ohranjen le prehod v ročaj, tako da ni jasno, ali cal body, an everted rim and a handle on the shoul- je imela posoda en ali dva ročaja ( sl. 8: L3/1). Dru-der ( fig. 8: L3) that has two variants. Variant L3/1 ga različica se pojavlja z enim ročajem in z razčle- is comparable to the jars of Type L 11 after Dular;57 njenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom na ramenu the vessel of this variant from Pobrežje is not pre- ( sl. 8: L3/2), primerjamo pa jo lahko z lonci tipa served enough to allow us to determine whether it L13 pri J. Dularju.58 Pri loncih L3/1 gre za značilen had one or two handles ( fig. 8: L3/1). Variant L3/2 Ha B tip. Primerjave ima v grobovih 41, 46 na 1. has a single handle and a cordon with impressions on žarnem grobišču v Rušah, v grobišču na Mladin- the shoulder ( fig. 8: L3/2); it is comparable with the ski ulici v Mariboru, v grobu 38 na Pobrežju in v jars of Type L 13 after Dular.58 The jars of Variant že omenjenem grobu 5 na grobišču v Miklavžu na L3/1 are typical of Ha B, with parallels from Graves Dravskem polju.59 Enaki lonci so bili odkriti tudi 41 and 46 of the Ruše I cemetery, from the ceme- v sočasnih naselbinah v Ormožu ter na Grajskem tery at Mladinska ulica in Maribor, from Grave 38 griču na Ptuju.60 V grobu 41 na žarnem grobišču v at Pobrežje and from the already mentioned Grave 5 53 Glej Lamut 1988–1989, T. 13: 1; Dular 2013, 34, 37, at Miklavž na Dravskem polju.59 Such jars were also 55–56, sl. 9: L16; 17: L8; T. 45: 4; 63: 14. 54 53 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 116: 18; 121: 3, 4, 9; Pahič 1972, See Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 13: 1; Dular 2013, 34, 37, T. 35: 1. 55–56, figs. 9: L16; 17: L8; Pls. 45: 4; 63: 14. 55 54 Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 343, Typentaf. 9: 9–12. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pls. 116: 18; 121: 3, 4, 9; Pahič 1972, 56 Nebelsick 1996, 337–339, 356; glej tudi Kalicz-Schreiber Pl. 35: 1. 55 2010, 255–256. Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 343, Type Pl. 9: 9–12. 57 56 Dular 2013, 34–35, sl. 9: L11. Nebelsick 1996, 337–339, 356; also see Kalicz-Schreiber 58 Ibid. 2013, 34–35, sl. 9: L13. 2010, 255–256. 59 57 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 109: B2; 110: E3; 121: 6–7; Pahič Dular 2013, 34–35, fig. 9: L11. 58 1972, T. 9: 2; Črešnar, Murko 2014, sl. 10: 13. Ibid. 2013, 34–35, fig. 9: L13. 60 59 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 14: 5; 17: 2; Dular, Tomanič Jevre- Müller-Karpe 1959, Pls. 109: B2; 110: E3; 121: 6–7; mov 2010, T. 61; Dular 2013, T. 41: 3; 61: 1. Pahič 1972, Pl. 9: 2; Črešnar, Murko 2014, fig. 10: 13. 72 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 72 8. 03. 2021 12:52:35 Rušah in v grobu 5 na grobišču v Miklavžu najde-found in contemporary settlements at Ormož and mo primerjave tudi loncu različice L3/2.61 V Ru- Grajski grič in Ptuj.60 Grave 41 from Ruše and Grave šah je bila taka posoda enako okrašena, v Miklavžu 5 from Miklavž also yielded comparisons for the jar pa je bila okrašena z vodoravnim gladkim rebrom of Variant L3/2 from Pobrežje.61 The jar from Ruše in bradavicami. Posoda enakega tipa, okrašena z bears the same decoration, while the jar from Mikla- gladkim vodoravnim rebrom in gladkim rebrom v vž bears a plain cordon and knobs. A vessel of the obliki cik-caka, je znana iz groba 7 na Pobrežju, z same type, decorated with a plain cordon and a zig- razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom pa sta zag cordon, was found in Grave 7 at Pobrežje, while dva primerljiva lonca iz Ormoža.62 two comparable vessels with a cordon with impres- Manjši lonec s cilindričnim vratom in blago za- sions are known from the settlement at Ormož (Ha obljenimi rameni ( sl. 8: L4) je bil odkrit v naselbini B2/3).62 v enem samem primeru. Posoda je ohranjena le v A small jar with a cylindrical neck and a slightly zgornjem delu, tako da ni jasno, ali je bila nizka ali rounded shoulder represents Type 4 ( fig. 8: L4), of visoka, vendar pa jo kljub temu predstavljamo, saj which a single example has been found at the Po- gre za tipološko posebnost v naselbini. Nič kaj bolj brežje settlement. Only the upper part of the vessel pogosti niso lonci brez vratu. Različica z manj zaob- survives, hence it is unclear whether the vessel was ljenim ustjem in vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom je low or high. Slightly more numerous are the neck- bila odkrita v dveh primerih, v enem primeru je bila less jars of Type 5, which appear in two variants. posoda okrašena z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastič- Two jars of Variant L5/1, with a less rounded shoul- nim rebrom ( sl. 8: L5/1), v drugem z gladkim ( Tab. der and a cordon, have been found, one decorated 11: 6). Analogije slednji najdemo v naselbinah na with a cordon with impressions ( fig. 8: L5/1), the Grajskem griču Ptujskega gradu in v Ormožu.63 Za other with a plain cordon ( Pl. 11: 6). Analogies for drugo različico lonca brez vratu je značilno, da ima the latter are known from the settlements at Grajski ustje bolj uvihano, pod ustjem pa je držaj. J. Dular grič in Ptuj and at Ormož.63 Variant L5/2 jars have a v svoji tipo-kronološki razvrstitvi pozno bronasto- more inturned rim and a grip below it. Dular treats dobnega keramičnega posodja iz Ormoža, Ptujskega both variants as Type L 10 and observes that they gradu in Gornje Radgone take lonce združuje v tip were in use from Ha B1 to the Early Iron Age phases L10, za njih pa ugotavlja, da se pojavljajo od stopnje of Ha D1.64 Ha B1 do stopenje Ha D1.64 Amfore in vrči Amphorae and jugs Amfore in vrči na pobreški naselbini predstavlja- Amphorae and jugs are much less numerous finds at jo precej manj pogosti skupini keramičnih najdb. Pobrežje in comparison with pithoi and jars. A small Manjša amfora s kratkim vratom, dolgimi rameni in amphora with a short neck, a wide shoulder and large velikimi ročaji je tukaj unikaten primer ( sl. 9: A1), handles is unique at this site ( fig. 9: A1), while the amfora tipa A2, za katero so značilna kratka ramena amphorae of Type A2, with a narrow shoulder and in dolg stožčast vrat, pa je bila zastopana v dveh pri- a long conical neck, are represented with two piec- merih. Prva posoda predstavlja različico A2/1. Gre za es. One of these is of Variant A2/1, it is beautifully lepo okrašeno amforo, ki pa je bila povsem prežgana, decorated, but completely burnt through and only its tako da je bila možna le kolikor toliko pravilna ri- upper part could be relatively reliably reconstructed. sarska rekonstrukcija zgornjega dela posode, ki kaže, This reveals that the amphora has a low and slight- da je imela posoda nizka, rahlo zaobljena ramena, ly rounded shoulder, a conical neck and a strongly stožčast vrat in močno izvihano ustje ( sl. 9: A2/1). everted rim ( fig. 9: A2/1). The other amphora, of Var-Druga amfora je bila neokrašena, a bolje ohranjena, iant A2/2, is plain but better preserved and could be tako da jo je bilo risarsko mogoče rekonstruirati od 60 Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 14: 5; 17: 2; Dular, Tomanič Je- dna do prehoda v ustje. Njen volumen je znašal okoli vremov 2010, Pl. 61: 1; Dular 2013, Pls. 41: 3; 61: 1. 61 61 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 110: E5; Črešnar, Murko 2014, sl. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 110: E5; Črešnar, Murko 2014, 10: 6. fig. 10: 6. 62 62 Pahič 1972, T. 2: 3; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. Pahič 1972, Pl. 2: 3; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 3:2; 95:4. 3:2; 95: 4. 63 63 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 49: 6; Dular 2013, T. Dular 2013, Pl. 8: 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 8: 1. 49: 6. 64 64 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 22: 13; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov Also see Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 22: 13; Dular, Tomanič 2010, T. 98: 1; Dular 2013, 34–35, sl. 9: L10, 56; 17: Jevremov 2010, Pl. 98: 1; Dular 2013, 34–35, figs. 9: L10, L10. 56; 17: L10. 73 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 73 8. 03. 2021 12:52:35 17,7 litrov, zanjo pa so značilni vbočeno dno, nizek reconstructed from base to the neck-rim junction. It konveksen trebuh, rahlo zaobljena ramena in stož- has a capacity of around 17.7 l, a concave base, a low čast vrat, ki je bil v primerjavi s prvo posodo daljši in convex lower part, a slightly rounded shoulder and a višji ( sl. 9: A2/2). conical neck that is both broader and higher in com- Dobre analogije najdemo predvsem za amforo parison with the vessel of Variant A2/1 ( fig. 9: A2/2). različice A2/2. Podobno oblikovane in prav tako ne- Close comparisons can mainly be found for the okrašene amfore so bile namreč najdene v grobovih amphora of Variant A2/2. Plain amphorae of a sim- 111 in 134 na Pobrežju in na 2. žarnem grobišču ilar shape have been found in Graves 111 and 134 v Rušah.65 Primerjave za amforo različice A2/1 so at Pobrežje and in the Ruše II cemetery.65 The Var- manj izrazite. Ponovno gre za posode iz ruške žarno- iant A2/1 amphora does not have such close paral- grobiščne skupine, in sicer predvsem iz obeh grobišč lels; broadly similar vessels are known from the Ruše v Rušah, iz grobišč na Pobrežju in na Mladinski ulici Urnfield culture group, mainly from both Ruše and v Mariboru.66 S slednjega velja še posebej omeniti the Pobrežje cemeteries, as well as the cemetery at amforo, ki je imela skoraj enak okras kot pobre- Mladinska ulica in Maribor.66 Of these, the cemetery ška.67 Tudi nekatere druge amfore so bile podobno in Maribor yielded an amphora with an almost iden- okrašene,68 vendar pa ima večina amfor iz ruške žar- tical decoration.67 Other vessels have a similar deco- nogrobiščne skupine manj izvihano ustje. ration,68 but most amphorae from the Ruše Urnfield Poleg tipičnih amfor ruške žarnogrobiščne sku- culture group have a less everted rim. pine pa je bila na pobreški naselbini odkrita tudi The settlement at Pobrežje also yielded a vessel posoda, ki ima primerjave od drugod. Gre za manj- with comparisons outside the Ruše Urnfield culture šo posodo, amforo ali vrč s prostornino približno group. It is a small vessel, either an amphora or a jug, 1,7 litrov, z nizkim konveksnim trebuhom, kratki-with a capacity of roughly 1.7 l, a low convex low- mi rameni in dolgim usločenim vratom, ki je na er part, a narrow shoulder and a long curved neck ramenu in po celotni površini trebuha okrašena z decorated with vertical grooves running along the navpičnimi kanelurami ( sl. 9: A3). Takšen okras shoulder and the lower part ( fig. 9: A3). Such deco-spada med značilno ornamentiko žarnogrobiščnega ration is typical of the Urnfield culture in Pannonia. prostora v Panoniji. Podobno so okrašene skodeli- Similar decoration is known on the cups of the Dalj ce skupine Dalj, ki predstavljajo pozno žarnogro- group that represents the Late Urnfield culture phase biščno stopnjo v jugovzhodni Panoniji.69 Še boljše in Pannonia.69 Other comparisons can be found primerjave je najti v severozahodnem delu Pano- in north-western Pannonia, primarily in the Vál- nije, in sicer predvsem v skupini Vál-Chotín na Chotín group in Hungary and Slovakia. There, such Madžarskem in Slovaškem. Tam se tovrstni okras decoration appears on a variety of pottery forms, on pojavlja na različnih zvrsteh posod, tako na velikih large storage vessels with a conical neck, as well as on shrambenih posodah s stožčastimi vratovi kot tudi dishes, cups, amphorae and jugs.70 We could find no na skledah, skodelicah, amforah in vrčih.70 Pobre- identical vessels to the one from Pobrežje, but very ški amfori sta najbolj podobni dvoročajni posodi similar two-handled vessels – amphorae – are known – amfori – iz najdišč Vál in Tököl, ki ju je E. Patek from Vál and Tököl that Erzsébet Patek ascribed to opredelila v njeno različico 11. Enak tip posode je her Variant 11. The same vessel type also came to zastopan tudi na grobišču Budapest-Békásmegyer, light at the Budapest-Békásmegyer cemetery dated ki je, kot že rečeno, datirano v stopnje Ha A2/Ha from the Ha A2/Ha B1 to Ha B2/3. Vessels of the 65 65 Prim. sl. 9: A2/2 s Pahič 1972, T. 22: 4, predvsem T. 26: 9, Cf. fig. 9: A2/2 with Pahič 1972, Pl. 22: 4, most importer isti 1957, T. 18: 2. tantly with Pl. 26: 9, and id. 1957, Pl. 18: 2. 66 66 Pahič 1957, T. 1: 3; 4: 1; 5: 1; 10: 4; Müller-Karpe 1959, Pahič 1957, Pls. 1: 3; 4: 1; 5: 1; 10: 4; Müller–Karpe 1959, T. 111: C9; 114: K2; 120: 3, 9–10, 21; Pahič 1972, T. 14: Pls. 111: C9; 114: K2; 120: 3, 9–10, 21; Pahič 1972, Pls. 10; 15: 1; 28: 8; 33: 2, 11; 34: 3. Od naselbinskih najdb 14: 10; 15: 1; 28: 8; 33: 2, 11; 34: 3. Of the finds from pa velja omeniti predvsem amforo iz Ormoža (Dular, To-settlements, we should mention an amphora from Ormož manič Jevremov 2010, T. 90: 7). (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 90: 7). 67 67 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 6. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 6. 68 68 Glej npr. Pahič 1957, T. 4: 1; 7: 2. See e.g. Pahič 1957, Pls. 4: 1; 7: 2. 69 69 Metzner-Nebelsick 1996, 285–287, sl. 3; ista 2002, 128– Metzner Nebelsick 1996, 285–287, fig. 3; ead. 2002, 130. 128–130. 70 70 Dušek 1957, T. 4: 4; 6: 1, 6; 13: 6; 15: 1–2; 21: 1–2; 29: Dušek 1957, Pls. 4: 4; 6: 1, 6; 13: 6; 15: 1–2; 21: 1–2; 6; 30: 6; 32: 1–4; 36: 5; Patek 1968, T. 3: 22, 24, 27; 4: 29: 6; 30: 6; 32: 1–4; 36: 5; Patek 1968, Pls. 3: 22, 24, 5–6, 13; 5: 8–10; 6: 22; 7: 43–44, 46; Metzner Nebelsick 27; 4: 5–6, 13; 5: 8–10; 6: 22; 7: 43–44, 46; Metzner Ne-2002, 120–121; Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 246–249, 335– belsick 2002, 120–121; Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 246–249, 336, Typentafel 1: 6, 11; 2: 4, 14. 335–336, Type Pl. 1: 6, 11; 2: 4, 14. 74 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 74 8. 03. 2021 12:52:35 Slika 9. Pobrežje, amfore tipov A1–A2 ter vrči tipov V1 in V2. M. = 1:4. Figure 9. Pobrežje, amphorae of Types A1–A2 and jugs of Types V1 and V2. Scale = 1:4. B1 do Ha B2/3. Povsem enake posode so znane same form are also known from the Chotín II ceme- tudi iz grobišča Chotin II, kjer jih Dušek uvršča v tery, where Dušek attributes them to Ha B.71 zgodnjo stopnjo Ha B.71 Jugs are mainly plain, with a low shoulder, a Pri vrčih gre za neokrašene posode, ki imajo pre- medium-high conical neck, an everted rim and one cej nizka ramena, srednje dolge stožčaste vratove, high handle ( fig. 9: V1; Pl. 4: 4). Several of them izvihana ustja in po en presegajoči ročaj ( sl. 9: V1; have been excavated at the Pobrežje settlement. Tab. 4: 4). V naselbini se pojavljajo v več primerih, Their analogies are again to be found within the analogije za njih pa je ponovno najti v ruški žarno- Ruše Urnfield culture group. The closest parallel grobiščni skupini. Najbolje primerljiva posoda je came to light in Grave 60 at Pobrežje, together with bila odkrita v grobu 60 na Pobrežju, in sicer skupaj a bowl with a two-pronged handle that Pahič sees as s skodelo z dvorogljatim ročajem, ki S. Pahiču pred- one of the leading vessel types of Ha B1 at the ceme- stavlja enega izmed vodilnih tipov Ha B1 stopnje na tery.72 Other parallels are less close. Grave 1993/5 of grobišču.72 Druge primerjave so manj ustrezne. V the Ruše II cemetery contained a jug that was con- grobu 1993/5 na drugem žarnem grobišču v Rušah ditionally attributed to Ha B1 on the basis of the je bil npr. odkrit vrč, ki je na podlagi omenjenega above-mentioned jug from Grave 60 at Pobrežje, but pobreškega groba 60 pogojno datiran v isto stopnjo, the neck on the jug from Ruše is less steep and con- vendar pa ima ta vrč bolj položen vrat in posledično sequently has a narrower rim diameter in relation to v primerjavi z najširšim obodom manjše ustje. Dru- maximum diameter. In 1952, Pahič excavated two ga dva delno primerljiva vrča je leta 1952 na istem partially comparable jugs at the Ruše II cemetery, grobišču izkopal Pahič in sicer v grobovih 5 in 19. more precisely in Graves 5 and 19. On the basis of 71 71 Dušek 1957, 132, T. 29: 6; 30: 6; 31: 5; 36: 5; Patek 1968, Dušek 1957, 132, Pls. 29: 6; 30: 6; 31: 5; 36: 5; Patek 93, T. 3: 24; Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, T. 99: 8. 1968, 93, Pl. 3: 24; Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, Pl. 99: 8. 72 72 Pahič 1972, 75, T. 13: 1. Dvorogljati ročaji so bili odkriti Pahič 1972, 75, Pl. 13: 1. Two-pronged handles were also tudi v naselbini na Pobrežju. found at the settlement at Pobrežje. 75 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 75 8. 03. 2021 12:52:36 Prvi grob je na podlagi pridatkov in tipo-kronološke the associated goods and a typo-chronological anal-analize keramike uvrščen v Ha B2/3 stopnjo, drugi ysis, the jug from Grave 5 has been attributed to Ha pa v Ha B2.73 B2/3, the one from Grave 19 to Ha B2.73 Sklede Dishes Sklede iz pobreške naselbine smo razvrstili v pet ti- The dishes from the settlement at Pobrežje have pov: sklede z izvihanim ustjem ( sl. 10: S1), sklede z been divided into five types: dishes with an everted rameni in močno izvihanim ustjem ( sl. 10: S2), skle-rim ( fig. 10: S1), shouldered dishes with a strongly de s kratkim stožčastim vratom ( sl. 10: S3), sklede everted rim ( fig. 10: S2), dishes with short conical polkroglaste oblike ( sl. 10: S4) ter sklede z uvihanim neck ( fig. 10: S3), hemispherical dishes ( fig. 10: S4) ustjem ( sl. 10: S5). and dishes with an inturned rim ( fig. 10: S5). Kot prve predstavljamo sklede z izvihanim Dishes with an everted rim come in different siz- ustjem ( sl. 10: S1). Gre za različno velike posode es (their capacities range roughly from 0.36 to 2.6 (v povprečju se njihovi volumni gibljejo med pribl. l), with a convex body and different widths of the 0,36 in 2,6 litra), s konveksnimi trebuhi, ki se med rim and the presence/absence of a cordon with im- seboj ločijo po dolžini ustja in po prisotnosti/od- pressions. Dular marked such dishes as Type 1 and sotnosti razčlenjenega rebra. J. Dular je take sklede dated them from the beginning of the Late Bronze označil kot tip 1, za njih pa ugotavlja, da so bile v Age (Ha A) to the Early Hallstatt period or Ha C0.74 rabi od začetka pozne bronaste dobe (Ha A) in vse Two examples of Type 2 dishes came to light do zgodnjega halštatskega obdobja Ha C0.74 at the Pobrežje settlement. They differ slightly and Drugi tip sklede je bil na pobreški naselbini odkrit therefore represent two variants. One dish has an al- le v dveh primerkih, obe skledi pa se med seboj tudi most flat shoulder and a sharp shoulder-body junc- razlikujeta, zato predstavljata različni varianti. Prva tion ( fig. 10: S2/1).75 It has a single comparison, from posoda ima poudarjena ramena z ostrim prehodom v Grave 52 of the cemetery at Gračič below Brinjeva spodnji del posode ( sl. 10: S2/1).75 Edino primerjavo gora that Vitko Pahič attributed to the late phase of ji najdemo v grobu 52 na grobišču Gračič pod Brinje- burial at the site (Ha B2) on the basis of the pin vo goro, ki ga V. Pahič na podlagi igle z majhno biko- with a small biconical head and a slightly thickened nično glavico in rahlo odebeljenim tordiranim vratom twisted neck; this dish is decorated and has a high- uvršča v mlajšo stopnjo grobov na najdišču (Ha B2), s er neck.76 The other dish of Type S2 has a rounded tem da je skleda iz groba 52 lepo okrašena in ima višji shoulder and a smooth shoulder-body junction ( fig. vrat.76 Pri drugi skledi tipa S2 so ramena zaobljena, 10: S2/2). It is not of the same form as the hemi-prehod v trebuh pa tekoč ( sl. 10: S2/2). Gre za obliko, spherical dishes with an everted rim dated to Br D/ ki je ne smemo enačiti s polkroglastimi skledami z iz- Ha A, as the latter have a facetted rim.77 The rim vihanim ustjem, ki so datirane v čas Br D/Ha A, saj on the dish from Pobrežje is completely plain; such imajo slednje fasetirana ustja, naša skleda pa povsem dishes are typical of Ha B. Only a fragment survives gladko.77 Take posode so značilne za Ha B stopnjo. of this dish, making it impossible to determine the Ker pa je od pobreške sklede ohranjen le fragment, je height of the vessel and whether or not it had a han- težko ugotoviti, kako globoka je bila posoda in ali je dle, which hinders us in identifying parallels.78 imela ročaj, kar otežuje primerjave.78 The two vessels with short conical neck ( fig. 10: Tudi posodi s kratkim stožčastim vratom ( sl. 10: S3) conditionally determined as dishes also differ S3), ki smo ju pogojno uvrstili med skledi, sta zasto-from one another and represent two variants. The pani v dveh različicah. Prva posoda, ki je bila odkri- first vessel, found in the heap of stones of SE 500 ta v groblji SE 500 ob objektu 16, je na najširšem near Building 16, is decorated with a cordon with obodu okrašena z razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom impressions at maximum diameter ( fig. 10: S3/1). ( sl. 10: S3/1). Druga je bila podobno oblikovana, a The other vessel is of a similar form, but is plain ( fig. neokrašena ( sl. 10: S3/2), najdena pa je bila v jami za 73 Črešnar 2006, 144–147, fig. 35; Pl. 2: 1; also cf. fig. 9: 73 Črešnar 2006, 144–147, sl. 35; T. 2: 1; prim. tudi sl. 9: V1 V1 with Pahič 1957, Pl. 2: 4 and Pl. 4: 4 with id. 1957, s Pahič 1957, T. 2: 4 in T. 4: 4 s Pahič 1957, T. 9: 1. Pl. 9: 1. 74 74 Dular 2013, 36, 39, 55, sl. 10: S 1 in sl. 16: S 1. Dular 2013, 36, 39, 55, fig. 10: S 1 and fig. 16: S 1. 75 75 Ta posoda je bila najdena v jami skupaj s shrambeno poso-It was found in a pit together with a storage vessel of Var-do različice Pi4/4, zato ji je morda služila kot pokrov. iant Pi4/4 and may have served as its lid. 76 76 Pahič V. 1988–1989, 188; glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič. Pahič V. 1988–1989, 188; see here Koprivnik, Gračič. 77 77 Glej. npr. Grahek 2015, 38–39, sl. 31: Sk5. See e.g. Grahek 2015, 38–39, fig. 31: Sk5. 78 78 Glej npr. Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 109: H2; Dular 2013, T. See e.g. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 109: H2; Dular 2013, Pl. 32: 4. 32: 4. 76 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 76 8. 03. 2021 12:52:36 Slika 10. Pobrežje, sklede tipov S1–S5 ter vrči tipov V1 in V2. M. = 1:4. Figure 10. Pobrežje, dishes of Types S1–S5 and jugs of Types V1 and V2. Scale = 1:4. steber objekta 8. Posodi na prvi pogled spominjata 10: S3/2); it was found in a posthole of Building 8. na sklede, kakršne so značilne za halštatsko obdo- The two vessels have a form similar to the dishes typ- bje, vendar pa halštatske sklede niso nikoli okrašene ical of the Hallstatt period, but these never bear a z razčlenjenim plastični rebrom.79 Upoštevati pa mo- cordon with impressions.79 We should also bear in ramo tudi, da sta od naših skled ohranjena le odlom- mind that only fragments survive of the two dishes, ka ter da na območju groblje SE 500 in objekta 8 but nevertheless the areas of the heap of stones and drugih značilnih halštatskih najdb ni bilo najdenih. of Building 8 yielded no typically Hallstatt artefacts. Bolj številčne so sklede polkroglaste obli- The hemispherical dishes are more numerously ke ( sl. 10: S4). Razdelili smo jih v 7 različic. Prvo represented at the Pobrežje settlement ( fig. 10: S4). 79 79 Glej npr. Dular 2013, 38–39, sl. 11: S4. See e.g. Dular 2013, 38–39, fig. 11: S4. 77 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 77 8. 03. 2021 12:52:37 različico predstavljajo razmeroma plitve preprosto We divided them into seven variants. The first one is oblikovane sklede, kakršno poznamo iz različnih ar- represented by a relatively shallow simple dishes such heoloških obdobij. Različica S4/2 se od različice S4/1 as are known from different archaeological periods. razlikuje po tem, da je imela na ustju izvlečen izliv. Variant S4/2 differs from it in that it has a spout. Enako oblikovano skledo srečamo v jami SE 327 v Such a dish was also found in the pit of SE 327 at Ormožu, torej na naselju, ki je datirano v Ha B. Več Ormož, i.e. at a settlement dated mostly to the Late primerjav pa je tudi na grobišču Budapest-Békásme- Urnfield culture period (Ha B). Further parallels are gyer, kjer očitno sklede z izvlečenim izlivom in po- known from the Budapest-Békásmegyer cemetery, dobno oblikovane sklede, ki imajo namesto izliva na where spouted dishes and dishes of a similar form ustju jezičaste držajčke, v mlajšem žarnogrobiščnem but with small tongue-shaped grips on the rim in- obdobju niso redke.80 stead of the spout were fairly frequent in the Late Majhna, z vrezi in vtisnjenimi jamicami okrašena Urnfield culture period.80 skleda polkroglaste oblike predstavlja različico S4/3 The small hemispherical dish decorated with ( sl. 10: S4/3). Sklede različice S4/4 so le nekoliko pli-a line of impressed dots flanked with incised lines tvejše ( sl. 10: S4/4), medtem ko je za podobno obli-represents Variant S4/3 ( fig. 10: S4/3). The dishes kovano in okrašeno skledo različice S4/5 ( sl. 10: S4/5) of Variant S4/4 are only slightly shallower ( fig. 10: značilno, da ima na ustju jezičasto izboklino oz. držaj-S4/4), while the dish of Variant S4/5 ( fig. 10: S4/5) is ček. Z izjemo različice S4/5 z držajem lahko rečemo, of a similar shape and decoration, but has a tongue- da gre za razmeroma razširjene oblike skled v ruški shaped protrusion (small grip?) on the rim. The dish- žarnogrobiščni skupini. Enako okrašeni in oblikovani es of Variants S4/3 and S4/4 are relatively common sta skledi v že omenjenem grobu 134 na Pobrežju in forms within the Ruše Urnfield culture group. Dish- v naselbini v Ormožu.81 Precej podoben je tudi okras es of the same form and decoration came to light in na enako oblikovani skledi iz groba 29 na drugem ru- the already mentioned Grave 134 at Pobrežje and in škem grobišču, na skledi iz groba 34 na Pobrežju, ki the settlement at Ormož.81 Fairly similar decoration ga S. Pahič uvršča v fazo Ha B2 ter na skledi iz groba can also be seen on the dish of the same shape from 38, datiranem v fazo Ha B1, in iz groba 110.82 Na Grave 29 of the Ruše II cemetery, on the dish from Brinjevi gori so bile podobne sklede odkrite v četr- Grave 34 at Pobrežje (that Stanko Pahič attributed to ti – mlajše žarnogrobiščni naselbinski plasti,83 enako Ha B2), on the dish from Grave 38 (attributed to Ha oblikovana in okrašena skleda pa je bila najdena tudi B1) and from Grave 110.82 At Brinjeva gora, similar v grobu 30 na pripadajočem grobišču Gračič, ki sodi dishes were found in the fourth or Late Urnfield cul- v Ha B1 stopnjo.84 V njihovi tradiciji stoji tudi grafi- ture period layer,83 while a dish of the same form and tirana skleda, odkrita na Pošteli v plasti 2 sonde 73. 85 decoration came to light in the associated cemetery Precej drugače so oblikovane polkroglaste sklede at Gračič dated to Ha B1.84 The graphite-coated dish različic S4/6 in S4/7 ( sl. 10: S4/6–7). Varianta S4/7 from Poštela,85 found in Layer 2 in Trench 73, stands je bila najdena v naselbini v enem samem primeru, in the same tradition. edino približno primerjavo pa smo ji našli v naselbini The hemispherical dishes of Variants S4/6 and na Grajskem hribu v Gornji Radgoni.86 Zanimivejše S4/7 ( fig. 10: S4/6–7) are quite different. A single so posode različice S4/6, za katere je značilno rahlo S4/7 dish was found at the settlement at Pobrežje, odebeljeno in ravno odrezano ustje. Odlomek take and has a rough comparison from the settlement posode je bil najden v kulturni plasti, ki je bila raz- on the hill of Grajski hrib in Gornja Radgona.86 iskana okoli domnevne poznobronastodobne poti, More interesting are the dishes of Variant S4/6, torej okoli 250 m južno od naselja, dva odlomka pa which have a slightly thickened rim with a flat lip. v mešani kulturni plasti (SE 006) v skrajnem južnem One fragment of such a vessel was found in the delu izkopnega polja, v sek. 2. Lokaciji odkritja teh cultural layer excavated around the supposed Late 80 80 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81–82, T. 31: 8; Kalicz- Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81–82, Pl. 31: 8; Kalicz- -Schreiber 2010, 252–253, 341, Typentafel 7: 6–11; T. Schreiber 2010, 252–253, 341, Type Pl. 7: 6–11; Pls. 19: 19: 5, 7–8; 109: 3; 128: 7–8; 142: 7–8; 148: 1. 5, 7–8; 109: 3; 128: 7–8; 142: 7–8; 148: 1. 81 81 Prim. sl. 10: S4/3 s Pahič 1972, T. 26: 10; Dular, Tomanič Cf. fig. 10: S4/3 with Pahič 1972, Pl. 26: 10; Dular, To-Jevremov 2010, T. 90: 11. manič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 90: 11. 82 82 Pahič 1957, T. 11: 3; isti 1972, 75, T. 8: 3; 9: 7; 22: 8. Pahič 1957, Pl. 11: 3; id. 1972, 75, Pl. 8: 3; 9: 7; 22: 8. 83 83 Oman 1981, 150–151, T. 34: 1–2. Oman 1981, 150–151, Pl. 34: 1–2. 84 84 Pahič V. 1988–1989, 185, T. 1: 7; glej tu Koprivnik, Pahič V. 1988–1989, 185, Pl. 1: 7; also see here Koprivnik, Gračič. Gračič. 85 85 Teržan 1990, 276, 388, T. 12: 4. Teržan 1990, 276, 388, Pl. 12: 4. 86 86 Dular 2013, T. 73: 8. Dular 2013, Pl. 73: 8. 78 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 78 8. 03. 2021 12:52:38 kosov posod sta verjetno v zvezi z dvema grobovoma Bronze Age path, i.e. roughly 250 m south of the iz horizonta Oloris–Podsmreka, saj so take sklede settlement, while two fragments were found in the značilne predvsem za Bd D in tudi še Ha A stopnji, mixed cultural layer (SE 006) in the southernmost kar nakazujejo najdbe iz Dolnjega Lakoša, Orehove part of the excavation area, in Sector 2. These loca- vasi in Rogoze,87 v naselbinah Ha B stopnje pa se tions might be connected with the two graves of the pojavljajo le izjemoma.88 Oloris-Podsmreka horizon, because such dishes are Nazadnje obravnavamo sklede z uvihanim mainly characteristic of Bd D and Ha A, as indicat- ustjem ( sl. 10: S5), imenovane tudi latvice.89 Za njih ed by the vessels from Orehova vas, Doljni Lakoš J. Dular v svoji tipo-kronološki razvrstitvi pozno and Rogoza,87 and only exceptionally appear in the bronastodobne lončenine iz severovzhodne Slovenije settlements dating to Ha B.88 ugotavlja, da kronološko niso merodajne, saj se kar The dishes with an inturned rim ( fig. 10: S5) štiri od njegovih devetih različic pojavljajo v vseh represent a form that Dular deemed chronological- stopnjah kulture žarnih grobišč in halštatskega ob- ly undiagnostic in his typo-chronological analysis dobja; le tri so značilne predvsem za žarnogrobiščno of the Late Bronze Age pottery from north-east- obdobje, dve pa naj bi bili značilni le za starejšo že- ern Slovenia.89 As many as four of his nine vari- lezno dobo. Od omenjenih skled nas na tem mestu ants appear in all phases of the Urnfield culture and seveda zanimajo le tiste, ki jih je mogoče kronološko Hallstatt periods; three are mainly characteristic of ožje opredeliti. Gre za Dularjevi različici La 1 in La the Urnfield culture period and two of the Early 2 s poševno nažlebljenim robom, za različico La 4, Iron Age. The dishes that can be dated more pre- za katero je značilen prečno nažlebljen rob, za razli- cisely are those of Dular’s Variants La 1 and La 2 čico La 6, za katero so značilne vodoravne kanelure, with oblique grooves on the rim, Variant La 4 with in za različico s fasetiranimi vodoravnimi črtami (La transverse grooves on the rim, Variant La 6 with 5). Od omenjenih bolj kratkotrajnih latvic so bile na horizontal grooves and Variant La 5 with facetted pobreški naselbini odkrite take, ki jih lahko primer- horizontal lines. Of those, the Pobrežje settlement jamo z Dularjevimi različicami La 1 ( sl. 10: S5/4), yielded dishes of Dular’s Variants La 1 ( fig. 10: La 2 ( sl. 10: S5/5), La 4 ( sl. 10: S5/6) in La 5 ( sl. S5/4), La 2 ( fig. 10: S5/5), La 4 ( fig. 10: S5/6) and 10: S5/ 2), medtem ko skled različice La 6 ni bilo. La 5 ( fig. 10: S5/ 2), but no dishes of Variant La 6 Slednje naj bi bile značilne za halštatsko obdobje. deemed typical of the Hallstatt period. Variant La 1 Različica La 1 naj bi se pojavljala le v pozni bronasti presumably only appeared in the Late Bronze Age, dobi, različici La 2 in La 5 pa tudi še na začetku hal- Variants La 2 and La 5 also in the Early Hallstatt štatskega obdobja (Ha C1 oz. Ha C0).90 period (Ha C1 or Ha C0).90 Posebej omembe vredne med skledami z uviha- Dishes with an inturned rim of Variant S5/6, nim ustjem na pobreški naselbini pa so sklede razli- i.e. Variant La 4 after Dular, are mainly character- čice S5/6 oz. La 4 po J. Dularju, saj so značilne zlasti istic of Ha B3 of the Ruše Urnfield group (after za Ha B3 po Müller-Karpeju v ruški žarnogrobiščni Müller-Karpe) and the early iron horizon (Ha C0). skupini in za Ha C0 stopnjo oz. za začetek t. i. že- As Dular already noted, such dishes were found leznega horizonta. Take sklede so bile namreč, kot in Grave 15b at Pobrežje, Graves 1, 5, 10, 14 at ugotavlja že Dular, odkrite v grobu 15b na Pobrežju, Ormož and in Grave 4 at Lepa ravna below Pošte- v grobovih 1, 5, 10, 14 v Ormožu in v grobu 4 na la.91 The appearance of dishes with grooves on the Lepi ravni pod Poštelo.91 Pojavnost skled z nažleblje- inturned rim in this, the final phase of the Ruše nim ustjem v zaključni stopnji ruške žarnogrobišč- Urnfield culture group is corroborated by the re- ne skupine nakazujejo tudi pred kratkim objavljene cently published dishes with transverse grooves on sklede s prečno nažlebljenim ustjem v Miklavžu in na the inturned rim from Miklavž and Ptuj. They were 87 87 Dular et al. 2002, 150, sl. 7: S1–S2; Črešnar 2010, 17, sl. Dular et al. 2002, 150, fig. 7: S1–S2; Črešnar 2010, 17, 6: So2; Grahek 2015, 38–39, sl. 31: Sk6. fig. 6: So2; Grahek 2015, 38–39, fig. 31: Sk6. 88 88 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 17: 5; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 17: 5; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 134: 3, 11; Dular 2013, T. 16: 9. 2010, Pl. 134: 3, 11; Dular 2013, Pl. 16: 9. 89 89 Dular 1982, 75–77. Dular 1982, 75–77. 90 90 Dular 2013, 44–46, sl. 13: La 4–La 6, 55–56, sl. 18. Da- Dular 2013, 44–46, fig. 13: La 4–La 6; 55–56, fig. 18. tacije grobov je J. Dular povzel po Chr. Pareu, ki je grobne Dular adopted the dates of the graves from C. Pare, who najdbe ruške skupine razvrstil s pomočjo korespondenčne classified the grave goods of the Ruše group using a corre-analize (Pare 1998, pril. II.; Dular 2013, 27). spondence analysis (Pare 1998, App. II.; Dular 2013, 27). 91 91 Pahič 1972, T. 3: 7; Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, T. 6: Pahič 1972, Pl. 3: 7; Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, Pls. 6; 11: 6; 20: 1; 23: 1; Teržan 1990, T. 55: 10; Dular 2013, 6: 6; 11: 6; 20: 1, 23: 1; Teržan 1990, Pl. 55: 10; Dular sl. 18: La 4. 2013, fig. 18: La 4 79 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 79 8. 03. 2021 12:52:38 Ptuju. Pri tem pa je pomembno, da so bili ti grobovi found in graves that are also radiocarbon dated and tudi radiokarbonsko datirani; njihove datacije segajo their dates reach into the 9th century BC. The onset že v 9. stol pr. n. št. Začetek železnega horizonta je v of the Iron Horizon in the Ruše Urnfield culture ruški žarnogrobiščni skupini severovzhodne Sloveni- group in north-eastern Slovenia is thus earlier than je torej starejši, kot smo menili do sedaj.92 previously thought.92 Skodele Bowls Naslednja skupina keramičnih najdb so enoročajne These are single-handled vessels with a capacity rang- posode z volumni med 1,7 in približno 3,5 l, ki jih ing from 1.7 to roughly 3.5 l. We divided them into označujemo kot skodele. Razdelili smo jih v tri tipe three types ( fig. 11: Sk1– Sk3). Type Sk1 are bowls ( sl. 11: Sk1–Sk3). Tip Sk1 predstavljajo skodele z iz-with an everted rim that often have a horizontal or vihanim ustjem, za njih pa je značilno tudi to, da se slightly wavy cordon with impressions ( fig. 11: Sk1). pogosto pojavljajo z vodoravnim ali rahlo valovitim The handle, if surviving, is attached just below the razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom ( sl. 11: Sk1). Ročaj, rim. Type Sk2 is represented by a shouldered bowl v kolikor je bil ohranjen, ni presegal ustja, pač pa je with a convex lower body, a slightly everted rim and bil vpet tik pod njim. V tip Sk2 smo uvrstili skode- a high knee-shaped handle ( fig. 11: Sk2). The hem-lo s konveksnim trebuhom, rameni, rahlo izvihanim ispherical bowl with a slightly inturned rim and a ustjem in presegajočim kolenčastim ročajem triko- high handle represents Type Sk3 ( fig. 11: Sk3). tnega preseka ( sl. 11: Sk 2). Polkroglasta skodela z Bowls of Type Sk1 have two variants. The bowl blago uvihanim ustjem in visokim presegajočim ro- of Variant Sk1/1 has comparisons from the ceme- čajem pa predstavlja tip Sk3 ( sl. 11: Sk3). tery at Mladinska ulica in Maribor and from Grave Skodeli Sk1/1 najdemo analogijo na grobišču na 31 at Pobrežje that Pahič attributed to Ha B2.93 The Mladinski ulici v Mariboru in v grobu 31 na Pobrež- bowl of Variant Sk1/2 with a more hemispherical ju, ki ga je S. Pahič datiral v Ha B2 stopnjo.93 Razli- body has no close parallels; similar ones have been čici Sk1/2, ki ima bolj polkroglast trup, pa povsem found, but either without handles or without the enake nismo našli, saj se podobne posode na drugih cordon with impressions.94 The same is true of the najdiščih pojavljajo brez ročajev ali pa niso okrašene bowl of Type Sk2. The only comparable bowl, from z razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom.94 Enako velja za the cemetery at Pobrežje, differs in that it is without skodelo tipa Sk2. Edina primerljiva skodela, ki je bila a knee-shaped handle, which is a key component of odkrita na pobreškem grobišču, se namreč od naše the vessel.95 Such handles do appear on vessels from razlikuje po tem, da je brez kolenčastega ročaja, ki the Pobrežje cemetery, but they all have two prongs pa je značilen del posode.95 Taki ročaji so sicer na in the upper part, while the handle on the Type Sk2 posodah iz pobreškega grobišča prisotni, vendar pa bowl has an almost flat upper surface.96 Anton Ve- se od našega ročaja razlikujejo, saj imajo v zgornjem lušček analysed knee-shaped handles on the vessels delu dva roglja, naš ročaj pa ima skoraj povsem ravno from the western Balkans and observed that most površino in je trikotnega preseka.96 Kolenčaste ročaje of them came to light in stratigraphically unclear na območju zahodnega Balkana je zbral A. Velušček, contexts that authors mainly attributed to the Late za njih pa ugotavlja, da so bili večinoma odkriti v Urnfield culture phase (Ha B). The handles from the stratigrafsko nejasnih naselbinskih kontekstih, ki cemetery at Pobrežje fall into his Type 1, while the jih avtorji večinoma datirajo v pozno žarnogrobišč- handle on the Type Sk2 bowl may be ascribed to his no stopnjo (Ha B). Ročaje, kakršni so bili odkriti Type 4.97 A similar handle from the Podravje region na grobišču na Pobrežju, uvršča v tip 1, medtem ko is only known from Rogoza, where it was found in bi lahko ročaj naše skodele enačili z njegovim tipom the upper part of the fill of a palaeochannel made by 4.97 Podobno oblikovan ročaj je znan v Podravju le a stream.98 še iz Rogoze, kjer pa je bil odkrit v zgornjem delu The bowl with a slightly inturned rim and a high zasutja paleostruge potoka.98 handle ( fig. 11: Sk3) has more numerous analogies. 92 92 Črešnar, Murko 2014, 205–214, sl. 10.4: 8; 10.7: 4, 10; Črešnar, Murko 2014, 205–214, figs. 10.4: 8; 10.7: 4, 10; Lubšina Tušek 2014, 197–201, sl. 9.4: 15; Teržan, Črešnar Lubšina Tušek 2014, 197–201, fig. 9.4: 15; Teržan, Čreš- 2014, 708–709; prim. npr. z Dular 2013, 23–24. nar 2014, 708–709; cf. e.g. with Dular 2013, 23–24. 93 93 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 30; Pahič 1972, T. 6: 8. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 30; Pahič 1972, Pl. 6: 8. 94 94 Glej npr. Pahič 1972, T. 6: 7; 8: 16; 23: 6. See e.g. Pahič 1972, Pls. 6: 7; 8: 16; 23: 6. 95 95 Prim. sl. 11: Sk2 s Pahič 1972, T. 35: 13. Cf. fig. 11: Sk2 with Pahič 1972, Pl. 35: 13. 96 96 Prim. sl. 11: Sk2 s Pahič 1972, T. 11: 16; 13: 2. Cf. fig. 11: Sk2 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 11: 16; 13: 2. 97 97 Velušček 1996, 63–64. Velušček 1996, 63–64. 98 98 Črešnar 2010, T. 17: 3. Črešnar 2010, Pl. 17: 3. 80 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 80 8. 03. 2021 12:52:38 Slika 11. Pobrežje, skodele tipov Sk1– Sk4 ter skodelice tipov Skd1 in Skd2. M. = 1:4. Figure 11. Pobrežje, bowls of Types Sk1–Sk4 and cups of Types Skd1 and Skd2. Scale = 1:4. Nekoliko več analogij najdemo skodeli z blago These show that the form is relatively frequent with- uvihanim ustjem in visokim presegajočim ročajem in the Ruše Urnfield culture group. Four such bowls ( sl. 11: Sk3). Na podlagi njih pa lahko rečemo, da gre have been found at the Pobrežje cemetery: one in za sorazmerno pogosto obliko v ruški žarnogrobiščni Grave 1, one in Grave 162b, while two are among skupini. Na pobreškem grobišču so bile odkrite šti- the finds without known grave.99 Bowls of the same ri take posode. Prva posoda je bila najdena v grobu or of a similar form are known from the Mladinska 1, druga v grobu 162b, zadnji dve taki skodeli pa ulica cemetery, from the settlement at Ormož, from sta med najdbami, od katerih ni ohranjenih grobnih Graves 1 and 15 at Lepa ravna and from the already celot.99 Enake ali podobne skodele so poznane iz gro- mentioned Grave 5 from Miklavž that is radiocar- bišča na Mladinski ulici v Mariboru, iz naselbine v bon-dated to Ha B3.100 Ormožu, iz grobov 1 in 15 na Lepi ravni pod Poštelo in iz že omenjenega radiokarbonsko datiranega gro- ba 5 iz stopnje Ha B3 v Miklavžu.100 Skodelice Cups Majhne enoročajne posodice z volumni med 0,25 in The small single-handled vessels from Pobrežje, with 0,30 litra, ki jih opredeljujemo kot skodelice, so v na- a capacity between 0.25 and 0.30 l, belong to two selbini na Pobrežju dveh tipov. Za prvi tip je značilno types. The cups of the first type have a convex lower izvihano ustje, ki preide v kratek vrat, ta pa ostro v body and a sharp neck-lower body junction ( fig. 11: konveksen trebuh ( sl. 11: Skd1). Pri tistih z blago us-Skd1), while the rim above the slightly curved neck ločenim vratom je ustje lahko izvihano ( sl. 11: Skd1/1) can be either everted ( fig. 11: Skd1/1), vertical ( fig. ali navpično ( sl. 11: Skd1/2), pri tistih s stožčastim 11: Skd1/2) and above the conical neck everted ( fig. vratom pa izvihano ( sl. 11: Skd1/3). Pregled najdišč v 11: Skd1/3). In Podravje, such cups appear in Ha A Podravju kaže, da se skodelice tipa Skd1 pojavljajo v and Ha B, and have been found in the settlements Ha A in tudi še Ha B stopnji, saj so bile npr. odkrite 99 Cf. fig. 11: Sk3 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 1: 1; 35: 16, 21; id. 99 Prim. sl. 11: Sk3 s Pahič 1972, T. 1: 1; 35: 16, 21; isti 1991, 30, fig. 2. 100 1991, 30, sl. 2. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 24, 28; Teržan 1990, Pls. 53: 100 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 24, 28; Teržan 1990, T. 53: 4; 4; 59: 11; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 64: 8; Čreš- 59: 11; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 64: 8; Črešnar nar 2013, 82, Fn. 22, fig. 7: 3; Črešnar, Murko 2014, fig. 2013, 82, op. 22, sl. 7: 3; Črešnar, Murko 2014, sl. 10: 3. 10: 3. 81 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 81 8. 03. 2021 12:52:38 v Rogozi, Orehovi vasi in v naselbini v Ormožu, pa at Rogoza, Orehova vas and Ormož, as well as in tudi v grobovih 17, 106, 116 in 144 na Pobrežju ter Graves 17, 106, 116 and 144 at Pobrežje, and in v grobovih 3 in 39 na Gračiču pod Brinjevo goro.101 Graves 3 and 39 at Gračič below Brinjeva gora.101 Za drugi tip skodelice sta značilna kroglast trup The second cup type is characterised by a glob- in izvihano ustje ( sl. 11: Skd2). Primerjamo jih lahko ular body and an everted rim ( fig. 11: Skd2). Such s »skodelami« tipa Sk 4, za katere J. Dular ugotavlja, cups are comparable with the ‘bowls’ of Type Sk 4 da se pojavljajo od Ha A stopnje do stopnje Ha C0.102 after Dular, which he sees as spanning from Ha A to S tem se povsem ne strinjamo, saj se nam zdi proble- Ha C0.102 We cannot quite concur with such dating, matično mnenje, da se take oblike skodelic pojavljajo more precisely with its beginning as early as Ha A. že v stopnji Ha A. Ta domneva namreč temelji zgolj Namely, it is based solely on a very small fragment of na zelo majhnem odlomku majhne posode z roča- a small vessel with a handle that was found in Lay- jem, odkritem v plasti 2 na Brinjevi gori, pri kate- er 2 at Brinjeva gora, which does not conclusively rem je težko sklepati na obliko skodelice, razen tega prove the form was that of a cup and is, judging from pa je odlomek iz Brinjeve gore, kot je videti iz risbe, the published drawing, decorated with awl impres- okrašen z odtisi šila.103 Tudi v naselbinah v Rogozi in sions.103 Moreover, the settlements at Rogoza and Orehovi vasi, ki sta značilni predstavnici Ha A obdo- Orehova vas are typical representatives of Ha A in bja v Podravju, takih skodelic ni bilo odkritih.104 Na- Podravje and have yielded no such cups.104 To the sprotno pa lahko rečemo, da so skodelice s kroglastim contrary, globular cups with an everted rim are com- trupom in izvihanim robom ustja pogoste v grobiščih mon on the cemeteries of the Ruše Urnfield culture ruške žarnogrobiščne skupine.105 Poleg obeh grobišč group.105 Apart from both Ruše cemeteries and the v Rušah in grobišča v Ormožu, za katere so primer- cemetery at Ormož, similar cups have been found at jave že bile navedene, je potrebno omeniti, da so bile Pobrežje, in both the late and the early parts of the enako oblikovane skodelice odkrite v več primerkih cemetery, as well as in Grave 2 at the Ulica Viktorina tudi na Pobrežju, in sicer tako v mlajšem delu grobi- Ptujskega site in Ptuj, that is radiocarbon dated to šča kot tudi v starejšem, primerjave pa so npr. tudi v Ha B2, and in the cemetery at Spodnje Radvanje.106 radiokarbonsko datiranem grobu 2 na Ulici Viktori- This suggests that the cups of Type Skd2 are typical na Ptujskega na Ptuju stopnje Ha B2 in v grobišču v of Ha B within the Ruše group. Spodnjem Radvanju.106 Gre torej za tip skodelic, ki so značilne za Ha B obdobje v ruški skupini. Ornamenti Decoration Okras na keramiki iz pobreške naselbine je bil nare- The vessels from the settlement at Pobrežje were dec- jen na različne načine: z lepljenjem ali izvlečenjem/ orated using several techniques: by either applying modeliranjem plastičnih reber ( sl. 12: O1–O10), or modelling cordons ( fig. 12: O1–O10), shallow kaneliranjem ( sl. 12: O11–O12, O18), žlebljenje- grooving ( fig. 12: O11–O12, O18), grooving ( fig. njem ( sl. 12: O15, O19), vrezovanjem ( sl. 12: O13, 12: O15, O19), incising ( fig. 12: O13, O14, O16, O14, O16, O17, O20–O23, O25–O28), brazda-O17, O20–O23, O25–O28), furrowing ( fig. 12: stim vrezovanjem ( sl. 12: O24), odtiskovanjem ( sl. O24), impressing ( fig. 12: O29–O30), pseudo-cord 12: O29–O30), v t. i. psevdovrvičasti tehniki ( sl. 12: impressing ( fig. 12: O49–O51) and in a combi-O49–O51) in s kombinacijo različnih načinov okranation of all these techniques ( fig. 12: O31–O48, ševanja ( sl. 12: O31–O48, O52–O53). Čeprav gre O52–O53). The ceramic assemblage is quite frag- zaradi fragmentiranosti keramičnega gradiva večino- mented and we are predominantly dealing with small ma za majhne odlomke okrašenih posod, pa lahko 101 Dular 2013, 41–42, fig. 12: Sk 1; 56, fig. 18; Črešnar 101 Dular 2013, 41–42, sl. 12: Sk 1; 56, sl. 18; Črešnar 2010, 2010, 28–30, fig. 10; Pls. 14: 13; 4: 5; Grahek 2015, 37– 28–30, sl. 10; T. 14: 13; 4: 5; Grahek 2015, 37–38, sl. 38, fig. 30: G297; Pahič 1972, Pls. 4: 8; 21: 5; 28: 4; La-30: G297; Pahič 1972, T. 4: 8; 21: 5; 28: 4; Lamut 1988– mut 1988–1989, Pl. 8: 6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 1989, T. 8: 6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 36: 1; Pls. 36: 1; 43: 12; 48: 2; 106: 15. Also see here Koprivnik, 43: 12; 48: 2; 106: 15. Glej tudi tu Koprivnik, Gračič. Gračič. 102 102 Dular 2013, 42–43, sl. 12: Sk 4; 56, sl. 18: Sk 4. Dular 2013, 42–43, fig. 12: Sk 4; 56, fig. 18: Sk 4. 103 103 Oman 1988–1989, 145–146, 149–150, T. 15: 14. Oman 1988–1989, 145–146, 149–150, Pl. 15: 14. 104 104 Glej Črešnar 2010, 28–29, sl. 19; Grahek 2015, 38–39. See Črešnar 2010, 28–29, fig. 19; Grahek 2015, 38–39. 105 105 Glej npr. Črešnar 2006, 119–121, 128, sl. 26: Skd2. See e.g. Črešnar 2006, 119–121, 128, fig. 26: Skd2. 106 106 Pahič 1972, T. 12: 6; 15: 11; 18: 6; 29: 6–7, 10; 35: 17; Pahič 1972, Pls. 12: 6; 15: 11; 18: 6; 29: 6–7, 10; 35: 17; isti 1991, 28, sl. 3: 30, 42, 54; 4; Lubšina Tušek 2014, id. 1991, 28, figs. 3: 30, 42, 54; 4; Lubšina Tušek 2014, 202–203, sl. 9.7: 8; Teržan 1990, T. 67: 7–9; glej tu Ko-202–203, fig. 9.7: 8; Teržan 1990, Pl. 67: 7–9; see here privnik, Pobrežje. Koprivik, Pobrežje. 82 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 82 8. 03. 2021 12:52:38 Slika 12. Pobrežje, vrste ornamentov. M. O3, O10, O18 = 1:4, O39 = 1:2, drugo = 1:3. Figure 12. Pobrežje, types of decoration. Scale O3, O10, O18 = 1:4, O39 = 1:2, others = 1:3. na podlagi bolje ohranjenih kosov in primerjav s sherds. Nevertheless, the better surviving pieces and sočasnimi grobišči domnevamo, da je bil ornament the comparisons with the finds from contemporary večinoma omejen na zgornje zunanje dele posod. cemeteries suggest that the decoration was for the Odstopajo le velike shrambene posode in lonci, saj most part limited to the upper exterior parts of ves- se pri njih rebro pogosto nahaja tudi na spodnjem sels. Only the large storage vessels and jars stand out delu posode, površina med dnom in rebrom pa je, in this respect, as they often bear a cordon also on kot že rečeno, v nekaterih primerih hrapava ( sl. 12: the lower part, while the surface between the cordon O3). Pri ostalih oblikah posod je izjem le malo. Na and the base is coarse in some cases ( fig. 12: O3). In notranji strani površine dna in ostenja posode je bila other forms, exceptions are rare. One of these is a recimo okrašena skleda Tab. 5: 11. Okrašena je bila dish presented on Pl. 5: 11 that is decorated on the 83 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 83 8. 03. 2021 12:52:40 z vrezi v obliki večkrake zvezde repatice in veččrtnih interior of the base and walls with incisions shaped trikotnikov s sledovi inkrustacije ( sl. 12: O26). Pri into a star in the centre with three stripes running amfori Tab. 11: 5 pa je bilo na notranji strani posode from it separated by multiple chevrons with traces of okrašeno ustje ( sl. 12: O41). incrustation ( fig. 12:O26). Another exception is the Naše primerjave kažejo, da motivi okrasa in na-amphora published on Pl. 11: 5 with a rim that is čini okraševanja ne odstopajo od preostalih najdišč decorated on the interior side ( fig. 12: O41). ruške žarnogrobiščne skupine. Za dobro primerljive Comparisons show that the motifs and deco- so se izkazali okrasni motivi na posodah na grobi- rative techniques on the pottery from the Pobrežje ščih Pobrežje, Mladinska ulica v Mariboru, Ruše 1 settlement do not differ from those observed on oth- in 2, Gračič pod Brinjevo goro, Spodnja Hajdina, er sites of the Ruše Urnfield culture group. Closely Lepa raven pod Poštelo, Spodnje Radvanje, Ormož, comparable are the motifs on the vessels from the Miklavž na Dravskem polju in Ulica Viktorina Ptuj- cemeteries at Pobrežje, Mladinska ulica in Maribor, skega na Ptuju.107 Poleg omenjenih grobišč so bile na Ruše I and II, Gračič below Brinjeva gora, Spodnja enak način okrašene tudi keramične najdbe v plasteh Hajdina, Lepa ravna below Poštela, Spodnje Rad- 4 in 5 v naselbini na Brinjevi gori, deloma pa tudi vanje, Ormož, Miklavž na Dravskem polju and Ul- najdbe iz plasti v naselbinah na Grajskem griču Ptuj- ica Viktorina Ptujskega in Ptuj.107 Also comparable skega gradu, na Grajskem hribu v Gornji Radgoni, are the vessels from settlements: from Layers 4 and v Ormožu in na Pošteli, če omenimo samo najbolje 5 in the settlement at Brinjeva gora, partly also from raziskane.108 Kot vidimo, gre večinoma za ista najdi- Grajski grič in Ptuj, Grajski hrib in Gornja Radgona, šča, na katerih je bilo največ skupnih točk tudi glede Ormož and Poštela, if mentioning only the sites that tipoloških značilnosti lončenine. have been more extensively investigated.108 These are S tipo-kronološkimi analizami ornamentov na also the same sites cited in connection with the for- poznobronastodobni lončenini sta se v zadnjih de- mal comparisons. setih letih ukvarjala predvsem eden od avtorjev pri- The two main authors who recently published spevka in J. Dular. Prvi pri obravnavi najdb iz druge- their typo-chronological analyses of the decoration ga žarnega grobišča v Rušah, drugi pa pri obravnavi on the Late Bronze Age pottery are one of the au- najdb iz naselbin Ormož, Ptuj in Gornja Radgona.109 thors of this study and Janez Dular. The former an- Pri tem sta prišla do podobnih zaključkov, in sicer da alysed the finds from the Ruše II urn cemetery, the je večina ornamentov ruški žarnogrobiščni skupini latter the finds from the settlements at Ormož, Ptuj lastnih, da so le redki značilni že za zgodnje faze kul- and Gornja Radgona.109 They came to similar con- ture žarnih grobišč in da so le maloštevilni značilni clusions, observing that most ornaments are limited še za mlajši čas od Ha B3/C0 stopnje.110 Motive, ki to the Ruše Urnfield culture group and only rare sta jih opredelila, lahko v veliki večini primerjamo z ones already appear in either the early phase of the našimi. Tako lahko vidimo, da se predvsem v času Urnfield culture period or the late phase of Ha B3/ žarnogrobiščne ruške skupine v Podravju in Pomur- C0.110 The motifs that feature in their analysis are ju pojavljajo naš motiv O3, ki predstavlja razčlenje- largely comparable to those on the pottery from the no plastično rebro in hrapavo površino v spodnjem Pobrežje settlement. The cordon with impressions delu posode. Enako velja za nalepljena razčlenjena in coupled with a coarse surface in the lower part of gladka plastična rebra ter girlande, predvsem za mo- the vessel (here the motif of O3) mainly appears in tive O4–O5 in O8–O10.111 Sem sodijo tudi pobre- the time of the Ruše Urnfield culture group in the ški vrezani motivi O13–O14, O20, O21, O22, O23 regions of Podravje and Pomurje. The same is true in O18, O28,112 psevdovrvičasti motivi O49–O51, of the applied cordons with or without impressions 107 and of garlands (primarily the motifs of O4–O5 Pahič 1972; isti 1991; Müller-Karpe 1959; Pahič 1957; Črešnar 2006; Pahič V. 1988–1989; Teržan 1990; Toma- and O8–O10),111 as well as of the incised motifs of nič Jevremov 1988–1989; Črešnar 2013; Črešnar, Murko O13–O14, O20, O21, O22, O23 and O18, O28,112 2014; Lubšina Tušek 2014. 108 107 Lamut 1988–1989; Oman 1988–1989; Teržan 1990; Du- Pahič 1972; id. 1991; Müller-Karpe 1959; Pahič 1957; lar, Tomanič Jevremov 2010; Dular 2013. Črešnar 2006; Pahič V. 1988–1989; Teržan 1990; To- 109 Črešnar 2006, 130–142; Dular 2013, 47–58. manič Jevremov 1988–1989; Črešnar 2013; Črešnar, 110 Črešnar 2006, 142; Dular 2013, 57–58, sl. 19–20. Murko 2014; Lubšina Tušek 2014. 111 108 Glej Dular 2013, 48–52, sl. 14: O1–O4, O6. Lamut 1988–1989; Oman 1988–1989; Teržan 1990; Du- 112 Črešnar 2006, 137–318, sl. 33: IIIa–d, VIIIa, Xa, XVIIIa, lar 2013; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010. 109 XXa; Dular 2013, 48–52, sl. 14: O9; prim. tudi sl. 12: Črešnar 2006, 130–142; Dular 2013, 47–58. 110 O23 z Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 163: 5 ; sl. 12: Črešnar 2006, 142; Dular 2013, 57–58, figs. 19–20. 111 O20 z Lamut 1988–1989, T. 11: 12; 18: 24; sl. 12: O21 z See Dular 2013, 48–52, fig. 14: O1–O4, O6. 112 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 11: 4. Črešnar 2006, 137–318, fig. 33: IIIa–d, VIIIa, Xa, XVIIIa, 84 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 84 8. 03. 2021 12:52:40 O53,113 vrezani in vtisnjeni motivi O42, O44114 ter the pseudo-cord motifs of O49–O51, O53,113 the že omenjeni vrezani in vtisnjeni motiv na ramenih incised and impressed motifs of O42, O44114 and amfore Tab. 11: 5, ki ji je tudi glede keramične obli-the incised and impressed motif on the shoulder of ke najti primerjavo v grobišču na Mladinski ulici the amphora on Pl. 11: 5; the latter has a parallel in v Mariboru.115 Tudi motivi O31–O35 so značilni both decoration and form in a find from the ceme- predvsem za ruško žarno grobiščno skupino, kar smo tery at Mladinska ulica.115 The motifs of O31–O35 že pokazali pri obravnavi skled različic S4/3–5. K tej are also mainly characteristic of the Ruše Urnfield skupini motivov spadajo tudi vrezani in vtisnjeni culture group, as has already been demonstrated motivi O36–O38 ter motivi odtisnjenih krožcev in above when discussing the dishes of Variants S4/3–5. polkrožcev O39–O40.116 Preostali motivi na pobre- This group of motifs also includes the incised and ški naselbini so manj značilni oz. se pojavljajo tudi impressed motifs of O36–O38, as well as the motifs že v Ha A času ali v času po ruški žarnogrobiščni of impressed rings and semi-circles of O39–O40.116 skupini. Other motifs are either less characteristic or appear already in Ha A or in the time after the end of the Ruše Urnfield group. POSKUS ČASOVNE OPREDELITVE STAVB ATTEMPT AT DATING BUILDINGS O1, O6, O11, O1, O6, O11, O14 IN O15 TER GROBLJE SE 1106 O14, O15 AND THE HEAP OF STONES SE 1106 S pomočjo tipo-kronološke analize keramičnih po- The ceramic finds recovered in the enumerated sod in njihovega okrasa bomo poskušali kronološko buildings and the heap of stones ( Pls. 1–13) repre-opredeliti stavbe in grobljo SE 1106, iz katerih najd- sent the basis for dating the associated structures by be predstavljamo na tablah ( Tab. 1–13). Pri tem ne using the results of the typo-chronological analysis smemo pozabiti, da večji del gradiva izhaja iz jam za and the analysis of their decoration. We should bear stebre, zato večina najdb pomeni terminus ad quem in mind that most finds originate from postholes ali pa tudi terminus post quem za datacijo gradnje po-and therefore represent a terminus ad quem or pos-sameznih stavb. sibly also terminus post quem for the construction of the buildings. Stavba O1 Building O1 V objektu 1 ( sl. 2: sek. 1–2, 3; 5; Tab. 1–2) so bili Large sherds from Building 1 ( figs. 2: sec. 1, 2, 3; med večjimi odlomki posod zastopani dva lonca, 5; Pls. 1–2) belong to two jars, an amphora and a amfora in skleda. Lonca sestavljena iz fragmenta izvi-dish. The jars from the pottery cluster of SE 153b rajočega iz skupka keramike (SE 153b) ( Tab. 1: 3) in ( Pl. 1: 3) and from the pit of SE 153 under it ( Pl. 1: jame pod njim (SE 153) ( Tab. 1: 8), smo opredelili 8) has been determined as Variant L2/4 ( fig. 8), the kot različico L2/4 ( sl. 8), amforo iz skupka (SE 153c) amphora from the pottery cluster of SE 153c ( Pl. 2: ( Tab. 2: 4) kot različico A2/2 ( sl. 9), skledo iz istega 4) as Variant A2/2 ( Fig. 9), the dish from the same skupka pa kot različico S5/9 ( sl. 10; Tab. 2: 2). Med pottery cluster as Variant S5/9 ( Fig. 10; Pl. 2: 2). njimi je edina najdba, ki je kronološko ožje oprede- The narrowly chronologically diagnostic find is the ljiva, amfora, ki smo ji našli primerjave v grobovih amphora, which has parallels from Graves 111 and 111 in 134 na Pobrežju ter v neohranjenem grobu 134 at Pobrežje and from the Ruše II cemetery.117 na 2. žarnem grobišču v Rušah.117 Objekt O1 lahko This suggests that we may date Building O1 roughly torej okvirno datiramo v Ha B stopnjo. to Ha B. XXa; Dular 2013, 48–52, fig. 14: O9; also cf. fig. 12: O23 with Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 163: 5; fig. 12: O20 with Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 11: 12; 18: 24; fig. 12: O21 with Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 11: 4. 113 113 Črešnar 2006, 137–138, sl. 33: IXa; Dular 2013, 52–53, Črešnar 2006, 137–138, fig. 33: IXa; Dular 2013, 52–53, sl. 15: O22, O24, O25. fig. 15: O22, O24, O25. 114 114 Prim. sl. 12: O44 z Pahič 1972, T. 16: 2; 22: 3; in sl. 12: Cf. fig. 12: O44 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 16: 2; 22: 3; and fig. O42 z Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 9. 12: O42 with Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 9. 115 115 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 6. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 6. 116 116 Glej Dular 2013, 48–52, sl. 14: O15; sl. 15: O20. See Dular 2013, 48–52, figs. 14: O15; 15: O20. 117 117 Prim. sl. 9: A2/2 in T. 2: 4 s Pahič 1972, T. 22: 4; 26: 9; isti Cf. fig. 9: A2/2 and Pl. 2: 4 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 22: 4; 26: 1957, T. 18: 2. 9; id. 1957, Pl. 18: 2. 85 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 85 8. 03. 2021 12:52:40 Groblja SE 1106 Heap of stones SE 1106 Groblja SE 1106 je ležala v neposredni bližini stav- It was located in the immediate vicinity of Building be O1 ( sl. 2: sek. 1). Iz nje je na razpolago več najdb O1 ( fig. 2: sec. 1). It included several finds ( Pls. 3–5) ( Tab. 3–5), ki kažejo, da je groblja tudi nastala v času showing that the heap was also made in Ha B. The Ha B. Med kronološko ožje opredeljivimi najdbami typologically determinable finds include dishes of naj omenimo sklede različic S4/3 in S4/5 ( sl. 10; Tab. Variants S4/3 and S4/5 ( fig. 10; Pl. 5: 15–16), dec-5: 15–16), okrašene z ornamentom O34 oz. O35 ( sl. orated with the motif of O34 or O35 ( fig. 12); these 12). Za njih namreč ugotavljamo, da so značilne za were presumably used in Ha B. Comparable finds are Ha B stopnjo, primerjave pa jim najdemo na primer known from the already mentioned Grave 134 at Po- tudi v zgoraj omenjenem pobreškem grobu 134, v ka- brežje that also contained the amphora similar to the terem je bila odkrita amfora, podobna tisti iz objekta one found in Building O1 ( Pl. 2: 4).118 Other finds O1 ( Tab. 2: 4).118 Preostale posode predstavljajo lonec from the heap include a jar of Variant L2/1 ( fig. 8; Pl. različice L2/1 ( sl. 8; Tab. 4: 1, 3), lonec L5/1 ( sl. 8; 4: 1, 3), a jar of Variant L5/1 ( fig. 8; Pl. 4: 5), a jug of Tab. 4: 5), vrč V1 ( sl. 9; Tab. 4: 4), skleda S4/2 ( sl. 10; Type V1 ( fig. 9; Pl. 4: 4), a dish of Variant S4/2 ( fig. Tab. 5: 7) in skleda S5/6 ( sl. 10; Tab. 5: 12). Za lonce 10; Pl. 5: 7) and a dish of Variant S5/6 ( fig. 10; Pl. 5: tipa L2/1 velja, da so značilni za stopnjo Ha B2/3 in 12). The L2/1 jars are believed to be characteristic of Ha C0.119 Loncu z različice L5/1 smo našli analogiji v Ha B2/3 and Ha C0.119 The L5/1 jar has two parallels, naselbinah na Grajskem griču Ptujskega gradu, v sto- from the settlements at Grajski grič in Ptuj, attributed pnjah Ha B1–C1 in v Ormožu stopnje Ha B.120 to Ha B1–C1, and at Ormož, attributed to Ha B.120 Tudi skledi z izvlečenim izlivom različice S4/2 The spouted dish of Variant S4/2 ( fig. 10; Pl. 5: ( sl. 10; Tab. 5: 7) je najti podobne kose v naselbini 7) has parallels from the settlement at Ormož (Ha v Ormožu (Ha B). Take posode pa srečamo tudi v B), but also from Budapest-Békásmegyer, where such grobišču Budapest-Békásmegyer, kjer so datirane v dishes date to the late phase of the cemetery (Ha mlajšo fazo grobišča (Ha B1–2). Pri tem je pomemb- B1–2). It is also important that some of the spouted no tudi to, da imajo na tem grobišču nekatere take dishes from this Hungarian site bear decoration on sklede z izlivi okras na notranji ali zunanji strani dna the base, either its interior or the exterior, and that in da med njimi najdemo primerjave našemu moti- they include motifs comparable to that of O25 ( fig. vu O25 ( sl. 11) na skledi Tab. 5: 11.121 Plitva skleda 11) on the dish presented on Pl. 5: 11.121 The shal-z uvihanim ustjem in prečno nažlebljenim robom S low dish with an inturned rim and oblique grooves 5/6 ( sl. 10; Tab. 5: 12) pa je značilna predvsem za za-on the rim S 5/6 ( fig. 10; Pl. 5: 12) is mainly char- četek t. i. železnega horizonta v ruški žarnogrobiščni acteristic of the early Iron Horizon of the Ruše Urn- skupini (Ha B3 po Müller-Karpeju).122 Tudi vrč tipa field culture group (Ha B3 after Müller-Karpe).122 V1 ( sl. 9) kaže podobnosti z vrčem v grobu 60 na The Type V1 jug ( fig. 9) shows similarities with the Pobrežju iz stopnje Ha B1 ( Tab. 4: 4)123 in z vrči iz jug from Grave 60 at Pobrežje that is attributed to grobov 5 in 19 na 2. ruškem žarnem grobišču iz Ha Ha B1 ( Pl. 4: 4)123 and with jugs from Graves 5 and B2/3 stopnje.124 Za datacijo groblje SE 1106 pa je 19 at the Ruše II cemetery attributed to Ha B2/3.124 verjetno pomemben tudi motiv na odlomku Tab. 3: Also significant is the motif on the sherd present- 7, saj je videti, da gre za motiv girlande, narejene z ed on Pl. 3: 7, which appears to be a cordon with razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom, ki naj bi bil znači-impressions shaped into a garland and presumably len za Ha B2/3 ter Ha C0.125 characteristic of Ha B2/3 and Ha C0.125 118 Cf. Pl. 5: 15 with Pahič 1972, Pl. 26: 10. 118 119 Prim. T. 5: 15 s Pahič 1972, T. 26: 10. Dular 2013, 32–33, 56, figs. 8: L8; 17: L8. 119 120 Dular 2013, 32–33, 56, sl. 8: L8; 17: L8. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 49: 6; also see Dular 120 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 49: 6; glej tudi Dular 2013, 69–75, Pl. 8: 1. 121 2013, 69–75, T. 8: 1. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81–82, Pl. 31: 8; Kalicz- 121 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81–82, T. 31: 8; Kalicz- Schreiber 2010, 252–253, 298, 341, Type Pl. 7: 6–11; Pls. -Schreiber 2010, 252–253, 298, 341, Typentafel 7: 6–11; 19: 5, 7–8; 53: 5; 109: 3; 128: 7–8; 142: 7–8; 148: 1. 122 T. 19: 5, 7–8; 53: 5; 109: 3; 128: 7–8; 142: 7–8; 148: 1. Pahič 1972, Pl. 3: 7; Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, Pls. 122 Pahič 1972, T. 3: 7; Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, T. 6: 6: 6; 11: 6; 20: 1; 23: 1; Teržan 1990, Pl. 55: 10; Dular 6; 11: 6; 20: 1; 23: 1; Teržan 1990, T. 55: 10; Dular 2013, 2013, fig. 18: La 4. 123 sl. 18: La 4. Pahič 1972, 75, Pl. 13: 1. 123 124 Pahič 1972, 75, T. 13: 1. Črešnar 2006, 144–147, fig. 35; Pl. 2: 1; cf. fig. 9: V1 124 Črešnar 2006, 144–147, sl. 35; T. 2: 1; prim. sl. 9: V1 s with Pahič 1957, Pl. 2: 4; also cf. Pl. 4: 4 with Pahič 1957, Pahič 1957, T. 2: 4; prim. tudi T. 4: 4 s Pahič 1957, T. 9: 1. Pl. 9: 1. 125 125 Glej npr. Lamut 1988–1989, T. 13: 1; Dular 2013, 34, See e.g. Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 13: 1; Dular 2013, 34, 37, 37, 55–56, sl. 9: L16; 17: L8; T. 45: 4; 63: 14. 55–56, figs. 9: L16; 17: L8; Pls. 45: 4; 63: 14. 86 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 86 8. 03. 2021 12:52:40 Stavba O6 Building O6 Iz stavbe O6 ( sl. 2: sek. 6, 3) izvirajo keramične The ceramic finds from this building ( fig. 2: sec. 6, najdbe ( Tab. 6), med katerimi sta kronološko ožje 3; Pl. 6) include chronologically diagnostic sherds opredeljivi skleda različice S4/3 ( sl. 10; Tab. 6: 3) in of a Variant S4/3 dish ( fig. 10; Pl. 6: 3) and of a velika shrambena posoda različice Pi 4/2 ( sl. 10; Tab. Variant Pi 4/2 pithos ( fig. 10; Pl. 6: 6); they in-6: 6), ki kažeta, da lahko objekt okvirno datiramo v dicate a date of Ha B. The S4/3 dishes with the Ha B stopnjo. Sklede S4/3 z okrasom O35 ( sl. 12) decoration of O35 ( fig. 12) are typical of the Ruše so značilne za ruško žarnogrobiščno skupino, kjer se Urnfield culture group where they appear with z enakimi ali podobnimi motivi pojavljajo od Ha B1 such and similar decoration from Ha B1 onwards. dalje. Podobno velja za velike shrambene posode tipa This is also true of the large storage vessels of Type Pi 4/2 ( sl. 10). Primerjave jim namreč najdemo tako Pi 4/2 ( fig. 10), which have parallels from Graves v grobovih 18 in 170 na Pobrežju, ki sta po Pahiču 18 and 170 at Pobrežje that Pahič believes to be predstavnika starejše faze pokopov na grobišču (Ha representative of the early phase of necropolis (Ha B1),126 kot tudi v grobovih 1 in 14 v Ormožu iz časa B1),126 but also in Graves 1 and 14 at Ormož dated Ha B2/3 ter v sočasnih grobovih 1 in 5 na Lepi ravni to Ha B2/3 and the contemporary Graves 1 and 5 pod Poštelo.127 at Lepa ravna.127 Stavba O11 Building O11 Okvirno lahko v Ha B stopnjo datiramo tudi objekt This building ( fig: 2: sec. Z2) can also roughly be O11 ( sl. 2: sek. Z2; Tab. 7). V jami za soho te stavbe attributed to Ha B ( Pl. 7). One of the postholes of je bil namreč odkrit vrč tipa V1 ( sl. 9; Tab. 7: 1), za the building revealed a jug of Type V1( fig. 9; Pl. 7: katerega smo ugotovili, da je značilen za čas Ha B. 1), which is presumably characteristic of Ha B, while V jami, ki je ležala v osrednjem delu objekta, pa je the pit in the central part of the building revealed a bil najden kos keramike, okrašen s psevdovrvičastim sherd decorated with pseudo-cord impressions ( Pl. okrasom ( Tab. 7: 7), ki prav tako sodi med značilne 7: 7) that rank among the typical Ha B decorative načine okraševanja v Ha B stopnji v ruški skupini.128 techniques of the Ruše group.128 Stavba O14 Building O14 Objekt O14 je bil po količini najdenega keramične- It yielded the most numerous finds of all buildings at ga gradiva na pobreški naselbini najbogatejši, saj je the settlement, as many of its postholes had both the bilo veliko soh obloženih in podloženih z debelimi packing and bedding made up of thick layers of ce- sloji keramike ( sl. 2: sek. Z1; 4; Tab. 8–11). Na pod-ramic sherds ( fig. 2: sec. Z1; 4; Pls. 8–11). The most lagi najbolj značilnih posod lahko objekt opredelimo characteristic vessels indicate a date of Ha B2/3. v Ha B2/3 stopnjo. Najdeni so bili pitos tipa Pi4/2, These vessels are a Pi4/2 pithos decorated with plain okrašen z navpičnimi gladkimi rebri ( sl. 7; Tab. 8: 4), ribs ( fig. 7; Pl. 8: 4), two Pi2/3 pithoi ( fig. 6; Pls. 9: pitosa različice Pi2/3 ( sl. 6; Tab. 9: 4; 10: 1), skodela 4; 10: 1), a Sk3 bowl ( fig. 11; Pl. 9: 2), a V1 jug ( fig. tipa Sk3 ( sl. 11; Tab. 9: 2), vrč tipa V1 ( sl. 9; Tab. 11: 9; Pl. 11: 1), an A2/1 amphora ( fig. 9; Pl. 11: 5) with 1), amfora različice A2/1 ( sl. 9; Tab. 11: 5) z okrasom O46 decoration ( fig. 12) and a L5/1 jar ( fig. 8; Pl. O46 ( sl. 12) in lonec različice L5/1 ( sl. 8; Tab. 11: 7). 11: 7). Kot že prikazano, je najbližje analogije pitosom The closest parallels for the Variant Pi2/3 pithoi različice Pi2/3 najti na grobiščih Ha B stopnje, in come from the cemeteries of Ha B date, more pre- sicer na grobišču na Mladinski ulici v Mariboru in cisely from Mladinska ulica and Ruše I.129 The same na 1. žarnem grobišču v Rušah.129 Enako velja za is true of the Type V1 jugs, the Variant A2/1 ampho- vrče tipa V1, za amfore različice A2/1 ter še pose- rae and in particular the decoration on this ampho- bej za okras na amfori, kateremu najdemo enakega ra, which has a close parallel from Mladinska ulica. na amfori iz Mladinske ulice v Mariboru. V isti čas The Variant L5/1 jar falls into the same period, with spada tudi lonec različice L5/1, saj so mu enaki v 126 Cf. fig. 7: Pi4/2 with Pahič 1972, Pl. 5: 1 and with id. 126 Prim. sl. 7: Pi4/2 s Pahič 1972, T. 5: 1 in z isti 1991, 44, sl. 1991, 44, fig. 1. For the dating see Pahič 1972, 15, 75; 1. Za datacijo glej Pahič 1972, 15, 75 in isti 1991, 87. and id. 1991, 87. 127 127 Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, 293, T. 7: 3; 22: 3; Teržan Tomanič Jevremov 1988–1989, 293, Pls. 7: 3; 22: 3; 1990, 60–66, T. 56: 6. Teržan 1990, 60–66, Pl. 56: 6. 128 128 Glej npr. Dular 2013, 52–53, sl. 15: O24. See e.g. Dular 2013, 52–53, fig. 15: O24. 129 129 Ruše, grob 133: Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 113: G; Mladin- Ruše, Grave 133: Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 113: G; Mla- ska ulica: ibid., T. 121: 12. dinska ulica: ibid., Pl. 121: 12. 87 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 87 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 naselbinah na Grajskem griču Ptujskega gradu in v parallels from the settlements at Grajski grič in Ptuj Ormožu.130 and Ormož.130 Za datacijo objekta O14 sta ključni dve posodi. Two vessels are of key importance for the dat- To sta pitos različice Pi4/2, ki je okrašen z navpični- ing of Building O14, namely the pithos of Variant mi gladkimi rebri, in skodela oblike Sk3. Pri pitosu Pi4/2, decorated with plain vertical ribs, and the ( Tab. 8: 4) gre za izrazito mlad element. Kot že zgoraj Type Sk3 bowl. The pithos ( Pl. 8: 4) is a distinctly prikazano, je najti primerljive posode s takim orna-late element. As already stated above, similar vessels mentom v grobovih in naselbinskih kontekstih, ki with such decoration are known from graves and set- jih večina raziskovalcev datira v stopnji Ha B2/3.131 tlement contexts that mostly date to Ha B2/3.131 Na isti čas kažejo tudi primerjave skodel tipa Sk3 The same period is also suggested by the com- ( sl. 11; Tab. 9: 2). Štiri take posode so bile najdene na parisons for the Sk3 bowl ( Pl. 9: 2). Four such vessels pobreškem grobišču,132 enake ali podobne skodele na have been found at the Pobrežje cemetery,132 other grobišču na Mladinski ulici v Mariboru, v naselbini such or similar vessels came to light in the Mladinska v Ormožu in v grobovih 1 in 15 na Lepi ravni ter ulica cemetery, in the settlement at Ormož, as well grobu 5 v Miklavžu.133 as in Graves 1 and 15 at Lepa ravna and Grave 5 at Miklavž.133 Stavba O15 Building O15 Stavbo O15 ( sl. 2: sek. Z1, 15–16, 3B) lahko v Ha Building O15 ( fig. 2: sek. Z1, 15–16, 3B) can only B stopnjo uvrstimo le posredno, saj v jamah za no-indirectly be dated to Ha B, as its postholes revealed silce stavbnega ogrodja te stavbe ni bilo kronološko no chronologically diagnostic finds ( Pl. 13: 1–4). značilnih najdb ( Tab. 13: 1–4). V Ha B stopnjo jo It is dated to Ha B on the basis of the finds from lahko datiramo na podlagi najdb iz grobelj ob za- the heaps of stones excavated along the west side of hodni stranici objekta, ki so bile vzporedne s stav- the building. These include sherds decorated with bo. Med njimi je namreč najti odlomke, okrašene pseudo-cord impressions ( Pl. 13: 10) and incisions s psevdovrvičastim okrasom ( Tab. 13: 10), in z vre-forming the motif of O14 ( fig. 11; Pl. 13: 9) that zi motiva O14 ( sl. 11; Tab. 13: 9), ki je značilen za are characteristic of the Ruše Urnfield culture group. ruško žarnogrobiščno skupino. Dodatno to datacijo The dating is corroborated by the finds from the pit podpirajo najdbe v neposredni bližini stavbe O15, SE 520III in the immediate vicinity of the building, ob njegovi severni stranici in sicer v jami SE 520III. at its north side. These include the sherds of a Type V tej jami so bili namreč med drugim odlomki lonca L3/1 jar ( fig. 8; Pl. 13: 7) that is characteristic of Ha tipa L3/1 ( sl. 8; Tab. 13: 7), ki je značilen za stopnjo B1 and B2/3.134 Ha B1–B2/3.134 ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSION Naselje iz pozne bronaste dobe na Pobrežju je nastalo The Late Bronze Age settlement at Pobrežje formed ob robu visoke druge rečne terase na desnem bregu along the edge of the high second terrace on the reke Drave ( sl. 1). Gre za ostanke neutrjenega nižin-right bank of the River Drava ( fig. 1). It was an un-skega naselja, pri katerem pa je v primerjavi z bolje fortified lowland settlement comprising buildings of raziskanimi tovrstnimi naselbinami na Dravskem differing distribution, ground plan and size, which is polju (Rogoza in Orehova vas) opazno odstopanje contrary to the other and better known settlements pri razporeditvi stavb, njihovih tlorisnih zasnovah on the plain of Dravsko polje (Rogoza and Oreho- in velikostih. Večina hiš je bila namreč dolgih okoli va vas). Most houses at Pobrežje were around 10 m 10 m in usmerjenih v dveh glavnih smereh, SZ–JV 130 Dular 2013, Pl. 8: 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 130 Dular 2013, T. 8: 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 49: 6. 131 49: 6. Dular 2013, 48–49, fig. 14: O6; Dobiat 1980, 66 ff, figs. 131 Dular 2013, 48–49, sl. 14: O6; Dobiat 1980, 66 ss, sl. 8–9; Pls. 4: 1; 41: 1–2; Pahič 1955, Pl. 10: 2; Pare 1998, 8–9, T. 4: 1; 41: 1–2; Pahič 1955, T. 10: 2; Pare 1998, 346, fig. 26: 36. 132 346, sl. 26: 36. Cf. fig. 11: Sk3 with Pahič 1972, Pls. 1: 1; 35: 16, 21; and 132 Prim. sl. 11: Sk3 s Pahič 1972, T. 1: 1; 35: 16, 21 in z isti with Pahič 1991, 30, fig. 2. 133 1991, 30, sl. 2. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 120: 24, 28; Dular, Tomanič 133 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 24, 28; Dular, Tomanič Jevre- Jevremov 2010, Pl. 64: 8; Teržan 1990, Pls. 53: 4; 59: 11; mov 2010, T. 64: 8; Teržan 1990, T. 53: 4; 59: 11; Črešnar Črešnar 2013, 82, Fn. 22, fig. 7: 3; Črešnar, Murko 2014, 2013, 82, op. 22, sl. 7: 3; Črešnar, Murko 2014, sl. 10: 3. fig. 10: 3. 134 134 Glej Dular 2013, 34–35, sl. 9: L13. See Dular 2013, 34–35, fig. 9: L13. 88 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 88 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 in SV–JZ, ob tem pa se pojavljajo tudi stavbe, pri long and oriented in two main directions: NW–SE katerih sta streho podpirali dve vrsti slemenskih ste- and NE–SW. Some had two inner lines of posts that brov ( sl. 2–3), kar smo doslej poznali le iz naselbine supported the roof ( figs. 2–3), which had previously v Ormožu. only been found at Ormož. Datiranje pobreške naselbine doslej temelji na The date of the settlement at Pobrežje is current- keramičnem gradivu ( sl. 6–12). Analize so pokazale, ly based on the ceramic finds ( figs. 6–12). Analyses da je to dobro primerljivo z najdbami na pripadajo-have shown that they are closely comparable with čem grobišču s Pobrežja, kjer se začne pokopavanje the grave goods from the cemetery at Pobrežje, verjetno že v stopnji Ha A2, nato pa predvsem v sto- where burial probably began in Ha A2 and contin- pnjah Ha B1/B2 in se zaključi v stopnji Ha B3, na ued in Ha B1/B2, presumably also in Ha B3, which kar kažejo radiokarbonske analize.135 Nekaj podob- is corroborated by the results of the radiocarbon nosti smo odkrili tudi med gradivom z najdišč Rogo- analyses.135 A few of similarities have been estimated za in Orehova vas, katerih poselitev je izpričana zlasti with the ceramic finds from Rogoza and Orehova v času stopnje Ha A, čeprav so v obeh odkrite nekate- vas, where the settlement was densely populated in re oblike posod in okrasi, ki pa so značilni predvsem Ha A, though both sites revealed several forms and za stopnjo Ha B. Veliko sorodnih oblik najdemo na decorative motifs characteristic of Ha B too. Simi- drugih najdiščih ruške žarnogrobiščne skupine, tako larities have also been observed at other sites of the v naselbinah kot grobiščih, zato o okvirni dataciji na- Ruše Urnfield culture group, in both cemeteries and selbine v Ha B obdobje ne gre dvomiti. settlements, corroborating the dating of the Pobrežje Pred težjo nalogo smo, ko želimo stavbe na Po- settlement to Ha B. brežju natančneje časovno razvrstiti znotraj njenega A much more challenging task is dating individ- obstoja, saj datacije keramičnih najdb niso dovolj ual buildings and defining their chronological span natančne. Pri analizah, kjer smo upoštevali le podat- within the Late Urnfield culture period, because ke iz zaključenih najdiščnih kontekstov, smo posku- most ceramic finds are simply not sufficiently diag- šali natančneje datirati stavbe O1, O6, O11, O14 in nostic. We performed analyses based only on the data O15, pri katerih večina najdb izhaja iz jam za sohe, from closed contexts associated with Buildings O1, ter grobljo SE 1106. Ugotovili smo, da lahko stavbe O6, O11, O14 and O15, where most finds origi-O1, O6, O11 in O15 na podlagi najdb le okvirno nate from postholes, as well as the heap of stones SE datiramo v časovni razpon stopnje Ha B. Morda je 1106. We were able to roughly date Buildings O1, nekoliko mlajša stavba O14, ki je bila postavljena in O6, O11 and O15 to Ha B. Building O14 might be v rabi v zaključni fazi naselbine oz. v mlajši žarnogro- slightly later, constructed and occupied in the final biščni stopnji (Ha B2/3). Podobno datacijo predla- phase of the settlement, i.e. the Late Urnfield culture gamo tudi za grobljo SE 1106. period (Ha B2/3). A similar date is proposed for the Kljub temu da vse raziskave naselbine na Pobrež- heap of stones. ju še niso zaključene in so paleoantropološke, pale- Although the investigation of the settlement at ozoološke in paleobotanične raziskave ter radiokar- Pobrežje is not finished yet, as paleoanthropological, bonsko datiranje nekaterih pomembnih kontekstov paleozoological and paleobotanical analyses as well še v teku, je najdišče že sedaj pokazalo velik potencial as radiocarbon dating of the more important con-za nadaljnje študije mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč in texts is still in process, it has already shown great predvsem njene ruške skupine. potential for further research of the Urnfield period and especially its Ruše cultural group. 135 135 Črešnar et al. 2014, 215–219. Črešnar et al. 2014, 215–219. 89 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 89 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 OPISI NAJDB Tab. 1: 5. Lonec (L2/4) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 1. Velika shrambena posoda – odl. zgornjega dela poso- z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. SE de. Stavba O1, jama za soho SE 150, sek. 2, kv. 51, 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D67. št. risbe D404. 6. Lonec (L1/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 2. Velika shrambena posoda – odl. zgornjega dela poso- z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. SE de. Stavba O1, skupek keramike SE 153b, sek. 2, kv. 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ21. 23, št. risbe AŠ10. 7. Odl. ostenja z ročajem posode, okrašene z razčle- 3. Lonec (L2/4) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene njenim vodoravnim in poševnim plastičnim rebrom z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stav- (O8?). SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ24. ba O1, skupek keramike SE 153b, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. 8. Lonec (L1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z risbe D414. razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom in odti- 4. Fragmentiran držaj posode s čepom za pritrditev. si nohta. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ12. Stavba O1, skupek keramike SE 153b, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. risbe D413. Tab. 4: 5. Odl. spodnjega dela posode. Stavba O1, skupek ke- 1. Lonec (L2/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, ramike SE 153b, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. risbe D412. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D151. 6. Piramidalna utež. Stavba O1, skupek keramike SE 2. Odl. posode z bradavico. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, 153b, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. risbe D2. št. risbe D88. 7. Držaj posode. Stavba O1, jama SE 153, sek. 2, kv. 3. Lonec (L2/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, 23, št. risbe D410. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D28. 8. Lonec (L2/4) – odl. zgornjega dela posode okrašene z 4. Vrč (V1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode s presegajočim razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba ročajem. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ29. O1, jama SE 153, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. risbe D411. 5. Lonec (L5/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. SE Tab. 2: 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ23. 1. Odl. posode, okrašene z razčlenjenim vodoravnim 6. Lonec (L1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z plastičnim rebrom. Stavba O1, jama za soho SE 177, razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom, delno sek. 2, kv. 24, št. risbe D431. prežgan. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ20. 2. Skleda (S5/9) – prežgana (rekonstruirana). Stavba 7. Odl. zgornjega dela pekve, okrašene s poševnimi ka- O1, skupek keramike SE 153c, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. ris- nelurami v nizu. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe be AŠ9. AŠ15. 3. Skleda – odl. zgornjega dela posode. Stavba O1, jama 8. Odl. zgornjega dela pekve, okrašene z odtisi prsta v za soho SE 167, sek. 2, kv. 34, št. risbe D431. nizu. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D203. 4. Amfora (A2/2) – prežgana (delno rekonstruirana, ro- 9. Predilno vretence. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. ris- čaji niso ohranjeni). Stavba O1, skupek keramike SE be AŠ27. 153c, sek. 2, kv. 23, št. risbe AŠ8. 10. Fragmentirana piramidalna utež, prežgana. SE 1106, 5. Velika shrambena posoda – odl. posode z bradavico. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ25. Stavba O1, jama za soho SE 172, sek. 2, kv. 34–35, 11. Piramidalna utež, prežgana. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27– št. risbe D430. 30, št. risbe AŠ5. 12. Svitek. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D131. Tab. 3: 13. Svitek. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D142. 1. Velika shrambena posoda – odl. zgornjega dela po- sode. SE 1106 – zgostitev kamenja in keramike ob Tab. 5: stavbi O1 (odslej SE 1106), sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. ris- 1. Odl. zgornjega dela sklede, okrašene z razčlenjenim be D150. vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 2. Velika shrambena posoda (Pi4) – odlomki posode, 30, št. risbe D5. okrašene z vodoravnimi kanelurami ter snopi navpič- 2. Skleda (S1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, nih in cik-cak kanelur (O18). SE 1106 – zgostitev sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D36. kamenja in keramike ob stavbi O1, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, 3. Odl. ustja z ostenjem sklede ali odl. roba pekve, okra- št. risbe AŠ31. šene z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. 3. Lonec (L2/4) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D57. z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. SE 4. Odl. ustja z ostenjem posode (sklede?), okrašene z od-1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D81. tisi nohta. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D182. 4. Lonec (L2/4) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 5. Odl. ustja z ostenjem posode (sklede?), okrašene z od-z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom in od- tisi nohta. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D103. tisi nohta. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D181. 90 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 90 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 6. Odl. ustja z ostenjem posode (sklede?), okrašene z od-5. Ognjiščna koza – odl. roba, prežgana. Stavba O6, tisi nohta. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D104. jama s shrambeno posodo SE 204, sek. 6, kv. 72–73, 7. Skleda (S4/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, št. risbe AŠ518. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D110. 6. Velika shrambena posoda (Pi4/2) – rekonstruirana. 8. Skleda (S5/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, Stavba O6, jama s shrambeno posodo SE 204, sek. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D117. 6, kv. 72–73, št. risbe D552. 9. Skleda (S4/1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe D118. Tab. 7: 10. Skleda (S5) – odl. zgornjega dela posode. SE 1106, 1. Vrč s presegajočim ročajem (V1) – rekonstruiran. sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ16. Stavba O11, jama za soho SE 1619, sek. Z2, kv. 21, 11. Skleda – odl. okrašenega dna. Na notranji površini št. risbe AŠ242. posode so vrezi, narejeni v poltrdo glino v obliki več- 2. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene krake zvezde, in več včrtanih odprtih trikotnikov s z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba sledovi inkrustacije (O26). SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27– O11, jama za soho SE 1619, sek. Z2, kv. 21, št. risbe 30, št. risbe AŠ11. AŠ243. 12. Skleda (S5/6) – odl. ustja z ostenjem, okrašenega z 3. Lonec, okrašen z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim gostimi rahlo poševnimi kanelurami. SE 1106, sek. rebrom (L1/1) – rekonstruiran. Stavba O11, skupek 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ26. keramike SE 629, sek. Z2, kv. 37, št. risbe AŠ197. 13. Skleda (S5/5) – odl. ustja z ostenjem, okrašenega s 4. Odl. zgornjega dela posode. Stavba O11, jama za prečnimi kanelurami. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. soho SE 1656, sek. Z2, kv. 20, št. risbe AŠ209. risbe AŠ123. 5. Odl. zgornjega dela posode. Stavba O11, jama SE 14. Odl. ostenja posode z dvojno predrtim držajem. SE 633, sek. Z2, kv. 35–36, št. risbe AŠ246. 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ17. 6. Skleda (S4/1) – rekonstruirana. Stavba O11, jama SE 15. Skleda (S4/3) – odl. ustja z ostenjem, okrašenega z 633, sek. Z2, kv. 35–36, št. risbe AŠ247. vodoravnima vrezoma in nizom drobnih vtisnjenih 7. Odl. posode, okrašene s psevdovrvičastim okrasom jamic med njima (O35). Jama SE 1146 (pod SE v dveh vzporednih vodoravnih vrstah. Stavba O11, 1106), sek. 1, kv. 26, 27, št. risbe D322. jama SE 633, sek. Z2, kv. 35–36, št. risbe AŠ244. 16. Skleda (S4/5) – odl. zgornjega dela posode z izvle- 8. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. ustja okrašene posode. Stav- čenim držajem na ustju. Posoda je okrašena s tremi ba O11, jama SE 633, sek. Z2, kv. 35–36, št. risbe vodoravnimi vrezanimi črtami in vodoravnim nizom AŠ245. vtisnjenih jamic med njimi (O34). SE 1106, sek. 1, 9. Keramična kroglica. Stavba O11, jama SE 633, sek. kv. 27–30, št. risbe D192. Z2, kv. 37, št. risbe AŠ148. 17. Odl. posode, na prehodu v rame okrašene z vodo- 10. Predilno vretence. Stavba O11, jama SE 633, sek. ravnim žlebom, pod njim na ramenu pa s poševnimi Z2, kv. 37, št. risbe AŠ146. kanelurami (O11). SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 27–30, št. 11. Predilno vretence – odl. Stavba O11, jama SE 633, risbe D239. sek. Z2, kv. 37, št. risbe AŠ147. 18. Odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene s tremi vodo- 12. Odl. spodnjega dela posode. Stavba O11, jama SE ravnimi žlebovi (O13). SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 31, št. 633, sek. Z2, kv. 35–36, št. risbe AŠ248. risbe D250. 19. Skodela (Sk2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode s prese- Tab. 8: gajočim kolenčastim ročajem. SE 1106, sek. 1, kv. 1. Odl. ustja z vratom posode, prežgan in deformiran. 27–30, št. risbe AŠ6. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ675a. Tab. 6: 2. Skleda z vbočenim dnom, prežgana (S5/7). Stavba 1. Skleda (S5) – odl. zgornjega dela posode z bradavico O14, jama za soho SE 1649, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. ali delom držaja. Stavba O6, jama za soho SE 226, risbe AŠ326. sek. 6, kv. 74, št. risbe AŠ406. 3. Odl. prežganega in deformiranega spodnjega dela 2. Odl. posode, okrašene z vodoravnim nizom vtisnje- posode. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649, sek. Z1, nih jamic, pod njim z visečimi trikotniki iz treh vre- kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ675b. zanih črt, na spodnji strani zamejenih z vtisnjenimi 4. Velika shrambena posoda, okrašena z navpičnimi jamicami (O38). Stavba O6, jama za soho SE 236, gladkimi rebri (Pi4/1, O10) – delno prežgana (re- sek. 6, kv. 71a, št. risbe AŠ240. konstruirana). Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649d, 3. Skleda (S4/3) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ325. vodoravnim trakom, sestavljenim iz dveh parov vrezanih črt in niza vtisnjenih jamic med njima (O35). Stavba Tab. 9: O6, jama za soho SE 225, sek. 6, kv. 74, št. risbe AŠ205. 1. Odl. zgornjega dela posode s trakastim ročajem, 4. Skleda (S1/2) – rekonstruirana. Stavba O6, jama za okrašen z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim re- soho SE 218, sek. 6, kv. 74, št. risbe AŠ204. brom (morda skodela oblike Sk1/1). Stavba O14, 91 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 91 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 jama za soho SE 1649d, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe rebrom. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 621, sek. Z1, AŠ324. kv. 51, št. risbe AŠ190. 2. Skodela (Sk3) – odl. ustja z ostenjem in delom ro- 7. Lonec – odl. povsem prežganega in deformiranega čaja, delno prežgan. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z gladkim vodorav- 1649d, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ325a. nim rebrom (L5/1). Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 3. Skleda z navpično preluknjanim ušescem (S5/8) – re- 621, sek. Z1, kv. 51, št. risbe AŠ630. konstruirana. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649c, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ323. Tab. 12: 4. Velika shrambena posoda z držaji (Pi2/3), okrašena z 1. Lonec – odl. spodnjega dela posode, okrašene z razčle-razčlenjenim, rahlo valovitim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba njenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba O14, O14, pitos SE 1649a, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe AŠ329. jama za soho SE 615, sek. Z1, kv. 51, št. risbe AŠ192. 2. Fragmentiran majhen svitek. Stavba O14, jama za Tab. 10: soho SE 615, sek. Z1, kv. 51, št. risbe AŠ168. 1. Velika shrambena posoda (Pi2/3) – odl. posode, 3. Odl. spodnjega dela posode z vbočenim dnom, verje- okrašene z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim z dr- tno skodelice. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 646, sek. žajem. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 622, sek. Z1, kv. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ188. 50, št. risbe AŠ214. 4. Odl. posode z dvakrat preluknjanim držajem. Stavba 2. Velika shrambena posoda (Pi1/1) – odl. posode, O14, jama za soho SE 646, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe okrašene z odtisi prstov na ustju in z razčlenjenim AŠ189. vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba O14, jama za 5. Odl. spodnjega dela posode. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 622, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ216. soho SE 653, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ186. 3. Pokrov – odl. spodnjega dela. Stavba O14, jama za 6. Predilno vretence – odl. Stavba O14, jama SE 1649f, soho SE 622, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ214a. sek. Z1, kv. 50a, št. risbe AŠ321. 4. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 7. Predilno vretence – odl. Stavba O14, jama SE 1649f, z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stav- sek. Z1, kv. 50a, št. risbe AŠ322. ba O14, jama za soho SE 622, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. 8. Lonec, okrašen z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim risbe AŠ215. rebrom (L1/3) – rekonstruiran. Ob stavbi O14, SE 5. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 606, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ279=AŠ280=D628. z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stav- ba O14, jama za soho SE 622, sek. Z1, kv. 50, št. Tab. 13: risbe AŠ214b. 1. Skleda (S5/1) – delno prežgan odl. zgornjega dela posode. Stavba O15, jama za soho SE 522, sek. 12, Tab. 11: kv. 257b, št. risbe AŠ108. 1. Vrč (V1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, prežgane in 2. Lonec (L1) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene z raz-deformirane. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 622, sek. členjenim vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba O15, Z1, kv. 50, št. risbe AŠ213. jama za soho SE 612, sek. Z1, kv. 53a, št. risbe AŠ184. 2. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 3. Odl. cedila. Stavba O15, jama za soho SE 642, sek. z razčlenjenim, rahlo valovitim plastičnim rebrom. Z1, kv. 53, št. risbe AŠ163. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649a, sek. Z1, kv. 4. Lonec (Pi2/2) – odl. zgornjega dela posode, okrašene 51a, št. risbe AŠ327. s poševnimi odtisi na ustju in z razčlenjenim vodo- 3. Odl. ostenja posode, okrašene z razčlenjenim vodo- ravnim plastičnim rebrom. Stavba O15, jama za soho ravnim plastičnim rebrom, prežgane. Stavba O14, SE 601, sek. Z1, kv. 53, št. risbe AŠ183. jama za soho SE 1649a, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. risbe 5. Skodelica – odl. zgornjega dela s presegajočim roča- AŠ328. jem. Stavba O15, jama za soho SE 628, sek. Z1, kv. 4. Odl. prežganega hišnega ometa z odtisi vej in luknjo. 53, št. risbe AŠ185. Stavba O14, jama za soho SE 1649a, sek. Z1, kv. 6. Ognjiščna koza – odl. Stavba O15, jama za soho SE 51a, št. risbe D676. 523, sek. 12, kv. 257b, št. risbe AŠ107. 5. Amfora s stožčastim vratom (A2/1) – prežgani odl. 7. Lonec (L3/1) – odl. zgornjega dela z ročajem. Jama okrašene posode s trakastima ročajema. Na notranji ob stavbi O15, SE 520III, sek. 12, kv. 227b, št. risbe strani ustja sta niz vtisnjenih jamic in vrezana cik-cak AŠ109. črta, ramena pa krasijo vodoraven trak, sestavljen iz 8. Skleda (S1/1) – odl. ustja z okrašenim ostenjem. dveh cik-cak vrezanih črt, dveh ravnih vrezanih črt, Jama ob stavbi O15, SE 520III, sek. 12, kv. 227b, št. med katerima poteka niz drobnih vtisnjenih jamic, risbe AŠ112. bradavica in snopi navpičnih vrezov z vtisi drobnih 9. Odl. posode, okrašene z vrezanim ornamentom jamic po sredini (O46). Stavba O14, jama za soho (O14). Groblja ob stavbi O15, SE 604, sek. Z1, kv. SE 607 in jama za soho SE 615, sek. Z1, kv. 51a, št. 53, št. risbe AŠ157. risbe AŠ191=AŠ218. 10. Odl. posode, okrašene s psevdovrvičastim ornamen- 6. Lonec (L2/2) – odl. posode, okrašene z odtisi prstov tom in vtisnjenimi jamicami (O48). Groblja ob stavna ustju in z razčlenjenim vodoravnim plastičnim bi O15, SE 604, sek. Z1, kv. 53, št. risbe AŠ159. 92 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 92 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Črešnar M. 2006 Dular J. 1982 Novi žarni grobovi iz Ruš in pogrebni običaji v ruški žarnogro-Halštatska keramika v Sloveniji, Prispevek k proučevanju halštat-biščni skupini / Die neuen Urnengräber aus Ruše und das ske grobne keramike in lončarstva na Dolenjskem. – Dela Opera Bestattungsritual in der Ruše-Gruppe der Urnenfelderkultur. 23, Ljubljana. – Arheološki vestnik 57, 97–162. Dular J. 2008 Črešnar M. 2007a Prazgodovinske lesne gradbene tehnike in njihova terminologi-Načini lesenih gradenj v času bronaste in starejše železne dobe ja / Prehistoric Building Techniques and their Terminology. – na Slovenskem. – Arheo 24, 39–68. Annales, Series historia et sociologia 18, 337–348. Črešnar M. 2007b Dular J. 2013 Wooden house construction types in Bronze Age and Early Iron Severovzhodna Slovenija v pozni bronasti dobi / Nordostslowenien Age Slovenia. – V/In: M. Blečić, M. Črešnar, B. Hänsel, A. Hell-in der späten Bronzezeit. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Slove-muth, E. Kaiser, C. Metzner-Nebelsick (ur./eds.), Scripta prae-niae 27, Ljubljana. historica in honorem Biba Teržan, Situla 44, Ljubljana, 321–339. Dular J., Tomanič Jevremov M. 2010 Črešnar M. 2010 Ormož. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 18, Ljubljana. Nova spoznanja o pozni bronasti dobi Slovenije na primeru naselja Rogoza pri Mariboru / New research on the Urnfield Dular J., Šavel I., Tecco Hvala S. 2002 period of Eastern Slovenia. A case study of Rogoza near Mari-Bronastodobno naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakošu / Bronzezeitli-bor. – Arheološki vestnik 61, 7–120. che Siedlung Oloris bei Dolnji Lakoš. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 5, Ljubljana. Črešnar M., Thomas J. L. 2013 New data on cremation burials from North-Eastern Slovenia. – Dušek M. 1957 V/In: M. Lochner, F. Ruppenstein (ur./eds.), Brandbestattungen Halštatská kultúra chotínskej skupiny na Slovensku. – Sloven-von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 ská Archeológia 5/1, 73–173. v. Chr., Akten des Internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.–12. Februar Eibner C. 1974 2010, Mitteilungen der Prahistorischen Kommission 77 = Verof-Das späturnenfelderzeitliche Gräberfeld von St. Andrä v. d. HGT. fentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommission 32, Wien, 79–98. P. B. Tulln, NÖ. Aussagewert und Aussagegrenzen von Brandbestattungen für eine historische Interpretation. – Archaeologia Črešnar M., Murko M. 2014 Austriaca, Beiheft 12, Wien. Miklavž na Dravskem polju. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. 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Črešnar (ur./eds.), Abso-Pobrežje pri Mariboru. V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds.), lutno datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Absolutno datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Ab-Dating of Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in mono-solute Dating of Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in grafije 40, Ljubljana, 249–273. monografije 40, Ljubljana, 215–224. Grahek L. 2015 Djura Jelenko, S. 2002 Orehova vas. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 46, Ljub-8. Poglavje: sektorji XXI, XXII, XXIII, XX (del), XXXIII, ljana. XXXIV, XXXV, XLI, XLII in XLIII. – V/In: A. Velušček (ur./ ed.), Pobrežje Ia in Ib, 2000 in 2001. – Neobjavljeno poročilo o Kalicz-Schreiber R. 2010 zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanjih / Unpublished report on ar-Ein Gräberfeld der Spätbronzezeit von Budapest-Békásmegyer. – chaeological excavations, ZVKDS, OE Maribor, 176–189. Budimpešta. Djurić B. 1998 Koprivnik V. 2006 Poročilo o arheološkem intrasite pregledu in sondiranju arhe-Pobrežje 2005–2006. – Neobjavljeno poročilo o arheoloških ološkega najdišča Pobrežje. – Neobjavljeno poročilo AC SK 03 izkopavanjih / Unpublished report on archaeological excava-Miklavž-Pesnica / Unpublished report AC SK 03 Miklavž-Pesni-tions, ZVKDS, OE Maribor. ca, Skupina za arheologijo na avtocestah Slovenije, Ljubljana. Lamut B. 1988–1989 Dobiat C. 1980 Kronološka slika prazgodovinske naselbine v Ormožu / ChroDas hallstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Kleinklein und seine Kera-nologische Skizze der vorgeschichtlichen Siedlung in Ormož. mik. – Schild von Steier, Beiheft 1, Graz. – Arheološki vestnik 39–40, 235–276. 93 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 93 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 Lamut B. 2001 Strmčnik Gulič M. 2003 Ormož - The chronological structure of the Late Bronze and Pobrežje pri Mariboru. – V/In: B. Djurič, D. Prešeren (ur./eds), Early Iron Age settlement / Ormož - die chronologische Glied-Zemlja pod vašimi nogami: arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije: erung der spätbronze- und früheisenzeitliche Besiedlung). – V/ vodnik po najdiščih, Ljubljana, 206–207. In: A. Lippert (ur./ed.), Die Drau-, Mur- und Raab-Region im 1.vorchristlichen Jahrtausend, Akten des Internationalen und Rice P. M. 1987 Interdisziplinären Symposiums vom 26. bis 29. April 2000 in Pottery analysis. A source book. – Chicago, London. Bad Radkersburg, Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 78. Bonn, 207–242. Smolnik R. 1994 Der Burgstallkogel bei Kleinklein II. Die Keramik der vorge-Metzner-Nebelsick C. 1996 schichtlichen Siedlung. – Veröffentlichungen des Vorgeschicht-Die Urnenfelder- und Hallstattzeit in Südostpannonien. – V/ lichen Seminars Marburg, Sonderband 9. In: E. Jerem, A. Lippert (ur/eds.), Die Osthallstattkultur, Akten des Internationalen Symposiums, Sopron, 10.–14. Mai 1994, Ar-Strmčnik Gulič M. 2004 chaeolingua 7, Budapest, 283–314. Spodnje Hoče. – V/In: B. Djurić, D. Prešeren (ur./eds.), Zemlja pod vašimi nogami: arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije: vodnik po Metzner-Nebelsick C. 2002 najdiščih, Ljubljana, 242–243. Der „Thrako-Kimmerische“ Formenkreis aus der Sicht der Urnenfelder- und Hallstattzeit im südöstlichen Pannonien. – Vorge-Strmčnik Gulič M. 2006 schichtliche Forschungen 23, Rahden. Poročilo o arheoloških raziskavah na trasi avtoceste Slivnica - Pesnica, na odseku priključka Ptujska - priključek Zrkovska. – Müller-Karpe H. 1959 Neobjavljeno poročilo / Unpublished report, ZVKDS, OE Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnfelderzeit nördlich und südlich Maribor. der Alpen. – Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 22, Berlin. Teržan B. 1990 Nebelsick L. 1996 Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron Herd im Grab? Zur Deutung der Kalenderberg-verzierten Ware Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. am Nordostalpenrand. – V/In: E. Jerem, A. Lippert (ur/eds.), Die Osthallstattkultur, Akten des Internationalen Symposiums, SoTeržan B. 1999 pron, 10.–14. Mai 1994, Archaeolingua 7, Budapest, 327–364. An Outline of the Urnfield Culture Period in Slovenia / Oris obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč na Slovenskem. – Arheološki Oman D. 1981 vestnik 50, 97–143. Brinjeva gora 1953 (Obdelava prazgodovinske keramike). – Arheološki vestnik 32, 144–153. Teržan 2008 Stiške skice. – V/In: S. Gabrovec, B. Teržan, Stična II/2, Gomile Pahič S. 1957 starejše železne dobe, Razprave / Grabhügel aus der Älteren Eisen-Drugo žarno grobišče v Rušah. – Razprave SAZU 4/3, Ljubljana. zeit, Studien. – Katalogi in monografije 38, (2010), Ljubljana, 189–325. Pahič S. 1966 Keltske najdbe v Podravju. Maribor. – Arheološki vestnik 17, Teržan B., Črešnar M. 2014 271–336. Poskus absolutnega datiranja starejše železne dobe na Slovenskem. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds.), Absolutno dati-Pahič S. 1972 ranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Dating of Pobrežje. – Katalogi in monografije 6, Ljubljana. Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in monografije 40, Ljubljana, 703–724. Pahič S. 1975 Maribor. – V/In: Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, Ljubljana, 304–307. Tomanič-Jevremov M. 1988 – 1989 Žarno grobišče v Ormožu. – Arheološki vestnik 39–40, 277 – Pahič S. 1991 304. Moji poslednji pobreški grobovi. – Doneski k pradavnini Podravja 6, Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, Maribor. Tomanič-Jevremov M. 2001 The „Urbanization“ of Ormož and the cemeteries / Die „Urba-Pahič V. 1987 nisierung“ von Ormož und die Gräberfelder. – V/In: A. Lippert Die urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräberfelder von Brinjeva gora und (ur./ed.), Die Drau-, Mur- und Raab-Region im 1.vorchristlichen Mari bor - Pobrežje, Katalog und Tafeln. – Neobjavljen tipkopis Jahrtausend, Akten des Internationalken und Interdisziplinären / Unpublished typescript, Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, Maribor. Symposiums vom 26. bis 29. April 2000 in Bad Radkersburg, Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 78, Pahič V. 1988–1989 Bonn, 191–205. Žarno grobišče na Brinjevi gori / Das urnenfelderzeitliche Gra-berfeld von Brinjeva gora. – Arheološki vestnik 39–40, 181–215. Velušček A. 1996 Kostel, prazgodovinska naselbina / Kostel, prähistorische Sied-Pare C. 1998 lung. – Arheološki vestnik 47, 55–134. Beiträge zum Übergang von der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit in Mitteleuropa. – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuse-Velušček A. 2002 ums Mainz 45, 293–435. Pobrežje Ia in Ib, 2000 in 2001. Poročilo o zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanjih. – Neobjavljeno poročilo / Unpublished report, Patek E. 1968 ZVKDS, OE Maribor . Die Urnenfelderkultur in Transdanubien. – Archaeologia Hungarica, S.N. 44, Budapest. 94 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 94 8. 03. 2021 12:52:41 Tabla 1. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O1. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 1. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from Building O1. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 95 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 95 8. 03. 2021 12:52:43 Tabla 2. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O1. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 2. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from Building O1. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 96 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 96 8. 03. 2021 12:52:44 Tabla 3. Pobrežje M 1:4 2 v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O1 (1–2) in groblje SE 1106 ob njej (3–8). M = 1:3 (1, 3–8), 1:4 (2). Vse keramika. Plate 3. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from Building O1 (1–2) and the heap of stones SE 1106 besides it (3–8). Scale = 1:3 (1, 3–8), 1: 4 (2). All ceramic. 97 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 97 8. 03. 2021 12:52:47 Tabla 4. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz groblje SE 1106 ob stavbi O1. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 4. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the heap of stones SE 1106 besides Building O1 (3–8). Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 98 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 98 8. 03. 2021 12:52:50 Tabla 5. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz groblje SE 1106 ob stavbi O1. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 5. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the heap of stones SE 1106 besides Building O1. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 99 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 99 8. 03. 2021 12:52:52 Tabla 6. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O6. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 6. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O6. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 100 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 100 8. 03. 2021 12:52:54 Tabla 7. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O11. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 7. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O11. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 101 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 101 8. 03. 2021 12:52:58 Tabla 8. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor M 1:4 4 najdb iz stavbe O14. M = 1:3 (1–3), 1:4 (4). Vse keramika. Plate 8. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O14. Scale = 1:3 (1–3), 1:4 (4). All ceramic. 102 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 102 8. 03. 2021 12:53:00 Tabla 9. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O14. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 9. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O14. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 103 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 103 8. 03. 2021 12:53:02 Tabla 10. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O14. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 10. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O14. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 104 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 104 8. 03. 2021 12:53:04 Tabla 11. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O14. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 11. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O14. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 105 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 105 8. 03. 2021 12:53:06 Tabla 12. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O14. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 12. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O14. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 106 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 106 8. 03. 2021 12:53:08 Tabla 13. Pobrežje v Mariboru. Izbor najdb iz stavbe O15 (1–6) ter iz jame SE 520III (7–8) in groblje SE 604 (9– 10) ob njej. M = 1:3. Vse keramika. Plate 13. Pobrežje in Maribor. Select of finds from the Building O15 (1–6) as well as from the pit SE 520III (7–8) and the haep of stones SE 604 (9–10) besides it. Scale = 1:3. All ceramic. 107 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 107 8. 03. 2021 12:53:10 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 108 8. 03. 2021 12:53:10 HOTINJA VAS – NASELBINA HOTINJA VAS – STAREJŠE ŽELEZNE DOBE A SETTLEMENT OF THE NA DRAVSKEM POLJU EARLY IRON AGE ON THE PLAIN OF DRAVSKO POLJE Teja Gerbec Teja Gerbec Hotinja vas se leži na severozahodnem robu Drav- Hotinja vas is a village located on the southwest of skega polja, pod obronki Pohorja. Pred raziskavami, the plain of Dravsko polje, at the foot of the Pohor- ki so potekale v okviru izgradnje slovenske avtoce- je Hills. The first written record of the village dates ste, ni bila znana kot arheološko najdišče. V pisnih to 1096.1 The military maps from the 18th centu- virih je vas omenjena leta 1096.1 Glede na vojaške ry and Franciscean cadastre from 19th century show zemljevide iz 18. stol. in franciscejski kataster iz 19. fields on this spot; the field orientation remained stol. so bile na tem mestu njivske površine; potek unchanged until the construction of the motorway- njiv je bil pred izgradnjo avtoceste še enak.2 Na no- cross in Slovenia.2 It is this, or rather the investiga- vejši temeljni topografski karti je južno od ribnikov tions conducted in advance of the construction work pomenljiv toponim Gomila, kjer se v izohipsah in in the recent decade that brought to light the first na lidar posnetku kaže rahlo dvignjen del.3 Stanko archaeological remains in the area. In addition, the Pahič, ki je na tem območju opravljal topografske recently drawn basic topographic map shows an in- oglede in bil pri svojem delu temeljit, ni zabeležil teresting toponym of Gomila (translated as barrow) arheoloških ostalin. Prav Pahič pa je že nakazal, da so south of the fish ponds that appears as slightly raised lahko v železni dobi naselja stala tudi nižje ob vznož- ground on the lidar image.3 Stanko Pahič, who was ju Pohorja.4 known for his keen eye, conducted topographic sur- Ostaline naselja iz starejše železne dobe so bile veys here and recorded no archaeological remains or odkrite leta 2006 na ledini Spodnji Gojaji tik ob Ho- features in this area. We should also mention that it tinji vasi, na odseku trase avtoceste Slivnica–Dražen- was he who first suggested that settlements in the ci, kjer so bila leta 2007 izvedena zaščitna arheološka Iron Age could also have stood on lower area below izkopavanja.5 Predstavitev najdišča in rezultati radi- the Pohorje Hills.4 okarbonskih datiranj so bili objavljeni leta 2014.6 The remains of just such a settlement from the Terenski izvid s katalogom najdb in njihovo osnov- Early Iron Age were detected at Hotinja vas in 2006, no opredelitvijo ter rezultati naravoslovnih analiz so on a site known as Spodnji Gojaji in close proximity izšli v zbirki Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije leta to the village. This was the site of a later motorway 2015.7 Natančnejša obravnava je sledila v doktorski section leading from Slivnica to Draženci, where res- nalogi z naslovom Nižinska poselitev severovzhodne cue archaeological excavations ensued in 2007.5 Pre- Slovenije v starejši železni dobi: primer Hotinja vas.8 liminary results of the excavations together with the results of the radiocarbon analyses were published in 2014.6 The field report and the catalogue of finds con- 1 taining a rudimentary definition of the finds followed Blaznik 1986, 286–287; prim. Mlinarič 1976, 69. 2 Franciscejski kataster, elektronski vir: http://arsq.gov.si/ 1 Query/detail.aspx?ID=209769 in http://arsq.gov.si/Query/ Blaznik 1986, 286–287; cf. Mlinarič 1976, 69. 2 detail.aspx?ID=209770; vojaški zemljevidi, elektronski vir: Franciscean cadastre, electronic source: http://arsq.gov. http://mapire.eu/en/. si/Query/detail.aspx?ID=209769 and http://arsq.gov.si/ 3 V izohipsah in na lidar posnetku je rahlo dvignjen del Query/detail.aspx?ID=209770; military maps, electronic (TTN 5000 (© Geodetska uprava RS; http://gis.arso.gov. source: http://mapire.eu/en/. 3 si/evode/profile.aspx?id=atlas_voda_Lidar@Arso), na av- The contour lines and the lidar image show slightly raised stro-ogrskem vojaškem zemljevidu iz let 1806–1869 je na ground (TTN 5000 (© Geodetska uprava RS; http:// tistem mestu grafični znak, ki nam ga ni uspelo opredeliti, gis.arso.gov.si/evode/profile.aspx?id=atlas_voda_Lidar@ na zemljevidu iz let 1869–1887 pa je zabeleženo »Camilla« Arso), the Austro-Hungarian military map from 1806– (http://mapire.eu/en/). 1869 shows a mark on that spot that we were unable to 4 Pahič 1986, 20. understand, while the 1869–1887 map bears an inscrip- 5 Djurić 2006; Djurić et al. 2006; Ravnik 2007; Strmčnik tion ‘Camilla’ (http://mapire.eu/en/). 4 Gulič et al. 2008. Pahič 1986, 20. 6 5 Gerbec 2014a, 275–286. Djurić 2006; Djurić et al. 2006; Ravnik 2007; Strmčnik 7 Gerbec 2015. Gulič et al. 2008. 8 6 Gerbec 2014b; ista 2019. Gerbec 2014a, 275–286. 109 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 109 8. 03. 2021 12:53:10 Slika 1. Tloris naselja Hotinja vas iz starejše železne dobe: a – celoten obseg (zgoraj), b – severozahodni del (v sredini) in c – jugovzhodni del (spodaj). Figure 1. Ground plan of the Early Iron Age settlement at Hotinja vas: a – whole extend (top), b – north-western part (middle) and c – south-eastern part (bottom). in 2015.7 A more detailed analysis of the site was given in the unpublished doctoral thesis on the lowland settlement in north-east Slovenia in the Early Iron Age.8 OPIS NAJDIŠČA DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE Naselje je bilo raziskano na površini velikosti 50 × Excavations unearthed a roughly 50 × 300 m large 300 m ( sl. 1). Hodna površina je bila z modernim area of the settlement ( fig. 1). Modern land use de-oranjem uničena, ohranili so se le najgloblje vkopani stroyed the Iron Age ground level and only the fea- elementi t. i. (pol)zemljank in pripadajočih uporab- tures dug deeper into the ground survived, belonging nih jam. Ornica je bila izkopana strojno. Na globini to (semi-)sunken-featured buildings and associated 0,20–0,35 m sta bili plasti proda in peščenega melja.9 pits. The topsoil was removed by machine to reveal Ob najdbah iz starejše železne dobe je bilo zanemar- two respective layers of gravel and sandy silt at the ljivo malo najdb iz mlajše železne dobe in mlajših depth of 0.20–0.35 m.9 With the ancient ground sur- arheoloških obdobij,10 ki so verjetno v starejše pla- face destroyed, the small finds were unearthed in the sti prišle z oranjem. Obseg naselja z izkopavanji ni fills of the various cut features. The great majority of bil ugotovljen. Če se je naselje raztezalo na vzhodno 7 oz. južno stran, kjer sta danes z vodo zaliti gramozni Gerbec 2015. 8 Gerbec 2014b; ead. 2019. 9 9 Najdb iz teh plasti je zelo malo (Gerbec 2015, G433–436). These layers yielded very few finds (Gerbec 2014b, G435– 10 Gerbec 2015, G67, G350. 436). 110 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 110 8. 03. 2021 12:53:10 jami, je na tem delu uničeno. Nekaj podatkov o ob-the recovered finds date to the Early Iron Age and segu najdišča nam dajo le arheološki pregledi, saj je only a negligible number to the Late Iron Age and bila severno po trasi avtoceste prazgodovinska kera- later periods,10 which presumably travelled down the mika odkrita do 360 m oddaljena od roba izkopnega stratigraphy to earlier layers through ploughing. The polja.11 Le 750 m je bilo oddaljeno že naslednje arhe- complete extent of the settlement could not be estab- ološko najdišče, Orehova vas – Dolge njive.12 V južni lished. If it continued towards the east and south, it smeri trase je bilo 150 m proč, na lokaciji »Hotinja was probably destroyed by the excavation of two grav- agrarna«, opravljeno izkopavanje na površini 48 × 50 el pits now filled with water. Some information as to m z najdbami iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne the extent can be glimpsed from the results of the ar- dobe ter rimskega obdobja.13 chaeological surveys conducted in advance of the mo- Naselje Hotinja vas se kaže z dvema raziskanima torway construction, which revealed prehistoric pot- gručama objektov, eno na severnem, drugo na juž- tery only up to 360 m from the northern edge of the nem delu, ki sta narazen približno 150 m ( sl. 1). Ne-excavation area.11 Another archaeological site, of Ore- koliko oddaljene zemljanke ter arheološke raziskave hova vas – Dolge njive, was discovered only 750 m na predelu, poimenovanem »Hotinja agrarna«, naka- away.12 Excavations also took place at the site known zujejo, da je bilo morda takšnih gručastih zaselkov še as “Hotinja agrarna”, some 150 m further south along več. Obrambni elementi ali ograde (npr. palisada) na the planed motorway. The 48 × 50 m large excavat- najdišču Hotinja vas niso bili odkriti. ed area yielded finds from the Late Bronze and Early Naselbinske ostaline na najdišču Hotinja vas Iron Ages, as well as the Roman period.13 delimo na zemljanke (14), okrogle jame, ki so večje Excavations at Hotinja vas revealed two clusters of (19) in manjše (37), podolgovate ovalne jame (12), buildings lying some 150 m apart, one on the N and jarke (8), kurišča (4) ter območja zgostitve keramike the other on the S part of the site ( fig. 1). The distance in kamenja (4) ( sl. 1). between the clusters and the results of the archaeologi- cal excavation at location “Hotinjska agrarna” indicate that other such clusters of houses may have existed in this area. The site of Hotinja vas revealed no defensive or boundary elements (such as a palisade). The habitation features at the site comprise sunken-houses or SHs (14), round pits that are ei- ther large (19) or small (37), elongated oval pits (12), ditches (8), fireplaces (4) and concentrations of pottery and stones (4) ( fig. 1). Jame kvadratnega tlorisa / zemljanke Square pits / sunken-houses Jame kvadratnega tlorisa z zaobljenimi vogali in The pits of a square ground plan with rounded cor- površino med dobrimi 4,5 in 18 m2 ter ohranjeno ners, each covering a 4.5–18 m2 large surface meas- globino 0,36–0,80 m predstavljajo podzemne dele uring 0.36–0.80 m in depth, represent the surviving zemljank ( sl. 2). Tri zemljanke so bile v severni gru-underground parts of sunken-houses ( fig. 2). Three či, 10 jih je bilo v južni, ena je bila oddaljena pri-of them were excavated in the N cluster, ten in the bližno 20 m. V preseku jih je bilo največ oglatih S cluster and one some 20 m away from all of them. s strmimi ali delno položnimi stenami in z ostrim Most of the pits were angular in cross section, with prehodom v ravno dno, pet jam je imelo nepravi- vertical or very steep walls and with a sharp tran- len presek, dve sta bili na dnu poglobljeni. Večina sition to the flat floor. Five pits were irregular in je bila enako usmerjenih, z vzporednima robovoma cross section and two had a depression in the floor. v smeri SV–JZ oz. SZ–JV. Jame so bile zapolnjene Most shared a NE–SW or NW–SE orientation. The z več plastmi. Največ najdb izvira iz zgornje plasti, fills of the pits consisted of several layers, with the prevladujejo odlomki keramike, kosi ometa so bili upper layer yielding the greatest number of small redki, posamezne najdbe pa predstavljajo bronasta finds. The predominant finds are pottery, while the fibula, 2 železna noža, žlindra, košček stekla, več je remaining artefacts comprise rare pieces of daub, a bilo kamnov s sledovi rabe. 10 Gerbec 2015, G67, G350. 11 11 Djurić 2015, 9, sl. 8. Djurić 2015, 9, fig. 8. 12 12 Grahek 2015; glej tu Grahek. Grahek 2015; see here Grahek. 13 13 Kovač, Predan 2007, 6–8. Kovač, Predan 2007, 6–8. 111 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 111 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 Slika 2. Hotinja zemljanka / mere / globina / površina / bronze fibula, two iron knives, slag, a piece of glass vas. Tabela velikosti sunken house dimensions depth surface area and several stones with usewear traces. zemljank. (m) (m) (m2) Figure 2. The surviving remains of buildings partially re- Hotinja 1 4,3 × 4,2 0,57 18,06 vas. Size of the veal the layout of the interior and offer an insight sunken-houses. 2 3,12 × 2,64 0,51 8,24 into the superstructure. The floor in SH 7 was made 3 3,33 × 3 0,74 9,99 of beaten gravel, while the layer of predominant- 4 2,2 × 2,15 0,8 4,73 ly dark brown silt with very few finds excavated at 5 3,05 × 2,77 0,54 8,45 6 2,47 × 1,9 0,51 4,69 the bottom of SHs 1, 4, 5 and 11suggest that these 7 2,92 × 2,34 0,44 6,83 buildings had a wooden floor.14 SH 1 revealed patch- 8 2,24 × 2,17 0,62 4,86 es of even darker earth on the bottom, possibly the 9 3,06 × 2,8 0,71 8,57 remains of wooden boards, and parallel to these 10 2,77 × 2,43 0,48 6,73 along the NE wall a layer of a different silty sand 11 2,95 × 2,84 0,59 8,38 covered with a layer of burnt clay and an impression 12 2,35 × 2,16 0,36 5,08 of a wooden beam. These may represent the remains 13 4,14 × 3,5 0,77 14,49 of the entrance, of a stairway or some other feature 14 4,51 × 4,01 0,75 18,09 of the building.15 Visible on the bottom of the pit of SH 4 was a line that may indicate the edge of the Slika 3. Hotinja vas. floor boards. A layer of silt was also found in SH Zemljanka 11 z jamo 11, in a strip running along the edge of the pit. The za stojko na dnu (A); silt may represent the remains of a post that fell on zemljanka 2 ter večja jama 6, v ozadju the ground and decayed. Single postholes were doc- zemljanka 1 z večjo umented in or at SHs 4, 7 and 11 ( fig. 3A), possibly jamo 5 (B). also in the S corner of SH 5, which revealed a 25 × Figure 3. Hotinja vas. SH 11 with 25 cm large patch of charcoal, as well as in the NW a posthole on the part of SH 12 that also revealed a charcoal patch. bottom (A); SH 2 The postholes in the sunken-houses and in the large with large Pit 6, SH 1 Pit 15 did not exceed 30 cm in diameter; only the with large Pit 5 (B) in the background. two postholes found in SHs 7 and 11, respectively, are believed to have survived in their original depths, i.e. 24 and 34 cm, while all other postholes measured 9–21 cm in surviving depth. The difference between these depths may indicate the thickness of the de- stroyed layer and the altitude of the original ground surface. Other pits and postholes were located just out- side the sunken-houses. A rather large Pit 5 was sub- sequently dug near the corner of SH 1; the pit was irregular in plan and cross section and contained sherds of different ceramic vessels (pithoi, dishes with an inturned rim and others), burnt daub and Ohranjene ostaline le deloma nakazujejo ureje- a fragment of a modern-period pot. The soil in the nost notranjosti stavb in omogočajo predstavo o nji- pit was not uniform and differed from that in the hovi nadgradnji. V zemljanki 7 je bil tlak iz zbitega interior of the building; the lower part contained proda, lesen pod pa domnevamo v zemljankah 1, 4, more loam and burnt clay daub. A modern-period 5 in 11, saj je bila na tleh jam plast iz večinsko te- sherd was found in the pit that may, unless it came mno rjavega melja z zelo malo najdbami.14 Na dnu ze- into the pit through ploughing, provide a date for mljanke 1 so bile še temnejše lise, morda sledovi desk, the pit, though it is also possible that the pit actu- vzporedno z njimi sta bila ob SV steni na dnu drugač- ally represents an extension of the pit for SH 1, as na plast meljastega peska, prekrita s plastjo prežgane 14 An example of an SH with the floor of wooden boards has gline, in odtis lesenega tramu. Lahko bi šlo za ostaline been found, for example, in the settlement at Göttlesbrunn in Lower Austria (Griebl 2004, 110: House 4). 14 15 Primer zemljanke s podom iz lesenih desk je znan npr. Cf. Lauermann1996a, figs. 2–6; Sabján 1999, 153, 170, iz naselbine Göttlesbrunn na Spodnjeavstrijskem (Griebl 175, fig. 2; 27; 35 (reconstructions of medieval SHs); 2004, 110: Objekt 4). Felgenhauer 1956, fig. 13 (Asparn a. d. Zaya). 112 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 112 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 vhodnega dela, stopnic ali katerega drugega stavbnega Slika 4. Hotinja vas. elementa.15 V zemljanki 4 je bil na dnu jame viden Pogled na ognjišče v zemljanki 6 (A); rob, do katerega so segale deske poda. V zemljanki 11 zemljanka 14 z je bila nad jamo za stojko odkrita podobna plast me- dvema ognjiščema lja v pasu ob robu jame. Lahko da so bile to ostaline v razširitvah, eno je podporne stojke, ki se je prevrnila in sprhnela. Po ena še vidno v vzhodni razširitvi (B). jama za stojko je bila v oz. ob zemljankah 4, 7 in 11 Figure 4. Hotinja ( sl. 3A), morda tudi v J vogalu zemljanke 5, kjer se je vas. The hearth in na površini velikosti 25 × 25 cm nahajalo oglje, ter v SH 6 (A); SH 14 with two hearths in SZ delu zemljanke 12, kjer je bila oglena zaplata. Jame respective extensions, za stojke v zemljankah ter v večji jami 15 v premeru one still visible in the niso presegle 30 cm, globina večine jam za stojke ni E extension (B). bila ohranjena. Le za stojki, ki sta bili znotraj zemljank 7 in 11, domnevamo, da je ohranjena dejanska globina vkopa, ki je znašala 24 in 34 cm, pri ostalih je ohranjena globina 9–21 cm. Razlika med njimi mor- da nakazuje, koliko je znašala debelina uničene plasti ter koliko višje je bila nekdanja hodna površina. Tik ob zemljankah so bile še druge jame. V vo- gal zemljanke 1 je bila naknadno vkopana večja jama (jama 5) nepravilnega tlorisa in preseka, v kateri so bili kosi različnih keramičnih posod (pitosov, latvic idr.), prežganega ometa in odlomek novoveške posode. Plast v tej jami je bila drugačna kot plasti v notranjosti zem-similar ground plans are known from other sites. ljanke in ni bila enotna; v spodnjem, bolj ilovnatem Found alongside SH 2 was the rather large Pit 6, delu, je bil prežgan glinen omet. Če ni v jamo zašel z which probably formed part of the building ( fig. oranjem, bi jo lahko datiral odlomek novoveške kera- 3B). It contained pieces of pottery, burnt clay and mike, vendar je možno, da je šlo za razširitev zemljan-daub. Two postholes (29 and 30) were found along ke 1, saj so z drugih najdišč znani podobni tlorisi. Ob the S side of SH 5, which may have carried part of zemljanki 2 je bila večja jama 6, ki je bila verjetno del the roof construction. zemljanke ( sl. 3B). V njej so bili kosi keramičnih po-SHs 6 and 14, possibly also 1 and 12, had hearths. sod, prežgane gline in ometa. Tudi ob zemljanki 5 sta The one in SH 6 was semicircular/horseshoe-shaped bili ob J stranici še dve jami za stojki (jama 29 in 30), in plan. It was made of burnt clay, cobbles and other ki sta bili lahko del strešne konstrukcije. stones, and measured 1.39 m in length, 1.20 m in V zemljankah 6 in 14 in morda tudi zemljankah width and 46 cm in thickness. It covered almost the 1 in 12 so bila ognjišča. V zemljanki 6 je bilo ognjišče entire floor of the SH and included a small depression v tlorisu polkrožne oz. podkvaste oblike iz sežgane gli- measuring roughly 50 cm across and positioned at the ne, prodnikov in drugih kamnov, velikosti 1,39 × 1,20 open side of the hearth ( fig. 4A). Found in and on m in debeline 46 cm. Obsegalo je skoraj celotno dno top of the hearth were sherds of vessels made of me- jame, na odprti strani je bila manjša poglobitev pre- dium- to coarse-grained fabrics, as well as two worked mera približno 50 cm ( sl. 4A). Na in v ognjišču so bili pieces of gneiss. One of the latter shows traces of be-odlomki posod iz drobno in grobozrnate keramike ter ing exposed to high temperatures. The SH was filled dva kamna iz gnajsa s sledovi obdelave. En kaže izpo- with a layer that contained sherds of various vessels stavljenost visokim temperaturam. Zemljanka je bila (dish with an inturned rim, jar, large vessel with a zapolnjena s plastjo, v kateri so bili odlomki različnih conical neck, baking lid and others) and several pieces posod (latvica, lonec, večja posoda s stožčastim vra- of burnt daub with a white coat. Because the hearth tom, pekva idr.) in več kosov prežganega ometa, na ne- covered almost the entire floor, the SH could proba- katerih je bel premaz. Ker je ognjišče zapolnjevalo ve- bly not have served as living quarter. In its shape, the čino prostora zemljanke, verjetno ni služila za bivanje. hearth is similar to a smithing hearth or even a poorly Ognjišče po obliki spominja na kovaško ognjišče ali surviving kiln/stove/furnace, but this cannot be prov- en. SH 14 had two hearths, one in each of the exten- 15 Prim. Lauermann 1996a, Abb. 2–6; Sabján 1999, 153, sions ( fig. 4B). Under the hearth in the N extension 170, 175, fig. 2; 27; 35 (rekonstrukcije za srednjeveške zem-was an 11 cm thick clay layer without finds, which ljanke); Felgenhauer 1956, Abb. 13 (Asparn a. d. Zaya). 113 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 113 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 celo na slabo ohranjeno peč, vendar tega nismo mogli probably represents the bedding. The hearth’s work-dokazati. V zemljanki 14 sta bili dve ognjišči, po eno ing area revealed a 26 × 21 cm large piece of grandi- v vsaki od razširitev stavbe ( sl. 4B). Pod ognjiščem v S orite with traces of usewear. Finds came to light above razširitvi je bila 11 cm debela glinena plast brez najdb, the hearth, predominantly pottery (sherds of two dec-verjetno namerno pripravljena podlaga. V njegovem orated dishes or bowls, a decorated spindle whorl and manipulativnem območju je bil kamen iz granodio- others) and pieces of burnt clay. The hearth’s E exten- rita (26 × 21 cm) s sledovi rabe. Nad ognjiščem so sion was irregular in shape and survived as a 47 cm bile najdbe, predvsem keramika (odlomki dveh okra- thick layer of cobbles, rough pieces of stone and pieces šenih skled ali skodel, okrašeno predilno vretence idr.) of burnt clay with the impressions of cobbles and of in kosi prežgane gline. Ognjišče v vzhodni razširitvi je daub. These included a 21 × 19 cm large stone and bilo nepravilne oblike, ohranilo se je kot 47 cm debela pottery sherds belonging to a grooved dish, a pithos, a plast prodnikov in lomljencev ter kosov prežgane gline baking lid and several jars. z odtisi prodnikov in ometa. Vmes so bili večji kamen SH6 is located at the centre of the S cluster, some (21 × 19 cm) ter kosi keramičnih posod, kot so kane- 6 m from SH 7 (which has an orientation different lirana skleda, lonci, pitos in pekva. from that of the other SHs) and 12–25 m from all Zemljanka 6 se je nahajala sredi J gruče, zemljan- other buildings. The distance between the smaller ka 7, ki odstopa od dokaj enotne usmeritve ostalih groups of buildings (SHs 1 and 2, SHs 3–5, SHs zemljank, je bila od nje oddaljena približno 6 m, dru- 6–9) in the S cluster is uniform and measures 3.5–6 ge pa 12–25 m. Razdalja med manjšimi skupinami m. SH 11 is located some 25 m NW of the buildings bližnjih objektov je enotna, 3,5–6 m (zemljanki 1 in of the S cluster. The N cluster is composed of SHs 2, zemljanke 3–5 ter 6–9). Od J skupine je približno 12, 13 and 14, which are separated from one another 25 m proti SZ umaknjena zemljanka 11. Gručo na S by greater distances. tvorijo zemljanke 12, 13 in 14, ki so bolj oddaljene The size of the SHs, individual constructional druga od druge. elements and finds suggest that most of the buildings Glede na tlorisno velikost stavb, posamezne represented living quarters, only SHs 3 and 6 may stavbne elemente in najdbe v njih domnevamo, da je have served another purpose, possibly as the working bila večina zemljank namenjena bivanju, le zemljan- area of an artisan or for some other economic activ- ki 3 in 6 sta lahko imeli drugo namembnost, morda ity. SH 6 with a large hearth16 may have represented za obrtno oz. gospodarsko dejavnost. Zemljanka 6 z the central point of the settlement, it may have been večjim ognjiščem16 pa je morda predstavljala osrednji in communal use and enjoyed a special place within prostor v zaselku, možno je tudi, da je bila v skupni the settlement. rabi in je imela poseben pomen za celotno naselje. Večje okrogle jame Large round pits V tlorisu praviloma okroglih ter v premeru večjih Excavations revealed 19 large pits (Pits 1–19; fig. 1) kot 1 m oz. največ do 2,66 m je bilo 19 jam (jame that were predominantly round in plan and measured 1–19; sl. 1), njihova ohranjena globina je znašala 1.00–2.66 m in diameter and 0.07–0.66 m in surviv-0,07–0,66 m. V njih je bilo večje število najdb, naj- ing depth. They revealed a multitude of finds, mostly več keramike in kosi prežgane gline. Razen jame 19, pottery and burnt clay. With the exception of Pit 19 ki se je od ostalih ločila po nepravilni obliki tlorisa that differed from others in an irregular plan and cross in preseka ter odsotnosti najdb, so bile vse odkrite v section, as well as an absence of finds, all such pits J gruči. Največ jih je bilo ob zunanji strani zemljank came to light in the S cluster. Most of them were found ter ob J ter JV robu izkopnega polja. Dobrih 10 m along the exterior of the buildings and along the S and od zemljank je bila oddaljena jama 15, ki je imela v SE edges of the excavation area. Pit 15, found just over dno vkopano plitvejšo jamo (jama 16), v steno pa 10 m from the S cluster, had a shallow depression dug jamo za stojko (jama 45). Ta jama je bila verjetno in its bottom (Pit 16) and a posthole (Pit 45) in its nadstrešena.17 Na vrhu jame so bili kamni premera wall. This pit probably had a roof.17 In the upper layers 10–20 cm, vmes keramične najdbe (kosi posod in of the pit were stones, measuring 10–20 cm across, 16 16 Studeníková je obravnavala ognjišče tudi kot vir svetlobe Studeníková treated the hearth as a source of light and in toplote, središče doma, življenja in kulta (bog sonca). V warmth, the centre of the home, life and cult (of the sun starejši železni dobi je bilo ognjišče mesto čaščenja – pro-god). In the Early Iron Age, the hearth was a place of wor-stor mesečevih idolov (Studeníková 1979, 28). ship – a place for moon idols (Studeníková 1979, 28). 17 17 Prim. Golec 2003, 30 (Brno – Obřany); Kovačević 2012, Cf. Golec 2003, 30 (Brno – Obřan); Kovačević 2012, 69–70 (Zbelava Sj. 237/238); Šimek 1982a, 267. 69–70 (Zbelava Sj. 237/238); Šimek 1982a, 267. 114 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 114 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 ognjiščne koze), žlindra, žrmlje, kamni s sledovi rabe mixed with pottery sherds (of vessels and a firedog), ter kosi prežgane gline in ometa (G373–375). Tudi v slag, quernstone, stones with traces of usewear and jami 2 sta bila dva drobca žlindre, poleg pa odlomka pieces of burnt clay and daub (G373–375). Pit 2 also močno prežgane keramike (G 332; sl. 16). revealed two bits of slag found alongside two sherds of Nekaj jam je odstopalo po obliki tlorisa; jama heavily burnt pottery; one of them was damaged when 18 je bila ovalna, jame 4, 8 in 9 štirioglate. Slednje exposed to very high temperatures (G332; fig. 16). le zaradi velikosti in pomanjkanja najdb nismo uvr- Not all pits were round in plan: Pit 18 was oval, stili med zemljanke. Ob robu večje jame 4 je bila še Pits 4, 8 and 9 were quadrangular. The last three pits manjša jama 25. Čeprav sta obe manjši, spominjata were not interpreted as sunken-houses because of the na zemljanko 2 z jamo 6. Glede na najdbe, ki spo- lack of finds. Pit 4 had a smaller one, Pit 25 dug at minjajo na hišni inventar (posodje, ognjiščne koze, its edge; although smaller in size, this combination tkalske uteži in predilna vretenca, kamni s sledovi resembles that of SH 2 and Pit 6. rabe), so te jame lahko služile kot odpadne. Neka- The finds from these pits are such as we might tere so lahko bile tudi za shrambo ali pa so ostaline associate with a household (pottery, firedogs, loom kakšne druge dejavnost, ki se je v naselju odvijala. weights and spindle whorls, stones with traces of usewear), suggesting that they functioned as refuse pits, storage pits or are remains of other activities. Manjše okrogle jame Small round pits Velikosti manj kot 1 m v premeru, večina 0,30– Excavations revealed 37 pits (jame 20–56; fig. 1) 0,60 m, je bilo 37 jam (jame 20–56; sl. 1). Njihova measuring less than a metre in diameter (most of ohranjena globina ni presegala 0,39 m. Nahajale so them 0.30–0.60 m) and not exceeding 0.39 m in se na osrednjem delu J gruče, ob in med zemljan- surviving depth. They were located in the centre of kami, pet jih je bilo na območju jarkov 3–7, štiri the S cluster, next to and between the sunken-fea- ob večjih jamah ob J robu izkopnega polja. V S tured buildings, five of them in the area of Ditch- gruči so bile ob SZ robu izkopnega polja tri manj- es 3–7, four next to larger pits along the S edge of še jame odmaknjene od objektov, ena je bila ob the excavation area. Three small pits were found in podolgovatih ovalnih jamah. V 21 jamah so bile the N cluster along the NW edge of the excavation najdbe, večinoma keramika, vendar le posamezni area and were slightly removed from the SHs, one of kosi, ter prežgana glina. them was located near the elongated oval SH. Of the Služile so različnim namenom, kot jame za stoj- small pits, 21 contained small finds that mainly con- ke, shrambne jame, ki smo jih opredelili na podlagi sisted of individual pieces of pottery and burnt clay. najdb večjih posod (loncev ali pitosa), ali ostaline These pits served different purposes: postholes, katere od drugih dejavnosti. Domnevni shrambni storage pits identified on the basis of sherds of large jami 32 in 35 sta bili v bližini zemljank, shramb- vessels (jars and one pithos) or other. The presumed ne jame 52–54 pa več kot 20 m proč od najbližje storage Pits 32 and 35 were located in the vicinity of zemljanke (14) v S gruči. Morda so bile shrambi buildings, while the storage Pits 52–54 were over 20 m namenjene tudi jame na robu izkopnega polja, ki away from the nearest sunken-houses (SH 14) in the so bile od J gruče oddaljene več kot 25 m, in ka- N cluster. The pits at the edge of the excavation area tera od jam na JZ robu najdišča. V jami 43 je bila located over 25 m from the S cluster may also have nekoliko poškodovana ognjiščna koza, v jami 20 je been used for storage, as were some of the pits at the bil ob odlomkih keramike tudi manjši kos železa. SW edge of the site. Pit 43 revealed a slightly damaged V nekaterih (manjših in večjih) jamah je bilo več firedog, Pit 20 pottery sherds and a small piece of iron. kamnov brez vidnih sledov rabe, nekatere so jih bile Some pits (small and larger ones) yielded several stones skoraj polne, npr. jama 34. Njihove namembnosti without visible traces of usewear, other pits (e.g. Pit 34) ne poznamo. were filled with such stones; their function is unclear. Omenimo naj raziskavo jam z naselja Těšetice na On that subject, we should mention the research Moravskem, kjer so bile odpadne jame v tlorisu obi- into such pits from the settlement at Těšetice in čajno ovalne ali okrogle, globoke 0,5–2 m, zapolnje- Moravia. The refuse pits from this settlement were ne s primarnim ali sekundarnim odpadom. Lahko usually oval or round in plan and 0.5–2 m deep, so bile ograjene, pa tudi nadstrešene. V shrambnih containing primary or secondary refuse. Some had a jamah naj bi hranili žito in druge poljedelske pri- fence, others roofs over them. The storage pits were delke; glede na njihovo raznolikost se predvideva used to store cereals and other produce; their variety 115 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 115 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 skladiščenje različnih vrst hrane na različnih mestih suggests the storage of different foodstuffs in differ-znotraj naselja.18 ent areas within the settlement.18 Podolgovate ovalne jame Elongated oval pits V tlorisu podolgovatih ovalnih je bilo 12 jam (jame Excavations revealed twelve such pits (Pits 57–68; 57–68; sl. 1). Bile so daljše od 1,5 m, največja je me-fig. 1) that exceeded 1.5 m in length, with the long-rila 4,62 m, široke so bile 0,66–1,87 m in v globino est measuring 4.62 m. These pits were 0.66–1.87 m ohranjene 0,16–0,60 m. Tudi te so bile usmerjene wide and survived to the depth of 0.16–0.60 m. They enotno, SV–JZ. V J gruči so bile ob zunanjem robu shared a common, NE–SW orientation. Such pits in zemljank, jama 62 je bila, podobno kot zemljanka the S cluster were dug along the exterior of the SHs, 11, od te gruče oddaljena malo več kot 20 m. Do- with Pit 62 located just over 20 m from the cluster, brih 25 m je bila oddaljena tudi jama 63 na JZ robu similarly as SH 11. Pit 63 was also away from the najdišča, v bližini manjših jam in jarkov. V S gruči je cluster, over 25 m, located at the SW edge of the site bila skupina petih tovrstnih jam (jame 64–68). and in the vicinity of smaller pits and ditches. The Praviloma v njih ni bilo najdb, le v štirih je bilo N cluster revealed a group of five such pits (64–68). nekaj kosov keramike, v dveh ožgan kamen, v neka- These pits contained few or no finds: four pits terih kosi prežgane gline in drobci oglja. So drugač- revealed several pieces of pottery, two a burnt stone ne namembnosti od prej opisanih. Lahko so ostaline and some contained pieces of burnt clay and bits katere od dejavnosti, ki se je vršila v naselju (strojenje of charcoal. They differed in function to those de-kože ipd.), ali namenjene hrambi hrane, ki je ni bilo scribed above. They may represent the remains of one treba hraniti v posodah. Omenimo naj podobnost of the activities taking place within the settlement s t. i. repnicami, ki so bile še do nedavnega pogoste (for example hide tanning) or storage of foodstuffs na štajerskih poljih.19 Jame takšne oblike in enake not kept in containers. We should mention that they usmeritve so pogoste na nižinskih naseljih na obmo- were similar to the pits used for storing turnips in čju JZ panonskega in V alpskega prostora.20 common use until very recently across the fields in the Styria/ Štajerska region.19 Pits of this form and possibly even common orientation are frequent fea- tures in the lowland settlements across SW Pannonia and the eastern Alpine area.20 Kurišča Fireplaces Odkrita so bila 4 zunanja kurišča velikosti 1,28–2,46 m The site revealed four open-air fireplaces measuring × približno 1 m ( sl. 1). Kurišča 2–4 so bila na zapla-1.28–2.46 m × ca. 1 m ( fig. 1). Fireplaces 2–4 were tah ilovice na prodnati podlagi. Glede na debelino set on a patch of loam over gravel. The thickness of prežgane plasti sklepamo, da so na večini kurili dlje the layer of burnt remains suggests that they were in časa. V kurišču 5, ki je bilo na zunanjem robu J gruče use over a long period of time. Fireplace 5, located at in približno 5 m od zemljanke 5, so bili posamezni the edge of the S cluster and roughly 5 m from SH 5, odlomki keramike; odlomka keramike sta bila tudi contained individual pottery fragments; two sherds na kurišču 4. were also found in Fireplace 4. Jarki Ditches Odkritih je bilo 8 jarkov, za katere ni gotovo, da so Eight ditches were excavated at the site, but cannot pripadali železnodobnemu naselju ( sl. 1). Jarka 3 in positively be connected with the settlement ( fig. 1). 8, ki sekata nekatere ostaline, sta zagotovo od njih At least Ditches 3 and 8, which cut through other re- mlajša. Bili so različne dolžine, 1,9–11,02 m, širine mains, were certainly later. They differed in size and 18 18 Golec 2003, 23–25, 29–30; prim. Adámek 1961, 109– Golec 2003, 23–25, 29–30; cf. Adámek 1961, 109–130; 130; gl. jama 15 iz Hotinje vasi. see Pit 15 from Hotinja vas. 19 19 Gre za enostavne jame, v katere so kmetje shranjevali polj-They are simple pits where farmers kept produce, mostly ščine in ostale pridelke. Največ je bilo verjetno prav repe. turnips (hence the name repnica in Slovenian). 20 20 Podolgovate ovalne jame različnih dimenzij in delo- Elongated oval pits of different sizes and partially uniform ma enotno usmerjene so znane npr. iz naselij Kotare orientations are known e.g. from the settlement at Kotare – Baza pri Murski Soboti (Kerman 2011, 29, sl. 23), – Baza near Murska Sobota (Kerman 2011, 29, fig. 23), Zbelava pri Varaždinu (Kovačević 2012, 86, plan 1), Zbelava near Varaždin (Kovačević 2012, 86, plan 1), and Kuřim SZ od Brna (http://www.archaiabrno.org/home_ Kuřim NW of Brno (http://www.archaiabrno.org/home_ cs/?acc=preview&image=002537). cs/?acc=preview&image=002537). 116 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 116 8. 03. 2021 12:53:11 0,21–0,47 m in globine 0,08–0,17 m oz. en 0,3 m. measured 1.9–11.02 m in length, 0.21–0.47 m in V preseku so bili »u« oblike, ožje stranice so bile pol- width and 0.08–0.17 m (one even 0.3 m) in depth. krožne. Potekali so v približni smeri SV–JZ. V njih They were U-shaped in cross section with semicir- so bili predvsem posamezni kosi keramike, v jarku 8 cular shorter sides. They ran roughly NE–SW. The pa tudi žrmlje. Podobni jarki se sicer pojavljajo tudi ditches revealed rare pottery sherds, Ditch 8 also a v nekaterih drugih nižinskih naseljih. quernstone. Similar ditches have also been noticed at several other lowland sites. Območja zgostitve keramike in kamenja Concentrations of pottery and stones V J gruči je bilo 5 območij zgostitev keramike, prež- The S cluster of buildings included five areas of con- gane gline in kamenja (lomljenci in prodniki), s po- centrated pottery, burnt clay and stones (rough stones vršino med 0,50 × 0,40–1,12 × 0,96 m ter debelino and cobbles). These concentrations were 0.20–0.53 0,20–0,53 m ( sl. 1). Nahajale so se v vrsti, JV od m thick and covered surfaces measuring between objekta 5, na vmesnem praznem prostoru, v pribli- 0.50 × 0.40 and 1.12 × 0.96 m ( fig. 1). They formed žni smeri oranja. V nekaterih so bile vidne brazde a line SE of SH 5, roughly parallel with plough fur- oranja, v zgostitvi 5 je bil poleg prazgodovinskih rows; there were traces of furrows visible on the sur- najdb tudi ročaj novejše žlice. Odlomki keramike so face of some of the concentrations. Apart from pre- bili sestavljivi, pripadali so več različnim posodam. historic finds, Concentration 5 included the handle Gre za ostaline nekega naselbinskega elementa, mor- of a modern-period spoon. Pottery sherds could be da plitveje vkopane zemljanke ali celo nadzemnega assembled to form several different vessels. They rep- objekta,21 ki je bil uničen z modernimi posegi. resent the remains of a settlement feature, possibly a shallow sunken-houses or an above-ground build- Da gre za urejeno naselje, kažeta razvrstitev in usme- ing,21destroyed through modern land use. ritev stavbnih ter drugih vkopanih elementov ( sl. 1). V J gruči je bil jasen predvsem njen S rob, kjer so The disposition and orientation of the buildings and bile zadnje jame razporejene skoraj v vrsti. Podobno other features reveal a rather well-organised settle- je bilo na V, pri čemer je odstopal le objekt 10. Raz- ment ( fig. 1). The northern edge of the S cluster is iskan sklop meri približno 60 × 40 m oz. 60 × 60 m, particularly clearly discernible, with the northern- če štejemo še dobrih 10 m oddaljene večje in manjše most SHs arranged in a straight line. SHs 7, 8 and okrogle jame v J vogalu izkopnega polja. Zemljanke 9 form a similar line in the east, only SH10 stands in drugi vkopani elementi so bili razporejeni okrog apart and is located further to the east. The investi- razmeroma praznega prostora, velikega približno 25 gated part of the S cluster covers a surface of 60 × 40 × 25 m. Na sredi je bila zemljanka 6 z ognjiščem, ki m (60 × 60 m if including the large and small round je domnevno osrednji prostor v naselju. Ob verje- pits in the S corner of the excavation area located tno večinoma bivalnih zemljankah so bili pomožni some 10 m away). The sunken-houses and other objekti, shrambne, odpadne in druge jame; na J je features are arranged around a more or less empty bila oddaljena skupina domnevnih shrambnih jam. space measuring roughly 25 × 25 m. SH 6 with a Podolgovate ovalne jame so bile ob zunanjem robu hearth was located at the centre and presumably rep- objektov. Na vmesnem prostoru so bile posamezne resented the focal point of the settlement. The SHs stojke ter zgostitve keramike in kamenja, kar naka- predominantly served as living quarters surrounded zuje možen obstoj nadzemnih stavb. by outbuildings, storage, refuse and other pits; an Približno 150 m proti S je bila druga gruča, ki additional group, of presumably distant storage pits, ne kaže enake zgoščenosti in tudi ni bila v celoti was located further to the south. Elongated oval pits raziskana. Tvorijo jo tri zemljanke, skupina 5 po- were located along the outer sides of the SHs. The dolgovatih ovalnih jam, 5 manjših okroglih jam in areas between the SHs revealed individual postholes kurišče. Zemljanki 12 in 13 sta bili narazen skoraj and concentrations of stones and pottery that may 10 m, objekt 14 je bil oddaljen še 40 m. Več kot 20 represent the remains of above-ground buildings. m J od objekta 14 so bile domnevne oddaljene jame The N cluster, located some 150 m away of the za shrambo. first one, does not show the same sort of disposition 21 21 V Zbelavi pri Varaždinu so bila odkrita tla nadzemnih The site at Zbelava near Varaždin, Croatia, revealed the objektov, ki so se ohranila kot zaplate različno velikih pro-floors of above-ground buildings that survived as patch- dnikov, vrh katerih je bila zbita in zglajena (prežgana) gli-es of variously sized cobbles overlain by compacted and na (Kovačević 2012, 64, s primerjavami z lokacij Zagreb smoothed (burnt) clay (Kovačević 2012, 64, with compar- – Gornji grad, Lobor idr.). isons at Zagreb – Gornji grad, Lobor and elsewhere). 117 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 117 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 Slika 5. Zadnji and concentration of remains. It is composed of prebivalec zemljanke three SHs, a group of five elongated oval pit, five iz kraja Novo small round pits and a fireplace. SHs 12 and 13 were Miloševo v Vojvodini, zgrajeni leta 1947. located almost 10 m apart, SH 14 even 40 m from Vkopana je bila 1,5 the pair. The distant storage pits in this cluster were m globoko, streho je located over 20 m south of SH 14. nosila soha in nanjo naslonjeni tanjši tramovi, ki so bili na drugi strani oprti na zemljo. Pokrita je bila s slojem trsa in slame, preko katerega je bilo nanešeno blato. Prvotno je imela en NAČIN GRADNJE NA NASELJU HOTINJA VAS CONSTRUCTION MANNER AT THE SETTLEMENT prostor, kasneje so mu z zunanje strani V starejši železni dobi so bili v Podravju v rabi raz-Different construction methods were in use in the dodali še enega. V lični načini gradnje, ki so le izjemoma znani že iz Early Iron Age in Podravje area, but rarely in con-hišo se je vstopilo naselbin kulture žarnih grobišč (npr. na Brinjevi gori tinuation from the Urnfield culture group (e.g. at skozi kuhinjo in nato naprej v sobo. V in Rifniku). Gre za stavbe s stojkami, brunarice oz. Brinjeva gora and Rifnik). The way of construc- kuhinji je bil majhen stavbe s kamnitimi temelji ali pa lesenimi, kjer so tion include using wooden posts and log structures dimnik za odprto bila bruna položena neposredno na nekdanjo površi-of wooden balks with stone foundations or sleeper ognjišče, v sobi pa no ali pa položena v jarek, kot npr. v naselju Hajndl beams laid either directly onto the ground or into majhna peč, ki se je kurila iz kuhinje pri Ormožu. Tam je bilo odkritih tudi nekaj jam, ki slots dug into the ground; an example of the latter (vir 17. 3. 2016. so morebiti pripadale zemljankam.22 Le-te so bile v has been documented at Hajndl near Ormož. This http://novomilosevo. SV Sloveniji odkrite še na najdiščih Kotare – Baza settlement also revealed features possibly attributa- devbin.org/ nm20080209.html). in Nova tabla pri Murski Soboti ter domnevno Pri ble to SHs.22 In NE Slovenia, other such buildings Figure 5. The last Muri pri Lendavi in v Lancovi vasi pri Ptuju.23 were excavated at Kotare – Baza and Nova tabla near inhabitant of a Zemljanke24 se v starejši železni dobi pojavlja- Murska Sobota, presumably also at site of Pri Muri sunken-house built jo na širokem ravninskem in gričevnatem prostoru near Lendava and at in Lancova vasi near Ptuj.23 in 1947 at Novo Miloševo in the Srednje Evrope. Kot kažejo primeri s prostora od SHs24 from the Early Iron Age have been found region of Vojvodina, Moravske do južnega Podonavja, niso bile vezane across the lowland and hilly regions of central Eu-Serbia. The building le na nižinska naselja, temveč zaradi načina gradnje rope. Examples stretch from Moravia to the southern was dug 1.5 m deep. The roof was made predvsem na tip oz. teksturo tal (npr. melj). Gradili Danube Basin and reveal that they are not limited to of a layer of reeds and so jih od prazgodovine do srednjega veka oz. do 20. the lowland, but rather to the type or texture of the straw covered with stoletja ( sl. 5).25 ground (e.g. silt) suitable for such constructions. In mud, and rested on a post and rafters set the stated area, sunken-houses were being construct- 22 into the ground. It Kovač 2004, objekt 5; Magdič 2006, objekt 7; Mele 2009, ed from prehistory to the Middle Ages, at places all initially had a single SE 593 in morda tudi jami SE 1209 ter SE 1327. 23 up to the 20th century ( fig. 5).25 room, another one Kerman 2011, 28–31 (Kotare – Baza); Guštin, 22 was added later. The Tiefengraber 2001, 112; Guštin et al. 2017 (Nova tabla); Kovač 2004, Building 5; Magdič 2006, Building 7; Mele entrance was through tu so bile tudi zemljanke iz žarnogrobiščnega obdobja 2009, SU 593 and possibly the pits of SU 1209 and SU the kitchen that had a (Tiefengraber 2001, 81, Abb. 2); Sankovič 2011, 43 (Pri 1327. 23 small chimney for the Muri pri Lendavi); Predan et al. 2006 (Lancova vas). Kerman 2011, 28–31 (Kotare – Baza); Guštin, Tiefengraber 24 open hearth, while Termin zemljanka ( Grubenhaus, Grubenhütten, Wohn-2001, 112 (Nova tabla); these sites also revealed SHs dat-the second room had grube, Erdhaus, pit-house, sunken house, zemunica, zemljan-ing to the Urnfield culture period (Tiefengraber 2001, a small stove fuelled ky, zemnice idr.) navadno uporabljamo za (bivalno) stav-81, fig. 2); Sankovič 2011, 43 (Pri Muri near Lendava); from the kitchen bo, katere večji del je vkopan v tla, polzemljanka pa za Predan et al. 2006 (Lancova vas). 24 (source http:// plitvo vkopano stavbo z nadzemno konstrukcijo. Glede The term sunken-house or SH ( Grubenhaus, Grubenhütten, novomilosevo.devbin. ustreznosti slednjega so potekale razprave pri raziskovalcih Wohngrube, Erdhaus, pit-house, sunken-house, zemunica, org/nm20080209. srednje veških zemljank (npr. Šalkovský 2001, 16), obširno zemljanky, zemnice and so forth) usually refers to (residen- html, accessed 17. 3. se je razpravljalo tudi o obliki in namembnosti polzem- tial) buildings partly dug into the ground, while a semi-2016). ljank iz starejše železne dobe (npr. Dreslerová 1995a, 63, s SH describes a building dug to a shallow depth into the tam navedeno literaturo). ground and with a superstructure above-ground. The suit- 25 Opravljene so bile predvsem obsežne študije zemljank iz ability of the latter term has been discussed by a number of mlajše železne dobe in zgodnjega srednjega veka. Ker gre researchers of later (medieval) SHs (e.g. Šalkovský 2001, za primerljiv način gradnje, smo se oprli tudi na izsledke 16), while the form and function of the semi-SHs from teh del, v katerih so bili upoštevani tako arheološki, etno-the Early Iron Age has also been extensively discussed (e.g. loški, zgodovinski, slikovni in pisni viri kot tudi izsledki, Dreslerová 1995a, 63 with cited references). 25 ki jih je dala eksperimentalna arheologija. Gl. predvsem: Major studies were mainly written on the subject of Zimmermann (1992, 1998), Šalkovský (2001, 2002, the SHs from the Late Iron and the Early Middle Ages. 2007), Chapelot in Fossier (1985) ter Donat (1980); Because of a comparable construction, the archaeological, 118 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 118 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 Zemljanke so bile večinoma manjše, predvsem SHs were predominantly small and had a single enoprostorne stavbe. Običajno imajo kvadraten oz. room. Most were square or rectangular in plan, some pravokoten tloris, lahko so okrogle, ovalne, v obli- also round, oval, trapezoid or irregular. Their sides ki trapeza ali nepravilnega tlorisa. Dolžina stranic mainly measured 2–5 m, even 5–10 m or up to 25 m je v povprečju merila 2–5 m, pri večprostornih tudi in the larger buildings, rarely more. They were dug up 5–10 m oz. do 25 m. Redko so bile še večje. Vkopa- to 1.20 m into the ground. They often shared a com- ne so bile približno do 1,20 m globoko v tla. Pogosto mon orientation within a settlement.26 Their super- so imele v naselju enotno usmeritev.26 Nadgradnja structure was predominantly made of wood. Analyses je bila pretežno lesena. V naselju Brno – Obřany iz of the wood used at the Early Iron Age settlement at starejše železne dobe je bila ugotovljena raba lesa hra- Brno-Obřany, in the Czech Republic, revealed the use sta, bukve, jelke, macesna in javorja.27 Stene so bile of oak, beech, fir, larch and maple wood.27 The walls različno izdelane, iz prepleta in zamazane z ilovico, were constructed in different methods: either of wattle iz desk ali obdelanih brun, lahko tudi v kombinaci- daubed with clay, of wooden boards, of worked beams ji. Omet je bil lahko pobarvan, navadno belo, lahko or in combinations of these. The daub may have been tudi rdeče. Z glino so bili lahko premazani tudi deli painted, usually white and sometimes red. Clay was strehe; na najdišču Brno – Maloměřice je bil odkrit also used to coat parts of the roof; the site at Brno – kos ometa, ki bi lahko nakazoval okenski obok. Tla Maloměřice revealed a piece of daub that may even in- so bila večinoma ravna, lahko iz ilovice; včasih so bile dicate the existence of window arches. The floors were v tleh še kleti, niše, shrambne ali odpadne jame. Po- predominantly flat throughout, sometimes made of nekod so bili ohranjeni posredni dokazi za notranjo loam, but may also have had a cellar, niches, storage or opremo. Ob stenah so bile izravnave, klopi; morda je refuse pits. Some SHs also revealed indirect evidence bil to prostor za spanje, odlaganje ali delovna povr- of interior furnishings: raised areas or benches along šina. Strešne konstrukcije so bile lahko z notranjimi the walls that may have been places for sleeping, stor- nosilci ali brez njih. Razni kamni iz zasipov zemljank ing or serving as worktops. The roof was constructed bi lahko bili tudi deli konstrukcije.28 with or without an internal framework. The various Prvotno namembnost zemljank je težko ugoto- stones documented in the debris layers of the SHs viti. Lahko so bile bivalne, delovne ali razne druge may also have been used in their construction.28 pomožne stavbe, prostori za shranjevanje živil, staje It is not easy to identify the function of the SHs. za živali. Bivalne so bile neogrevane ali pa so imele They may have served as living quarters, working ognjišče, ki je služilo tudi pripravi hrane. Vhodni del buildings or outbuildings, storage facilities, animal je bil lahko s strani ali na zatrepni strani; nekatere pens. The residential buildings were either without imajo tudi sledove manjšega stopnišča.29 heating or had a hearth that was also used in food Študija recentnih bivalnih zemljank iz različ- preparation. The entrance may have been located nih delov Evrope in ZDA je pokazala, da je njihova from the side or from the gable end; some even re- ključna prednost notranja temperatura. Poleti so vealed the remains of a small staircase.29 hladne, pozimi tople. Globlje kot so vkopane, bolj The study of the more recent SHs from various je temperatura v njih konstantna in tudi poljščine v parts of Europe and the USA has shown that the njih zdržijo dlje.30 So hitra in poceni gradnja, saj gre main advantage is in their interior temperature: cool zanje manj materiala, predvsem lesa. Bile naj bi tudi in summer and warm in winter; the deeper sunk they historical, pictorial and written sources, as well as the re-prim. še Andraschko 1995; Sabján 1999, 131–176; Sabján sults provided by experimental archaeology on these SHs 2002, 320–332. have also been considered here. Primarily see the work 26 Golec 2003, 21–22; Donat 1980, 56–57; Chapelot, Fossier of Zimmermann (1992, 1998), Šalkovský (2001, 2002, 1985, 111; Ruttkay 2002, 265; prim. Zimmermann 1992, 2007), Chapelot and Fossier (1985), as well as Donat 158. (1980); also cf. Andraschko 1995; Sabján 1999, 131–176; 27 Adámek 1961, 111. Sabján 2002, 320–332. 28 26 Golec 2003, 20–26; Griebl 2004, 108–121; Ransedler Golec 2003, 21–22; Donat 1980, 56–57; Chapelot, 2006, 239–243; Lauermann 1996a, 221–222; Preinfalk Fossier 1985, 111; Ruttkay 2002, 265; cf. Zimmermann 2012, 117; Chapelot, Fossier 1985, 247–274, 294, 313– 1992, 158. 27 317 idr., prim. tudi Šalkovský 2002, obr. 2: 1–5; prim. Adámek 1961, 111. 28 obr. 4: 1–9; Zimmermann 1992, 190. Golec 2003, 20–26; Griebl 2004, 108–121; Ransedler 29 Zimmermann 1992, 188–189, 192–199; Takács 2002, 2006, 239–243; Lauermann 1996a, 221–222; Preinfalk 190; Griebl 2004, 106; Ruttkay 2002, 266; Sabján 2002, 2012, 117; Chapelot, Fossier 1985, 247–274, 294, 313– 320. 317 etc., also cf. Šalkovský 2002, fig. 2: 1–5; cf. fig. 4: 30 Zimmermann 1992, 198–199; prim. še Pleinerová 1986, 1–9; Zimmermann 1992, 190. 29 104–176 (rezultati eksperimentalne gradnje in življenja v Zimmermann 1992, 188–189, 192–199; Takács 2002, 190; rekonstruirani zemljanki iz 9. stol. n. št.). Griebl 2004, 106; Ruttkay 2002, 266; Sabján 2002, 320. 119 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 119 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 bolj varne, saj so manj opazne v pokrajini. Služile are, the more constant the interior temperature and so lahko kot začasna bivališča.31 Pri raziskavah naj- the longer the shelf life for produce.30 They are fast dišča Wien – Oberlaa je bil za oceno, koliko oseb bi and very affordable to build, requiring less raw mate- lahko živelo v tovrstnih zemljankah, izbran kriterij, rial, particularly wood; they are also presumably safer, da oseba za bivanje potrebuje 4–5 m2.32 V Hotinji being less conspicuous in the landscape. They may vasi bi po teh kriterijih v stavbah lahko živelo 1–4 have served as temporary dwellings. Living in these ljudje ( sl. 2). buildings is believed to have been connected with the Zemljanke kot delavnice so bile primerne za iz- social standing rather than ethnic identities.31 The vajanje različnih domačih dejavnosti in obrti za po- research of the settlement at Wien – Oberlaa includ- trebe ožjega kroga, tako npr. za metalurško dejavnost ed an assessment of the number of individuals living (taljenje in obdelava kovin), tkanje in predenje, izde- in one such SH, which was based on the assump- lava usnjenih izdelkov in lončenine idr.33 tion that one individual required 4–5 m2 of living Za tlorise zemljank z najdišča Hotinja vas najde- space.32According to these criteria, 1–4 individuals mo primerjave znotraj naselij iz starejše železne dobe could have lived in such a SH at Hotinja vas ( fig. 2). pa tudi iz mlajših obdobij.34 Ostaline železnodob- The SHs also functioned as workshops for a va- nih zemljank v obliki kvadratnih jam z zaobljenimi riety of activities and crafts meeting the needs of the vogali in primerljive velikosti so bile odkrite tako v local community: metallurgy (smelting and working Prekmurju (Kotare – Baza), hrvaški Podravini (npr. of metals), weaving and spinning, making items of Zbelava – Pod lipom pri Varaždinu) kot tudi na bolj leather, making pottery and so forth.33 oddaljenih najdiščih (Těšetice – Vinohrady, Sered' The SHs from Hotinja vas are comparable in idr.).35 Tloris stavbe z razširitvijo oz. nišo v enem od ground plan with the buildings from across central vogalov kot pri zemljanki 1 je bil odkrit npr. na naj- Europe, excavated at sites attributed to the Early dišču Brno – Rěčkovice na Moravskem;36 tloris kot Iron Age or later.34 The remains of Iron Age SHs pri objektu 2 pa poznamo z moravskih najdišč Těše- of comparable size in the form of square pits with tice – Sutny in Vinohrady.37 Omenimo še podobnost rounded corners have been unearthed in the Prek- sklopa jam 4 in 25 z delno ohranjenim, plitvo vko- murje region in Slovenia (Kotare – Baza by Murska panim objektom 3 iz poznobronastodobne Dolnice Sobota), the Podravina region in Croatia (e.g. Zbe- v Mezgovcih ob Pesnici,38 pa tudi z eno od stavb na lava – Pod lipom near Varaždin) and more distant najdišču Sered' na Slovaškem.39 Primerjave za objek- sites (Těšetice – Vinohrady, Sered’ and others).35 The te s stojko v robu jame (zemljanke 4, 7, 11) so znane ground plan with an extension in one of the corners, npr. iz naselij Zbelava,40 Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf similar to that of SH 1, has been found at Brno – in Unterparschenbrunn v Spodnji Avstriji, vendar Rěčkovice in Moravia;36 while the ground plan of imajo nekateri objekti iz teh naselij še dodatne jame SH 2 is comparable to several from the Moravian za stojke na robu ali na dnu jame.41 Eno stojko na sites at Těšetice – Sutny and Vinohrady.37 We should robu je imel verjetno tudi objekt 4 z najdišča Sered', also mention the similarity with the Pits 4 and 25 31 with the shallow dug SH 3 in the Late Bronze Age Zimmermann 1992, 200–204; prim. še Takács 2002, 274, 284; Medović 1978, 26. settlement at Dolnica in Mezgovci ob Pesnici,38 but 32 Ransedler 2006, 237; prim. Müller 2012, 352–356; 30 Lauermann 1996a, 221, Abb. 21 (bivalne naj bi merile Zimmermann 1992, 198–199; also cf. Pleinerová 1986, vsaj 20 m2). 104–176 (results of experimental constructions and of the 33 Golec 2003, 21, 27 (starejša železna doba); Chapelot, life in a reconstruction of a 9th-century-AD SH). 31 Fossier 1985, 120–123; Zimmermann 1992, 200–211 Zimmermann 1992, 200–204; also cf. Takács 2002, 274, idr. 284; Medović 1978, 26. 34 32 Za srednjeveške zemljanke je tipološko razdelitev opravil Ransedler 2006, 237; cf. Müller 2012, 352–356; Šalkovský (2001, 16–56). Lauermann 1996a, 221, Fig. 21 (the residential buildings 35 Kerman 2011, npr. zemljanka 1 (Kotare–Baza); Kovačević are believed to have measured at least 20 m2). 33 2008, npr. jama sj. 161 (Zbelava); Podborský 1965a, 4, Golec 2003, 21, 27 (Early Iron Age); Chapelot, Fossier Abb. 2. (Těšetice – Vinohrady); Müller 2012, 309, Abb. 1985, 120–123; Zimmermann 1992, 200–211 etc. 34 138 (Sered'). The medieval SHs have been typologically classified by 36 Tichý 1969, 170, obr. 2: jama III; prim. še objekt (jama Šalkovský (2001, 16–56). 35 22) z najdišča Brno – Králově poli (Nekvasil 1979, T. 10). Kerman 2011, e.g. SH 1 (Kotare–Baza); Kovačević 2008, 37 Golec 2003, 246 (objekt 45); Podborský 1965a, 10, Abb. e.g. Pit sj. 161 (Zbelava); Podborský 1965a, 4, fig. 2. 6 (objekt 10); 36, Abb. 18 (objekt 47); 47, Abb. 21. (Těšetice – Vinohrady); Müller 2012, 309, fig. 138 (Sered’). 38 36 Urek, Horjak 2012; Čuček 2014. Tichý 1969, 170, fig. 2: Pit III; also cf. Pit 22 from Brno 39 Müller 2012, 327–329, Abb. 158 (Befund 8). – Králově poli (Nekvasil 1979, Pl. 10). 40 37 Kovačević 2008, 48–49, plan 1 (Sj. 053, 054). Golec 2003, 246 (SH 45); Podborský 1965a, 10, fig. 6 41 Ramsl 1998, T. 7: 2; 11: 792 (obe iz stopnje LT A); (SH 10); 36, fig. 18 (SH 47); 47, fig. 21. 38 Lauermann 1994, 135, Abb. 11; 140 (V 4); Abb. 16 (V 10). Urek, Horjak 2012; Čuček 2014. 120 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 120 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 Slika 6. Hotinja vas. Omet iz zemljank 2 (A1) in 6 (A2), kjer je tudi kos z belim premazom; risbe presekov čez posamezne kose ometa iz zemljanke 2 (B1) in jame 6 ob njej (B2). Figure 6. Hotinja vas. Daub from SHs 2 (A1) and 6 (A2) that includes a piece with a white coat, cross sections of several pieces of daub from SH2 (B1) and adjacent Pit 6 (B2). ki pa je imel spredaj še tri stojke.42 Jame podobnega also with one of the SH at the site of Sered’ in Slo- tlorisa kot zemljanka 14 so bile odkrite na najdiščih vakia.39 Comparisons for SHs with a posthole at the Brno – Králově poli, Kuřim (objekt 28 z ognjiščem), edge of the pit (SHs 4, 7, 11) are known from set- Göttlesbrunn (objekt 36) in Unterparschenbrunn.43 tlements such as Zbelava,40 Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf Na tem mestu bi opozorili še na objekt 24–25 z mla- and Unterparschenbrunn in Lower Austria, though dohalštatskega najdišča Jenštenj na Češkem, od ka- some SHs from these settlements have additional terega poteka 3 m dolg, 1 m širok in ravno toliko postholes along the edge or on the bottom of the globok jarek ter na podoben objekt v Radovesicah, pit.41 SH 4 from Sered’ probably also had a single opredeljen kot morebitna strojarna.44 S tema dvema posthole at the edge and three postholes in front primeroma je nakazana možna razlaga za zemljanko of the building.42 Pits of a ground plan similar to 14 (s predpostavko, da je jarek njen del) ali pa za that of SH 14 have been exavated at Brno – Králově katerega od drugih jarkov v Hotinji vasi. poli, Kuřim (SH 28 with a hearth), Göttlesbrunn Nadgradnjo oz. notranjost zemljank s Hotinje (SH 36) and Unterparschenbrunn.43 We should also vasi smo skušali nakazati na podlagi ohranjenega mention SHs 24–25 from the Early Hallstatt site at ometa. Nekaj kosov ometa ima eno stranico ravno, Jenštenj, in the Czech Republic, that had a 3 m long, zato je bilo to vidno lice stenskega ometa (zemljan- 1 m wide and 1 m deep ditch running from it. A ke 6, 13 in morda 14, večja jama 15), nekaj kosov similar building is believed to have been unearthed pa kaže odtise brun premera okrog 10 cm ali manj at Radovesice, tentatively interpreted as a tannery.44 (zemljanka 2 in večja jama 6, zemljanki 7 in 14) ( sl. These examples suggest a possible function of SH 14 6). Na posameznih kosih ometa iz zemljanke 6 in (presuming that it forms a single unit with the ditch) iz nadstrešene jame 15 je bil ohranjen bel premaz or of some other ditches at Hotinja vas. ( sl. 6: A2). Primerjave za premazovanje in tudi dru-The superstructure and interior of the SHs at ge načine okraševanja ometa oz. sten so znane tudi Hotinja vas can be inferred from the surviving pieces iz bližnjih naselij. Na Brinjevi gori je bila odkrita 8 of daub. Several pieces have one flat surface, which cm debela plast žgane gline, ki je imela eno stran 39 zglajeno in prebarvano z belo apneno raztopino. V Müller 2012, 327–329, fig. 158 (Befund 8). 40 Kovačević 2008, 48–49, Plan 1 (Sj. 053, 054). glinenih kosih ni bilo odtisov lesa, naneseni naj bi 41 Ramsl 1998, Pls. 7: 2; 11: 792 (LT A); Lauermann 1994, 135, fig. 11; 140 (V 4); fig. 16 (V 10). 42 42 Paulik 1955, 168 (z rekonstrukcijo notranjosti); Müller Paulik 1955, 168 (with the reconstruction of the interior); 2012, 219–322, Abb. 150. Müller 2012, 219–322, fig. 150. 43 43 Nekvasil 1979, 6, T. 18 (Brno – Králově poli); Golec Nekvasil 1979, 6, Pl. 18 (Brno – Králově poli); Golec 2003, 17; tloris naselja Kuřim dostopen na: http://www. 2003, 17; the ground plan of the settlement is available archaiabrno.org/home_cs/?acc=preview&image=002537; at: http://www.archaiabrno.org/home_cs/?acc=preview- Griebl 2004, 74, Abb. 30 (Göttlesbrunn); Lauermann &image=002537; Griebl 2004, 74, fig. 30 (Göttlesbrunn); 1994, 140, Abb. 16 (V 9) (Unterparschenbrunn). Lauermann 1994, 140, fig. 16 (V 9) (Unterparschenbrunn). 44 44 Dreslerová 1995a, 14, 66, fig. 7. Dreslerová 1995a, 14, 66, fig. 7. 121 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 121 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 bili na posamezne dele lesene stene. Pahič je najd-was probably the outer face (SHs 6, 13 and possibly bo primerjal s pobeljenim in poslikanim ometom z 14, large Pit 15); a number of pieces show impres- najdišč Kalakača v Vojvodini in Schadeck v nemški sions of logs measuring 10 cm or less in diameter deželi Hessen.45 V Kalakači so bili na ravni ploskvi (SH 2 and large Pit 6, SHs 7 and 14) ( fig. 6). Indi-ometa en do trije sloji beleža, na dveh kosih pa pre- vidual pieces of daub from SH 6 and from the roofed maz rdeče-oker barve.46 Na podobno najdbo naj bi Pit 15 revealed a white coat ( fig. 6: A2). Compar-naletel Schmid na Pošteli, ki je zabeležil »z rdečkasto isons for such coats or other daub decorations are rjavo razmočeno čisto glino popleskane in z metli- known from nearby settlements in Slovenia. At Brin- co ometane kose stenskega premaza«. Omet z belim jeva gora, for example, an 8 cm thick layer of burnt premazom je bil odkrit na Rifniku, v Ormožu so bile clay was found with one side smoothed and painted z belo premazane okrašene glinene plošče.47 Podobne with a white lime-and-water solution. The clay piec- so najdbe iz Horna, nižinskega naselja z zemljankami es held no impressions of wood and were presumably na Spodnjeavstrijskem.48 Omet z belim premazom je applied to certain parts of wooden walls only. Stanko bil odkrit v zemljankah iz naselja Těšetice, Bučovice Pahič compared this find with the whitewashed and in Chrlice v okolici Brna. V objektu 4 na najdišču painted daub from Kalakača in Vojvodina and Scha- Brno – Řečkovice pa so bili na ometu sledovi rdečega deck in the German federal state of Hessen.45 The barvanja.49 finds from Kalakača include pieces of daub with one Le skromni so v Hotinji vasi pokazatelji za obstoj flat surface that bear one to three layers of white- nadzemnih stavb ali drugih nadzemnih elementov, wash, while two pieces have a red-ochre coat.46 A kot so npr. razni plotovi, ograde idr. Jame za stojke similar discovery was reported at Poštela, where W. izven zemljank so bile v premeru večje kot tiste v Schmid unearthed pieces of daub painted with wet zemljankah, merile so 30 × 40–54 × 46 cm. Šlo je reddish-brown raw clay applied with a brush. Daub torej za močnejše nosilce. Predvsem za štiri jame za with a white coat was also found at Rifnik, while the stojke v J gruči (jame 23, 27, 28, 44) domnevamo, settlement at Ormož revealed whitewashed and dec- da so ostaline nadzemnih gradenj, ki pa jih ne more- orated clay plaques.47 Similar finds are known from mo natančneje opredeliti; podobno velja tudi za pet Horn, a lowland settlement with SHs in Lower Aus- območij zgostitve kamenja in keramike. tria.48 Daub with a white coat was also unearthed in Da so bile znotraj enega naselja stavbe grajene the SHs at Těšetice, Bučovice and Chrlice near Brno. na različne načine, ni redkost. Nadzemni objek- Pieces of daub from Building 4 at Brno – Řečkovice ti so lahko večje stavbe ob manjših, pomožnih ze- even revealed traces of red paint.49 mljankah; lahko pa je bilo tudi obratno, in sicer da Only rare finds at Hotinja vas indicate the exist- objekti, grajeni s stojkami, predstavljajo pomožne ence of above-ground buildings or other structures prostore ob zemljankah. Tak primer poznamo npr. such as fences and enclosures. Post holes outside the z najdišča Virovitica – Đurađ istok.50 Oba tipa gra- SHs were larger than those within them in diameter, dnje sta bila ugotovljena na bližnjih naseljih Kotare measuring 30 × 40 to 54 × 46 cm; these presumably – Baza pri Murski Soboti51 ter Zbelava.52 Naselbine held stronger support elements. The four post holes z nadzemnimi bivalnimi objekti ter morda bivalnimi in the S cluster (Pits 23, 27, 28, 44) are presumed zemljankami naj omenimo še iz naselij Sered'53 in In- to have been the remains of above-ground construc- zersdorf – Walpersdorf.54 tions of unknown form and function; a similar inter- pretation can be supposed for the five concentrations of pottery and stones. It is not rare for settlements to comprise buildings of different construction manners. Above-ground 45 Pahič 1981, 84–86, op. 38, 94, 98; Medović 1988, 32, sl. buildings may be larger in comparison with the SHs, 16. which functioned as outbuildings, but also smaller, 46 Medović 1978, 18. hence the post-in-ground constructions could have 47 Pahič 1981, 98, op. 50 (Poštela); Pirkmajer 1983, 2 (Rifnik); Lamut 1988–1989, 239, T. 19: 1; 21: 15 45 (Ormož). Pahič 1981, 84–86, Fn. 38, 94, 98; Medović 1988, 32, fig. 48 Griebl 1996, 105, Abb. 6: s, t. 16. 49 46 Podborský 1970, 31; Golec 2003, 25. Medović 1978, 18. 50 47 Kovačević 2010, 49. Pahič 1981, 98, Fn. 50 (Poštela); Pirkmajer 1983, 2 51 Kerman 2011, 28–40. (Rifnik); Lamut 1988–1989, 239, Pls. 19: 1; 21: 15 52 Kovačević 2008, 47–80. (Ormož). 53 48 Müller 2012, 309, Abb. 138. Griebl 1996, 105, fig. 6: s, t. 54 49 Ramsl 1998, 15–17, Abb. 57. Podoborský 1970, 31; Golec 2003, 25. 122 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 122 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 been auxiliary to the SHs. An example of the latter is known from Virovitica – Đurađ istok.50 Both types of buildings are known from the nearby settlements at Kotare – Baza by Murska Sobota51 and Zbelava.52 Settlements with above-ground residential build- ings and possibly also residential SHs have been un- earthed at Sered’53 and Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf54. NAJDBE55 FINDS55 Keramika Ceramics Najbolj številne najdbe na najdišču so keramične, Ceramics are the most numerous group of finds odkritih je bilo več kot 2700 odlomkov. Največ ko- at Hotinja vas, with over 2700 recovered sherds. sov pripada posodam; drugim keramičnim predme- Most belong to vessels and less than 10% to oth- tom pa manj kot 10 %. Prevladujejo izdelki iz drob- er artefacts. They are predominantly made of nozrnate žgane gline (35 %), velik del je bil izdelanih a medium-grained (35%), a large share also of a tudi iz grobozrnate. Največ kosov je imelo gladko coarse-grained fabric. The surface on most pieces is površino (55 %), najmanj spolirano (16 %), preosta- smooth (55%), on 16% of the sherds it is polished, li grobo. Lončarska glina je dokaj enotna. V svežih esewhere it is coarse. The fabric is fairly uniform. prelomih so vidni predvsem delci kremena ali kalci- The fresh fractures mainly revealed quartz or calcite ta, glinena jedra, redke organske primesi (npr. oglje) grains, clay pellets, rare organic inclusions (such as ter sljuda, ki pa je že naravno prisotna v glini s tega charcoal) and mica, the latter naturally present in območja. V ognju je bilo sekundarno poškodovanih the locally available clay. Eleven sherds (3%) show 11 (3 %) keramičnih najdb. Na 22 odlomkih (5 %) signs of secondary fire damage. Twenty-two sherds je ohranjena zoglenela organska snov, največkrat na (5%), mostly of jars or typologically undetermina- loncih ali tipološko neopredeljivih delih posod. ble vessel parts, bear the remains of a charred or- Posode so v večini primerov ohranjene le delno, ganic substance. zato je bila tipološka opredelitev opravljena pred- Most vessels are only partially preserved and their vsem glede na obliko zgornjega dela posod. Osnovne typological determination is mainly based on the oblike posod (velika tiskana črka) so razdeljene na form of the upper part. The basic forms (upper-case tipe (številka), ti na podtipe (mala tiskana črka) in letter) are divided into types (numeral), subtypes variante (številka). Podtip pomeni, da imajo te po- (lower-case letter) and variants (numeral). Subtypes sode enake ali podobne značilnosti. Razlika je lahko signify vessels of the same or of similar characteristics v obliki posameznega odseka posode, ki znotraj tipa differing either in the shape of individual sections or rahlo variira, ali v velikosti posod. Okrašenih pred- in size. Very few sherds are decorated and are there- metov je malo, zato so obravnavani kot variante. Za- fore treated as variants. Because of the poor state of radi slabe ohranjenosti so sklede in skodele ter pekve preservation, certain dishes and bowls, as well as lids in pokrovi obravnavani skupaj. and baking lids are treated together. Posodje ( sl. 7, 8) Pottery ( figs. 7, 8) Sklede (S) so raznolike plitve posode ( sl. 7: S). Loči-Dishes (S) are shallow vessels represented at Hotinja mo jih na 3 osnovne tipe, ki se razlikujejo po obliki. vas with three basic types that differ in form ( fig. 7: S). Tip S1 so konične sklede, ki se enakomerno zožijo Type S1 are conical dishes that taper evenly towards proti dnu. So plitve (S1a; G225) in globoke (S1b; the base; they may be shallow (S1a; G225) or deep- G226). Če so delno ohranjene, jih le težko ločimo er (S1b; G226). If only partially surviving, it is diffi-od pokrovov. Tip S2 so sklede z izvihanim ustjem cult to distinguish them from lids. Type S2 are dishes (G107), tip S3 sklede z uvihanim ustjem oz. t. i. with an everted rim (G107). Type S3 are dishes with latvice, različice S3a–e so plitve, S3f–h globoke. S3a 50 Kovačević 2010, 49. 51 imajo pokončno ustje (G80 in verjetno 149), pri Kerman 2011, 28–40. 52 Kovačević 2008, 47–80. S3b je rame zaobljeno in dno široko (G68, 333). 53 Müller 2012, 309, fig. 138. 54 Ramsl 1998, 15–17, fig. 57. 55 55 Kataloško je že bilo obravnavanih 436 najdb, od tega 428 These include 436 artefacts (of which 428 are ceramic) keramičnih. V tem prispevku se številke najdb nanašajo that have already been published; the numbers of finds in na objavljen katalog (Gerbec 2015; oznaka »G« pomeni this contribution refer to those in the already published »gradivo«). catalogue (Gerbec 2015; G stands for finds). 123 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 123 8. 03. 2021 12:53:12 S3c so globlje od latvic S3b ter z izraziteje uvihanim an inturned rim; Variants S3a–e are shallow, Variants ustjem, zaobljeno rame pa prehaja v rahlo vbočeno S3f–h deep. The S3a dishes have a vertical rim(G80 dno (G232, 337, 422); varianta S3c1 ima na dnu and probably149).The S3b dishes have a rounded okras plitvih kanelur (G148). Latvice S3d imajo iz- shoulder and a wide base (G68, 333).The S3c dish- razitejši prehod ramena v spodnji del posode (G1, es are deeper than S3b and have a more strongly in- 140, 173, 228, 304). Varianta S3d1 je okrašena z turned rim, a rounded shoulder and a slightly concave vzporednimi navpičnimi kanelurami (G4), vari- base (G232, 337, 422);Variant S3c1 bears radiating anta S3d2 z vtisnjenim okrasom (G423). Varianta shallow grooves on the base interior (G148).The S3d S3e je v zgornjem delu vodoravno ali rahlo pošev- dishes have a more pronounced shoulder-lower body no kanelirana, dno je ravno (G315, 376). Globoke junction (G1, 140, 173, 228, 304). Variant S3d1is latvice S3f imajo na zaobljenem ramenu plastično decorated with parallel vertical grooves (G4), Vari- bradavico(G130). S3g imajo rahlo zavihano ustje ter ant S3d2bears impressed decoration (G423).The S3e poudarjeno rame (G230). Pri latvicah S3h se rame dishes bear vertical or slightly oblique grooves on the bolj ostro zalomi kot pri tipu S3g, ohranjeno dno je upper part, the base is flat (G315, 376).The deep dish- vbočeno (G205, 233, 424). es of S3f bear an applied knob on the rounded shoul- Nekaj skled in skodel je zaradi slabe ohranje- der (G130). The dishes of S3g have a slightly inturned nosti obravnavanih skupaj (S-Sk); razdeljene so na rim and a pronounced shoulder (G230); by compar- 3 tipe ( sl. 7: S-Sk). Tip S-Sk1 ima kratek pokon-ison, the S3h dishes have a sharper shoulder-lower čen vrat, na prehodu v rahlo zaobljeno rame je klek body junction, the base is concave (G205, 233, 424). (G5). Pri tipu S-Sk2 je zaobljeno rame poševno ka- As mentioned above, some sherds are ascribable nelirano, na površini je grafitni premaz56 (G175). to either dishes or bowls and are treated jointly (S- Pri tipu S-Sk3 je vrat daljši kot pri tipu S-Sk1. Rame Sk); I distinguish between three types. Type S-Sk1 je izrazito, zaobljeno ali bikonično in okrašeno z vti- has a short vertical rim, a rounded shoulder and a si ali kanelurami. S kanelurami je lahko okrašen tudi carinated shoulder-neck junction (G5). Type S-Sk2 vrat, na površini je lahko grafitni premaz. Različica has a rounded shoulder bearing oblique grooves and S-Sk3a ima stožčast vrat in zaobljeno rame (G176, is graphite-coated56 (G175). Type S-Sk3 has a longer 213, 305 ter odlomki 151, 152 in verjetno 74, 234); neck in comparison with S-Sk1, the shoulder is pro- zaobljeno rame ima tudi S-Sk3b, ki ima še doda- nounced, rounded or conical and decorated with im- ten okras plastičnih bradavic (G6, 306). Pri S-Sk3c pressions or grooves. The latter may also decorate the je rame izrazito bikonično (G150, morda tudi 73). neck and the surface may bear a graphite coat. Sub- Različica S-Sk3d, ki je bolje ohranjena, ima pokon- type S-Sk3a has a conical neck and a rounded shoul- čen, rahlo navzven usločen vrat in zaobljeno rame; der (G176, 213, 305, also 151, 152 and probably 74, na prehodu vratu v rame so vtisnjene jamice (G69). 234); S-Sk3b also has a rounded shoulder, as well as S-Sk3e ima rahlo izvihan vrat ter bikonično rame applied knobs (G6, 306). S-Sk3c has a pronounced (G7). Skledam ali skodelam pripada tudi nekaj dru- biconical shoulder-lower body junction (G150, pos- gih odlomkov (G45, 214, 231). sibly also73). The S-Sk3d vessels are better preserved Skodele (Sk) so plitve posode z enim ročajem, ki and have a cylindrical or slightly outwardly flaring je pri hotinjskih presegajoč ( sl. 7: Sk). Ohranjenost neck, a rounded shoulder and impressed dots at the je slaba. Tip Sk1 ima neokrašen stožčast vrat. Na neck-shoulder junction (G69). S-Sk3e has a slightly 56 56 S Hotinje vasi je grafitni premaz ohranjen na površinah Hotinja vas revealed fourteen vessels with a preserved 14 posod. Nahajališča grafita so sicer znana v Sloveniji, graphite coat. The presence of graphite has been established vendar verjetno ne v takšni obliki, da bi ga človek v stain Slovenia, but most probably not in the form and amount rejši železni dobi že koristil (Jelenc 1953, 25; Mioč 1983, usable for the prehistoric people (Jelenc 1953, 25; Mioč 18–19; Kolenko 1953, 276; Žorž, Moser 2002, 38–42). 1983, 18–19; Kolenko 1953, 276; Žorž, Moser 2002, 38– Pomembna nahajališča grafita v Srednji Evropi so v 42). In central Europe, important deposits of graphite are Nemčiji (Passau, v gorovju Fichtelgebirge, Wunsiedel), located in Germany (Passau and in the Fichtel Mountains, ter na avstrijskem Štajerskem (Javornik 1997, 1334). Wunsiedel) and in Austrian Styria (Javornik 1997, 1334). Omenimo še nahajališča v Spodnji Avstriji, na Moravskem We should also mention deposits in Lower Austria, Moravia in Slovaškem, kjer je grafit v starejši železni dobi pogosto and Slovakia, where graphite was commonly applied onto uporabljan pri krašenju keramike (npr. Holzer 1964, 164, Early Iron Age pottery (e.g. Holzer 1964, 164, 165; Hložek, 165; Hložek, Kazdová 2002, 23–31; Golec 2003, 128 Kazdová 2002, 23–31; Golec 2003, 128 etc.). It is possible idr.). Verjetno je, da je grafit prispel v okviru komunika-that graphite came to Hotinja vas through trading with cije in trgovine s severom, vendar bi bile za preverjanje the regions to the north, but we would need to conduct te teze potrebne mineraloške analize. Primerna za kori- mineralogical analyses to confirm this. Deposits suitable for ščenje v tem času naj bi bila tudi nahajališča v Kaptolu exploitation in this period were also located at Kaptol near pri Slavonski Požegi, na Psunju in Krndiji na Hrvaškem Požega in the Slavonija region, at Psunj and at Krndija, all (Jurković 2003, 1–13). in Croatia (Jurković 2003, 1–13). 124 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 124 8. 03. 2021 12:53:13 Slika 7. Hotinja vas. Tipološka razdelitev posodja (M= 1:8). Figure 7. Hotinja vas. Typology of the pottery (Scale = 1:8). 125 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 125 8. 03. 2021 12:53:13 površini je grafitni premaz (G8). Skodele tipa Sk2 so everted rim and a biconical shoulder-lower body enostavne zaobljene oblike in plitve (G236, 237). Pri junction (G7). Several other sherds may also belong tipu Sk3 ima ročaj zaključke v obliki živalskih rogov to either dishes or bowls (G45, 214, 231). (G235). Skodelam pripada tudi odlomek G42. Bowls (Sk) are shallow vessels with a single Lonci in lončki (L) so različno oblikovane glo- handle that is high in the case of the pottery from boke posode, katerih višina ne presega 1,5-kratnika Hotinja vas ( fig. 7: Sk). Their state of preservation is njihove največje širine, in so nižji od pitosov. Lah-poor. Type Sk1 has a plain conical neck and is graph- ko so veliki in majhni, tj. lonci in lončki ( sl. 7: L). ite-coated (G8). Type Sk2 is of a simple rounded and Lonci tipa L1 so konični (G9, 10, 240), pod tip L2 shallow form (G236, 237).Type Sk3 has a handle so združeni cilindrični ter ovalni. Različica L2a so with terminals in the shape of animal horns (G235). lonci (G28, 30, 137, 142, 158, 179, 216, 238, 239, The sherd of G42 also belongs to a bowl. 241, 243, 244, 247, 353, 354, 363, 403; en ima na Jars and beakers(L) are variously shaped deep ves- površini grafitni premaz), L2b lončki (G207), obo- sels with the height equal or smaller than 1.5 times ji z okrašenimi variantami. Varianta L2a1 ima pod the value of maximum diameter and lower than ustjem držaje ali plastične bradavice, ohranjena dna pithoi. Jars are large, beakers are small ( fig. 7: L). so ravna ali rahlo vbočena (G11, 12, 84, 138, 177, The jars of Type L1 are conical (G9, 10, 240). Type 178, 196, 242, 245, 339, 404, 405, 417), podobno je L2 comprises both cylindrical and ovaloid jars. Sub- pri lončkih variante L2b1, kjer je dno ravno (G125, type L2a are jars (G28, 30, 137, 142, 158, 179, 216, 215). Varianta L2a2 ima razčlenjen rob ustja (G340). 238, 239, 241, 243, 244, 247, 353, 354, 363, 403; Lonci tipa L3 so stožčaste oblike s kratkim pokonč- one with a graphite coat), L2b are beakers (G207), nim ali rahlo izvihanim robom ustja, ki je v večini both with decorative variants. Variant L2a1 has grips primerov z notranje strani ali z vrha ravno odrezan or applied knobs below the rim, the bases are either ali stanjšan (G14, 110, 141, 154, 316, 317, 406). flat or slightly concave (G11, 12, 84, 138, 177, 178, Varianta L3.1 ima izvihan rob ustja, ki je razčlenjen 196, 242, 245, 339, 404, 405, 417); similarly can be z odtisi prstov (G15, 111); L3.2 ima pod ustjem pla- said of the beakers of Variant L2b1 that have a flat stično rebro (G246). Tip L4 so kroglasti lonci s krat- base (G125, 215). Variant L2a2 has impressions on kim izvihanim ustjem, L4a so lonci (G197, 402), the rim (G340). Type L3 are conical jars with a short L4b lončki (G351). Tip L5 so lonci z lijakastim vra- vertical or slightly everted rim that is predominant- tom. Ustje je pri večini kratko, rahlo izvihano ter z ly cut flat or thinned from the interior side or from notranje strani stanjšano (G13, 109, 155, 248, 328, the top (G14, 110, 141, 154, 316, 317, 406). Vari- 329, 426); varianta L5.1 ima rob ustja razčlenjen s ant L3.1 has an everted rim with finger impressions prečnimi vzporednimi vrezi (G131, 318), varianta (G15, 111); L3.2 bears a cordon applied below the L5.2 ima takšne vreze pod robom ustja (G121). Tip rim (G246). Type L4 is globular with a short everted L6 so lonci s stožčastim vratom in daljšim izvihanim rim; L4a are jars (G197, 402), L4b beakers (G351). ustjem; različica L6a so lonci (G153, 250, 251), L6b Type L5 are jars with a funnel-shaped neck and a pre- pa lončki (G180, 249, 364). dominantly short, slightly everted rim that is thinned Pitosi (Pi), gr. pythos, so velike posode s cilin-from the interior side (G13, 109, 155, 248, 328, 329, dričnim ali stožčastim vratom. Skoraj vedno so višji 426); Variant L5.1 bears parallel transverse incisions od 30 cm ( sl. 8: Pi). V naselbinah so jih uporabljali on the lip (G131, 318), Variant L5.2 has such inci-za shranjevanje, na grobiščih za žare. Razdelili smo sions below the rim (G121). Type L6 has a conical jih na dva tipa. Tip Pi1 so bikonični pitosi s cilin- neck and a longer everted rim; Variant L6a are jars dričnim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim (G153, 250, 251), L6b are beakers (G180, 249, 364). ramenom (G401, 433), tip Pi2 so pitosi s stožčastim Pithoi (Pi), pythos in Greek, are large vessels with vratom. Različica Pi2a ima kratek stožčast vrat in iz-a cylindrical or a conical neck that usually exceed 30 vihano ustje. Rob ustja je z notranje strani ravno od- cm in height ( fig. 8: Pi). They were used for storage rezan. Prehod vratu v rame je tekoč, rame zaobljeno in settlements and as urns in cemeteries. We distin- (G319). Verjetno sodita k temu tipu tudi okrašena guish between two types at Hotinja vas: Type Pi1 are odlomka G252 in 253. Pitos različice Pi2b je trebu- biconical with a cylindrical neck, an everted rim and šast s stožčastim vratom, ki je daljši kot pri tipu Pi2a, a pronounced shoulder (G401, 433), Type Pi2 pithoi in z izvihanim ustjem, ki ni ohranjeno. Na preho- have a conical neck. Subtype Pi2a has a short conical du vratu v rame je klek, vrh ramena so posamezne neck, an everted rim, a lip that is cut flat from the plastične bradavice. Dno je bilo ravno ali rahlo vbo- interior side, a smooth neck-shoulder junction and a čeno (G217, 377). Okrašena varianta Pi2b1 ima na rounded shoulder (G319). The decorated sherds of 126 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 126 8. 03. 2021 12:53:13 zgornjem delu vratu vzporedne vodoravne kanelure; G252 and 253 probably also belong to this subtype. snopi vzporednih poševnih kanelur potekajo tudi od The pithos of Subtype Pi2b has concave lower body bradavice na ramenu pitosa proti spodnjemu delu and a conical neck that is longer than Pi2a, a pre- posode (G412). K temu tipu sodijo verjetno tudi od- sumably everted rim, individual knobs applied at the lomki posod G81, 82, 99, 100, 114, 162, 224, 311, upper part of the shoulder and an either flat or slight- 427; en z grafitnim premazom na površini. ly concave base (G217, 377). The decorated Variant Pekve in pokrovi (P) so si po obliki podobni Pi2b1 bears parallel vertical grooves on the upper ( sl. 8: P); ko so le delno ohranjeni, jih je težko loči-neck, as well as stripes of parallel oblique grooves ti. Njihova raba je različna. Pokrovi so za pokrivanje running from the knobs on the shoulder towards the posodja, pekve za peko na žerjavici. Pokrovi imajo lower body (G412). The sherds of G81, 82, 99, 100, na vrhu navadno različno oblikovane držaje, pekve 114, 162, 224, 311, 427 probably also belong to this pa imajo na vrhu ročaj in/ali ob straneh držaje. Deli subtype, one of them is graphite-coated. pekev so verjetno tudi nekateri posamezno ohranjeni Lids and baking lids (P) are very similar in form jezičasti držaji (G58–62, 277). Pod P1a so pekve z and poorly distinguishable when only partially pre- ročaji (G57, 369), P1b pekve ali pokrovi z jezičasti- served ( fig. 8: P). The served different purposes: lids mi ročaji (G52, 53, 120, 136, 191, 279, 280, 345, were used to cover pots, baking lids were used for bak- 359, 414), P1c z bradavicami (G278). Tip P1d je ing over hot embers. Lids usually terminate at the top pokrov s čašastim držajem (G368). Pekvam in po- with variously shaped knobs, while baking lids have krovom verjetno pripadajo odlomki G54, 56,103, a handle at the top and/or grips at the sides. Some 104, 119, 146, 190, 281–289, 313, 332, 346, 393, of the better preserved tongue-shaped grips probably 394, 399, 420; nekaj je okrašenih (G88, 325, 370). also belonged to baking lids (G58–62, 277). P1a are Cedila (C) so posode, ki imajo v dnu in steni baking lids with handles (G57, 369), P1b are either luknjice ( sl. 8: C). Dovolj dobro je ohranjeno le eno lids or baking lids with tongue-shaped grips (G52, cedilo polkrogle oblike z izvihanim ustjem s stanj- 53, 120, 136, 191, 279, 280, 345, 359, 414), P1c šanim robom ter poudarjenim prehodom v rame in are either lids or baking lids with knobs applied on ravnim dnom. Luknjice so v dnu in spodnjih dveh the body (G278) and P1d is a lid with a cup-shaped tretjinah posode (G395). Cedilom sta pripadala tudi knob (G368). Sherds of G54, 56,103, 104, 119, 146, odlomka G373 in 374. 190, 281–289, 313, 332, 346, 393, 394, 399 and Miniaturne posode (M) so v primerjavi s poso- 420 probably also belonged to lids or baking lids; dami enakih oblik zelo majhne ( sl. 8: M). Tip M1 je some of them are decorated (G88, 325, 370). posodica stožčaste oblike s stanjšanim robom ustja Colanders (C) are vessels with holes in the base (G409); tip M2 je pekvica z jezičastimi držaji (G77). and body ( fig. 8: C). A single colander is preserved Med drugimi posodami so morda še deli ciste well enough to allow us to reconstruct its form: it is (G218) in odlomki posode z nagubano površino hemispherical with an everted rim and a thinned lip (G327). and a flat base. Holes are present in the base and the lower two thirds of the body (G395).The sherds of G373 and 374 also belonged to colanders. Miniature vessels (M) are very small in compar- ison with the vessel of the same form ( fig. 8: M). Type M1 is a small conical vessel with a thinned lip (G409) and Type M2 is a small baking lid with tongue-shaped grips (G77). Other sherds include a piece of a cist (G218) and fragments of a vessel with a protuberated surface (G327). Drugi keramični predmeti ( sl. 8) Other ceramic artefacts ( fig. 8) Sem sodijo ognjiščni predmeti in drugi pripomoč- These comprise items connected with the hearth ki. Ob pekvah, ki so obravnavane skupaj s pokrovi, and other items. Alongside baking lids the for- sodijo med ognjiščne predmete še prenosne pečke57, mer include portable ovens57, firedogs and ceramic ognjiščne koze in svitki. Med druge pripomočke rings. Other items comprise various loom weights 57 57 Prenosne pečke so v novejši literaturi poimenovane tudi Portable ovens are in recent literature called also pyraunoi piraunosi (Pavlovič 2008; Gerbec 2018). (Pavlovič 2008; Gerbec 2018). 127 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 127 8. 03. 2021 12:53:13 Slika 8. Hotinja vas. Tipološka razdelitev posodja in drugih keramičnih predmetov (M= 1:8). Figure 8. Hotinja vas. Typology of the pottery and other ceramic artefacts (Scale = 1:8). 128 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 128 8. 03. 2021 12:53:14 uvrščamo tkalske in predilne uteži; lahko pa tudi and spindle whorls, possibly also rings and various svitke in druge podstavke. stands. Prenosene pečke (Pp) so predmeti, ki so se upo- Portable ovens (Pp) were used in baking or cook- rabljali pri peki ali kuhi hrane ( sl. 8: Pp).58 V slovenski ing ( fig. 8: Pp).58 They are known in literature under literaturi so različno poimenovani (prenosne pečke, different names including the Greek word pyraunoi. prenosna ognjišča, piraunosi, pyraunoi (gr.), ognjiščne They are usually not preserved well enough to enable kozice idr.). Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti rekonstrukcija a reconstruction of its form and use. The portable ter opredelitev njihove namembnosti ni vedno možna. ovens from Hotinja vas are round, the upper sur- Hotinjski primerki so cilindrične oblike, vrhnja plo- face or pan is concave and the rim everted (G63–65, skev je usločena, rob je izvlečen (G63–65, 421). Pri 421). In order to help us determine the use they have opredelitvi rabe smo se oprli na izsledke analize lipidov. been sampled and subjected to a lipid analysis. Ognjiščne koze (O) so predmeti, ki se v literaturi Firedogs (O) are also known in literature under pojavljajo tudi pod imenom ražnji ali podstavki za ra- the Greek name of krateutai. They are elongated rec- žnje, gr. krateutai. So ognjiščni podstavki, največkrat tangular supports and bear varied decoration ( fig. v obliki podolgovatega kvadra, ki so lahko različno 8: O). It is difficult to determine their exact use; they okrašeni. So keramični ( sl. 8: O), lahko so tudi ka-are usually connected with hearths and interpreted mniti ali kovinski (slo. zaglavnik). Opredelitev rabe je as supports for either firewood or for preparing food težavna. Povezuje se jih z ognjišči in razlaga kot držala on the hearth, some without traces of fire also as ob-za polena, distančnike pri pripravi hrane na ognjiščih; jects that delimited the cooking area or as cult items ker večkrat nimajo sledov ognja, pa tudi kot predmete (the latter mainly refers to a special form of firedogs za zamejitev ognjišča in v povezavi s kultom (pred- called ‘moon idols’).59 The firedogs from Hotinja vas vsem posebno obliko teh predmetov, imenovano »lu- are only partially preserved and their classification is nin idol«).59 Hotinjske ognjiščne koze so delno ohra-approximate. njene, zato je njihova razdelitev le shematična. Type O1 are firedogs of the ‘bench’ type and Tip O1 so ognjiščne koze klopnega tipa. Na eni bear deeply impressed dots, as well as either a cordon stranici so globoke vtisnjene jamice in plastično re- or a wide horizontal groove on one side; one exam- bro ali široka vodoravna kanelura; v enem primeru ple bears decoration made by impressing a toothed je na obeh stranicah okras izdelan z vtisi zobatega object on both sides (G202, 335, 360, 375). The pripomočka (G202, 335, 360, 375). Ognjišče koze Type O2 firedogs have variously shaped finials and tipa O2 imajo različno oblikovane zaključke na zgor- shallow dots impressed on one side. Subtype O2a nji ploskvi; na eni stranici so vtisnjene plitve jamice. bears finials in the shape of animal heads (G201), Pri različici O2a so zaključki v obliki živalskih glavic Subtype O2b bears knob-shaped finials (G347, (G201), pri O2b v obliki čepkov (G347, 410). Pri 410); the latter may bear cordons with impressions teh je na eni stranici motiv plastičnih reber, ki so lah-on one side. ko razčlenjene z vtisi. Ceramic rings (S) are of different sizes ( fig. Svitki (S) so glinasti obroči različnih dimenzij in 8: S) and mainly served as pot stands on or near the okroglega preseka ( sl. 8: S). Služili so predvsem kot hearth, some also as loom weights (G105, 299, 435). podstavki za posode na ali ob ognjišču, nekateri tudi Pyramidal weights (U) are large and have a hori- kot tkalske uteži (G105, 299, 435). zontal hole ( fig. 8: U). They were mainly used as Piramidalne uteži (U) so masivni predmeti s loom weights (G78, 170, 195, 300, 301, 336, 371, prečno luknjo ( sl. 8: U). Večinoma so jih uporabljali 397). The sherds of G193 and 194 probably also be-kot uteži pri statvah (G78, 170, 195, 300, 301, 336, longed to such weights. Variant U1.1 bears either an 371, 397). Verjetno sem sodita tudi G193 in 194. incised cross or impressed dots (G169, 302). Posamezni kosi (U1.1) imajo vrezan okras križa ali Spindle whorls (V) are smaller, differently vtisnjene jamice (G169, 302). shaped weights with a vertical hole used in spin- Vretenca (V) so manjše uteži različnih oblik z ning ( fig. 8: V).60 I distinguish between five types at navpično luknjo, za katera so v uporabi različna po-Hotinja vas: V1 are flattened spherical (G348), V2 imenovanja (vijček, vretence, vreteno idr.; sl. 8: V).60 are conical (G66), V3 are flat conical (G314), V4 Uporabljale so se pri ročnih vretenih za predenje niti. 58 Delpino 1969, 311–340; Scheffer 1981; ead. 1982; 58 Delpino 1969, 311–340; Scheffer 1981; ista 1982; Romsauer 2003, 15–19; Horejs 2007, 148–153 and Romsauer 2003, 15–19; Horejs 2007, 148–153 idr. others. 59 59 Hoops 1973, 390–399; Goetze 1976, 137; Bianchin Hoops 1973, 390–399; Goetze 1976, 137; Bianchin Citton et al. 1998, 365. Citton et al. 1998, 365. 60 60 Krasnik 2009, 72; Preložnik 2010, 91–108. Krasnik 2009, 72; Preložnik 2010, 91–108. 129 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 129 8. 03. 2021 12:53:14 Ločimo pet tipov, V1 so sploščeno kroglaste oblike are pear-shaped (G361, 396) and V5 are biconical (G348), V2 stožčaste (G66), V3 konične (G314), (G349). Some bear decorative grooves. V4 hruškaste (G361, 396) ter V5 bikonične oblike (G349), nekatera imajo okrasne žlebove. Kovina, steklo in kamen Metal, glass and stone finds Med kovinskimi najdbami so bili ena bronasta čolni- The metal finds from Hotinja vas comprise a bronze časta fibula šmarješkega tipa (G203; sl. 9), dva žele-boat fibula of the Šmarjeta type (G203; fig. 9), two zna noža skoraj enake velikosti (14,5 cm in 14,6 cm; almost equally long iron knives(14.5 cm and 14.6 G362) ter 7 kosov in dva drobca žlindre s skupno cm), as well as seven large and two small pieces of maso 152 g ( sl. 10). Odkrit je bil neopredeljiv odlo-slag with a total weight of 152 g ( fig. 10). Also found mek iz temno modrega, skoraj črnega stekla (G204). was an undeterminable fragment of very dark blue, Med najdbami je bilo še 56 kamnov s sledovi rabe. almost black glass (G204), as well as 56 stones with traces of usewear. KRONOLOŠKA OPREDELITEV NAJDIŠČA CHRONOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTION OF THE SITE Keramične najdbe Ceramic V večji meri so v Hotinji vasi zastopane oblike po- The ceramic from Hotinja vas mainly belong to sod, ki so daljšega trajanja in razširjene na obsežnem forms in use over long period and in wide areas, območju, zato smo se omejili na primerjave iz bližnje therefore we are given analogies just from the sites of okolice na Štajerskem. Styria and neighbouring countries. Sklede tipa S1 so pogoste na vseh bližnjih najdi- The S1 dishes are common finds across Slo- ščih ( sl. 7).61 Tipu S2 je podobna skleda iz Ipavčeve venia and the surrounding areas ( fig. 7).61 The S2 gomile v Pivoli iz pozne Ha C–D1 stopnje, nekaj jih dish is similar to one found in the Ipavec tumulus je iz naselja Burgstallkogel pri Kleinkleinu, kjer so iz at Pivola, attributed to late Ha C–D1, some are also stopnje Ha C oz. začetka stopnje Ha D1 in iz Kal- known from the settlement at Burgstallkogel, from sdorfa pri Gradcu.62 Tudi latvice tipa S3 so dolgotraj- Ha C–beginning of Ha D1, and from Kalsdorf near ne, razen okrasa se ne spreminjajo veliko. Za grobišče Graz.62 The S3 dishes were also in prolonged use and Kleinklein je bil predložen razvoj latvic od globokih s did not change much in form, only in decoration. strmimi stenami k plitvejšim, a zaradi dolgotrajnosti The pottery analysis for the cemetery at Kleinklein posameznih oblik ne more služiti kot merodajno me- showed that dishes with an inturned rim developed rilo pri datiranju.63 Starejše, iz stopnje Poštela 1, so la-from deep dishes with steep walls to more shallow tvice z ostro zavihanim ustjem,64 kakršnih pa Hotinja dishes, but this is not chronologically indicative as vas nima. Nizke latvice, kot je naš tip S3a, poznamo individual forms stayed in use long.63 Certainly ear- s Poštele, Hajndla in najdišča Pri Muri pri Lendavi.65 lier forms, attributable to the Poštela 1 phase, are the Na Pošteli, iz sonde 64 z najdbami iz 3. poštelskega dishes with a sharply inturned rim,64 but these have horizonta (Ha C2–D1), je najti primerjave tudi za not been found at Hotinja vas. The low dishes such tip S3b,66 na najdišču Pri Muri pri Lendavi ter Novi as those of Subtype S3a are known from Poštela, Ha- tabli pri Murski Soboti pa za latvice S3c.67 Ključno jndl and Pri Muri near Lendava.65 Poštela, more pre- za opredelitev nizkih latvic v Hotinji vasi je, da se v cisely Trench 64 with finds from the Poštela 3 phase (Ha C2–D1) revealed comparisons for the S3b dish- 61 Lamut 1988–1989, 242, T. 21: 9; Teržan 1990, T. 35: 13, es.66 The sites of Pri Muri near Lendava and Nova 14, 16; Smolnik 1994, Abb. 18; 112–120; T. 6: 14, 17; 61 56: 11 itd.; Tiefengraber 2005, T. 36: 9; 37: 7; 38: 2–5, 7; Lamut 1988–1989, 242, Pl. 21: 9; Teržan 1990, Pl. 35: Magdič 2006, 142, 149, T. 4: 1; 11: 7; 21: 4–5; 66: 3 idr. 13, 14, 16; Smolnik 1994, figs. 18; 112–120; Pls. 6: 14, 62 Teržan 1990, T. 66: 13; Smolnik 1994, T. 52: 3; 133: 11; 17; 56: 11 etc.; Tiefengraber 2005, Pls. 36: 9; 37: 7; 38: 145: 6; Tiefengraber 2005, T. 55: 9. 2–5, 7; Magdič 2006, 142, 149, Pls. 4: 1; 11: 7; 21: 4–5; 63 Dobiat 1980, 73–74. 66: 3 etc. 64 62 Teržan 1990, 32, sl. 1: 21. Teržan 1990, Pl. 66: 13; Smolnik 1994, Pls. 52: 3; 133: 65 Teržan 1990, T. 37: 5, 6, 9, 12, 14 (Poštela); Kovač 2004, 11; 145: 6; Tiefengraber 2005, Pl. 55: 9. 63 T. 40: 1; Magdič 2006, T. 37: 3; 67: 5; Mele 2009, T. 13: Dobiat 1980, 73–74. 64 2; 121: 7 idr. (Hajndl); Sankovič 2011, 45, sl. 31: 6; G297 Teržan 1990, 32, fig. 1: 21. 65 (Pri Muri pri Lendavi). Teržan 1990, Pl. 37: 5, 6, 9, 12, 14 (Poštela); Kovač 2004, 66 Teržan 1990, 32, T. 8: 6. Pl. 40: 1; Magdič 2006, Pls. 37: 3; 67: 5; Mele 2009, Pls. 67 Sankovič 2011, 45, sl. 31: 4c, G356; Pavlovič 2008, 483, 13: 2; 121: 7 etc. (Hajndl); Sankovič 2011, 45, fig. 31: 6; sl. 2b: 4; Guštin et al. 2017, G1063, 1205, 1638 (grob 27 G297 (Pri Muri near Lendava). 66 iz razvitega obdobja grobišča). Teržan 1990, 32, Pl. 8: 6. 130 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 130 8. 03. 2021 12:53:14 tabla near Murska Sobota yielded parallels for the Slika 9. Hotinja vas. S3c dishes.67 The key point for attributing the low Bronasta čolničasta fibula iz objekta 10 dishes with an inturned rim is that those here de- (foto: N. Grum). termined as Types S3c and S3d, but also S3b appear Figure 9. Hotinja together in the burials of Phase 2 in even more so vas. Bronze boat of Phase 3 (Ha C–D1) at Kleinklein, namely in the fibula from SH 10 (photo: N. Grum). tumuli of Forstwald 21 and 22, Grellwald 20, 22, 34, 55, as well as Leitengritschwald 138.68 The S3e dishes have shallow grooves. It is at times difficult to distinguish between the facetted and the horizon- tally grooved dishes; they may be contemporaneous and appear at nearby sites from the Styria/ Štajerska 1 to 3 horizons. According to B. Lamut, the facetted Slika 10. Hotinja dishes gradually replaced the grooved ones at Or- vas. Mineralni delci iz mož, the latter mainly known from the settlement’s jame 6 ob zemljanki second phase (Ha B3–C1).69 Also the dish with an 2 (vz. f3), ki so se inturned rim and oblique grooves from Tumulus 2 at oprijeli magneta (levo); analiziran Spodnje Podlože can be attributed to the Styria/ Šta- vzorec žlindre iz jerska 3 horizon.70 At Burgstallkogel near Kleinklein, zemljanke 3 (desno). grooving is common in the third phase, but also ap- Figure 10. Hotinja vas. Particles from pears in the fourth phase that corresponds with Ha Pit 6 next to SH 2 Kleinkleinu v grobovih 2. in 3. stop nje (Ha C–D1) C–D1.71 In the Podravina region in Croatia, similar (Sample f3) picked skupaj pojavljajo latvice, ki smo jih opredelili kot tipe dishes occur in the developed Early Iron Age, for ex- up by a magnet (left) and the analysed S3c in S3d, pa tudi S3b. Taki primeri so latvice v go- ample at the settlement at Torčec – Međuriče.72 The sample of slag from milah Forstwald 21 in 22, Grellwald 20, 22, 34, 55 deep S3f–h dishes are more common in Ha B2–B3 SH 3 (right). ter Leitengritschwald 138.68 Latvice tipa S3e so pli- and Ha C1, and certainly remain in use in the Styria/ tvo kanelirane. Med fasetiranimi in vodoravno rahlo Štajerska 3 horizon or Ha C2–D1.73 kaneliranimi latvicami je včasih težko ločiti. Lahko The decorated dishes with an inturned rim can so istočasne; na bližnjih najdiščih se pojavljajo od 1. be dated more easily. The S3c1 dish bears shallow do 3. štajerskega horizonta. Po Branku Lamutu naj bi grooves on the base interior radiating from the cen- v Ormožu fasetirane latvice postopoma nadomestile tre and forming either a sun or a star ( fig. 7: S3 c1). kanelirane, slednje so zastopane predvsem v 2. sto- Variants of this motif in vertical and oblique grooves pnji Ormoža (Ha B3–C1).69 Poševno kanelirana la- are known in the Poštela 2 and 3 phases (Ha C–D1); tvica iz Spodnjih Podlož pod Ptujsko goro je glede na they are also typical of the third phase at Ormož (de- kontekst gomile 2 datirana v 3. štajerski horizont.70 veloped Ha C) and Phases 2 and 3 at Kleinklein.74 Na Burgstallkoglu pri Kleinkleinu je kaneliranje po- Apart from the decorative manner, dating is also in- gosto v 3. fazi; pojavlja se tudi v 4., kar ustreza sto- dicated by the placement of the decoration. On these pnji Ha C–D1.71 V hrvaškem Podravju se podobne dishes, decoration does not appear on the exterior latvice pojavljajo v času razvite starejše železne dobe, where its aesthetic value is readily apparent; it is in npr. v naselju Torčec – Međuriče.72 Globoke latvice 67 Sankovič 2011, 45, fig. 31: 4c; G356; Pavlovič 2008, 483, tipa S3f–h so pogostejše v stopnjah Ha B2–B3 in Ha fig. 2b: 4; Guštin et al. 2017, G1063, 1205, 1638 (Grave 27 from the developed phase of the cemetery). C1, zagotovo so v uporabi tudi še v času 3. štajerske 68 Dobiat 1980, Pls. 36: 1, 3, 4; 38: 4, 5; 66: 2, 3, 6; 69: 5, stopnje oz. v Ha C2–D1.73 7, 17; 73: 7, 8, 10, 11; 91: 1–6, 8, 9; 105: 4, 5. 69 Lamut 2001, 215. 68 70 Dobiat 1980, T. 36: 1, 3, 4; 38: 4, 5; 66: 2, 3, 6; 69: 5, 7, Lubšina Tušek 1996, 93, Pl. 6: 4. 71 17; 73: 7, 8, 10, 11; 91: 1–6, 8, 9; 105: 4, 5. Smolnik 1994, 117–120, Pls. 126: 1, 2, 8, 9, 11–16; 144: 69 Lamut 2001, 215. 10, 12, 13 etc. 70 72 Lubšina Tušek 1996, 93, T. 6: 4. Kovačević 2009, 55, Pl. 6: 2; id. 2008. 71 73 Smolnik 1994, 117–120, T. 126: 1, 2, 8, 9, 11–16; 144: For Type 3f: Dobiat 1980, Pls. 42: 4; 99: 12; Teržan 1990, 10, 12, 13 idr. Pls. 36: 22–23; 68: 6; 80: 3; Type 3g: Magdič 2006, Pl. 72 Kovačević 2009, 55, T. 6: 2; isti 2008. 89: 1; Pavlovič 2008, 483, fig. 2b: 5; Type 3h: Guštin et 73 Za tip 3f: Dobiat 1980, T. 42: 4; 99: 12; Teržan 1990, T. al. 2017, G1064; Teržan 1990, Pl. 71: 10; Dobiat 1980, 36: 22–23; 68: 6; 80: 3; tip 3g: Magdič 2006, T. 89: 1; Pl. 105: 2, 3 etc. 74 Pavlovič 2008, 483, sl. 2b: 5; tip 3h: Guštin et al. 2017, Teržan 1990, 32–36 (Poštela); Lamut 1988–1989, 241 G1064; Teržan 1990, T. 71: 10; Dobiat 1980, T. 105: (Ormož); Dobiat 1980, Pls. 28: 3; 29: 3; 53: 1–3, 6 etc. 2, 3 idr. (Kleinklein). 131 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 131 8. 03. 2021 12:53:14 Nekoliko lažje je poiskati časovno mesto okra-the interior and only visible when the vessel is empty šenim latvicam. Latvica tipa S3c1 ima v notranjosti or being emptied, for example while drinking from okras plitvih kanelur, izhajajočih v obliki žarkov iz it. As such, it is absent in the Ruše Urnfield culture sredine dna, torej v motivu sonca ali zvezde ( sl. 7: group.75 For the Styria/ Štajerska 2 horizon, we know S3c1). Različne izvedbe okrasa z navpičnimi in po-of dishes with an inturned rim from the settlement at ševnimi kanelurami se pojavljajo v 2. in 3. stopnji Ptujski grad and the cemetery at Ormož, presumably Poštele (Ha C–D1); značilne so tudi za 3. stopnjo from a tumulus at Hardek as well, that have a varied, Ormoža (razviti Ha C) ter 2. in 3. fazo Kleinkleina.74 also star-shaped incised decoration.76 The base deco- Ob načinu izdelave okrasa je za datacijo pomemb- rated with a central motif of black-painted grooves is no še njegovo mesto. V tem primeru ne gre za okras known on a dish with an inturned rim from Hajndl, zunanjosti, kjer na prvi pogled prepoznamo estetsko attributed to Ha C.77 The analysis of the vessels from vrednost. Ko je okrašena notranja stran, je okras vi- Ormož burials has indicated that such decoration of den le, ko je posoda prazna oz. ko se prazni, npr. vessel interiors was common in the Dalj and Donja pri pitju. Ruška žarnogrobiščna skupina ga v tem Dolina groups.78 Grave 59 from the Early Iron Age smislu ne pozna.75 Latvice z raznolikim, tudi zvezdi site at Dalj – Busija, Erdut (7), for example, yielded podobnim vrezanim okrasom poznamo iz naselbi- a dish with an inturned rim and the base decorated ne na Ptujskem gradu in z grobišča v Ormožu; bile with a circle with stripes of three straight lines run- naj bi tudi v gomili na Hardeku.76 Dno, okrašeno s ning from it on four sides.79 Also of the Dalj group, centralnim motivom kanelur, ima latvica s Hajndla, the cemetery at Lijeva Bara in Vukovar revealed a datirana v stopnjo Ha C.77 Tovrstno okraševanje no- slightly larger dish decorated on the base with the tranjosti posod je bilo uveljavljeno predvsem pri sku- same motif as the S3c1 dish from Hotinja vas with pinah Dalj in Donja Dolina.78 Iz groba 59 s starejše the only difference being in the decoration consist- železnodobnega najdišča Dalj – Busija, Erdut (7), je ing of ribs.80 Other parallels are known from the latvica, ki ima dno okrašeno s krogom, iz katerega Kaptol-Martijanec group in Podravina. A grave from na štiri strani izhajajo po tri ravne črte.79 S prav tako Tumulus 2 at Goričan, for example, contained a dish daljskega grobišča Lijeva Bara v Vukovarju je objav- with the decoration on the base interior consisting ljena večja skleda, ki je na dnu okrašena z enakim of five concentric grooved circles with three stripes motivom kot hotinjska, le da je njen okras izveden v of three grooves running from it; the grave is dated rahlo izstopajočih plastičnih rebrih.80 Primerjave po- to the Ha C period.81 For the beginning of the Early znamo tudi iz skupine Martijanec-Kaptol. Iz groba Iron Age, a similar concept of decorating the base in- gomile 2 v Goričanu, datiranem v stopnjo HaC, je teriors of dishes and bowls has been spread across the znana skleda, ki ima na dnu okras koncentričnega area of the Styrian/Štajerska-Pannonian and neigh- kroga iz petih kanelur, iz katerega izhajajo na tri strani bouring groups, namely in areas extending from po tri kanelure.81 V začetku starejše železne dobe za- Moravia, Lower Austria to Styria and SE Pannonia. sledimo koncept okraševanja notranje površine skled The decoration of different central and radiating in skodel na celotnem območju štajersko-panonske motifs usually consists of polished strips and strips of skupine, pa tudi pri sosednjih skupinah. Na pro-graphite coating, or in different combinations of in- storu med Moravsko, Spodnjo Avstrijo in avstrijsko cisions and impressed rings. This is clearly visible on Štajersko ter JV Panonijo je okrasni motiv v notra- the vessels from the cemetery at Kleinklein.82 As al- njosti (razni centralni motivi, žarki) največkrat izve- 75 E.g. Pahič 1957, Pl. 19: 4; Müller Karpe 1959, Pls. 116: den s poliranimi pasovi in pasovi grafitnega premaza 48; 119: 32; Korošec 1951, fig. 398. 76 Tomanič Jevremov 1988–89, 289, Pls. 6: 6; 19: 5; 20: 2; ali z različnimi kombinacijami vrezov in vtisnjenih 23: 1; Korošec 1951, fig. 214; cf. Dular 2013, 74. 74 77 Teržan 1990, 32–36 (Poštela); Lamut 1988–1989, 241 Kovač 2004, 119–120, Pl. 15: 6. 78 (Ormož); Dobiat 1980, T. 28: 3; 29: 3; 53: 1–3, 6 itd. Tomanič Jevremov 1988–89, 289; Metzner Nebelsick (Kleinklein). 2002, Pls. 59: 10; 82: 3, 4 (Dalj – Busija); 123: 1 (Pécs – 75 Npr. Pahič 1957, T. 19: 4; Müller Karpe 1959, T. 116: 48; Jakabhegy). 79 119: 32; Korošec 1951, sl. 398. Mihelić 2004a, 264, fig. 8. 76 80 Tomanič Jevremov 1988–89, 289, T. 6: 6; 19: 5; 20: 2; 23: Permanent exhibition at the Archaeological Museum in 1; Korošec 1951, sl. 214; prim. Dular 2013, 74. Zagreb. 77 81 Kovač 2004, 119–120, T. 15: 6. Mihelić 2004b, 294, fig. 6. 78 82 Tomanič Jevremov 1988–89, 289; Metzner Nebelsick Cf. decoration made with polished strips and graphite 2002, T. 59: 10; 82: 3, 4 (Dalj – Busija); 123: 1 (Pécs – coating to form eight lines radiating from the centre of Jakabhegy). the vessel, attributed to Ha C2–D1 of the Horákov cul- 79 Mihelić 2004a, 264, sl. 8. ture (Golec 2003, 224, No. 4(5)24); for incised decora- 80 Stalna razstava Arheološkega muzeja v Zagrebu. tion see e.g. the sites at Batina Gradac, Dalj Busija, Pécs 81 Mihelić 2004b, 294, sl. 6. – Jakabhegy (Metzner Nebelsick 2002, Pls. 47: 5; 82: 3, 132 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 132 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 krožcev. To jasno kaže grobišče v Kleinkleinu.82 Kot ready shown above, similar decoration in NE Slove-smo že pokazali, je na prostoru SV Slovenije in na nia and NW Croatia mainly consists of incisions and SZ Hrvaškem podoben okras izdelan predvsem z grooves, while decorating the base interiors of dishes vrezi ali kanelurami, medtem ko je na Dolenjskem with an inturned rim is not common in the Dolenjs- oz. v dolenjski kulturni skupini tak okras na dnu la- ka region.83 The S3c1 dish from Hotinja vas cannot tvic skorajda neznan.83 Čeprav hotinjske latvice ne be precisely dated neither through its form nor its moremo natančno časovno opredeliti niti po obliki decoration, but we come closest to achieving this by niti po okrasu, pa je najverjetnejša datacija na pod- comparing it to the dish from the above-mentioned lagi primerjave iz groba v Goričanu. S kanelurami je grave at Goričan. Grooved decoration is also known okrašen tudi odlomek latvice tipa S3d1, ki ima naj- on a fragment of an S3d1 dish with closest parallels boljše primerjave v Ipavčevi gomili v Pivoli. Podobni from the Ipavec tumulus at Pivola. Also similar are sta tudi skodelica iz groba 2 Maggove gomile z istega the cup from Grave 2 of the Magg tumulus at Piv- grobišča ter skodelica s Poštele, ki sta enako okraše- ola and a cup from Poštela, which are comparable ni, vendar imata pokončen rob ustja. Vse sodijo v 3. in decoration but have a vertical rim; the cups have štajerski horizont oz. stopnjo Ha C2/D1.84 been attributed to the Styria/ Štajerska 3 horizon or Latvica tipa S3d2 je tik pod robom ustja okraše- Ha C2/D1.84 na z žigosanimi krožci, ki imajo v sredini vsak po štiri The S3d2 dish from Hotinja vas bears stamped majhne trikotnike oz. gre za krog s križem. Krožce rings with four triangles within them that form a povezuje žigosana razčlenjena »cik-cak« črta85 ( sl. 7: cross just below the rim connected with a stamped S3d2; 11B). Okras je bil verjetno izdelan s poseb- ‘zigzag’ line85 ( fig. 7: S3d2; 11B). This decoration was nim pripomočkom, žigom, ki je imel eno stranico probably made using a special tool such as a stamp, narezano oz. nazobčano. Ti pripomočki so bili iz with one toothed edge. Such tools were made of različnih snovi: keramike, kosti, brona.86 Vtiskovali different materials: clay, bone, bronze.86 They were so jih v še mehko površino posod. Pri tem je nastal pressed into the wet clay of the vessels to make linear vzorec iz majhnih vzporednih kvadratkov, pravoko- patterns consisting of small squares, rectangles, tri- tnikov, trikotnikov ipd., ki so jih pustili zobje orodja. angles and so forth. This decoration may appear on Ta okras je lahko samostojen (prim. G335), večkrat its own (cf. G335) or more commonly in combina- pa je v kombinaciji še z drugim (prim. G423). Na tion with other decorative techniques (cf. G423). At bližnji Pošteli se različno žigosanje (krožci in tudi nearby Poštela, different stamped motifs (rings and razčlenjene črte, izdelane z zobatim pripomočkom) linear motifs made with a toothed tool) appear as a kot novost pojavi v 3. horizontu.87 Tudi na območju novelty of the Poštela 3 phase.87 In Lower Austria as Spodnje Avstrije se okras žigosanih krožcev uveljavi well, the decoration of stamped rings is in use in the v mlajši fazi starohalštatskega obdobja; nekateri ga late phase of the Early Hallstatt period; some schol- uvrščajo v stopnjo Ha C2, drugi v Ha D1.88 Okras ars attribute it to Ha C2, others to Ha D1.88 The decoration of rings with crosses or encircled crosses 82 Prim. okras 8 linij, ki kot žarki izhajajo iz sredine posode, such as those on the dish from Hotinja vas is not izdelan s poliranimi pasovi in grafitnim premazom iz stopnje Ha C2–D1 horakovske kulture (Golec 2003, 224, št. common, but the comparisons are very telling. Such 4(5)24); za vrezan okras glej npr. najdišča Batina Gradac, Dalj Busija, Pécs – Jakabhegy (Metzner Nebelsick 2002, 4; 123: 1); Dobiat 1980, 169–170, Pls. 36: 9; 37: 3, 5; 42: T. 47: 5; 82: 3, 4; 123: 1); Dobiat 1980, 169–170, T. 36: 4–7; 43: 4–7; 47: 6; 54: 4, 6, 8; 83: 5; 95: 3, 5; 96: 7; 99: 9; 37: 3, 5; 42: 4–7; 43: 4–7; 47: 6; 54: 4, 6, 8; 83: 5; 95: 6; 110: 7; mostly impressed rings form a circle in the cen-3, 5; 96: 7; 99: 6; 110: 7; večinoma vtisnjeni krožci tvo-tral part of the base while the graphite strips form various rijo krog v osrednjem delu dna, grafitni pasovi so v obliki radiating motifs (crosses, meshwork and so forth); date: različnih žarkov (križni motiv, mreža idr.); datacija: faza 2, second and even more so Phase 3 (Kleinklein). 83 predvsem pa faza 3 (Kleinklein). E.g. Gabrovec 2006, Pls. 82: 16; 182: 223 (Stična). 83 84 Npr. Gabrovec 2006, T. 82: 16; 182: 223 (Stična). Teržan 1990, fig. 3: 7; Pls. 65: 2; 66: 4, 5; 76–77. 84 85 Teržan 1990, sl. 3: 7; T. 65: 2; 66: 4, 5; 76–77. The impressed linear decoration is known in literature un-85 Za vtisnjen linijski okras zasledimo v literaturi poime- der different names in different languages, e.g. Rädchen, novanja Rädchen, Rollrädchen, Rollstempel, Zahnstempel, Rollrädchen, Rollstempel, Zahnstempel, tracing wheel motif, tracing wheel motiv, roller-stamped, rouletting, koleščkan roller-stamped, rouletting, koleščkan ornament, koleščkanje, ornament, koleščkanje idr. ali pa splošno poimenovanje žigosanje. 86 žigosanje. Dreslerová 1995a, 23, fig. 13: 1; Vulpe 1986, 79, fig. 8/8; 86 Dreslerová 1995a, 23, fig. 13: 1; Vulpe 1986, 79, fig. 8/8; Dušek, Dušek 1995, Pls. 67: 12; 94: 20; Preinfalk 2012, Dušek, Dušek 1995, T. 67: 12; 94: 20; Preinfalk 2012, 92, 92, Cat. No. 635, 1103; there are other examples of im-kat. n. 635, 1103; primerov odtiskovanja različnih kovin-pressing/stamping different metal tools, see e.g. Truhelka skih predmetov je več, glej npr. Truhelka 1904, 36. 1904, 36. 87 87 Teržan 1990, 36. Teržan 1990, 36. 88 88 Rebay 2006, 127; Lochner 1988, 115. Rebay 2006, 127; Lochner 1988, 115. 133 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 133 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 Slika 11. Okras na rings are known on a vessel from a tumulus at Vele- odlomku posode iz nik near Spodnja Polskava ( fig. 11A) attributed to the gomile na Veleniku Poštela 3phase.89 The date of the vessel from Velenik (A 1) pri 10- in 60-kratni povečavi is confirmed by the motif of the so-called running (A 2, A 3) in okras na dog on its neck. This motif can also be found on odlomku latvice tip the neck of a pithos from Pit 146 at the site of Sko- S3d2 iz Hotinje vasi (B 1) pri 60-kratni librova ulica in Ormož, attributed to Ha C2–D1.90 povečavi (B 2, B 3) The ceramic stand found in Tumulus 3 at Spodnje (foto: M. Črešnar). Podlože, attributed to the Poštela 3 phase, suggests a Figure 11. Decoration on a similar motif there.91 The S3d2 dish has few paral- fragment of a vessel lels; we are also limited in this sense by the imprecise from the tumulus at drawings of the finds published in reduced scale.92 Velenik (A 1) with We may therefore only indicate possible similarities magnifying powers of 10x and 60x with the vessels from western Slovakia and Moravia. (A 2, A 3) and on a Two deep dishes with an inturned rim were found in fragment of a S3d2 the settlement at Smolenice – Molpír that are dec- dish with an inturned rim from Hotinja orated with encircled crosses in combination with vas (B 1) with hatched triangles and bands made with a toothed magnifying powers tool; one of them is graphite-coated and both date of 60x (B 2, B 3) to late Ha C2/D1.93 Similar decoration from the site (photo: M. Črešnar). razčlenjenih krožcev, kakršni so na hotinjski latvici, at Těšetice (Sutny) is attributed to Ha D2 and does ni pogost, vendar so primerjave povedne. Tako je bila not appear later.94 Teržan observes that the motif of okrašena še posoda iz gomile na Veleniku pri Spodnji encircled crosses in Pannonia and the eastern Alps Polskavi ( sl. 11A) iz 3. horizonta Poštele.89 Datacijo mainly appears on pottery;95 it may represent a re-posode iz Velenika potrjuje okras na vratu posode. duced version of the wheel or the sun motif.96 In or- Gre za t. i. motiv »bežečega psa«. Ta motiv je tudi der to more precisely determine how this motif on na vratu pitosa iz jame 146 na Skolibrovi ulici v Or- the vessels from Velenik and Hotinja vas was made, možu iz stopnje Ha C2–D1.90 Glede na risbo se zdi, we observed the sherds under the microscope with da je bil na enak način okrašen tudi keramičen pod- magnifying powers of 10x and 60x.97 The edges of stavek, odkrit v gomili 3 v Spodnjih Podložah iz 3. the rings on the vessel from Velenik are sharper and štajerskega horizonta.91 Primerjav za latvico S3d2 ni clearer than those on the vessel from Hotinja vas ( fig. veliko; omejeni smo tudi s premajhno natančnostjo 11 A3, B3). This difference possibly only occurred risb, ki so v objavah v pomanjšanem merilu.92 Samo because of the difference in the dryness or softness nakažemo lahko na možnost primerjav s posodami z of the clay. The tool had sharp edges and it was pre- zahodne Slovaške in Moravske. Iz naselja Smolenice sumably made of metal, bone, horn or hardwood. – Molpir sta dve globoki latvici okrašeni z razčlenje- The comparison also showed that the cross is not nimi krožci v kombinaciji s šrafiranimi trikotniki ali always in the same spot in relation to the ring, hence pasovi, izdelanimi z odtisi nazobčanega pripomočka; the decoration on the vessel from Velenik was made ena je premazana z grafitnim premazom. Izhajata using two different tools: one to stamp the ring and iz pozne Ha C2 ali iz Ha D1 stopnje.93 Z najdišča the other to stamp the central cross. This has not Těšetice (Sutny) je podoben okras iz stopnje Ha D2, 89 Teržan 1990, 83, Pl. 71: 6. kasneje se ne pojavlja več.94 Že Teržanova je omenila, 90 Dular 2013, 52, okras O 21. da je ta motiv, krog z vpisanim križem, na prostoru 91 Lubšina Tušek 1996, 100, Pl. 9: 1. 92 The partially preserved vessel from Stična (Grahek 2013a, 177, fig. 100: decoration O 24 c; Grahek 2013b, 102, Pl. 89 Teržan 1990, 83, T. 71: 6. 14: 2) appears to have similar encircled crosses, but a clos-90 Dular 2013, 52, okras O 21. er examination has shown it has been decorated on the 91 Lubšina Tušek 1996, 100, T. 9: 1; predmet je v muzeju different way. 93 založen. Müller 2012, Pls. 39: 15; 54: 7; 88: 1. 92 94 Za delno ohranjeno posodo iz Stične (Grahek 2013a, 177, Golec 2003, 98–99, 103, 235 – No. 912. 95 sl. 100: okras O 24 c; ista 2013b, 102, T. 14: 2) se zdi, da Teržan 1990, 141–142, fig. 33: 2. 96 ima enake razčlenjene krožce, vendar to ne drži, saj je na Cf. Di Fraia 2004, fig. 1: 7, 8; 3: 2, 6, 7, 9. 97 stiški posodi odtisnjen okrogel žig, ki je v pozitivu pustil I would like to thank colleague Matija Črešnar okras križa. (Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, 93 Müller 2012, T. 39: 15; 54: 7; 88: 1. University of Ljubljana) for his help and for the photo- 94 Golec 2003, 98–99, 103, 235 – št. 912. graphs. 134 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 134 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 Panonije in V Alp pogost predvsem na keramiki;95 been established on the vessel from Hotinja vas. The morda gre za droben motiv kolesa oz. sonca.96 two vessels were certainly not decorated with the Da bi natančneje spoznali način izdelave okra- same kinds of tools, because the ring on the Hotinja sa, smo si primere iz Velenika in Hotinje vasi ogle- vas vessel was filled with four triangles and that on dali pod mikroskopom pri 10- in 60-kratni pove- the Velenik vessel with different quadrangles. The čavi.97 Robovi krožcev so na veleniški posodi bolj stamped ‘zigzag’ line between the rings on the vessel ostri in pravilni kot pri hotinjski ( sl. 11 A3, B3). from Hotinja vas shows that its middle part is im- Ta razlika je morda nastala le zaradi različno suhe pressed deepest and gets shallower towards the edges. oz. mehke površine posode, v katero je bilo orodje The S-Sk1 dishes or bowls ( fig. 7) are compara- odtisnjeno. Orodje je imelo ostre robove, zato do- ble with the dishes with a short vertical neck from mnevamo, da je bilo kovinsko, koščeno oz. roženo Phase 1 at Kleinklein, most of all with the cup from ali iz trdega lesa. Pri veleniški posodi je tudi jasno, the Offenmacherwald 13 tumulus. The dishes from da je bil motiv izdelan z dvema orodjema; enim za this cemetery reveal a development from deep ellip- odtis krožca, drugim za odtis sredinskega vzorca, soid dishes to shallower ones with a narrow shoul- saj slednji ni vedno na istem mestu znotraj krožca. der or even shoulderless and with a sharp body-rim Tega pri hotinjski posodi nismo ugotovili. Gotovo junction.98 The S-Sk1 dishes from Hotinja vas and ti dve posodi nista bili okrašeni z istim orodjem, saj other sites would thus belong to the later forms. so na hotinjski posodi v sredini krožca odtisnjeni The different versions of the decoration consisting po štirje trikotniki, pri veleniški pa različni štiriko- of vertical and oblique grooves (Type S-Sk2) appear tniki. Pri žigu razčlenjene linije vzporednih zobcev in Styria/ Štajerska in Ha C–D1. The closest par- vidimo, da je najgloblje odtisnjen osrednji del, ro- allels for such decoration from Hotinja vas come bovi pa se izklinijo. from Poštela and are to be found on dishes with a Sklede ali skodele S-Sk1 ( sl. 7) so primerljive s short neck and grooves around maximum diameter skledami s kratkim pokončnim vratom iz grobov 1. characteristic of the Poštela 3 phase. A fragment of a faze v Kleinkleinu, še najbolj skodelici iz gomile Of- similar vessel was found in the Early Iron Age settle- fenmacherwald 13. V tej nekropoli je zaslediti razvoj ment at Nova tabla near Murska Sobota.99 Compari- od visokih trebušastih skled k plitvejšim s kratkim sons for the S-Sk3a dishes or bowls from Hotinja vas ramenom ali brez njega in z ostrim prelomom.98 Ho- can be found among the pottery from Ormož and tinjska in njej podobne sklede bi tako sodile k mlaj- Hajndl that date to Ha C–D1. A plain bowl of this šim oblikam. Različne izvedbe okrasa z navpičnimi type from Poštela was found in Trench 77 among the in poševnimi kanelurami oz. žlebovi (tip S-Sk2) se finds attributed to the Poštela 3 phase.100 Such vessels pojavljajo na Štajerskem v stopnjah Ha C–D1. Naj-from the Austrian sites at Leopoldsberg near Vienna, bližje primerjave so med skledami s kratkim vratom Horn, Bärndorf – Kaiserköpperl and Kalsdorf are in kaneliranim obodom s Poštele, ki so značilne za mainly attributed to Ha D1.101 Similar to the S-Sk3b 3. horizont. Podoben kos je bil odkrit tudi na sta- vessels are those that B. Lamut identified as a novelty rejšeželeznodobni naselbini Nova tabla pri Murski of Phase 2 at Ormož, one from Poštela attributed to Soboti.99 Podobne primerke skledam ali skodelam the Poštela 2 phase (Ha C) and one from the Early tipa S-Sk3a so znane iz Ormoža ter Hajndla, dati- Iron Age site at Pri Muri near Lendava.102 The dish rane v čas Ha C–D1. Tovrstna neokrašena skodela with a vertical neck from Rifnik is probably slight- s Poštele je bila odkrita v sondi 77 med najdbami iz ly earlier as it was attributed to the settlement’s sec- stopnje Poštela 3.100 Z avstrijskih najdišč Leopolds- ond phase (Ha B2–3). The bowl from a tumulus at berg pri Dunaju, Horn, Bärndorf – Kaiserköpperl Črnolica below Rifnik can be dated more precisely, in Kalsdorf so takšne posode opredeljene predvsem 98 Dobiat 1980, 78, Pls. 1: 7; 3: 9; 12: 6. 95 99 Teržan 1990, 141–142, sl. 33: 2. Teržan 1990, 32–36. fig. 3: 3; Lamut 1988–1989, 241; 96 Prim. Di Fraia 2004, fig. 1: 7, 8; 3: 2, 6, 7, 9. Dobiat 1980, Pls. 28: 3; 29: 3; 53: 1–3, 6 etc.; Guštin 97 Za pomoč in izdelavo posnetkov se zahvaljujem kolegu et al. 2017, G1712. 100 Matiji Črešnarju (Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofske fakul-Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 50: 2; 148: 3; Magdič tete Univerze v Ljubljani). 2006, Pls. 22: 4; 51: 5–6; 58: 6; Mele 2009, 131, Pl. 67: 98 Dobiat 1980, 78, T. 1: 7; 3: 9; 12: 6. 4–6, 9, 10 etc.; Teržan 1990, 32, Pl. 15: 10. 99 101 Teržan 1990, 32–36. sl. 3: 3; Lamut 1988–1989, 241; Urban 1996, 569, fig. 9: 512; Eibner 1996, 94, fig. 5: Dobiat 1980, T. 28: 3; 29: 3; 53: 1–3, 6 itd.; Guštin et al. 8; Griebl 1996, 105, 107, fig. 6: q; Tiefengraber 2005, 2017, G1712. 172–173, Pls. 53: 13, 14; 68: 2. 100 102 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 50: 2; 148: 3; Magdič Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 9: 18; 28: 8 (Ormož); Teržan 2006, T. 22: 4; 51: 5–6; 58: 6; Mele 2009, 131, T. 67: 1990, 32, Pl. 10: 10 (Poštela); Sankovič 2011, 45, fig. 31: 4–6, 9, 10 idr.; Teržan 1990, 32, T. 15: 10. 7, G198 (Pri Muri near Lendava). 135 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 135 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 v stopnjo Ha D1.101 Tipu S-Sk3b so podobne poso-to Styria/ Štajerska IIIa or Ha C2.103 From Hotinja de, ki jih je Lamut opredelil kot novost 2. ormoške vas, the S-Sk3c dish or bowl is less well preserved stopnje; s Poštele je iz časa 2. horizonta (Ha C), ena and bears vertical and oblique grooves such as are je tudi s starejšeželeznodobnega najdišča Pri Muri pri characteristic of the Poštela 2 and 3 phases, though Lendavi.102 Skleda s pokončnim vratom z Rifnika je the small dishes with a sharp rim-lower body junc- verjetno nekoliko starejša, saj izvira iz 2. stopnje na- tion mainly occur in the Poštela 3 phase. A relatively selbine (Ha B2–3). Natančnejšo datacijo, stopnja Šta- well preserved vessel of this subtype (determined as jerska IIIa oz. Ha C2, nudi skodela iz gomile iz Črno- a footed dish) was found in the cemetery at Nova lice pod Rifnikom.103 Skleda ali skodela tipa S-Sk3c tabla near Murska Sobota and attributed to the end je slabše ohranjena. Navpične in poševne kanelure so phase of the cemetery, i.e. Ha D1. Comparable finds značilne za 2. in 3. horizont Poštele, vendar so skledice are known from Ormož, of a Ha C1–2 date, and ostrih profilov značilne predvsem za 3. horizont. Raz- include a dish with a slightly higher cylindrical neck meroma dobro ohranjena, opredeljena kot skleda na and grooves on the shoulder that B. Lamut attribut- nogi, izvira iz grobišča v Novi tabli pri Murski Soboti, ed to early Ha D1. Also similar are some dishes or datirana v Ha D1. Primerljive so iz Ormoža, tudi iz bowls from Phase 3 of the cemetery at Kleinklein stopnje Ha C1–2, medtem ko je Lamut skledo z ra- (Ha D1) and a dish from the settlement at Burg- hlo višjim valjastim vratom in kanelurami na ramenu stallkogel, the latter determined as Type XV that ap- opredelil v zgodnjo Ha D1 stopnjo. Podobne so tudi pears in its Phase 3 and is most common in Phase 4. nekatere sklede in skodele iz 3. faze grobišča v Klein- Several such vessels came to light at Unterparschen- kleinu (Ha D1) ter skleda z naselja na Burg stallkoglu, brunn in Lower Austria, roughly dated to Ha D.104 uvrščena med tip XV, ki je zastopan v 3., predvsem pa The two dishes or bowls from Hotinja vas deter- v 4. fazi. Več jih je bilo odkritih v zemljanki V 4 na mined as S-Sk3d and S-Sk3e ( fig. 7) are represent-najdišču Unterparschenbrunn na Spodnjeavstrijskem, ed singly at the site. They are similar in shape, the ki je okvirno datirano v stopnjo Ha D.104 S-Sk3d mainly in decoration, as well as fabric and Skledi ali skodeli, opredeljeni pod tipa S-Sk3d in surface treatment to a dish from Ormož. In the car- S-Sk3e ( sl. 7), sta edinstveni v Hotinji vasi. Prva je po inated neck-body junction, the S-Sk3d dish is also okrasu ter kvalitetni glini in obdelavi površine enaka comparable with the partially preserved dish that skledi iz Ormoža. Glede na klekasto zalomljen pro- Bernarda Perc found during the excavation at Or- fil jo lahko primerjamo tudi s skledo iz izkopavanj mož, attributed to its Phase 3 or developed Ha C. Bernarde Perc v Ormožu, ki je datirana v 3. ormoško The closest comparison for the S-Sk3e vessel from oz. razvito stopnjo Ha C. Najbližjo primerjavo drugi Hotinja vas is a cup without the impressed dots posodici pa predstavlja skodelica iz sonde 64 s Pošte- from Trench 64 at Poštela, attributed to the Poštela le iz 3. horizonta.105 3 phase.105 Skodele s Hotinje vasi so slabše ohranjene. Tip The bowls from Hotinja vas are less well pre- Sk1 verjetno predstavlja trebušasto skodelo z višjim served. The bowl with a high conical neck and a pre- stožčastim vratom, tip Sk2 pa polkroglasto skode- sumably ellipsoid body constitutes Type Sk1. Type lico, ki se znotraj železnodobnih štajerskih in sose- Sk2 is a hemispherical cup in use on the sites in Sty- dnjih najdišč pojavlja dlje časa in je bila v rabi v ria/ Štajerska and the neighbouring regions over a stopnjah Ha C2 in Ha D1.106 Skodela tipa Sk3 ima long period, also in Ha C2 and Ha D1.106 The bowl 101 of Type Sk3 has a high handle with animal horns; Urban 1996, 569, Abb. 9: 512; Eibner 1996, 94, Abb. 5: 8; Griebl 1996, 105, 107, Abb. 6: q; Tiefengraber 2005, such handles also appear on the dishes or bowls of 172–173, T. 53: 13, 14; 68: 2. Type S-Sk3 a, b and e. At Rifnik, such bowls were 102 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 9: 18; 28: 8 (Ormož); Teržan 1990, unearthed in Houses 1 and 5 of Phase 2 and House 3 32, T. 10: 10 (Poštela); Sankovič 2011, 45, sl. 31: 7; G198 103 (Pri Muri pri Lendavi). Teržan 1990, fig. 10: 14; Vrenčur 2011, 130, Pl. 19: 2. 103 104 Teržan 1990, sl. 10: 14; Vrenčur 2011, 130, T. 19: 2. Teržan 1990, 32–34 (Poštela); Guštin et al. 2017, G1362 104 Teržan 1990, 32–34 (Poštela); Guštin et al. 2017, G1362 (Nova tabla); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81, Pls. (Nova tabla); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81, 123: 123: 9; 125: 1; Lamut 1988–1989, 241, Pl. 26: 13 9; 125: 1; Lamut 1988–1989, 241, T. 26: 13 (Ormož); (Ormož); Dobiat 1980, 170, Pls. 38: 9; 42: 5 (Kleinklein); Dobiat 1980, 170, T. 38: 9; 42: 5 (Kleinklein); Smolnik Smolnik 1994, 113, fig. 18, Pl. 77: 11 (Burgstallkogel); 1994, 113, Abb. 18, T. 77: 11 (Burgstallkogel); Lauermann Lauermann 1994, 173, Pls. 12: 5, 9, 10, 14; 13: 1 1994, 173, T. 12: 5, 9, 10, 14; 13: 1 (Unterparschenbrunn). (Unterparschenbrunn). 105 105 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 148: 1; 150: 6; Lamut Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 148: 1; 150: 6; Lamut 1988–1989, 240, T. 25: 11 (Ormož); Teržan 1990, 32, T. 1988–1989, 240, Pl. 25: 11 (Ormož); Teržan 1990, 32, 8: 3 (Poštela). Pl. 8: 3 (Poštela). 106 106 Npr. Dobiat 1980, T. 71: 6; 79: 8; 82: 3; 87: 3; 92: 5; E.g. Dobiat 1980, Pls. 71: 6; 79: 8; 82: 3; 87: 3; 92: 5; Kovačević 2010, T. 16: 3. Kovačević 2010, Pl. 16: 3. 136 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 136 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 presegajoč ročaj z živalskimi rogovi. Takšni ročaji se of Phase 3. They were also found at Ormož, Hajndl, lahko pojav ljajo tudi pri prej obravnavanih skledah Kotare – Baza near Murska Sobota and Poštela; at ali skodelah tipa S-Sk3a, b, ali e. Na Rifniku so bile the last site they were found among the pottery of the odkrite znotraj hiš 1 in 5 iz 2. horizonta ter hiše Poštela 3 phase where the horns terminate in knobs. 3 iz 3. horizonta. Odkrite so bile tudi v Ormožu, Such vessels, predominantly decorated, are known na Hajndlu, Kotarah – Bazi pri Murski Soboti ter also from the graves of Phases 2 and 3 at Kleinklein. Pošteli; na slednji med keramiko 3. faze, kjer pa se A bowl with such a handle from Sveti Petar Lud- rogovi zaključijo v obliki čepkov. Zastopane so tudi breški in the Croatian region of Podravina was dated v grobovih v Kleinkleinu v 2. in 3. fazi, kjer so veči- to the 7th–6thcentury BC.107 The bowls with animal noma okrašene. Z najdišča Sveti Petar Ludbreški v heads on their handles have been studied by Károly hrvaškem Podravju so skodelo s tovrstnim ročajem Tankó. He found that the earliest bowls were those opredelili v 7.–6. stol. pr. n. št.107 S skodelami, ki with simple horns on the handles and dated to Ha imajo na ročajih okras živalskih glav, se je ukvarjal C2–D1, i.e. to the late 7thcentury BC; these bowls tudi K. Tankó. Kot najstarejše je opredelil sklede z correspond with the Sk3 bowl from Hotinja vas.108 enostavnimi rogovi na ročajih in jih uvrstil v stopnjo The dishes of S1 are similar to the conical jars Ha C2–D1 oz. na konec 7. stol. pr. n. št., te ustre- of L1 and are distinguishable in the differing rim di- zajo hotinjskemu primerku.108 ameters ( fig. 7). Such jars were in use throughout Konični lonci (L1) in sklede (tip S1) so si pothe Early Iron Age. Individual examples were found dobni, ločili smo jih glede na premer ustja ( sl. 7). Ti at Poštela in Trench 64 and at Ormož, at the lat-lonci se pojavljajo skozi vso starejšo železno dobo. ter site more precisely at Skolibrova ulica in Pit 229 Na Pošteli je bil tak lonec odkrit tudi v sondi 64, and at Vrazova ulica in Pit 2548, attributed to Ha v Ormožu v jami 229 na Skolibrovi ulici ter v jami C1–2. Several have been found at Hajndl, even in 2548 na Vrazovi ulici, ki je na podlagi najdb dati- buildings or pits presumably attributable to the fi- rana v stopnjo Ha C1–2. Več jih je s Hajndla, iz nal phase of the settlement (Ha C2/D1). Such jars objektov oz. jam, in so verjetno iz zaključne faze na- from Burgstallkogel near Kleinklein constitute Type selbine (Ha C2/D1). Z Burgstallkogla pri Kleinkle- VI and are similar to the dishes of Type XX. Both inu so tovrstni lonci združeni pod tip VI, podobni vessel types are present throughout the four phases so skledam tipa XX. Oba tipa posod sta zastopana of the settlement and become commoner towards skozi vse štiri faze naselbine in sta proti 4. fazi pogothe last phase.109 The cylindrical and ovaloid jars of stejša.109 Cilindrični in ovalni lonci tipa L2 so ob la- Type L2 are, alongside the dishes with an inturned tvicah najpogosteje zastopana zvrst posod na našem rim, the commonest types of vessels at Hotinja vas. najdišču. Lonci tipa L2a so bili odkriti na Hajndlu Jars such as those of L2a have also been found in the v najmlajših objektih. Poznajo jih naselja v Podravi- latest buildings at Hajndl. They have been found in ni, npr. Torčec – Međuriče iz stopnje Ha C1b–C2, the settlements in Podravina, Croatia, for example at Virovitica – Đurađ istok in Kiškorija sjever iz po- Torčec – Međuriče, attributed to Ha C1b–C2, Viro- zne Ha C oz. začetka Ha D1 stopnje ter Zbelava. vitica – Đurađ istok and Virovitica – Kiškorija sjever, Zastopani so v grobovih 3. faze v Kleinkleinu.110 from the late Ha C or early Ha D1, and at Zbelava, Podobno datiramo tudi lončke tipa L2b, saj so bili as well as in the graves of Phase 3 at Kleinklein.110 tudi ti prisotni v objektih zadnje faze s Hajndla ter A similar date is attributed to the small jars/beakers 107 107 Pirkmajer 1983, T. 8: 20 (hiša 5); 16: 4 (hiša 3); 24: 28 Pirkmajer 1983, Pl. 8: 20 (House 5); 16: 4 (House 3); 24: (hiša 1) (Rifnik); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 138: 28 (House 1) (Rifnik); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 10, 12 (Ormož); Magdič 2006, T. 22: 5 (Hajndl); Kerman 138: 10, 12 (Ormož); Magdič 2006, Pl. 22: 5 (Hajndl); 2011, 39, 170, G866 (Kotare – Baza); Teržan 1990, 50– Kerman 2011, 39, 170, G866 (Kotare – Baza); Teržan 51, sl. 3: 12 (Poštela); Dobiat 1980, T. 28: 4; 36: 9; 46: 11; 1990, 50–51, fig. 3: 12 (Poštela); Dobiat 1980, Pls. 28: 67: 5–8; 84: 10; 112: 19 (Kleinklein); Vinski Gasparini 4; 36: 9; 46: 11; 67: 5–8; 84: 10; 112: 19 (Kleinklein); 1987, 207, sl. 13: 11; Balen-Letunić 2004, 304, sl. 23 Vinski Gasparini 1987, 207, fig. 13: 11; Balen-Letunić (Sveti Petar Ludbreški). 2004, 304, fig. 23 (Sveti Petar Ludbreški). 108 108 Tankó 2005, 154, 156, 159. Tankó 2005, 154, 156, 159. 109 109 Teržan 1990, 32, T. 8: 11 (Poštela); Dular, Tomanič Teržan 1990, 32, Pl. 8: 11 (Poštela); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 81, T. 30: 1; 124: 5 (Ormož); Magdič 2006, Jevremov 2010, 81, Pls. 30: 1; 124: 5 (Ormož); Magdič 147–153, T. 8: 1; 13: 1; 42: 5; 52: 1; 66: 4; 70: 7 (Hajndl); 2006, 147–153, Pls. 8: 1; 13: 1; 42: 5; 52: 1; 66: 4; 70: 7 Smolnik 1994, 36, 113, Abb. 18 (Burgstallkogel). (Hajndl); Smolnik 1994, 36, 113, fig. 18 (Burgstallkogel). 110 110 Magdič 2006, 136–143, 147–149, T. 19: 3; 60: 3; 84: 5 Magdič 2006, 136–143, 147–149, Pls. 19: 3; 60: 3; 84: (Hajndl); Kovačević 2009, 66, T. 5: 4; 9: 4; isti 2010, T. 5 (Hajndl); Kovačević 2009, 66, Pls. 5: 4; 9: 4; id. 2010, 4: 1; 16: 2; 18: 3; isti 2007, T. 1: 1; isti 2008, T. 6: 5 Pls. 4: 1; 16: 2; 18: 3; id. 2007, Pl. 1: 1; id. 2008, Pl. 6: (Podravina); Dobiat 1980, 170, T. 37: 2; 74: 7; 94: 6; 105: 5 (Podravina); Dobiat 1980, 170, Pls. 37: 2; 74: 7; 94: 6; 12 (Kleinklein). 105: 12 (Kleinklein). 137 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 137 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 kleinkleinških grobovih 2. in 3. faze.111 S štajerskih of L2b, also recovered in the buildings of the last najdišč so tudi lončki, primerljivi tipu L2b1, z Or- phase at Hajndl and in the graves of Phases 2 and moža in Poštele, tudi iz stopenj Ha C–D1.112 Lonci 3 at Kleinklein.111 Comparisons for the beakers of tipa L2a1 so bili odkriti na Pošteli v sondah 64 in L2b1S also come from Styria/ Štajerska (Ormož and 77; na Hajndlu tudi v najmlajših objektih, številni Poštela), dated to Ha C–D1 as well.112 The L2a1 jars so na Novi tabli pri Murski Soboti. V Šentjanžu pri were found at Poštela in Trenches 64 and 77, and Rečici je bil tak lonec v grobu 2 iz stopnje Poštela at Hajndl in the latest phase; numerous were also 3, v Kleinkleinu v grobovih 3. stopnje. Zelo podob- found at Nova tabla near Murska Sobota. One such na loncema s tremi oz. štirimi držaji (L2a1, posodi vessel was found at Šentjanž near Rečica, in Grave 2 G177 in 405) sta lonca iz vodnjaka 7/3 na Skoli- attributed to the Poštela 3 phase. Several such ves- brovi ulici v Ormožu iz stopnje Ha C1–2, ki imata sels also came to light in the graves of Phase 3 at rob ustja razčlenjen enako kot lonec s Hotinje vasi, Kleinklein. Very similar to the two jars with three or označen kot okrašena varianta L2a2. Morda je imel four grips (L2a1, vessels G177 and 405) are two jars tudi hotinjski držaje. Lonci z razčlenjenimi polkro- from Water Well 7/3 at Skolibrova ulica in Ormož, žnimi držaji so pogosti tudi na slovaških najdiščih attributed to Ha C1–2, which bear impressions on Smolenice – Molpír, Sered' – Mačianske Vŕšky in the rim similarly as the jar from Hotinja vas that is Ratkovce. Tipu L2a1 so podobni tudi lonci iz nase- marked as Variant L2a2. This jar may also original- lja Torčec – Međuriče (Ha C1b–C2), pozna jih tudi ly have had grips. The jars with semicircular grips Zbelava.113 Zelo številni so v Stični. Stiški valjasti with impressions are also common on the Slovaki- lonec tipa 1a in 1b ustreza hotinjskemu tipu L2a in an sites at Smolenice – Molpír, Sered’ – Mačianske L2b, stiška tipa 4 in 5 pa hotinjskima L2a1 in L2b1. Vŕšky and Ratkovce. Similar to the L2a1 jars are V Stični so najpogostejši v plasteh k zidu I (stopnja those from the settlement at Torčec – Međuriče (Ha Podzemelj 1–Stična 2), tip 5 (z bradavicami) pa do C1b–C2), also found at Zbelava.113 Numerous such vključno plasti k zidu II (stopnja kačastih in certo- jars have been found at Stična; those of Variants 1a ških fibul).114 Za tip L3 je več primerjav, ki kažejo and 1b correspond to those of Subtypes L2a and L2b na daljši čas rabe te oblike loncev. Več jih je znanih z at Hotinja vas, those of Types 4 and 5 correspond to žarnogrobiščnih najdišč, znani pa so tudi iz starejše- Variants L2a1 and L2b1 at Hotinja vas. Such jars at železnodobnih naselbin, npr. z Miklavškega hriba Stična were predominantly found in the layers as- nad Celjem, Hajndla, Nove table pri Murski Sobo- sociated with Wall I (Podzemelj 1–Stična 2 phases), ti, Kalsdorfa, Burgstallkogla ter iz grobov v Klein- those of Type 5 (with knobs) were recovered from kleinu in iz naselij Torčec – Međuriče, Virovitica the layers up to and including those associated with – Đurađ Istok in Zbelava v Podravini.115 Različica Wall II (the Serpentine and Certosa Fibula phas- L3.1 je slabo ohranjena. Lonci s tako oblikovanim es).114 More comparisons are available for L3 jars, ustjem so pogosti na Hajndlu, nekateri imajo pod which also indicate a prolonged use of the form. Numerous parallels are known from Urnfield cul- 111 Magdič 2006, 138–143, T. 25: 8 (Hajndl); Dobiat 1980, ture contexts; several have also been recovered from T. 69: 11; 98: 9; 112: 5 (Kleinklein). 112 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 86: 12; 106: 13; 124: Early Iron Age sites, for example at Miklavški hrib 6; Teržan 1990, 32, T. 8: 8. above Celje, Hajndl, Nova tabla near Murska Sobo- 113 Teržan 1990, 32, T. 9: 1; 16: 1, 2 (Poštela); Magdič 2006, ta, Kalsdorf, Burgstallkogel and from the graves at 149, T. 52: 5 (Hajndl); Pavlovič 2008, 482, sl. 2a: 2; Kleinklein. In Croatian Podravina, they are known Guštin et al. 2017, G1174, 1207, 1273, 1602 idr. (Nova tabla); Teržan 1990, 113, T. 81: 7 (Šentjanž pri Rečici); 111 Dobiat 1980, T. 37: 1; 43: 1–3; 79: 14; 91: 14; 94: 5, 7; Magdič 2006, 138–143, Pl. 25: 8 (Hajndl); Dobiat 1980, 105: 10, 11 (Kleinklein); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 69: 11; 98: 9; 112: 5 (Kleinklein). 112 81, T. 98: 1, 2 (Ormož); Müller 2012, T. 74: 1; 80: 16; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 86: 12; 106: 13; 124: 135: 4; 142: 6; 143: 17; 175: 10 (Smolenice – Molpír, 6; Teržan 1990, 32, Pl. 8: 8. 113 Sered', Ratkovce); Kovačević 2009, 66, T. 1: 3 (Torčec – Teržan 1990, 32, Pls. 9: 1; 16: 1, 2 (Poštela); Magdič 2006, Međuriče); isti 2007, T. 1: 8 (Zbelava). 149, Pl. 52: 5 (Hajndl); Pavlovič 2008, 482, fig. 2a: 2; 114 Grahek 2013a, 69, 71, 222, sl. 42 (L1a, L1b); 43 (L5); Guštin et al. 2017, G1174, 1207, 1273, 1602 etc. (Nova 129. tabla); Teržan 1990, 113, Pl. 81: 7 (Šentjanž near Rečica); 115 Teržan 1990, T. 74: 4 (Miklavški hrib); Mele 2009, 196– Dobiat 1980, Pls. 37: 1; 43: 1–3; 79: 14; 91: 14; 94: 5, 7; 200, T. 58: 8; 68: 10; 82: 7; 111: 4 (Hajndl); Guštin et al. 105: 10, 11 (Kleinklein); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 2017, G1490 (Nova tabla); Tiefengraber 2005, T. 32: 10, 81, Pl. 98: 1, 2 (Ormož); Müller 2012, Pl. 74: 1; 80: 16; 11; 33: 1–4; 53: 4 (Kalsdorf); Smolnik 1994, T. 67: 9; 87: 135: 4; 142: 6; 143: 17; 175: 10 (Smolenice – Molpír, 5; 107: 16; 135: 8; 142: 6 idr. (Burgstallkogel); Dobiat Sered', Ratkovce); Kovačević 2009, 66, Pl. 1: 3 (Torčec – 1980, T. 62: 3, 5 (Kleinklein); Kovačević 2009, T. 2: 1; 3: Međuriče); id. 2007, Pl. 1: 8 (Zbelava). 114 13; 4: 4; 11: 1; isti 2010, T. 9: 7; 10: 1; isti 2008, T. 4: 4, Grahek 2013a, 69, 71, 222, figs. 42 (L1a, L1b); 43 (L5); 11; 6: 3; 7: 6 (Podravina). 129. 138 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 138 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 ustjem, v zgornji tretjini posode, dodaten okras s from the settlements at Torčec – Međuriče, Virovit-plastičnim razčlenjenim rebrom; lahko imajo tudi ica – Đurađ Istok and Zbelava.115 The jar of L3.1 držaj. Ti lonci so večinoma stožčaste oblike, nekate- from Hotinja vas is poorly preserved, but we can ri so rahlo ovalni, izvirajo iz kompleksov datiranih nevertheless say that jars with a similar rim are com- v stopnjo Ha C–D1.116 Tudi tip L4 je oblika, ki je mon at Hajndl, some bearing additional decoration dalj časa v rabi, predvsem v starejšem halštatskem of a cordon with impression below the rim or in the obdobju. Podobni lonci so znani s Poštele, iz faze upper third of the vessel; some also have a grip. Such Poštela 1 in 2 (Ha B3–C), iz Brinjeve gore v starej- jars are mainly conical in form, some slightly ovaloid, ši železnodobni plasti 5. Primerljivi, z le rahlo iz- and originate from complexes dated to Ha C–D1.116 vihanim ustjem, so lonci s Hajndla, ki izvirajo iz The jars of Type L4 were also in prolonged use, but shrambne jame objekta 8 iz zaključne faze naselja. predominantly in the Early Hallstatt period. Simi- Veliko jih je zastopanih na Burgstallkoglu pri Kle- lar jars are known from Poštela, which mostly dat- inkleinu, kjer so bili v rabi do 3. faze.117 Lonci tipa ed to the Poštela 1 and 2 phases (Ha B3–C). Those L5 imajo lahko pod ustjem, v zgornji tretjini poso- from Brinjeva gora were found in the Early Iron Age de, razčlenjeno plastično rebro; podobni so skledam Layer 5. Comparable, with an only slightly everted lijakaste oblike z usločenim ustjem. Na Štajerskem rim, are the jars from Hajndl, most of which were so pogosti že v času kulture žarnih grobišč, npr. na found in the storage pit of Building 8 attributed to Brinjevi gori in iz Ormoža, kjer so zastopani tudi še the final phase of the settlement. Numerous such jars v stopnji Ha C. Tudi z Burg stallkogla so primerljivi are known from Burgstallkogel, mainly in use up to lonci večinoma iz starejših faz naselbine, največ iz Phase 3 and dated from the first half of the 8th to 1., redki iz 3. faze. Podobni so bili tudi na najdišču and including the 7th century BC.117 The jars of Type Kotare – Baza pri Murski Soboti. Primerki iz Kal- L5 can have a cordon with impressions below the sdorfa so združeni pod osnoven tip loncev z ravnim rim, in the upper third of the vessel; they are similar izvihanim robom ustja.118 V Stični so podobni lonci to the funnel-shaped dishes. In Štajerska, they are (tip L25) zastopani v vseh plasteh naselbine.119 Iz already common in Urnfield culture contexts, for ex- Ormoža je tudi nekaj primerjav za varianti loncev ample at Brinjeva gora; at Ormož some also date to L5.1 in L5.2.120 Lonci tipa L6 so pogosta in široko Ha C. The comparable jars from Burgstallkogel were razprostranjena oblika. Iz Ormoža so večinoma iz also mainly found in the earlier phases of the settle- 2. faze (Ha B3–C1), s Hajndla pa tudi iz stopnje ment, most in Phase 1 and very rare ones in Phase Ha C–D1. V uporabi so bili tudi na Pošteli (mdr. v 3 that lasted to the end of Ha C. Similar jars also fazi I), Brinjevi gori, Ptujskem gradu, v Gornji Rad- came to light at Kotare – Baza near Murska Sobota. goni, na Novi tabli pri Murski Soboti, Novinah in Those from Kalsdorf form the basic type of jars with Burgstallkoglu. V Kleinkleinu so iz grobov I. faze, a flat lip and an everted rim.118 Comparable jars from v hrvaški Podravini so tudi mlajši, npr. v naselbini Stična (Type L25) are represented in all layers of the Virovitica – Đurađ istok.121 115 Teržan 1990, Pl. 74: 4 (Miklavški hrib); Mele 2009, 196– 116 Magdič 2006, 151, T. 86: 7; Mele 2009, 196–200, T. 27: 200, Pls. 58: 8; 68: 10; 82: 7; 111: 4 (Hajndl); Guštin 6; 33: 6; 90: 9; 117: 5 idr. et al. 2017, G1490 (Nova tabla); Tiefengraber 2005, Pls. 117 Teržan 1990, T. 2: 6; 31: 32; 32: 1–6; 11: 7; 47: 13 32: 10,11; 33: 1–4; 53: 4 (Kalsdorf); Smolnik 1994, Pls. (Poštela); Oman 1981, T. 41: 7; 47: 3 (Brinjeva gora); 67: 9; 87: 5; 107: 16; 135: 8; 142: 6 etc. (Burgstallkogel); Magdič 2006, 139, 149, T. 40: 4; 60: 4; 67: 7; 68: 3; 71: Dobiat 1980, Pl. 62: 3, 5 (Kleinklein); Kovačević 2009, 1 (Hajndl); Smolnik 1994, 113, Abb. 18, T. 59: 12; 62: 3; Pls. 2: 1; 3: 13; 4: 4; 11: 1; id. 2010, Pls. 9: 7; 10: 1; id. 64: 8; 112: 7; 118: 4, 7; 122: 1, 2, 4; 123: 13; 132: 1; 133: 2008, Pls. 4: 4, 11; 6: 3; 7: 6 (Podravina). 116 2; 137: 14, 15 (Burgstallkogel). Magdič 2006, 151, Pl. 86: 7; Mele 2009, 196–200, Pls. 118 Oman 1981, T. 3: 1; 9: 3; 20: 3; 21: 15; 36: 2; 37: 10; 27: 6; 33: 6; 90: 9; 117: 5 etc. 117 41: 8; 42: 3 (Brinjeva gora); Lamut 1988–1989, T. 17: 2; Teržan 1990, Pls. 2: 6; 31: 32; 32: 1–6; 11: 7; 47: 13 18: 13; isti 2001, T. 5: 16; 12: 4; 22: 13; Dular, Tomanič (Poštela); Oman 1981, Pls. 41: 7; 47: 3 (Brinjeva gora); Jevremov 2010, T. 44: 11; 69: 9; 111: 14; 117: 3; 120: 1; Magdič 2006, 139, 149, Pls. 40: 4; 60: 4; 67: 7; 68: 3; 71: 148: 8 (Ormož); Smolnik 1994, 113, Abb. 18, T. 16: 14; 1 (Hajndl); Smolnik 1994, 113, fig. 18, Pls. 59: 12; 62: 3; 70: 8; 76: 9; 95: 11 (Burgstallkogel); Kerman 2011, 32, 64: 8; 112: 7; 118: 4, 7; 122: 1, 2, 4; 123: 13; 132: 1; 133: 45, 143, G259, 760, 763 (Kotare – Baza); Tiefengraber 2; 137: 14, 15 (Burgstallkogel). 118 2005, T. 36: 1–3 (Kalsdorf). Oman 1981, Pls. 3: 1; 9: 3; 20: 3; 21: 15; 36: 2; 37: 10; 119 Grahek 2013a, 78–79, sl. 46 (L 25). 41: 8; 42: 3 (Brinjeva gora); Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 17: 2; 120 Tip L5.1: Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 5: 12; Lamut 18: 13; id. 2001, Pls. 5: 16; 12: 4; 22: 13; Dular, Tomanič 2001, T. 15: 7; tip L5.2: Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Jevremov 2010, Pls. 44: 11; 69: 9; 111: 14; 117: 3; 120: 1; T. 163: 3. 148: 8 (Ormož); Smolnik 1994, 113, fig. 18; Pls. 16: 14; 121 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 1: 7; 7: 12; 11: 7; 15: 70: 8; 76: 9; 95: 11 (Burgstallkogel); Kerman 2011, 32, 9; 23: 2; 44: 12; 50: 3; 106: 7; 108: 9; 147: 9 idr.; Magdič 45, 143, G259, 760, 763 (Kotare – Baza); Tiefengraber 2006, 142, 146–147, T. 8: 5; 25: 2; Mele 2009, T. 14: 2; 2005, Pl. 36: 1–3 (Kalsdorf). 139 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 139 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 Pitos tipa Pi1 je zastopan z enim ali dvema pri-settlement.119 Ormož also yielded several compari- merkoma (G401; prim G433) ( sl. 8). Najbližje prisons for the L5.1 and L5.2 jars.120At Hotinja vas, the merjave poznamo s Hajndla, kjer ima sicer podobna next type of jars, i.e. Type L6, is a numerously repre- posoda daljše izvihano ustje in debelejše stene ter ni sented and wide spread form. Such jars from Ormož bila tako natančno izdelana kot hotinjska; odkrita je are mainly attributed to Phase 2 (Ha B3–C1), those bila v delovnem prostoru ob hiši 1 in je verjetno iz from Hajndl include those from Ha C–D1. They stopnje Ha C.122 Bikonični pitos z visokim vratom were also in use at Poštela (including the Poštela 1 poznata najdišči Smolenice – Molpír in Sered' – Ma- phase), Brinjeva gora, Ptujski grad, Gornja Radgona, čianske Vŕšky na Slovaškem, kjer je datiran v stopnjo Nova tabla, Novine and Burgstallkogel. Those from Ha C2/D1.123 Tip bikoničnih pitosov s stožčastim Kleinklein were found in the graves of Phase 1, those vratom je značilen za keramična horizonta IIIb in IV in Podravina also in later contexts (such are the finds (Ha C–C2/D1) v JV Panoniji. Pri teh posodah ustje from the settlement at Virovitica – Đurađ istok).121 sicer ni tako kratko in skoraj pravokotno izvihano The plain pithos of Type Pi1 is represented at kot pri hotinjskem primerku, temveč nekoliko dalj- Hotinja vas with one or two examples (G401; cf. še, lijakasto izvihano, vrat pa je bolj stožčast. Večina G433) ( fig. 8). The closest parallels come from Ha-ima na spodnjem delu trupa jezičaste držaje, lahko jndl, where a similar vessel has a broader everted rim, tudi rahel klek na prehodu v rame.124 Posode s stožča- thicker walls and is less carefully made in comparison stim vratom (tip Pi2) so pogosta oblika na štajerskih with that from Hotinja vas. The vessel from Hajndl najdiščih. Lahko so različno okrašene. Tipu Pi2a ne was found in the working area at House 1 and proba- najdemo veliko primerjav; slednje imajo na prehodu bly dates to Ha C.122 Two biconical pithoi with a high v rame manjši klek, morda ga je imela tudi hotinj- neck are known from Smolenice – Molpír and Sered’ ska posoda, ki pa je na tem mestu poškodovana. Po- – Mačianske Vŕšky in Slovakia, respectively; the for- dobna je npr. posoda iz groba 1/77 iz Kalsdorfa pri mer is dated to Ha C2/D1.123 The biconical pithoi Gradcu iz poznega obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč. with a conical neck are characteristic of the Ceramic Podobnosti so tudi s posodami s srednje visokim Horizons IIIb and IV (Ha C–C2/D1) in SE Panno- stožčastim vratom z grobišča Statzendorf v Spodnji nia. The rim on these vessels is not as short and evert- Avstriji (npr. tip 8.2.3.1 in 8.2.3.4) iz stopenj 2 in 3 ed flat as on the jar from Hotinja vas, it is longer and oz. Ha C1, posodo z grobišča Loretto na Gradiščan-funnel-shaped, while the neck is more conical. Most skem ter posodo iz grobišča Kulm pri kraju Aigen v such pithoi have tongue-shaped grips on the lower dolini Ennsa na avstrijskem Štajerskem iz starejšega body, some also a slightly carinated shoulder-low- halštatskega obdobja.125 Posode tipa Pi2b so značil- er body junction.124 The pithoi with a conical neck ne za stopnjo Ha C1–2. Več jih poznamo iz grobov (Type Pi2) are common finds across Štajerska and v Kleinkleinu, tudi iz 3. faze.126 Posode z vratom, may bear decoration. Not many parallels are to be okrašenim z vzporednimi kanelurami, in ramenom found for the Pi2a pithoi. One comparable find was z različnimi kaneliranimi ornamenti (tip Pi2b1) se found in Grave 1/77 at Kalsdorf near Graz and dates pojavijo v stopnji Poštela 2 in so zastopane še v 3. sto-to the Late Urnfield culture period. There are also pnji, tako tudi v Ormožu.127 Pogosto je pod bradavi- 119 Grahek 2013a, 78–79, fig. 46 (L 25). 120 co snop okrasnih kanelur v obliki visečega trikotnika, Type L5.1: Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pl. 5: 12; Lamut 2001, Pl. 15: 7; Type L5.2: Dular, Tomanič 56: 3 (Hajndl); Teržan 1990, 31–32, T. 22: 3, 5, 6; 32: Jevremov 2010, Pl. 163: 3. 121 13–15 idr. (Poštela); Oman 1981, T. 47: 4, 6, 8 (Brinjeva Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 1: 7; 7: 12; 11: 7; gora); Dular 2013, T. 25: 7; 31: 1, 3, 5; 51: 5, 7; 54: 3; 15: 9; 23: 2; 44: 12; 50: 3; 106: 7; 108: 9; 147: 9 etc.; 61: 2; 65: 2; 72: 10, 14 (Ptujski grad, Gornja Radgona); Magdič 2006, 142, 146–147, Pls. 8: 5; 25: 2; Mele 2009, Pavlovič 2008, 483, l. 2b: 6; Guštin et al. 2017, G1083 Pls. 14: 2; 56: 3 (Hajndl); Teržan 1990, 31–32, Pls. 22: 3, (Nova tabla); Smolnik 1994, T. 8: 9; 30: 7; 57: 11; 85: 14; 5, 6; 32: 13–15 etc. (Poštela); Oman 1981, Pl. 47: 4, 6, 119: 1; 133: 8 (Burgstallkogel); Dobiat 1980, T. 1: 1–2; 6: 8 (Brinjeva gora); Dular 2013, Pls. 25: 7; 31: 1, 3, 5; 51: 2, 3; 62: 3 idr. (Kleinklein); Gaberz et al. 2015, 145, T. 1: 5, 7; 54: 3; 61: 2; 65: 2; 72: 10, 14 (Ptujski grad, Gornja 4; Vinazza et al. 2015, T. 6: 12; 20: 4 (Novine); Kovačević Radgona); Pavlovič 2008, 483, l. 2b: 6; Guštin et al. 2017, 2010, T. 17: 3 (Virovitica – Đurađ istok). G1083 (Nova tabla); Smolnik 1994, Pls. 8: 9; 30: 7; 57: 122 Mele 2009, 196, T. 46: 1. 11; 85: 14; 119: 1; 133: 8 (Burgstallkogel); Dobiat 1980, 123 Müller 2012, 148, T. 19: 11; 139: 10. Pls. 1: 1–2; 6: 2, 3; 62: 3 etc. (Kleinklein); Gaberz et al. 124 Metzner Nebelsick 1996, 305, Abb. 11, 13; ista 2002, 2015, 145, Pl. 1: 4; Vinazza et al. 2015, Pls. 6: 12; 20: 4 114–120, Abb. 42. (Novine); Kovačević 2010, Pl. 17: 3 (Virovitica – Đurađ 125 Tiefengraber 2005, 88, 90, Abb. 33 (Kalsdorf); Rebay istok). 122 2006, 289–290 (Statzendorf); Nebelsick 1997, 74, Abb. Mele 2009, 196, Pl. 46: 1. 123 26 (Loretto); Artner 2012, 67, T. 1: 2 (Kulm). Müller 2012, 148, Pls. 19: 11; 139: 10. 126 124 Dobiat 1980, T. 18: 13; 35: 1; 98: 1; 111: 1 idr. Metzner Nebelsick 1996, 305, figs. 11; 13; ead. 2002, 127 Teržan 1990, 32–33; Lamut 1988–1989, 241. 114–120, fig. 42. 140 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 140 8. 03. 2021 12:53:15 na hotinjski posodi pa je pod bradavico snop kane-similarities with the vessels with a medium high con- lur v obliki pokončnega trikotnika. Verjetno je bilo ical neck from the cemetery at Statzendorf in Lower podobno okrašenih nekaj posod s Poštele.128 Nekaj Austria (Types 8.2.3.1 and 8.2.3.4) from Phases 2 and odlomkov posod s stožčastim vratom je okrašenih z 3 (Ha C1), with a vessel from the cemetery at Loret- vtisnjenimi pikami (G82, 162, 252). Na Pošteli se to in Burgenland from the Early Hallstatt period and vodoravne kanelure v kombinaciji z vtisnjenimi pi- with a vessel from the cemetery at Kulm near Aigen kami pojavijo v 2. horizontu, hkrati je to značilnost in the Enns Valley, in the Austrian region of Styria.125 posod stopnje Ha C v V alpskem svetu.129 The Pi2b pithoi are characteristic of Ha C1–2. Several Pekve (ali pokrovi) z ročaji ( sl. 8: P1a) so pogost of them are known from the graves at Kleinklein, also predmet v naselbinah skozi vso starejšo železno dobo. from its Phase 3.126 The pithoi with parallel grooves Podobne so z bližnje Poštele, Ormoža in Hajndla.130 on the neck and varied grooved motifs on the shoul- Pekve imajo lahko ob straneh tudi jezičaste ročaje.131 der appear at Poštela in its Poštela 2 and 3 phase (Type Morda je bila takšna tudi katera od slabše ohranjenih Pi2b1), at Ormož they are in use in Phase 3.127 These hotinjskih pekev. Pekve z držaji (tip P1b in P1c) so v vessels often have stripes of grooves forming hang- ostalih bližnjih naseljih redkejše. Nekaj jih je s Poštele, ing triangles below the knobs, while the pithos from iz Ormoža, s Hajndla so ohranjene le fragmentarno, v Hotinja bears stripes of grooves below the knobs that Novi tabli pri Murski Soboti je bila takšna pekva od- form standing triangles. Several vessels from Poštela krita v kontekstu, ki sodi v stopnjo Ha C, v stopnjo Ha also bear this kind of decoration.128 Some fragments B3–C1 pa je datirana pekva s štirimi držaji z naselja Pri of vessels with a conical neck are decorated with im-Muri pri Lendavi.132 Kot posebna zanimivost se kaže pressed dots (G82, 162, 252). At Poštela, horizontal dejstvo, da v Hotinji vasi prevladujejo pekve z držaji, v grooves appear in combination with impressed dots in ostalih bližnjih naselbinah, tj. na Pošteli, v Ormožu in the Poštela 2 phase, which is also characteristic of the na Hajndlu, pa te z ročaji. Podobni pokrovi kot je tip vessels of Ha C in the eastern Alpine areas.129 P1d, so znani še v Ormožu in na Burg stallkoglu, med- Baking lids (or pot lids) with handles ( fig. 8: tem ko je tisti iz Zbelave verjet no mladohalštatski.133 P1a) are common finds in settlements throughout Cedila na štajerskih in prekmurskih najdiščih the Early Iron Age. Comparable finds have come niso pogosta najdba ( sl. 8). Z Brinjeve gore je ohra-to light at nearby Poštela, Ormož and Hajndl.130 njen odlomek cedila v obliki skodelice, iz Ormoža in The baking lids with handles may also bear tongue- Hajndla pa le odlomki, nekateri izmed njih so pri- shaped grips applied at the sides.131 It is possible padali cedilom z ravnim dnom, datirani so v stopnjo that some of the less well preserved baking lids from Ha C/D1. Delno ohranjena cedila so znana z Rifni- Hotinja also had such grips. The baking lids with ka ter najdišč Virovitica – Đurađ istok in Zbelava. grips only (Types P1b and P1c) are more rare in Na najdišču Leopoldsberg pri Dunaju je bilo v nižji other settlements in the vicinity; some have been plasti objekta 79 (Ha D1) odkrito cedilo v obliki found at Poštela, Ormož, those from Hajndl only skodelice z le nekoliko bolj odebeljenim izvihanim survived in fragments, such a lid from Nova tabla ustjem kot pri hotinjskem primerku. Cedila, tudi v near Murska Sobota was found in a pit that prob- obliki skodelic, je bilo najdenih tudi na drugih nižin- ably dates to Ha C, while the lid with four grips skih železnodobnih naselbinah v Spodnji Avstriji, na from Pri Muri near Lendava dates to Ha B3–C1.132 zahodnem Madžarskem, Slovaškem in Moravskem, 125 Tiefengraber 2005, 88, 90, fig. 33 (Kalsdorf); Rebay 2006, 289–290 (Statzendorf); Nebelsick 1997, 74, fig. 26 128 Teržan 1990, T. 40: 1, 6. (Loretto); Artner 2012, 67, Pl. 1: 2 (Kulm). 129 126 Teržan 1990, 53. Dobiat 1980, Pls. 18: 13; 35: 1; 98: 1; 111: 1 etc. 130 127 Teržan 1990, T. 17: 3; 28: 33–43; 8: 12, 16 idr. (Poštela); Teržan 1990, 32–33; Lamut 1988–1989, 241. 128 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 22: 5; 24: 14 idr.; Dular, Lubšina Teržan 1990, Pl. 40: 1, 6. 129 Tušek 2010, T. 124: 1 (Ormož); Mele 2009, 166, 198, sl. Teržan 1990, 53. 130 75, T. 65: 9; 75: 1; 123: 1; Magdič 2006, 149, T. 23: 4, 5 Teržan 1990, Pls. 17: 3; 28: 33–43; 8: 12, 16 etc. (Poštela); idr. (Hajndl). Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 22: 5; 24: 14 etc.; Dular, Lubšina 131 Glej npr. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 29: 8; 67: 2; Tušek 2010, Pl. 124: 1 (Ormož); Mele 2009, 166, 198, 93: 9; Teržan 1990, T. 28: 31. fig. 75; Pls. 65: 9; 75: 1; 123: 1; Magdič 2006, 149, Pl. 23: 132 Lamut 1988–1989, T. 16: 5; 25: 9; Dular, Tomanič 4, 5 etc. (Hajndl). 131 Jevremov 2010, T. 41: 11; 83: 8; 97: 4 (Ormož); Magdič See e.g. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 29: 8; 67: 2; 2006, T. 5: 5; 11: 9; 19: 8; 26: 9; 48: 5; 55: 7 idr. (Hajndl); 93: 9; Teržan 1990, Pl. 28: 31. 132 Pavlovič 2008, 482, sl. 2a: 3 (Nova tabla); Šavel, Sankovič Lamut 1988–1989, Pls. 16: 5; 25: 9; Dular, Tomanič 2014, 72, sl. 2.9: 15 (Pri Muri). Jevremov 2010, Pls. 41: 11; 83: 8; 97: 4 (Ormož); 133 Dular, Lubšina Tušek 2010, 80, T. 116: 16; 134: 5 (Ormož); Magdič 2006, Pls. 5: 5; 11: 9; 19: 8; 26: 9; 48: 5; 55: 7 Smolnik 1994, T. 4: 5 (Burgstallkogel); Kovačević 2008, etc. (Hajndl); Pavlovič 2008, 482, fig. 2a: 3 (Nova tabla); T. 1: 4 (Zbelava). Šavel, Sankovič 2014, 72, fig. 2.9: 15 (Pri Muri). 141 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 141 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 npr. na najdiščih Tešetice – Vinohrady, Smolenice – Interestingly, the predominant type of baking lids Molpír, Sered' – Mačianske Vŕšky, Inzersdorf – Wal- at Hotinja vas is that with grips, while other nearby persdorf, Unterparschenbrunn idr.134 settlements (Poštela, Ormož and Hajndl) predomi- Miniaturne posode ( sl. 8) se pojavljajo tako v na-nantly yielded those with handles. The baking lids seljih kot v grobovih. Iz naselja Horn poznamo npr. similar to those of Type P1d have been found at Or- cel repertoar miniaturnih posod in pripomočkov.135 mož and Burgstallkogel; the lid from Zbelava prob- Ponekod jih lahko povežemo s kultom (grobovi, ably dates to the Late Hallstatt period.133 daritve),136 nekatere bi lahko bile otroške igrače,137 Colanders are rare finds in Štajerska and Prek- lahko pa le posodice za shranjevanje manjših količin murje ( fig. 8). At Brinjeva gora, the recovered frag-snovi (zelišča, začimbe, barvila, mazila idr.).138 Pekviment of a colander is in the shape of a cup, the set- ca verjetno predstavlja otroško igračo. Zanimivo je, tlements at Ormož and Hajndl only yielded undiag- da gre za tip z jezičastimi držaji, ki je pogost prav na nostic colander sherds, some of which had a flat base najdišču Hotinja vas. and date to Ha C and Ha C/D1. Partially preserved Če lahko v slabo ohranjenih odlomkih prepozna- colanders are known from Rifnik, Virovitica – Đurađ mo cisto (G218), nam ta kaže na datacijo v stopnjo istok and Zbelava. A cup-shaped colander, with an Ha C2–D1. Glinene ciste so posebnost vzhodnoalp- everted rim that was only slightly thicker than on the skega in panonskega sveta, vendar so znane tudi na vessel from Hotinja vas, was found at Leopoldsberg severnoitalijanskem področju, zlasti v Bologni. Vzho- near Vienna, in the layer of Building 79 from Ha dnoalpske ciste so razčlenjene z vodoravnimi rebri in D1. Numerous colanders, also cup-shaped, came to širokimi kanelurami. Odlomki iz Hotinje vasi se zdi- light in other lowland Iron Age sites in Lower Aus- jo podobni poštelski cisti, ki je okrašena z lokalnim tria, western Hungary, Slovakia and Moravia, at sites okrasom vodoravnih reber in vtisnjenih pik.139 Delno such as Těšetice – Vinohrady, Smolenice – Molpír, ohranjena posodica, ki je ni mogoče natančno rekon- Sered’ – Mačianske Vŕšky, Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf struirati (G327), je bila na vratu okrašena z vzporedni- and Unterparschenbrunn.134 mi kanelurami, na največjem obodu pa nagubana. Za Miniature vessels ( fig. 8) appear in both set- nagubane posode je Teržanova pokazala, da se na Šta- tlements and cemeteries. The settlement at Horn jerskem pojavijo v času Poštele 3 oz. Kleinklein 3.140 has yielded a whole array of miniature vessels and Hotinjske prenosne pečke so delno ohranjene, le utensils/tools.135 These may sometimes be connect- ena je risarsko rekonstruirana ( sl. 8); manjkajo ji deli, ed with the cult sphere (burials, offerings),136 some ki bi dali podatek o odprtini v plašču ter kako je bil may be interpreted as children’s toys,137 while others oblikovan pekač. Sledovi morebitnega okrasa niso may simply have been containers for storing small ohranjeni. Prenosne pečke so pogosta najdba v nasel- quantities of goods such as herbs, spices, pigments, binskih kontekstih pozne bronaste in starejše železne 133 Dular, Lubšina Tušek 2010, 80, Pls. 116: 16; 134: 134 Pahič 1981, 106, 125, op. 104; T. 45: 9; prim. še Črešnar 5 (Ormož); Smolnik 1994, Pl. 4: 5 (Burgstallkogel); 2009, 138 (Brinjeva gora); Magdič 2006, 149, T. 37: 7; Kovačević 2008, Pl. 1: 4 (Zbelava). 134 55: 4; Mele 2009, T. 37: 7; 43: 7, 8; 112: 7 (Hajndl); Pahič 1981, 106, 125, Fn. 104; Pl. 45: 9; also cf. Črešnar Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 111: 9; 128: 7, 129: 2009, 138 (Brinjeva gora); Magdič 2006, 149, Pls. 37: 7; 5; 138: 15; 168: 7 (Ormož); Pirkmajer 1983, T. 16: 8, 55: 4; Mele 2009, Pls. 37: 7; 43: 7, 8; 112: 7 (Hajndl); 9 (hiša 3); 25: 6 (hiša 8) (Rifnik); Kovačević 2007, Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 111: 9; 128: 7; 129: 102, sl. 4 (Virovitica); Urban 1996, 573, Abb. 13: 578 5; 138: 15; 168: 7 (Ormož); Pirkmajer 1983, Pl. 16: 8, (Leopoldsberg); Podborský 1965a, 57, T. 2: 10; 5: 9; 7: 9 (House 3); 25: 6 (House 8) (Rifnik); Kovačević 2007, 9–11 (Tešetice); Müller 2012, T. 83: 25 (Smolenice – 102, fig. 4 (Virovitica); Urban 1996, 573, fig. 13: 578 Molpír); 138: 6; 168: 14–15 idr. (Sered'); Ramsl 1998, T. (Leopoldsberg); Podborský 1965a, 57, Pls. 2: 10; 5: 9; 7: 107: 1034; 116: 1184–1187 (Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf); 9–11 (Těšetice); Müller 2012, Pls. 83: 25 (Smolenice – Lauermann 1994, T. 24: 2, 6 (Unterparschenbrunn). Molpír); 138: 6; 168: 14–15 etc. (Sered’); Ramsl 1998, Pls. 135 Pirkmajer 1983, T. 15: 23 (hiša 3); 18: 3 (hiša 2); Dobiat 107: 1034; 116: 1184–1187 (Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf); 1980, T. 57: 5, 7; 110: 9; 112: 8; Griebl 1997, 53–54, Lauermann 1994, Pl. 24: 2, 6 (Unterparschenbrunn). 135 Abb. 26; Hellerschmid 2006, 180–181, 231–232, T. 41; Pirkmajer 1983, Pls. 15: 23 (House 3); 18: 3 (House 2); 42; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 6: 15; 15: 16 idr. Dobiat 1980, Pls. 57: 5,7; 110: 9; 112: 8; Griebl 1997, 136 Grobne najdbe: npr. Dobiat 1980; na Apeninskem polotoku 53–54, fig. 26; Hellerschmid 2006, 180–181, 231–232, so miniaturne posode pogosto povezane z različnimi rituaPls. 41; 42; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 6: 15; 15: li, glej npr. jamsko svetišče Grotta del Re Tiberio (Bertani 16 etc. 136 1996, 440–470 idr.); Bianchin Citton et al. 1998, 326. Grave goods: e.g. Dobiat 1980; on the Apennine 137 Glej npr. Balen Letunić, Rendić-Miočević 2012. Peninsula, miniature vessels are often connected with 138 Npr. Lauermann 1994, 173. various rituals, see e.g. the cave sanctuary at Grotta del Re 139 Teržan 1990, 77–78, T. 66: 22; Metzner Nebelsick 2002, Tiberio (Bertani 1996, 440–470 etc.); Bianchin Citton et 154–155, Abb. 61. al. 1998, 326. 140 137 Teržan 1990, 113. See e.g. Balen Letunić, Rendić-Miočević 2012. 142 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 142 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 dobe.141 Odkrite so bile na več štajerskih naselbinah ointments and so forth.138 The small baking lid from starejše železne dobe, kot npr. na Pošteli, Rifniku, Bri-Hotinja vas probably represents a child’s toy. Inter- njevi gori, Ormožu, Novinah, Novi tabli pri Murski estingly, it is of the type with four grips, such as are Soboti ter na Burgstallkoglu pri Klein kleinu, Kalsdor-also most common at the site in the large version. fu pri Gradcu in Frauenbergu pri Lipnici. S slednjega Hotinja vas yielded sherds of a cist (G218), which je primerljiv kos, podoben poštelski najdbi, opredeljen would indicate a Ha C2–D1 date. Ceramic cists are v stopnjo Ha C2. Na Koroškem so podobni predme- vessels particular to the eastern Alpine and Pannonian ti znani tudi iz grobov, opredeljeni so kot pladnji na regions, but are also known in northern Italy, especial- nogi. Odkriti so bili v starejše železnodobni gomili 20 ly in Bologna. The eastern Alpine cists usually bear in v zasipu gomile 77 na Führholzu ter v pripadajoči cordons and wide grooves. The sherds from Hotinja naselbini. Nekaj podobnih odlomkov je tudi iz Guri- vas are similar to the cist found at Poštela, which is ne. Pozna jih tudi npr. naselje Smolenice – Molpír, od decorated with the locally characteristic cordons and koder smo že pokazali na primerljive najdbe.142 Naj- impressed dots.139 Hotinja vas also yielded sherds of a demo jih tudi na Dolenjskem,143 pa tudi v gorenjskih partially surviving vessel (G327); it is decorated with in primorskih naseljih, v Istri ter Estah.144 parallel grooves on the neck and protuberances at Dva odlomka prenosnih pečk (G65, 421), in si- maximum diameter. Teržan has studied vessels with cer iz zemljanke 1 ter jarka 3, imata na površini ohra- such a decoration and shown that they appear in Sty- njeno zoglenelo organsko snov ( sl. 12). Ker smo se ria in the Poštela 3 phase or Phase 3 at Kleinklein.140 nadejali novih podatkov o rabi teh predmetov, je bila The portable ovens from Hotinja vas are only opravljena analiza lipidov.145 V keramiki prenosne partially preserved ( fig. 8); only one could be re-pečke (G63; sl. 12) so bili prisotni živalski in tudi constructed in drawing and even that is missing the rastlinski lipidi. Živalski so bili ugotovljeni na podlagi parts that would reveal the shape of the opening and porazdelitve maščobnih kislin (C16:0 in C18:0). Raz- the exact shape of the whole oven, it also bears no like v njihovi izotopski sestavi, ki je znašala –2,83 ‰, traces of the possible decoration. Portable ovens are so pokazale, da so v vzorcu prisotne maščobe prežve- common finds in the settlements of the Late Bronze kovalcev. Rastlinski lipidi so bili prepoznani na pod- and the Early Iron Ages.141 They have come to light lagi prisotnosti n-alkanov z daljšimi verigami C16- in a number of Early Iron Age settlements in Sty- -C33. V vzorcu ni bilo zaslediti voskov. Dušik (N) ni ria/Štajerska, such as Poštela, Rifnik, Brinjeva gora, bil ugotovljen. Kaže, da se ni ohranil. Na podlagi teh Ormož, Novine, Nova tabla near Murska Sobota, rezultatov domnevamo, da so na zgornji površini te Burgstallkogel, Kalsdorf and Frauenberg near Leib- prenosne pečke pekli meso goveda ali drobnice; glede nitz. The portable oven from Frauenberg is similar na prisotnost rastlinskih lipidov lahko predpostavimo to one excavated at Poštela and attributed to Ha C2. In Austrian Carinthia/Kärnten, similar artefacts were 141 Pred kratkim je izšel članek z zbranimi slovenskimi najd-also found in graves and determined as footed plat- bami (Gerbec 2018, 87-136). ters: they were found in the Early Iron Age Tumulus 142 Teržan 1990, 36, 271, sl. 10: 26 (Rifnik – plast 2. horizon-20 and Tumulus 77 at Führholz, as well as in the as- ta); T. 8: 1 (Poštela – stopnja 3); Oman 1981, 150–151, T. 48: 6, 7; Teržan 1990, sl. 11 (Brinjeva gora – plast 5); sociated settlement. Several similar sherds were un-Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 78: 7; 117: 9; Lamut earthed at Gurina, but also in the settlement at Smo- 1988–1989, T. 17: 26 – okrašen (Ormož); Guštin et al. lenice – Molpír.142 Portable ovens have been found 2017, G1172, 1173 (Nova tabla); Smolnik 1994, T. 131: 138 12; 145: 9 (Burgstallkogel); Tiefengraber 2005, T. 65: E.g. Lauermann 1994, 173. 139 4, 5 (Kalsdorf); Groh, Sedlmayer 2005, 24, T. 2: 217/4 Teržan 1990, 77–78, Pl. 66: 22; Metzner Nebelsick 2002, (Frauenberg); Vinazza et al. 2015, T. 9: 28 (Novine); 154–155, fig. 61. 140 Wedenig 1990, 173, T. 1: 4; isti 1997, T. 4: 4; isti 1993, Teržan 1990, 113. 141 141, T. 4: 5 (Führholz); Jablonka 2001, T. 6: 7, 8 (Gurina); Recently an article was published, where all known exam-Müller 2012, T. 74: 2 (Smolenice – Molpír). ples from Slovenia are gathered (Gerbec 2018, 87-136). 143 142 Grahek 2013a, 126–127, sl. 63 (Pp); Guštin 1976, 16, 47, Teržan 1990, 36, 271, fig. 10: 26 (Rifnik – layer of Phase T. 88: 18; Dular et al. 1991, 81–84, T. 19: 1–2; Dular et 2); Pl. 8: 1 (Poštela – stopnja 3); Oman 1981, 150–151, al. 2003, 189, T. 16: 1, 2; 18: 5. Pl. 48: 6, 7; Teržan 1990, fig. 11 (Brinjeva gora – Layer 144 Npr. Gerbec 2009, 110, T. 8: 3; 25: 8; 30: 15; 31: 15 5); Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, Pls. 78: 7; 117: 9; (Bled); Bratina 2014, sl. 38.4: 15, 23, 24 (Tomaj); Sakara Lamut 1988–1989, Pl. 17: 26 (Ormož); Guštin et al. Sučević 2004, št. 496, 782 (Kaštelir); Svoljšak, Dular 2017, G1172, 1173 (Nova tabla); Smolnik 1994, Pls. 2016, T. 3: 5; 7: 2 (Most na Soči); Gregnanin 2002, 131: 12; 145: 9 (Burgstallkogel); Tiefengraber 2005, 178–179, n. 195; Dämmer 2002, 255–256, 265–266, n. Pl. 65: 4, 5 (Kalsdorf); Groh, Sedlmayer 2005, 24, Pl. 50–51 (Este) idr. 2: 217/4 (Frauenberg); Vinazza et al. 2015, Pl. 9: 28 145 Za pomoč pri pripravi vzorcev se zahvaljujem Andreji (Novine); Wedenig 1990, 173, Pl. 1: 4; id. 1997, Pl. 4: 4; Žibrat Gašparič (Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofske fakul-id. 1993, 141, Pl. 4: 5 (Führholz); Jablonka 2001, Pl. 6: 7, tete Univerze v Ljubljani). Glej Ogrinc 2015, 165–166. 8 (Gurina); Müller 2012, Pl. 74: 2 (Smolenice – Molpír). 143 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 143 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 Slika 12. Hotinja also in the Dolenjska region,143 and in the settlements vas. Pogled na pekač in Gorenjska, Primorska, Istria and at Este.144 delno ohranjene Two fragments of portable ovens from Hotinja prenosne pečke iz zemljanke 1 pred vas (G65, 421), found in SH1 and Ditch 3 respec- odvzemom vzorca. tively, bear a charred organic substance on the pan Na pekaču je vidna that may represent the remains of food ( fig. 12). zoglenela snov. S puščico je označeno Hoping to gain new data as to the use of these items, mesto, kje je bil vzet we performed a lipid analysis (G63; fig. 12).145 The vzorec za analizo. clay of this portable oven contained animal and plant Figure 12. Hotinja vas. Charred lipids. The animal lipids have been identified on the substance on the tudi peko druge vrste hrane. Etnološke primerjave in basis of the distribution of the fatty acids (C16:0 and pan of the partially tudi današnja raba primerljivih pripomočkov, ki jih C18:0). The differences in their isotopic composition preserved portable poznamo z Bližnjega vzhoda ter Severne Afrike, kaže- (–2.83‰) have shown that the sample contained oven from SH 1 prior to sampling. jo na peko nizkih kruhkov.146 the fatty acids of ruminants. The plant lipids have The arrow marks the Ognjiščne koze so bile v rabi predvsem v pozni been identified on the basis of the presence of the sampled spot. bronasti in starejši železni dobi ( sl. 8). Najbližje pri-long-chain-alkanes from C16 to C33. The samples merjave so znane s Poštele. Tip O1 se pojavi že v revealed no traces of waxes. Nitrogen (N) has not 1. horizontu, zastopane pa so tudi kasneje. V 3. ho- been established; it seems not to have survived. These rizontu so pogosto okrašene z žigosanim okrasom; results suggest that the ovens were used to roast the lahko imajo zaključke v obliki živalskih glavic kot meat of either cattle, sheep or goats on the pan, but tip O2a. Takšne z globokimi jamicami ter plastičnim also to prepare other kinds of food judging from the rebrom na eni od stranic (kot G202, 360 in 375) so presence of plant lipids. Ethnological comparisons datirane v 3. horizont. Iz sond 88–1933 je tudi ena and modern use of similar objects in the Near East okrašena z žigi, izdelanimi z zobatim pripomočkom and Northern Africa indicate flatbread baking.146 (kot G335). Tip O2b, ki ima verjetno na zaključkih Firedogs were mainly in use in the Late Bronze okrasne glavice s čepki, lahko primerjamo s predmeti and Early Iron Ages ( fig. 8). The closest parallels for iz stopnje Poštela 3.147 those from Hotinja vas are known from Poštela. The Najdbe prenosnih pečk, pekev, svitkov in tudi firedogs of Type O1 at Poštela already appear in the ognjiščnih koz pričajo o načinu priprave hrane. Opo- Poštela 1 phase, but also later. The firedogs from the zorili bi na veliko število pekev v primerjavi s svitki. Poštela 3 phase are frequently decorated with stamped Na podlagi najdb piramidalnih uteži (10) in vre- decoration; they may even have animal head finials tenc (6) sklepamo, da sta se v naselju v Hotinji vasi such as are known on the O2a firedogs. The examples odvijali tkanje in predenje ( sl. 8). Piramidalne uteži with impressed dots and a cordon on one of the sides se razlikujejo glede na velikost in težo. Dokaj dobro (such as G202, 360 and 375) have been attributed to ohranjenih je 6 uteži (G169, 170, 195, 300, 301, the Poštela 3 phase. Trench 88/1933 also yielded a fire- 302), visoke so 6,7–10,8 cm; pri čemer sta najve- dog decorated with impressions made with a toothed čja in najmanjša iz iste stavbe (zemljanka 13). So le tool (for example G335). The O2b firedogs, probably posredni dokaz za statve. Pokazano je bilo, da okras with finials terminating in knobs are comparable with na utežeh morda nakazuje težo uteži oz. mesto, kjer artefacts attributed to the Poštela 3 phase.147 je bila utež na statvah; morda se veže na področje 143 kulta, lahko pa tudi kaj drugega.148 Pri vretencih so Grahek 2013a, 126–127, fig. 63 (Pp); Guštin 1976, 16, 47, Pl. 88: 18; Dular et al. 1991, 81–84, Pl. 19: 1–2; ključni podatki oblika, velikost (predvsem razmer- Dular et al. 2003, 189, Pls. 16: 1, 2; 18: 5. je premera in višine), premer jamice ter teža. Vse to 144 E.g. Gerbec 2009, 110, Pls. 8: 3; 25: 8; 30: 15; 31: 15 namreč vpliva na hitrost vrtenja ter čvrstost predene (Bled); Bratina 2014, fig. 38.4: 15, 23, 24 (Tomaj); Sakara niti. Predvsem teža vretenca nakazuje kvaliteto niti Sučević 2004, Nos. 496, 782 (Kaštelir); Svoljšak, Dular 2016, T. 3: 5; 7: 2 (Most na Soči); Gregnanin 2002, 178– in vrsto preje.149 Po P. Holodňáku (1981) naj bi bila 179, No. 195; Dämmer 2002, 255–256, 265–266, Nos. 50–51 (Este) etc. 146 145 Prim. Di Gennaro, Depalmas 2011, 56–61. I would like to thank Andreja Žibrat Gašparič (Department 147 Teržan 1990, sl. 1: 20; 2: 11 (tip O1); 34, sl. 3: 15, 16; T. of Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, University of 26: 4 (O2a); 32, T. 7: 1; 18: 19 (tip O2b); 32, T. 7: 6; 26: Ljubljana) for helping me prepare the samples for analysis. 7; 27: 1 (okras plastičnih reber in vtisnjenih jamic). See Ogrinc 2015. 148 146 Dobiat 1990, 54–60; Stegmann Rajtar 1998, 263–287; Cf. Di Gennaro, Depalmas 2011, 56–61. 147 prim. Belanová et al. 2007, 428; Griebl 2004, 185–187. Teržan 1990, figs. 1: 20; 2: 11 (Type O1); 34, fig. 3: 15, 16; 149 Vretenc še nismo tehtali; glej Gleba, Mannering 2012, Pl. 26: 4 (O2a); 32, Pl. 7: 1; 18: 19 (O2b); 32, Pls. 7: 6; 26: 9–10. 7; 27: 1 (decorated with cordons and impressed dots). 144 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 144 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 vretenca, ki v premeru merijo do 35 mm, namenje-The finds of portable ovens, baking lids, ceramic na predenju fine preje, tista s premerom do 45 mm rings and firedogs all tell of the way people prepared za predenje grobih lanenih vlaken ali volnene preje their food. In connection with these, we should srednje debeline, vretenca s premerom, večjim od 45 point out the markedly higher number of baking lids mm, pa naj bi bila za predenje grobe volnene niti.150 in comparison to those of the ceramic rings. Po tej razdelitvi je bilo za predenje finih niti ustre- The finds of pyramidal weights (10) and spin- zno le vretence iz jame 12 (G361). Največ jih je bilo dle whorls (6) indicate that weaving and spinning za prejo srednje debeline (G66, 348, 349, 396); eno took place at the settlement as well ( fig. 8). Pyramidal vretence iz zemljanke 14 bi bilo primerno za izdelavo weights differ in size and weight. Hotinja vas yielded debele niti (G314). 6 fairly well preserved weights (G169, 170, 195, 300, 301, 302) that measure 6.7–10.8 cm in height; of Na vprašanje, ali so predmeti ostali bolj ali manj these, the largest and the smallest weights were found in situ, ni lahko odgovoriti. Za boljše razumevanje in the same SH 13. They provide only indirect evi- te problematike je bil izdelan seznam opredeljivih dence of the use of the loom. Analyses have indicated najdb151 ter grafičen prikaz razprostranjenosti posa- the possibility of the decoration on the weights indi- meznih najdb v J naselbinskem delu ( sl. 13– 15).152 cating their weight or place on the loom; the deco- Da so nekateri predmeti ostali v svoji primarni legi, ration may also be connected with the cult or some jasno kažejo ponavljajoči se vzorci znotraj stavb in other sphere.148 The key features of spindle whorls are jam. Pogosto se skupaj pojavljajo lonci in pekve oz. their form, size (mainly the diameter to height ra- pokrovi (zemljanke 1, 3, 4, 7–9, 12–14, jame 10, tio), hole diameter and weight, all of which influence 12, 13, 18, 22, jarek 3) ter lonci in sklede oz. sko- the speed of spinning and the strength of the yarn. dele, lahko skupaj s pekvami oz. pokrovi (zemljanke The weight of the whorl in particular may indicate 1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, jami 10, 18, območje zgostitve the quality and the type of yarn.149 According to Petr keramike in kamenja). Večkrat je poleg najden tudi Holodňák (1981), the whorls measuring up to 35 mm pitos,153 ti so bili tudi v večjih (jami 5, 18) in manj- in diameter were used for fine yarn, those measuring ših okroglih jamah (jami 52, 54). Ognjiščne koze up to 45 mm in diameter were presumably used for (jame 8, 10, 12, 15, 43, zemljanka 10) se ne poja- the coarse flax fibres and medium-thick wool yarn, vljajo skupaj s svitki (objekt 3) ali prenosnimi pečka- while those measuring over 45 mm in diameter were mi (zemljanka 1, jarek 3). Piramidalne uteži so bile used for thick wool yarn.150 This suggests that only odkrite posamično (zemljanki 1 in 7, večje okrogle one of the spindle whorls from Hotinja vas, from Pit jame 8, 13 in 18), morda dve skupaj (zemljanka 9), 12 (G361), was used for fine yarn, one whorl, from v enem primeru tri (zemljanka 13). Vretenca izvirajo SH 14 (G314) was used for thick yarn and most for predvsem iz večjih okroglih jam (jame 10, 12, 18) in medium-thick yarn (G66, 348, 349, 396). tudi zemljank (zemljanki 1, 14). Samo v jami 10 sta bili dve skupaj. Najdbe piramidalnih uteži ter vretenc It is difficult to find out whether the finds came to se večinoma (sedemkrat) izključujejo, razen dvakrat light more or less in situ. In order to gain an insight (zemljanka 1, jama 18). To navaja k misli, da sta tka-into this issue, we took the characteristic artefacts151 nje in predenje potekali ločeno. Kot kažejo najdbe and plotted them onto a plan of the S cluster of tkalskih hiš,154 je tkanje potekalo znotraj stavb, tudi v buildings ( figs.13– 15).152 The patterns observable zemljankah. Predli so lahko tudi na prostem in mor-within individual buildings and pits indicate that da zato vretenca najdemo zunaj objektov; morda tudi some objects remained in their original locations. kot odpad v raznih jamah. Za zemljanko 1 je poveden They also show that jars were often unearthed close podatek, da je bilo v njej odkritih največ skled oz. to baking and other lids (SHs 1, 3, 4, 7–9, 12–14, skodelic (tip S-Sk3), kar kaže, da je večji del posod po Pits 10, 12, 13, 18, 22, Ditch 3) or to dishes and/or opustitvi ostal v objektu. Podobno sta bili v zemljanki bowls, sometimes all three categories together (SHs 13 odkriti dve konični skledi (tipa S1a in S1b).155 V 1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, Pits 10, 18, concentration of 150 pottery and stones). There are also several instances Dreslerová 1995a, 23–24. 151 Gerbec 2014b. 152 148 Gerbec 2014b, priloga 7, sl. 124, 125. Dobiat 1990, 54–60; Stegmann Rajtar 1998, 263–287; cf. 153 Prim. npr. inventar zemljanke iz naselja Turska kosa na Belanová et al. 2007, 428; Griebl 2004, 185–187. 149 Hrvaškem (Čučković 1993, 167–169). The whorls have not yet been weighed. See also Gleba, 154 Npr. Teržan 1996, 507–514. Mannering 2012, 9–10. 155 150 Prim.: za najdišče Göttlesbrunn je bilo pokazano, da bi Dreslerová 1995a, 23–24. 151 različen okras na posodju lahko povezali z dvema različni-Gerbec 2014b. 152 ma skupinama v naselju (Griebl 2004, 125–127). Gerbec 2014b, App. 7, figs. 124, 125. 145 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 145 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 Slika 13. Razprostranjenost tipov posod ter steklenih in kovinskih najdb v J gruči naselbine v Hotinji vasi. Figure 13. Distribution of pottery types, as well as glass and metal finds in the S cluster of the settlement at Hotinja vas. Slika 14. Razprostranjenost različnih pripomočkov v južni gruči naselbine v Hotinji vasi. Figure 14. Distribution of different tools in the southern cluster of the settlement at Hotinja vas. Slika 15. Razprostranjenost žlindre, ognjišč in kamnitih najdb naselbine v Hotinji vasi. Figure 15. Distribution of slag, hearths and stone finds in the S cluster of the settlement at Hotinja vas. večjih okroglih jamah je bila odkrita večina ognjišč- of a pithos found next to jars;153 pithoi also appeared nih koz (le ena je bila v zemljanki 10)156 in predilnih in large (Pits 5, 18) and small round pits (Pits 52, vretenc. Samo v teh jamah so bili odkriti kosi cedil. 54). Firedogs (Pits 8, 10, 12, 15, 43, SFB 10) do Pogosti poleg keramike so bili tudi kamni s sledovi not appear alongside either spindle whorls (SH rabe. Manjše jame so raznolike. Shrambene so tiste s 3) or portable ovens (SH 1, Ditch 3). Pyramidal pitosi in večjimi lonci; skoraj vse so odmaknjene od weights were mainly unearthed individually (SHs 1 zemljank. and 7, large round Pits 8, 13 and 18), possibly in a pair (SH 9), and only in one instance three to- gether (SH 13). Spindle whorls were mainly found 156 Pri podobni študiji namembnosti posameznih jam je 153 npr. S. Müller ognjiščne koze povezoval s kultom (Müller Cf. the contents of a SH from the settlement at Turska 2009, 209–225). kosa in Croatia (Čučković 1993, 167–169). 146 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 146 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 individually in the large round pits (Pits 10, 12, 18) and in the SHs 1, 14, only once in a pair (Pit 10). The finds of pyramidal weights and spindle whorls are for the most part (in seven instances) mutually exclusive and were found together only twice (SH 1, Pit 18). This suggests that weaving and spinning were separate activities. The excavated examples of weaving buildings154 indicate that weaving took place indoors, even in SHs. Spinning could also be conducted outdoors, which might explain the finds of spindle whorls outside the buildings, possibly as refuse in different pits. The finds recovered from SH 1 at Hotinja vas included most numerous dishes and/or bowls (Type S-Sk3), indicating that most of the household vessels remained in the building after it had been abandoned. Similarly, SH 13 revealed two conical dishes (Subtypes S1a and S1b).155 The large round pits also revealed the majority of fire- dogs (only one of which was unearthed in SH 10)156 and spindle whorls, as well as all of the sherds of colanders. Apart from ceramics, these large pits also yielded stones with traces of usewear. The small pits are more diverse; those with pithoi and large jars were storage pits and almost all were located at some distance from the SHs. Kovinske najdbe Metal finds Bronasta fibula pripada šmarješkemu tipu čolniča- The bronze fibula from Hotinja vas (G203; fig. 9) is stih fibul (G203; sl. 9), značilnih za stopnjo Ha C2 a boat fibula of the Šmarjeta type, such as were wide- ter razširjenih na širokem prostoru od dolenjske hal- spread across the Dolenjska Hallstatt group, in Šta- štatske skupine, preko Štajerske in Prekmurja vse do jerska and Prekmurje, but also as far as Moravia, and Moravske.157 V severovzhodni Sloveniji so bile razen were characteristic of Ha C2.157Apart from Hotinja v Hotinji vasi tovrstne fibule odkrite na Rifniku, Bri- vas, such fibulae were found in many other settle- njevi gori, Pošteli, v Rabelčji vasi na Ptuju in Novi ments in Styria / Štajerska such as Brinjeva gora, tabli pri Murski Soboti, kar se kaže kot indikativen Poštela, Rifnik, Rabelčja vas at Ptuj and in graves of vzorec, saj gre za najmlajše halštatske najdbe na ome- Nova tabla near Murska Sobota.158 njenih naselbinah (razen na Rifniku), katerih konec The site also yielded two iron knives that are je na ta način nakazan v obdobju prehoda Ha C2 v chronologically undiagnostic. Ha D1.158 Pieces of slag were found in SH 3, Pit 5 of Odkrita železna noža (G362) nista kronološko SH 1 and in Pits 7 and 15. These are by-products občutljivi najdbi. of smelting or refining of ore; they differ in col- Žlindra je bila odkrita v zemljanki 3, jami 5 ze- our, specific weight, morphology and size. Their mljanke 1 ter v jamah 7 in 15. To so stranski proi- properties indicate the kind of process they were zvodi taljenja rude in prečiščevanja kovin; razlikujejo 154 se po barvi, specifični teži, morfologiji in velikosti. E.g. Teržan 1996, 507–514. 155 Cf.: the study of the finds from Göttlesbrunn has shown Dva vzorca žlindre ( sl. 10: desno) sta bila analizirana that the differences in the pottery decoration may indicate z namenom določiti vrsto ter mineralno in kemično different groups living within the same settlement (Griebl sestavo. Oba sta metalurškega porekla; najverjetneje 2004, 125–127). 156 In a similar study of the function of individual pits, ostanek prečiščevanja železa in izdelave predmetov. Müller connected the finds of firedogs with the cult sphere (Müller 2009, 209–225). 157 157 Teržan 1990, 43, karta 16; prim. Jerin 2001, 6–7; Tecco Teržan 1990, 43, Map 16; cf. Jerin 2001, 6–7; Tecco Hvala 2012, 217. Hvala 2012, 217. 158 158 Teržan 1990, 220, sl. 6: 4; 7: 2; T. 45: 4; Guštin, Teržan 1990, 220, figs. 6: 4; 7: 2; Pl. 45: 4; Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001, sl. 5: 12–13 (Nova tabla). Tiefengraber 2001, fig. 5: 12–13 (Nova tabla). 147 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 147 8. 03. 2021 12:53:16 Glede na morfologijo (kupolasti tip) bi lahko bila involved in. Two samples of slag ( fig. 10: right) kovaška žlindra. Omenimo, da je bilo v obeh vzorcih have been analysed with the aim of determining opaziti malo kapljic železa, ki ga je v vzorcu 2 pri- the type of slag as well as the mineral and chemical bližno 3 % več. Fajalitna žlindra je pri temperaturi composition. Both sampled pieces were products redukcije in na kovaškem ognjišču zaradi nizkega ta- of metallurgic processes, most likely the by-prod- lišča tekoča, pri dovolj visoki temperaturi pa je manj ucts of refining of the iron ore and smithing. The viskozna, dobro tekoča, zato ne zadržuje kapljic že- morphology (bulk slag) suggests they could be leza.159 Za morebitne ostaline mikrožlindre smo pre- smithing slag. Both samples contained very few gledali vzorce, ki so bili vzeti za potrebe paleobota- drops of iron/iron prills (of the two samples, there ničnih raziskav in so bili flotirani.160 V vseh vzorcih is roughly 3% more of these in Sample 2). Because je bila približno enaka, manjša količina magnetnih of its low melting point, the fayalite-based slag is delcev ( sl. 10: levo). Geološka preiskava je pokazala, liquid at reduction temperature and on the smith-da gre za delce z značilnostmi, ki so posledica vpliva ing hearth; it is less viscous and liquid at a high- visoke temperature. Ne gre za mikrožlindro, ampak er temperature, and hence does not retain drops drobce metamorfnih kamnin, ki so lahko precej ma- of iron/iron prills.159 We also inspected the soil gnetni, še posebno, če so izpostavljeni gorenju. Vse samples taken for palaeobotanical analyses to look to velja za najbolj drobno frakcijo in je lahko do- for possible micro-slags; these samples were wa- kaz za kurjenje. V frakciji relativno večjih zrn pa so ter-sieved as well.160 The examined samples showed močno prevladovala zaobljena zrna kremena, kar je a uniformly small amount of magnetic particles posledica vodotokov.161 ( fig. 10: left).The geologic inspection revealed that Ob žlindri je še nekaj elementov, ki bi jih lahko these particles show the characteristics caused by povezali s predelavo železa. Npr. odlomek keramike high temperatures and that we are not dealing with (G331) iz jame 7 je bil v primerjavi z ostalo sekun- micro-slags, but rather with bits of metamorphic darno prežgano keramiko izpostavljen bistveno višji rocks that can be quite magnetic, particularly if ex- temperaturi. Po obliki spominja na odlomek posode. posed to fire. All this applies to the finest fraction Konveksna površina je manj poškodovana kot kon- and may be evidence of firing. The predominant kavna, ki je zelo porozna ( sl. 16). Takšne spremembe component in the fraction of the relatively large se v glini zgodijo pri zelo visokih temperaturah; pri ne-grains was rounded quartz grains, which indicates katerih vrstah gline je to 1200 °C. Pri žganju na tako prolonged water transport.161 visoki temperaturi se začne steklasta faza keramike, pri Apart from slag, the site yielded several other še višji pa se zaradi tvorbe plinov poveča poroznost items possibly indicating iron smelting and smith- keramike. Če se plini ne sprostijo, se površina napih- ing. These include a ceramic sherd (G331) from ne.162 Lahko bi šlo za delček notranje obloge peči ali Pit 7, which was exposed to considerably higher sapnice, del glinene obloge kovaškega ognjišča, kjer je temperatures in comparison with other secondarily mesto vpihovanja, ali za odlomek talilnega lončka.163 fired finds. Its form is reminiscent of a vessel; the V starejši železni dobi naj bi kovaške delavni- convex surface is less damaged that the concave one ce postale nepogrešljiv del naselbin.164 Talilnice in that is highly porous ( fig. 16). Such changes in clay occur at very high temperatures, i.e. at 1200°C for 159 Gutman 2015, 167–171. some types of clay. At such a high temperature, the 160 Za flotiranje sta bili uporabljeni najmanj 2 siti z mrežo clay begins to vitrify, while the gasses that appear pribl. 2 ter 5 mm, morda tudi gosta cedilka. 161 Za pregled flotiranega materiala in opredelitev delcev se at even higher temperatures increase the porosity zahvaljujem Branku Mušiču (Oddelek za arheologijo of the clay; if these gasses are not released, the sur- Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani). 162 face of the object bloats.162 The recovered piece may Rice 1987, 86, 104; različne gline imajo različno tališče. 163 Prim. Garner 2011, 39–42, Abb. 46–49 (latensko najdi- therefore be part of an interior lining of a kiln or šče); Centre for Archaeology guidelines: Archaeometallurgy of an air pipe, part of the clay lining of a smithing 2001, 23. 164 159 Žlindra in drugi znaki predelave ali obdelave železa so bili Gutman 2015, 167–171. 160 odkriti tudi na nekaterih drugih naseljih iz starejše železne Wet sieving involved the use of at least two sieves with a dobe v Podravju, na Pošteli (Teržan 1990, 263–265, 269, mesh of roughly 2 and 5 mm, respectively, in some cases 284–285, T. 19: 7; 45: 14; 46: 4), Novinah (Pahič 1966, also a fine-mesh strainer. 161 134, op. 99; Gaberz et al. 2015, 140, 143; Vinazza et al. I would like to thank Branko Mušič (Department of 2015, 176), Hajndlu (Mele 2009, 43 (jarek 1078: železen Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana) ingot, odlomki žlindre), 49 (jarek 073: žlindra); Magdič for examining the sieved material and identifying the 2006, 14–15 (objekt 1, objekt 3 (žlindra)), ne pa v sose-finds. 162 dnjem Ormožu (Dular 2013, 119, v slednjem je bilo do- Rice 1987, 86, 104; different clays have different melting kazano livarstvo). Dokaze za livarstvo (kalupi ali bronasta points. 148 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 148 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 hearth where air gets blown in or a piece of a melt- Slika 16. Hotinja vas. ing pot.163 Keramičen odlomek iz jame 7 z znaki It is believed that smithies became a ubiquitous visoke temperature. part of settlements in the Early Iron Age;164 these Pogled na zunanjo settlements provided evidence of other ironworking (zgoraj) in notranjo processes taking place as well. Smelteries and smith- površino (spodaj). Poleg sta dva drobca ies also operated in SHs covering 9–12 m². They žlindre. were characteristic of central Europe, most of all are Figure 16. Hotinja known from in the Czech area.165 There for example, vas. Ceramic sherd from Pit 7 with signs slag has been found in every Early Iron Age settle- of exposure to high ment with more than five unearthed buildings and temperatures. View of represents a common find. Smelting and smithing the exterior (top) and were probably seasonal activities; the interior surface 166 the smelting tak- (bottom). Found next ing place in SHs presumably met the needs of the to it were two bits of local community.167 Smithing hearths may have been slag. located in the open, covered with a roof or construct- ed in a special building. The fills of such hearths contain charcoal, ash and (micro)slag. Also requisite in smithing are water and charcoal, both of which were locally available. When the waste material, i.e. slag, became a hindrance, it was removed from the smithy.168 The analyses of the ironworking remains from different sites have shown that charcoal was predominantly obtained from oak and beech wood, kovačnice so delovale tudi v zemljankah s površino as well as the wood of other tree species, particularly 9–12 m². Pogoste so bile v Srednji Evropi, predvsem the deciduous (poplar, maple, alder and others) and na Češkem.165 Tam je bila npr. žlindra odkrita v vsaki less of coniferous trees (fir, pine, larch).169 Charcoal naselbini iz starejše železne dobe, ki je štela več kot has also been sampled at Hotinja vas, but it is not 5 stavb, in je predstavljala pogost tip najdbe. Talje- clear whether it represents the remains of structural nje in kovanje sta bili verjetno sezonska dejavnost;166 wood, household items, furnishings or hearths. taljenje v zemljankah naj bi zadostovalo potrebam lokalnih naselbin.167 Kovaška ognjišča so bila lahko na prostem, nadstrešena ali pa je bila kovaška delav- nica poseben objekt. V zasipu ognjišča se najde oglje, pepel in (mikro)žlindra. Pri kovanju sta pomemben element še voda ter oglje, oboje se je nahajalo v nepo- sredni bližini. Ko je odpad, tj. žlindra, postal napoti, 163 so ga odstranili iz kovačnice.168 Analize z različnih Cf. Garner 2011, 39–42, figs. 46–49 (La Tène period site); Centre for Archaeology guidelines: Archaeometallurgy najdišč z ostalinami proizvodnje oz. izdelave železnih 2001, 23. predmetov so pokazale, da so oglje pripravljali največ 164 Slag and other traces of ironworking have been found iz lesa hrasta in bukve, pa tudi iz lesa drugih vrst, ve-at several other Early Iron Age settlements in Podravje: Poštela (Teržan 1990, 263–265, 269, 284–285, Pls. 19: 7; činoma listavcev (topol, javor, jelša idr.), manj iglav-45: 14; 46: 4), Novine (Pahič 1966, 134, Fn. 99; Gaberz cev (jelka, bor, macesen).169 Za vzorce oglja iz Hoti- et al. 2015, 140, 143; Vinazza et al. 2015, 176), Hajndl nje vasi ne vemo, ali so bili del stavbne konstrukcije, (Mele 2009, 43 (Ditch 1078: iron ingot, pieces of slag), inventarja ali so z ognjišč. 49 (Ditch 073: slag); Magdič 2006, 14–15 (Building 1, Building 3 (slag)), but not at nearby Ormož (Dular 2013, 119), where archaeologists found evidence of casting activities. Evidence of casting (moulds and bronze slag) has žlindra) poznamo tudi z Rifnika (Pirkmajer 1983, T. 6: 19; also been found at Rifnik (Pirkmajer 1983, Pls. 6: 19; 12: 12: 1) in Gornje Radgone (Horvat-Šavel 1981, 293–295). 1) and Gornja Radgona (Horvat-Šavel 1981, 293–295). 165 165 Pleiner 2006, 135; isti 2000, 64–65; prim. Motyková, Pleiner 2016, 135; idem 2000, 64–65; Cf. Motyková, Pleiner 1987, 393–394, Abb. 17–18. Pleiner 1987, 393–394, figs. 17–18. 166 166 Dreslerová 1995b, 154–155. Dreslerová 1995b, 154–155. 167 167 Pleiner 2000, 67. Pleiner 2000, 67. 168 168 Pleiner 2006, 53, 123, 131, 133–134. Pleiner 2006, 53, 123, 131, 133–134. 169 169 Pleiner 2000, 116–118. Pleiner 2000, 116–118. 149 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 149 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 Kamnite najdbe Stone finds Petrografska analiza je zajela večji del odkritega Most of the recovered stone finds have been subject- kamnitega gradiva s Hotinje vasi. Pregledanih 30 ed to a petrographic analysis. The 30 analysed finds vzorcev sodi večinoma med metamorfne kamnine were predominantly made of metamorphic rocks (24), manjši del je magmatskih (6), kamor sta pri- (24) and six pieces were made of magmatic rocks šteti tudi dve piroklastični kamnini. Vse razen tufa that include two pyroclastic rocks. With the excep- najdemo na Pohorju. Vse pregledane najdbe imajo tion of tuff, all the rocks are present in the Pohorje sledove rabe. Ob morebitnih orodjih oz. pripomoč- Mountains. The examined stone finds all bear traces kih (G79, 106, 171, 172, 372) so bili v Hotinji of usewear. Alongside the presumed tools or imple- vasi odkriti še kosi, za katere smo domnevali, da so ments (G79, 106, 171, 172, 372), Hotinja vas also žrmlje. Analiza jih je potrdila četvero (vz. 1, 2, 9, yielded pieces suspected to be quernstones; analysis 10).170 Razni kamniti pripomočki, tudi takšni, ki has confirmed that four actually were used as querns spominjajo na žrmlje, pa so bili v uporabi tudi pri (Samples1, 2, 9, 10).170 Different stone implements, drugih delih, npr. strojenju kož,171 drobljenju pu- also those that resemble quernstones, were used in stil za pripravo lončarske gline in pripravi barvil.172 other processes, for example hide tanning,171 crush- Tudi pri raznih metalurških dejavnostih so bili po- ing temper for clay fabrics and the preparation of gosto v rabi kamniti pripomočki, drobilci, nakova- pigments.172 Metallurgic activities also involved the la, lahko tudi kakšen drug kovaški pripomoček pri use of stone tools, such as crushers, anvils and other ognjišču.173 smithing tools used at the hearth.173 Za vse analizirane kose ter večji kamen iz jame All the examined stone finds, as well as the large 14, ki nas je spominjal na nakovalo, smo izme- stone from Pit 14 that resembled an anvil have been rili vrednost magnetne susceptibilnosti ( sl. 17). subjected to a magnetic susceptibility analysis ( fig. Meritve smo opravili s terenskim merilcem; po 5 17). The measurements were taken using a portable meritev na večjo ploskev vsakega kamna, posame-meter, taking five measurements of the largest side zno tudi ob robu. Za kamen iz jame 14 meritev of each stone, individually also along the edges. The magnetne susceptibilnosti ni potrdila, da bi bil measurements taken of the large stone from Pit 14 izpostavljen visokim temperaturam. Ob upošte- did suggest exposure to high temperatures. Consid- vanju srednjih vrednosti za vsako kamnino lahko ering the mean values of each of the rocks, we can rečemo, da vzorci 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 26 in 29 conclude that Samples 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 26 and izrazito odstopajo po izmerjenih vrednosti suscep- 29 deviate considerably from the background val- tibilnosti od ozadja za te kamnine. Omenimo naj ues of the respective rock. Particularly noteworthy is vzorec 26 iz amfibolita, ki na površini nima vidnih Sample 26 of amphibolite that shows no visible signs znakov visokih temperatur, kot so npr. značilni of exposure to high temperatures in excess of those za apnence, peščenjake ipd. Tega brez opravljene characteristic of limestones, sandstones and so forth, meritve torej ne bi zaznali. Pri vzorcih 3, 8, 10, hence such exposure would not have been detected 18, in 28 je susceptibilnost sicer višja od ozadja za without the magnetic susceptibility measurements. te kamnine, vendar manj izrazita, kar pomeni, da The susceptibility measured in Samples 3, 8, 10, visokih temperatur kot vzroka za višjo susceptibil- 18 and 28 is higher than the background value, but nost ne moremo izključiti. Ker se toplotni učinek not considerably higher, hence we cannot exclude manjša z oddaljenostjo od vira toplote, gre lahko the possibility of the higher susceptibility being za kose kamnov, ki niso bili stalno izpostavljeni caused by higher temperatures. As the effect of heat visokim temperaturam. V večini primerov ima- diminishes with the distance from the heat source, jo znake izpostavljenosti visokim temperaturam the samples may have been taken from stones not gnajsi, ki kažejo na gorenje, rabo v ognjišču ali ob in permanent exposure to high temperatures. Of the different rocks, it is the samples of gneiss that most 170 170 Zupančič 2015, 164–165. Zupančič 2015, 164–165. 171 171 Npr. Zimmermann 1992, Abb. 100. E.g. Zimmermann 1992, fig. 100. 172 172 Murgelj 2013, 18. Murgelj 2013, 18. 173 173 Pleiner 2006, 133; prim. tudi isti 2000, 217; Jarc 1999, Pleiner 2006, 133; also cf. idem 2000, 217; Jarc 1999, 22; 22; za dobro ohranjeno nakovalo in kamne za drobljenje for a well preserved anvil and ore-crushing stones from rude iz 6.–5. stol. pr. n. št. glej npr. najdišče Neuenbürg the 6th–5th century BC see e.g. the site at Neuenbürg – – Waldrennach (Gassmann, Wieland 2008, 142, sl. 5; 6); Waldrennach (Gassmann, Wieland 2008, 142, figs. 5; 6); prim. še kamnite najdbe iz latenskega najdišča Siegen – also cf. the stone finds from the La Tène site at Siegen – Niederschelden v Nemčiji (Garner 2011, 22, 44, Abb. 10; Niederschelden in Germany (Garner 2011, 22, 44, figs. 11; 51). 10; 11; 51). 150 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 150 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 Izmerjena magnetna Izmerjena magnetna Slika 17. Hotinja susceptibilnost / Measured susceptibilnost / Measured vas. Tabela magnetic susceptibility (SI) magnetic susceptibility (SI) meritev magnetne vzorec / kamnina / rock ploskev 1 ploskev 2 rob vzorec / kamnina / rock ploskev 1 ploskev 2 rob susceptibilnosti. sample / face 1 / face 2 / edge sample / face 1 / face 2 / edge Figure 17. Hotinja vas. Magnetic 1 gnajs / gneiss +0,803 +0,861 17 pegmatit / +1,726 +2,53 susceptibility 2 gnajs / gneiss +0,513 +0,636 pegmatite measurements for the 3 gnajs / gneiss +2,441 +2,421 18 kvarcit / +3,665 +2,763 samples from Hotinja quarzite 4 gnajs / gneiss +3,286 +8,680 +1,149 vas. 19 gnajs / gneiss +0,75 +0,308 5 tuf / fuff +0,175 +0,036 +0,056 20 aplit / aplite +0,018 +0,036 6 blestnik/gnajs / +0,317 +0,413 mica-schist/ 21 granodiorit / +0,223 +0,187 gneiss granodiorite 7 gnajs / gneiss +4,072 +2,247 22 granodiorit / +2,426 +2,921 +0,324 granodiorite 8 gnajs / gneiss +2,805 +2,585 23 filit/skrilavi +0,535 +0,56 9 pegmatit / +0,051 +0,025 meljevec / pegmatite phyllite/shaly 10 aplit/gnajs / +2,871 +0,607 mudstone aplite/gneiss 24 gnajs / gneiss +1,886 +0,877 11 amfibolit / +5,424 +1,272 25 kvarcit / +0,685 +0,863 amphibolite quarzite 12 drobno zrnat +4,203 +1,772 +1,570 26 amfibolit / +36,42 +32,45 gnajs / fine- amphibolite grained gneiss 27 gnajs / gneiss +0,793 +0,433 13 drobno zrnat +3,771 +1,253 gnajs / fine- 28 gnajs / gneiss +3,575 +2,166 +1,144 grained gneiss 29 gnajs / gneiss +0,776 +7,747 14 gnajs / gneiss +2,220 +0,154 30 amfibolit +0,441 +0,361 15 gnajs / gneiss +0,335 +1,839 amphibolite 16 kvarcit / +0,120 +0,562 jama gnajs / gneiss +0,516 +0,320 quarzite 14 njem, morda kuho, lahko tudi na rabo pri katerih frequently show signs of high temperature exposure. od obrti.174 These signs indicate burning, use in or near a hearth, but possibly also use in one of the crafts practised at the settlement.174 Rastlinski ostanki Plant remains Paleobotanična analiza je zajela 9 vzorcev oglja (ze- The palaeobotanical analysis involved a total of 399 mljanke 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13) in vse vzorce oglja, ki so pieces of plant remains excavated at Hotinja vas that bili pridobljeni s flotacijo vzorčenih plasti (zemljan- comprised 9 charcoal samples in the SHs (SHs 1, ke 1–3, 6, 10, 14, jame 5, 18, 56). Skupno je bilo 5, 7, 9, 12, 13) and the charcoal samples obtained analiziranih 399 primerkov. Največ vzorčenega oglja during wet sieving of soil samples from the SHs je pripadalo hrastu ( Quercus) in bukvi ( Fagus); oglja (SHs 1–3, 6, 10, 14, Pits 5, 18, 56). Most of the drugih drevesnih vrst, gabra ( Carpinus), jelše ( Alnus), sampled charcoal pieces belonged to oak ( Quercus) topola ( Populus), vrbe ( Salix) in jerebike ( Sorbus), and beech ( Fagus); the charcoal of other tree species, je bilo le po nekaj primerkov. Iglavcu je pripadal hornbeam ( Carpinus), alder ( Alnus), poplar ( Popu-en sam primerek oglja, morda gre za jelko ( Abies). lus), willow ( Salix) and rowan ( Sorbus), was repre-Iz vzorcev, pridobljenih s flotacijo, so bili primer- sented with only a few pieces. A single piece of char- ki oglja veliki le nekaj milimetrov; dodatno so bili coal belonged to a conifer, possibly fir ( Abies). The ugotovljeni še brest ( Ulmus), jesen ( Fraxinus), javor samples obtained from wet sieving were only a few ( Acer), breza ( Betula), črni bezeg ( Sambucus), smreka millimetres large and revealed the additional pres- ( Picea) in tisa ( Taxus). Večina oglja je pripadala lesu ence of elm ( Ulmus), ash ( Fraxinus), maple ( Acer), (hrast, bukev), iz katerega so bili zgrajene stavbe oz. birch ( Betula), elder ( Sambucus), spruce ( Picea) and 174 174 Meritve je opravil Igor Medarić, pojasnil pa jih je Branko The measurements were taken by Igor Medarić and inter-Mušič (Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete preted by Branko Mušič (Department of Archaeology at Univerze v Ljubljani). the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana). 151 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 151 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 yew ( Taxus). We presume that most charcoal samples (oak, beech) belonged to the wood used in the construction of buildings. The wood of the other tree species was probably used for the structural elements of lesser importance, household items, furnishings and as hearth fuel.175 There were 1484 grains selected from the ten wet-sieved soil samples. The uncharred ones are cer- tainly recent in date (belonging to grassland and rud- eral plants or cropweeds), while the charred grains can with more certainty be ascribed to the Early Iron Age settlement. The identified cereals comprise mil- let ( Panicum milliaceum) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare), the identified legumes are represented by lentil remains ( Lens culinaris) and the fruit by a hazelnut ( Corylus avellana). Several small fragments, possibly Slika 18. nosilci njihove konstrukcije. Iz preostalih vrst lesa so fruit stones, were undeterminable.176 Radiokarbonske bili morda manj pomembni gradbeni elementi, hišni The surviving charred grains tell of the arable datacije – ocena inventar ali pa izvirajo iz ognjišč.175 farming, plant gathering and diet of the day. The trajanja naselbine (parameter razpon) v Iz desetih vzorcev prsti, ki so bili flotirani, je bilo settlement was located in lowland suitable for culti- Hotinji vasi. izbranih 1484 semen. Nezoglenela so zanesljivo re- vation, hence the fields of the inhabitants presuma- Figure 18. Estimated centna (semena travniških in ruderalnih rastlin ali bly stood in the vicinity. The SHs that revealed ceduration of the settlement at Hotinja poljskih plevelov), pooglenela pa z večjo gotovostjo real and legume remains (SH 1 and Pit 5, SHs 2, vas (span parameter). pripišemo naši naselbini. Od žitaric sta bila ugotovlje- 3, 10) may be interpreted as residential buildings; na proso ( Panicum milliaceum) in ječmen ( Hordeum of these, however, SH 3 may have served a purpose vulgare), od stročnic leča ( Lens culinaris), od plodov other than residential. The sample from SH 6 with a lešnik ( Corylus avellana). Nekaj manjših fragmentov, large hearth revealed no remains of food. Grains or morda koščic plodov, je bilo nedoločljivih.176 charcoal were also not found in the sample from Pit Ohranjena zoglenela semena so pokazatelji ta- 56 that contained a partially preserved pithos and kratnega poljedelstva in nabiralništva ter prehrane. presumably served as a storage pit. Naselje je stalo v ravnici, ki je bila primerna za obde- lavo, zato lahko polja predvidevamo v bližini. Zem- Nine of the charcoal samples were subjected to a radi- ljanke, v vzorcih katerih so bila ugotovljena žita in ocarbon analysis.177 Calibration and further analysis of stročnice (zemljanka 1 in jama 5, zemljanke 2, 3, the results178 was made using the OxCal programme, 10), lahko razumemo kot bivalne. V vzorcu iz zem- Version 4.2.179 with an IntCal13 curve.180 The absence ljanke 6 z večjim ognjiščem ni bilo ostalin hrane. Ni of a stratigraphic sequence at the site (one habitation jih bilo niti v vzorcu iz jame 56, v kateri je bil delno phase, all samples from presumably contemporaneous ohranjen pitos in za katero domnevamo, da je bila buildings) and the fact that the calibrated 14C dates shrambna. fall within the so-called Hallstatt plateau substantially limit our capacity to reliably interpret the obtained Na 9 vzorcih oglja so bile opravljene radiokarbon- 14C dates. In spite of the limitations, we applied the ske analize.177 Za kalibracijo in nadaljnjo analizo re- Bayesian method ( figs. 18–19).181 zultatov178 smo uporabili program OxCal, različico 4.2.179 s krivuljo IntCal13.180 Zaradi pomanjkanja 175 Culiberg 2015, 166. 176 stratigrafske sekvence na najdišču (ena faza poselitve, Culiberg 2015, 166–167. 177 Results of the radiocarbon dates: Gerbec 2014a; ead. 175 Culiberg 2015, 166. 2015. 176 178 Culiberg 2015, 166–167. I would like to thank Marko Sraka (Department of 177 Rezultati radiokarbonskih datacij: Gerbec 2014a; ista Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana) 2015. for his help in understanding the raw data of the radiocar-178 Za pomoč pri razumevanju problematike radiokarbonskih bon analyses and in producing graphs using the OxCal datacij ter izdelavo grafov v programu OxCal se zahvalju-programme. 179 jem Marku Sraki (Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofske fakul-Bronk Ramsey 2009. 180 tete Univerze v Ljubljani). Reimer et al. 2013. 179 181 Bronk Ramsey 2009. Buck, Millard 2004; Bronk Ramsey 2009; Bayliss 2007; 180 Reimer et al. 2013. 2009. 152 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 152 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 vsi vzorci so predvidoma iz istočasnih objektov) in dejstva, da kalibrirane 14C datacije padejo na t. i. halštatski plato, so možnosti razlage 14C datacij iz Hotinje vasi omejene. Kljub temu smo se odločili za Bayesov pristop ( sl. 18–19).181 Ker je bilo datirano oglje, moramo upoštevati možnost t. i. učinka starega lesa ( old wood effect), za katerega pa domnevamo, da na najdišču ni znaten. To posredno sklepamo na podlagi prežganega sten- skega ometa, v katerem so odtisnjene oblice, ki v premeru ne merijo več kot 10 cm, ter premera jam Having dated charcoal samples, we had to con- Slika 19. Prikaz za stojke, ki so stale na robu ali dnu jam nekaterih sider the so-called old wood effect. The pieces of ocene začetka in konca naselja v zemljank, in ki ni znašal več kot 25 cm.182 Domneva- burnt daub with the impressions of logs measuring Hotinji vasi. mo torej, da uporabljen les ni bil več kot nekaj deset- up to 10 cm in diameter and the diameter of the Figure 19. Estimated letij (10–30 let) starejši od gradnje zemljanke. Tako postholes located at the edge or on the bottom of beginning and end vsaj pri stavbnem lesu učinek starega lesa ni verjeten. some of the SHs, that did not exceed 25 cm,182 sug- of the settlement at Hotinja vas. Pri Bayesovi statistični analizi 14C smo datacije gest that the wood could not have been more than združili v zamejeno fazo, ki predstavlja obdobje ob- a few decades (10–30 years) old when construction stoja naselbine, in tako ocenili čas začetka in konca of the SHs began and hence that the old wood ef- naselbine. Upoštevajoč parameter razpona, rezulta- fect, at least as far as structural wood is concerned, ti izračuna kažejo, da je naselbina trajala 0–115 let is negligible. (68,2 % verjetnosti) oz. 0–220 let (95,4 % verjet- When performing the Bayesian statistical anal- nosti). Kot je razvidno iz sl. 18, domnevamo precej ysis we joined the 14C dates into a single limit-kratko trajanje naselbine; le nekaj človeških gene- ed phase that represents the duration of the set- racij, saj krivulja verjetnosti pada od višjih k nižjim tlement; we thereby estimated the beginning and vrednostim oz. teži k letu 0. the end of the settlement. Taking into account the Ocena začetka in konca naselbine nakazuje ši- span parameter, the analysis has pointed to the du- rok razpon (začetek približno med 780 in 625 pr. n. ration of the settlement between 0 and 115 years št. ter konec med približno 645 in 505 pr. n. št. pri (68.2% probability) or between 0 and 220 years 68,2 % verjetnosti), vendar ocena njenega trajanja (95.4% probability). As shown on fig. 18, we may kaže na kratek čas. Zato le na osnovi 14C datacij presume a fairly short duration of the settlement, ni mogoče natančno določiti časa obstoja naselbine, lasting only a few generations, as the probability iščemo ga med 8., 7. ali 6. stol. pr. n. št. Kratko- curve falls from high to lower values and gravitates trajnost naselja smo prikazali tudi s tipo-kronološko towards zero years. analizo keramičnih in kovinskih najdb in s strati- The estimate of the beginning and the end of grafsko situacijo (mlajši vkopi praviloma ne sekajo the settlement has a wide range (beginning roughly starejših, pri stavbah ni zaslediti popravkov). V prid between 780 and 625 BC, ending roughly between kratkotrajnosti naselja govorijo tudi druga dejstva, 645 and 505 BC at 68.2%probability), but the es- kot je relativno malo najdb, med katerimi so le redki timate of the duration shows a relatively short pe- kovinski predmeti, ter tip stavb, ki je značilen za ob- riod. Based on the 14C results alone, we can only časno naselitev oz. kratkotrajno bivanje. offer a broad time frame for the existence of the Natančnejšo starost naselja opredeljujejo najd- settlement, which should be sought in the 8th, 7th be. Značilne so keramične oblike stopnje Ha C oz. or 6thcentury BC. The results of the typo-chrono- predvsem Ha C2, z najmlajšimi najdbami s prehoda logical analysis of the finds and the stratigraphic ev- v stopnjo Ha D1. Najdb, ki bi bile eventualno sta- idence (later pits usually not disturbing the earlier rejše od Ha C stopnje (oz. starejše od okvirno 720 ones, no observed repairs of the buildings) have al- ali 730 pr. n. št.), na najdišču ni. Prav tako ni verjet-ready indicated a short duration of the settlement, no, da bi najdišče trajalo v Ha D1 (okvirno 600 pr. further corroborated by other observations such as n. št. in pozneje). Glede na časovni okvir navedenih a relative paucity of small finds that include only rare metal objects, as well as the type of buildings 181 Buck, Millard 2004; Bronk Ramsey 2009; Bayliss 2007; that is rather characteristic of occasional or tempo- isti 2009. rary habitation. 182 Jama 31: 30 × 24 cm, jama 24: 8 × 6 cm, jama 46: pr. 182 25 cm. Pit 31: 30 × 24 cm, Pit 24: 8 × 6 cm, Pit 46: pr. 25 cm. 153 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 153 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 halštatskih stopenj v kombinaciji s kratko oceno tra-A step towards a more precise dating of the settle- janja naselbine na osnovi analize radiokarbonskih ment is provided by the finds. As shown they are typi- datacij (0–115 let pri 68,2 % verjetnosti) postavlja- cal of Ha C, mainly Ha C2, with the latest finds attrib- mo naselje približno v 7. stol. pr. n. št. oz. predvsem utable to the transition to Ha D1. The site revealed no v 2. pol. 7. stol. pr. n. št. ( sl. 18–19). finds predating Ha C (i.e. earlier than roughly 720 or 730 BC). It is also not likely that the settlement con- tinued to Ha D1 (roughly 600 BC). The chronolog- ical framework for individual phases of the Hallstatt period coupled with the estimate of the duration of the settlement as suggested by the radiocarbon results (0–115 years at 68.2% probability) shows the settle- ment was occupied sometime in the 7thcentury BC or, based on all available evidence, most likely in the second half of the 7thcentury BC ( fig. 18–19). NIŽINSKA NASELJA NA OBMOČJU PANONIJE LOWLAND SETTLEMENTS IN THE AREA OF IN V SOSEDNJIH POKRAJINAH - PREGLED IN PANNONIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OPIS STAVBNIH ZNAČILNOSTI – AN OVERVIEW AND CONSTRUCTIONAL Na prostoru vzhodnohalštatskega kulturnega kroga, CHARACTERISTICS med vzhodnimi oz. jugovzhodnimi Alpami, zaho- The area of the East Hallstatt circle, extending from dnim lokom Karpatov ter Panonsko nižino z reko the eastern and south-eastern Alps, the western edge Donavo kot njeno vzhodno mejo, je obstajalo v že- of the Carpathians to the eastern and southern edg- lezni dobi več Hotinji vasi podobnih naselij. To so es of the Pannonian Basin, marked by the Danube naselja v ravninah in gričevnatem svetu s podobnim river, has thus far revealed several settlements such as načinom gradnje stavb ter s podobno organizirano-Hotinja vas that date to the Iron Age. These are all stjo in gospodarskimi dejavnostmi ( sl. 20) . settlements in lowland or hilly areas showing com- Obravnavan prostor je pretočen v smeri S–J in parable construction manners, organisation of space V–Z, kjer se srečujejo komunikacije, vplivi in stiki and economic activities. Some were inhabited over vzdolž jantarne ceste med Baltiškim in Jadranskim longer periods or in several periods ( fig. 20). The morjem ter vzdolž Donave.183 Vendar so zemljanke area’s main communication lines run in a N–S direc- kot poseben tip naselbin oz. način poselitve znane tion, making it an area of contacts along the Amber tudi v zahodnohalštatskem kulturnem krogu.184 Route and along the Danube towards the east and Značilnosti poselitve v SV Sloveniji v pozni bro- west.183 A similar type of settlement has also been nasti in starejši železni dobi so že bile obravnavane,185 observed in the West Hallstatt circle.184 raziskave zadnjih 15 let pa so razkrile več novih na- The characteristics of settlement in NE Slovenia selij, predvsem je poselitvena slika dopolnjena v ni- in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages have already žinah Prekmurja in Dravskega polja. Nekatera nase- been discussed.185 The investigations in the last fif- lja so večperiodna, znotraj posamezne mikro regije teen years revealed several new settlements, particu- so opazni tudi premiki v poselitvi med (pozno) larly in the lowlands of the Prekmurje region and in bronasto in zgodnjo železno dobo (npr. na območju the plain of Dravsko polje. Some of the settlements Ptuja, in v okolici Murske Sobote med Kotarami in are multi-period. We have also been able to observe Novo tablo). shifts in settlement from the (Late) Bronze to the Na Z robu Dravskega polja je bilo v starejši že- Iron Age within individual microregions ( areas lezni dobi nedvomno pomembno središče višinska around Ptuj, between Kotare and Nova tabla near utrjena naselbina Poštela. Med Poštelo in Hotinjo Murska Sobota). vasjo na jugu je še eno starejšeželeznodobno višinsko 183 The literature for this area is extensive and the contribu-183 Literatura za ta prostor je obširna, v prispevku so navedena tion only cites the publications available at the time of the le dela, ki so nam bila v času te študije (2016) dostopna. study (2016). 184 184 Zemljanke se v starejši železni dobi pojavljajo še na znatno In the Early Iron Age, SH appear across much wider areas večjem prostoru, kot je zajet v naši obravnavi (npr. v Švici, than presented in this contribution (e.g. in Switzerland, Nemčiji, na Poljskem, v Romuniji); njihova gradnja je od-Germany, Poland, Romania); their construction depends visna od geološke podlage in ne kulture. on the geology rather than culture. 185 185 Prim. Teržan 1990, 118–121; ista 1999, 133–135; ista Cf. Teržan 1990, 118–121; ead. 1999, 133–135; ead. 2001, 132–135; Črešnar 2010, 74–80; Dular 2013, 111– 2001, 132–135; Črešnar 2010, 74–80; Dular 2013, 111– 122; glej tudi Arheološki vestnik 70, 2019, 319-486. 122; see also Arheološki vestnik 70, 2019, 319-486. 154 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 154 8. 03. 2021 12:53:17 In the Early Iron Age, the hillfort at Poštela rep- Slika 20. Karta naselij resented an important centre, located on the western z zemljankami na prostoru V Alp in edge of the Dravsko polje. In its surrounding area, Panonije, omenjenih between Poštela and Hotinja vas, there was another v tekstu. Early Iron Age hillfort at Čreta; tumuli were exca- Figure 20. Map of vated at Rogoza; possibly dating to the same period select sites with SHs in the area of the eastern is one of the pits from the Late Bronze Age lowland Alps and Pannonia settlement at Slivnica. All these locations are visible mentioned in the text. from Poštela.186 Seznam najdišč / List of sites: The lowland settlements that have thus far 1. Jenštenj, been most extensively investigated and published 2. Kuřim, are those at Kotare – Baza near Murska Sobota and 3. Brno, Hajndl near Ormož. Both show points in common 4. Těšetice, 5. Horn, with that at Hotinja vas in the internal layout of 6. Unterparschenbrunn, buildings, although the dominant types of hous- 7. Michelstetten, es differ. Hajndl and Kotare – Baza were inhabit- 8. Großmugl, 9. Inzersdorf – ed over a longer period and their internal layouts Walpersdorf, did see some changes through time, while habita- 10. Wien – Oberlaa, tion at Hotinja vas was of a shorter duration and 11. Göttlesbrunn, 12. Stillfried, naselje Čreta in pa gomile v Rogozi; morda je iz tega its ground plan hence clearer. The SHs at Hajndl 13. Ivanka pri Dunaji, časa tudi ena od jam iz pozno bronastodobne nižin-may have functioned as independent living quar- 14. Ratkovce, ske naselbine pri Slivnici. Vse omenjene lokacije so ters, but may also have been outhouses of the larger 15. Hoste, vidne s Poštele.186 buildings. Smithery and weaving took place with- 16. Sered', 17. Nové Košariská, Doslej najbolje raziskani in objavljeni nižinski in the settlement. Individual clusters of buildings 18. Sopron – naselji Kotare – Baza pri Murski Soboti in Hajndl pri (farmsteads) were located over 40 m apart.187 The Krautacker, Ormožu imata s Hotinjo vasjo skupne točke v razpo-settlement at Kotare – Baza was mainly composed 19. Vát – Bodon tábla, 20. Pilismarót, reditvi stavb v okviru naselja, čeprav je prevladujoči of buildings of a post-in-ground construction and 21. Fehérvárcsurgó, tip bivalnih stavb v vsaki od njih drugačen. Hajndl different orientations. It may at first seem to have 22. Hotinja vas, in Kotare – Baza sta bila poseljena dlje časa, njun ra-been a settlement with buildings scattered across a 23. Lancova vas, ster se je skozi čas deloma spreminjal, medtem ko je gentle ridge, the layout of which was determined 24. Hajndl, 25. Kotare – Baza in bilo življenje v Hotinji vasi kratkotrajnejše in je zato by the Dobel stream. A comparison with the set- Nova tabla pri Murski tloris bolj jasen. Zemljanke s Hajndla bi lahko bile tlement at Hotinja vas, however, shows similarities Soboti, samostojni bivalni objekti, lahko pa tudi pomožni in the arrangement of buildings around a central 26. Goričan, 27. Zbelava, objekti ob večjih stavbah. V naselju sta se odvijali empty space. At Kotare – Baza, there may have been 28. Ludbreg, kovaštvo in tkanje. Gruče stavb (kmetije) so tudi po farmsteads at the W and E edges of the settlement, 29. Farkašić, dobrih 40 m narazen.187 Na naselju Kotare – Baza where a concentration of larger residential buildings 30. Sigetec, prevladujejo različno usmerjene, s stojkami grajene and features that mainly consisted of refuse pits and 31. Delovi, 32. Virovitica, stavbe. Gre za razpršen tip naselja vrh blagega hrbta, SHs were exavated. The courtyard of the E part also 33. Zagreb, katere raster je bil pogojen s tekom potoka Dobel. revealed two fireplaces and a water well, the S part 34. Turska Kosa, Podobnosti s Hotinjo vasjo se kažejo v razporeditvi held a large SH.188 A similar type of a clustered vil- 35. Gradina na Bosutu, 36. Kalakača. stavb okrog osrednjega, praznega prostora. Na Z in lage located along the bank of a stream or a river has V robu je morda obstajala po ena kmetija, kjer so been known in the Podravje and Prekmurje regions bile strnjene večje bivalne stavbe in drugi vkopani already in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, when elementi, kot odpadne jame in zemljanke. Na dvori- settlements were predominantly located in the low- šču V dela so bili dve peči in vodnjak, na J pa večja land. These suggest a particular importance of their zemljanka.188 Podoben model gručaste vasi razprše- (potential) agrarian hinterland.189 nega tipa ob bregovih rek in potokov v Podravju in Lowland settlements have also been unearthed Prekmurju je znan že iz srednje in pozne bronaste in the neighbouring region of Styria in Austria, along dobe, ko je prevladovala poselitev v nižinah. Za nje the upper reaches of the Mura at Strettweg. These 186 Teržan 1990, 340 (Čreta); Črešnar 2009. 186 187 Teržan 1990, 340 (Čreta); Črešnar 2009. Mele 2009, 76–78, 213–216, figs. 77; 90; Magdič 2006, 187 Mele 2009, 76–78, 213–216, sl. 77; 90; Magdič 2006, 182–183. 188 182–183. Cf. Kerman 2011, 29–31, fig. 77. 188 189 Prim. Kerman 2011, 29–31, sl. 77. Teržan 1999, 134. 155 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 155 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 se zdi pomembno predvsem njihovo (potencialno) were presumably contemporaneous with the hillfort agrarno zaledje.189 at Falkenberg and ensured its survival.190 Nižinska naselja so odkrili v zadnjem času tudi In the region of Dolenjska, unfortified settle- na avstrijskem Štajerskem, npr. v zgornjem toku ments from the Early Iron Age are scarcely known. Mure pri Strettwegu. Le-te naj bi bile sočasne z vi- Scarce habitation traces from the Early Iron Age šinsko naselbino na Falkenbergu in naj bi dodatno are mentioned for the site at Marjanov hrib near zagotavljale njen obstoj.190 Studenec, located in the vicinity of the hillfort at Na Dolenjskem so nižinska, neutrjena naselja Cvinger above Vir pri Stični, and for the site at Vovk iz starejše železne dobe komajda poznana. Skromni near Bela Cerkev in the area of the hillfort at Veliki sledovi poselitve se omenjajo na lokaciji Marjanov Vinji vrh. The two settlements presumably includ- hrib pri Studencu v bližini utrjenega gradišča Cvin- ed post-in-ground buildings and those with stone ger nad Virom pri Stični ter na lokaciji Vovk pri foundations.191 Slightly better known is the site at Beli Cerkvi v bližini gradišča na Velikem Vinjem Grofove njive near Drnovo, where a small settle- vrhu. Domnevana je tako stojkasta gradnja stavb ment was unearthed with an associated tumulus kot stavbe na kamnitih temeljih.191 Nekoliko bolje from the Certosa phase. It included four 20–26 m2 je raziskano najdišče Grofove njive pri Drnovem, large, post-in-ground buildings, three had small pits kjer je bila odkrita manjša naselbina s pripadajo- of unknown function along their longer sides, while čo gomilo iz certoške stopnje. Štiri stavbe velikosti the central part, near the path, revealed large round 20–26 m2 so bile grajene s stojkami, ob treh so bile or square pits.192 ob njihovih daljših stranicah še manjše jame nezna- The Early Iron Age lowland settlement in NW ne namembnosti; v osrednjem delu, v bližini poti, Croatia is also poorly known, though its regions pa so se nahajale večje jame okroglega ali kvadra- of Međimurje and upper Podravina appear to have tnega tlorisa.192 been more densely settled. Typical lowland settle- Tudi poznavanje poselitve v starejši železni dobi ments have been unearthed between Virovitica and na prostoru severozahodne Hrvaške je skromno. Go- Varaždin. The lowland settlements with SHs com- steje poseljeno je bilo le Medžimurje in zgornja Po- parable with Hotinja vas are: Zbelava – Pod Lipom, dravina. Med Virovitico in Varaždinom se kažejo kot Šemovec – Šarnjak, Ludberg, Sigetec – Loke (Kro- značilna nižinska naselja, čeprav so znana tudi gradi- glice), Torčec – Međuriče, Goričan, Farkašić, Delovi šča. Med nižinskimi naselji so takšne z zemljankami – Grede I and Poljane I, Virovitica – Đurađ istok, kot v Hotinji vasi Zbelava – Pod Lipom, Šemovec Kiškorija sjever and Đota. These settlements usually – Šarnjak, Ludberg, Sigetec – Loke (Kroglice), Tor- occupy locations slightly elevated above the flood- čec – Međuriče, Goričan, Farkašić, Delovi – Grede plain, but in the vicinity of waterways. Residential I in Poljane I, Virovitica – Đurađ istok, Kiškorija and working buildings were surrounded by numer- sjever ter Đota. Ta naselja so običajno stala na rahlo ous other pits that included several storage and refuse dvignjenih predelih nad poplavno ravnico, a v bliži- pits. Some of these settlements were inhabited over ni vodotokov. Bivalni ter delovni objekti so obdani longer periods.193 The more extensively researched s številnimi vkopanimi elementi; med njimi je več 190 shrambnih in odpadnih jam. Nekatera so bila pose- Tiefengraber 2009, 397; Tiefengraber, Tiefengraber 2010, 410; Tiefengraber 2011, 399. ljena dlje časa.193 Med bolje raziskanimi je Zbelava 191 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 119–122. 189 192 Teržan 1999, 134. Pavlovič 2007; we should mention another similarity with 190 Tiefengraber 2009, 397; Tiefengraber, Tiefengraber 2010, NE Slovenia: the tumulus was enclosed with a penannular 410; Tiefengraber 2011, 399. ditch. Similar features have been found at Nova tabla near 191 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 119–122. Murska Sobota (Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001, 109–113; fig. 192 Pavlovič 2007; na tem mestu omenimo še eno podobnost 3), though the tumulus from Dolenjska contained more s prostorom SV Slovenije. Obod gomile je obdajal jarek, burials and those from Prekmurje single cremations. 193 ki je bil razprt; podobno je na najdiščih Nova tabla pri Kovačević 2007, 94–98, 105–106; id. 2008, 47–55, Murski Soboti (Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001, 109–113, sl. 66–68; id. 2012, 57–106 (Zbelava); Šimek 1989, 26; 3), le da je bilo v dolenjski gomili več grobov, v Prekmurju Bekić, Percan 2006, 143–144 (Šemovec – Šarnjak); Vikić- pa po en žgan grob. Belančić 1983–84; cf. Kovačević 2007, 96 (Ludbreg); 193 Kovačević 2007, 94–98, 105–106; isti 2008, 47–55, Šimek 1980, 48–49; ead. 1981, 42–43; ead. 1982a, 265– 66–68; isti 2012, 57–106 (Zbelava); Šimek 1989, 26; 278; ead. 1982b, 25–33; cf. Kovačević 2009, 96 (Sigetec Bekić, Percan 2006, 143–144 (Šemovec – Šarnjak); Vikić- – Loke); Tomičić, Vidović 1984a, 87; eid. 1984b, 91–93; Belančić 1983–84; prim. Kovačević 2007, 96 (Ludbreg); Tomičić 1985, 26–30; cf. Teržan 1990, 144 (Goričan); Šimek 1980, 48–49; ista 1981, 42–43; ista 1982a, 265– Marković 1982a, 51; id. 1982b, 248–251 (Farkašić P); id. 278; ista 1982b, 25–33; prim. Kovačević 2009, 96 (Sigetec 1984, 296–297; Teržan 1990, 144 (Delovi); Hršak 2006, – Loke); Tomičić, Vidović 1984a, 87; ista 1984b, 91–93; 80–81; Kovačević 2010, 44–73; Ložnjak Dizdar 2006, Tomičić 1985, 26–30; prim. Teržan 1990, 144 (Goričan); 78–80 (Virovitica). 156 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 156 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 – Pod lipom. Ob večjih, bivalnih stavbah (nadzemne settlement is that at Zbelava – Pod lipom. Unearthed stavbe ter zemljanke) so bile odkrite še manjše eno- alongside larger, residential buildings (above-ground prostorne zemljanke, več jam za shrambo in kurišča and SH) were smaller, single-room SHs, several stor- ter različne odpadne jame. Dve manjši zemljanki z age pits, fireplaces and different refuse pits. Two of jamami pravokotnega tlorisa, opredeljeni kot delov- the smaller SHs of a rectangular ground plan, inter- na prostora, sta po tlorisu podobni hotinjskim. Pri preted as working places, are comparable with the eni je bil ob zunanjem robu delno ohranjen 20 cm buildings from Hotinja vas in plan. One of them re- širok pas temnejše zemlje in zoglenelega lesa, ki na- vealed a partially surviving 20 cm wide strip of dark kazuje način nadgradnje.194 V nekaterih zemljankah earth and charred wood along one of the outer edges, so bila tla iz zbite ilovice, kot npr. v naseljih Zbela- which indicates the wooden construction.194 Some va, Segetec, Delovi – Poljane I, Farkašič blizu kraja of the SHs had the floor of beaten earth, for example Draganovec; v slednjem je bila v večji vkopani stavbi those of the settlements at Zbelava, Segetec, Delovi glinena peč.195 Nabor najdb iz teh naselij je podoben – Poljane I, Farkašič near Draganovec; the settlement kot v Hotinji vasi (posodje, tkalske uteži, kamniti mentioned last probably also had a clay fireplace lo- predmeti, redke kovinske najdbe). Metalurška oz. cated next to a large SH.195 The array of finds from livarska dejavnost se domneva v naselju Goričan; od- these settlements is comparable to that from Hotinja krita je bila tudi železova žlindra,196 podobno tudi na vas (pottery, loom weights, stone objects, rare met- lokacijah Delovi – Poljane I197 in Zbelava.198 al finds). Metallurgic activity, presumably casting, Zemljanke so bile odkrite tudi v starejšeže- has been confirmed at Goričan; also recovered were leznodobnih naseljih, ki so stale na nekoliko dvi- pieces of iron slag.196 Similar finds came to light at gnjenih legah in ne le v ravnini. V Zagrebu so bili Delovi – Poljane I197 and Zbelava.198 na gornje grajskem platoju pri cerkvi sv. Marka in v NW Croatia also revealed Early Iron Age SHs parku Grič izkopane ostaline naselja z zemljankami, in settlements located on slight elevations. In Za- delovnimi objekti, odpadnimi jamami in kurišči;199 greb, for example, remains of a settlement with enako tudi na gradišču Kameni Vrh jugozahodno SHs, working buildings, refuse pits and fireplaces od Lepoglave.200 Na najdišču Turska kosa je bila na have been unearthed on the plateau of Gornji Grad območju naselja odkrita večja zemljanka, prav tako near the church of St Marko and in the Grič park,199 datirana v pozno bronasto in starejšo železno dobo. while SH and above-ground buildings were present V enem od prostorov je bila odkrita manjša klop, in the hillfort at Kameni Vrh SW of Lepoglava, dat- v zasutju pa keramika in večja količina glinenega ed to the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age.200 The ometa. Ob zemljanki je stala večja nadzemna stav- settlement at Turska kosa, attributed to the Late ba, opredeljena kot tkalska hiša. Na robu naselja so Bronze and Early Iron Ages, revealed a large SH se nahajale enostavne peči, katerih namembnost še that possibly had a small bench in one of the rooms. ni jasna.201 There were found pottery and a large amount of V Vojvodini in severni Srbiji, na prostoru bo- clay daub with impressions. Excavated beside the sutske skupine, prevladujejo nižinske naselbine na SH was a large above-ground building interpreted visokih terasah, dvignjene nad poplavna območja. as a weaver’s building, while simple furnaces of an V teh naseljih so bile odkrite tudi (pol)zemljanke. as yet unknown function were found at the edge of Ena izmed njih je dobro raziskana Kalakača, kjer so the settlement.201 našli več zemljank s stranicami dolžine med 2–3 m Lowland settlements on high terraces, elevated ter globine do 0,45 m in shrambenih jam. Podobne above the floodplain, are predominant habitations in vkopane stavbe so bile odkrite tudi v prvi naselbinski Vojvodina and northern Serbia, i.e. in the area of the Bosut group. These settlements also revealed (semi-) Marković 1982a, 51; isti 1982b, 248–251 (Farkašić P); isti 1984, 296–297; Teržan 1990, 144 (Delovi); Hršak 2006, SHs. In a good excavated settlement at Kalakača sev- 80–81; Kovačević 2010, 44–73; Ložnjak Dizdar 2006, eral SHs were found, with sides measuring 2–3 m 78–80 (Virovitica). 194 Kovačević 2007, 94–98, 105–106; isti 2008, 47–55, 66– 194 Kovačević 2007, 94–98, 105–106; id. 2008, 47–55, 66– 68; isti 2012, 57–106. 68; id. 2012, 57–106. 195 Marković 1982a; isti 1982b. 195 Marković 1982a; id. 1982b. 196 Tomičić, Vidović 1984a; ista 1984b; Tomičić 1985; za 196 Tomičić, Vidović 1984a; eid. 1984b; Tomičić 1985; for datacijo tudi Teržan 1990, 144. dating also see Teržan 1990, 144. 197 Marković 1984, 296–297. 197 Marković 1984, 296–297. 198 Kovačević 2008, 52. 198 Kovačević 2008, 52. 199 Mašić 2005; Mašić, Pantlik 2006; Mašić et al. 2006. 199 Mašić 2005; Mašić, Pantlik 2006; Mašić et al. 2006. 200 Šimek 1985. 200 Šimek 1985. 201 Čučković 1993, 167–169; isti 2009, 24. 201 Čučković 1993, 167–169; id. 2009, 24. 157 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 157 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 fazi Gradine na Bosutu, kjer so nedvomno bivalne; and with pits measuring up to 0.45 m depth, as well tla in stene teh jam so bile utrjene z ilovico.202 as storage pits. Similar buildings were also found in Pomembne raziskave nižinskih naselij iz po- the first habitation phase at Gradina above the River zne bronaste in starejše železne dobe so potekale na Bosut; these were certainly residential and had their Spodnjeavstrijskem in Gradiščanskem. Tu so v času floors and walls covered with loam.202 kulture žarnih grobišč prevladovala nižinska naselja s Important excavations of lowland settlements stavbami, grajenimi s stojkami; ob koncu pozne bro- have been conducted in Lower Austria and in Bur- naste in v starejši železni dobi so se pojavile zemljan- genland. In the Urnfield culture period, lowland ke. Njihova površina je znašala približno 9–12 m2, settlements with post-in-ground buildings dominat- globina pa približno 1 m. Naselja so bila med seboj ed the area, joined at the end of the Bronze and in približno enako oddaljena, ob njih so bila odkrita the Early Iron Ages by SHs that covered a surface plana grobišča. Gre predvsem za najdišča, kot so Un- of 9–12 m2 and were dug roughly a metre into the terparschenbrunn, Horn, Göttlesbrunn, Inzersdorf ground. Settlements in the lowland and hilly areas – Walpersdorf, pa tudi Stillfried in Wien – Oberlaa. were located at roughly equal distances from one M. Lauermann je objavil še nekaj naselij z zemljan- another, and were associated with flat cemeteries. kami, kot npr. Hollarbrunn, Großmugl, Michelstet- The key sites include Unterparschenbrunn, Horn, ten, Leobendorf ter Straß im Straßertal, ki jih razlaga Göttlesbrunn, Inzersdorf – Walpersdorf, as well as kot nižinska ruralna naselja na odprtem.203 Stillfried and Wien – Oberlaa. M. Lauermann has Podobno urejenost kot Hotinja vas ima Göttles- published several other settlements from Lower Aus- brunn, kjer sta bili dve sočasni gruči stavb, datirani tria that revealed SHs as Hollarbrunn, Großmugl, v stopnje Ha C1–D1. Na vmesnem prostoru med Michelstetten, Leobendorf and Straß im Straßertale, njima so bile odkrite shrambne jame trapezoidnega which he interprets as lowland rural settlements in profila ter drugi elementi, npr. ognjišča. Zemljanke an area of open land.203 so bile različne, največ jih je bilo kvadratnega tlorisa, An internal layout similar to that of Hotinja vas različno globoke, v nekaterih so bile jame za stojke. has been found at Göttlesbrunn, which revealed two V naselju je potekala izdelava tekstila, keramike in clusters of probably contemporary buildings from druge dejavnosti. Pozornost vzbuja posodje, ki iz- Ha C1–D1. The empty space between the buildings kazuje stilistične posebnosti v okrasu, kar je morda revealed storage pits of a trapezoid cross section and odraz obstoja dveh različnih skupin (družin) v na- other features, such as hearths. The SHs were con- selju. Domneva se, da gre za dve skupnosti, ki sta structed in different mannes, most of them square kljub razlikam delili osrednji prostor v naselbini za in plan and dug in at different depths and some shrambo in pripravo hrane.204 Drug primer predstav- held postholes. The activities identified at the set- lja naselje Michelstetten, v katerem so bile odkrite tlement include textile and pottery production, as bivalne in druge zemljanke ter jame kvadratnega in well as food preparation. The pottery shows differ- okroglega tlorisa, pri čemer je bila večina zemljank ent stylistic details and decorations that indicate two enotno usmerjena.205 V naselju Unterparschenbrunn differences in the groups inhabiting the settlement; je bilo odkritih več vkopanih stavb kvadratnega tlo- it would appear that two communities lived in the risa, a brez jam za stojke. V večini naj bi šlo za de- settlement and shared the central space intended for lavnice (tkalnice, lončarska delavnica idr.), nekatere storing and preparing food.204 Several contemporary bi lahko bile bivalne.206 Tudi v Stillfriedu so bile od- residential units that consisted of residential and oth- krite zemljanke pravokotnega tlorisa, ki predstavljajo er SHs, as well as other square and round pits were bodisi bivalne bodisi prostore za druge dejavnosti.207 excavated at Michelstetten, where most SHs shared a common orientation.205 The settlement at Unter- 202 Medović 1978, 16–19, 26, 43; Vasić 1987a, 546; Medović 1988. parschenbrunn revealed several SHs, also square in 203 Lauermann 1996a, 220–222, Abb. 2–6; isti 1997b, 146– 157 (Unterparschenbrunn); isti 1994, 127–217; Griebl 202 Medović 1978, 16–19, 26, 43; Vasić 1987a, 546; Medović 1996, 95–114; ista 1997 (Horn); Hellerschmid 2006, 1988. 9–23, 97–103 (Stillfried); Ransedler 2006, 9–37, 234 203 Lauermann 1994, 127–217; id. 1996a, 220–222, figs. (Wien – Oberlaa); Ramsl 1998, 9–16, 44–53 (Inzersdorf 2–6; id. 1997b, 146–157 (Unterparschenbrunn); Griebl – Walpersdorf). 1996, 95–114; ead. 1997 (Horn); Hellerschmid 2006, 204 Griebl 2004; Müller 2009, 217–220. 9–23, 97–103 (Stillfried); Ransedler 2006, 9–37, 234 205 Lauermann 1996a; isti 1996b; isti 1996c; isti 1997a; (Wien – Oberlaa); Ramsl 1998, 9–16, 44–53 (Inzersdorf Preinfalk 2012. – Walpersdorf). 206 Lauermann 1994, 127–217; isti 1996a, 222, Abb. 2–6; 204 Griebl 2004; Müller 2009, 217–220. isti 1997b, 153–157. 205 Lauermann 1996a; id. 1996b; id. 1996c; id. 1997a; 207 Hellerschmid 2006, 9–23, 97–103. Preinfalk 2012. 158 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 158 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 Na lokaciji Großmugl je bilo odkritih več kot 100 plan, either without postholes or with one posthole vkopanih naselbinskih elementov; med njimi jame in the centre of the SH or in front of it. These were za shrambo in večji, verjetno bivalni objekti s podob- presumably mainly workshops (weaver’s, potter’s and nim naborom najdb (keramično posodje, vretenca in others), some could have been residential; the site is uteži za statve, hišni omet, redke kovinske najdbe).208 interpreted as a rural settlement.206 The rectangular Tudi na najdišču Wien – Oberlaa so bile odkrite SHs from Stillfried are deemed to be either residen- vkopane stavbe – zemljanke oz. jame nepravilnega tial or working buildings, for example for weaving.207 tlorisa, dolžine 3–4,2 m ter 0,6–1,2 m globoke. V The site at Großmugl revealed over a hundred SHs zemljankah ni bilo jam za stojke, niti ognjišč ali tlaka that included storage pits and larger SHs, probably poda; vendar je bilo ob eni od stavb 11 manjših jam residential, with an array of finds similar to that kvadratnega tlorisa.209 from Hotinja vas (pottery, spindle whorls and loom Raziskave zadnjih desetletij na Češkem in Slova- weights, daub, rare metal finds).208 The site of Wien škem so korenito spremenile sliko poselitve v starejši – Oberlaa also revealed three 0.6–1.2 m deep pits železni dobi. Pokazala se je presenetljiva gostota na- with sides measuring 3–4.2 m beside SHs of irreg- selij v stopnji Ha C, zlasti v okviru posameznih mi- ular plan. The buildings had no postholes, hearths kroregij; ena od teh je severozahodno od Prage, ob or floors; one of them had eleven smaller square pits 12 km dolgem potoku Vinoř, levem pritoku Labe. dug along one of its sides.209 Na tem območju je bilo evidentiranih približno 30 In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the research halštatskih najdišč, eno od teh je naselje Jenštenj over recent decades has brought significant chang- (Ha D1/2–LT A), kjer so ob objektih, grajenih s es into the settlement feature in the Early Iron Age. stojkami, prevladovale enotno usmerjene zemljan- Investigations have revealed a surprising density of ke in polzemljanke, večina velikosti 10–19 m2. settlements from Ha C. The research of the changes Tudi tu so bile odkrite predvsem keramične in le in the settlement pattern have predominantly been redke kovinske najdbe, pa tudi kamniti predmeti conducted within certain micro-regions; one of (žrmlje in brusi), kosi kovaške žlindre. Jenštenj je these lies NW of Prague, along the 12 km long Vi- opredeljen kot ruralno naselje. Posamezno kmeti- noř stream, the left tributary of the Laba. This area jo so sestavljali zemljanka (ali polzemljanka), večji revealed roughly thirty Hallstatt sites. One is the set- vkopan objekt ali dva, dve ali tri shrambne jame, tlement at Jenštenj (Ha D1/2–LT A) that revealed jama s pečjo, ena ali dve plitvi ter ena ali dve globlji post-in-ground buildings alongside the predominant ovalni jami brez posebnih znakov o namembnosti, and mainly 10–19 m2 large SHs and semi-SHs of jama za izkop gline, do ena stavba, grajena s stojka- a common orientation. The recovered finds mostly mi, in do ena delavnica. Vsaki kmetiji je v premeru consisted of pottery with rare metal finds, stone arte- pripadalo približno 30 m, naselbina pa naj bi se raz- facts (querns and whetstones) and pieces of smithing prostirala na okoli 3–4 ha. V naselju je bivalo okoli slag. Jenštenj has been interpreted as a rural settle- 5 sočasnih kmetij, ki bi naj obstajalo približno 150 ment; one farmstead at the site was composed of a let. Približno 250 m proč je bilo odkrito naslednje SH or semi-SH, one or two large sunken-pits, two istočasno naselje, približno 700 m oddaljeno pa še or three storage pits, a pit with a hearth, one or two naselje iz stopnje Ha C2/D1.210 Kaže, da tudi tu shallow and one or two deep oval pits without clear niso bile zemljanke značilne samo za »prave« nižine signs as to their function, a clay pit, an optional post-in neutrjena naselja, temveč tudi na višjih legah.211 in-ground building and an optional workshop. Each Pomembne nove rezultate so prinesle tudi raz- farmstead measured roughly 30 m across and the set- iskave v nižinskem in gričevnatem območju južne tlement presumably extended over roughly 3–4 ha. Moravske, zlasti v okolici Brna in Znojma. Med The settlement was composed of around five con- pretežno ravninskimi naselbinami z zemljankami z temporary farmsteads and was presumably inhabited over a period of around 150 years. Another, contem- 208 Lauermann 1994, 149–151; Bachner, Lantschner 1994, porary settlement was found only 250 m away, and 253–265; Bachner et al. 1994, 422. 209 Ransedler 2006, 9–37, 234. roughly 700 m away a settlement attributed to Ha 210 Dreslerová 1995a, 1–2, 24–25, 61–62, 68–69. 211 V Pragi je bilo npr. na terasi gradišče nad desnim bregom Vltave (Fridrichová 1974). Za mladohalštatska naselja, 206 Lauermann 1994, 127–217; id. 1996a, 222, figs. 2–6; id. med njimi tudi takšna s podobnim tlorisom in stavbami 1997b, 153–157. kot Hotinja vas, glej npr. že pri Soudská 1966, 535–595 207 Hellerschmid 2006, 9–23, 97–103. (najdišča Touchomeřice, Hostomice, Praha – Hloubětin, 208 Lauermann 1994, 149–151; Bachner, Lantschner 1994, Krašovice (tloris dostopen na: http://www.archaiabrno. 253–265; Bachner, Lantschner, Urbanek 1994, 422. org/home_cs/?acc=preview&image=002538), idr.). 209 Ransedler 2006, 9–37, 234. 159 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 159 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 območja horakovske kulture naj omenimo Brno – C2/D1.210 In this area as well, the construction of Řečkovice in Královo pole, Bezkov, Bulhary, Podivín, SHs was not limited only to the lowland settlements Skalice, Smolín in Kuřim, ki so živele v razvitem in ‘proper’ and to unfortified settlements.211 mlajšem halštatskem obdobju.212 The significant new results were brought also by Posebej omembe vredno je nižinsko naselje research in the lowland and hilly area of southern Těšetice, kjer je bilo na lokaciji Vinohrady odkri- Moravia, in the surroundings of Brno and Znojmo. tih 17 vkopanih zemljank in drugih naselbinskih The predominantly lowland settlements with SHs objektov iz stopnje Ha C2–D1. Zemljanke so bile from the area of the Horákov culture include those at večinoma pravokotnega tlorisa. Naselbina ima na- Brno – Řečkovice, Brno – Královo pole, Bezkov, Bul- mreč podoben tloris kot Hotinja vas; zemljanke so hary, Podivín, Skalice, Smolín and Kuřim, occupied bile razporejene okrog osrednjega, pretežno pra- in the Early as well as the Late Hallstatt period.212 znega prostora. Domnevno naj bi v teh bivališčih Especially attention has to be due to the lowland živelo 80–100 ljudi. Približno 100 m oddaljeno od settlement at Těšetice - Vinohrady, where seventeen naselbine v smeri proti severu je bilo pripadajoče SHs and other settlement objects from Ha C2–D1, grobišče.213 mostly rectangular in plan, were excavated. This Podobna situacija, kot je pokazala že l. 1979 E. settlement is similar in layout to Hotinja vas: the Studenikova,214 je bila ugotovljena tudi na jugoza- SHs were arranged around the largely empty central hodnem Slovaškem, zlasti na območju Bratislave z space; it is estimated that 80–100 individuals lived okolico, kjer naj bi v stopnji Ha C porasla nižinska here in these houses. The associated cemetery was naselja (Rusovce, Trnávka, Vajnory, Mylanská dolina unearthed some 100 m northwards.213 – Habánsky mlyn, Októbrové námestie, Primaciál- A similar picture can be observed in SW Slova- ny palác, Devínska Nova Ves ter Chorvátsky grob, kia, as already in 1979 showed E. Studenikova.214 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Bernolákovo, Stupava).215 Več Especially the area of Bratislava has been dotted with nižinskih naselij je bilo raziskanih tudi v ravninskih lowland Ha C settlements (Rusovce, Trnávka, Vajno- predelih ob Malih Karpatih, npr. Sered', Križovany ry, Mylanská dolina – Habánsky mlyn, Októbrové nad Dudváhom, Ratkovce, Bučany, Hoste ter na námestie, Primaciálny palác, Devínska Nova Ves and podunajskih najdiščih Pusté Úľany, Janíky – Dolné Chorvátsky grob, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Bernolákovo, Janíky in Nové Košariská.216 Stupava).215 Several lowland settlements have been ex- Na naselju Bratislava – Dúbravka so bile v mla- cavated in the lowland along the Lesser Carpathians, dohalštatski in zgodnjelatenski čas opredeljene 4 bi- such as at Sered’, Križovany nad Dudváhom, Ratk- valne zemljanke. V tlorisu so bile pravokotne z zaob- ovce, Bučany, Hoste. Lowland settlements with either ljenimi vogali, velikosti 4,5–5,5 × 3,4–4 m. V eni je above-ground or SHs have also been found at Pusté bilo ognjišče, ena je imela na robu več jam za stojke. Úľany, Janíky – Dolné Janíky and Nové Košariská.216 Stavbe so bile postavljene približno 20 m narazen in Four residential SHs from the settlement at Bra- enotno usmerjene.217 tislava – Dúbravka have been attributed to the Late Na naselju Hoste iz stopnje Ha D1 so bile bi- Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods, located some valne zemljanke prav tako pravokotnega tlorisa, največja je merila 3,5 × 4,5 m, v globino pa 0,6 m. 210 Dreslerová 1995a, 1–2, 24–25, 61–62, 68–69. Več stavb je bilo manjših, zato je njihova bivalna 211 In Prague, a hillfort was located on a terrace on the right namembnost vprašljiva; v nekaterih so bile jame za bank of the Vltava (Fridrichová 1974). On Early Hallstatt settlements, also such of a comparable plan and SHs to stojke, ognjišča, v dveh pa peč.218 Podobne vrste je Hotinja vas, see Soudská 1966, 535–595 (the sites at Touchomeřice, Hostomice, Praha – Hloubětin, Krašovice 212 Golec 2003, 16–17; Čižmár 1999, 16–17; Nekvasil 1979; (ground plan available at: http://www.archaiabrno.org/ Ondruš 1961, 51–57; Podborský 1965b; isti 1970, 19– home_cs/?acc=preview&image=002538), etc.). 36; Tichý 1969, 168–177. 212 Golec 2003; Čižmár 1999, 16–17; Nekvasil 1979; Ondruš 213 Podborský 1965a; isti 1970, 20–21; Golec 2003, 18–20, 1961, 51–57; Podborský 1965b; id. 1970, 19–36; Tichý 147. 1969, 168–177; Čižmar 1999. 214 Studeníková 1979, 21–31. 213 Podborský 1965a; id. 1970, 20–21; Golec 2003, 18–20, 215 Studeníková 1984, 68; ista 1981, 37–44 (Chorvátsky 147. Grob, Ivanka pri Dunaji); ista 1986, 221–226; Kraskovská 214 Studenikova 1979, 21–31. 1970, 85–117 (Ivanka pri Dunaji); Veliačik, Romsauer 215 Studeníková 1984, 68; ead. 1981, 37–44 (Chorvátsky 1994, 67–70 (Chorvátsky grob). Grob, Ivanka pri Dunaji); ead. 1986, 221–226; Kraskovská 216 Belanová et al. 2007, 423 (s tam navedeno literaturo); 1970, 85–117 (Ivanka pri Dunaji); Veliačik, Romsauer König 2003, 93–118 (Pusté Úľany); Müller 2012 (Sered', 1994, 67–70 (Chorvátsky grob). Ratkovce) idr. 216 Belanová et al. 2007, 423 (with cited references); König 217 Stegmann-Rajtár 1996, 455–470. 2003, 93–118 (Pusté Úľany); Müller 2012 (Sered', 218 Bujna, Romsauer 1984, 277–322. Ratkovce) etc. 160 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 160 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 bilo 5 km oddaljeno naselje Sered' iz stopnje Ha C2/ 20 m away from one another and sharing a com- D1. Ležalo je na rahlo dvignjenem območju ob soto- mon orientation. They were rectangular in plan with čju dveh rek in v bližini pomembne višinske naselbi- rounded corners, measuring 4.5–5.5 × 3.4–4 m in ne – gradišča Molpír pri Smolenicah. Odkrite so bile surface. One of them had a hearth and one several stavbe, grajene s stojkami, večja zemljanka nepra- postholes along the edge.217 vilnega tlorisa dolžine 9,5 m ter manjše zemljanke At the settlement at Hoste (Ha D1), the SHs, in- kvadratnega tlorisa; med slednjimi so bile nekatere cluding the residential ones, were also square in plan. obdane z jamami za stojke na robu jame ali okrog The largest one covered a 3.5 × 4.5 m large surface nje. Te naj bi služile za shrambe za žito, kleti ali dru-and was dug 0.6 m deep. Several SHs were smaller ge gospodarske dejavnosti; njihova bivalna funkcija and their residential character is uncertain; the in- je vprašljiva.219 teriors of some had postholes, hearths, two even a Približno 20 km oddaljeno od Sereda se je na furnace.218 A similar settlement was excavated 5 km robu rečne terase nahajalo istočasno naselje Rat- away at Sered’, attributed to Ha C2/D1. The site lies kovce. Tudi tu sta bili odkriti dve naselbinski gruči, on slightly elevated ground at the confluence of two približno 200 m narazen, s po štirimi zemljankami. rivers and in the vicinity of the important hillfort at Dve stavbni jami sta bili v tlorisu kvadratni z zaoblje- Molpír near Smolenice. Excavations unearthed post- nimi vogali, ostale so bile ovalnega oz. nepravilnega in-ground buildings, a large SH of irregular plan tlorisa. V nekaterih so bili sledovi ognjišč. Približno v measuring 9.5 m in length, as well as smaller square oddaljenosti 2 do 5 km se obstajale še druge sočasne SHs. Some of them had post holes either at the edge naselbine.220 of the pits or around them; they are interpreted as Približno 250 m od gomilnega grobišča Nové cereal storehouses, workshops, cellars, while their Košariská je bilo odkrito nižinsko naselje z zemljan- residential function is questionable.219 A contempo- kami in stavbo s stojkami. V eni izmed zemljank z rary settlement was also found at the roughly 20 km razpoznavnim vhodom (objekt 2/05) so bile odkrite distant site at Ratkovce, lying at the edge of a river raznolike najdbe, kot keramika, kovinski predme- terrace. Here as well, two clusters of buildings were ti, žrmlje in omet z odtisi desk.221 Izjemno odkritje found located some 200 apart from one another and predstavlja pravokotna zemljanka (objekt 1/02), ve- each comprising four SHs. Two of the SHs were likosti predvidoma 4 × 5,5 m, v kateri je bilo na nje- square with rounded corners, others were either oval nem podu in ob dveh stenah odkritih 170 piramidal- or irregular in plan. Some revealed traces of hearths. nih uteži, ki nakazujejo obstoj dveh statev. Večje šte- Nearby sites lie only 2 or 5 km away.220 vilo tkalskih uteži je bilo odkritih tudi v zemljankah A lowland settlement with SHs and one above- nekaterih drugih naselbin z obravnavanega prostora, ground building was excavated some 250 m from the kot npr. Chorvátsky grob – Triblavina, Ivanka pri well-known tumulus cemetery at Nové Košariská. Dunaji, Smolenice – Molpír ter Freundorf v Spodnji One of the SHs (2/05) yielded a variety of finds: pot- Avstriji. Zemljanko s statvama oz. velikim številom tery, metal artefacts, quernstones and pieces of daub tkalskih uteži v naselbini v Nove Košariski je morda with the impressions of wooden boards; the entrance možno povezati z t. i. grobom tkalke iz gomile 6, in into the building was also identified.221 A very re- zato domnevati, da v tej naselbini ni živelo le eno- vealing SH represented a partially preserved rectan- stavno strukturirano kmečko prebivalstvo, temveč gular Building 1/02 that presumably measured 4 × tudi pripadniki višjega družbenega sloja.222 5.5 m. It revealed 170 loom weights, as parts of two Z območja Panonije/ Transdanubije so ob višin- looms, lying on the floor along two sides of the SH skih gradiščih, ki so nastala ob pomembnih trgovskih with some other ceramics. Large quantities of loom poteh, znana predvsem nižinska naselja. Med bolje 217 Stegmann-Rajtár 1996, 455–470. 218 Bujna, Romsauer 1984, 277–322. 219 219 Paulik 1955, 135–194; Müller 2012, 306–357; z vpraša- Paulik 1955, 135–194; Müller 2012, 306–357; other re- njem, ali so zemljanke bivalne, so se ob Müllerju ukvar- searchers besides Müller have dealt with the question of jali tudi drugi raziskovalci; ključen faktor za opredelitev whether the SHs functioned as living quarters; for Müller, namembnosti mu je velikost zemljank. Odgovor, zakaj v the factor in identifying the function was size; he also be-večini naselbin na odprtem manjka dokazov za druge tipe lieved that the reason for the lack of evidence for other stavb, je, da naj bi bile te stavbe zgrajene brez vkopanih types of buildings in the lowland settlements lies in the elementov (Müller 2009, 209–225; isti 2012, 352–357; fact that these would have been devoid of any kind of cut prim. Ranseder 2006, 236–238; Griebl 2004, 101–127; features (Müller 2009, 209–225; Müller 2012, 352–357; Lauermann 1994, 170; isti 1996a, 221–225). cf. Ranseder 2006, 236–238; Griebl 2004, 101–127; 220 Müller 2012, 404–414, 440–441. Lauermann 1994, 170; id. 1996a, 221–225). 221 220 Čambal, Gregor 2005; Čambal 2006, 56–59. Müller 2012, 404–414, 440–441. 222 221 Belanová et al. 2007, 419–434; prim. Teržan 1996, Abb. 6. Čambal, Gregor 2005; Čambal 2006, 56–59. 161 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 161 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 raziskanimi naselji z zemljankami je Sopron – Krau-weights within SHs have been found in several oth- tacker, ki sodi v poznohalštatsko in zgodnjelatensko er settlements, for example at Chorvátsky grob – obdobje. Ob pravokotnih zemljankah domnevajo Triblavina, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Smolenice – Molpír tudi nadzemne stavbe.223 Zemljanke so bile odkrite and Freundorf in Lower Austria. The SH with loom tudi v halštatskodobni naselbini Fehérvárcsurgó, na weights from the setttlment of Nove Košariská alludes bližnjem najdišču Mór224 in v naseljih Pilismarót,225 the grave of a female weaver from Tumulus 6 at Nové Vát – Bodon226 iz stopnje Ha C2–D1, ter mlajšem Košariská, therefore it has been suggested that the set- naselju Sé – Doberdo.227 Bile so kvadratnega, pra- tlement was not inhabited just by simply structured vokotnega ali nepravilnega tlorisa, lahko s centralno farmer population, but that it held a pride of place.222 stojko ali več stojkami v notranjosti. Imele so osnov- In Pannonia or Transdanubia, respectively, the no ogrodje iz brun ter stene iz prepleta, premazane- lowland settlements of SHs have been excavated along ga z glino. V več zemljankah so bile klopi (podesti), the hillforts situated near the important communica- jame ter v enem od vogalov ali v sredini ognjišče. tion lines. One of the better researched sites is the Late Tik ob hiši so se nahajale shrambne in druge jame. Hallstatt/Early La Tène lowland settlement at Sopron V zasutju zemljank so bili predvsem odlomki kera- – Krautacker that comprised both SH and above- mike, živalske kosti ter predilna vretenca in pirami- ground buildings.223 SHs were also found in the area dalne uteži. Poljedelskih orodij je bilo odkritih zelo of the Hallstatt settlement at Fehérvárcsurgó, the near- malo, nekaj več je najdb železnih nožev; ti so bili by site at Mór,224 in the settlements at Pilismarót,225 pogosto odkriti ob ognjiščih, zato jih povezujemo s Vát – Bodon226 (both Ha C2–D1) and Sé – Doberdo pripravo hrane. Živalski kostni ostanki nakazujejo, (Ha D2-3/ Lt A)227 and elsewhere. It is nevertheless da je imela živinoreja vsaj tako pomembno vlogo kot possible to state that the population here mainly lived poljedelstvo.228 in SHs with a timber framework and wattle-and-daub Če strnemo, se je na obravnavanem prostoru walls. Several SHs had small benches, pits and hearths poselitev razmahnila predvsem v stopnji Ha C oz. located in a corner or in the centre. Storage and oth- Ha C2. V tem času je obstajalo oz. na novo nasta- er pits were found next to these buildings. Their fills lo več nižinskih naselij, ki so imela podobno notra- mainly included pottery, animal bones, spindle whorls njo urejenost kot Hotinja vas (npr. Göttlesbrunn in and loom weights. They contained very few farming Těšetice) ( sl. 20). Kot so nekateri raziskovalci že opo-tools. More numerous are the finds of knives; they zorili, sta potreba po poselitvi območij, primernih were frequently found near the hearths and must za kmetijstvo, in s tem nastanek nižinskih naselij z therefore have been connected with food preparation. zemljankami verjetno povezana s poslabšanjem vre- Animal bone remains indicate that livestock farming menskih razmer (navsezadnje gre za čas »halštatskega was at least as important as land cultivation.228 platoja«).229 In conclusion, we should note that the lowlands Gre za gručaste zaselke, skupine zemljank s of the East Hallstatt circle suitable for arable and spremljevalnimi naselbinskimi objekti; pogosta je livestock farming became more densely settled in razvrstitev stavb okrog dvorišča, enotna usmerje- Ha C or Ha C2. At this time, several lowland settle- nost stavb, jame za shrambo pa na robu bivalnega ments existed or were established a new that had an prostora. Gre za nižinska naselja ruralnega značaja, internal layout similar to that established at Hotinja s posameznimi kmetijami/ gospodarstvi, ki glede na vas (particularly comparable sites at Göttlesbrunn odkrite najdbe izkazujejo primerljive gospodarske and Těšetice) ( fig. 20). As several researchers have dejavnosti in deloma samozadostno obrt (kovaštvo, already pointed out, the need to inhabit areas suita- predenje in tkanje idr.). Le ob nekaterih naseljih so ble for arable farming and the appearance of lowland bila odkrita tudi pripadajoča grobišča. settlements with residential SHs may have been con- Nižinska naselja so verjetno odraz že močno raz- nected with the deteriorating weather conditions (it slojene družbe v starejši železni dobi. Zaradi lege na is, after all, the period of the ‘Hallstatt plateau’).229 ugodni ravnici bi lahko preskrbovala s hrano višinska 222 Belanová et al. 2007, 419–434; cf. Teržan 1996, fig. 6. 223 223 Jerem et al. 1984, fig. 7; Schwellnus 2009, 245–261; ista Jerem, et al. 1984, fig. 7; Schwellnus 2009, 245–261; ead. 2011, 359–373. 2011, 359–373. 224 224 Béla 1993, 191–197. Béla 1993, 191–197. 225 225 Wollák 1975, 56–58, Abb. 2. Wollák 1975, 56–58, fig. 2. 226 226 Molnar, Farkas 2011, 43–66. Molnar, Farkas 2011, 43–66. 227 227 Gál, Molnár 2004, 165, 214, 18., 35 tábla. Gál, Molnár 2004, 165, 214, 18., 35 tábla. 228 228 Jerem 2003, 184, 190–191. Jerem (ed.) 2003, 184, 190–191. 229 229 Prim. Griebl 2004, 127–128; Felgenhauer 1956, 16–180; Cf. Griebl 2004, 127–128; Felgenhauer 1956, 16–180; Preinfalk 2012; Langenecker 1996, 221–234. Preinfalk 2012; Langenecker 1996, 221–234. 162 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 162 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 utrjena naselja, ki naj bi skrbela za varnost svojih te-These lowland settlements comprised clusters ritorijev in za zatočišče v nemirnih obdobjih, kar pa of SHs that shared a common orientation, were ar- je le ena od možnih predpostavk. Nekaj je pokaza- ranged around an empty central space or courtyard teljev, da pri nižinskih naselij z zemljankami ne gre and were associated with features that included stor- le za naselja nižjega sloja prebivalstva, ampak drugih age pits located next to the living quarters. In several kulturnih ali etničnih skupnosti. Kot kaže nižinsko instances, these settlements have been interpreted as naselje Nové Košariská v bližini bogato opremljenih rural settlements composed of individual farmsteads. gomil, pa so morda v nekaterih teh naselij bivali tudi The recovered finds show that similar activities pripadniki višjega družbenega sloja, ki so svoje svojce took place in them and similar crafts were practised pokopavali v gomilah, kajti ob nižinskih naseljih na (smithing, spinning, weaving and so forth), making Slovaškem, v Spodnji Avstriji in Gradiščanskem so them at least in part self-sufficient units. Associated doslej znana predvsem plana grobišča. cemeteries have also been found for some of them. Na tem obširnem in kulturno različnem prosto- The lowland settlements suggest a stratified soci- ru, pa ob podobnem tipu naselij in bivalnih stavb ety. Being located in the fertile plains, they may have ugotavljamo tudi podobnosti v keramičnem reper- supplied food to the hillforts that in turn provided toarju. Omenimo naj le nekatere, kot so npr. oval- security to the settlements in the lowland, though ni lonci z držaji (tip L2a1), sklede ali skodele tipa this is a mere speculation at this point. There are also S-Sk3, centralni okrasni motivi v notranjosti skled, indications of the lowland settlements not being oc- cedila, ognjiščne koze ter pitosi tipa Pi1. Na širšo po- cupied by people of a lower social status, but rather vezanost celotnega obravnavanega prostora kaže tudi of different cultural or ethnic backgrounds. The low- razprostranjenost čolničastih fibul šmarješkega tipa, land settlement at Nové Košariská, Slovakia, with an kateremu pripada tudi edina odkrita fibula v Hotinji adjacent tumulus cemetery, shows that some of these vasi. settlements may have been inhabited by higher class- Nižine severovzhodne Slovenije v starejši železni es that buried their dead under tumuli, while other dobi niso bile tako skromno poseljene, kot se je to settlements in Slovakia and those in Lower Austria zdelo pred začetkom arheoloških raziskav, ki so spre- and Burgenland/ Gradiščanska are associated mostly mljale izgradnjo avtoceste. Naša raziskava je pokaza- with flat cemeteries. la, da so nižinska naselja nastala bodisi nedaleč proč This vast area was inhabited by a population od višinskih utrjenih naselij bodisi od njih oddaljena of different cultural groups that built comparable v rodovitni ravnici Dravskega in Ptujskega polja ter settlements and houses, but also used pottery that Prekmurja. shows certain similarities. These include forms such Vloga Hotinje vasi je bila verjetno podobna, kot as ovaloid jars with grips (Type L2a1), dishes or so jo imela ostala nižinska naselja na prostoru štajer- bowls of Type S-Sk3, central decorative motifs on sko-panonske skupine oz. vzhodnohalštatskega kul- the base interiors of dishes, colanders, firedogs and turnega kroga. Bila je ruralno, deloma samooskrbno pithoi of Type Pi1; also pointing to a connectedness in kmetijsko usmerjeno naselje, ki je nastalo v zaledju of the area is the boat fibula of the Šmarjeta type. višinskega naselja, gradišča kot regionalnega središča. The investigations that took place in advance of the construction of the motorway cross in Slovenia have shown that the plains of NE Slovenia were not as sparsely settled during the Early Iron Age as pre- viously thought. Our research has shown that the lowland settlements in this area stood either in prox- imity to the hillforts or slightly farther away on the fertile plains of the Dravsko polje, Ptujsko polje and Prekmurje. The role of the settlement at Hotinja vas was probably comparable to that of the other lowland set- tlements in the Styria/ Štajerska-Pannonia group or the East Hallstatt circle. It was a partly self-sufficient agricultural settlement established in the hinterland of a hillfort that functioned as a regional centre. 163 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 163 8. 03. 2021 12:53:18 OPISI NAJDB Tab. 1: 20. Lonec s štirimi vodoravnimi držaji, delno ohranjen. Zemljanka 1 SE 248, inv. št. A18249. 1. Skleda, delno ohranjena (G1). SE 44, inv. št. A18137. 21. Odl. ustja lončka. SE 248, inv. št. A18242. 2. Skleda, delno ohranjena (G68). SE 43, inv. št. A18162. 22. Pekva ali pokrov, delno ohranjena. SE 248, inv. št. 3. Odl. ustja sklede z navpičnimi vzporednimi kanelu- A18250. rami (G4). SE 44, inv. št. A18202. 4. Odl. ustja sklede (G5). SE 44, inv. št. A18189. Tab. 2: 5. Odl. sklede ali skodele z navpičnimi vzporednimi ka- Zemljanka 13 nelurami in bradavico (G6). SE 44, inv. št. A18222. 1. Odl. ustja sklede (G226). SE 267, inv. št. A18376. 6. Skleda ali skodela, delno ohranjena, z vodoravnimi 2. Skleda, delno ohranjena (G228). SE 267, inv. št. vzporednimi kanelurami na vratu, nizom vtisnjenih A18305. jamic na prehodu, vzporednimi navpičnimi kanelu- 3. Odl. ustja skodele s presegajočim ročajem (G235). rami na največjem obodu in sledovi grafitnega pre- SE 267, inv. št. A18381. maza (G69). SE 43, inv. št. A18165. 4. Odl. ustja lončka (G249). SE 267, inv. št. A18363. 7. Odl. ustja sklede ali skodele z vzporednimi in navpič- 5. Odl. ustja lonca (G250). SE 267, inv. št. A18320. nimi kanelurami (G7). SE 44, inv. št. A18174. 6. Odl. ustja lonca z uvitim plastičnim rebrom (G246). 8. Odl. lonca z navpičnim držajem (G11). SE 44, inv. SE 267, inv. št. A18354. št. A18241. 7. Lonec (G238). SE 267, inv. št. A18377. 9. Odl. ustja lonca (G13). SE 44, inv. št. A18211. 8. Odl. pekve ali pokrova (G281). SE 267, inv. št. 10. Odl. ustja lonca, rob je razčlenjen z odtisi prstov A18327. (G15). SE 44, inv. št. A18215. 9. Odl. pekve z držajem (G278). SE 267, inv. št. 11. Odl. pekve z jezičastim držajem (G52). SE 44, inv. A18349. št. A18236. 10. Piramidalna utež z vrezanim križem na zgornji 12. Prenosna pečka, delno ohranjena (G65). SE 44, inv. ploskvi (G 302). SE 267, inv. št. A18371. št. A18180. Večja jama 12 13. Miniaturna pekva z jezičastim ročajem, delno ohra- 11. Odl. pekve z jezičastim držajem (G359). SE 238, inv. njena (G77). SE 43, inv. št. A18170. št. A18087. 14. Stožčasto vretence (G66). SE 44, inv. št. A18201. 12. Odl. ustja lonca (G353). SE 238, inv. št. A18086. 15. Piramidalna utež, delno ohranjena (G78). SE 43, 13. Odl. posode s plastično bradavico (G356), inv. št. inv. št. A18172. A18081. 16. Kamnito orodje, fragmentirano (G79). SE 43, inv. 14. Ognjiščna koza, delno ohranjena (G360), inv. št. št. A18476. A18089. Zemljanka 8 15. Vretence z vzporednimi žlebovi (G361), inv. št. 17. Odl. ustja sklede (G173). SE 248, inv. št. A18252. A18477. 18. Odl. sklede ali skodele z vzporednimi poševnimi ka- 16. Železen nož s trnastim nastavkom za ročaj (G362), nelurami (G175). SE 248, inv. št. A18251. inv. št. A18477. 19. Odl. sklede ali skodele z vzporednimi širokimi kaneManjša jama 32 lurami in sledovi grafitnega premaza. SE 248, inv. št. 17. Posoda z visokim vratom, delno ohranjena (G402), A18257. inv. št. A18396. 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Jahrhunderts nach Christus von ja na avtocestah Slovenije 45, Ljubljana, 164–165. Flögeln-Eekhöltjen, Niedersachsen: Die Bauformen und ihre Funktionen, Probleme der Küstenforschungen im südlichen Žorž Z., Moser B. 2002 Nordseegebiet 19, Wilhelmshaven. Remšnik: zgodovina, geologija, minerali / Geschichte, Geologie, Mineralien, Ravne na Koroškem. 173 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 173 8. 03. 2021 12:53:19 Tabla 1. Hotinja vas. Izbor najdb iz zemljanke 1 (1–16) ter zemljanke 8 (17–22). M = 1:4. Plate 1. Hotinja vas. Select finds from SH 1 (1–16) and SH 8 (17–22). Scale = 1:4. 174 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 174 8. 03. 2021 12:53:20 Tabla 2. Hotinja vas. Izbor najdb iz zemljanke 13 (1–10), večje jame 12 (11–16) in manjše jame 32 (17). M = 1:4. Plate 2. Hotinja vas. Select finds from SH 13 (1–10), large Pit 12 (11–16) and small Pit 32 (17). Scale = 1:4. 175 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 175 8. 03. 2021 12:53:21 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 176 8. 03. 2021 12:53:21 POBREŽJE V MARIBORU – POBREŽJE IN MARIBOR – GROBOVI MLAJŠE KULTURE GRAVES OF THE LATE ŽARNIH GROBIŠČ URNFIELD PERIOD Vesna Koprivnik Vesna Koprivnik Plano žarno grobišče v vzhodnem delu Pobrežja leži The flat urn cemetery in the east part of Pobrežje is v majhnem gozdu 750 metrov južno od Drave in located in a small forest some 750 m south of the je 450 metrov oddaljeno od prve obdravske terase. River Drava and some 450 m from the first Dra- Grobovi so bili odkriti na zahodnem robu gozda, na va terrace. The graves unearthed thus far were lo- severnem robu terena z ledinskim imenom Groblje cated along the western edge of the forest, on the (parc. št. 383, 390, 391 in 393, k. o. Pobrežje), od north edge of the area known as Groblje (Lot Nos. koder se grobišče širi v gozd, medtem ko njegov ob- 383, 390, 391 and 393, Pobrežje cadastral commu- seg v drugih smereh ni znan. nity). The cemetery certainly extends further into Prve grobove je leta 1936 ob odpiranju gramo- the forest, while its existence elsewhere has not been zne jame odkril lastnik parcele Ivan Jugovec.1 Mu- established. zejsko društvo je kmalu zatem uvedlo evidenco nad The first graves came to light in 1936, when kopanjem in leta 1939 odkrilo 14 nepoškodovanih Ivan Jugovec dug a gravel pit on his land.1 The mu- grobov in 9 grobnih ruševin, medtem ko število po- seum association soon began monitoring the gravel prej uničenih grobov ni znano. Tega leta je bilo za extraction and recorded 14 undisturbed and 9 dam- muzej pridobljenih 69 keramičnih posod in 21 bro- aged graves in 1939, while the number of previously nastih predmetov. destroyed graves is unknown. In that year, the mu- V letih 1944 do 1947 je tudi lastnik sosednje seum in Maribor received 69 ceramic vessels and 21 parcele, parc. št. 390, k. o. Pobrežje, Franc Kaube bronze objects from this cemetery. pričel s kopanjem gramoza in naletel na vsaj 20 gro- In 1944–1947, Franc Kaube, the owner of the bov. Pri nadaljnjem širjenju gramoznice je bilo v le- adjacent Lot No. 390, Pobrežje cadastral communi- tih 1947 do 1952 na isti parceli odkritih še 14 kera- ty, also began extracting gravel and stumbled upon at mičnih posod in 70 bronastih predmetov, ki jih je least 20 graves. The extension of the gravel pit on the najditelj oddal v muzej. same lot in 1947–1952 revealed further 14 ceramic Sistematična izkopavanja Pokrajinskega muzeja vessels and 70 bronze objects that the finder brought Maribor pod vodstvom kustosa arheologa Stanka to the museum. Pahiča so se pričela leta 1952 in so trajala od aprila Systematic archaeological excavations began in do junija, občasno pa so se nadaljevala v letih 1955, 1952. They were conducted by the Maribor Region- 1956 in 1957. V vsem tem času je bilo izkopanih al Museum and led by curator Stanko Pahič. They 157 grobov, ki jih je S. Pahič objavil v KIM 6 (1972). lasted from April to June of that year, continuing in Zaradi nadaljnjega odkopavanja gramoza so po- 1955, 1956 and 1957. Altogether 157 graves were novna občasna raziskovanja grobišča potekala tudi v investigated in this period and published in KIM 6 letih 1964 in 1973, ko je S. Pahič raziskal še grobove, by S. Pahič (1972). označene s številkami 158 do 178. The continuing gravel extraction brought about Približna ocena celotnega števila odkopanih ali new excavations in 1964 and 1973, when Pahič in- uničenih grobov se tako giblje med 200 in 230, vestigated Graves 158 to 178. medtem ko število vseh grobov zaradi neugotovlje- The total number of the investigated and de- nega obsega grobišča ostaja neznano. stroyed graves is estimated at between 200 and 230, while the number of the graves of the cemetery can- not be estimated because its extent has not yet been established. 1 The data on the lot number, in the Pobrežje cadastral 1 Podatki o številki parcele k. o. Pobrežje se razlikujejo: S. community, differ: S. Pahič 1954 in Inventory book of the Pahič 1954 in Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega muzeja Ma-Maribor Regional Museum ( Inventarna knjiga Pokrajins-ribor: parc. št. 391; Baš 1939 in S. Pahič 1991: parc. št. kega muzeja Maribor): Lot No. 391; Baš 1939 and S. Pahič 390; S. Pahič 1972: parc. št. 393. 1991: Lot No. 390; S. Pahič 1972: Lot No. 393. 177 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 177 8. 03. 2021 12:53:21 ZGRADBA KATALOGA STRUCTURE OF THE CATALOGUE V pričujočem katalogu so predstavljeni grobovi z The catalogue presents the graves that Stanko Pahič žarnega grobišča na Pobrežju od številke 158 do 178, excavated at Pobrežje in 1964 and 1973 (Graves 158 ki jih je v letih 1964 in 1973 raziskal S. Pahič. to 178). Leta 1964 je izkopal grobove 158 do 163 (20. In 1964, Pahič excavated Graves 158 to 163 (20 julija), 164 in 165 (23. julija), 166 do 169 (29. juli- July), 164 and 165 (23 July), 166 to 169 (29 July), 170 ja), 170 (30. julija) in grob 171 (3. avgusta) na delu (30 July) and 171 (3 August) on lot No. 383, Pobrežje gozdne parcele 383, k. o. Pobrežje. Leta 1973 so cadastral community, located in the forest. In 1973, bili odkriti grobova 172 in 173 (20. novembra) ter he investigated Graves 172 and 173 (20 November), grobovi 174 do 178 (24. decembra) na delu gozdne and Graves 174 to 178 (24 December) on the same parcele št. 383, k. o. Pobrežje. V katalog so vključene lot. The catalogue includes also the grave goods with- tudi grobne najdbe, za katere ni podatkov, katerim out a known context that Pahič marked as found in grobovom pripadajo, zato so v katalogu navedene unknown graves. Some were excavated in 1952 and in kot najdbe iz neznanih grobov na Pobrežju, kot jih July 1964, others are devoid of any data on accession.2 je označil že S. Pahič. Nekaj jih je bilo izkopanih leta Pahič self-published the goods from the 1952 in julija 1964, nekaj najdb pa je brez vsakršnih above-enumerated and from unknown graves al- podatkov o pridobitvi za muzej.2 ready in 1991, in a cyclostyle made volume of Moji Leta 1991 je S. Pahič navedene grobove in najd- poslednji pobreški grobovi (eng. My last graves from be iz neznanih grobov v obliki brošure v samozaložbi Pobrežje), Doneski k pradavnini Podravja 6 (herein-objavil v ciklostilno razmnoženem zvezku Moji po- after Pahič 1991), which supplemented the Pobrežje slednji pobreški grobovi, Doneski k pradavnini Podrav-catalogue published in 1972. ja 6 (v nadaljevanju S. Pahič 1991), ki je dopolnitev In this volume the same drawings were used (S. h katalogu Pobrežje (KIM 6) iz leta 1972. Pahič 1991, 19) as in the unpublished paper in Ger- Enake risbe predmetov (S. Pahič 1991, 19) so man written by the son of S. Pahič, Vitko Pahič, Die tudi v neobjavljenem nemškem delu sina S. Pahi-urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräberfelder von Brinjeva gora ča, Vitka Pahiča, Die urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräber-und Maribor – Pobrežje, Katalog und Tafeln, 1987 felder von Brinjeva gora und Maribor – Pobrežje, (hereinafter V. Pahič 1987), a typescript of which is Katalog und Tafeln, 1987 (v nadaljevanju V. Pahič kept in the Maribor Regional Museum. 1987), katerega tipkopis hrani Pokrajinski muzej Stanko Pahič also published a detailed report on Maribor. the circumstances and course of the gravel extraction S. Pahič je objavil tudi podrobno poročilo o oko- at the cemetery, the lack of permanent supervision liščinah in poteku kopanj gramoza na lokaciji grobi- and consequentially the destruction and salvage of šča, pomanjkanju stalnega nadzora ter posledičnem graves, often without an appropriate documenta- uničevanju in reševanju omenjenih grobov, kar je tion, and an unnecessary loss of grave goods.3 pogosto preprečilo izdelavo ustrezne dokumentaci- The catalogue below contains a description je z opisi grobov in povzročilo nepotrebno izgubo of the graves and of the grave goods. The descrip- grobnih najdb.3 tions of the graves, the basic data and the excavated Naš katalog je sestavljen iz opisa grobov in goods are mainly taken from the 1991 publication grobnih pridatkov. Opisi grobov, osnovni podatki by Stanko Pahič, in part also from the descriptions o sestavi posameznih grobnih celot in izkopanih that S. Pahič provided in the inventory book of the grobnih pridatkih so deloma povzeti po opisih S. Maribor Regional Museum. The 1991 publication Pahiča iz Inventarne knjige Pokrajinskega muzeja by S. Pahič is also the source of the shematic draw- Maribor, v glavnem pa iz brošure S. Pahiča iz leta ings of the surviving graves (164–178) and of the 1991. Iz navedenega dela so povzete tudi shematič- plan of the urn cemetery at Pobrežje supplemented ne risbe ohranjenih grobov (164–178) in po letu after 1972 ( fig. 1). 1972 dopolnjen tloris žarnega grobišča na Pobrežju The grave goods kept in the Maribor Regional ( sl. 1). Museum have been drawn anew by Drago Oman. Predmete, ki jih hrani Pokrajinski muzej Mari- Bine Kramberger provided a digitised plan of the bor, je ponovno izrisal Drago Oman. Računalniško cemetery, of the drawings of individual graves (plans obdelavo načrta grobišča, risb posameznih grobov and cross sections) and of the grave goods; he also 2 2 S. Pahič 1991, 2–20; isti, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega S. Pahič 1991, 2–20; id., Inventory book of the Maribor muzeja Maribor. Regional Museum. 3 3 S. Pahič 1991, 2–20. S. Pahič 1991, 2–20. 178 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 178 8. 03. 2021 12:53:21 Slika 1. Generalni tloris grobišča Pobrežje. Figure 1. General plan of the cemetery at Pobrežje. (prerezi in tlorisi) in predmetov ter oblikovanje tabel prepared the plates. Some of them were prepared in je pripravil Bine Kramberger. Pri postavitvi tabel je collaboration with Eline Nas. sodelovala tudi Eline Nas. The descriptions of the goods from individual V katalogu si opisi predmetov v posameznem graves follow the same order as their drawings on the grobu sledijo po zaporednih številkah na tablah. Za plates. The goods that are either lost or misplaced predmete, ki so izgubljeni ali založeni in niso bili in- and not inventoried are noted in footnotes, while ventarizirani, je v opombah naveden opis, risba pa je their drawings are taken from the publication by S. prerisana iz dela S. Pahiča (1991). Pahič (1991). Pri tipološki opredelitvi in poimenovanju tipov The typological attribution and nomenclature is posod sem se večinoma zgledovala po delu Janeza based on that used by Janez Dular in his contribu- Dularja, Halštatska keramika v Sloveniji 4. Pri ponov-tion on the Hallstatt pottery from Slovenia ( Halštatnem pregledu gradiva je prišlo do nekaterih ska keramika v Sloveniji)4. Some definitions differ 4 4 Dular 1982. Dular 1982. 179 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 179 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 sprememb v tipološki opredelitvi posameznih pred-from those provided by Pahič and the changes are metov, ki so navedene v spodnji tabeli ( sl. 2). listed on the table below ( fig. 2). Slika 2. Preglednica Pahič 1991 Pobrežje 2021 (katalog) Pahič 1991 Pobrežje 2021 (catalogue) terminoloških Skodela – Tab. 2: 5 Latvica – Tab. 1: 8 Bowl – Pl. 2: 5 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 1: 8 sprememb pri Skodelica – Tab. 2: 4 Latvica – Tab. 1: 7 Cup – Pl. 2: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 1: 7 poimenovanju posod. Figure 2. Changes Skodela – Tab. 3: 3 Latvica – Tab. 2: 2 Bowl – Pl. 3: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 2 in the descriptions of Skodela – Tab. 3: 4 Latvica – Tab. 2: 1 Bowl – Pl. 3: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 1 the vessel types. Skodela – Tab. 4: 2 Latvica – Tab. 2: 5 Bowl – Pl. 4: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 5 Skodela – Tab. 5: 1 Latvica – Tab. 2: 10 Bowl – Pl. 5: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 10 Skodela – Tab. 5: 4 Latvica – Tab. 2: 12 Bowl – Pl. 5: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 12 Skodela – Tab. 5: 5 Latvica – Tab. 2: 11 Bowl – Pl. 5: 5 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 2: 11 Skodela – Tab. 7: 2 Latvica – Tab. 3: 9 Bowl – Pl. 7: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 3: 9 Skodela – Tab. 7: 1 Latvica – Tab. 3: 10 Bowl – Pl. 7: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 3: 10 Skodela – Tab. 8: 3 Latvica – Tab. 4: 4 Bowl – Pl. 8: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 4: 4 Skleda – Tab. 7: 5 Latvica – Tab. 8: 1 Dish – Pl. 7: 5 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 8: 1 Skodela – Tab. 10: 3 Latvica – Tab. 6: 5 Bowl – Pl. 10: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 6: 5 Skodela – Tab. 10: 4 Latvica – Tab. 6: 6 Bowl – Pl. 10: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 6: 6 Skodela – Tab. 11: 2 Latvica – Tab. 5: 5 Bowl – Pl. 11: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 5: 5 Skodela – Tab. 12: 3 Latvica – Tab. 7: 3 Bowl – Pl. 12: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 7: 3 Skodela – Tab. 12: 4 Latvica – Tab. 7: 2 Bowl – Pl. 12: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 7: 2 Skodela – Tab. 13: 3 Latvica – Tab. 8: 4 Bowl – Pl. 13: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 8: 4 Skodela – Tab. 13: 5 Latvica – Tab. 8: 6 Bowl – Pl. 13: 5 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 8: 6 Skodela – Tab. 15: 2 Latvica – Tab. 10: 3 Bowl – Pl. 15: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 10: 3 Skodelica – Tab. 15: 3 Latvica – Tab. 10: 2 Cup – Pl. 15: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 10: 2 Skodela – Tab. 17: 3 Latvica – Tab. 12: 1 Bowl – Pl. 17: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 12: 1 Skodelica – Tab. 17: 4 Latvica – Tab. 11: 3 Cup – Pl. 17: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 11: 3 Skodelica – Tab. 20: 3 Latvica – Tab. 13: 10 Cup – Pl. 20: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 13: 10 S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pobrežje 2021 (katalog) S. Pahič, Inventory Pobrežje 2021 (catalogue) Pokrajinskega muzeja book of the Maribor Maribor Regional Museum Skodela – inv. št. A 2777 b Latvica – Tab. 4: 5 Bowl – Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 4: 5 Inv. No. A 2777 b Skodela – inv. št. A 2800 č Latvica – Tab. 13: 11 Bowl – Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 13: 11 Inv. No. A 2800 č V kataloški opis posameznega predmeta so vklju- The catalogue description of individual goods čeni podatki o ohranjenosti, snovi, iz katere je izdelan, comprises data on the state of preservation, materi-tipološka opredelitev, opis, ornament, mere in inven- al, form, surface treatment and colour, decoration, tarna številka. Vsa lončenina je bila izdelana prosto- measurements and inventory number. All pottery is ročno, zato tega v katalogu posebej ne navajam. hand-made, which is therefore not specified in indi- Uporabljene okrajšave: vidual descriptions. • frg. – fragment(-i) Abbreviations: • vel. – velikost • frg. – fragment(s) • dol. – dolžina • l. – length • šir. – širina • w. – width • viš. – višina • h. – height • deb. – debelina • th. – thickness • pr. – premer • diam. – diameter • ohr. – ohranjen(-a, -o) • surv. – surviving • rek. – rekonstruiran(-a, -o) • reconstr. – reconstructed • pribl. – približen(-a, -o) • approx. – approximately Na tablah so prikazane grobne celote, ki si sle- The grave finds presented on the plates are ar- dijo po zaporednih grobnih številkah. Tem sledijo ranged according to the successive numbers of 180 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 180 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 najdbe iz neznanih grobov. Številke predmetov so graves, followed by the goods from unknown graves. tekoče številke v okviru ene table. The numbers of goods on the plates begin anew with Keramične najdbe so na tablah večinoma v me- each new plate. rilu 1:3, razen posameznih velikih žar, ki so v meri- Ceramic goods are mainly in the scale of 1:3 lu 1:4, kar je navedeno na tablah. Risbe kovinskih with the exception of some of the large urns in the najdb so v merilu 1:2, načrti grobov pa v merilu scale of 1:4, which is noted below respective plates. 1:20. Legenda k načrtom grobov je objavljena pri V. Metal goods are in the scale of 1:2, grave plans in the Pahič 1987, 211.5 scale of 1:20. The legend to the grave plans has been published in V. Pahič 1987, 211.5 OPIS GROBOV IN GROBNIH PRIDATKOV DESCRIPTION OF GRAVES AND GRAVE GOODS Grob 158 Grave 158 Grob je bil uničen pri kopanju gramoza. Na dan It was largely destroyed during gravel extraction. ogleda (20. 7. 1964) so bili v steni gramoznice vi- Only the pyre remains with sherds of a large urn dni le ostanki žganine s fragmenti ostankov velike were still visible in the wall of the gravel pit (20 July žare. Po pripovedovanju delavcev sta bili v grobu dve 1964). Workers reported that the grave contained amfori: večja razlomljena, ki so jo zavrgli, in manjša two amphorae: a fragmented large one that was dis- nepoškodovana, ki so jo prinesli v muzej in je bila carded and a smaller one, reportedly covered by a menda pokrita s skodelico.6 cup, that they brought to the museum.6 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 1): Description of find ( Pl. 1): 1. Amfora bikonične oblike s stožčastim vratom in iz- 1. Biconical amphora with an everted rim and a conical vihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je neck, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, glajena, temno rjave barve. Rame posode je okrašeno dark brown. Shoulder is decorated with three hori- s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi in vrezano cikcak črto, ki zontal incised lines and an incised zigzag line that pod ročajema preide v trojno vrezano girlando, pod continues below the handles into a garland of three katero so kratki navpični vrezi. Trakasta ročaja sta incised lines underlined by short vertical incisions. nepravilnega pravokotnega preseka (šir. 1,5 cm, deb. Strap handles are sub-rectangular in section (w. 1.5 0,6 cm). Viš. 10,8 cm, pr. ustja 9,2 cm, pr. dna 5,2 cm, th. 0.6 cm). H. 10.8 cm, rim diam. 9.2 cm, base cm. Inv. št. A 2746. diam. 5.2 cm. Inv. No. A 2746. Tri posode, velika žara, amfora in skodelica, vse neznanih Three vessels (large urn, amphora, cup) of unknown form oblik in velikosti, so bile uničene. and size have not been preserved. Grob 159 Grave 159 Grob je bil delno uničen pri kopanju gramoza. Pri It was damaged during gravel extraction. By rescue ogledu (20. 7. 1964) so bili v steni gramoznice 30 do interventions (20 July 1964), only a layer of pyre re- 40 cm pod površino še vidni plast žganine, fragmenti mains, sherds of a vessel resembling a small urn, a manjši žari podobne posode, poškodovan vrč, skode- damaged jug, a cup and a damaged bronze ring were lica in poškodovan bronast obroček.7 visible in the wall of the gravel pit some 30 to 40 cm below the surface.7 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 1): 2. Skodelica polkroglaste oblike z ravnim ustjem in Description of finds ( Pl. 1): vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina 2. Hemispherical cup with a vertical rim and a concave je glajena, zunaj in znotraj svetlo rjave barve s temno base, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, sivo liso. Okrašena je z žigosanimi dvema vodoravni- light brown with a dark grey patch on the exterior ma in dvojno girlandoidno črto vtisnjenih pravoko- and the interior. Decorated with stamped rectangular tnih jamic. Viš. 5,6 cm, pr. ustja 10,7 cm, pr. dna 2,7 dots forming two horizontal lines at the rim and a cm. Inv. št. A 2748. double garland below them. H. 5.6 cm, rim diam. 10.7 cm, base diam. 2.7 cm. Inv. No. A 2748. 5 5 Za vso strokovno pomoč, moralno spodbudo in podporo I would like to thank Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar and se iskreno zahvaljujem Bibi Teržan, Matiji Črešnarju in Drago Oman for their professional advice, encouragement Dragu Omanu. and support. 6 6 S. Pahič 1991, 23. S. Pahič 1991, 23. 7 7 S. Pahič 1991, 23. S. Pahič 1991, 23. 181 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 181 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 3. Fragmentiran bronast spiralni obroček (uhan ali lasni 3. Fragmented bronze spiral ring (earring or hair ring) obroček) iz petih navojev zvite žice okroglega preseka. of five coils of round-sectioned wire. One end forms En konec je zaključen v delno ohranjeno zanko, drugi a partially surviving loop, the other is broken off. odlomljen. Pr. 3,5 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2749. Diam. 3.5 cm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2749. 4. Vrč trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vratom, kratkim 4. Jug with a short everted rim, a conical neck and a izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz grobozrnate concave base, of coarse-grained fired clay. Surface žgane gline. Površina je groba, svetlo rjave barve. Del- is coarse, light brown. Partially surviving high strap no ohranjen presegajoč trakast ročaj je nepravilnega handle is sub-rectangular in section and slightly con- pravokotnega, na zunanjo stran nekoliko izbočenega vex on the exterior (w. 3 cm, th. 1 cm). H. 10.9 cm, preseka (šir. 3 cm, deb. 1 cm). Viš. 10,9 cm, pr. ustja rim diam. 9.6 cm, base diam. 4.5 cm. Inv. No. A 9,6 cm, pr. dna 4,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2747. 2747. Posoda neznane oblike in velikosti je bila uničena. Vessel of an unknown form and size has not been preserved. Grob 160 Grave 160 Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) ni interventions on 20 July 1964 revealed a large urn bila mogoča. V grobu je bila velika žara, v kateri so bili containing two dishes with an inturned rim and two dve latvici in dve amfori, ena cela in ena fragmentirana. amphorae, one complete and one fragmented. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 1): Description of finds ( Pl. 1): 5. Amfora trebušaste oblike z visokim usločenim vra- 5. Amphora with a slightly everted rim, a long curved tom, rahlo izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz neck and a concave base, of fine-grained fired clay. finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj lisa- Surface is smoothed, mottled reddish-brown to dark sta, rdečkasto rjave do temno sive, znotraj temno sive grey on the exterior, dark grey on the interior. Shoul- barve. Rame je med ročajema okrašeno z vodoravnim der is decorated with a horizontal line of impressed nizom vtisnjenih pik in tremi vodoravnimi vrezi, nad dots and three incised horizontal lines, above them katerimi so vrezani stoječi šrafirani trikotniki s po- are standing triangles with extensions, below them daljškoma oz. zastavicama. Na največjem obodu je and across maximum diameter is a series of hang- trak vrezanih skupin s po tremi visečimi trikotniki, ki ing triangles underlined by a zigzag line of impressed jih spodaj v cikcaku obdaja niz vtisnjenih pik. Traka- dots. Strap handles are trapezoid in section (w. 1.8 sta ročaja sta trapezoidnega preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. cm, th. 0.8 cm). H. 16 cm, rim diam. 11 cm, base 0,8 cm). Viš. 16 cm, pr. ustja 11 cm, pr. dna 6,5 cm. diam. 6.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2752. Inv. št. A 2752. 6. Two fragments of an amphora with an everted rim 6. Fragmenta amfore trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vra- and a conical neck, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface tom in izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. is smoothed, grey-brown. Shoulder is decorated with Površina je glajena, sivo rjave barve. Rame posode je four horizontal incised lines with a horizontal line of okrašeno s štirimi vodoravnimi vrezi, vodoravnim ni- impressed dots in the centre and a triple zigzag line zom vtisnjenih pik in trojno vrezano cikcak črto, ki below that continued into a garland of three incised pod ročajema preide v trojno vrezano girlando. Tra- lines below the handles. Strap handles are sub-rectan- kasta ročaja sta nepravilnega pravokotnega preseka gular in section (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.5 cm). Surv. h. 11.1 (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,5 cm). Ohr. viš. 11,1 cm, pr. ustja cm, rim diam. 11.3 cm. Inv. No. A 2751. 11,3 cm. Inv. št. A 2751. 7. Small hemispherical dish with an inturned rim and 7. Mala polkroglasta latvica z uvihanim ustjem in vbo- a concave base (omphalos), of medium-grained fired čenim dnom (omfalos) iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. clay. Surface is partially smoothed, reddish-brown on Površina je delno glajena, zunaj rdečkasto rjave, zno- the exterior, dark brown on the interior. Decorated traj temno rjave barve. Okrašena je s tremi vodorav- with three horizontal incised lines and a horizontal nimi vrezi in vodoravnim nizom vtisnjenih pik, pod line of impressed dots at the rim, as well as stripes katerimi so skupine s po sedmimi navpičnimi vrezi. of seven vertical incisions below; incisions are filled Ornament je zapolnjen z belo inkrustacijo. Viš. 4,5 with white encrustation. H. 4.5 cm, rim diam. 11 cm, pr. ustja 11 cm, pr. dna 3,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2754. cm, base diam. 3.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2754. 8. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 8. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex uvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrna-body and a concave base, of medium-grained fired te žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj rjave clay. Surface is partially smoothed, brown with dark 182 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 182 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 barve s temno sivimi lisami, znotraj temno sive bar-grey patches on the exterior, dark grey on the inte- ve. Viš. 8,4 cm, pr. ustja 17,6 cm, pr. dna 7,4 cm. rior. H. 8.4 cm, rim diam. 17.6 cm, base diam. 7.4 Inv. št. A 2753. cm. Inv. No. A 2753. 9. Fragmenti zgornjega dela velike trebušaste žare s 9. Fragments of the upper part of a large ellipsoid urn stožčastim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim with an everted rim, a conical neck and a pronounced prehodom vratu v rame posode iz grobozrnate žgane neck-shoulder junction, of coarse-grained fired clay. gline. Površina je delno glajena, svetlo rjave in temno Surface is partially smoothed, light brown and dark sive barve. Ohranjen del ramena posode je okrašen grey. Surviving part of the shoulder is decorated with s skupino dvanajstih navpičnih plitvih kanelur in s a stripe of twelve vertical narrow grooves and with poševnimi plitvimi kanelurami, ki v skupinah po štiri stripes of four oblique narrow grooves forming a zig- potekajo izmenično v motivu cikcaka. Rek. ohr. viš. zag motif. Reconstr. upper part h. 17 cm, rim diam. 17 cm, pr. ustja 26 cm. Inv. št. A 2750. 26 cm. Inv. No. A 2750. Grob 161 Grave 161 Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue in- ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) terventions on 20 July 1964 only revealed a few un- ni bila mogoča. Od velike žare se je ohranilo le nekaj diagnostic sherds of a large urn that contained pyre neznačilnih fragmentov. Pri dnu žare so bili na žga- remains with cremated bones on the bottom, with a nini z ostanki sežganih kosti lonec, fragmenti amfore jar, as well as sherds of an amphora and two dishes in fragmenti dveh latvic.8 with an inturned rim placed on top.8 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): Description of finds ( Pl. 2): 1. Fragment latvice s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim 1. Fragment of a dish with an inturned rim and a con- ostenjem in uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane ical, slightly convex body, of medium-grained fired gline. Površina je glajena, sivo rjave barve. Na rami je clay. Surface is smoothed, grey-brown. On its shoul-okrogla nalepljena plastična bradavica. Ohr. viš. 8,6 der there is an applied round knob. Surv. h. 8.6 cm, cm, pr. ustja 19,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2757. rim diam. 19.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2757. 2. Fragment latvice s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim 2. Fragment of a dish with an inturned rim and a con- ostenjem, uvihanim, poševno nažlebljenim ustjem ical, slightly convex body, of fine-grained fired clay. in vodoravnim jezičastim držajem (šir. 2,3 cm, deb. Surface is smoothed, dark grey on the exterior, light 1 cm) iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, brown on the interior. Decorated with wide oblique zunaj temno sive, znotraj svetlo rjave barve. Ohr. viš. grooves on the rim and a horizontal tongue-shaped 5,7 cm, pr. ustja 18 cm. Inv. št. A 2758. grip below it (w. 2.3 cm, th. 1 cm). Surv. h. 5.7 cm, 3. Lonec bikonične oblike z izvihanim ustjem in rahlo rim diam. 18 cm. Inv. No. A 2758. vbočenim dnom iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina 3. Biconical jar with an everted rim in a slightly concave je groba, zunaj rdečkasto črne do rjave, znotraj rjave base, of coarse-grained fired clay. Surface is coarse, barve. Okrašen je z vodoravnim razčlenjenim, prečno reddish-black to brown on the exterior, brown on the narezanim plastičnim rebrom, pod katerim so skupi- interior. Decorated with a cordon with oblique inci- ne s po tremi navpičnimi gladkimi rebri. Viš. 11,5 sions at maximum diameter and stripes of three plain cm, pr. ustja 14,5 cm, pr. dna 6,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2755. ribs below it. H. 11.5 cm, rim diam. 14.5 cm, base 4. Fragmenti trebušaste amfore z visokim stožčastim diam. 6.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2755. vratom, izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz 4. Fragments of an amphora with an everted rim, a long drobnozrnate žgane gline. Zunanja površina je rdeče conical neck and a concave base, of medium-grained rjave in sivo rjave barve, notranja površina je temno fired clay. Surface is red-brown and grey-brown on rjave barve. Trakasta ročaja sta nepravilnega trapezo- the exterior, dark brown on the interior. Strap han- idnega preseka (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,7 cm). Rek. viš. dles are sub-trapezoid in section (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.7 14,8 cm, pr. ustja 15,7 cm, pr. dna 6,5 cm. Inv. št. A cm). Reconstr. h. 14.8 cm, rim diam. 15.7 cm, base 2756. diam. 6.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2756. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. 8 8 S. Pahič 1991, 27. Pahič 1991, 27. 183 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 183 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 Grob 162 a Grave 162 a Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue in- ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) terventions on 20 July 1964 revealed a large urn at a ni bila mogoča. Na globini 55 cm je bila velika žara, depth of 55 cm, of which only undiagnostic sherds od katere so se ohranili le neznačilni fragmenti. V survived. Inside the urn was a dish with an inturned žari so bili ob latvici še fragmenti drugih manjših po- rim and fragments of other small vessels, outside it a sod, izven žare pa fragment vrča.9 fragment of a jug.9 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): Description of finds ( Pl. 2): 5. Latvica konične oblike z uvihanim ustjem in rahlo 5. Conical dish with an inturned rim and a slightly vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. Sur- na je delno glajena, zunaj rjave in temno sive, znotraj face is partially smoothed, brown and dark grey on temno sive barve. Viš. 7,2 cm, pr. ustja 18 cm, pr. the exterior, dark grey on the interior. H. 7.2 cm, rim dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2761. diam. 18 cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2761. 6. Fragment dna večje posode sivo rjave barve. Pr. dna 6. Base fragment of a large grey-brown vessel. Base 10 cm. Inv. št. A 2759 b. Založen. diam. 10 cm. Inv. No. A 2759 b. Misplaced. 7. Mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica z rahlo izviha- 7. Small single-handled globular cup with a slightly nim ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozr- everted rim and a concave base (omphalos), of fine- nate žgane gline. Presegajoč trakast ročaj ni ohranjen. grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, dark brown Površina je glajena, zunaj temno rjave do temno sive to dark grey on the exterior, dark grey on the interior. barve, znotraj temno siv. Viš. 4,7 cm, pr. ustja 6,3 High strap handle is not preserved. H. 4.7 cm, rim cm, pr. dna 2,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2762. diam. 6.3 cm, base diam. 2.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2762. 8. Fragment vrča trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom 8. Fragment of an ellipsoid jug with a slightly everted in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. rim and a curved neck, of fine-grained fired clay. Površina je glajena, zunaj in znotraj temno siva in Surface is smoothed, dark grey-brown on the exteri- rjava. Rame posode je okrašeno z vrezanimi cikcak or, dark grey and brown on the interior. Shoulder is črtami in dvema vodoravnima črtama, pod katerimi decorated with an incised zigzag line and two incised je vodoravni trak vrezanih visečih šrafiranih trikotni- horizontal lines, as well as a series of hatched hanging kov. Ohr. viš. 10,5 cm, rek. pr. ustja 11,5 cm. Inv. št. triangles below. Surv. h. 10.5 cm, reconstr. rim diam. A 2760. 11.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2760. 9. Fragment posode z delom trakastega ročaja (skodeli- 9. Fragment of a grey-brown vessel with the stub of ca, amfora ali vrč?) sivorjave barve. Vel. frg. 4,5 × 5,9 a strap handle (cup, amphora or jug?). Frg. size cm. Inv. št. A 2759 a. Založen. 4.5 × 5.9 cm. Inv. No. A 2759 a. Misplaced. Fragmenti lonca (inv. št. A 2759 c) in velike črnikaste žare Fragments of the jar (Inv. No. A 2759 c) and the large black-niso ohranjeni. 10 ish urn have not been preserved. 10 Grob 162 b Grave 162 b Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue in- ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) terventions on 20 July 1964 revealed a large urn at a ni bila mogoča. V grobu je bila na globini 55 cm depth of 55 cm, of which only undiagnostic sherds velika žara, in sicer zraven žare iz groba 162 a, od survived. It was found next to the urn from Grave katere so se ohranili le neznačilni fragmenti. V žari 162 a and held pyre remains and three dishes with an so bili na plasti žganine tri latvice in dve enoročajni inturned rim and two single-handled cups on top11 skodelici.11 Description of finds ( Pl. 2): Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): 10. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly 10. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface in uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. 9 S. Pahič 1991, 29. The descriptions and drawings of the 9 S. Pahič 1991, 29. Opisi in risbe založenih predmetov, evi-misplaced goods under Nos. 6 and 9 are taken from S. dentiranih s številkama 6 in 9, so povzeti po Pahič 1991, Pahič 1991, 29, Pls. 4: 5, 4: 4. 10 29, T. 4: 5; 4: 4. Taken from the description in S. Pahič, Inventory book of 10 Povzeto po opisu S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega the Maribor Regional Museum and S. Pahič 1991, 29, Inv. muzeja Maribor in S. Pahič 1991, 29, inv. št. A 2759 c. No. A 2759 c. 11 11 S. Pahič 1991, 31. S. Pahič 1991, 31. 184 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 184 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 Površina je delno glajena, temno rjave barve, zunaj s is partially smoothed, dark brown with a dark grey temno sivo liso. Okrašena je z vodoravnim vrezom, patch on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal pod katerim je vrezana cikcak črta. Viš. 6,7 cm, pr. incised line at the rim and an incised zigzag line be- ustja 16,3 cm, pr. dna 6,7 cm. Inv. št. A 2763. low. H. 6.7 cm, rim diam. 16.3 cm, base diam. 6.7 11. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in cm. Inv. No. A 2763. uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 11. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly šina je delno glajena, zunaj rdeče rjave, znotraj temno convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is sivorjave barve. Viš. 8,9 cm, pr. ustja 17,5 cm, pr. partially smoothed, red-brown on the exterior, dark dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 2767. grey-brown on the interior. H. 8.9 cm, rim diam. 12. Latvica konične oblike z uvihanim ustjem in rahlo 17.5 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 2767. vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- 12. Conical dish with an inturned rim and a slightly con-na je delno glajena, zunaj rjave do temno sive, znotraj cave base, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is rjave barve. Viš. 7 cm, pr. ustja 12,6 cm, pr. dna 6,6 partially smoothed, brown to dark grey on the exte- cm. Inv. št. A 2766. rior, brown on the interior. H. 7 cm, rim diam. 12.6 13. Mala enoročajna polkroglasta skodelica z izvihanim cm, base diam. 6.6 cm. Inv. No. A 2766. ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozrnate 13. Small single-handled hemispherical cup with an žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj temno rjave everted rim and a concave base (omphalos), of fine- in temno sive, znotraj temno sive barve. Okrašena je grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, dark brown z vrezanimi dvema vodoravnima in eno cikcak črto. and dark grey on the exterior, dark grey on the inte- Presegajoč trakast ročaj je ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,7 rior. Decorated with two incised horizontal lines and cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Viš. 5,3 cm, pr. ustja 7,2 cm, pr. an incised zigzag line below. High strap handle is oval dna 3 cm. Inv. št. A 2765. in section (w. 1.7 cm, th. 0.6 cm). H. 5.3 cm, rim 14. Enoročajna polkroglasta skodelica z rahlo uvihanim diam. 7.2 cm, base diam. 3 cm. Inv. No. A 2765. ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz drobnozrnate 14. Single-handled hemispherical cup with a slightly in- žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj rjave in turned rim and a concave base (omphalos), of medi- temno sive barve, znotraj temno siva. Presegajoč tra- um-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, kast ročaj ovalnega preseka je le delno ohranjen (šir. 2 brown and dark grey on the exterior, dark grey on the cm, deb. 0,5 cm). Viš. 4,5 cm, pr. ustja 10,5 cm, pr. interior. Only stubs of the high strap handle of oval dna 2,4 cm. Inv. št. A 2764. section survive (w. 2 cm, th. 0.5 cm). H. 4.5 cm, rim Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. diam. 10.5 cm, base diam. 2.4 cm. Inv. No. A 2764. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. Grob 162 c Grave 162 c Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) interventions on 20 July 1964 revealed a small urn ni bila mogoča. Poleg obeh velikih žar iz grobov 162 (vessel) with pyre remains and several fairly frag- a in 162 b so bili na isti globini 55 cm mala žara mented bronze objects (two torques and two spiral (posoda) z žganino in nekaj pretežno fragmentiranih rings) beside the two large urns from Graves 162 a bronastih predmetov: dve ovratnici in dva spiralna and 162 b, and at the same depth of 55 cm.12 obročka12. Description of finds ( Pl. 3): Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): 1. Fragment of a twisted bronze torque of polygonal 1. Fragment bronaste tordirane ovratnice mnogokotne- cross section. Surv. l. approx. 11.5 cm, th. up to 6 ga preseka. Ohr. dol. pribl. 11,5 cm, deb. do 6 mm. mm. Inv. No. A 2769. Inv. št. A 2769. 2. Fragments of a twisted bronze torque of oval cross 2. Fragmenti bronaste tordirane ovratnice ovalnega pre- section with flattened coiled terminals; one survives, seka z enim ohranjenim sploščenim, spiralno uvitim the other one is broken off. Deformed. Surv. l. ap- koncem in enim nastavkom za uviti konec. Deformi- prox. 29 cm, th. up to 6 mm. Inv. No. A 2770. rana. Ohr. dol. pribl. 29 cm, deb. do 6 mm. Inv. št. A 2770. 12 12 V opisu groba 162 c je navedena samo mala žara, v opisu S. Pahič 1991, 33. The description of Grave 162 c only predmetov pa S. Pahič (1991, 33) navaja tudi neohranjene lists the small urn, while the description of the goods fragmente velike žare. (1991, 33) also includes lost fragments of a large urn. 185 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 185 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 3. Fragmenti bronastega spiralnega obročka iz večkrat 3. Fragments of a spiral bronze ring of round-sectioned spiralno zvite žice okroglega preseka. Deb. 1,5 mm, wire. Th. 1.5 mm, diam. approx. 4.5 cm. Inv. No. A pr. pribl. 4,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2772. 2772. 4. Bronast spiralni obroček (prstan ali lasni obroček) iz 4. Spiral bronze ring (finger or hair ring) of five coils of petih navojev spiralno zvite žice ovalnega preseka. En oval-sectioned wire. One end is pointed, the other konec je stanjšan v konico, drugi ni ohranjen. Pr. 2,3 one not preserved. Diam. 2.3 cm, th. up to 2 mm. cm, deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2771. Inv. No. A 2771. 5. Posoda (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 5. Vessel (small urn) with an everted rim, a long curved častim usločenim vratom, močno izvihanim ustjem, neck, a pronounced neck-shoulder junction and poudarjenim prehodom vratu v rame posode in moč- a pronouncedly concave base, of medium-grained no vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, brown. H. vršina je delno glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 25,4 cm, pr. 25.4 cm, rim diam. 17.2 cm, base diam. 10.3 cm. ustja 17,2 cm, pr. dna 10,3 cm. Inv. št. A 2768. Inv. No. A 2768. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. The fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. Pri grobovih 162 a, b, c sta bili naknadno naj- Two pins were subsequently found near Graves deni dve igli.13 162 a, b, c.13 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): Description of finds ( Pl. 3): 6. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka z majhno vazasto 6. Bronze pin with a small vase-shaped head, six con- glavico in šestimi svitkastimi odebelitvami na vratu. vex mouldings on the neck and a round-sectioned Druga odebelitev je razčlenjena z majhnimi konični- shank. Second moulding bears small conical knobs. mi izrastki. Med zgornjimi odebelitvami je okrašena Neck between the upper three mouldings is decorat- z vodoravnimi vrezi, med spodnjimi pa z vrezanim ed with horizontal incisions, between the lower three mrežastim okrasom. Dol. 17 cm, pr. glavice 3 mm, mouldings with incised cross-hatching. L. 17 cm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 2774. head diam. 3 mm, pin diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 2774. 7. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka s kroglasto glavico in 7. Bronze pin with a spherical head with a slight bulge oblo izboklino na vrhu. Glavica je bila nataknjena on top, and a round-sectioned shank. The head was na iglo in okrašena s trojno valovnico, ki jo zgoraj separately made and then attached to the shank, dec- in spodaj omejujeta, na sredini pa presekata po dve orated with a triple wavy line flanked on both sides vodoravni vrezani črti. Dol. 14,3 cm, pr. glavice 1,2 and crossed along the middle by pairs of incised lines. cm, pr. igle 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2773. L. 14.3 cm, head diam. 1.2 cm, pin diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2773. Grob 163 Grave 163 Grob je bil odkrit pri kopanju gramoza, zato izdelava It was damaged during gravel extraction. Rescue in- ustrezne dokumentacije na dan ogleda (20. 7. 1964) terventions on 20 July 1964 revealed a 50 cm deep ni bila mogoča. V 50 cm globoki grobni jami so bili grave pit containing fragments of a large ellipsoid urn. fragmenti velike trebušaste žare z žganino in ostanki The latter held pyre remains with cremated bones, sežganih kosti, na katerih so bili fragmenti dveh la- with fragments of two dishes with an inturned rim tvic in fragment bronaste ovratnice.14 and a fragment of a bronze torque placed on top.14 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): Description of finds ( Pl. 3): 8. Fragment bronaste ovratnice okroglega preseka. Ohr. 8. Fragment of a bronze round-sectioned torque. Surv. dol. pribl. 8,3 cm, deb. 5 mm. Inv. št. A 2776. l. approx. 8.3 cm, th. 5 mm. Inv. No. A 2776. 9. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko usločenim ostenjem in 9. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina concave body, of coarse-grained fired clay. Surface je delno glajena, zunaj sivo rjave, znotraj rjave barve. is partially smoothed, grey-brown on the exterior, Viš. 6 cm, pr. ustja 13,6 cm, pr. dna 6,8 cm. Inv. št. brown on the interior. H. 6 cm, rim diam. 13.6 cm, A 2775 b. base diam. 6.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2775 b. 13 13 S. Pahič (1991, 29) omenja, da gre pri grobovih 162 a, S. Pahič (1991, 29) mentions that Graves 162 a, 162 b 162 b in 162 c verjetno za trojni grob. Igli pri omenjenih and 162 c probably represent a triple burial. The two pins grobovih sta bili najdeni tudi julija 1964. associated with them were found also in July 1964. 14 14 S. Pahič 1991, 35. S. Pahič 1991, 35. 186 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 186 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 10. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 10. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex uvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim debelim dnom body and a slightly concave base, of coarse-grained iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, rjave fired clay. Surface is coarse, brown. H. 6.5 cm, rim barve. Viš. 6,5 cm, pr. ustja 13,5 cm pr. dna 6,8 cm. diam. 13.5 cm base diam. 6.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2775 a. Inv. št. A 2775 a. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. Grob 164 Grave 164 Na dan ogleda (23. 7. 1964) je bila najdena 90 × 120 Rescue interventions on 23 July 1964 revealed a cm velika grobna jama ovalne oblike, vkopana 70 cm 90 × 120 cm large grave pit, oval in plan and meas- globoko in proti dnu zapolnjena s črnikasto zemljo. uring 70 cm in depth. On the bottom, it contained Na dnu grobne jame je bila velika žara z ostanki žga- blackish earth and a large urn with pyre remains and nine in fragmentirano latvico. Tik ob žari je bila na a fragmented dish with an inturned rim. East of the vzhodni strani še mala žara (skleda) z ostanki izbra- urn was a small urn (dish) containing selected cre- nih sežganih kosti, pokrita s ploščatim kamnom. mated bones and covered with a flat stone. Izven grobne jame proti jugozahodu je bil v siv- A jug was found in the greyish earth outside the kasto obarvani zemlji na globini 50 cm odkrit vrč, v grave pit, at a depth of 50 cm, that held a small sin- katerem je bila mala enoročajna skodelica. Neposre- gle-handled cup. The vessel is probably associated dna zveza te posode z grobom ni bila ugotovljena, a with the grave, but the connection is not certain.15 je verjetna.15 Description of finds ( Pl. 4): Opisi najdb ( Tab. 4): 1. Small single-handled rounded cup with an everted 1. Mala enoročajna zaobljena skodelica z izvihanim rim and a concave base (omphalos), of fine-grained ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozrnate fired clay. Surface is smoothed, dark brown and žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj temno rjave dark grey on the exterior, dark grey on the interi- in temno sive, znotraj temno sive barve. Okrašena or. Decorated with two horizontal pseudo-cord im- je z dvema vodoravnima nizoma psevdovrvičastega pressed lines. High strap handle is oval in section okrasa. Presegajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega preseka je and pronouncedly concave (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.4 cm). na zunanjo stran močno vbokle oblike (šir. 1,6 cm, H. 6 cm, rim diam. 6 cm, base diam. 2.3 cm. Inv. deb. 0,4 cm). Viš. 6 cm, pr. ustja 6 cm, pr. dna 2,3 No. A 2779 b. cm. Inv. št. A 2779 b. 2. Jug with an everted rim, a conical neck, a pronounced 2. Vrč trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vratom, izvihanim neck-shoulder junction and a pronouncedly concave ustjem in močno vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane base, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj dark brown on the exterior, dark greyish-brown on temno sivkasto rjave barve. Poudarjen prehod vratu the interior. Decorated with a narrow groove at the v rame posode je okrašen s plitvim vodoravnim žle- neck-shoulder junction and stripes of six to eight bom, pod katerim so skupine s po šestimi do osmi- oblique narrow grooves below it. Surviving stub of a mi plitvimi poševnimi žlebiči. Ohranjen nastavek za high strap handle is oval-sectioned and slightly con- presegajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega preseka je na zuna- vex on the exterior (w. 4.8 cm, th. up to 0.8 cm). H. njo stran izbočene oblike (šir. 4,8 cm, deb. do 0,8 14.7 cm, rim diam. 16 to 18.5 cm, base diam. 6.5 cm). Viš. 14,7 cm, pr. ustja 16 do 18,5 cm, pr. dna cm. Inv. No. A 2778. 6,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2778. 3. Dish (small urn) with a strongly everted rim and 3. Skleda (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z usločenim vra-a curved neck, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is tom in močno izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane smoothed, reddish-brown. Decorated with shal- gline. Površina je glajena, rdečkasto rjave barve. Ustje low facets on the rim interior and a band of vertical je na notranji strani plitvo fasetirano. Največji obod grooves with four knobs at maximum diameter. H. je okrašen s pasom navpičnih kanelur, nad katerim so 14.3 cm, rim diam. 25.9 cm, base diam. 10.5 cm. štiri plastične bradavice. Viš. 14,3 cm, pr. ustja 25,9 Inv. No. A 2777 a. cm, pr. dna 10,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2777 a. 15 S. Pahič 1991, 37. S. Pahič’s description in Inventory book 15 S. Pahič 1991, 37. Iz opisa S. Pahiča v Inventarni knjigi Po-of the Maribor Regional Museum suggests that two dishes krajinskega muzeja Maribor je mogoče razbrati, da sta bili v with an inturned rim (Inv. Nos. A 2777 b and 2779 a) ali ob grobu najdeni dve latvici (inv. št. A 2777 b in 2779 were found in or at the grave; the exact findspot of either a). Podatka o tem, kje natančno je bila katera najdena, ni. of them is unknown. 187 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 187 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 4. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 4. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex uvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim prehodom spo-body and a pronounced lower body-flat base junc- dnjega dela v ravno dno posode iz drobnozrnate tion, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is partial- žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, temno rjave ly smoothed, dark brown. H. 8.7 cm, rim diam. 22 barve. Viš. 8,7 cm, pr. ustja 22 cm, pr. dna 9,5 cm. cm, base diam. 9.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2779 a. Inv. št. A 2779 a. 5. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly con- 5. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, vex body and a slightly concave base, of medi- uvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz drob- um-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, zu- grey-brown on the exterior, brown on the interior. naj sivo rjave, znotraj rjave barve. Viš. 7 cm, pr. ustja H. 7 cm, rim diam. 19.2 cm, base diam. 9.5 cm. 19,2 cm, pr. dna 9,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2777 b. Inv. No. A 2777 b. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare bikonične oblike niso Fragments of the large blackish biconical urn have not been ohranjeni. preserved. Grob 165 Grave 165 Na dan ogleda (23. 7. 1964) je bila v 80 cm globo- Rescue interventions on 23 July 1964 revealed a 80 ki grobni jami najdena 60 cm široka sploščena ve- cm deep grave pit that contained weathered sherds lika žara v preperelih fragmentih. V njej je bila pri of a large urn flattened across a 60 cm wide surface. dnu plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti in bronast The urn held pyre remains with cremated bones on nož.16 the bottom, as well as a bronze knife.16 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 5): Description of find ( Pl. 5): 1. Rezilo bronastega noža s trnom za držaj. Ohr. dol. 1. Blade of a bronze knife with a tang for the handle. 8,1 cm, šir. do 1,9 cm, deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2780. Surv. l. 8.1 cm, w. up to 1.9 cm, th. up to 2 mm. Inv. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. No. A 2780. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. Grob 166 Grave 166 Na dan ogleda (29. 7. 1964) je bila v 60 cm glo- Rescue interventions on 29 July 1964 revealed a par- boki grobni jami najdena nekoliko stlačena velika tially collapsed large ellipsoid urn in a 60 cm deep trebušasta žara, pokrita z navzgor obrnjeno latvico. grave pit. The urn held pyre remains with cremated Na dnu žare je bila plast žganine z ostanki sežganih bones on the bottom and was covered with an up- kosti.17 turned dish with an inturned rim.17 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 8): Description of find ( Pl. 8): 1. Globoka konična latvica z uvihanim ustjem in ra- 1. Deep conical dish with an inturned rim and a slightly hlo vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface Površina je delno glajena, svetlo rjave barve s temno is partially smoothed, light brown with dark grey sivimi lisami na zunanji površini. Rame je okrašeno patches on the exterior. Shoulder is decorated with z enim ohranjenim navpičnim plastičnim rebrom. one surviving rib. H. 12.7 cm, rim diam. 24.5 cm, Viš. 12,7 cm, pr. ustja 24,5 cm, pr. dna 10 cm. Inv. base diam. 10 cm. Inv. No. A 2781. št. A 2781. Fragments of the large black urn have not been preserved. Fragmenti velike črne žare niso ohranjeni. Grob 167 in 167 a Grave 167 and 167 a Pri ogledu (29. 7. 1964) je bila v plitvi, 40 cm glo- Rescue interventions on 29 July 1964 revealed an al- boki grobni jami najdena skoraj povsem stlačena ve- most completely collapsed large ellipsoid urn in a shal- lika trebušasta žara. V njej je bila na plasti žganine z low, 40 cm deep grave pit. The urn held pyre remains ostanki sežganih kosti amfora. with cremated bones with an amphora placed on top. Le 20 cm od velike žare je bila na globini 31 cm Found some 20 cm from the large urn, at a depth najdena prav tako stlačena manjša trebušasta žara of 31 cm, was an equally collapsed small ellipsoid 16 16 S. Pahič 1991, 35. S. Pahič 1991, 35. 17 17 S. Pahič 1991, 35. S. Pahič 1991, 35. 188 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 188 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 (posoda) z ostanki sežganih kosti na dnu, ki je bila urn (vessel) containing cremated bone remains on morebiti že samostojen grob 167 a (?).18 the bottom; it may represent a separate grave marked as Grave 167 a (?).18 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 5): 2. Mala amfora bikonične oblike s kratkim usločenim Description of finds ( Pl. 5): vratom in izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. 2. Small biconical amphora with an everted rim and a Površina je glajena, rjave barve s temno sivo liso na low curved neck, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface zunanji površini. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka is smoothed, brown with a dark grey patch on the (šir. 0,7 cm, deb. 0,3 cm). Viš. 8,6 cm, pr. ustja 10 exterior. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 0.7 cm, cm, pr. dna 5,6 cm. Inv. št. A 2782. th. 0.3 cm). H. 8.6 cm, rim diam. 10 cm, base diam. 3. Posoda (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 5.6 cm. Inv. No. A 2782. častim vratom, poudarjenim prehodom vratu v rame 3. Vessel (small urn) with a long conical neck, a pro- posode in močno vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate nounced neck-shoulder junction and a pronounc- žgane gline. Ustje ni ohranjeno. Površina je delno edly concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. glajena, zunaj temno sivkasto rjave, znotraj rjave bar- Rim not surviving. Surface is partially smoothed, ve. Rame je okrašeno s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi in dark greyish-brown on the exterior, brown on the dvema vodoravnima vrezanima cikcak črtama. Ohr. interior. Shoulder is decorated with three horizon- viš. 20,6 cm, pr. dna 9,2 cm. Inv. št. A 2782 a. tal incised lines and two incised zigzag lines below Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. them. Surv. h. 20.6 cm, base diam. 9.2 cm. Inv. No. A 2782 a. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. Grob 168 Grave 168 Pri ogledu (29. 7. 1964) je bila v 70 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 29 July 1964 revealed a grobni jami, vkopani v prodnata tla, najdena veli- large partially collapsed biconical urn in a 70 cm ka, nekoliko stlačena bikonična žara. Na dnu žare deep grave pit dug into a layer of gravel. The urn je bila močno zbita plast žganine z ostanki sežga- contained compacted pyre remains with cremated nih kosti, na katero so bili položeni dve latvici in bones on the bottom, and two dishes with an in- mala žara (posoda), v kateri je bila še mala skode- turned rim and small urn (vessel) placed on top, lica z ročajem. V plasti žganine in ostankov sežga- the latter holding a small single-handled cup. The nih kosti pod posodami so bili fragmenti bronaste burnt and cremated remains included fragments of a ovratnice.19 bronze torque.19 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 6): Description of finds ( Pl. 6): 1. Fragmenti bronaste tordirane ovratnice okroglega 1. Fragments of a bronze twisted and round-sectioned preseka s sploščenima nastavkoma za uvita konca. torque with flattened ends and missing coiled termi- Deb. do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2787. nals. Th. up to 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2787. 2. Mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica z rahlo izviha- 2. Small single-handled globular cup with a slightly nim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate everted rim in a slightly concave base, of fine-grained žgane gline. Površina je glajena, temno rjave barve s fired clay. Surface is smoothed, dark brown with dark temno sivimi lisami na zunanji površini. Okrašena je grey patches on the exterior. Decorated with three s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi, pod katerimi je pet skupin horizontal incised lines and five stripes of four ver- s po štirimi navpičnimi vrezi. Presegajoč trakast ro- tical incisions below them. High strap handle is rec- čaj je pravokotnega, na zunanjo stran rahlo vboklega tangular in section and slightly concave (w. 1.8 cm, preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. do 0,6 cm). Viš. 5,4 cm, pr. th. up to 0.6 cm). H. 5.4 cm, rim diam. up to 5.7 ustja do 5,7 cm, pr. dna 2,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2784. cm, base diam. 2.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2784. 3. Fragment skodelice s pokončnim ustjem iz drobno- 3. Fragment of a cup with a vertical rim, of medi- zrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, temno rjave um-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, dark barve. Okrašena je z vodoravnim nizom plitvo vti- brown. Decorated with a horizontal line of impressed snjenih pik, pod katerimi je viseči trikotnik iz plitvo dots at the rim and a hanging triangle of shallow 18 18 S. Pahič 1991, 39. Pahič 1991, 39. 19 19 S. Pahič 1991, 41. S. Pahič 1991, 41. 189 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 189 8. 03. 2021 12:53:25 vtisnjenih pik. Ohr. viš. 5,2 cm, rek. pr. ustja 15,7 impressed dots below it. Surv. h. 5.2 cm, reconstr. cm. Inv. Št. A 2786 a.20 rim diam. 15.7 cm. Inv. No. A 2786 a.20 4. Posoda (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 4. Vessel (small urn) with an everted rim, a long conical, častim usločenim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in pou-slightly concave neck and a pronounced neck-shoul- darjenim prehodom vratu v rame iz finozrnate žgane der junction, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj zelo temno sive, zno- smoothed, very dark grey on the exterior, brown traj rjave barve. Viš. 20,2 cm, pr. ustja 15 cm, pr. dna on the interior. H. 20.2 cm, rim diam. 15 cm, base 8,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2783. diam. 8.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2783. 5. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 5. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex uvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz drob-body and a slightly concave base, of medium-grained nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjave fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, brown. H. barve. Viš. 7,4 cm, pr. ustja 18,3 cm, pr. dna 7,8 cm. 7.4 cm, rim diam. 18.3 cm, base diam. 7.8 cm. Inv. Inv. št. A 2785. No. A 2785. 6. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 6. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is na je delno glajena, zunaj temno rjave in temno sive, partially smoothed, dark brown and dark grey on the znotraj temno rjave barve. Viš. 8,6 cm, pr. ustja 20,5 exterior, dark brown on the interior. H. 8.6 cm, rim cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 2786. diam. 20.5 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 2786. Fragmenti velike trebušaste žare niso ohranjeni. Fragments of the large ellipsoid urn have not been preserved. Grob 169 Grave 169 Pri ogledu (29. 7. 1964) je bila v 70 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 29 July 1964 revealed a grobni jami najdena stlačena velika trebušasta žara collapsed large ellipsoid urn in a 70 cm deep grave s plastjo žganine in ostanki sežganih kosti na dnu, pit. The urn contained pyre remains with cremated na kateri sta bili latvica in vrč. V vrču je bila majhna bones on the bottom, with a dish with an inturned enoročajna skodelica.21 rim and a jug on top; the latter held a small sin- gle-handled cup.21 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 5): 4. Fragmenti vrča trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom, Description of finds ( Pl. 5): izvihanim ustjem in delom ohranjenega nastavka za 4. Fragments of a jug with an everted rim, a curved ročaj iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, neck and the stub of a handle, of fine-grained fired sivo rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno s tremi vodorav- clay. Surface is smoothed, grey-brown. Shoulder is nimi vrezi ter vrezanima vodoravnima črtama ločnih decorated with three horizontal incised lines, as well motivov in cikcaka. Ohr. viš. 10 cm, pr. ustja 12 cm. as one wavy and one zigzag incised line below them. Inv. št. A 2788. Surv. h. 10 cm, rim diam. 12 cm. Inv. No. A 2788. 5. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 5. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface na je delno glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 8,7 cm, pr. ustja is partially smoothed, brown. H. 8.7 cm, rim diam. 18 cm, pr. dna 7,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2790. 18 cm, base diam. 7.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2790. 6. Mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica z rahlo izviha- 6. Small single-handled globular cup with a slightly nim ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz drobno- everted rim and a concave base (omphalos), of medi- zrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj um-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, rjave barve s temno sivimi lisami, znotraj rjave barve. brown with dark grey patches on the exterior, brown Presegajoč trakast ročaj je nepravilnega, na notranjo on the interior. High strap handle is sub-oval in sec- stran vbočenega ovalnega preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,6 tion and slightly concave on the interior (w. 2 cm, th. cm). Viš. 5,5 do 6,5 cm, pr. ustja 6,5 cm, pr. dna 3 0.6 cm). H. 5.5 to 6.5 cm, rim diam. 6.5 cm, base cm. Inv. št. A 2789. diam. 3 cm. Inv. No. A 2789. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare niso ohranjeni. Fragments of the large blackish urn have not been preserved. 20 The fragment is not mentioned in the description of the 20 Odlomek ni naveden pri opisu groba, zato je pripadnost grave, therefore it is questionable if the find belongs to the grobu vprašljiva. grave. 21 21 S. Pahič 1991, 43. S. Pahič 1991, 43. 190 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 190 8. 03. 2021 12:53:26 Slika 3. Rekonstruirana velika bikonična posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom in močno izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je močno glajena, zunaj črne in temno rjave, znotraj svetlo in temno rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z vodoravnim žlebom, pod katerim so skupine s po tremi okroglimi nalepljenimi plastičnimi bradavicami in skupine s po tremi žlebičastimi visečimi trikotniki. Viš. 39 cm, pr. ustja 27 cm, pr. dna 14,6. Inv. št. A 2791. M = 1:4.22 Grob 170 Grave 170 Figure 3. Pri ogledu (30. 7. 1964) je bila v 80 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 30 July 1964 revealed a Reconstructed large grobni jami, ki je segala 25 cm globoko v prodnata large urn in a 80 cm deep grave pit. The urn was dug biconical vessel with a strongly everted rim tla, najdena velika žara, pokrita s 40 × 30 cm veliko 25 cm deep into the gravel and was covered by a 40 × and a long conical kamnito ploščo nepravilne trikotne oblike, debeli-30 cm large sub-triangular stone slab that was up to neck, of medium-ne do 10 cm. Na dnu žare je bila 15 cm debela 10 cm thick. It contained roughly 15 cm thick pyre grained fired clay. Surface is thoroughly plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, na kateri so remains with cremated bones on the bottom, with smoothed, black and bili vrč in dve latvici. Nekoliko višje, tik ob žari na a jug and two dishes with an inturned rim placed dark brown on the severovzhodni strani, je bila manjša plast žganine on top. Just outside the urn on the northeast side exterior, light and z drobci sežganih kosti kot nedvomni sestavni del and slightly higher up was a smaller patch of pyre re- dark brown on the interior. Shoulder istega groba. mains with bits of cremated bones that formed part is decorated with a of the same grave. narrow horizontal Opisi najdb ( Tab. 7): groove with groups of three applied knobs 1. Trebušasti vrč z izbočenim ramenom, usločenim vra- Description of finds ( Pl. 7): and of three grooved tom in navpičnim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. 1. Jug with a vertical rim, a curved neck and a con- hanging triangles Površina je glajena, temno sivorjave barve. Rame je vex shoulder, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is below it. H. 39 cm, rim diam. 27 cm, okrašeno s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi in dvema vreza- smoothed, dark grey-brown. Shoulder is decorated base diam. 14.6. nima cikcak črtama. Presegajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega with three horizontal incised lines and two incised Inv. No. A 2791. preseka je na zunanjo stran rahlo vbokle oblike (šir. zigzag lines. High strap handle is oval in section and Scale = 1:4.22 2,7 cm, deb. 0,8 cm). Viš. 11,1 cm, pr. ustja 8,8 cm, slightly concave (w. 2.7 cm, th. 0.8 cm). H. 11.1 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 2792. rim diam. 8.8 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 2792. 2. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 2. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex uvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim prehodom v dno body and a pronounced body-base junction, of medi- iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glaje- um-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, na, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj temno sivorjave barve. dark brown on the exterior, dark grey-brown on the Viš. 7,2 cm, pr. ustja 18,3 cm, pr. dna 9,3 cm. Inv. interior. H. 7.2 cm, rim diam. 18.3 cm, base diam. Št. A 2794. 9.3 cm. Inv. No. A 2794. 3. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko usločenim oste- njem, uvihanim ustjem in odebeljenim dnom iz 22 The museum keeps a box in storage marked ‘Pobrežje, 22 V depoju so bili v škatli z oznako Pobrežje, grob 170, inv. grob 170, inv. št. A 2791’ that contains fragments of an- št. A 2791 najdeni fragmenti še ene žare, kar pa se ne skla-other urn. This, however, is at odds with the description da z opisom in risbo S. Pahiča (1991, 45 in 136), zato and drawing of Grave 170 published by S. Pahič (1991, je njena pripadnost h grobu 170 vprašljiva, prilagamo pa 45 and 136), hence its association with Grave 170 is ques-njeno sliko ( sl. 3). tionable; it is nevertheless presented here in fig. 3. 191 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 191 8. 03. 2021 12:53:26 drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, 3. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical, slightly convex rdečkasto temno rjave barve. Viš. 8,3 cm, pr. ustja body and a thick base, of medium-grained fired clay. 20,4 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2793. Surface is partially smoothed, reddish-dark brown. 4. Velika trebušasta žara z visokim stožčastim vratom, H. 8.3 cm, rim diam. 20.4 cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. izvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim prehodom vratu v Inv. No. A 2793. rame iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno 4. Large urn with an everted rim, a high conical neck glajena, temno sivočrne barve z rjavimi lisami. Pre- and a pronounced neck-shoulder junction, of coarse- hod vratu v rame posode je okrašen s tremi vodorav- grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, nimi žlebiči. Pod največjim obodom so modelirani dark grey-black with brown patches. Decorated with štirje vodoravni nekoliko povešeni jezičasti držaji (šir. three narrow horizontal grooves at the neck-shoulder 6,4 cm, deb. 2 cm). Viš. 50 cm, pr. ustja 32,2 cm, pr. junction and four slightly downturned horizontal dna 18,4 cm. Inv. št. A 2791 ( sl. 4). tongue-shaped grips below maximum diameter (w. 6.4 cm, th. 2 cm). H. 50 cm, rim diam. 32.2 cm, base diam. 18.4 cm. Inv. No. A 2791 ( fig. 4). Grob 171 Grave 171 Pri ogledu (3. 8. 1964) je bila v 85 cm globoki grob- Rescue interventions on 3 August 1964 revealed a ni jami, ki je segala 5 cm globoko v prodnata tla, partially collapsed large urn in a 85 cm deep grave najdena nekoliko stlačena velika žara, pokrita s 25 × pit. The urn was dug 5 cm deep into the gravel and 20 cm veliko kamnito ploščo nepravilne pravokotne was covered by a 25 × 20 cm large sub-rectangular oblike, debeline do 7 cm. Na dnu žare je bila do 10 stone slab that was up to 7 cm thick. It contained up cm debela plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, na to 10 cm thick pyre remains with cremated bones on kateri so bili najdeni dve latvici, enoročajna skodelica the bottom with two dishes with an inturned rim, a in vrč, v katerem je bila mala enoročajna skodelica. single-handled cup in a jug, containing a small sin- V žganini je bilo tudi precej ostankov večjih sežganih gle-handled cup, placed on top. The pyre remains in- kosti, poseben kup še večjih ostankov sežganih kosti cluded large pieces of bones, while a separate pile of pa je ležal v višini vrča v jugovzhodnem delu groba. cremated bone fragments was found at the level of the Ob slednjem je ležala tudi bronasta igla s spiralno jug in the southeast part of the urn. Located beside uvito glavico. V žganini je bilo tudi nekaj do 5 cm the jug was a bronze roll-headed pin. The pyre re- velikih sileksov.23 mains included several up to 5 cm large stone flakes.23 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 8): Description of finds ( Pl. 8): 2. Mala enoročajna polkroglasta skodelica z ravnim, ne- 2. Small single-handled hemispherical cup with a verti- koliko poudarjenim robom ustja in vbočenim dnom cal rim, a slightly pronounced lip and a concave base, iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, sivor- of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, grey- jave barve. Presegajoč trakast ročaj je pravokotnega brown. High strap handle is rectangular in section preseka (šir. 1,5 cm, deb. 0,5 cm). Viš. 5,3 cm, pr. (w. 1.5 cm, th. 0.5 cm). H. 5.3 cm, rim diam. 8.5 ustja 8,5 cm, pr. dna 3,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2796. cm, base diam. 3.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2796. 3. Fragmentiran trebušast vrč z usločenim vratom, iz- 3. Fragmented jug with an everted rim, a curved neck vihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate and a concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj temno sive in Surface is smoothed, dark grey and light brown on svetlo rjave, znotraj svetlo rjave barve. Rame je okra- the exterior, light brown on the interior. Shoulder is šeno s plitvo vodoravno kaneluro. Presegajoč trakast decorated with a horizontal groove. High strap han- ročaj je ovalnega preseka (šir. 6,2 cm, deb. 1,3 cm). dle is oval in section (w. 6.2 cm, th. 1.3 cm). H. 17.7 Viš. 17,7 cm, pr. ustja 14,8 cm, pr. dna 7 cm. Inv. št. cm, rim diam. 14.8 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A A 2795. 2795. 4. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 4. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is na je delno glajena, temno rjave barve. Viš. 7 cm, pr. partially smoothed, dark brown. H. 7 cm, rim diam. ustja 15,2 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 2798. 15.2 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 2798. 5. Enoročajna skodela z nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 5. Single-handled bowl with an everted rim, a short kratkim usločenim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in curved neck, a conical, slightly convex body and a 23 23 S. Pahič 1991, 47. S. Pahič 1991, 47. 192 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 192 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr-concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. Sur- šina je glajena, temno rjave barve. Presegajoč trakast face is smoothed, dark brown. High strap handle is ročaj je nepravilnega pravokotnega, na zunanjo stran sub-rectangular in section and slightly concave on vbočenega preseka (šir. 2,5 cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Viš. 7,9 the exterior (w. 2.5 cm, th. 0.6 cm). H. 7.9 cm, rim cm, pr. ustja 17,5 cm, pr. dna 7 cm. Inv. št. A 2797. diam. 17.5 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 2797. 6. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 6. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- convex body, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is šina je delno glajena, zunaj rjave, znotraj temno sive partially smoothed, brown on the exterior, dark grey barve. Viš. 7,4 cm, pr. ustja 19,8 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. on the interior. H. 7.4 cm, rim diam. 19.8 cm, base Inv. št. A 2799. diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2799. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka iz do 2,5 mm de- Bronze pin with a 9 mm wide rolled head and a bele žice, z 9 mm široko spiralno uvito glavico. Dol. round-section shank of up to 2.5 mm thick wire. L. 13,6 cm. Inv. št. A 2800. Založena. 13.6 cm. Inv. No. A 2800. Misplaced. Fragmenti velike črnikaste trebušasto bikonične žare niso Fragments of the large blackish biconical urn have not been ohranjeni. preserved. Grob 172 Grave 172 Pri ogledu (20. 11. 1973) je bila v globini 25 cm Rescue interventions on 20 November 1973 revealed vodoravno položena kamnita plošča velikosti 40 × a horizontally placed stone slab measuring 40 × 25 25 × 7 cm, pod katero so bile v humozni mivkasti × 7 cm at a depth of 25 cm. Under it, in a layer of plasti lise ostankov žganine. Le 15 cm južno od nje je humus and fine sand, were patches of pyre remains. bila na globini 30 cm manjša plošča trikotne oblike A smaller triangular slab measuring 35 × 20 × 5 cm velikosti 35 × 20 × 5 cm. Deloma pod njo, delo- lay 15 cm further to the south, at a depth of 30 cm. ma južno od nje je bila na globini 40 cm najdena 5 Partly under the smaller slab and partly south of it, at cm debela plast žganine okrogle oblike premera 30 a depth of 40 cm, was a round patch of pyre remains cm. V in na plasti žganine je bilo nekaj fragmentov measuring 5 cm in thickness and 30 cm in diameter. velike žare in dveh drugih posod, od katerih je bilo In and on this patch were several sherds of a large mogoče obnoviti le eno, saj so bile razbite že pred urn and two other vessels that had been smashed pokopom.24 during or even before burial and only one of which could be reconstructed.24 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 9): 1. Skleda trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom in izvi- Description of find ( Pl. 9): hanim ustjem sivorjave barve. Viš. 11 cm, pr. ustja 1. Dish with an everted rim and a curved neck, grey- 18 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 2961. Založena. brown. H. 11 cm, rim diam. 18 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Fragmenti velike črnikaste žare in posode neopredeljive obli-Inv. No. A 2961. Misplaced. ke niso ohranjeni. Fragments of the large blackish urn and the vessel of unknown form have not been preserved. Grob 173 Grave 173 Pri ogledu (20. 11. 1973) je bila v 90 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 20 November 1973 revealed grobni jami na plast žganine postavljena žara (amfo- an urn (amphora), broken up by tree root growth, ra), razlomljena zaradi korenin drevesa. Na njenem placed on top of a layer of pyre remains in a 90 cm dnu je bila plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, v deep grave pit. The pyre remains with cremated bones njej pa bronasta obroček iz večkrat zvite žice in svitek on the bottom of the urn included a bronze ring of očalaste fibule. Drugi svitek fibule je ležal v žganini coiled wire and a coil of a spectacle fibula; the other pod žaro. coil was found in the pyre remains under the urn. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 9): Description of finds ( Pl. 9): 2. Svitek bronaste očalaste fibule z nastavkom za osmi- 2. Coil of a bronze spectacle fibula with a very small často pentljo in fragment drugega svitka iz 2 mm part of the figure-of-eight and a fragment of the 24 S. Pahič 1991, 49. The description and drawing of the 24 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, evidentiranega s števil-misplaced object under No. 1 are taken from S. Pahič ko 1, sta povzeta po Pahič 1991, 49, T. 14: 1. 1991, 49, Pl. 14: 1. 193 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 193 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 debele žice okroglega preseka. Pr. svitka 4,3 cm. Inv. second coil of a 2 mm thick round-sectioned wire. št. A 2964. Coil diam. 4.3 cm. Inv. No. A 2964. 3. Bronast spiralni obroček s prepletom (lasni obroček) 3. Spiral bronze (hair) ring of four coils of a 2 mm thick iz štirih navojev 2 mm debele zvite žice ovalnega pre-oval-sectioned wire. One end terminates in a dou- seka. En konec se zaključuje v večkratni dvojni pre- ble-wire braided section, the other one in a partially plet, drugi v delno ohranjeno zanko. Pr. 3,3 cm. Inv. surviving loop. Diam. 3.3 cm. Inv. No. A 2963. št. A 2963. 4. Biconical amphora (urn) with an everted rim and 4. Amfora (žara) bikonične oblike z izvihanim ustjem a pronouncedly concave base, of fine-grained fired in izrazito vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. clay. Surface is smoothed, brown with black patch- Površina je glajena, zunaj rjave barve s črnimi lisa- es on the exterior, reddish-brown on the interior. mi, znotraj rdečkasto rjava. Rame posode je zgoraj Shoulder is decorated with pseudo-cord impressions okrašeno z dvema vodoravnima črtama, ki sta pod forming two horizontal lines continuing into a gar- ročajema polkrožno oblikovani, in spodaj s tretjo vo- land below the handles, followed downward by a se- doravno črto psevdovrvičastega okrasa, med katerimi ries of three stacked standing triangles and a third je trak psevdovrvičastega okrasa v motivu niza s po horizontal line. Strap handles are oval in section (w. tremi stoječimi trikotniki. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalne- 2 cm, th. 0.9 cm). H. 19.2 cm, rim diam. 24.6 cm, ga preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,9 cm). Viš. 19,2 cm, pr. base diam. 10.4 cm. Inv. No. A 2962. ustja 24,6 cm, pr. dna 10,4 cm. Inv. št. A 2962. Grob 174 Grave 174 Pri ogledu (24. 12. 1973) je bil grob do polovice uni- It was partially destroyed during the earthworks in- čen zaradi zemeljskih del z bagrom, zato vse najdbe volving an excavator and not all of the goods may morebiti niso ohranjene. V 90 cm globoko grobno have survived. Rescue interventions on 24 December jamo, ki je nekoliko segala v prodnata tla, je bila na 1973 revealed a large blackish urn on top of a layer of plast žganine položena velika črnikasta žara trebuša- pyre remains in a 90 cm deep grave pit dug to a shal- ste oblike, razlomljena od korenin drevesa nad njo. low depth into the gravel layer. The urn was broken Na dnu žare je bila pri odkopu ugotovljena plast žga- up by tree root growth and held pyre remains with nine in ostankov sežganih kosti. V žganini pod žaro cremated bones on the bottom. The layer of pyre re- je bil fragment bronastega obročka.25 mains under it yielded a fragment of a bronze ring.25 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 10): Description of find ( Pl. 10): 1. Fragmenti nekoliko izbočenega spodnjega dela velike 1. Fragments of a slightly convex lower part of a large žare iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, zu-urn, of coarse-grained fired clay. Surface is coarse, naj temno sive, znotraj svetlo rdečkasto rjave barve. dark grey on the exterior, light reddish-brown on Na enem fragmentu nesestavljive posode je okras vo- the interior. Its fragments could not be assembled; doravnega razčlenjenega plastičnega rebra, iz katere- one bears a cordon with impressions and a horizontal ga je modeliran vodoravni jezičasti držaj (šir. 4,2 cm, tongue-shaped grip modelled from it (w. 4.2 cm, th. deb. 1,4 cm). Ohr. viš. 13,4 cm, pr. dna 20 cm. Inv. 1.4 cm). Surv. h. 13.4 cm, base diam. 20 cm. Inv. št. A 2965. No. A 2965. Fragment bronastega obročka s pr. pribl. 2 cm ni ohranjen. Fragment of the bronze ring with the diameter of approx. 2 cm has not been preserved. Grob 175 Grave 175 Pri ogledu (24. 12. 1973) je bil grob že delno poško- Rescue interventions on 24 December 1973 revealed dovan. Velika žara je bila v 105 cm globoki jami in je a previously damaged grave that contained a large bila skoraj do največjega oboda vkopana v prodnata urn in a 105 cm deep grave pit. The urn was dug tla, kjer je bila prelomljena, vrat in ustje pa so poško-into the layer of gravel almost to the level of maxi- dovale korenine. Na dnu žare je bila 10 cm debela mum diameter where it was broken, with the neck plast žganine in ostankov sežganih kosti, na katerih and rim damaged by tree root growth. It held 10 so bile amfora in dve latvici. cm thick pyre remains with cremated bones on the bottom, with an amphora and two dishes with an inturned rim placed on top. 25 25 S. Pahič 1991, 51. S. Pahič 1991, 51. 194 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 194 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 10): Description of finds ( Pl. 10): 2. Latvica polkroglaste oblike z rahlo uvihanim ustjem 2. Hemispherical dish with a slightly inturned rim and in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozrnate žgane a concave base (omphalos), of fine-grained fired clay. gline. Površina je glajena, rjave barve s temno sivimi Surface is smoothed, brown with dark grey patches lisami na zunanji površini. Viš. 5 cm, pr. ustja 12,5 on the exterior. H. 5 cm, rim diam. 12.5 cm, base cm, pr. dna do 2,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2969. diam. up to 2.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2969. 3. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 3. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical, slightly uvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina convex body, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is je glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 8,8 cm, pr. ustja 19,5 cm, smoothed, brown. H. 8.8 cm, rim diam. 19.5 cm, pr. dna 9,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2968. base diam. 9.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2968. 4. Amfora trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom, izvi- 4. Amphora with an everted rim, a curved neck and a hanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate concave base, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rdečerjave do is partially smoothed, red-brown to dark brown with temno rjave barve s temno sivimi lisami. Rame poso- dark grey patches. Shoulder is decorated with two de je okrašeno z dvema vrezanima vodoravnima cik- incised horizontal zigzag lines separated by three nar- cak črtama, med katerima so trije vodoravni žlebiči. row horizontal grooves. Strap handles are rectangular Trakasta ročaja sta pravokotnega preseka (šir. 1,2 cm, in section (w. 1.2 cm, th. 0.4 cm). H. 13.5 cm, rim deb. 0,4 cm). Viš. 13,5 cm, pr. ustja 12,6 cm, pr. dna diam. 12.6 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 2967. 7 cm. Inv. št. A 2967. 5. Fragments of the conical lower part of a large urn 5. Fragmenti spodnjega koničnega dela velike žare z vbo- with a concave base, of coarse-grained fired clay. Sur- čenim dnom iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je face is coarse, dark grey on the exterior, red-brown on groba, zunaj temno sive, znotraj rdečerjave barve. the interior. Decorated with a cordon with impres- Pod največjim obodom je okrašena z vodoravnim sions below maximum diameter and four horizontal razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom, iz katerega so mo- tongue-shaped grips modelled from it (w. 6.6 cm, th. delirani štirje vodoravni jezičasti držaji (šir. 6,6 cm, 1.5 cm). Surv. h. 25 cm, base diam. 19.5 cm. Inv. deb. 1,5 cm). Ohr. viš. 25 cm, pr. dna 19,5 cm. Inv. No. A 2966. št. A 2966. Grob 176 Grave 176 Pri ogledu (24. 12. 1973) je bila v 95 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 24 December 1973 revealed a grobni jami velika žara do največjega oboda vkopana large urn in a 95 cm deep grave pit. The urn was dug to v prodnata tla. Vrat posode je bil stlačen v posodo, maximum diameter into a layer of gravel. The neck of ustje z odlomljenim robom pa je bilo pokrito z dnom the urn had collapsed into the vessel, the rim was cov- druge velike žare. Na dnu žare je bila 10 cm debela ered by the base of the second large urn. The urn held plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, na kateri so 10 cm thick remains of pyre remains with cremated bili lonec, enoročajna skodelica in mala enoročajna bones on the bottom, with a jar, a single-handled cup skodelica. and a small single-handled cup placed on top. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 11): Description of finds ( Pl. 11): 1. Lonec kroglaste oblike z usločenim vratom, kratkim 1. Globular jar with a short everted rim, a curved izvihanim ustjem in močno vbočenim dnom iz drob- neck and a pronouncedly concave base, of medi- nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj um-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, rjave in temno sive, znotraj temno sive barve. Viš. brown and dark grey on the exterior, dark grey on the 15,3 cm, pr. ustja 11,5 cm, pr. dna 7,8 cm. Inv. št. A interior. H. 15.3 cm, rim diam. 11.5 cm, base diam. 2971. 7.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2971. 2. Mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica z rahlo izviha- 2. Small single-handled globular cup with a slight- nim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate ly everted rim and a slightly concave base, of fine- žgane gline. Površina je glajena, svetlo rjave barve. grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, light brown. Presegajoč trakast ročaj je pravokotnega preseka (šir. High strap handle is rectangular in section (w. 1.2 1,2 cm, deb. 0,5 cm). Viš. 5,1 cm, pr. ustja 5,7 cm, cm, th. 0.5 cm). H. 5.1 cm, rim diam. 5.7 cm, base pr. dna 2,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2973. diam. 2.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2973. 3. Enoročajna kroglasta skodelica s kratkim izviha- 3. Single-handled globular cup with a short everted rim, nim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, 195 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 195 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 je glajena, temno rjava s temno sivo liso na zunanji dark brown with a dark grey patch on the exterior. strani. Presegajoč trakast ročaj je trapezoidnega, na High strap handle is trapezoidal in section and slight- zunanjo stran nekoliko vbočenega preseka (šir. 2,4 ly concave on the exterior (w. 2.4 cm, th. 0.8 cm). H. cm, deb. 0,8 cm). Viš. 8,2 cm, pr. ustja 12,4 cm, pr. 8.2 cm, rim diam. 12.4 cm, base diam. 5 cm. Inv. dna 5 cm. Inv. št. A 2972. No. A 2972. 4. Fragmenti velike žare trebušaste oblike s stožčastim 4. Fragments of a large urn with an everted rim, a con-usločenim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in odebeljenim ical, slightly curved neck and a thickened base, of dnom iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, coarse-grained fired clay. Surface is coarse, dark grey. temno sive barve. Prehod ramena v vrat posode je Decorated with four oval knobs at the shoulder-neck okrašen s štirimi ovalnimi nalepljenimi plastičnimi junction and a cordon with impressions and four bradavicami, pod največjim obodom pa z vodorav- horizontal tongue-shaped grips modelled from it nim razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom, iz katerega so below maximum diameter (w. 5.5 cm, th. 1.8 cm). modelirani štirje vodoravni jezičasti držaji (šir. 5,5 Reconstr. h. 50.8 cm, rim diam. 30 cm, base diam. cm, deb. 1,8 cm). Rek. viš. 50,8 cm, pr. ustja 30 cm, 20 cm. Inv. No. A 2970. pr. dna 20 cm. Inv. št. A 2970. The fragments of the flat base and wall of the second large urn Fragmenti ravnega dna in dela ostenja velike žare. Pr. dna (base diam. 23 cm; Inv. No. A 2974) have been misplaced. 26 23 cm. Inv. št. A 2974. Fragmenti so založeni. 26 Grob 177 Grave 177 Pri ogledu (24. 12. 1973) je bila v 100 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 24 December 1973 revealed grobni jami velika žara, do največjega oboda vkopa- a large collapsed urn with a heavily fragmented neck na v prodnata tla, kjer je bila stlačena, z močno fra- in a 100 cm deep grave pit. The urn was dug to the gmentiranim vratom. Na dnu žare je bila 10 cm de- level of maximum diameter into a layer of gravel and bela plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti. V žari so contained 10 cm thick pyre remains with cremated bili vrč, latvici in mala enoročajna skodelica. V vrču, bones on the bottom. It held a jug, two dishes with pokritem z latvico, je bila samo zemlja, ob njem pa je an inturned rim and a small single-handled cup. The bil kupček posebej izbranih ostankov sežganih kosti. jug was covered with one of the dishes with an in- turned rim and only contained earth; a heap of se- Opisi najdb ( Tab. 12): lected cremated bones was found next to it. 1. Fragmentirana polkroglasta latvica z uvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žga- Description of finds ( Pl. 12): ne gline. Površina je groba, rjave barve. Viš. 7,5 cm, 1. Fragmented hemispherical dish with an inturned rim pr. ustja 19,2 cm, pr. dna 7 cm. Inv. št. A 2998. and a slightly concave base, of medium-grained fired 2. Fragmenti vrča trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom clay. Surface is coarse, brown. H. 7.5 cm, rim diam. in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. 19.2 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 2998. Površina glajena, zunaj temno sive, znotraj rjave bar- 2. Fragments of an ellipsoid jug with a slightly evert- ve. Rame je okrašeno z dvema vodoravnima žlebiče- ed rim and a curved neck, of fine-grained fired clay. ma. Presegajoč trakast ročaj je pravokotnega preseka Surface is smoothed, dark grey on the exterior, brown z dvema navpičnima rebroma na zunanjo stran (šir. on the interior. Shoulder is decorated with two nar- 3,8 cm, deb. 1,1 cm). Ohr. viš. 11,2 cm, pr. ustja 16 row horizontal grooves. High strap handle is rec- cm. Inv. št. A 2997. tangular in section an bears two ribs on the exterior 3. Latvica s polkroglastim ostenjem in rahlo uvihanim (w. 3.8 cm, th. 1.1 cm). Surv. h. 11.2 cm, rim diam. ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, 16 cm. Inv. No. A 2997. svetlo rjave barve. Viš. 4,8 cm, pr. ustja 10,4 cm, pr. 3. Hemispherical dish with a slightly inturned rim, of dna 5,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2999. fine-grained fired clay. Surface is smoothed, light 4. Mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica s poudarjenim brown. H. 4.8 cm, rim diam. 10.4 cm, base diam. prehodom usločenega vratu v rame posode, rahlo 5.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2999. izvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz fino- 4. Small single-handled globular cup with a slightly zrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. everted rim, a pronounced curved neck-shoulder Okrašena je s štirimi vodoravnimi nizi psevdovrviča- junction and a slightly concave base, of fine-grained stega okrasa. Presegajoč trakast ročaj je pravokotnega fired clay. Surface is smoothed, brown. Decorated 26 26 Prepis opisa založenega predmeta pod oznako je povzet po The description of the misplaced object is taken from S. S. Pahič 1991, 55. Pahič 1991, 55. 196 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 196 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 preseka (šir. 1,3 cm, deb. do 0,4 cm). Viš. 5,5 cm, pr. with four horizontal lines of pseudo-cord impres- ustja do 5,8 cm, pr. dna do 1,8 cm. Inv. št. A 3000. sions. High strap handle is rectangular in section (w. 5. Fragmentirana velika žara z usločenim stožčastim vra- 1.3 cm, th. up to 0.4 cm). H. 5.5 cm, rim diam. up tom, izvihanim ustjem in nekoliko vbočenim dnom to 5.8 cm, base diam. up to 1.8 cm. Inv. No. A 3000. iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, zu- 5. Fragmented large urn with an everted rim, a curved naj svetlo rjave, rdeče in sive, znotraj rdeče barve. conical neck and a slightly concave base, of coarse- Okrašena je z vodoravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim grained fired clay. Surface is coarse, light brown, red rebrom, iz katerega so modelirani trije vodoravni po- and grey on the exterior, red on the interior. Dec- vešeni jezičasti držaji (šir. 4,5 cm, deb. 1,3 cm). Rek. orated with a cordon with impression and three viš. 50 cm, pr. ustja 28 cm, pr. dna 14,5 cm. Inv. št. downturned horizontal tongue-shaped grips mod- A 2996. elled from it below maximum diameter (w. 4.5 cm, th. 1.3 cm). Reconstr. h. 50 cm, rim diam. 28 cm, base diam. 14.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2996. Grob 178 Grave 178 Pri ogledu (24. 12. 1973) je bila v 85 cm globoki Rescue interventions on 24 December 1973 revealed grobni jami odkrita mala žara (lonec), ki je bila do a small urn (jar) in a 85 cm deep grave pit. The urn največjega oboda vkopana v prodnata tla. Žaro je do was dug into the layer of gravel up to its maximum največjega oboda obdajala plast žganine in ostankov diameter. It was surrounded to the same level by pyre sežganih kosti. Pod žaro je ležal fragment večje rdeče remains with cremated bones. A fragment of a large posode z ročajem.27 red vessel with a handle was found under it.27 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 13): Description of find ( Pl. 13): 1. Lonec (mala žara) ovalne oblike s kratkim izvihanim 1. Ovaloid jar (small urn) with a short everted rim and ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žga-a slightly concave base, of medium-grained fired ne gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjave barve s črni- clay. Surface is partially smoothed, brown with black mi lisami na zunanji površini. Na največjem obodu patches on the exterior. Two horizontal tongue- sta modelirana dva vodoravna jezičasta držaja (šir. 3,5 shaped grips are modelled from the wall at maximum cm, deb. 1,5 cm). Viš. 22,8 cm, pr. ustja 22,5 cm, pr. diameter (w. 3.5 cm, th. 1.5 cm). H. 22.8 cm, rim dna 9,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2960. diam. 22.5 cm, base diam. 9.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2960. Fragment grobe rdeče posode s trakastim ročajem ni ohranjen. The fragment of the coarse red vessel with a strap handle has not been preserved. Najdbe iz neznanih grobov na Pobrežju in brez Goods from unknown graves at Pobrežje and podatkov o njihovi pridobitvi28 without data on accession28 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 13): Description of finds ( Pl. 13): 2. Delno ohranjen bronast spiralni obroček (uhan ali lasni 2. Partly surviving spiral bronze ring (ear or hair ring) obroček) iz petih navojev spiralno zvite žice okrogle-of five coils of round-sectioned wire. One end is ta- ga preseka. Konec enega obročka je stanjšan, drugi ni pering, the other not preserved. Diam. 4.4 cm, th. up ohranjen. Pr. 4,4 cm, deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2878 a. to 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2878 a. 3. Delno ohranjen bronast spiralni obroček (uhan ali 3. Partly surviving spiral bronze ring (ear or hair ring) of lasni obroček) iz treh navojev spiralno zvite žice okro-three coils of round-sectioned wire. Ends not preserved. glega preseka. Konca nista ohranjena. Pr. 4,2 cm, Diam. 4.2 cm, th. up to 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2878 b. deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2878 b. 4. Fragment of a bronze D-sectioned bracelet. Surv. 4. Fragment bronaste zapestnice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. l. approx. 7 cm, w. 4 mm, th. 1.5 mm. Inv. No. A pribl. 7 cm, šir. 4 mm, deb. 1,5 mm. Inv. št. A 2880. 2880. 5. Fragment treh navojev bronaste spiralne zapestnice 5. Fragment of three coils of a spiral bronze D-sectioned »D« preseka. Konca nista ohranjena. Pr. 6 cm, šir. 5 bracelet. Ends not preserved. Diam. 6 cm, w. 5 mm, mm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2877. th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2877. 6.-8. Bronasti kalotasti gumbi z zanko na notranji strani. 6.-8. Bronze domed buttons with a loop on the underside. Pr. 1,2 cm, viš. 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2879 a, b, c. Diam. 1.2 cm, h. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2879 a, b, c. 27 27 S. Pahič 1991, 59. S. Pahič 1991, 59. 28 28 S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor. S. Pahič, Inventory book of the Maribor Regional Museum. 197 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 197 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 Najdbe iz neznanih grobov na Pobrežju, Finds from unknown graves at Pobrežje, izkopane julija 196429 excavated in July 196429 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 13, 14): Description of finds ( Pl. 13, 14): Tab. 13: Pl. 13: 9. Amfora bikonične oblike s stožčastim vratom in izvi- 9. Biconical amphora with an everted rim and a con- hanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina ical neck, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is je delno glajena, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj zelo te- partially smoothed, dark brown on the exterior, very mno sive barve. Prehod vratu v rame je okrašen s tre- dark grey on the interior. Decorated with three nar- mi vodoravnimi žlebiči. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega, row horizontal grooves on the neck-shoulder junc- na notranjo stran rahlo vboklega preseka (šir. 2 cm, tion. Strap handles are oval in section and concave on deb. 0,7 cm). Viš. 17,5 cm, pr. ustja 12,2 cm, pr. dna the interior (w. 2 cm, th. 0.7 cm). H. 17.5 cm, rim 9 cm. Inv. št. A 2800 b. diam. 12.2 cm, base diam. 9 cm. Inv. No. A 2800 b. 10. Latvica kroglaste oblike z uvihanim ustjem in vbo- 10. Globular dish with an inturned rim and a concave čenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je base (omphalos), of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is glajena, temno sivkasto rjave barve. Okrašena je z smoothed, dark greyish-brown. Decorated with two dvema vodoravnima vrezanima cikcak črtama, med incised horizontal zigzag lines separated by two hori- katerima sta dva vodoravna vreza. Viš. 5,9 cm, pr. zontal incised lines. H. 5.9 cm, rim diam. 8.8 cm, ustja 8,8 cm, pr. dna 4 cm. Inv. št. A 2800 d. base diam. 4 cm. Inv. No. A 2800 d. 11. Latvica s koničnim ostenjem in uvihanim, poševno 11. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical body, of me-nažlebljenim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- dium-grained fired clay. Surface is partially smoothed, vršina je delno glajena, temno rjave barve. Pod rame- dark brown. Decorated with wide oblique grooves at nom je vodoraven jezičast ročaj (šir. 2,8 cm, deb. 0,7 the rim and a horizontal tongue-shaped grip below it cm). Viš. 7 cm, pr. ustja 20,4 cm, pr. dna 8,5 cm. Inv. (w. 2.8 cm, th. 0.7 cm). H. 7 cm, rim diam. 20.4 cm, št. A 2800 č. base diam. 8.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2800 č. Tab. 14: Pl. 14: 1. Dvoročajni vrč (kantharos) bikonične oblike s stož- 1. Two-handled biconical jug (kantharos) with an častim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim everted rim, a conical neck and a slightly concave dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno base, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is par- glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Vrat in rame vrča sta tially smoothed, greyish-brown. Neck and shoul- med ročajema na eni strani okrašena s petimi vodo- der between the handles on one side of the vessel ravnim vrezi, pod katerimi so skupine s po štirimi are decorated with five horizontal incised lines and ali petimi poševnimi vrezi, ki potekajo izmenično v stripes of three, four or five alternately oblique in- motivu cikcaka, ob ročajih pa skupini treh in petih cised lines forming a zigzag motif below them. On skoraj navpičnih vrezov. Na drugi strani je vrč med the other side, decoration consists of four horizontal ročajema okrašen s štirimi vodoravnimi vrezi, pod incised lines and a very irregular triple garland of katerimi je trojna zelo nepravilna girlandoidna črta, three incised lines below it that ends in a vertical line ki ji sledijo enojna girlandoidna črta z navpičnim vre-and a stripe of three vertical incisions. High strap zom in skupina s tremi navpičnimi vrezi. Presegajoča handles are oval in section (w. 3 cm, th. 0.9 cm). H. trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 3 cm, deb. 16.6 cm, rim diam. 13 to 15 cm, base diam. 8.5 cm. 0,9 cm). Viš. 16,6 cm, pr. ustja 13 do 15 cm, pr. dna Inv. No. A 2800 a. 8,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2800 a. 2. Upper part of an amphora with an everted rim, a 2. Zgornji del amfore trebušaste oblike z usločenim curved neck and a pronounced neck-shoulder junc- vratom, poudarjenim prehodom vratu v rame poso- tion, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface is par- de in izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. tially smoothed, dark brown on the exterior, dark Površina je delno glajena, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj grey-brown on the interior. Shoulder is decorated temno sivorjave barve. Rame je okrašeno s plitvim with a shallow and narrow horizontal groove. Sur- vodoravnim žlebičem. Ohranjen trakast ročaj je oval- viving strap handle is oval in section (w. 2 cm, th. nega preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,8 cm). Ohr. viš. 9,2 0.8 cm). Surv. h. 9.2 cm, rim diam. 20.2 cm. Inv. cm, pr. ustja 20,2 cm. Inv. št. A 2800 e. No. A 2800 e. 3. Fragment vrča trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom 3. Fragment of a jug with a slightly everted rim and a in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane curved neck, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface 29 29 S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor. S. Pahič, Inventory book of the Maribor Regional Museum. 198 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 198 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 gline. Površina je groba, rdečkasto rjave barve. Preis coarse, reddish-brown. Neck-shoulder junction hod vratu v rame posode je okrašen s plitvim vodo- is decorated with a shallow and narrow horizontal ravnim žlebičem. Ohranjen presegajoč trakast ročaj groove. Surviving high strap handle is rectangular in je pravokotnega preseka z dvema navpičnima pli- section and bears two shallow and narrow grooves tvima žlebičema na zunanji strani (šir. 3,4 cm, deb. along the exterior (w. 3.4 cm, th. 1cm). Surv. h. 1cm). Ohr. viš. 12,3 cm, rek. pr. ustja 14,2 cm. Inv. 12.3 cm, reconstr. rim diam. 14.2 cm. Inv. No. A št. A 2800 f: b. 2800 f: b. 4. Fragment trebušaste amfore s stožčastim vratom in 4. Fragment of an amphora with an everted rim and a izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- conical neck, of medium-grained fired clay. Surface šina je glajena, svetlo rjave in sive barve. Ohranjen is light brown and grey, smoothed. Surviving strap trakast ročaj je pravokotnega preseka (šir. 2,2 cm, handle is rectangular in section (w. 2.2 cm, th. 1 cm). deb. 1 cm). Ohr. viš. 14 cm, rek. pr. ustja 13,9 cm. Surv. h. 14 cm, reconstr. rim diam. 13.9 cm. Inv. No. Inv. št. A 2800 f: a. A 2800 f: a. 5. Vrč trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom, izvihanim 5. Jug with an everted rim, a curved neck and a slight- ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane ly concave base, of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj smoothed, dark brown on the exterior, brown on the rjave barve. Vrat je okrašen s štirimi vodoravnimi vre- interior. Neck is decorated with four horizontal incised zi, pod katerimi je vrezana cikcak črta, ki je nasproti lines and a horizontal zigzag line below them that con- ročaja prekinjena s tremi vrezanimi girlandami. Pre- tinues into a garland of three incised lines opposite to segajoč trakast ročaj je pravokotnega preseka (šir. 3,4 the handle. High strap handle is rectangular in section cm, deb. 0,9 cm). Viš. 14 cm, pr. ustja 11,6 cm, pr. (w. 3.4 cm, th. 0.9 cm). H. 14 cm, rim diam. 11.6 cm, dna 6,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2800 c. base diam. 6.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2800 c. Najdbe iz neznanih grobov na Pobrežju, Finds from unknown graves at Pobrežje, izkopane leta 195230 excavated in 195230 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 14): Description of finds ( Pl. 14): 6. Vretence konične oblike iz finozrnate žgane gline. 6. Conical spindle whorl, of fine-grained fired clay. Sur-Površina je glajena, sive barve. Viš. 1,9 cm, pr. 3,3 face is grey and smoothed. H. 1.9 cm, diam. 3.3 cm. cm. Inv. št. A 5300 c. Inv. No. A 5300 c. 7. Vretence polkroglaste oblike z vbočenim dnom iz fi- 7. Hemispherical spindle whorl with a concave underside, nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, temno rjave of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is dark brown and barve. Viš. 2,9 cm, pr. 4,2 cm. Inv. št. A 5300 b. smoothed. H. 2.9 cm, diam. 4.2 cm. Inv. No. A 5300 b. 8. Vretence polkroglaste oblike z vbočenim dnom iz fi- 8. Hemispherical spindle whorl with a concave underside, nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, temno rjave of fine-grained fired clay. Surface is dark brown and barve. Viš. 3,3 cm, pr. 4,7 cm. Inv. št. A 5300 a. smoothed. H. 3.3 cm, diam. 4.7 cm. Inv. No. A 5300 a. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Baš F. 1939 Pahič S. 1972 Nova prazgodovinska postojanka na Pobrežju pri Mariboru. – Pobrežje. – Katalogi in monografije 6, Ljubljana. Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje 34, 194–196. Pahič S. 1991 Dular J. 1982 Moji poslednji pobreški grobovi. – Doneski k pradavnini Podrav-Halštatska keramika v Sloveniji / Die Grabkeramik der älteren ja 6, Maribor. Eisenzeit in Slowenien. Prispevek k proučevanju halštatske grobne keramike in lončarstva na Dolenjskem. – Dela 1. razreda SAZU Pahič V. 1987 23, Ljubljana. Die urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräberfeld von Brinjeva gora und Maribor - Pobrežje, Katalog und Tafeln. – Tipkopis / typescript, Pahič S. 1954 Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, Maribor (neobjavljeno / unpub-Nekaj najdb iz žarnega grobišča na Pobrežju pri Mariboru. – lished). Arheološki vestnik 5/2, 239–276. 30 S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor. 30 S. Pahič, Inventory book of the Maribor Regional Museum. 199 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 199 8. 03. 2021 12:53:27 Slika 4. Žara iz groba 170 (glej Tab. 7: 4) in izbor posodja iz grobov s Pobrežja. Figure 4. Urn from grave 170 (see Pl. 7: 4) and a selection of vessels from the graves at Pobrežje. 200 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 200 8. 03. 2021 12:53:28 Tabla 1 158 159 Plate 1 3 2 1 4 160 6 5 7 8 9 201 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 201 8. 03. 2021 12:53:30 Tabla 2 Plate 2 161 2 1 3 4 162a 6 5 7 9 8 162b 10 11 12 13 14 202 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 202 8. 03. 2021 12:53:32 Tabla 3 162c pri / near 162a-c Plate 3 1 M 1:1 2 3 6 4 M 1:1 5 7 163 8 9 10 203 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 203 8. 03. 2021 12:53:33 Tabla 4 Plate 4 164 A B 1 A 2 B 3 4 5 204 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 204 8. 03. 2021 12:53:34 Tabla 5 165 167, 167a Plate 5 1 2 3 169 4 5 6 205 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 205 8. 03. 2021 12:53:35 Tabla 6 Plate 6 168 A B A B 2 1 3 4 5 6 206 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 206 8. 03. 2021 12:53:36 Tabla 7 170 Plate 7 A B A B 2 1 3 M 1:4 4 207 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 207 8. 03. 2021 12:53:38 Tabla 8 Plate 8 166 171 A B A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 208 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 208 8. 03. 2021 12:53:39 Tabla 9 172 Plate 9 A B A B 1 173 2 3 4 209 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 209 8. 03. 2021 12:53:40 Tabla 10 Plate 10 174 1 M 1:4 175 2 3 4 M 1:4 5 210 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 210 8. 03. 2021 12:53:41 Tabla 11 176 Plate 11 1 2 3 M 1:4 4 211 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 211 8. 03. 2021 12:53:42 Tabla 12 Plate 12 177 1 2 3 4 M 1:4 5 212 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 212 8. 03. 2021 12:53:44 Tabla 13 178 Plate 13 1 Iz neznanih grobov 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 213 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 213 8. 03. 2021 12:53:45 Tabla 14 Plate 14 Iz neznanih grobov Iz neznanih grobov / From unknown graves 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 214 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 214 8. 03. 2021 12:53:47 GRAČIČ POD BRINJEVO GRAČIČ BELOW BRINJEVA GORO – NEKROPOLA GORA – A NECROPOLIS OF KULTURE ŽARNIH GROBIŠČ THE URNFIELD CULTURE I. KATALOG GROBOV IN I. CATALOGUE OF GRAVES GROBNIH PRIDATKOV AND GRAVE GOODS Vesna Koprivnik Vesna Koprivnik V prispevku so predstavljeni grobovi in predmeti iz The contribution presents the graves and their goods, časa pozne bronaste dobe, ki jih je izkopal Stanko dating to the Late Bronze Age, that Stanko Pahič ex- Pahič na žarnem grobišču na jugovzhodnem pobo- cavated in the urnfield period cemetery located on the čju Brinjeve gore nad vasjo Gračič (parc. št. 406, k. south-eastern slope of the hill of Brinjeva gora above o. Radana vas) nad Zrečami. Prvih 5 žarnih grobov the village of Gračič (Lot No. 406, Radana vas cadas- je izkopal leta 1955, naslednjih 5 leta 1956, v letu tral municipality), east of Zreče. He unearthed the first 1957 kar 30, leta 1959 še 6, leta 1962 nadaljnjih 19 five urn graves already in 1955, another five in 1956, in leta 1963 še 10 žarnih grobov. Zadnja dva žarna the next thirty in 1957, six in 1959, nineteen in 1962 grobova je odkril Vitko Pahič, sin Stanka Pahiča, ob and finally ten in 1963. Two graves were also discov- topografskem sondiranju leta 1985. Skupaj je bilo ered by Vitko Pahič, son of Stanko Pahič, during his na grobišču tako izkopanih 77 žarnih oz. žganih topographical survey in 1985. This makes a total of 77 grobov ( sl. 1).1 documented cremation graves of this cemetery ( fig. 1).1 Katalog je sestavljen iz opisa grobov in grobnih The catalogue brings the descriptions of the pridatkov. Osnovni podatki o sestavi posameznih graves and of the goods. The basic data on the graves grobnih celot in izkopanih grobnih pridatkih so pov- and on the excavated grave finds have been taken zeti po opisih S. Pahiča iz Inventarne knjige Pokrajin-from the descriptions that Stanko Pahič provided in skega muzeja Maribor (inv. št. A 1831 – 2000, 2616 the inventory book of the Maribor Regional Muse- – 2648, 2959). Dopolnjeni so s tlorisom grobišča ter um ( Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega muzeja Mari- opisi in risbami grobov, ki so povzeti iz nemškega, bor; Inv. Nos. A 1831 – 2000, 2616 – 2648, 2959). neobjavljenega dela V. Pahiča, Die urnenfelderze- They are supplemented with a plan of the cemetery itlichen Gräberfelder von Brinjeva gora und Maribor as well as the descriptions and drawings of the graves – Pobrežje, Katalog und Tafeln, datiranega z letnico taken from the unpublished paper in German by 1987 (v nadaljevanju V. Pahič 1987). Podatki v ome- Vitko Pahič dated to 1987 ( Die urnenfelderzeitlichen njenem delu so bili zaenkrat tudi edini dostopni in Gräberfelder von Brinjeva gora und Maribor – Pobrež- so najverjetneje zanesljivi, saj je V. Pahič sin izkopa- je, Katalog und Tafeln; hereinafter V. Pahič 1987). valca S. Pahiča, ki je bdel nad njegovim delom. Tip- This paper provides the only available data on the kopis hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor. Predmete, graves that can most probably be deemed reliable, ki jih hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, je ponovno because Vitko is the son of Stanko Pahič who super- izrisal Drago Oman. Računalniško obdelavo načrta vised his work. The typescript is kept in the Maribor grobišča, risb posameznih grobov (prerezi in tlorisi) Regional Museum. The excavated finds are kept in in predmetov je pripravil Bine Kramberger, obliko- the same museum. They have been drawn anew by vanje pa je zaključila Eline Nas. Drago Oman. Bine Kramberger made a digital plan Kjer so bili ostanki sežganih človeških kosti do- of the cemetery and also digitised the drawings of volj ohranjeni, so bile narejene antropološke analize, the graves (plans and cross sections) and the goods. ki jih je v okviru priprave svoje doktorske diserta- Eline Nas finished the design. cije na Univerzi v Edinburghu naredila Jayne-Leigh The cremated bone remains survived well Thomas.2 Morebitna določena antropološka starost enough to be subjected to an anthropological anal- pokojnika je navedena na koncu opisa posameznega ysis, performed by Jayne-Leigh Thomas as part of groba. her dissertation at the University of Edinburgh.2 The 1 1 S. Pahič 1981, 76–78, Tab. 1; isti, Inventarna knjiga Po-S. Pahič 1981, 76–78, Pl. 1; id., Inventarna knjiga Pokra-krajinskega muzeja Maribor, inv. št. A 2959. jinskega muzeja Maribor, Inv. No. A 2959. 2 2 Glej tu Thomas, Sežgani človeški ostanki. See here Thomas, Cremated human remains. 215 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 215 8. 03. 2021 12:53:47 Slika 1. Generalni tloris grobišča Gračič pod Brinjevo goro. Figure 1. General plan of the cemetery at Gračič below Brinjeva gora. V katalogu si opisi grobov in predmetov v posa- results of the anthropological analysis are given at meznem grobu sledijo po zaporednih številkah. Za the end of the description of each grave. predmete, ki so izgubljeni ali založeni in niso bili in- The descriptions of graves and grave goods in ventarizirani, sta v opombah navedena opis in risba, the catalogue are given in numerical order. Some prerisana iz neobjavljenega dela V. Pahiča3. of the goods have been mislaid or lost and their de- Pri tipološki opredelitvi in poimenovanju zvrsti scriptions and drawings have been copied from the posod sem se večinoma zgledovala po delu Janeza unpublished paper by V. Pahič3. Dularja, Halštatska keramika v Sloveniji (1982). Pri The typological determination and nomencla-ponovnem pregledu gradiva je prišlo do nekaterih ture has mainly been modelled on that used in the sprememb v tipološki opredelitvi posameznih pred- study of the Hallstatt pottery in Slovenia ( Halštat- metov, ki so navedene v spodnji tabeli ( sl. 2): ska keramika v Sloveniji) that Janez Dular published in 1982. The re-examination of the grave goods brought changes in the typological determination of certain artefacts in relation to that provided by Vitko Pahič, which are listed below ( fig. 2): 3 3 V. Pahič 1987. V. Pahič 1987. 216 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 216 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 V. Pahič 1987 Gračič pod Brinjevo goro V. Pahič 1987 Gračič below Brinjeva gora 2021 Slika 2. Preglednica 2021 (katalog) (catalogue) sprememb pri tipološki opredelitvi Skodelica – Taf. 1a: 3, 1: 3 Latvica – Tab. 1: 9 Cup – Pl. 1a: 3, 1: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 1: 9 posod. Skodelica – Taf. 1a: 4, 1: 4 Latvica – Tab. 1: 10 Cup – Pl. 1a: 4, 1: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 1: 10 Figure 2. Changes Skodelica – Taf. 1a: 5, 1: 5 Latvica – Tab. 1: 11 Cup – Pl. 1a: 5, 1: 5 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 1: 11 in the typological Skodelica – Taf. 10a: 2, 10: 2 Latvica – Tab. 4: 6 Cup – Pl. 10a: 2, 10: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 4: 6 determination of Skodelica – Taf. 11a: 2, 11: 2 Latvica – Tab. 4: 8 Cup – Pl. 11a: 2, 11: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 4: 8 ceramics. Dva ročaja, frg. posode, – Amfora – Tab. 5: 6 Two handles, Amphora – Pl. 5: 6 Taf. 12a: 6,7, 12: 5,7 vessel frg., – Pl. 12a: 6,7, 12: 5,7 Skodelica – Taf. 19a: 2, 19: 2 Latvica – Tab. 7: 4 Cup – Pl. 19a: 2, 19: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 7: 4 Skodela – Taf. 24a: 2, 24: 2 Latvica – Tab. 9: 2 Bowl – Pl. 24a: 2, 24: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 9: 2 Skodelica – Taf. 29a: 1, 29: 1 Latvica – Tab. 10: 9 Cup – Pl. 29a: 1, 29: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 10: 9 Skodelica – Taf. 30a: 3, 30: 3 Latvica – Tab. 11: 20 Cup – Pl. 30a: 3, 30: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 11: 20 Skodelica – Taf. 30a: 1, 30: 1 Latvica – Tab. 11: 21 Cup – Pl. 30a: 1, 30: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 11: 21 Skodela – Taf. 32a: 4, 32: 4 Latvica – Tab. 12: 8 Bowl – Pl. 32a: 4, 32: 4 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 12: 8 Skodela – Taf. 43a: 3, 43: 3 Latvica – Tab. 15: 7 Bowl – Pl. 43a: 3, 43: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 15: 7 Skodela – Taf. 50a: 1, 50: 1 Latvica – Tab. 17: 3 Bowl – Pl. 50a: 1, 50: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 17: 3 Skodelica – Taf. 67a: 1, 67: 1 Latvica – Tab. 21: 2 Cup – Pl. 67a: 1, 67: 1 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 21: 2 Skodelica – Taf. 67a: 2, 67: 2 Latvica – Tab. 21: 3 Cup – Pl. 67a: 2, 67: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 21: 3 Skodelica – Taf. 69a: 2, 69: 2 Latvica – Tab. 21: 7 Cup – Pl. 69a: 2, 69: 2 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 21: 7 Skodelica – Taf. 69a: 3, 69: 3 Latvica – Tab. 21: 8 Cup – Pl. 69a: 3, 69: 3 Dish with an inturned rim – Pl. 21: 8 Mala žara – Taf. 20a: 1, 20: 1 Lonec – Tab. 7: 6 Small urn – Jar – Pl. 7: 6 Vaza – Taf. 1a: 2, 1: 2 Lonček – Tab. 1: 15 Pl. 20a: 1, 20: 1 Vaza – Taf. 32a: 3, 32: 3 Lonček – Tab. 12: 9 Vase – Pl. 1a: 2, 1: 2 Beaker – Pl. 1: 15 Vaza – Taf. 43a: 2, 43: 2 Lonček – Tab. 15: 8 Vase – Pl. 32a: 3, 32: 3 Beaker – Pl. 12: 9 Amfora – Taf. 41a: 1, 41: 1 Vrč – Tab. 15: 3 Vase – Pl. 43a: 2, 43: 2 Beaker – Pl. 15: 8 Lonec – Taf. 4a: 1, 4: 1 Vrč – Tab. 2: 3 Amphora – Jug – Pl. 15: 3 Posoda – Taf. 24a: 4, 24: 4 Enoročajna skodelica – Pl. 41a: 1, 41: 1 Tab. 9: 4 Jar – Pl. 4a: 1, 4: 1 Jug – Pl. 2: 3 Frg. posod – Enoročajna (?) skodelica – Vessel – Single-handled cup – Pl. 9: 4 Taf. 32a: 5, 32: 5,6 Tab. 12: 5 Pl. 24a: 4, 24: 4 Posoda – Taf. 24a: 3, 24: 3 Skledica – Tab. 9: 6 Vessel frgs. – Single-handled (?) cup – Pl. 12: 5 Posoda – Taf. 41a: 2, 41: 2 Skledica – Tab. 15: 5 Pl. 32a: 5, 32: 5,6 Posoda – Taf. 59a: 1, 59: 1 Vrček – Tab. 19: 3 Vessel – Small dish – Pl. 9: 6 Amfora – Taf. 67a: 3, 67: 3 Ročaj posode – Tab. 21: 4 Pl. 24a: 3, 24: 3 Vrč – Taf. 71a: 1, 71: 1 Amfora ali vrč – Tab. 22: 3 Vessel – Small dish – Pl. 15: 5 Pl. 41a: 2, 41: 2 Obroček – Taf. 10a: 3, 10: 3 Zapestnica – Tab. 4: 4 Vessel – Small jug – Pl. 19: 3 Igla z bikonično glavico – Igla z ovalno glavico – Pl. 59a: 1, 59: 1 Taf. 12a: 2, 12: 2 Tab. 5: 1 Amphora – Vessel handle – Pl. 21: 4 Igla s kroglasto glavico – Igla z ovalno glavico – Pl. 67a: 3, 67: 3 Taf. 25a: 2, 25: 2 Tab. 10: 1 Jug – Pl. 71a: 1, 71: 1 Amphora or jug – Pl. 22: 3 Ring – Pl. 10a: 3, 10: 3 Bracelet – Pl. 4: 4 Biconical-headed pin Ovaloid-headed pin – Pl. 5: 1 – Pl. 12a: 2, 12: 2 Spherical-headed pin Ovaloid-headed pin – Pl. 10: 1 – Pl. 25a: 2, 25: 2 V kataloški opis posameznega predmeta so The description of each artefact comprises data vključeni podatki o ohranjenosti, o snovi, iz katere je on the state of preservation, material, formal char- izdelan, tipološka opredelitev, ornament, mere in in- acteristics, decoration, dimensions and inventory ventarna številka. Vsa lončenina je bila izdelana pro- number. All pottery was hand-built and this infor- storočno, zato tega v katalogu posebej ne navajamo. mation is therefore omitted. 217 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 217 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 Uporabljene okrajšave: Abbreviations: • frg. – fragment(-i) • frg./frgs. – fragment/-s • vel. – velikost • l. – length • dol. – dolžina • w. – width • šir. – širina • h. – height • viš. – višina • th. – thickness • deb. – debelina • diam. – diameter • pr. – premer • surv. – surviving • ohr. – ohranjen(-a, -o) • reconstr. – reconstructed • rek. – rekonstruiran(-a, -o) • approx. – approximate • pribl. – približen(-a, -o) Tabele sestavljajo grobne celote, ki si sledijo po The graves are presented on the tables in the zaporednih grobnih številkah. Številke predmetov so numerical order of graves. The numbers of artefacts tekoče številke v okviru ene tabele. begin anew with each plate. Vse risbe keramičnih najdb na tabelah so obja- All ceramic finds are drawn in the scale of 1:3, vljene v merilu 1:3, tudi vretenca, risbe kovinskih the artefacts of metal and stone are presented in the in kamnitih najdb pa v merilu 1:2. Risbe načrtov scale of 1:2. The plans of graves are drawn in the grobov so objavljene v merilu 1:20. Z zvezdico (*) scale of 1:20. The reconstructed cross sections of so označeni rekonstruirani preseki grobov. Legenda graves are marked with an asterisk (*). The legend to k načrtom grobov je že bila objavljena.4 the grave plans was already published.4 Grob 1 Grave 1 Na površini dveh kvadratnih metrov je bilo na glo- Roughly 130 fragments of pottery, including the bini do 35 cm okrog 130 fragmentov lončenine, sherds of a coarse red vessel of unknown form, a med katerimi so bili fragmenti grobe rdeče posode spindle whorl, several bronze artefacts and pieces of neznane oblike, vretence, več bronastih predmetov cremated bones, were found scattered on the surface in drobci sežganih kosti. of two square metres at a depth of up to 35 cm. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (?). ceased to be an adult (?). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 1): Description of finds ( Pl. 1): 1. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasnega 1. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of an up to 2 obročka) iz do 2 mm debele pločevine »D« preseka. mm thick and D-sectioned bronze sheet. Surv. l. 2.2 Ohr. dol. 2,2 cm, šir. 0,8 cm. Inv. št. A 1841. cm, w. 0.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1841. 2. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 2. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Decorated preseka, okrašen s tremi vodoravnimi nizi iztolčenih with three longitudinal lines of embossed dots. Surv. pikic. Ohr. pr. do 3 cm, šir. 0,9 cm. Inv. št. A 1840. diam. up to 3 cm, w. 0.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1840. 3. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (zapestnice) iz 1 3. Frg. of a band ring (bracelet) of a 1 mm thick and mm debele pločevine pravokotnega preseka, okrašen rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Decorated with z večkratnim vrezanim strehastim motivom. Ohr. opposing chevrons. Surv. l. 3.2 cm, w. 1.7 cm. Inv. dol. 3,2 cm, šir. 1,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1838. No. A 1838. 4. Nesklenjen bronast obroček ovalnega preseka. Pr. 2,8 4. Penannular oval-sectioned bronze ring. Diam. 2.8 cm, deb. do 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1842. cm, th. up to 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1842. 5. Frg. bronaste spiralne cevčice – saltaleona iz 1 × 3 5. Frg. of a bronze spiral tube or saltaleone of a 1 × 3 mm debele žice pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. dol. 2,2 mm thick rectangular-sectioned wire. Surv. l. 2.2 cm, cm, šir. 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1843. w. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1843. 6. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 6. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Reconstr. preseka. Rek. pr. 4,6 cm. šir. 1,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1839. diam. 4.6 cm. w. 1.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1839. 4 4 V. Pahič 1988–1989, 211. Za vso strokovno pomoč, mo- V. Pahič 1988–1989, 211. I would like to thank Biba ralno spodbudo in podporo se iskreno zahvaljujem Bibi Teržan, Matija Črešnar and Drago Oman for their profes- Teržan, Matiji Črešnarju in Dragu Omanu. sional help, encouragement and support. 218 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 218 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 7. Frg. zgornjega dela bronaste šivanke z delom ušesca. 7. Frg. of a bronze needle with a round-sectioned shank Igla je okroglega preseka. Ohr. dol. 3,6 cm, pr. igle and part of the eye. Surv. l. 3.6 cm, shank diam. 2.5 2,5 mm, šir. ušesca 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1837. mm, w. at eye 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1837. 8. Konično vretence iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 8. Conical spindle whorl, of medium-grained fabric. šina je delno glajena, svetlo rjave barve. Viš. 2,7 cm, Surface is partially smoothed, light brown. H. 2.7 pr. 3,4 cm. Inv. št. A 1836. cm, diam. 3.4 cm. Inv. No. A 1836. 9. Frg. zgornjega dela polkroglaste latvice z rahlo uviha-9. Frg. of the upper part of a hemispherical dish with nim, poševno nažlebljenim ustjem iz drobnozrnate a slightly inturned rim, of medium-grained fabric. žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjavkasto sive Surface is partially smoothed, brownish-grey. Rim barve. Ohr. viš. 5,2 cm, pr. ustja 10,5 cm. Inv. št. A decorated with oblique grooves. Surv. h. 5.2 cm, rim 1835 a. diam. 10.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1835 a. 10. Frg. zgornjega dela polkroglaste latvice z rahlo uviha-10. Frgs. of the upper part of a hemispherical dish with nim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je a slightly inturned rim, of medium-grained fabric. delno glajena, rjave barve. Okrašena je z vodoravni- Surface is partially smoothed, brown. Decorated mi, navpičnimi in poševnimi vrezi ter vodoravnimi with horizontal, vertical and near-vertical incised in navpičnimi nizi vtisnjenih pik. Ohr. viš. 4,9 cm, lines bordered by horizontal and vertical lines of im- pr. ustja 13,1 cm. Inv. št. A 1834. pressed dots. Surv. h. 4.9 cm, rim diam. 13.1 cm. 11. Frg. zgornjega dela polkroglaste latvice z rahlo uvi-Inv. No. A 1834. hanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je 11. Frg. of the upper part of a hemispherical dish with a glajena, rjavkasto rdeče barve. Okrašena je s tremi slightly inturned rim, of fine-grained fabric. Surface vodoravnimi črtami brazdastih vrezov, vodoravnim is smoothed, brownish-red. Decorated with three trakom poševnih podolgovatih vbodov in vrezano horizontal lines of furrowed incisions at the rim fol- cikcak črto. Ornament je zapolnjen z belo inkrusta- lowed downwards by a horizontal line of elongated cijo. Ohr. viš. 2,7 cm, pr. ustja 12,6 cm. Inv. št. A oblique stabs and an incised zigzag line; decoration 1833. is filled with white encrustation. Surv. h. 2.7 cm, rim 12. Frg. posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina diam. 12.6 cm. Inv. No. A 1833. je glajena, rdečkasto rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno 12. Frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is s tremi vodoravnimi topimi vrezi. Ohr. viš. 2,8 cm, smoothed, reddish-brown. Shoulder decorated with ohr. šir. 3,6 cm. Inv. št. A 1835 c. three shallow incised lines. Surv. h. 2.8 cm, surv. w. 13. Frg. posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je 3.6 cm. Inv. No. A 1835 c. delno glajena, rjave barve. Rame in trebuh posode sta 13. Frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is okrašena z vodoravnimi in s poševnimi vrezi. Ohr. partially smoothed, brown. Shoulder and belly deco- viš. 2,6 cm, ohr. šir. 3,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1835 b. rated with horizontal and oblique incised lines. Surv. 14. Dvoročajna skodelica ( kantharos) z izbočenim spo-h. 2.6 cm, surv. w. 3.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1835 b. dnjim delom, usločenim vratom in rahlo izvihanim 14. Two-handled cup ( kantharos) with a convex lower ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, body, a curved neck in a slightly everted rim, of fine- sivkasto rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z dvema vo- grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, greyish-brown. doravnima nizoma vtisnjenih pik, med katerima je Shoulder decorated with two lines of impressed dots vodoravni vrez. Ohranjena nastavka presegajočih tra- separated by a horizontal incised line. The surviving kastih ročajev sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,4 cm, deb. stubs of high handles are oval in section (w. 2.4 cm, 0,6 cm). Viš. 8,1 cm, pr. ustja 10,2 cm, pr. dna 5 cm. th. 0.6 cm). H. 8.1 cm, rim diam. 10.2 cm, base Inv. št. A 1831. diam. 5 cm. Inv. No. A 1831. 15. Lonček bikonične oblike z izvihanim ustjem iz drob- 15. Biconical beaker with an everted rim, of medi- nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, te- um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, mno rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z dvema vrezani- dark brown. Shoulder decorated with two horizontal ma vodoravnima črtama in eno vrezano cikcak črto. incised lines and an incised zigzag line below them. Viš. 9,3 cm, pr. ustja 7,1 cm, pr. dna 4,8 cm. Inv. št. H. 9.3 cm, rim diam. 7.1 cm, base diam. 4.8 cm. Inv. A 1832. No. A 1832. Grob 2 Grave 2 35 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bila med A small urn (jug), covered with a flat piece of lime- dvema manjšima skalama mala žara (vrč), pokrita s stone, was found in a layer of brown loamy earth at ploščatim apnenčastim kamnom. Z gruščem mešana a depth of 35 cm between two small rocks. The urn 219 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 219 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 ilovica pod žaro je bila črno obarvana. Na dnu žare was placed onto blackened loam mixed with grav-so ležali izbrani ostanki sežganih kosti in bronast el. The bottom of the urn held selected cremated obroček, zunaj je bilo raztresenih le nekaj drobcev bone remains and a bronze ring, while a few bits of kosti in fragmentov lončenine. bone and pottery sherds were also scattered outside Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu the urn. pokopana odrasla oseba (16 ali več let). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (16 years or more). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 1): 16. Dva navoja bronastega obročka (uhana ali lasnega Description of finds ( Pl. 1): obročka) iz spiralno zvite žice pravokotnega preseka. 16. Two coils of a bronze ring (ear or hair ring) of spi-Konca sta zožena, en je zaobljen, drugi odlomljen. Pr. ral and rectangular-sectioned wire. Both ends taper, do 2,8 cm, deb. 1 × 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1845. one is rounded and the other one partially missing. 17. Delno fragmentiran vrč (mala žara) trebušaste obli- Diam. up to 2.8 cm, th. 1 × 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1845. ke s poudarjenim prehodom vratu v rame in rahlo 17. Partially fragmented jug (small urn) with a pro- vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- nounced neck-shoulder junction and a slightly vršina je glajena, temno rjave do temno sive barve. concave base, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is Trakast ročaj je ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,4 cm, deb. smoothed, dark brown to dark grey. Strap handle is 1,2 cm). Ohr. viš. 13,4 cm, pr. dna 6,7 cm. Inv. št. oval in section (w. 2.4 cm, th. 1.2 cm). Surv. h. 13.4 A 1844. cm, base diam. 6.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1844. Grob 3 Grave 3 40 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bila pod A fragmented small urn (vessel) was found under podolgovatim apnenčastim kamnom fragmentirana an elongated piece of limestone, in a layer of brown mala žara (posoda). Dno žare je pokrivala 5 cm de- loamy earth at a depth of 40 cm. The bottom of bela plast izbranih ostankov sežganih kosti. V bližini the urn held a 5 cm thick layer of selected cremated žare so bili bronast obroček, raztreseni ostanki sežga- bones. A bronze ring, scattered cremated bone re- nih kosti in posamezni kamni. mains and several stones were found near the urn. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (?). ceased to be an adult (?). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): Description of finds ( Pl. 2): 1. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 1. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotne-and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Decorated ga preseka. Okrašen je s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi in with three longitudinal incised lines flanked on one nizom poševnih vrezanih črtic. Oba konca sta odlo- side by a band of oblique incisions. Both ends are mljena, en je zožen, pravokotnega preseka 3 × 1,5 missing, one of them (measuring 3 × 1.5 mm in sec- mm, verjetno v kvačico. Pr. 3,8 cm, šir. 0,7 cm. Inv. tion) is thinned and probably held a hook. Diam. 3.8 št. A 1847. cm, w. 0.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1847. 2. Delno fragmentirana posoda (mala žara) s trebušasto 2. Partially fragmented vessel (small urn) with a curved oblikovanim trupom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. neck and a slightly pronounced neck-shoulder junc- Prehod usločenega vratu v rame je rahlo poudarjen. tion, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is partially Površina je delno glajena, zelo temno sive barve. Na smoothed, very dark grey. Four horizontal tongue- največjem obodu ima štiri vodoravne jezičaste držaje shaped grips at maximum diameter (w. 3.5 cm, th. (šir. 3,5 cm, deb. 1,4 cm). Ohr. viš. 20,5 cm, pr. dna 1.4 cm). Surv. h. 20.5 cm, base diam. 10.3 cm, max. 10,3 cm, največji pr. 24,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1846. diam. 24.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1846. Grob 4 Grave 4 30 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bila razlo- A small broken urn (jug), covered with a flat piece mljena mala žara (vrč), pokrita s ploščatim apnenča- of limestone, was found in a layer of brown loamy stim kamnom. Jama je bila neenakomerno obdana s earth at a depth of 30 cm. The grave pit was uneven- kamni. V žari je bilo le nekaj majhnih drobcev sež- ly lined with stones. The urn only contained a few ganih kosti. small pieces of cremated bones. 220 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 220 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 2): Description of find ( Pl. 2): 3. Vrč (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stožča- 3. Jug (small urn) with a long conical neck and a slight-stim vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz grobozrna- ly everted rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is te žgane gline. Površina je grobo obdelana, rjavkasto coarsely finished, brownish-red with a black patch. rdeče barve s črno liso. Trakast ročaj je ovalnega pre- Strap handle is sub-oval in section (w. 2.5 cm, th. 0.8 seka (šir. 2,5 cm, deb. 0,8 cm). Viš. 15,4 cm, pr. ustja cm). H. 15.4 cm, rim diam. 12.2 cm, base diam. 8 12,2 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1848. cm. Inv. No. A 1848. Grob 5 Grave 5 V 35 cm globoki jami je bila z apnenčastimi kamni The 35 cm deep grave pit held a small urn (jug or obdana mala žara (posoda – vrč ali amfora), v ka- amphora), surrounded with pieces of limestone and teri so bili ob žganini posamezni drobci sežganih containing burnt remains as well as pieces of cremat- kosti, bronasta očalasta fibula in fragmenti trakastih ed bones, a bronze spectacle fibula and fragments of obročkov. band rings. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): Description of finds ( Pl. 2): 4. Bronasta očalasta fibula, žica ovalnega preseka, velika 4. Bronze spectacle fibula of an oval-sectioned wire and osmičasta pentlja kvadratnega preseka. Dol. 5,7 cm, with a large figure-of-eight of square-sectioned wire. pr. svitkov 2,3 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1850. L. 5.7 cm, coil diam. 2.3 cm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 5. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 1850. ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega 5. Frgs. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick preseka, okrašen s štirimi vodoravnimi nizi iztolčenih and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Decorated pikic. En del je proti koncu zožen z luknjico za kva- with four longitudinal lines of embossed dots. One čico pr. 2 mm. Rek. pr. 4 cm, šir. 1,6 cm. Inv. št. A end tapers and holds a hole (diam. 2 mm) for a hook. 1852. Reconstr. diam. 4 cm, w. 1.6 cm. Inv. No. A 1852. 6. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 6. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. preseka, okrašen s tremi vodoravnimi nizi iztolče- Decorated with three longitudinal lines of embossed nih pikic. En del je proti koncu zožen z luknjico pr. dots. One end tapers and holds a hole (diam. 3 mm) 3 mm, skozi katero je vdeta kvačica manjkajočega with the hook inserted through it. Diam. 4 cm, w. drugega dela obročka. Pr. 4 cm, šir. 1,5 cm. Inv. št. 1.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1851. A 1851. 7. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick 7. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne-and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. Decorated ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega with two longitudinal lines of embossed dots sepa- preseka, okrašen z dvema vodoravnima in enim cik- rated by a zigzag line of embossed dots. Diam. 2.8 cak nizom iztolčenih pikic. Pr. 2,8 cm, šir. 0,9 cm. cm, w. 0.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1853. Inv. št. A 1853. 8. Fragmented biconical vessel (small urn – jug or 8. Fragmentirana posoda bikonične oblike (mala žara – amphora) with a curved neck, an everted rim and vrč ali amfora) z usločenim vratom, izvihanim ustjem a concave base, of medium-grained fabric. Surface in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- is coarsely finished, reddish-brown on the exterior, vršina je grobo obdelana, zunaj rdečkasto rjave, zno- greyish-brown on the interior. Surviving strap handle traj sivkasto rjave barve. Ohranjen trakast ročaj je is oval in section (w. 1.9 cm, th. 0.7 cm). H. 16.5 ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,9 cm, deb. 0,7 cm). Viš. 16,5 cm, rim diam. 11.6 cm, base diam. 8 cm, max. diam. cm, pr. ustja 11,6 cm, pr. dna 8 cm, največji obod 19.3 cm. Inv. No. A 1849. 19,3 cm. Inv. št. A 1849. Grob 6 Grave 6 43 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili med Fragments of a small urn (amphora), a lid, cremat- manjšimi skalami fragmenti male žare (amfore), po- ed bone remains, a cup and a bronze needle were krova, ostanki sežganih kosti, skodelica in bronasta found between small rocks in a layer of brown šivanka. Žara je bila pokrita s pokrovom.5 loamy earth at a depth of 43 cm. The urn was cov- ered with the lid. 5 V. Pahič 1988–1989, 188. 221 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 221 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de-pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): Description of finds ( Pl. 3): 1. Plitev raven pokrov (ali krožnik) s pod pravim kotom 1. Shallow flat lid (or a plate?) with the rim forming a oblikovanim robom iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Povr-right angle with the body, of coarse-grained fabric. šina je groba, zelo temno sive barve. Viš. 1,4 cm, pr. Surface is coarse, very dark grey. H. 1.4 cm, diam. 15 15 cm. Inv. št. A 1856. cm. Inv. No. A 1856. 2. Amfora (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 2. Amphora (small urn) with a long conical neck, a častim vratom, močno izvihanim ustjem in močno strongly everted rim and a pronouncedly concave vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je base, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Pod poudarjenim preho- greyish-brown. Decorated with a horizontal band dom vratu v rame je okrašena z vodoravnim trakom of incised and hatched standing triangles below the vrezanih stoječih šrafiranih trikotnikov. Notranja po- pronounced neck-shoulder junction, as well as with vršina je pod ustjem okrašena z nepravilnimi poševni- irregular oblique incisions on the interior below the mi vrezi. Ohranjen trakast ročaj je trikotno strehastega rim. Surviving strap handle is sub-triangular in sec-preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. do 0,6 cm). Viš. 19 cm, pr. tion (w. 1.8 cm, th. up to 0.6 cm). H. 19 cm, rim ustja 15,6 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1854. diam. 15.6 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 1854. 3. Frg. zgornjega dela bronaste šivanke z ušescem. Igla 3. Frg. of the upper part of a bronze needle with a je okroglega preseka. Ohr. dol. 3,9 cm, šir. ušesca 2 round-sectioned shank. Surv. l. 3.9 cm, w. at eye 2 mm, pr. igle 1,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1857. mm, shank diam. 1.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1857. 4. Enoročajna skodelica s polkroglasto oblikovanim 4. Single-handled cup with a hemispherical lower body, spodnjim delom, usločenim vratom, rahlo izvihanim a curved neck, a slightly everted rim and a concave ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gli- base, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, ne. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Presegajoč kolenčast brown. High angular handle with a slightly concave ročaj z rahlo vbočeno zgornjo površino je v spodnjem upper surface is square-sectioned (w. 1.2 cm, th. 1.1 delu pravokotnega (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 8 mm), zgoraj cm) in the upper part and rectangular-sectioned (w. kvadratnega preseka (šir. 1,2 cm, deb. 1,1 cm). Viš. 6,6 1.6 cm, th. 8 mm) in the lower part. H. 6.6 cm, rim cm, pr. ustja 9,8 cm, pr. dna 4 cm. Inv. št. A 1855. diam. 9.8 cm cm, base diam. 4 cm. Inv. No. A 1855. Grob 7 Grave 7 30 cm globoko v ilovnati zemlji je bila fragmentirana A fragmented small urn (jar), containing cremated mala žara (lonec), v kateri so bili ostanki sežganih bone remains, a bronze needle, a spindle whorl and kosti, bronasta šivanka, vretence in fragment brona- a fragment of a bronze ring, was found in a layer of stega obročka. V grobu je bilo raztresenih še nekaj brown loamy earth at a depth of 30 cm. The grave fragmentov posode s široko profiliranim ročajem. also yielded several scattered sherds of a vessel with a Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu wide moulded handle. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): 5. Frg. zgornjega dela bronaste šivanke z ušescem okro- Description of finds ( Pl. 3): glega preseka. Ohr. dol. 3,9 cm, šir. ušesca 2 mm, pr. 5. Frg. of the upper part of a bronze needle with a igle 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1860. round-sectioned shank. Surv. l. 3.9 cm, w. at eye 2 6. Konično vretence iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Povr- mm, shank diam. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1860. šina je delno glajena, rdečkasto rjave barve. Viš. 2,8 6. Conical spindle whorl, of coarse-grained fabric. Sur-cm, pr. 3,9 cm. Inv. št. A 1859. face is partially smoothed, reddish-brown. H. 2.8 7. Frg. zgornjega dela posode iz drobnozrnate žgane cm, diam. 3.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1859. gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj temno rjave, 7. Frg. of the upper part of a vessel, of medium-grained znotraj temno sivo rjave barve. Ohr. viš. 3,7 cm, pr. fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, dark brown on ustja 12,7 cm. Brez inv. št. the exterior, dark grey-brown on the interior. Surv. h. 8. Frg. spodnjega dela lonca (male žare) kroglaste oblike 3.7 cm, rim diam. 12.7 cm. No inv. no. iz zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, zu- 8. Frg. of the lower part of a globular jar (small urn), naj sivkasto rjave, znotraj rdečkasto rjave barve. Nad of very coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, 222 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 222 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 največjim obodom je okrašen z vodoravnim razčle-greyish-brown on the exterior, reddish-brown on the njenim plastičnim rebrom. Ohr. viš. 10 cm, pr. dna 6 interior. Decorated with a cordon with impressions cm, največji rek. pr. 15,9 cm. Inv. št. A 1858. above maximum diameter. Surv. h. 10 cm, base diam. 6 cm, reconstr. max. diam. 15.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1858. Grob 8 Grave 8 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila fragmentirana mala žara A fragmented small urn (amphora) containing some (amfora) z nekaj ostanki sežganih kosti. Nekaj fra- cremated bone remains was found in a layer of brown gmentov je pokrival manjši kamen. loamy earth. Several sherds of the urn were covered by a small stone. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 3): 9. Frg. posode z vodoravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim Description of finds ( Pl. 3): rebrom. Površina je groba, rjave barve. Vel. frg. 4,2 × 9. Frg. of a vessel with a cordon with impressions. Sur-3 cm. Brez inv. št. Frg. je založen.6 face is coarse, brown. Frg. size 4.2 × 3 cm. No inv. 10. Amfora (mala žara) bikonične oblike s stožčastim no. Frg. mislaid.5 vratom, izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz 10. Amphora (small urn) with a conical neck, an evert- grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, ed rim and a concave base, of coarse-grained fabric. rdečkasto rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z dvema vo- Surface is partially smoothed, reddish-brown. Shoul- doravnima vrezoma, nad katerima so vrezani niz sto- der decorated with two horizontal incised lines and ječih majhnih trikotnikov in nad njimi cikcak črta. a band of incised double standing triangles above Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,2 cm, deb. them. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 2.2 cm, 9 mm). Viš. 19,5 cm, pr. ustja 15,2 cm, pr. dna 10 th. 9 mm). H. 19.5 cm, rim diam. 15.2 cm, base cm. Inv. št. A 1861. diam. 10 cm. Inv. No. A 1861. Grob 9 Grave 9 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila fragmentirana mala žara A fragmented small urn (jar), containing some cre- (lonec) z nekaj ostanki sežganih kosti, bronastim mated bone remains, bronze ring and a fragment of obročkom in fragmentom fibule. a fibula, was found in a layer of brown loamy earth. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 4): Description of finds ( Pl. 4): 1. Frg. bronaste očalaste fibule. Ohranjena je dvakrat 1. Frg. of a bronze spectacle fibula. Only the double fig-zvita osmičasta pentlja okroglega preseka. Dol. 2,5 ure-of-eight of round-sectioned wire, survives. L. 2.5 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1863. cm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1863. 2. Bronast sklenjen obroček oglato polkrožnega prese- 2. Bronze annular ring of a rounded triangular cross ka. Pr. 2,4 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1864. section. Diam. 2.4 cm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1864. 3. Frg. spodnjega dela lonca (male žare) ovalne oblike iz 3. Frgs. of the lower part of an ovaloid jar (small urn), zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, rdeče of very coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, red in črne barve. Največji obod posode je okrašen z vo- and black. Maximum diameter decorated with a cor- doravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom. Ohr. viš. don with impressions. Surv. h. 16.8 cm, base diam. 16,8 cm, pr. dna 10,6 cm, največji rek. pr. 22,4 cm. 10.6 cm, reconstr. max. diam. 22.4 cm. Inv. No. A Inv. št. A 1862. 1862. Grob 10 Grave 10 Ob večji skali je bila med manjšimi kamni 40 cm A small urn (jar), covered with a dish and containing globoko mala žara (lonec), ki je bila pokrita z latvi- numerous cremated bones, as well as two fragment- co.7 V žari so bili številni ostanki sežganih kosti in ed bronze artefacts, were found 40 cm deep beside a dva fragmentirana bronasta predmeta. rock and among small stones. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana oseba, stara med 11 in 15 let. ceased to be 11 to 15 years old. 6 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, evidentiranega s števil-5 ko 9, sta povzeta po V. Pahič 1987, T. 8a: 2; 8: 2. The description and drawing of the mislaid item under 7 V. Pahič 1988–1989, 188. No. 9 are taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 8a: 2; 8: 2. 223 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 223 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 4): Description of finds ( Pl. 4): 4. Frg. bronaste majhne zapestnice ovalno rombičnega 4. Frg. of a small bronze bracelet, oval to lozenge-shaped preseka. Zunanja površina je okrašena s skupinami in section. Decorated with stripes of transverse in- navpično vrezanih črtic, med katerimi so vrezane po- cisions separated by X-shaped incisions. Surv. l. 7.5 ševne prekrižane črtice v obliki črke X. Ohr. dol. 7,5 cm, w. 0.4 cm, th. 2 × 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1867. cm, šir. 0,4 cm, deb. 2 × 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1867. 5. Frg. of a bronze penannular ring (ear or hair ring) 5. Frg. bronastega obročka (uhana ali lasnega obročka) of doubled round-sectioned wire. Diam. approx. 2.7 iz žice okroglega preseka, dvakrat zvite. Pr. pribl. 2,7 cm, th. 1.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1868. cm, deb. 1,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1868. 6. Dish with an inturned rim, a conical to slightly con-6. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, vex lower body and a concave base, of coarse-grained uvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz grobozrnate fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, greyish-brown. žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, sivkasto rjave H. 8.6 cm, rim diam. 21 cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. barve. Viš. 8,6 cm, pr. ustja 21 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. No. A 1866. Inv. št. A 1866. 7. Jar (small urn) with a slightly inturned rim, of very 7. Lonec (mala žara) valjaste oblike in rahlo uvihanim coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, red to brown ustjem iz zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je on the exterior, brown on the interior. H. 24 cm, rim groba, zunaj rdeča do rjava, znotraj rjava. Viš. 24 cm, diam. up to 21 cm, base diam. up to 15.8 cm. Inv. pr. ustja do 21 cm, pr. dna do 15,8 cm. Inv. št. A No. A 1865. 1865. Grob 11 Grave 11 Med skalami je bila na globini 20 cm majhna poso- A small vessel containing a few pieces of cremated da z nekaj drobci sežganih kosti. Ob njej so bili fra- bones was found at a depth of 20 cm between small gmenti lonca, latvice in dva, verjetno goveja koščena rocks. Beside it were the sherds of a jar, of a dish with astragala (vretenci). an inturned rim and two, probably cattle astragali (vertebrae). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 4): 8. Zgornji del plitve konične latvice z nekoliko izboče-Description of finds ( Pl. 4): nim ostenjem in uvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane 8. Upper part of a shallow dish with an inturned rim gline. Površina je glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Ohr. and a conical to slightly convex body, of fine-grained viš. 4,2 cm, pr. ustja 18,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1871. fabric. Surface is smoothed, greyish-brown. Surv. h. 9. Lonček s konkavno usločenim trebuhom in rahlo 4.2 cm, rim diam. 18.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1871. uvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina 9. Beaker with a concave lower body and a slightly in- je groba, rjave barve. Viš. 6,5 cm, pr. ustja 7,6 cm, pr. turned rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, dna 4,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1869. brown. H. 6.5 cm, rim diam. 7.6 cm, base diam. 4.7 10. Spodnji del lonca valjaste oblike iz zelo grobozrnate cm. Inv. No. A 1869. žgane gline. Površina je groba, rjave barve. Ohr. viš. 10. Lower part of an ovaloid jar, of very coarse-grained 10,5 cm, pr. dna 12 cm, največji ohr. pr. 19,3 cm. fabric. Surface is coarse, brown. Surv. h. 10.5 cm, Inv. št. A 1870. base diam. 12 cm, max. surv. diam. 19.3 cm. Inv. No. A 1870. Grob 12 Grave 12 Na kamniti osnovi je bila na globini 35 cm fragmen- A fragmented small urn (amphora), containing a tirana mala žara (amfora), v kateri sta na ostankih bronze pin and razor on top of cremated bone re- sežganih kosti ležali bronasti igla in britev. Odlomek mains, was found at a depth of 35 cm on the bed- še ene igle oz. ovratnice je ležal tik ob žari. V dru- rock. Another bronze pin or torque respectively was gem delu groba so ob ostankih sežganih kosti ležali found beside the urn. The other side of the grave pit fragmenti posode neznane oblike z grobo površino, revealed cremated bone remains next to the sherds dva ročaja in vretence. Domnevno je šlo za dvojni of a vessel of unknown form and coarse surface, two pokop. handles and a spindle whorl. Presumably a double Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu burial. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the ex- amined deceased to be an adult. 224 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 224 8. 03. 2021 12:53:49 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 5): Description of finds ( Pl. 5): 1. Bronasta igla z vodoravno nažlebljeno ovalno čebu- 1. Bronze pin with a horizontally moulded ovaloid ličasto glavico okroglega preseka. Dol. 17,5 cm, pr. onion head. L. 17.5 cm, head diam. 1.3 cm, shank glavice 1,3 cm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1875. diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1875. 2. Bronasta polmesečasta britev z grbo v sredi hrbta re-2. Bronze lunate razor with a spur on the blade back zila. Ročaj polkrožnega preseka ima obročast zaklju- and a D-sectioned ring handle that has a protrusion ček z enim rožičkom. Dol. 7,8 cm, šir. rezila do 1,9 on the outer side of the ring. L. 7.8 cm, blade w. up cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1874. to 1.9 cm, th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1874. 3. Zgornji del bronaste ovratnice okroglega preseka. 3. Upper part of a round-sectioned torque. Surv. l. 5 Ohr. dol. 5 cm, pr. glavice 6 mm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. cm, head diam. 6 mm, shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. št. A 1876. A 1876. 4. Frg. amfore trebušaste oblike (male žare) s stožčastim 4. Frg. of an amphora (small urn) with a conical neck vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane and a slightly everted rim, of coarse-grained fabric. gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj rjavkasto rdeče, Surface is partially smoothed, brownish-red on the ex-znotraj sive barve. Največji obod je okrašen s pasom terior, grey on the interior. Maximum diameter deco- plitvih poševnih kanelur. Trakasta ročaja sta trikotno rated with a band of oblique grooves. Strap handles are strehastega preseka (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,8 cm). Ohr. viš. crested oval in section (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.8 cm). Surv. h. 10 cm, pr. ustja 16,9 cm. Inv. št. A 1872. 10 cm, rim diam. 16.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1872. 5. Bikonično vretence iz finozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 5. Biconical spindle whorl, of fine-grained fabric. Sur- šina je glajena, rdeče barve. Viš. 2,2 cm, pr. 2,5 cm. face is smoothed, red. H. 2.2 cm, diam. 2.5 cm. Inv. Inv. št. A 1873. No. A 1873. 6. Frg. amfore in dva pripadajoča ročaja iz drobnozrna- 6. Frgs. of an amphora and its two handles, of medi- te žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rdečkasto um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, temno rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno s skupinami iz- reddish-dark brown. Shoulder decorated with stripes menjujočih se poševno vrezanih žlebov. Trakasta ro- of alternatingly oblique grooves. Strap handles are čaja sta zelo nepravilnega trikotno strehastega preseka sub-triangular in section (w. 2 cm, th. 1.5 cm). Frg. (šir. 2 cm, deb. 1,5 cm). Vel. frg. 3,4 × 2,5 cm, ohr. size 3.4 × 2.5 cm, surv. handle l. 5 and 4.8 cm. No dol. ročajev 5 in 4,8 cm. Brez inv. št. inv. no. Grob 13 Grave 13 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji, mešani z gruščem, so na glo- Cremated bone remains and a bronze pin were bini 20 cm nad plastjo manjših apnenčastih kamnov found in a layer of brown loamy earth mixed with ležali ostanki sežganih kosti in bronasta igla. gravel at a depth of 20 cm, on a bed of small pieces Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu of limestone. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 5): 7. Bronasta igla s čebuličasto glavico okroglega preseka. Description of find ( Pl. 5): Spodnji del glavice, pod katero je svitkasta odebeli- 7. Bronze pin with a wide onion head with horizontal tev, je okrašen z vodoravnimi žlebiči. Dol. 13,5 cm, grooves on its lower part, a moulding below the head pr. glavice 1,5 cm, pr. igle do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1877. and a round-sectioned shank. L. 13.5 cm, head diam. 1.5 cm, shank diam. up to 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1877. Grob 14 Grave 14 V z gruščem mešani ilovnati zemlji so bili na globini Fragments of an urn (amphora) and cremated bone 35 cm fragmenti žare (amfore) in ostanki sežganih remains were found in a layer of brown loamy earth kosti. Zaradi plitve lege je bil grob že poškodovan. mixed with gravel at a depth of 35 cm. The grave had already been damaged because of its shallow depth. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 5): 8. Fragmentirana amfora (žara) bikonične oblike z viso- Description of find ( Pl. 5): kim stožčastim vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz 8. Fragmented biconical amphora (urn) with a long zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, rjav- conical neck and a very slightly everted rim, of very kasto sive do rdeče barve. Trakasta ročaja sta trikotno coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, brownish-grey 225 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 225 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 strehastega preseka (šir. 1,9 cm, deb. do 0,6 cm). Viš. to red. Strap handles are sub-triangular in section (w. 17 cm, pr. ustja 13,4 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1.9 cm, th. up to 0.6 cm). H. 17 cm, rim diam. 13.4 1878. cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 1878. Grob 15 Grave 15 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila 45 cm globoko na tanki A completely fragmented small urn (amphora) was plasti žganine z nekaj ostanki sežganih kosti povsem found in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of fragmentirana mala žara (amfora). Na dnu žare so 45 cm, on a thin layer of burnt remains with some bili izbrani ostanki sežganih kosti, bronasti pridatki cremated bones. The bottom of the urn contained in vretence. Južno od žare je bil na isti globini najden selected cremated bone remains, bronze goods and a majhen kupček ostankov sežganih kosti z majhnim spindle whorl. A small heap of cremated bones and bronastim obročkom (otroški grob?). Jugovzhodno a small bronze ring (child’s burial?) was found south od groba je bilo nekaj fragmentov rdeče posode z of the urn and at the same depth. Several sherds of a grobo površino. red vessel with a coarse surface were found southeast of the grave. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 6): 1. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice. Ohr. dol. 8,5 cm, Description of finds ( Pl. 6): deb. 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1881. 1. Frgs. of a bronze twisted torque. Surv. l. 8.5 cm, th. 2. Fragmenta bronastega obročka okroglega preseka. Pr. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1881. 2,1 cm, deb. 2,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1883. 2. Frgs. of a bronze round-sectioned ring. Diam. 2.1 3. Frg. svitka bronaste očalaste fibule okroglega preseka. cm, th. 2.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1883. Ohr. pr. do 3,7 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1882. 3. Frgs. of a coil of a spectacle fibula of a round-sec-4. Konično vretence z rahlo vbočenim dnom iz grobo- tioned wire. Surv. diam. up to 3.7 cm, th. 2 mm. Inv. zrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, temno rjave No. A 1882. barve. Viš. 2,6 cm, pr. 3,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1880. 4. Conical spindle whorl with a slightly concave lower 5. Frg. amfore (male žare) trebušaste oblike z rahlo izvi-surface, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, dark hanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina brown. H. 2.6 cm, diam. 3.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1880. je glajena, zunaj rjave, znotraj črne barve. Na preho- 5. Frgs. of an amphora (small urn) with a slightly everted du vratu v rame je vodoraven žleb. Trakasta ročaja sta rim, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,4 cm). Rek. viš. brown on the exterior, black on the interior. Deco- 17,5, pr. ustja 13,3 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1879. rated with a horizontal groove at the neck-shoulder junction. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.4 cm). Reconstr. h. 17.5, rim diam. 13.3 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 1879. Grob 16 Grave 16 V grobni jami okrogle oblike je bila na globini 35 cm The round grave pit held an 8 cm thick layer of 8 cm debela plast žganine z nekaj ostanki sežganih burnt remains with several pieces of cremated bones kosti. Na njej so bili ostanki povsem fragmentirane at a depth of 35 cm. On this layer were the sherds of srednje velike žare (posode) z nekaj ostanki sežganih a completely fragmented medium-sized urn (vessel) kosti na dnu. V žari je bila fragmentirana amfora. containing some cremated bone remains at the bot- tom. The urn also contained a fragmented amphora. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 6): 6. Frg. dna rjave posode. Vel. frg. 3,4 × 4,5 cm. Brez inv. Description of finds ( Pl. 6): št. Frg. je založen.8 6. Base frg. of a brown vessel. Frg. size 3.4 × 4.5 cm. No 7. Fragmentirana amfora trebušaste oblike z visokim inv. no. Frg. mislaid.6 stožčastim vratom, poudarjenim prehodom vratu v 7. Fragmented amphora with a long conical neck, a rame in izvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. pronounced neck-shoulder junction and an evert- Površina je groba, rjavkasto temno sive barve. Rame ed rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, je okrašeno s skupinami izmenjujočih se poševno vre- brownish-dark grey. Shoulder decorated with stripes zanih žlebov. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. of alternatingly oblique grooves. Strap handles are 8 6 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, označenega s številko The description and drawing of the mislaid item under 6, sta povzeta po V. Pahič 1987, T. 16a: 3; 16: 3. No. 6 are taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 16a: 3; 16: 3. 226 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 226 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 1,4 cm, deb. 0,5 cm). Viš. 15,6 cm, pr. ustja 12 cm, oval in section (w. 1.4 cm, th. 0.5 cm). H. 15.6 cm, pr. dna 6,8 cm. Inv. št. A 1885. rim diam. 12 cm, base diam. 6.8 cm. Inv. No. A 8. Frg. posode (srednje velike žare) iz zelo grobozrnate 1885. žgane gline. Površina je groba, zunaj rdeče, znotraj 8. Frg. of a vessel (medium-sized urn), of very coarse- rjave barve. Pr. dna 9 cm, ohr. viš. dna 6 cm, rek. pr. grained fabric. Surface is coarse, red on the exterior, ustja 17 cm, ohr. viš. ustja 4,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1884. brown on the interior. Base diam. 9 cm, surv. h. of the base frg. 6 cm, reconstr. rim diam. 17 cm, surv. h. of the rim frg. 4.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1884. Grob 17 Grave 17 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bil 20 cm ši- A 20 cm wide heap of cremated bone remains with rok kupček ostankov sežganih kosti z nekaj fragmen- several pottery sherds and a spindle whorl was found ti lončenine in vretencem. Na jugozahodni strani in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 30 groba je bil na isti višini apnenčast kamen velikosti cm. A 10 × 13 × 20 cm large piece of limestone was 10 × 13 × 20 cm. found at the same depth on the southwest side of Določena antropološka starost pokojnika je od- the grave. rasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 6): 9. Bikonično vretence iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- Description of find ( Pl. 6): vršina je groba, rjave barve. Viš. 2,3 cm, pr. 2,7 cm. 9. Biconical spindle whorl, of medium-grained fabric. Inv. št. A 1886. Surface is coarse, brown. H. 2.3 cm, diam. 2.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1886. Grob 18 Grave 18 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili na globini 30 cm raz- Cremated bone remains and a completely fragment- treseni ostanki sežganih kosti in fragmenti povsem ed small urn (amphora) were found scattered in a razbite male žare (amfore). Na jugozahodnem robu layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 30 cm. A je bila majhna enoročajna skodelica. Med ostanki se- small single-handled cup was found in the southwest žganih kosti in fragmenti večje posode z rebrom je corner of the grave pit. Mixed among the cremated ležal fragment bronastega obročka. Nekaj fragmen- bone remains and the sherds of a large vessel with tov lončenine je ležalo tudi v zemlji pod žaro. a cordon was a fragment of a bronze ring. Several pottery sherds were also lying in the earth under the Opisi najdb ( Tab. 7): urn. 1. Frg. spodnjega dela amfore (male žare) trebušaste oblike iz grobozrnate gline. Površina je delno glaje- Description of finds ( Pl. 7): na, rjave do sive barve. Prehod iz ramena v trebuh 1. Frgs. of the lower part of an amphora (small urn), of posode je okrašen z dvema vodoravnima vrezoma, coarse-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, med katerima so kombinirano vrezani viseči šrafirani brown to grey. Maximum diameter decorated with trikotniki in pasovi poševnih črt. Trakasta ročaja sta a band of incised and hatched hanging triangles al- ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. 1,2 cm). Rek. viš. ternating with stripes of vertical incisions delimited do 11,5 cm, pr. dna 10 cm. Inv. št. A 1887. above and below by a horizontal incised line. Strap 2. Mala enoročajna skodelica s polkroglasto oblikova- handles are sub-oval in section (w. 1.8 cm, th. 1.2 nim spodnjim delom, usločenim vratom, izvihanim cm). Reconstr. h. up to 11.5 cm, base diam. 10 cm. ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. Inv. No. A 1887. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Presegajoč trakast 2. Small single-handled cup with a hemispherical lower ročaj je ovalnega, na zunanjo stran rahlo vbočenega body, a curved neck, an everted rim and a concave preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Viš. 6,6 cm, pr. base, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, ustja 9 cm, pr. dna 3,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1888. brown. High strap handle is oval in section and slightly concave (w. 1.8 cm, th. 0.6 cm). H. 6.6 cm, rim diam. 9 cm, base diam. 3.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1888. 227 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 227 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 Grob 19 Grave 19 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila mala A small urn (amphora) containing cremated bone re- žara (amfora) z ostanki sežganih kosti, ob kateri sta mains was found in a layer of brown loamy earth at bili na severni strani pokončno postavljeni latvica in a depth of 30 cm, next to it on the north side were bronasta igla. a dish with an inturned rim and a bronze pin, both upright. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 7): 3. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka s sploščenim nastav- Description of finds ( Pl. 7): kom za uvito glavico pravokotnega preseka, ki ni 3. Bronze roll-headed pin (head almost entirely miss- ohranjena. Ohr. dol. 13,2 cm, pr. igle 4 mm. Inv. št. ing) with a round-sectioned shank. Surv. l. 13.2 cm, A 1891. shank diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1891. 4. Polkroglasto oblikovana latvica z ravnim ustjem in 4. Hemispherical dish with a vertical rim and a con- vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozrnate žgane gline. cave base (omphalos), of fine-grained fabric. Surface Površina je delno glajena, temno rjave barve. Okraše- is partially smoothed, dark brown. Decorated with na je s tremi vodoravnimi črtami brazdastih vrezov in three horizontal furrowed incised lines and one line z vodoravnim nizom vtisnjenih pik, pod katerimi so of impressed dots at the rim, followed downwards sestavljene girlande, izvedene na dva različna načina by garlands composed of two semicircular lines of – dvema polkrožnima črtama v brazdastem vrezu sle- furrowed incisions and one line of impressed dots; di spodnja z vtisnjenimi pikami. Okras je zapolnjen z decoration is filled with white incrustation. H. 4.8 belo inkrustacijo. Viš. 4,8 cm, pr. ustja 14,2 cm, pr. cm, rim diam. 14.2 cm, base diam. 5 cm. Inv. No. A dna 5 cm. Inv. št. A 1890. 1890. 5. Amfora (mala žara) bikonične oblike z rahlo usloče- 5. Amphora (small urn) with a slightly curved neck and nim vratom in izvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane an everted rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjave barve. Trakasta partially smoothed, brown. Strap handles are rectan- ročaja sta pravokotnega preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,7 gular in section (w. 2 cm, th. 0.7 cm). H. 14.3 cm, cm). Viš. 14,3 cm, pr. ustja 9,3 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. rim diam. 9.3 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 1889. št. A 1889. Grob 20 Grave 20 V 30 cm globoki okrogli grobni jami so bili na 5 The 30 cm deep round grave pit held sherds of a heav- cm debeli plasti temno sive ilovnate zemlje z ostanki ily damaged small urn (jar) and on top of it a 5 cm sežganih kosti fragmenti močno poškodovane male thick layer of dark grey loamy earth with cremated žare (lonca). V žari so bili številni ostanki sežganih bone remains. The urn contained numerous pieces of kosti in dva fragmenta bronaste žice. V grobu je bilo cremated bones and two bronze wire fragments. The še nekaj fragmentov različnih posod. grave yielded several other sherds of different vessels. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba, stara 50 ali več let. ceased to be 50 years old or more. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 7): Description of find ( Pl. 7): 6. Frg. lonca (male žare) ovalne oblike z rahlo izviha- 6. Frgs. of an jar (small urn) with a slightly everted rim, nim ustjem in vodoravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim of very coarse-grained fabric. Maximum diameter rebrom iz zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je decorated with a cordon with impressions. Surface groba, rdeče do temno sive barve. Rek. viš. 19 cm, pr. is coarse, red to dark grey. Reconstr. h. 19 cm, rim ustja 15 cm, pr. dna 10,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1892. diam. 15 cm, base diam. 10.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1892. Grob 21 Grave 21 35 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji sta bili na pla- Two partially preserved and fragmented vessels were sti ostankov sežganih kosti dve delno ohranjeni fra- found in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth gmentirani posodi. of 35 cm and on top of a layer of cremated bone Določena antropološka starost pokojnika je od- remains. rasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. 228 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 228 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 8): Description of finds ( Pl. 8): 1. Amfora s stožčastim vratom in izvihanim ustjem iz 1. Amphora with a conical neck and an everted rim, drobnozrnate žgane gline. Rob ustja ni ohranjen. of medium-grained fabric. Lip is missing. Surface Površina je delno glajena, rdeče barve. Prehod vratu is partially smoothed, red. Neck-shoulder junction v rame je okrašen s tremi vodoravnimi žlebovi. Tra- decorated with three horizontal grooves. Strap han- kasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,9 cm, deb. dles are oval in section (w. 1.9 cm, th. 0.8 cm). Surv. 0,8 cm). Ohr. viš. 11,1 cm, pr. dna 5,2 cm. Inv. št. h. 11.1 cm, base diam. 5.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1894. A 1894. 2. Amphora with a conical neck, an everted rim and a 2. Amfora s stožčastim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in po- pronounced neck-shoulder junction, of fine-grained udarjenim prehodom vratu v rame iz finozrnate žga- fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, dark brown- ne gline. Površina je delno glajena, temno rjavkasto ish-grey. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 1.4 cm, sive barve. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. th. 0.7 cm). H. 10.7 cm, rim diam. 8 cm, base diam. 1,4 cm, deb. 0,7 cm). Viš. 10,7 cm, pr. ustja 8 cm, 6 cm. Inv. No. A 1893. pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 1893. Grob 22 Grave 22 35 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bilo dno A base of a small vessel (urn) with some cremated male posode (žare) z nekaj ostanki sežganih kosti, bone remains was found in a layer of brown loamy okrog katerega so ležali preostali raztreseni fragmenti. earth at a depth of 35 cm, around it were scattered sherds. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 8): 3. Frg. nesestavljive posode (male žare) iz drobnozrnate Description of find ( Pl. 8): žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rdeče barve. 3. Frgs. of a vessel of undeterminable form (small Pr. dna 6,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1895. urn), of medium-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, red. Base diam. 6.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1895. Grob 23 Grave 23 20 cm globoko med apnenčastimi kamni je bila plast A layer of cremated bone remains was found among ostankov sežganih kosti, na kateri so bili fragmenti pieces of limestone at a depth of 20 cm. On top of it male žare (amfore ali vrča) in bronasta igla s krogla- were fragments of a small urn (amphora or jug) and sto glavico. Druga bronasta igla je ležala ob posodi. a bronze spherical-headed pin, while another bronze Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu pin was lying next to the urn. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 8): 4. Bronasta igla z bikonično glavico in močno odebelje- Description of finds ( Pl. 8): nim tordiranim vratom okroglega preseka. Pod glavi- 4. Bronze biconical-headed pin with a double moulding co sta svitkasti odebelitvi. Dol. 16 cm, pr. glavice 1 below the head, a markedly thickened and twisted cm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1898. round-sectioned neck, and a round-sectioned shank. 5. Bronasta igla z majhno kroglasto glavico okroglega L. 16 cm, head diam. 1 cm, shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. preseka. Dol. 13,2 cm, pr. glavice 6 mm, pr. igle 3 No. A 1898. mm. Inv. št. A 1897. 5. Bronze pin with a small spherical head. L. 13.2 cm, 6. Frg. posode (male žare – amfore ali vrča) z izvihanim head diam. 6 mm, shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz grobozrnate žgane 1897. gline. Površina je delno glajena, temno rjavkasto-črne 6. Frgs. of a vessel (small urn – amphora or jug) with barve. Na spodnji strani vbočenega dna sta vrezani an everted rim and a slightly concave base, of coarse- prekrižani črti in ena kratka poševna. Trakast ročaj je grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, dark trikotno strehastega preseka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. do 0,8 brownish-black. Two crossed lines and a shorter cm). Ohr. viš. 4 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1896. oblique line are incised on the underside. Strap han- dle is crested-oval in section (w. 1.8 cm, th. up to 0.8 cm). Surv. h. 4 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 1896. 229 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 229 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 Grob 24 Grave 24 70 × 100 cm velika grobna jama ovalne oblike je bila A 70 × 100 cm large oval grave pit was dug 45 cm vkopana 45 cm globoko skozi rjavo ilovnato zemljo deep and cut through the layer of brown loamy earth in z gruščem mešano plastjo do bele skalne osnove. and the layer mixed with gravel to reach the white V jugozahodnem, nekoliko globljem delu jame, je bedrock. The gravel in the south-western, slightly bil grušč zaradi žganine črno obarvan in pomešan z deeper part of the pit was blackened by the burnt ostanki sežganih kosti. remains and mixed with pieces of cremated bones. Že v tej plasti in vse do 20 cm globine pod površ- Sherds of a broken small urn, a dish with an jem so ležali fragmenti razbite male žare (trebušaste inturned rim, a small vessel of unknown form and posode), latvice, majhne posodice neznane oblike in several other fragments were lying in this layer and še nekateri drugi fragmenti. V grobu so bili tudi fra- reaching to 20 cm below the surface. The grave also gmenti bronaste igle in poškodovan brusni kamen. revealed fragments of a bronze pin and a damaged Grobna jama je bila obdana z do 15 cm velikimi whetstone. The pit was lined with up to 15 cm large apnenčastimi kamni, nekateri so bili tudi v zasutju pieces of limestone, some of which were also found groba med lončenino. Velik kamen nad grobom 24 in the fill amongst the pottery sherds. A large stone je verjetno služil tudi kot površinska oznaka. was found above the grave and probably served as a Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu burial marker. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 9): 1. Frg. bronaste igle okroglega preseka s sploščeno spi-Description of finds ( Pl. 9): ralno uvito glavico pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. dol. 1. Frgs. of a bronze roll-headed pin with a round-sec- 3,4 cm, pr. glavice 6 mm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A tioned shank. Surv. l. 3.4 cm, head diam. 6 mm, 1901. shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1901. 2. Plitva konična latvica z nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem, 2. Shallow dish with an inturned rim, a conical to uvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate slightly convex lower body and a concave base, of žgane gline. Površina je glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. medium-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, grey- Viš. 6 cm, pr. ustja 19,2 cm, pr. dna 6,5 cm. Inv. št. ish-brown. H. 6 cm, rim diam. 19.2 cm, base diam. A 1899. 6.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1899. 3. Brusni kamen pravokotnega preseka z ohranjenim 3. Whetstone of a rectangular cross section and with delom luknje premera 5 mm iz finega sivega peščen- a small hole measuring 5 mm in diameter, of fine- ca. Ohr. dol. 11,6 cm, šir. do 2,5 cm, deb. 1,8 cm. grained grey sandstone. Surv. l. 11.6 cm, w. up to 2.5 Inv. št. A 1902. cm, th. 1.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1902. 4. Frg. uvihanega ustja skodelice z nastavkom za prese- 4. Frg. of an inturned rim of a cup with the stub of gajoč ročaj iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je gla- a high handle, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is jena, rjave barve. Ohr. viš. 4,5 cm. Brez inv. št. smoothed, brown. Surv. h. 4.5 cm. No inv. no. 5. Frg. posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je 5. Frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is delno glajena, zunaj rjave, znotraj temno sive barve. partially smoothed, brown on the exterior, dark grey Okrašena je z vodoravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim on the interior. Decorated with a cordon with im- rebrom. Ohr. viš. 3,2 cm. Brez inv. št. pressions. Surv. h. 3.2 cm. No inv. no. 6. Frg. zgornjega dela skledice z usločenim vratom in 6. Frg. of the upper part of a small dish with a curved rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. neck and a slightly everted rim, of medium-grained Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Okrašena je z dvema fabric. Surface is smoothed, brown. Decorated with vodoravnima žlebičema. Ohr. viš. 3,5 cm. Brez inv. two horizontal grooves. Surv. h. 3.5 cm. No inv. no. št. 7. Vessel (small urn) with a short conical neck and a 7. Posoda (mala žara) trebušaste oblike s kratkim stož- slightly everted rim, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is častim vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz finozrna-smoothed, black on the exterior, dark brown on the te žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj črne, znotraj interior. Shoulder decorated with a band of stripes of temno rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z zelo plitvimi four very shallow and alternatingly oblique grooves poševnimi kanelurami, ki v skupinah po štiri poteka- forming a zigzag pattern. H. 21 cm, rim diam. 17 jo izmenično v motivu cikcaka. Viš. 21 cm, pr. ustja cm, base diam. 10.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1900. 17 cm, pr. dna 10,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1900. 230 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 230 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 Grob 25 Grave 25 37 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila mala A small urn (jug) containing cremated bone remains žara (vrč) z ostanki sežganih kosti in bronasto iglo na and a bronze pin was found in a layer of brown dnu. Na severozahodni strani so žaro obdajali apnen- loamy earth at a depth of 37 cm. The urn was lined časti kamni. with pieces of limestone on the north-western side. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 10): Description of finds ( Pl. 10): 1. Bronasta igla z vodoravno nažlebljeno ovalno glavico 1. Bronze pin with a horizontally moulded ovaloid okroglega preseka. Dol. 13 cm, pr. glavice 1,3 cm, pr. head. L. 13 cm, head diam. 1.3 cm, shank diam. 3 igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1904. mm. Inv. No. A 1904. 2. Vrč (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom, 2. Jug (small urn) with a curved neck, an everted rim izvihanim ustjem in močno poudarjenim prehodom and a pronounced neck-shoulder junction, of fine- vratu v rame iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, brown. Neck glajena, rjave barve. Vrat je okrašen z vodoravnim decorated with a horizontal incised line and above it vrezom, nad katerim je trak vrezanih skupin s po a band of incised double, triple or quadruple stand- dvema, tremi ali štirimi stoječimi trikotniki. Trakast ing triangles. Strap handle is sub-triangular in section ročaj je trikotno strehastega preseka (šir. 3 cm, deb. (w. 3 cm, th. up to 1.3 cm). H. 17 cm, rim diam. 16 do 1,3 cm). Viš. 17 cm, pr. ustja 16 cm, pr. dna 8,8 cm, base diam. 8.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1903. cm. Inv. št. A 1903. Grob 26 Grave 26 ( Tab. 10) ( Pl. 10) V rjavi ilovnati zemlji, mešani z gruščem, je bil na A heap of cremated bone remains that included globini 30 cm kupček ostankov sežganih kosti, med four sherds of different vessels was found in a layer katerimi so bili štirje fragmenti različnih posod. Frg. of brown loamy earth mixed with gravel, at a depth posod niso inventarizirani in so založeni. of 30 cm. The sherds were not inventoried and are Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu currently mislaid. pokopana odrasla oseba (15 ali več let). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (15 years or more). Grob 27 Grave 27 V rjavi ilovnati zemlji, mešani z gruščem, je bil na A heap of cremated bone remains, which included a globini 27 cm kupček ostankov sežganih kosti, med spindle whorl and bronze goods comprising a fibula katerimi so bili vretence in bronasti pridatki – fibula with two rings hanging from it, an annular ring and z dvema obročkoma, sklenjen obroček in del traka- part of a band ring, were found in a layer of brown stega obročka. loamy earth mixed with gravel, at a depth of 27 cm. Določena antropološka starost pokojnika je od- The anthropological analysis has shown the de- rasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 10): Description of finds ( Pl. 10): 3. Konično vretence iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 3. Conical spindle whorl, of medium-grained fabric. šina je glajena, črnikasto rjave barve. Viš. 2,5 cm, pr. Surface is smoothed, blackish-brown. H. 2.5 cm, 3,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1909. diam. 3.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1909. 4. Bronast sklenjen obroček, na enem delu okroglega, 4. Bronze annular ring, round-sectioned in one part na drugem pravokotnega preseka. Pr. obročka 2,4 and rectangular-sectioned in the other. Ring diam. cm, deb. 1,5 do 2,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1907. 2.4 cm, th. 1.5 to 2.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1907. 5. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 5. Frg. of a band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. One end ta- preseka. En konec ima zožen uvit zaključek (v kavelj- pers and curves (to form a hook?), the other end is ček?), drugi je odlomljen. Ohr. dol. pribl. 7 cm, šir. 6 missing. Surv. l. approx. 7 cm, w. 6 mm. Inv. No. A mm. Inv. št. A 1908. 1908. 6. Bronasta enozankasta ločna fibula s tankim tordira- 6. Bronze bow fibula with a one-coiled spring and a nim lokom iz 2 mm debele bronaste žice okroglega thin twisted bow of a 2 mm thick round-sectioned 231 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 231 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 preseka. Na igli fibule sta visela dva nesklenjena wire. Two penannular rings of round-sectioned wire obročka okroglega preseka deb. 1 mm in pr. 2 ter 1,8 (th. 1 mm and diam. 2 and 1.8 cm) are hanging from cm. Dol. fibule 5,8 cm, viš. loka 4,6 cm. Inv. št. A the pin. Fibula l. 5.8 cm, bow h. 4.6 cm. Inv. Nos. A 1905, 1906. 1905, 1906. Grob 28 Grave 28 Grobna jama nepravilne okrogle oblike premera pri- The irregularly shaped grave pit measuring approx. bl. 50 cm je bila vkopana 45 cm globoko skozi rjavo 50 cm across was dug 45 cm deep and cut through ilovnato zemljo in grušč do bele skalne osnove. Na the layer of brown loamy earth and gravel to reach dnu jame je bila 30 cm debela plast črno obarvane- the white bedrock. On its bottom was a 30 cm thick ga grušča s številnimi ostanki sežganih kosti in fra- layer of blackened gravel with numerous pieces of gmenti manjšega lonca. cremated bones and the sherds of a small jar. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (21 ali več let). ceased to be an adult (21 years or more). Opis najdbe ( Tab. 10): Description of find ( Pl. 10): 7. Frg. lonca ovalne oblike z izvihanim ustjem iz zelo 7. Frgs. of an ovaloid jar with an everted rim, of very grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, rjave bar-coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, brown. Maxi- ve. Največji obod je okrašen z vodoravnim razčlenje- mum diameter decorated with a cordon with impres- nim plastičnim rebrom. Rek. viš. 20,3 cm, pr. ustja sions. Reconstr. h. 20.3 cm, rim diam. 13.7 cm, base 13,7 cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1910. diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 1910. Grob 29 Grave 29 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so ležali nekaj Several pieces of cremated bones, a bronze pin, sherds drobcev sežganih kosti, bronasta igla, fragmenti la- of a dish with an inturned rim and several sherds of tvice in nekaj fragmentov drugih posod. other vessels were found in a layer of brown loamy Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu earth at a depth of 30 cm. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 10): 8. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka s sploščeno spiralno Description of finds ( Pl. 10): uvito glavico pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. dol. 7 cm, 8. Bronze roll-headed pin with a round-sectioned pr. glavice 7 mm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1912. shank. Surv. l. 7 cm, head diam. 7 mm, shank diam. 9. Frg. latvice polkroglaste oblike z ravnim ustjem in 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1912. vbočenim dnom (omfalos) iz grobozrnate žgane gli- 9. Frgs. of a hemispherical dish with a vertical rim and ne. Površina je delno glajena, rdeče barve. Rek. viš. a concave base (omphalos), of coarse-grained fabric. 5,7 cm, pr. ustja 14,4 cm, pr. dna 3 cm. Inv. št. A Surface is partially smoothed, red. Reconstr. h. 5.7 cm, 1911. rim diam. 14.4 cm, base diam. 3 cm. Inv. No. A 1911. Grob 30 Grave 30 Do globine 25 cm so bili v rjavi gozdni prsti med Cremated bone remains, sherds of two dishes with an kamni skalne podlage na površini kvadratnega me- inturned rim and a small amphora, a spindle whorl tra raztreseni ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti dveh and numerous bronze artefacts were found scattered latvic in male amfore, vretence ter številni brona- across the surface of one square metre to the depth sti pridatki. Zaradi plitvega vkopa je bil grob že of 25 cm in a brown forest soil among the projecting poškodovan. stones of the bedrock. The grave had already been Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu damaged because of its shallow depth. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 11): 1. Fragmentirana bronasta očalasta fibula iz 2,5 mm Description of finds ( Pl. 11): debele žice okroglega preseka s trikrat zvito vmesno 1. Fragmented bronze spectacle fibula of a 2.5 mm osmičasto pentljo okroglega preseka. Na ohranjenem thick round-sectioned wire with two small triple 232 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 232 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 svitku je na zunanjem robu pritrjenih sedem delno coils making up the central figure-of-eight. The sur-ohranjenih verižic s členki dol. 0,7 do 0,9 mm pra- viving large coil bears partially preserved chains with vokotnega preseka (deb. 2,5 × 1,5 mm), na katere je rectangular-sectioned links; seven chains are made of pritrjena vijugasto zvita 2 mm debela žica okrogle- larger links (l. 0.7 to 0.9 mm, th. 2.5 × 1.5 mm), ga preseka. Na svitek sta pritrjena še dva ohranjena while there are also two smaller singly surviving links manjša vmesna členka pravokotnega preseka (deb. 2 (th. 2 × 1 mm). Attached to the chains was a piece × 1 mm). Pr. svitka 3,6 cm, ohr. dol. fibule z verižica- of wavy round-sectioned and 2 mm thick wire. Coil mi 12,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1917. diam. 3.6 cm, surv. l. of the fibula with chains 12.7 2. Frg. bronastega spiralnega obročka iz dveh in pol na-cm. Inv. No. A 1917. vojev zvite žice okroglega preseka. En konec je zo- 2. Frg. of a bronze spiral ring of two and a half coils of žen, drugi odlomljen. Pr. 3 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A round-sectioned wire. One end tapers, the other end 1929 c. is missing. Diam. 3 cm, th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1929 c. 3. Frg. deformirano zvite bronaste žice »D« preseka. 3. Frg. of a deformed and bent D-sectioned wire. Surv. l. Ohr. dol. pribl. 13 cm, pr. 3 × 1 mm. Inv. št. A approx. 13 cm, diam. 3 × 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1929 b. 1929 b. 4. Frg. of a deformed, bent and round-sectioned wire. 4. Frg. deformirano zvite bronaste žice okroglega pre- Surv. l. approx. 4.7 cm, diam. 2 mm. Inv. No. A seka. Ohr. dol. pribl. 4,7 cm, pr. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1929 a. 1929 a. 5. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 5. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega Both ends are tapered and rounded. Surv. l. 6 cm, w. preseka. Oba konca sta zožena in zaobljena. Ohr. dol. 1 cm. Inv. No. A 1928. 6 cm, šir. 1 cm. Inv. št. A 1928. 6. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 6. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega Decorated with a longitudinal line of embossed dots preseka. Okrašen je z vodoravnim nizom iztolčenih running along the middle. One end is rounded and pikic. En konec je zaobljeno zožen, drugi odlomljen. tapered, the other one is missing. Surv. l. 5.6 cm, w. Ohr. dol. 5,6 cm, šir. 0,9 cm. Inv. št. A 1927. 0.9 cm. Inv. No. A 1927. 7. Frg. bronaste spiralne cevčice – saltaleona iz 3 × 1 7. Frg. of a bronze spiral tube or saltaleone of a 3 × 1 mm debele žice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. 6 cm, šir. do mm thick D-sectioned wire. Surv. l. 6 cm, w. up to 6 6 mm. Inv. št. A 1924. mm. Inv. No. A 1924. 8. Frg. bronaste spiralne cevčice – saltaleona iz 3 × 1 8. Frg. of a bronze spiral tube or saltaleone of a 3 × 1 mm debele žice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. 5,1 cm, šir. mm thick D-sectioned wire. Surv. l. 5.1 cm, w. up to do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1925. 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1925. 9. Antropomorfni obesek iz 2 mm debele bronaste plo- 9. Anthropomorphic pendant of a 2 mm thick trape- čevine trapezoidnega preseka. Zgornji del obročka za zoid-sectioned bronze sheet. The upper part of the obešanje je odlomljen. Ohr. viš. 4,5 cm, največja šir. suspension loop is missing. Surv. h. 4.5 cm, max. w. 3,2 cm, deb. 1,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1921. 3.2 cm, th. 1.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1921. 10. Fragmentirana gladka bronasta ovratnica okroglega 10. Fragmented plain bronze torque of round-sectioned preseka s sploščenima uvitima koncema. Pr. 15,5 cm, wire with roll terminals. Diam. 15.5 cm, th. 4 mm. deb. 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1916. Inv. No. A 1916. 11. Fragmentiran bronast obesek, sestavljen iz treh 11. Fragmented bronze pendant composed of three rings obročkov, v sredini spojenih s 3 mm debelo ploščico. connected with a central 3 mm thick plate. The rings Obročki so rombičnega preseka (deb. 4 mm, pr. 2,3 are lozenge-sectioned (th. 4 mm, diam. 2.3 cm). Pen- cm). Pr. obeska 5,3 cm. Inv. št. A 1923. dant diam. 5.3 cm. Inv. No. A 1923. 12. Bronast obesek, sestavljen iz treh obročkov, v sredini 12. Bronze pendant composed of three rings connected spojenih z 2 mm debelo ploščico. Obročki so rom- with a central 3 mm thick plate. The rings are loz- bičnega preseka (deb. 3 mm, pr. 2,4 cm). Pr. obeska enge-sectioned (th. 3 mm, diam. 2.4 cm). Pendant 5,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1922. diam. 5.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1922. 13. Fragmenta bronaste igle z bikonično glavico in moč- 13. Two frgs. of a bronze biconical-headed pin with two no odebeljenim tordiranim vratom okroglega prese-mouldings below the head, a markedly thickened and ka. Pod glavico sta dve svitkasti odebelitvi. Ohr. dol. twisted neck and a round-sectioned shank. Surv. l. 11,2 cm, pr. glavice 1 cm, pr. tordiranega vratu 8 11.2 cm, head diam. 1 cm, neck diam. 8 mm, shank mm, pr. igle 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1918. diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1918. 233 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 233 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 14. Bronasta igla s cigarasto oblikovano glavico okrogle-14. Bronze pin with a cigar-shaped and round-sectioned ga preseka iz 3 mm debele bronaste žice okroglega head with a 3 mm thick and round-sectioned shank. preseka. Do 4 mm odebeljena zgornja tretjina igle, The upper third of the pin is thicker (up to 4 mm) ki se proti vrhu zoži, je okrašena z vodoravnimi in and decorated with stripes of horizontal and oblique poševnimi vrezi v t. i. »preprogastem« motivu. Dol. incisions forming a ‘rug’ motif. Pin l. 13.7 cm, shank igle 13,7 cm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1919. diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1919. 15. Bronasta igla z veliko vodoravno nažlebljeno vazasto 15. Bronze pin with a horizontally grooved vase-shaped glavico okroglega preseka. Dol. igle 15 cm, viš. glavi- head. Pin l. 15 cm, head h. 1.8 cm, head diam. 1.4 ce 1,8 cm, pr. glavice 1,4 cm, pr. igle 3 mm. Inv. št. cm, shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1920. A 1920. 16. Frg. of a bronze razor blade, possibly the same razor 16. Frg. rezila bronaste britve, morda del iste britve kot as Pl. 11: 17. Surv. l. 4.8 cm, surv. w. 2.1 cm, th. 1 Tab. 11: 17. Ohr. dol. 4,8 cm, ohr. šir. 2,1 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1926. mm. Inv. št. A 1926. 17. Frg. of a bronze rectangular-sectioned razor with two 17. Frg. bronaste britve pravokotnega preseka z dvema tangs for the handle. Surv. l. 2 cm, surv. w. 2.2 cm, trnastima nastavkoma za ročaj. Ohr. dol. 2 cm, ohr. th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1930. šir. 2,2 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1930. 18. Conical spindle whorl, of fine-grained fabric. Surface 18. Konično vretence iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina is smoothed, brown. H. 2.5 cm, diam. 3.5 cm. Inv. je glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 2,5 cm, pr. 3,5 cm. Inv. št. No. A 1915 b. A 1915 b. 19. Frg. of the upper part of a small amphora with a 19. Frg. zgornjega dela male amfore trebušaste oblike z curved neck and an everted rim, of medium-grained usločenim vratom in izvihanim ustjem iz drobno- fabric. Surface is coarse, dark brown. Shoulder deco- zrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, temno rjave rated with one broken and three continuous incised barve. Rame je okrašeno z eno prekinjeno in tremi lines. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 1.3 cm, th. vodoravnimi vrezanimi črtami. Trakasta ročaja sta 0.6 cm). Surv. h. 5.4 cm, rim diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,3 cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Ohr. viš. 1914. 5,4 cm, pr. ustja 8 cm. Inv. št. A 1914. 20. Frg. of the upper part of a hemispherical dish with 20. Frg. zgornjega dela latvice polkroglaste oblike z rahlo a slightly inturned rim, of medium-grained fabric. uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- Surface is partially smoothed, dark brown on the ex- na je delno glajena, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj temno terior, dark grey on the interior. Rim bears a pair of sive barve. Na robu ustja sta dva plastično oblikovana prongs, below which on the interior is a pair of ver- rogljiča. Notranja površina je okrašena z dvema nav- tical incisions separated by a line of impressed dots. pičnima vrezoma, med katerima je niz vtisnjenih pik. Surv. h. up to 5.2 cm, rim diam. 14 cm. Inv. No. A Ohr. viš. do 5,2 cm, pr. ustja 14 cm. Inv. št. A 1915 a. 1915 a. 21. Latvica polkroglaste oblike z ravnim ustjem in vbo- 21. Hemispherical dish with a vertical rim and a con- čenim dnom (omfalos) iz finozrnate žgane gline. Po- cave base (omphalos), of fine-grained fabric. Surface vršina je glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Pod ustjem je is smoothed, greyish-brown. Decorated with a hori- okrašena z vodoravnim nizom vtisnjenih pik in vo- zontal line of impressed dots and an incised line be- doravnim vrezom. Viš. 6 cm, pr. ustja 14,8 cm, pr. low the rim. H. 6 cm, rim diam. 14.8 cm, base diam. dna 4,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1913. 4.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1913. Grob 31 Grave 31 Od globine 35 cm do bele gruščnate osnove je segala The grave pit reached from the depth of 35 cm to jama, v kateri je bil narobe obrnjen vrč. V njem in the white gravelly bedrock and contained an up- deloma okrog njega so ležali astragali, verjetno gove- turned jug. In the jug and around it were vertebrae da. V grobu so bili tudi fragmenti majhne posode, (astragali), probably of cattle. The pit also revealed grobe rdeče posode in malo višje še fragmenti druge- fragments of a small vessel, a coarse red vessel and ga vrča. V celotni grobni jami so bili raztreseni ostan- higher up also fragments of another jug. Cremated ki sežganih kosti, fragmentirani bronasti pridatki in bone remains, fragmented bronze goods and sherds še nekaj fragmentov drugih posod. of several other vessels were scattered across the en- Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu tire grave pit. pokopana odrasla oseba (15 ali več let). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (15 years or more). 234 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 234 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 12): Description of finds ( Pl. 12): 1. Fragmenta dveh masivnih bronastih tordiranih ovrat- 1. Frgs. of two solid bronze, twisted and round-sec- nic okroglega preseka s sploščenima uvitima konce- tioned torques with roll terminals (th. 7 × 3 mm) ma pravokotnega preseka deb. 7 × 3 mm, spetima z fastened with a pin. One of the terminals still holds zatičem. V enem uvitem zaključku je pritrjen ohra- part of the pin in its original position (surv. l. 1.7 njen del zatiča v prvotni legi (ohr. dol. 1,7 cm) iz 4 cm), made of a 4 mm thick and round-sectioned mm debele bronaste žice okroglega preseka. Ohr. dol. bronze wire. Surv. l. 8.7 and 8.2 cm, th. 8 mm. Inv. 8,7 in 8,2 cm, deb. 8 mm. Inv. št. A 1934. No. A 1934. 2. Frg. 1 mm debele bronaste pločevine (uhan ali lasni 2. Frg. of a 1 mm thick and rectangular-sectioned obroček?) pravokotnega preseka, okrašen z vodorav- bronze sheet (ear or hair ring?). Decorated with a nim nizom iztolčenih pikic. Vel. frg. 1 × 2 cm. Inv. št. line of embossed dots. Frg. size 1 × 2 cm. Inv. No. A A 1938. Založen.9 1938. Mislaid.7 3. Frg. (svitek, peresovina in del igle) bronaste fibule 3. Frgs. (coil, spring and part of the pin) of a bronze iz 2 mm debele bronaste žice okroglega preseka. Pr. fibula of a 2 mm thick round-sectioned wire. Coil svitka 3,4 cm, ohr. dol. peresovine 2,5 cm, pr. 0,9 diam. 3.4 cm, surv. spring l. 2.5 cm, diam. 0.9 cm, cm, ohr. dol. igle 6 cm. Inv. št. A 1935, 1936. surv. pin l. 6 cm. Inv. Nos. A 1935, 1936. 4. Fragmenta bronaste zapestnice rombičnega preseka, 4. Frgs. of a bronze lozenge-sectioned bracelet. Dec- okrašene s skupinami štirih vrezanih nasproti stoječih orated with stripes of alternatingly oblique incised poševnih črtic. Ohr. dol. 2,8 in 2,3 cm, deb. 3 × 4 lines. Surv. l. 2.8 and 2.3 cm, th. 3 × 4 mm. Inv. No. mm. Inv. št. A 1937. A 1937. 5. Fragmenta izvihanega ustja skodelice s presegajočim 5. Frgs. of the everted rim of a cup with a high han- ročajem iz finozrnate lončarske mase. Površina je gla- dle, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, dark jena, temno rjave barve. Presegajoč trakast ročaj oval- brown. High strap handle is oval in section and con- nega preseka je na zunanjo stran vbokle oblike (šir. cave (w. 1.3 cm, th. 0.4 cm). Surv. h. 1.9 cm, rim 1,3 cm, deb. 0,4 cm). Ohr. viš. 1,9 cm, pr. ustja 10,1 diam. 10.1 cm. No inv. no. cm. Brez inv. št. 6. Base frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Sur-6. Frg. dna posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- face is partially smoothed, dark grey on the exterior, šina je delno glajena, zunaj temno sive, znotraj rjave brown on the interior. Surv. h. 2.1 cm. No inv. no. barve. Ohr. viš. 2,1 cm. Brez inv. št. 7. Base frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Sur-7. Frg. dna posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- face is partially smoothed, dark grey on the exterior, šina je delno glajena, zunaj temno sive, znotraj rjave brown on the interior. Surv. h. 2 cm. No inv. no. barve. Ohr. viš. 2 cm. Brez inv. št. 8. Frg. of the upper part of a conical dish with an in- 8. Frg. zgornjega dela konične latvice z uvihanim ustjem turned rim, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno gla- partially smoothed, dark grey. Decorated with one jena, temno sive barve. Okrašena je z navpičnim in vertical and two oblique lines of pseudo-cord im- dvema poševnima nizoma psevdovrvičastega okrasa. pressions. Surv. h. 3.6 cm, rim diam. 15.1 cm. No Ohr. viš. 3,6 cm, pr. ustja 15,1 cm. Brez inv. št. inv. no. 9. Frg. dna posode iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 9. Base frg. of a vessel, of medium-grained fabric. Sur- šina je delno glajena, temno sive barve. Ohr. viš. 1,5 face is partially smoothed, dark grey. Surv. h. 1.5 cm, cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Brez inv. št. base diam. 6 cm. No inv. no. 10. Vrč trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vratom in izviha-10. Jug with a conical neck and an everted rim, of me- nim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je dium-grained fabric. Surface is dark brown to black. temno rjave do črne barve. Okrašen je z dvema vo- Shoulder decorated with two horizontal lines of doravnima nizoma psevdovrvičastega okrasa. Prese- pseudo-cord impressions. High strap handle is oval gajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega preseka je na zunanjo in section and concave (w. 2 cm, th. 6 mm). H. 11.9 stran vbokle oblike (šir. 2 cm, deb. 6 mm). Viš. cm, rim diam. 10 cm, base diam. 6.6 cm. Inv. No. A 11,9 cm, pr. ustja 10 cm, pr. dna 6,6 cm. Inv. št. A 1932. 1932. 11. Frg. of a beaker with a conical neck and an evert- 11. Frg. lončka trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vratom in ed rim, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površi- dark brown. Shoulder decorated with two horizon- na je glajena, temno rjave barve. Na ramenu sta dva tal lines of pseudo-cord impressions. H. 8.2 cm, 9 7 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, evidentiranega s števil-The description and drawing of the mislaid item under ko 2, sta povzeta po V. Pahič 1987, T. 33a: 9; 33: 4. No. 2 are taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 33a: 9; 33: 4. 235 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 235 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 vodoravna niza psevdovrvičastega okrasa. Viš. 8,2 rim diam. 7 cm, base diam. 3.4 cm. Inv. No. A cm, pr. ustja 7 cm, pr. dna 3,4 cm. Inv. št. A 1933. 1933. 12. Vrč kroglaste oblike z nizkim usločenim vratom in 12. Globular jug with a short curved neck and a slight- rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Po- ly everted rim, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is vršina je glajena, temno rjavkasto sive barve. Rame smoothed, dark brownish-grey. Shoulder decorated je okrašeno s tremi vodoravnimi in eno cikcak črto with three horizontal and one zigzag line of furrowed brazdastih vrezov. Presegajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega incisions. High strap handle is oval in section and preseka je na zunanjo stran vbokle oblike (šir. 2,4 cm, concave (w. 2.4 cm, th. 0.8 cm). H. 12.2 cm, rim deb. 0,8 cm). Viš. 12,2 cm, pr. ustja 10,8 cm, pr. dna diam. 10.8 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 1931. 7 cm. Inv. št. A 1931. Grob 32 Grave 32 25 cm globoko je bila v rjavi ilovnati zemlji fragmen- A fragmented small urn (amphora), containing cre- tirana mala žara (amfora), v kateri so ležali ostanki mated bone remains, a spindle whorl and a fragment sežganih kosti, vretence in fragment bronaste fibule. of a bronze fibula, was found in a layer of brown Žara je bila delno pokrita z apnenčastim kamnom. loamy earth at a depth of 25 cm. The urn was par- Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu tially covered by a piece of limestone. pokopana odrasla oseba(?). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (?). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 12): 13. Ploščati lok bronaste listaste oz. ščitaste fibule iz plo-Description of finds ( Pl. 12): čevine, okrašen s polkrožnimi nizi iztolčenih manjših 13. Bow frg. of a leaf- or shield-shaped fibula of sheet pikic in dvema večjima pikama. Ohr. dol. 4,4 cm, šir. bronze. Decorated with curved lines of small em- 2,7 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1941. bossed dots and two large dots. Surv. l. 4.4 cm, w. 14. Konično vretence z vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate 2.7 cm, th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1941. žgane gline. Površina je groba, rjave barve, na enem 14. Conical spindle whorl with a concave lower surface, delu okrašena s poševnimi vrezi v obliki nepravilnega of medium-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, brown. visečega trikotnika. Viš. 3 cm, pr. 4 cm. Inv. št. A Decorated on one side with an incised and irregular 1940. hanging triangle. H. 3 cm, diam. 4 cm. Inv. No. A 15. Amfora (mala žara) bikonične oblike z usločenim 1940. vratom, izvihanim ustjem in poudarjenim prehodom 15. Biconical amphora (small urn) with z curved neck, vratu v rame iz drobnozrnate lončene mase. Površina an everted rim and a pronounced neck-shoulder je delno glajena, rjavkasto rdeče barve. Trakasta ro- junction, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is par- čaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,9 cm, deb. 0,9 cm). tially smoothed, brownish-red. Strap handles are oval Viš. 17 cm, pr. ustja 14,3 cm, pr. dna 7 cm. Inv. št. A in section (w. 1.9 cm, th. 0.9 cm). H. 17 cm, rim 1939. diam. 14.3 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 1939. Grob 33 Grave 33 25 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili ob dveh Two pieces of cremated bones, a spindle whorl and koščkih sežganih kosti in vretencu drugi bronasti other bronze goods were found in a layer of brown pridatki. loamy earth at a depth of 25 cm. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 13): Description of finds ( Pl. 13): 1. Bronast obroček ovalnega preseka. Pr. 2,3 cm, deb. 3 1. Annular and oval-sectioned bronze ring. Diam. 2.3 × 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1944. cm, th. 3 × 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1944. 2. Deformiran bronast trakast obroček (uhan ali lasni 2. Deformed band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm obroček) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with preseka z zoženima koncema. Pr. pribl. 3,3 cm, šir. 5 tapering ends. Diam. approx. 3.3 cm, w. 5 mm. Inv. mm. Inv. št. A 1946. No. A 1946. 3. Svitka bronaste očalaste fibule z nastavkom za osmi- 3. Coils of a bronze spectacle fibula with the stub of často pentljo iz 2 mm debele žice okroglega preseka. a figure-of-eight of a 2 mm thick round-sectioned Pr. 3,8 cm in ohr. pr. do 3 cm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A wire. Diam. 3.8 cm and surv. diam. up to 3 cm, th. 2 1943. mm. Inv. No. A 1943. 236 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 236 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 4. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne-4. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with a sur- preseka z ohranjeno kvačico, okrašen z dvema nizoma viving hook. Decorated with two longitudinal lines of iztolčenih pikic. Pr. 3 cm, šir. 8 mm. Inv. št. A 1945. embossed dots. Diam. 3 cm, w. 8 mm. Inv. No. A 1945. 5. Konično vretence z rahlo vbočeno zgornjo površino 5. Conical spindle whorl with a slightly concave up- iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, čr- per surface, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is nikasto rjave barve. Viš. 2,3 cm, pr. 3 cm. Inv. št. A smoothed, blackish-brown. H. 2.3 cm, diam. 3 cm. 1942. Inv. No. A 1942. Grob 34 Grave 34 35 cm globoko v rjavih gruščnatih tleh je bila mala A small urn (amphora), filled up to two thirds with žara (amfora), do dveh tretjin napolnjena z ostan- cremated bone remains that included a part of a ki sežganih kosti, med katerimi so bili del bronaste bronze torque and two spindle whorls, was found in ovratnice in dva vretenca. a layer of brown gravelly earth at a depth of 35 cm. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana oseba, stara 14 let ali več. ceased to be at least 14 years old. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 13): Description of finds ( Pl. 13): 6. Frg. bronaste gladke ovratnice okroglega preseka. 6. Frg. of a plain round-sectioned bronze torque. Surv. Ohr. dol. 15,5 cm, deb. 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1949. l. 15.5 cm, th. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1949. 7. Amfora (mala žara) bikonične oblike z izbočenim 7. Biconical amphora (small urn) with a convex shoul- ramenom, usločenim vratom in močno izvihanim der, a curved neck and a pronouncedly everted rim, ustjem iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, brown- rjavkasto črne barve. Trakasta ročaja sta trikotno stre- ish-black. Strap handles are crested oval in section hastega preseka (šir. 2,5 cm, deb. do 1,4 cm). Viš. (w. 2.5 cm, th. up to 1.4 cm). H. 18.8 cm, rim diam. 18,8 cm, pr. ustja 14,3 cm, pr. dna 8,8 cm, največji 14.3 cm, base diam. 8.8 cm, max. diam. 22 cm. Inv. pr. 22 cm. Inv. št. A 1947. No. A 1947. 8. Konično vretence z vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate 8. Conical spindle whorl with a concave lower surface, žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 1,9 of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, brown. cm, pr. 2,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1948 b. H. 1.9 cm, diam. 2.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1948 b. 9. Bikonično vretence iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- 9. Biconical spindle whorl, of medium-grained fabric. vršina je glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Viš. 2,4 cm, pr. Surface is smoothed, greyish-brown. H. 2.4 cm, 3,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1948 a. diam. 3.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1948 a. Grob 35 Grave 35 V 42 cm globoki okrogli grobni jami je stala mala The 42 cm deep round grave pit revealed a small urn žara (amfora) z ostanki sežganih kosti ter bronasti- (amphora) containing cremated bone remains and mi očalasto fibulo in dvema trakastima obročkoma bronze goods comprising a spectacle fibula and two na dnu. Nekaj ostankov sežganih kosti je bilo tudi v band rings on the bottom. Some cremated bone re- grobni jami ob žari. mains were also outside the urn. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana oseba, stara 11 let ali več. ceased to be at least 11 years old. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 13): Description of finds ( Pl. 13): 10. Bronast trakast obroček (uhan ali lasni obroček) iz 1 10. Bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick mm debele pločevine pravokotnega preseka z delno and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with a partially ohranjeno kvačico na eni in luknjo na drugi strani, surviving hook at one end and a hole at the other end. okrašen s tremi vodoravnimi nizi iztolčenih pikic. Pr. Decorated with three longitudinal lines of embossed 3,5 cm, šir. 1,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1953. dots. Diam. 3.5 cm, w. 1.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1953. 11. Bronast trakast obroček (uhan ali lasni obroček) iz 1 11. Bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick mm debele pločevine pravokotnega preseka s kvačico and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with a hook na eni in luknjo na drugi strani. Pr. 3 cm, šir. 0,8 cm. at one end and a hole at the other end. Diam. 3 cm, Inv. št. A 1954. w. 0.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1954. 237 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 237 8. 03. 2021 12:53:50 12. Fragmentirana bronasta očalasta fibula iz 2 mm de-12. Fragmented bronze spectacle fibula of a 2 mm thick bele žice okroglega preseka z enkrat zvito osmičasto round-sectioned wire with a single figure-of-eight pentljo okroglega preseka in ohranjeno iglo. Na zu- and a surviving pin. One of the coils bears eight nanjem robu enega svitka je pritrjenih osem delno partially surviving chains with rectangular-sectioned ohranjenih verižic s členki pravokotnega preseka de- links (th. 2.5 × 1 mm). Hanging from the end of one beline 2,5 × 1 mm. Na eno verižico je pritrjen skle- chain is an annular round-sectioned ring (th. 2 mm, njen obroček okroglega preseka (deb. 2 mm, pr. 2,6 diam. 2.6 cm). Two other, rectangular-sectioned cm). Ohranjena sta še dva obročka pravokotnega pre- rings survive (th. 3 × 1 mm, diam. 2.2 and 2.1 cm). seka (deb. 3 × 1 mm, pr. 2,2 in 2,1 cm). Dol. fibule L. of the fibula with chains and ring 13.2 cm, coil z verižicami in obročkom 13,2 cm, pr. svitka 3,4 cm. diam. 3.4 cm. Inv. Nos. A 1952, 1952 c, č. Inv. št. A 1952, 1952 c, č. 13. Biconical amphora (small urn) with a long curved 13. Amfora (mala žara) bikonične oblike z visokim, moč- neck, an everted rim and a pronounced neck-shoulder no usločenim vratom, izvihanim ustjem, poudarje- junction, of fine-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, nim prehodom vratu v rame iz finozrnate žgane gli- brownish-black. Shoulder decorated with wide oblique ne. Površina je glajena, rjavkasto črne barve. Rame je grooves. Strap handles are sub-rectangular in section okrašeno s poševnimi kanelurami. Trakasta ročaja sta (w. 1.9 cm, th. 0.8 cm). H. 18 cm, rim diam. 13.7 cm, nepravilnega pravokotnega preseka (šir. 1,9 cm, deb. base diam. 7.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1951. 0,8 cm). Viš. 18 cm, pr. ustja 13,7 cm, pr. dna 7,8 cm. Inv. št. A 1951. Grob 36 Grave 36 35 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila fragmen- A fragmented urn (amphora), covered with a large tirana žara (amfora), v južnem delu deloma pokrita z piece of limestone in the southern part, was found večjim apnenčastim kamnom. V amfori in okrog nje in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 35 cm. so bili ostanki sežganih kosti. V grobu je bilo še nekaj Cremated bone remains were in the amphora and fragmentov posode z grobo površino. Na robu groba around it. The grave pit also yielded several sherds of so bili bronasta igla in še nekaj kamnov. a vessel with a coarse surface, while a bronze pin and Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu several stones were found along its edge. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 14): 1. Frg. spodnjega dela bronaste igle okroglega preseka. Description of finds ( Pl. 14): Glavica ni ohranjena. Ohr. dol. 14,5 cm, pr. igle 3 1. Frg. of the lower part of a pin with a round-sectioned mm. Inv. št. A 1956. shank. Head is missing. Surv. l. 14.5 cm, shank diam. 2. Frg. amfore (žare) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1956. častim vratom iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Ustje ni 2. Frgs. of an amphora (urn) with a long conical neck, ohranjeno. Površina je delno glajena, črne barve. of coarse-grained fabric. Rim is missing. Surface is Rame je okrašeno z vodoravnimi in navpičnimi vrezi, partially smoothed, black. Shoulder decorated with med katerimi so vodoravni in navpični nizi kratkih horizontal and vertical incised lines bordered by lines vtisnjenih črtic. Trakasta ročaja sta pravokotnega pre- of short transverse and linear impressions. Strap han- seka (šir. 1,2 cm, deb. 0,3 cm). Rek. viš. do 11,5 cm, dles are rectangular in section (w. 1.2 cm, th. 0.3 pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 1955. cm). Reconstr. h. up to 11.5 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 1955. Grob 37 Grave 37 25 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so ležali Cremated bone remains, sherds of a red vessel with a ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti rdeče posode z cordon, fragments of a bronze spectacle fibula and a rebrom, fragmenti bronaste očalaste fibule in bro- bronze button were found in a layer of brown loamy nasti gumb. earth at a depth of 25 cm. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 14): Description of finds ( Pl. 14): 3. Fragmenta bronaste očalaste fibule okroglega preseka 3. Frgs. of a bronze spectacle fibula with a double fig-z dvakrat zvito vmesno osmičasto pentljo okroglega ure-of-eight of a round-sectioned wire. Pin is missing. 238 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 238 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 preseka. Igla ni ohranjena. Rek. dol. 7,5 cm, pr. svit-Reconstr. l. 7.5 cm, coil diam. 3 cm, th. 3 mm. Inv. ka 3 cm, deb. 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1957. No. A 1957. 4. Frg. bronastega kalotastega gumba iz izbočeno upo- 4. Frg. of a domed button of sheet bronze. Loop on the gnjene pločevine. Zanka na notranji strani ni ohra- underside is missing. Surv. diam. 1.3 cm, th. 1 mm. njena. Ohr. pr. 1,3 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1958. Inv. No. A 1958. Grob 38 Grave 38 25 cm globoko je bila med skalami na kamnu fra- A fragmented small urn (amphora or jug) contain- gmentirana mala žara (amfora ali vrč) z ostanki se- ing cremated bone remains was found on and sur- žganih kosti. Na njej je bila polovica bronaste igle, rounded by rocks at a depth of 25 cm. On top of druga polovica je bila nekoliko višje. V jugozaho- the urn was one half of a bronze pin, the other half dnem delu groba so bili fragmenti majhne posode. V was higher up. Sherds of a small vessel were found zahodnem delu groba so bili ostanki sežganih kosti, in the south-western, while cremated bone remains, fragmenti posode z grobo rdečo površino in bronasta fragments of a vessel with a coarse red surface and a igla brez glavice. bronze pin with a missing head were found in the Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu western part of the pit. pokopana oseba, stara 9 let ali več. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be at least 9 years old. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 14): 5. Bronasta igla z bikonično glavico in okroglega prese-Description of finds ( Pl. 14): ka ter močno odebeljenim tordiranim vratom. Pod 5. Bronze biconical-headed pin with a moulding below glavico je svitkasta odebelitev. Dol. igle 20 cm, pr. the head, a thickened twisted neck and a round-sec- glavice 9 mm, pr. tordiranega vratu 8 mm, pr. igle 4 tioned shank. Pin l. 20 cm, head diam. 9 mm, neck mm. Inv. št. A 1961. diam. 8 mm, shank diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1961. 6. Spodnji del bronaste igle okroglega preseka. Ohr. 6. Lower part of a bronze pin with a round-sectioned dol. 11 cm, pr. igle do 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1962. shank. Surv. l. 11 cm, shank diam. up to 3 mm. Inv. 7. Frg. majhne skodelice nedoločljive oblike s trakastim No. A 1962. ročajem polkrožnega preseka iz drobnozrnate žga- 7. Frg. of a small cup of undeterminable form with a ne gline. Površina je delno glajena, črne barve. Ohr. D-sectioned strap handle, of medium-grained fabric. dol. ročaja 2,5 cm, šir. 1,5 cm, deb. 7 mm. Inv. št. A Surface is partially smoothed, black. Surv. handle l. 1960. 2.5 cm, w. 1.5 cm, th. 7 mm. Inv. No. A 1960. 8. Frg. posode (male žare – amfore ali vrča) trebušaste 8. Frg. of a vessel (small urn – amphora or jug) with oblike s stožčastim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in po- a conical neck, an everted rim and a pronounced udarjenim prehodom vratu v rame iz grobozrnate neck-shoulder junction, of coarse-grained fabric. žgane gline. Površina je groba, zunaj rdečkasto rjave, Surface is coarse, reddish-brown on the exterior, znotraj rjave barve. Ohranjen fragment trakastega ro- brown on the interior. Surviving fragment of a rec- čaja pravokotnega preseka je na zunanjo stran rahlo tangular-sectioned strap handle is slightly concave vbokle oblike (rek. šir. 2,3 cm, deb. 6 mm). Rek. viš. (reconstr. w. 2.3 cm, th. 6 mm). Reconstr. h. 16.7 16,7 cm, pr. ustja 11,2 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A cm, rim diam. 11.2 cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. No. 1959. A 1959. Grob 39 Grave 39 V 25 cm globoki jami so bili ostanki sežganih kosti The 25 cm deep grave pit held cremated bone re- in narobe obrnjen fragmentiran vrč. V severozaho- mains and an upturned fragmented jug, but also frag- dnem delu groba so bili fragmenti male žare (lonca) ments of a small urn (jar) containing cremated bone z ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmentirano skledico in remains, a small fragmented dish and two bronze dvema bronastima obročkoma. Dvojni pokop? rings in its north-western part. Double burial? Opisi najdb ( Tab. 15): Description of finds ( Pl. 15): 1. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 1. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. preseka, okrašen z dvema nizoma iztolčenih pikic. En Decorated with two longitudinal lines of embossed konec je zožen v kvačico, ki manjka, drugi konec ni dots. One end tapers into a hook (missing), the other 239 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 239 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 ohranjen. Pr. pribl. 3,7 cm, šir. 1,2 cm. Inv. št. A end is missing. Diam. approx. 3.7 cm, w. 1.2 cm. Inv. 1966. No. A 1966. 2. Bronast trakast obroček (uhan ali lasni obroček) iz 1 2. Bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick mm debele pločevine pravokotnega preseka s kvačico and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with a hook na eni in luknjo na drugi strani. Pr. 3,8 cm, šir. 1 cm. at one end and a hole at the other end. Diam. 3.8 Inv. št. A 1965. cm, w. 1 cm. Inv. No. A 1965. 3. Vrč trebušaste oblike z usločenim vratom, rahlo pou- 3. Jug with a curved neck, a slightly pronounced darjenim prehodom vratu v rame, izvihanim ustjem neck-shoulder junction, an everted rim and a slightly in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gli- concave base, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is ne. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Trakast ročaj je smoothed, brown. Strap handle is sub-oval in section ovalnega preseka (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 8 mm). Viš. 13,2 (w. 1.6 cm, th. 8 mm). H. 13.2 cm, rim diam. 10 cm, cm, pr. ustja 10 cm, pr. dna 5,8 cm. Inv. št. A 1963. base diam. 5.8 cm. Inv. No. A 1963. 4. Frg. spodnjega dela lonca (male žare) ovalne oblike 4. Frgs. of the lower part of an ovaloid jar (small urn), iz zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, of very coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, red- rdečkasto rjave barve. Največji obod je okrašen z vo- dish-brown. Maximum diameter decorated with a doravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim rebrom. Rek. viš. cordon with impressions. Reconstr. h. up to 14.7 cm, do 14,7 cm, pr. dna 13 cm. Inv. št. A 1964 a. base diam. 13 cm. Inv. No. A 1964 a. 5. Fragmentirana skledica bikonične oblike z usločenim 5. Fragmented small biconical dish with a curved neck, vratom, rahlo izvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim a slightly everted rim and a slightly concave base, of dnom iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glaje- medium-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, brown. na, rjave barve. Viš. 5,1 cm, pr. ustja 8,7 cm, pr. dna H. 5.1 cm, rim diam. 8.7 cm, base diam. 2.7 cm. Inv. 2,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1967. No. A 1967. 6. Frg. dna rdeče posode. Pr. dna 12 cm. Inv. št. A 1964 6. Base frg. of a red vessel. Base diam. 12 cm. Inv. No. b. Založen.10 A 1964 b. Mislaid.8 Grob 40 Grave 40 ( Tab. 15) ( Pl. 15) V globini 35 cm je ležal kupček ostankov sežganih A small heap of cremated bone remains was found at kosti. Brez najdb. a depth of 35 cm. No grave goods. Grob 41 Grave 41 25 cm globoko so bile na strnjeni plasti kamenja tri Three fragmented and equally decorated vessels fragmentirane enako okrašene posode: majhna triro- (small three-handled vessel, dish with an inturned čajna posoda, latvica in lonček. Deloma so bile ob- rim, beaker) were found on a densely laid bed of dane s kamni. V grobu je bilo zelo malo ostankov stones at a depth of 25 cm. The vessels were partially sežganih kosti. surrounded with stones. The grave pit revealed very little cremated bone remains. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 15): 7. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in Description of finds ( Pl. 15): uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- 7. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical to slightly šina je delno glajena, sivkasto rjave barve. Okrašena convex lower body, of medium-grained fabric. Sur- je z dvema vodoravnima vrezoma, med katerima so face is partially smoothed, greyish-brown. Decorated skupine s po šestimi navpičnimi vrezi in vrezanimi with a band composed of stripes of six incised vertical dvojnimi oz. trojnimi stoječimi trikotniki. Viš. 6,8 lines and double or triple incised standing triangles, cm, pr. ustja 15,2 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1970. delimited above and below by a horizontal incised 8. Lonček bikonične oblike z usločenim vratom, rahlo line. H. 6.8 cm, rim diam. 15.2 cm, base diam. 7.5 izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz drobnozrna- cm. Inv. No. A 1970. te žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj sivkasto te- 8. Biconical beaker with a curved neck, a slightly evert-mno rjave barve, znotraj rdečkasto rjave barve. Rame ed rim and a concave base, of medium-grained fab- je okrašeno z dvema vodoravnima vrezoma, med ka- ric. Surface is smoothed, greyish-dark brown on the terima so skupine s po štirimi navpičnimi vrezi in exterior, reddish-brown on the interior. Shoulder 10 8 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, evidentiranega s števil-The description and drawing of the item under No. 6 are ko 6, sta povzeta po V. Pahič 1987, T. 41a: 5; 41: 5. taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 41a: 5; 41: 5. 240 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 240 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 vrezanimi dvojnimi stoječimi trikotniki. Vrat lončka decorated with a band composed of stripes of four je okrašen s tremi vrezanimi trojnimi stoječimi tri- incised vertical lines and double incised standing tri- kotniki nad dvema kratkima vrezanima vodoravnima angles, delimited above and below by a horizontal črtama. Viš. 7,8 cm, pr. ustja 8,2 cm, pr. dna 5,7 cm. incised line. Neck decorated with three triple incised Inv. št. A 1969. standing triangles above two short linear incisions. 9. Posoda bikonične oblike z usločenim vratom, rahlo H. 7.8 cm, rim diam. 8.2 cm, base diam. 5.7 cm. Inv. izvihanim ustjem, rahlo vbočenim dnom in tremi No. A 1969. trakastimi ročaji iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi- 9. Biconical vessel with a curved neck, a slightly everted na je glajena, temno sive do temno rjave barve. Rame rim, a slightly concave base and three strap handles, je okrašeno s pasom iz dveh vodoravnih vrezov, med of medium-grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, dark katerima je po šest skupin s po štirimi ali petimi nav- grey to dark brown. Shoulder decorated with a band pičnimi vrezi, ob ročajih pa po dva vrezana stoječa composed between each pair of handles of six stripes trikotnika. Na ročajih sta po dva polkrožna vreza, of four or five incised vertical lines flanked on both med katerima so navpično vrezane kratke črtice. Vrat sides by a double incised standing triangle, while the je okrašen s tremi dvojnimi vrezanimi rombi, v sredi- band is delimited above and below by a horizontal ni katerih je vtisnjena pika. Trakasti ročaji so ovalne- incised line. Lower edge of the handles decorated ga preseka (šir. 1,1 cm, deb. 5 mm). Viš. 8,3 cm, pr. with a pair of semicircular incisions filled with short ustja 10,5 cm, pr. dna 7,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1968. vertical incisions. Neck decorated with three double lozenges with an impressed dot in the centre. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 1.1 cm, th. 5 mm). H. 8.3 cm, rim diam. 10.5 cm, base diam. 7.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1968. Grob 42 Grave 42 ( Tab. 16) ( Pl. 16) V 30 cm globoki grobni jami ovalne oblike, vkopa- The 30 cm deep oval grave pit dug into a layer of ni v rdečkasto ilovnato osnovo, je bila 10 cm debela reddish loamy earth held a 10 cm thick layer of loam plast ilovice, mešane s črno žganino, na kateri je bil mixed with black burnt remains and above it a heap kupček ostankov sežganih kosti. Brez najdb. of cremated one remains. No grave goods. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (?). ceased to be an adult (?). Grob 43 Grave 43 26 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bila mala A small urn (amphora) with a fragmented upper žara (amfora) s fragmentiranim zgornjim delom, na part, containing a heap of cremated bone remains dnu katere sta bila kupček ostankov sežganih kosti and a bronze band ring on the bottom, was found in bronast trakast obroček. Pod in ob amfori sta bila in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 26 cm. kamna. Above and beside the amphora were two stones. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 16): Description of finds ( Pl. 16): 1. Bronast trakast obroček (uhan ali lasni obroček) iz 1 1. Bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 mm thick mm debele pločevine pravokotnega preseka z delno and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet with a par- ohranjeno kvačico na eni in luknjo na drugi strani. tially surviving hook at one end and a hole at the Pr. do 4 cm, šir. 1,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1972. other end. Diam. up to 4 cm, w. 1.7 cm. Inv. No. A 2. Amfora (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim stož- 1972. častim vratom, poudarjenim prehodom vratu v rame, 2. An amphora (small urn) with a long conical neck, a rahlo izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz grobo- pronounced neck-shoulder junction, a slightly evert- zrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. ed rim and a concave base, of coarse-grained fab- Trakasta ročaja sta trikotno strehastega preseka (šir. ric. Surface is smoothed, brown. Strap handles are 1,9 cm, deb. 0,7 cm). Viš. 16,5 cm, pr. ustja 11 cm, sub-oval in section (w. 1.9 cm, th. 0.7 cm). H. 16.5 pr. dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1971. cm, rim diam. 11 cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. No. A 1971. 241 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 241 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Grob 44 Grave 44 Do 25 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila na A 5 cm thick layer of black earth, containing some in med kamni 5 cm debela plast črne zemlje z nekaj cremated bone remains, pottery sherds and a bronze ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti lončenine in bro- pin, was found on top of and between stones in a layer nasto iglo. of brown loamy earth at a depth of up to 25 cm. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 16): Description of find ( Pl. 16): 3. Frg. bronaste igle s tordiranim vratom okroglega pre-3. Frg. of a bronze pin with a twisted neck and a round-sec-seka. Glavica in konica igle nista ohranjeni. Ohr. dol. tioned shank. Head and tip are missing. Surv. l. 10.5 10,5 cm, pr. igle do 3,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1973. cm, shank diam. up to 3.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1973. Grob 45 Grave 45 25 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila mala A small urn (amphora) with a fragmented upper žara (amfora) s fragmentiranim zgornjim delom. Na part was found in a layer of brown loamy earth at njenem dnu je bila plast ostankov sežganih kosti, a depth of 25 cm. The urn contained a layer of cre- nad katero je bila bronasta igla z navzgor obrnjeno mated bone remains on the bottom, on top of which konico. Okrog amfore so bili kamni, pod katerimi was a bronze pin with the tip up. The amphora was je bila črno obarvana ilovnata zemlja z nekaj drobci surrounded with stones that covered a layer of black- sežganih kosti. ened loamy earth with pieces of cremated bones. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 16): Description of finds ( Pl. 16): 4. Bronasta igla s kroglasto glavico in rahlo tordiranim 4. Bronze spherical-headed pin with a slightly twisted vratom okroglega preseka. Dol. 17,8 cm, pr. glavice neck and a round-sectioned shank. L. 17.8 cm, head 1,2 cm, pr. igle 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1975. diam. 1.2 cm, shank diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1975. 5. Frg. amfore (male žare) ovalne oblike s stožčastim 5. Frgs. of an amphora (small urn) with a conical neck vratom in izvihanim ustjem iz močno grobozrnate and an everted rim, of very coarse-grained fabric. žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rdeče in rjave Surface is partially smoothed, red and brown. Strap barve. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,7 handles are oval in section (w. 2.7 cm, th. 1 cm). cm, deb. 1 cm). Rek. viš. 23 cm, rek. pr. ustja 12 cm, Reconstr. h. 23 cm, reconstr. rim diam. 12 cm, base pr. dna 8,2 cm. Inv. št. A 1974. diam. 8.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1974. Grob 46 Grave 46 V gozdnem humusu je bila med in nad kamni fra- A fragmented small urn (vessel), containing scattered gmentirana mala žara (posoda), v kateri so bili raz- cremated bone remains and a fragment of a bronze tresenimi ostanki sežganih kosti in fragment brona- band ring, was found between and above stones in a stega trakastega obročka.11 layer of forest humus.9 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 16): Description of finds ( Pl. 16): 6. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 6. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. preseka. En konec je zožen v kvačico, ki ni ohranjena. One end tapers into a now partially missing hook. Ohr. dol. 4 cm, šir. 1,1 cm. Inv. št. A 1977. Surv. l. 4 cm, w. 1.1 cm. Inv. No. A 1977. 7. Frg. spodnjega dela posode (male žare) z vbočenim 7. Frgs. of the lower part of a vessel (small urn) with a dnom iz finozrnate glinene mase. Rame je okrašeno s concave base, of fine-grained fabric. Shoulder deco- tremi vodoravnimi vrezi. Površina je glajena, rjavka- rated with three horizontal incised lines. Surface is sto črne barve. Ohr. viš. do 5,7 cm, pr. dna 2 cm. Inv. smoothed, brownish-black. Surv. h. up to 5.7 cm, št. A 1976 a. base diam. 2 cm. Inv. No. A 1976 a. 9 The description of the grave includes an amphora, while 11 V opisu groba je navedena amfora, v opisu predmetov pri the descriptions of the goods in V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 48a: 1, V. Pahič 1987, T. 48a: 1, 2; 48: 1, 2 in S. Pahič v Inven-2; 48: 1, 2 and in S. Pahič, Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinskega tarni knjigi Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor sta v grobu 46 muzeja Maribor, include two ceramic vessels for Grave 46 vodeni dve posodi (Inv. št. A 1976 a, 1976 b). (Inv. Nos. A 1976 a, 1976 b). 242 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 242 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 8. Frg. enoročajne skodelice z bikonično oblikovanim 8. Frgs. of a single-handled biconical cup with a curved trupom, usločenim vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem neck and a slightly everted rim, of fine-grained fab- iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, ric. Surface is partially smoothed, reddish-brown. rdečkasto rjave barve. Trakast ročaj je ovalnega prese- Strap handle is oval in section (w. 1.8 cm, th. 0.6 ka (šir. 1,8 cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Ohr. viš. 7 cm, rek. pr. cm). Surv. h. 7 cm, reconstr. rim diam. 10.2 cm, base ustja 10,2 cm, pr. dna 2,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1976 b. diam. 2.7 cm. Inv. No. A 1976 b. Grob 47 Grave 47 35 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili kupček A heap of cremated bone remains, two sherds of a ostankov sežganih kosti, dva fragmenta manjše poso- small vessel and a bronze pin were found in a layer of de in bronasta igla. brown loamy earth at a depth of 35 cm. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 17): Description of find ( Pl. 17): 1. Bronasta igla z majhno bikonično glavico in odebe- 1. Bronze pin with a small biconical head, two mould- ljenim tordiranim vratom okroglega preseka. Pod ings below the head, a thickened and twisted neck, glavico sta dve svitkasti odebelitvi. Dol. igle 15,2 cm, and a round-sectioned shank. Pin l. 15.2 cm, head pr. glavice 6 mm, pr. tordiranega vratu 5 mm, pr. igle diam. 6 mm, neck diam. 5 mm, shank diam. 3 mm. 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1978. Inv. No. A 1978. Grob 48 Grave 48 Približno 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so Several sherds of a dish with an inturned rim mixed bili nekaj fragmentov latvice, med njimi nekaj drob- with pieces of cremated bones and a fragment of a cev sežganih kosti, in fragment bronastega trakastega bronze band ring were found in a layer of brown obročka. loamy earth at a depth of some 30 cm. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 17): Description of finds ( Pl. 17): 2. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- 2. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. preseka, okrašenega z dvema vodoravnima nizoma Decorated with two longitudinal lines of embossed iztolčenih pikic. Ohr. dol. do 8 cm, šir. 1,2 cm. Inv. dots. Surv. l. up to 8 cm, w. 1.2 cm. Inv. No. A 1979. št. A 1979. 3. Frgs. of a dish with an inturned rim and a conical to 3. Frg. latvice s koničnim, nekoliko usločenim ostenjem slightly concave lower body, of medium-grained fab-in uvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Po- ric. Surface is partially smoothed, dark brown to dark vršina je delno glajena, temno rjave do temno sive grey. Reconstr. h. approx. 7 cm, rim diam. approx. barve. Rek. viš. pribl. 7 cm, pr. ustja pribl. 16 cm, pr. 16 cm, base diam. approx. 7.5 cm. No inv. no. dna pribl. 7,5 cm. Brez inv. št. Grob 49 Grave 49 35 cm globoko je bil v rjavi ilovnati zemlji kupček A small heap of cremated bone remains was found in ostankov sežganih kosti. Nedaleč stran sta bila na a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 35 cm. A enaki globini vretence in fragment posode. spindle whorl and a pottery sherd were recovered in the vicinity and at the same depth. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 17): 4. Konično vretence iz finozrnate žgane gline. Površina Description of find ( Pl. 17): je glajena, rjave do črne barve. Viš. 2,4 cm, pr. 3,4 4. Conical spindle whorl, of fine-grained fabric. Surface cm. Inv. št. A 1980. is smoothed, brown to black. H. 2.4 cm, diam. 3.4 cm. Inv. No. A 1980. Grob 50 Grave 50 V 40 cm globoki jami s šibkimi sledovi črno obarva- The 40 cm deep grave pit with traces of blackened ne zemlje je bil kupček ostankov sežganih kosti, med earth held a small heap of cremated bone remains, 243 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 243 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 katerimi so bili fragmenti posode, vretence in nekaj which included sherds of a vessel, a spindle whorl bronastih predmetov. and several bronze objects. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (15 ali več let). ceased to be an adult (15 years or more). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 17): Description of finds ( Pl. 17): 5. Delno ohranjen nesklenjen bronast obroček okrogle- 5. Frg. of a penannular and round-sectioned bronze ga preseka. Pr. 2,1 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1984 a. ring. Diam. 2.1 cm, th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1984 a. 6. Delno ohranjen nesklenjen bronast obroček pravo- 6. Frg. of a penannular and rectangular-sectioned kotnega preseka. Pr. pribl. 2 cm, deb. 2 × 1 mm. Inv. bronze ring. Diam. approx. 2 cm, th. 2 × 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1984 b. No. A 1984 b. 7. Delno ohranjen nesklenjen bronast obroček okrogle- 7. Frg. of a penannular and round-sectioned bronze ga preseka. Pr. 1,9 cm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 1984 d. ring. Diam. 1.9 cm, th. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 1984 d. 8. Frg. bronastega obročka »D« preseka. Rek. pr. pribl. 8. Frgs. of a D-sectioned bronze ring. Reconstr. diam. 2 cm, deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 1984 c. approx. 2 cm, th. up to 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1984 c. 9. Fragmentirana bronasta tordirana ovratnica okro- 9. Frgs. of a round-sectioned twisted bronze torque glega preseka z enim ohranjenim sploščenim uvitim with one surviving roll terminal. L. approx. 28 cm, koncem, drugi manjka. Dol. pribl. 28 cm, pr. pribl. diam. approx. 10.5 cm, th. up to 4 mm. Inv. No. A 10,5 cm, deb. do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1982. 1982. 10. Frg. bronaste trakaste zapestnice sploščenega pravo- 10. Frgs. of a bronze band bracelet. Decorated with three kotnega preseka, okrašene s tremi vzporednimi nizki-low and longitudinal ribs. Surv. l. 11.5 cm, w. 1.5 mi vodoravnimi rebri. Ohr. dol. 11,5 cm, šir. 1,5 cm, cm, th. 2 mm, diam. approx. 5.5 cm. Inv. No. A deb. 2 mm, pr. pribl. 5,5 cm. Inv. št. A 1983. 1983. 11. Vretence nesimetrično bikonične oblike iz finozrna- 11. Asymmetrically biconical spindle whorl, of fine- te žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjave barve. grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, brown. Viš. 2 cm, pr. 3,1 cm. Inv. št. A 1981. H. 2 cm, diam. 3.1 cm. Inv. No. A 1981. 12. Frg. posode iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je 12. Frg. of a vessel, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is groba, zunaj rdečkasto rjave, znotraj sivo rjave barve. coarse, reddish-brown on the exterior, grey-brown on Okrašen je z vodoravnim razčlenjenim plastičnim re- the interior. Decorated with a cordon with impres- brom. Ohr. viš. 5 cm. Brez inv. št. sions. Surv. h. 5 cm. No inv. no. Grob 51 Grave 51 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bil kupček A small heap of cremated bone remains that includ- ostankov sežganih kosti, v katerem sta bili dve bro- ed two bronze pins was found in a layer of brown nasti igli. loamy earth at a depth of 30 cm. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 17): Description of finds ( Pl. 17): 13. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka z majhno bikonično 13. Bronze pin with a small biconical head, a thickened glavico in odebeljenim tordiranim vratom, pod ka-twisted neck with a cuboid element (th. 5 mm) be- terim je odebelitev kvadratnega preseka deb. 5 mm. low it and a round-sectioned shank. L. 4.1 cm, head Konec igle je zožen v konico. Dol. 4,1 cm, pr. glavice and neck diam. 5 mm, shank diam. up to 3 mm. Inv. in vratu 5 mm, pr. igle do 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1986. No. A 1986. 14. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka s sploščeno spiralno 14. Bronze roll-headed pin with a round-sectioned uvito glavico pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 13,5 cm, shank. L. 13.5 cm, head diam. 5 mm, shank diam. pr. glavice 5 mm, pr. igle do 2,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1985. up to 2.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1985. Grob 52 Grave 52 V 35 cm globoki grobni jami, vkopani v rjavo ilov- A fragmented dish, a bronze pin and several cremat- nato zemljo in deloma obdani s kamni, so bili fra- ed bone remains were found in a 35 cm deep grave gmentirana skleda, bronasta igla in nekaj ostankov pit dug into a layer of brown loamy earth and partly sežganih kosti. lined with stones. 244 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 244 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de-pokopana odrasla oseba (?). ceased to be an adult (?). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 17): Description of finds ( Pl. 17): 15. Fragmenta bronaste igle okroglega preseka z majhno 15. Frgs. of a bronze pin with a small biconical head, a bikonično glavico in rahlo odebeljenim tordiranim slightly thickened and twisted neck, and a round-sec- vratom. Ohr. dol. 16 cm, pr. glavice in vratu 5 mm, tioned shank. Surv. l. 16 cm, head and neck diam. 5 pr. igle do 3,5 mm. Inv. št. A 1988. mm, shank diam. up to 3.5 mm. Inv. No. A 1988. 16. Frg. zgornjega dela sklede rahlo bikonične oblike 16. Frg. of the upper part of a roughly biconical dish with s stožčastim vratom in močno izvihanim ustjem iz a conical neck and a strongly everted rim, of medi- drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, zunaj temno rjave, znotraj črne barve. Okrašena je s dark brown on the exterior, black on the interior. pasom nepravilnih vodoravnih vrezov, pod katerimi Decorated with a band of irregular horizontal incised so skupine s po tremi ali štirimi nasproti si stoječimi lines followed downwards by stripes of three or four poševnimi vrezi. Na zgornjem delu vratu je stoječi alternatingly oblique incisions, with a triple incised trikotnik iz treh vrezanih črt. Notranja površina izvi- chevron below the rim, as well as with stripes of three hanega ustja je okrašena s skupinami s po tremi na- alternatingly oblique lines along the interior of the sproti si stoječimi poševnimi vrezi. Ohr. viš. 9,5 cm, rim. Surv. h. 9.5 cm, rim diam. 21.7 cm. Inv. No. A pr. ustja 21,7 cm. Inv. št. A 1987. 1987. Grob 53 Grave 53 45 cm globoka grobna jama ovalne oblike je segala The 45 cm deep oval pit cut through the layer of skozi rjavo ilovnato zemljo do skalnate osnove. V brown loamy earth to reach the bedrock. It held a jami je bila mala žara (amfora) s fragmentiranim small urn (amphora) with a fragmented base that dnom, v kateri so bili v spodnji polovici izbrani was half filled with selected cremated bone remains, ostanki sežganih kosti, ostanka dveh zob ter pre- parts of two teeth, as well as a bronze pin that lay križani bronasti igla in britev. 5 cm nad amforo je across a razor. Found 5 cm above the amphora was bil 3 cm debel pravokotni kamen skrilavec dolži- a 3 cm thick and approx. 25 cm long rectangular ne pribl. 25 cm. Prekrivala ga je 4 cm debela plast piece of slate that was covered by a 4 cm thick layer rdečkaste zemlje, na kateri je bil z manjšimi kamni of reddish earth. A fragmented jug was discovered obdan fragmentiran vrč, ki je segal do 10 cm pod on top of this layer, surrounded by smaller stones površje zemlje. V vrču so bili rdečkasta zemlja in and reaching to 10 cm below the surface. The jug dva debelejša koščka sežganih kosti. Plast žganine contained reddish earth and two thicker pieces of z ostanki sežganih kosti je bila v spodnjem delu cremated bones. The lower part of the grave pit con- grobne jame, v zgornjem delu pa le rjavkasto rdeča tained a layer of burnt and cremated bone remains, ilovnata zemlja. the upper part only brownish-red loamy earth. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba. ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 18): Description of finds ( Pl. 18): 1. Delno ohranjena bronasta polmesečasta britev z 1. Partially surviving bronze lunate razor with a small grbo. Konica rezila ni ohranjena. Ročaj ovalnega pre-spur on the back. Blade tip is missing. Handle is oval seka z nastavkoma za obroček je na koncu odlomljen. in section and includes the stubs of the ring terminal. Ohr. dol. 10,5 cm, ohr. šir. rezila 2 cm, deb. rezila do Surv. l. 10.5 cm, surv. blade w. 2 cm, blade th. up to 1 mm, pr. ročaja do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1991. 1 mm, handle diam. up to 4 mm. Inv. No. A 1991. 2. Bronasta igla okroglega preseka s srednje veliko bi- 2. Bronze pin with a medium-sized biconical head and konično glavico. Dol. 13,4 cm, pr. glavice 9 mm, pr. a round-sectioned shank. L. 13.4 cm, head diam. 9 igle 3 mm. Inv. št. A 1990. mm, shank diam. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 1990. 3. Vrč bikonične oblike z usločenim vratom in rahlo iz- 3. Biconical jug with a curved neck and a slightly evert-vihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina ed rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, je groba, temno rjave barve. Trakast ročaj je ovalnega dark brown. Strap handle is oval in section (w. 2.6 preseka (šir. 2,6 cm, deb. 1,7 cm). Viš. 14,4 cm, pr. cm, th. 1.7 cm). H. 14.4 cm, rim diam. 14 cm, base ustja 14 cm, pr. dna 7 cm. Inv. št. A 1992. diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 1992. 245 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 245 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 4. Amfora (mala žara) trebušaste oblike s stožčastim vra-4. Amphora (small urn) with a conical neck and a tom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane slightly everted rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface gline. Površina je delno glajena, zunaj rdeče in rjave is partially smoothed, red and brown on the exterior, barve, znotraj temno rjave barve. Trakasta ročaja sta dark brown on the interior. Strap handles are crested trikotno strehastega preseka (šir. 2,5 cm, deb. do 1,5 oval in section (w. 2.5 cm, th. up to 1.5 cm). H. 17.7 cm). Viš. 17,7 cm, pr. ustja 14,3 cm, pr. dna 10,3 cm, rim diam. 14.3 cm, base diam. 10.3 cm. Inv. No. cm. Inv. št. A 1989. A 1989. Grob 54 Grave 54 ( Tab. 18) ( Pl. 18) V 45 cm globoki grobni jami ob večji skali je bila 8 The 45 cm deep grave pit held a 8 cm thick layer of cm debela plast žganine z drobnimi ostanki sežganih burnt remains with small pieces of cremated bones kosti, ki jo je prekrival 6 cm debel sloj rdečerjave ze- beside a rock. This layer was covered by a 6 cm thick mlje. Nad njim je bila še 5 cm debela plast žganine z layer of red-brown earth, in turn overlain by a 5 cm drobci sežganih kosti. Brez najdb. thick layer of burnt remains with pieces of cremated bones. No grave goods. Grob 55 Grave 55 ( Tab. 18) ( Pl. 18) 35 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bil kupček A small heap of cremated bones with some burnt ostankov sežganih kosti z nekaj žganine, med kate- remains that included a fragment of a bronze torque rimi sta bila fragment bronaste ovratnice in spiralni and a spiral ring was found in a layer of brown loamy obroček. Preostali bronasti pridatki so bili raztrese- earth at a depth of 35 cm. Other bronze goods were ni v premeru 1,5 metra neposredno pod gozdnim scattered across a 1.5 m large surface immediately humusom. below the forest humus. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 18): Description of finds ( Pl. 18): 5. Sklenjen bronast obroček rombičnega preseka. Pr. 4 5. Annular and lozenge-sectioned bronze ring. Diam. 4 cm, deb. 3 × 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1999. cm, th. 3 × 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1999. 6. Fragmentiran sklenjen bronast obroček rombičnega 6. Fragmented annular and lozenge-sectioned bronze preseka. Pr. 4 cm, deb. 3 × 5 mm. Inv. št. A 2000. ring. Diam. 4 cm, th. 3 × 5 mm. Inv. No. A 2000. 7. Frg. bronastega obročka (uhana ali lasnega obročka) 7. Frg. of a bronze ring (ear or hair ring) of two coils iz dvakrat spiralno zvite žice ovalnega preseka. Konca of oval-sectioned wire. Both ends are missing. Diam. nista ohranjena. Pr. 2,2 cm, deb. do 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2.2 cm, th. up to 2 mm. Inv. No. A 1998. 1998. 8. Frg. of a round-sectioned twisted bronze torque with 8. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice okroglega preseka one surviving roll terminal. Surv. l. approx. 22 cm, z enim ohranjenim sploščenim uvitim koncem. Ohr. th. up to 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1994. dol. pribl. 22 cm, deb. do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1994. 9. Frg. of a lozenge-sectioned twisted bronze torque 9. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice rombičnega preseka with one surviving roll terminal. Surv. l. approx. 7 z enim ohranjenim sploščeno uvitim koncem. Ohr. cm, th. up to 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1997. dol. pribl. 7 cm, deb. do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1997. 10. Frg. of a round-sectioned twisted bronze torque with 10. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice okroglega preseka one surviving roll terminal. Surv. l. approx. 10.5 cm, z enim ohranjenim sploščenim uvitim koncem. Ohr. th. up to 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1996. dol. pribl. 10,5 cm, deb. do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1996. 11. Frg. of a deformed round-sectioned twisted bronze 11. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice okroglega preseka s torque with roll terminals. Surv. l. approx. 41 cm, th. sploščenima spiralno uvitima koncema. Deformirana. up to 5 mm. Inv. No. A 1993. Ohr. dol. pribl. 41 cm, deb. do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 1993. 12. Frg. of a round-sectioned twisted bronze torque with 12. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice okroglega preseka. missing ends. Surv. l. approx. 21 cm, th. up to 4 mm. Konca nista ohranjena. Ohr. dol. pribl. 21 cm, deb. Inv. No. A 1995. do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 1995. 13. Conical spindle whorl, of medium-grained fabric. 13. Konično vretence iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr- Surface is partially smoothed, brown. H. 2.3 cm, šina je delno glajena, rjave barve. Viš. 2,3 cm, pr. 3 diam. 3 cm. No inv. no. cm. Brez inv. št. 246 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 246 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Grob 56 Grave 56 V 50 cm globoki grobni jami ovalne oblike, vkopani The 50 cm deep oval grave pit dug into a layer of v rjavo ilovnato zemljo, je bila 25 cm debela plast brown loamy earth contained a 25 cm thick layer of žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti. V plasti žganine je burnt remains with pieces of cremated bones. The bila fragmentirana amfora, v kateri so bili drobci se- burnt remains included a fragmented amphora con- žganih kosti. V grobni jami je bilo še nekaj fragmen- taining pieces of cremated bones. The grave pit held tov grobe posode in dva fragmenta bronaste igle. several sherds of a coarse vessel and two fragments of Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu a bronze pin. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 19): 1. Fragmentirana amfora (mala žara) ovalne oblike s Description of find ( Pl. 19): stožčastim vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz drob- 1. Fragmented ovaloid amphora (small urn) with a nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, de- conical neck and a slightly everted rim, of medi- loma rdečkasto rjave, deloma sivkasto rjave barve. um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, Rame je okrašeno z vodoravnimi vrezi (zgoraj dva, reddish-brown and greyish-brown. Shoulder deco- spodaj en), med katerimi teče pas dvojne ali trojne rated with a double or triple incised zigzag delimited vrezane cikcak črte. Trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega pre- above by a double and below by a single horizontal seka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,6 cm). Viš. 13,8 cm, pr. ustja incised line. Strap handles are oval in section (w. 2 11 cm, pr. dna 5 cm. Inv. št. A 2616. cm, th. 0.6 cm). H. 13.8 cm, rim diam. 11 cm, base diam. 5 cm. Inv. No. A 2616. Grob 57 Grave 57 40 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bil kupček A small heap of burnt remains with cremated bones, žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti manjše sherds of a small vessel, fragments of a bronze razor posode ter fragmenti bronaste britve in igle. Nekaj and a pin was found in a layer of brown loamy earth centimetrov višje ob strani so bili fragmenti male at a depth of 40 cm. Sherds of a small urn (small žare (vrček), okrašene s pasom plitvih žlebov, v kateri jug), decorated with a band of shallow grooves and so bili izbrani ostanki sežganih kosti. containing selected cremated bone remains, were found several centimetres higher up and to the side. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 19): 2. Frg. bronaste britve. Ohranjeni so del rezila in fra-Description of finds ( Pl. 19): gmenti ročaja z obročkom ter rožičem na koncu. 2. Frgs. of a bronze razor. Surviving pieces form part Dol. ročaja okroglega preseka je 4 cm, fragment of the blade and the round-sectioned handle with a obročka rombičnega preseka deb. 3 × 2 mm, deb. lozenge-sectioned ring terminal that ends with a pro- rezila 2 mm, vel. frg. rezila 4,1 × 2,5 cm. Inv. št. A trusion. Handle l. 4 cm, ring th. 3 × 2 mm, blade th. 2618. 2 mm, blade frg. size 4.1 × 2.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2618. 3. Fragmentiran vrček (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z 3. Fragmented small ellipsoid jug (small urn) with a ohranjenim delom stožčastega vratu, poudarjenim conical neck, a pronounced neck-shoulder junction prehodom vratu v rame in vbočenim dnom iz drob- and a concave base, of medium-grained fabric. Rim nozrnate žgane gline. Ustje ni ohranjeno. Površina je is missing. Surface is partially smoothed, black on the delno glajena, zunaj črne, znotraj rjave barve. Rame exterior, brown on the interior. Shoulder decorated je okrašeno s pasom plitvih poševnih žlebov. Trakast with a band of shallow oblique grooves. Strap handle ročaj je ovalnega preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,7 cm). is oval in section (w. 2 cm, th. 0.7 cm). Surv. h. 8 cm, Ohr. viš. 8 cm, pr. dna 3,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2617. base diam. 3.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2617. Grob 58 Grave 58 ( Tab. 19) ( Pl. 19) 40 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bil kupček A small heap of burnt remains with pieces of select- žganine z ostanki izbranih sežganih kosti in nekaj ed cremated bones and several coarse pottery sherds fragmenti grobe lončenine. were found in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 40 cm. 247 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 247 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Grob 59 Grave 59 ( Tab. 19) ( Pl. 19) 40 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili med ka- Cremated bone remains, coarse pottery sherds and mni ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti grobe lonče- two up to do 4 cm long fragments of bronze wire nine in dva do 4 cm dolga fragmenta bronaste žice. were found among stones in a layer of brown loamy Grob je bil verjetno že uničen. earth at a depth of 40 cm. The grave had already been damaged upon discovery. Grob 60 Grave 60 V 10 do 25 cm globoki grobni jami premera 30 cm, The 10 to 25 cm deep grave pit measuring 30 cm in vkopani skozi rjavo ilovnato zemljo do skalne osno- diameter cut through a layer of brown loamy earth ve, so bili plast žganine z izbranimi ostanki sežganih to the bedrock. It held a layer of burnt remains with kosti, nekaj majhnih fragmentov lončenine, vretence selected cremated bones, several small pottery sherds, in več bronastih pridatkov. a spindle whorl and several bronze goods. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (16 ali več let). ceased to be an adult (16 years or more). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 19): Description of finds ( Pl. 19): 4. Frg. bronastega obeska v obliki kolesa z dvema ohra- 4. Frg. of a thin, D-sectioned and wheel-shaped bronze njenima nastavkoma za prečke ozkega »D« preseka. pendant with the stubs of two spokes. W. 5 mm, th. Šir. 5 mm, deb. 1 mm. Inv. št. A 2621. 1 mm. Inv. No. A 2621. 5. Fragmentirana bronasta očalasta fibula iz do 3 mm 5. Fragmented bronze spectacle fibula with a triple fig-debele žice okroglega preseka s trikrat zvito vmesno ure-of-eight of round-sectioned wire, also surviving osmičasto pentljo, delom ohranjene igle in zanko. is the pin and the hook. Reconstr. l. approx. 10.8 cm, Rek. dol. pribl. 10,8 cm, pr. svitkov do 4,5 cm, pr. coil diam. up to 4.5 cm, figure-of-eight coil diam. up osmic do 2,3 cm, ohr. dol. igle 2 cm. Inv. št. A 2620. to 2.3 cm, surv. pin l. 2 cm. Inv. No. A 2620. 6. Frg. bronastega obročka polkrožnega preseka. Pr. 2,3 6. Frg. of a D-sectioned bronze ring. Diam. 2.3 cm, th. cm, deb. 2 × 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2625. 2 × 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2625. 7. Frg. bronaste spiralne cevčice – saltaleona iz 1 × 3 7. Frg. of a bronze spiral tube or saltaleone of a 1 × 3 mm debele žice pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. dol. pri- mm thick rectangular-sectioned wire. Surv. l. approx. bl. 13 cm, šir. 6 mm. Inv. št. A 2624. 13 cm, w. 6 mm. Inv. No. A 2624. 8. Frg. bronaste zapestnice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. 6,5 8. Frg. of a D-sectioned bronze bracelet. Surv. l. 6.5 cm, cm, šir. 9 mm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2622. w. 9 mm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2622. 9. Frg. bronaste zapestnice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. 8,5 9. Frg. of a D-sectioned bronze bracelet. Surv. l. 8.5 cm, cm, šir. 8 mm, deb. 2,5 mm. Inv. št. A 2623. w. 8 mm, th. 2.5 mm. Inv. No. A 2623. 10. Vretence oblo bikonične oblike iz drobnozrnate žga- 10. Rounded biconical spindle whorl, of medium-grained ne gline. Površina je delno glajena, rjave barve. Viš. fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, brown. H. 1.6 1,6 cm, pr. 2,4 cm. Inv. št. A 2619. cm, diam. 2.4 cm. Inv. No. A 2619. Grob 61 Grave 61 Približno 12 cm pod površjem so bili v rjavi zemlji Pieces of cremated bones, sherds of a reddish vessel drobci sežganih kosti, fragmenti rdečkaste posode s with a strap handle and bronze goods were found trakastim ročajem in bronasti pridatki. in a layer of brown earth roughly 12 cm below the surface. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 20): 1. Bronast sklenjen obroček rombičnega preseka. Pr. Description of finds ( Pl. 20): 4,4 cm, deb. 4 × 3 mm. Inv. št. A 2627 a. 1. Annular lozenge-sectioned bronze ring. Diam. 4.4 2. Fragmentiran bronast sklenjen obroček rombičnega cm, th. 4 × 3 mm. Inv. No. A 2627 a. preseka. Pr. 4,2 cm, deb. 3 mm. Inv. št. A 2627 b. 2. Fragmented annular lozenge-sectioned bronze ring. 3. Bronasta tordirana ovratnica rombičnega preseka z Diam. 4.2 cm, th. 3 mm. Inv. No. A 2627 b. enim ohranjenim sploščenim nastavkom za uviti ko- 3. Twisted lozenge-sectioned bronze torque with the nec. Pr. pribl. 15 cm, deb. do 5 mm. Inv. št. A 2626. stub of a roll terminal. Diam. approx. 15 cm, th. up to 5 mm. Inv. No. A 2626. 248 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 248 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Grob 62 Grave 62 30 cm globoko v rdečkasti zemlji nad gruščnato An urn (vessel) with a completely fragmented upper osnovo je bila žara (posoda) s povsem fragmentira- part was found in a layer of reddish earth above the nim zgornjim delom. Na njenem dnu so bili nekaj gravel at a depth of 30 cm. The bottom of the urn held ostankov sežganih kosti, fragment bronaste zapestni- some cremated bone remains, a fragment of a bronze ce, nekaj fragmentov temno sive male posode in bro- bracelet, several sherds of a small dark grey vessel and nast obesek v obliki kolesa. Glede na antropološko a bronze wheel-shaped pendant. The anthropological analizo je bila v grobu pokopana odrasla oseba. analysis has shown the deceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 20): Description of finds ( Pl. 20): 4. Fragmentiran bronast obesek v obliki kolesa z uše- 4. Fragmented bronze wheel-shaped and lozenge-sec- scem in vpisanim trojnim križem, vpetim v krožni tioned pendant with a suspension loop and triple obod rombičnega preseka. Pr. 6,8 cm, deb. 5 × 3 spokes forming a cross. Diam. 6.8 cm, th. 5 × 3 mm. mm. Inv. št. A 2630. Inv. No. A 2630. 5. Frg. bronaste zapestnice »D« preseka. Ohr. dol. 3,5 5. Frg. of a D-sectioned bronze bracelet. Surv. l. 3.5 cm, cm, šir. 8 mm, deb. 2 mm. Inv. št. A 2631. w. 8 mm, th. 2 mm. Inv. No. A 2631. 6. Frg. posode iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je 6. Frg. of a vessel, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is groba, rjave barve. Okrašen je z vodoravnim razčlenje-coarse, brown. Decorated with a cordon with im- nim plastičnim rebrom. Ohr. viš. 5 cm. Brez inv. št. pressions. Surv. h. 5 cm. No inv. no. 7. Izbočen spodnji del in dno posode (žare) z enim ohra-7. Frg. of a vessel (urn) with a convex lower body, a flat njenim vodoravnim jezičastim držajem (šir. 2,8 cm, base and one surviving horizontal tongue-shaped grip deb. 1,5 cm) iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je (w. 2.8 cm, th. 1.5 cm), of medium-grained fabric. groba, rjavkasto rdeče barve. Ohr. viš. 15,2 cm, pr. dna Surface is coarse, brownish-red. Surv. h. 15.2 cm, base 14 cm, največji ohr. pr. 26 cm. Inv. št. A 2929. diam. 14 cm, max. surv. diam. 26 cm. Inv. No. A 2929. Grob 63 Grave 63 Do globine 15 cm pod površjem zemlje so bili na po- Cremated bone remains, sherds of a jug, a sin- vršini širine 25 cm ostanki sežganih kosti, fragmenti gle-handled and a two-handled cup were found vrča ter enoročajne in dvoročajne skodelice. spread across a 25 cm wide surface at a depth of up Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu to 15 cm below the surface. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 20): 8. Fragmentirana dvoročajna skodelica ( kantharos) z Description of finds ( Pl. 20): izbočenim spodnjim delom, usločenim vratom, ra- 8. Fragmented two-handled cup ( kantharos) with a con-hlo izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom (omfalos) vex lower body, a curved neck, a slightly everted rim iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, and a concave base (omphalos), of coarse-grained rjavkasto črne barve. Okrašena je z vodoravnim ni- fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, brownish-black. zom kratkih navpičnih vrezov in vodoravno vrezano Decorated with a horizontal line of short vertical cikcak črto. Presegajoča trakasta ročaja sta ovalnega incisions and a horizontal incised zigzag line. High preseka (šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,4 cm). Rek. viš. 5,5 cm, strap handles are oval in section (w. 1.6 cm, th. 0.4 pr. ustja 8 cm, pr. dna 4,2 cm. Inv. št. A 2633 a. cm). Reconstr. h. 5.5 cm, rim diam. 8 cm, base diam. 9. Fragmentirana mala enoročajna kroglasta skodelica 4.2 cm. Inv. No. A 2633 a. z rahlo izvihanim ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz fi- 9. Fragmented small single-handled globular cup with nozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rdeče rjave a slightly everted rim and a concave base, of fine- barve. Okrašena je z vodoravnim nizom kratkih nav- grained fabric. Surface is smoothed, red brown. Dec- pičnih vrezov, pod katerim je vodoravno vrezana cik- orated with a horizontal line of short vertical inci- cak črta. Presegajoč trakast ročaj ovalnega preseka je sions and a horizontal incised zigzag line below it. na zunanjo stran rahlo vbokle oblike (šir. 2 cm, deb. High strap handle is oval in section and slightly con- 4 mm). Rek. viš. 5,7 cm, pr. ustja 6,8 cm, pr. dna 3 cave (w. 2 cm, th. 4 mm). Reconstr. h. 5.7 cm, rim cm. Inv. št. A 2633 b. diam. 6.8 cm, base diam. 3 cm. Inv. No. A 2633 b. 10. Frg. vrča bikonične oblike s stožčastim vratom, rahlo iz-10. Frgs. of a biconical jug with a conical neck, a slightly vihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate everted rim and a slightly concave base, of fine-grained 249 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 249 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rdečkasto rjave barve. fabric. Surface is smoothed, reddish-brown. Decorated Okrašen je s štirimi vodoravnimi črtami brazdastih vre- with four horizontal lines of furrowed incisions followed zov, vodoravnim nizom poševnih podolgovatih vbodov downwards by a line of oblique elongated stabs and a in cikcak črto brazdastih vrezov. Rek. viš. 12,5 cm, pr. zigzag line of furrowed incisions. Reconstr. h. 12.5 cm, ustja 11 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 2632. rim diam. 11 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 2632. Grob 64 Grave 64 Na globini 15 cm so bili fragmenti rjave neokrašene Sherds of a plain vessel and cremated bone remains posode in ostanki sežganih kosti. Grob je bil zaradi were found at a depth of 15 cm. The grave had already plitke lege že uničen. been heavily damaged because of its shallow depth. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 20): Description of find ( Pl. 20): 11. Frg. zgornjega dela enoročajne polkroglaste skodelice 11. Frgs. of the upper part of a single-handled hemispheri-z rahlo uvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. cal cup with an inturned rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Površina je groba, sivkasto rjave barve. Presegajoč tra- Surface is coarse, greyish-brown. High strap handle is kast ročaj je ovalnega, na zunanjo stran vbočenega oval in section and concave (w. 1.9 cm and th. 6 mm). preseka (šir. 1,9 cm in deb. 6 mm). Rek. pr. ustja 10 Reconstr. rim diam. 10 cm. Inv. No. A 2628. cm. Inv. št. A 2628. Grob 65 Grave 65 Na globini 15 cm je bila fragmentirana mala žara A fragmented small urn (amphora) containing cre- (amfora) z ostanki sežganih kosti in vretencem. mated bone remains and a spindle whorl was found Ostanki sežganih kosti so bili tudi ob amfori. Grob at a depth of 15 cm. Cremated bone remains were je bil zaradi plitke lege že uničen. also lying beside the amphora. The grave had already Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu been heavily damaged because of its shallow depth. pokopana odrasla oseba. The anthropological analysis has shown the deceased to be an adult. Opisi najdb: 12. Ploščato konkavno vbočeno vretence koničnega pro- Description of finds: fila iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, rja- 12. Low conical spindle whorl with a concave lower ve barve. Viš. 2,1 cm, pr. 5,8 cm. Inv. št. A 2635. surface, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is coarse, 13. Amfora (mala žara) kroglaste oblike z usločenim brown. H. 2.1 cm, diam. 5.8 cm. Inv. No. A 2635. vratom in močno izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate 13. Globular amphora (small urn) with a curved neck žgane gline. Površina je glajena, temno rjave barve. and a strongly everted rim, of medium-grained fab- Rame je okrašeno z vodoravnimi nizi izmenično vti- ric. Surface is smoothed, dark brown. Shoulder dec- snjenih pik in krožcev, nad katerimi sta žlebljena črta orated with groups of three impressed dots followed in niz skupin s po tremi vtisnjenimi pikami. Trakasta downwards by a horizontal incised line and alternat- ročaja sta pravokotno ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,1 cm, ing lines of impressed dots and rings. Strap handles deb. 6 mm). Viš. 17,3 cm, pr. ustja 14 cm, pr. dna are rectangular to oval in section (w. 2.1 cm, th. 6 6,3 cm. Inv. št. A 2634. mm). H. 17.3 cm, rim diam. 14 cm, base diam. 6.3 cm. Inv. No. A 2634. Grob 66 Grave 66 ( Tab. 21) ( Pl. 21) 35 cm globoko v rdečkasti ilovnati zemlji je bila do 8 An up to 8 cm thick layer of burnt remains meas- cm debela plast žganine premera 25 × 30 cm z nekaj uring 25 × 30 cm and including pieces of cremated drobci sežganih kosti in tremi fragmenti lončenine. bones and three pottery sherds was found in a layer of reddish loamy earth at a depth of 35 cm. Grob 67 Grave 67 V grobni jami ovalne oblike premera 55 × 70 cm je The oval grave pit measuring 55 × 70 cm revealed, at a bila na globini 45 cm 10 cm debela plast žganine z ne- depth of 45 cm, a 10 cm thick layer of burnt remains kaj drobci sežganih kosti, na kateri so bile štiri povsem with some pieces of cremated bones, on top of which 250 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 250 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 fragmentirane posode, zapolnjene s črno obarvano were four completely fragmented vessels filled with a rdečo ilovnato zemljo. V jugovzhodnem delu grobne blackened red loamy earth. The south-eastern part of jame je bil svitek bronaste očalaste fibule. V grobu so the pit held a coil of a bronze spectacle fibula. The pit bili še nekaj fragmentov večje grobe posode in fra-also yielded several sherds of a large coarse vessel and gmenti manjše posode nedoločljive oblike. sherds of a smaller vessel of undeterminable form. Opisi najdb: Description of finds: 1. Svitek bronaste očalaste fibule okroglega preseka z 1. Coil of a bronze spectacle fibula with the stub of a nastavkom za osmičasto pentljo iz do 3 mm debele figure-of-eight of an up to 3 mm thick round-sec- žice. Pr. svitka 5,2 mm. Inv. št. A 2636. tioned wire. Coil diam. 5.2 mm. Inv. No. A 2636. 2. Frg. ustja latvice iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Povr-2. Rim frg. of a dish with an inturned rim, of medi- šina je delno glajena, oranžne barve. Ohr. viš. 3 cm. um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, or- Brez inv. št. ange. Surv. h. 3 cm. No inv. no. 3. Frg. ustja latvice iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površi-3. Rim frg. of a dish with an inturned rim, of medi- na je delno glajena, rjavkasto oranžne barve. Ohr. viš. um-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, 3 cm. Brez inv. št. brownish orange. Surv. h. 3 cm. No inv. no. 4. Frg. trakastega ročaja male rjave posode pravokotne- 4. Frg. of a rectangular-sectioned strap handle of a small ga preseka (šir. 2,2 cm, deb. 0,4 mm). O. pribl. 10 brown vessel (w. 2.2 cm, th. 0.4 mm). Surv. h. ap- cm. Brez inv. št. Založen.12 prox. 10 cm. No inv. no. Mislaid.10 Grob 68 Grave 68 30 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila fragmen- A fragmented small urn (jug) was found in a layer of tirana mala žara (vrč). Na dnu vrča je bila do 5 cm brown loamy earth at a depth of 30 cm. The bottom debela plast črno obarvane ilovnate zemlje z ostanki of the jug held an up to 5 cm thick layer of black- sežganih kosti in žganine, pokrita z rdečkasto ilovna- ened loamy earth with cremated bones and burnt to zemljo. remains, covered by reddish loamy earth. Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu The anthropological analysis has shown the de- pokopana odrasla oseba (17 ali več let). ceased to be an adult (17 years or more). Opis najdbe ( Tab. 21): Description of find ( Pl. 21): 5. Vrč (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim usloče- 5. Jug (small urn) with a long curved neck and a strongly nim vratom in močno izvihanim ustjem iz grobozr-everted rim, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface is par- nate žgane gline. Površina je delno glajena, temno tially smoothed, dark brown. Shoulder decorated with rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno s štirimi vodoravnimi four horizontal incised lines, three of them are sepa- vrezi, dvema vodoravnima nizoma vtisnjenih pik in rated with two lines of impressed dots that continue trakom psevdovrvičastega okrasa v motivu skupin s down one side of the handle, the fourth one forms po štirimi visečimi trikotniki. Na eni strani ročaja je part of a band of pseudo-cord impressions forming navpičen niz vtisnjenih pik. Na notranji strani ustja quadruple hanging triangles. Rim interior decorated je cikcak črta psevdovrvičastega okrasa. Trakast ročaj with a zigzag line of pseudo-cord impressions. Strap je ovalnega preseka z dvema navpičnima rebroma na handle is crested-oval in section with a pair of ribs (w. zunanji strani (šir. 3 cm, deb. do 1,2 cm). Viš. 16,1 3 cm, th. up to 1.2 cm). H. 16.1 cm, rim diam. 11.5 cm, pr. ustja 11,5 cm, pr. dna 7,5 cm. Inv. št. A 2637. cm, base diam. 7.5 cm. Inv. No. A 2637. Grob 69 Grave 69 V grobni jami ovalne oblike premera 50 × 60 cm je The oval grave pit measuring 50 × 60 cm held a 10 bila na globini 55 cm 10 do 15 cm debela plast žga- to 15 cm thick layer of burnt remains with some nine z nekaj ostanki sežganih kosti, na kateri so stale pieces of cremated bones at a depth of 55 cm, on tri fragmentirane posode in fragment bronaste žice. top of which stood three fragmented vessels and a V plasti žganine so bili še nekaj fragmentov grobe bronze wire fragment. The layer of burnt remains rdeče posode in fragment sileksa. also included several sherds of a coarse red vessel and a fragment of a stone flake. 12 10 Opis in risba založenega predmeta, evidentiranega s števil-The description and drawing of the mislaid item under ko 4, sta povzeta po V. Pahič 1987, T. 67a: 3; 67: 3. No. 4 are taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 67a: 3; 67: 3. 251 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 251 8. 03. 2021 12:53:51 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 21): Description of finds ( Pl. 21): 6. Frg. amfore trebušaste oblike s poudarjenim pre- 6. Frgs. of an ellipsoid amphora with a curved neck, a hodom usločenega vratu v rame, rahlo izvihanim pronounced neck-shoulder junction, a slightly evert- ustjem in vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane gline. ed rim and a concave base, of fine-grained fabric. Površina je glajena, temno rjave barve. Trakasta roča- Surface is smoothed, dark brown. Strap handles are ja sta nepravilnega ovalnega preseka (šir. 2 cm, deb. 6 sub-oval in section (w. 2 cm, th. 6 mm). Reconstr. h. mm). Rek. viš. 15,5 cm, pr. ustja 12 cm, pr. dna 7,3 15.5 cm, rim diam. 12 cm, base diam. 7.3 cm. Inv. cm. Inv. št. A 2590. No. A 2590. 7. Latvica s koničnim, nekoliko izbočenim ostenjem in 7. Dish with an inturned rim and a conical to slightly uvihanim ustjem iz grobozrnate žgane gline. Površi- convex lower body, of coarse-grained fabric. Surface na je delno glajena, zunaj lisasto rjave do črne barve, is partially smoothed, mottled brown and black on znotraj sive barve. Viš. 7 cm, pr. ustja 15 cm, pr. dna the exterior, grey on the interior. H. 7 cm, rim diam. 7 cm. Inv. št. A 2638 a. 15 cm, base diam. 7 cm. Inv. No. A 2638 a. 8. Latvica polkroglaste oblike z uvihanim ustjem in 8. Hemispherical dish with an inturned rim and one enim ohranjenim vodoravnim jezičastim držajem surviving horizontal and tongue-shaped grip (w. 2 (šir. 2 cm, deb. 7 mm) iz močno grobozrnate žgane cm, th. 7 mm), of very coarse-grained fabric. Sur- gline. Površina je delno glajena, svetlo rjave barve. face is partially smoothed, light brown. H. 5.7 cm, Viš. 5,7 cm, pr. ustja 11,8 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. rim diam. 11.8 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A A 2638 b. 2638 b. Grob 70 35 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji je bila mala žara Grave 70 (amfora), v kateri je ležala bronasta igla na 7 cm debeli A small urn (amphora), containing a bronze pin on plasti izbranih ostankov sežganih kosti. Severozaho- a 7 cm thick layer of selected cremated bone re- dno od amfore je bil do 20 cm velik apnenčast kamen. mains, was found in a layer of brown loamy earth Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu at a depth of 35 cm. Northwest of the amphora was pokopana odrasla oseba (?). an up to 20 cm wide piece of limestone. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- Opisi najdb ( Tab. 22): ceased to be an adult (?). 1. Frg. bronaste igle okroglega preseka s tordiranim vratom. Glavica igle ni ohranjena. Ohr. dol. 15 cm, pr. Description of finds ( Pl. 22): igle 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2640. 1. Frg. of a bronze pin with a twisted neck and a 2. Amfora (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z usločenim round-sectioned shank. Head is missing. Surv. l. 15 vratom in rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz drobnozrnate cm, shank diam. 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2640. žgane gline. Površina je glajena, zunaj lisasto rdeče in 2. Amphora (small urn) with a curved neck and a slight-sivkasto rjave, znotraj črne barve. Rame je okrašeno s ly everted rim, of medium-grained fabric. Surface is tremi plitvimi vodoravnimi vrezi. Trakasta ročaja sta smoothed, mottled red and greyish-brown on the ex- trikotno strehastega profila (šir. 2,4 cm, deb. 1,6 cm). terior, black on the interior. Shoulder decorated with Viš. 19,2 cm, pr. ustja 12,8 cm, pr. dna 9,2 cm. Inv. three shallow horizontal incised lines. Strap handles št. A 2639. are pentagonal in section (w. 2.4 cm, th. 1.6 cm). H. 19.2 cm, rim diam. 12.8 cm, base diam. 9.2 cm. Inv. No. A 2639. Grob 71 Grave 71 20 cm globoko v rjavi ilovnati zemlji so bili fragmen- Fragments of a small vessel and cremated bone re- ti manjše posode in ostanki sežganih kosti. mains were found in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of 20 cm. Opis najdbe ( Tab. 22): 3. Frg. zgornjega dela posode z ročajem (amfore ali Description of find ( Pl. 22): vrča?) iz drobnozrnate žgane gline. Površina je delno 3. Frgs. of the upper part of a vessel with a handle (am-glajena, rdeče in rjave barve. Rame je okrašeno z dve- phora or jug?), of medium-grained fabric. Surface is ma vodoravnima nizoma brazdastih vrezov in vreza- partially smoothed, red and brown. Shoulder deco- no cikcak črto. Trakast ročaj je ovalnega, na zunanjo rated with two horizontal lines of furrowed incisions 252 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 252 8. 03. 2021 12:53:52 stran vbočenega preseka (šir. 2,4 cm, deb. 6 mm). followed downwards by an incised zigzag line. Strap Ohr. dol. ročaja do 5 cm. Inv. št. A 1950.13 handle is oval in section and concave (w. 2.4 cm, th. 6 mm). Surv. handle l. up to 5 cm. Inv. No. A 1950.11 Grob 72 Grave 72 Na globini 35 cm je bila v rjavi, z belim apnenčastim The 35 × 40 cm large oval grave pit was dug in a lay- peskom mešani ilovnati zemlji, vkopana 35 × 40 cm er of brown loamy soil mixed with white limestone velika grobna jama ovalne oblike, v kateri je bila do sand to a depth of 35 cm, and contained an up to 7 7 cm debela plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti. cm thick layer of burnt and cremated bone remains. Na plasti žganine je stala močno fragmentirana mala Standing on top of the layer of burnt remains was žara (posoda) z izbranimi ostanki sežganih kosti in a heavily fragmented small urn (vessel) containing dvema kosoma živalskih reber. Še dva kosa živalskih selected cremated bone remains and two pieces of reber z odlomljenima koncema sta bila v plasti žga- animal ribs. Two other such pieces with missing ex- nine. Bronasti pridatki in okrašen fragment grobe tremities were found in the layer of burnt remains. posode so bili južno in zahodno ob posodi. Bronze goods and a decorated sherd of a coarse vessel Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu were found beside the urn, south and west of it. pokopana odrasla oseba (?). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (?). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 22): Description of finds ( Pl. 22): 5. Svitka bronaste očalaste fibule z nastavkom za osmi- 5. Two coils of a bronze spectacle fibula with the stub často pentljo iz 2 mm debele žice okroglega preseka. of a figure-of-eight of a 2mm thick round-sectioned Pr. svitkov 2,5 in 3 cm. Inv. št. A 2641. wire. Coil diam. 2.5 and 3 cm. Inv. No. A 2641. 6. Frg. dveh bronastih obročkov iz večkrat spiralno zvi-6. Frgs. of two bronze spiral rings of a 1 mm thick te 1 mm debele žice okroglega preseka. Pr. do 1,6 cm. round-sectioned wire. Diam. up to 1.6 cm. Inv. Nos. Inv. št. A 2642 a, b. A 2642 a, b. 7. Frg. posode (male žare) s koničnim vratom iz gro- 7. Frg. of a vessel (small urn) with a conical neck, of bozrnate lončarske gline. Površina je delno glajena, coarse-grained fabric. Surface is partially smoothed, temno rjave barve. Okrašen je s tremi nepravilnimi dark brown. Decorated with irregular horizontal vodoravnimi žlebovi. Ohr. viš. 2,5 cm. Brez inv. št. grooves. Surv. h. 2.5 cm. No inv. no. V bližini groba 72 je bil v smeri groba 75 v rjavi A fragment of a bronze pin was found in the ilovnati zemlji na globini približno 25 cm fragment vicinity of Grave 72, and in the direction of Grave bronaste igle.14 75, in a layer of brown loamy earth at a depth of roughly 25 cm.12 Opis najdbe ( Tab. 22): 4. Frg. bronaste igle okroglega preseka z rahlo odebelje-Description of find ( Pl. 22): nim tordiranim vratom. Glavica in konica igle nista 4. Frg. of a bronze pin with a slightly thickened twisted ohranjeni. Ohr. dol. 14,5 cm, pr. tordiranega dela neck and a round-sectioned shank. Head and tip are igle 5 mm, pr. igle 3 do 4 mm. Inv. št. A 2648. missing. Surv. l. 14.5 cm, neck diam. 5 mm, shank diam. 3 to 4 mm. Inv. No. A 2648. Grob 73 Grave 73 35 cm globoko v rjavih ilovnatih tleh je bila fra- A fragmented small urn (amphora), covered with a gmentirana mala žara (amfora), pokrita s pokrovom. lid, was found in a layer of brown loamy earth at a Na dnu amfore je bila do 6 cm debela plast izbra- depth of 35 cm. The bottom of the amphora held an nih ostankov sežganih kosti z ostankom bronastega 11 The list of goods describes it as a jug: V. Pahič 1987, Psl. 71a: 1; 71: 1, while Stanko Pahič described it as a small 13 V opisu predmetov je posoda vodena kot vrč: V. Pahič amphora in the inventory book ( Inventarna knjiga Pokra-1987, T. 71a: 1; 71: 1, v Inventarni knjigi Pokrajinskega jinskega muzeja Maribor). 12 muzeja Maribor jo je S. Pahič opisal kot amforico. V. Pahič 1987, Pl. 73a, wrote that the pin frg. was found 14 V. Pahič 1987, T. 73a, je zapisal, da je bil frg. igle najden in the vicinity of Grave 72 in the direction of Grave 75, v bližini groba 72 v smeri groba 75. V Inventarni knjigi while Stanko Pahič wrote ( Inventarna knjiga Pokrajinske-Pokrajinskega muzeja Maribor je S. Pahič zapisal, da je bil ga muzeja Maribor) that it was found between Graves 74 frg. igle najden med groboma 74 in 75. and 75. 253 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 253 8. 03. 2021 12:53:52 rezila. Južno od žare so bili fragment bronaste ovra-up to 6 cm thick layer of selected cremated bone re- tnice in nekaj manjših apnenčastih kamnov. Kamen mains that included a fragment of a bronze blade. A je bil tudi pod posodo. fragment of a bronze torque and several small pieces Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu of limestone were found south of the urn. A stone pokopana oseba stara 11 let ali več. was also found under the urn. The anthropological analysis has shown the de- Opisi najdb ( Tab. 22): ceased to be at least 11 years old. 8. Frg. bronastega rezila britve ali noža. Vel. frg. 8,5 × 2,3 cm, deb. do 1,5 mm. Inv. št. A 2645. Description of finds ( Pl. 22): 9. Frg. bronaste tordirane ovratnice. Ohr. dol. 7,4 cm, 8. Frg. of a bronze blade of a knife or a razor. Frg. size pr. 5 mm. Inv. št. A 2644. 8.5 × 2.3 cm, th. up to 1.5 mm. Inv. No. A 2645. 10. Plitev pokrov s poševno navzdol oblikovanim robom 9. Frg. of a bronze twisted torque. Surv. l. 7.4 cm, diam. iz zelo grobozrnate žgane gline. Površina je groba, te- 5 mm. Inv. No. A 2644. mno rjave barve. Viš. 1,9 cm, pr. 14 cm. Inv. št. A 10. Shallow lid with the rim forming an obtuse angle 2643 b. with the body, of very coarse-grained fabric. Surface 11. Amfora (mala žara) trebušaste oblike z visokim is coarse, dark brown. H. 1.9 cm, diam. 14 cm. Inv. stožčastim vratom, poudarjenim prehodom vratu v No. A 2643 b. rame, izvihanim ustjem in rahlo vbočenim dnom iz 11. Amphora (small urn) with a long conical neck, a pro-finozrnate žgane gline. Površina je glajena, rjave bar- nounced neck-shoulder junction, an everted rim and ve. Rame je okrašeno s petimi vodoravnimi plitkimi a slightly concave, base of fine-grained fabric. Sur- žlebovi. Trakasta ročaja sta trikotno strehastega profi- face is smoothed, brown. Shoulder decorated with la (šir. 2,2 cm, deb. 1 cm). Viš. 19 cm, pr. ustja 12,5 five shallow horizontal grooves. Strap handles are cm, pr. dna 8 cm. Inv. št. A 2643 a. crested-oval in section (w. 2.2 cm, th. 1 cm). H. 19 cm, rim diam. 12.5 cm, base diam. 8 cm. Inv. No. A 2643 a. Grob 74 Grave 74 Na globini 30 cm so bili v rjavi ilovnati zemlji raz- Scattered cremated bone remains, on top of which treseni ostanki sežganih kosti, na katerih je bila fra- was a fragmented small urn (amphora) containing gmentirana mala žara (amfora) z nekaj ostanki sež- additional cremated bone remains and a fragment of ganih kosti in fragmentom bronastega obročka. Ob a bronze ring, were found in a layer of brown loamy posodi je bilo nekaj apnenčastih kamnov. earth at a depth of 30 cm. Several pieces of limestone were found beside the urn. Opisi najdb ( Tab. 23): 1. Frg. bronastega trakastega obročka (uhana ali lasne- Description of finds ( Pl. 23): ga obročka) iz 1 mm debele pločevine pravokotnega 1. Frg. of a bronze band ring (ear or hair ring) of a 1 preseka, okrašen z dvema vodoravnima nizoma iztol- mm thick and rectangular-sectioned bronze sheet. čenih pikic. Ohr. dol. 2,5 cm, šir. do 9 mm. Inv. št. A Decorated with two longitudinal lines of embossed 2647. dots. Surv. l. 2.5 cm, w. up to 9 mm. Inv. No. A 2. Frg. spodnjega dela amfore (mala žara) trebušaste 2647. oblike z rahlo vbočenim dnom iz finozrnate žgane 2. Frg. of the lower part of an amphora (small urn) with gline. Površina je glajena, rjave barve. Rame je okra-a slightly concave base, of fine-grained fabric. Surface šeno s tremi vodoravnimi vrezi med dvema vodorav-is smoothed, brown. Shoulder decorated with three nima nizoma vtisnjenih pik. Ohranjen trakast ročaj horizontal incised lines flanked above and below by a je ovalnega preseka (šir. 2,1 cm, deb. 6 mm). Ohr. line of impressed dots. Surviving strap handle is oval viš. 10 cm, pr. dna 6 cm. Inv. št. A 2646. in section (w. 2.1 cm, th. 6 mm). Surv. h. 10 cm, base diam. 6 cm. Inv. No. A 2646. Grob 75 Grave 75 ( Tab. 23) ( Pl. 23) 20 cm globoko v rdečkasti ilovnati zemlji so bili Cremated bone remains and several sherds of coarse ostanki sežganih kosti in nekaj fragmentov grobe pottery were found in a layer of reddish loamy earth lončenine. at a depth of 20 cm. 254 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 254 8. 03. 2021 12:53:52 Grob 76 Grave 76 ( Tab. 23) ( Pl. 23) 10 cm globoko med skalami so bili ostanki sežganih Cremated bone remains and several pottery sherds kosti in nekaj fragmentov lončenine. were found among rocks at a depth of 10 cm. Grob 77 Grave 77 V 30 × 40 cm veliki grobni jami ovalne oblike, ki The 30 × 40 cm large oval grave pit was dug 48 cm je bila vkopana 48 cm globoko skozi rjavo ilovnato deep and cut through the layer of brown loamy soil zemljo do bele gruščnate osnove, je bila 8 cm debela to reach the white gravel. It held an 8 cm thick lay- plast žganine z ostanki sežganih kosti, na kateri so bili er of burnt and cremated bone remains, on top of fragmenti bronaste očalaste fibule, spiralne cevčice in which were fragments of a bronze spectacle fibula, žice. Na jugovzhodnem robu grobne jame je bil fra- a spiral tube and a wire. The southeast edge of the gment grobe rdeče posode. Nekaj drobcev sežganih pit revealed a fragment of a coarse red vessel. Several kosti je ležalo v zasipu groba nad plastjo žganine. small pieces of cremated bones were found in the fill Glede na antropološko analizo je bila v grobu of the pit above the layer of burnt remains. pokopana odrasla oseba (15 ali več let). The anthropological analysis has shown the de- ceased to be an adult (15 years or more). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 23): 3. Frg. bronaste spiralne cevčice – saltaleona iz 1 × 3 Description of finds ( Pl. 23): mm debele žice pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. dol. 6 3. Frg. of a bronze spiral tube or saltaleone of a 1 × 3 mm, pr. 3 mm. Brez. inv. št. Založen.15 mm thick rectangular-sectioned wire. Surv. l. 6 mm, 4. Frg. svitkov in štirikrat zvite osmičaste pentlje bro-diam. 3 mm. No Inv. No. Mislaid.13 naste očalaste fibule iz 2 mm debele žice okroglega 4. Frgs. of coils and a quadruple figure-of-eight of a preseka. Ohr. pr. svitka 2,4 cm. Inv. št. A 2959. bronze spectacle fibula of a 2 mm thick round-sec- 5. Frg. bronaste žice okroglega preseka z enim splošče- tioned wire. Surv. coil diam. 2.4 cm. Inv. No. A nim koncem. Dol. do 1 cm, pr. 2,5 mm. Brez inv. št. 2959. Založen. 5. Frg. of a round-sectioned bronze wire with one end flattened. L. up to 1 cm, diam. 2.5 mm. No inv. no. Mislaid. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Dular J. 1982 Pahič V. 1987 Halštatska keramika v Sloveniji / Die Grabkeramik der älteren Die urnenfelderzeitlichen Gräberfeld von Brinjeva gora und Ma-Eisenzeit in Slowenien. Prispevek k proučevanju halštatske grobne ribor - Pobrežje, Katalog und Tafeln. – Tipkopis / typescript, keramike in lončarstva na Dolenjskem. – Dela 1. razreda SAZU Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, Maribor (neobjavljeno / unpub-23, Ljubljana. lished). Pahič S. 1981 Pahič V. 1988–1989 Brinjeva gora 1953. – Arheološki vestnik 32, 71–143. Žarno grobišče na Brinjevi gori. – Arheološki vestnik 39–40, (1989), 181–215. 15 Opisa in risbi založenih predmetov, evidentiranih s števil-13 The descriptions and drawings of the items under Nos. kama 3 in 5, so povzeti po V. Pahič 1987, T. 77a: 2–3; 77: 3 and 5 are taken from V. Pahič 1987, Pls. 77a: 2–3; 77: 2–3. 2–3. 255 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 255 8. 03. 2021 12:53:52 Tabla 1 Plate 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 8 6 7 11 9 10 12 14 15 13 2 A B C D C 16 A B 17 D 256 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 256 8. 03. 2021 12:53:53 Tabla 2 3 Plate 2 A B 1 A B 2 4 A B A B 3 5 A B 4 5 A B 6 7 8 257 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 257 8. 03. 2021 12:53:54 Tabla 3 Plate 3 6 7 8 258 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 258 8. 03. 2021 12:53:56 Tabla 4 9 Plate 4 10 259 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 259 8. 03. 2021 12:54:00 Tabla 5 Plate 5 12 13 14 260 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 260 8. 03. 2021 12:54:01 Tabla 6 15 Plate 6 16 17 261 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 261 8. 03. 2021 12:54:03 Tabla 7 Plate 7 18 19 20 262 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 262 8. 03. 2021 12:54:04 Tabla 8 21 Plate 8 22 23 263 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 263 8. 03. 2021 12:54:06 Tabla 9 Plate 9 24 264 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 264 8. 03. 2021 12:54:07 Tabla 10 25 Plate 10 26 27 28 29 265 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 265 8. 03. 2021 12:54:10 Tabla 11 Plate 11 30 266 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 266 8. 03. 2021 12:54:11 Tabla 12 31 Plate 12 32 267 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 267 8. 03. 2021 12:54:13 Tabla 13 Plate 13 33 34 35 268 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 268 8. 03. 2021 12:54:14 Tabla 14 36 Plate 14 37 38 269 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 269 8. 03. 2021 12:54:16 Tabla 15 Plate 15 39 40 41 270 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 270 8. 03. 2021 12:54:18 Tabla 16 42 43 Plate 16 44 45 46 271 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 271 8. 03. 2021 12:54:19 Tabla 17 Plate 17 47 48 49 50 51 52 272 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 272 8. 03. 2021 12:54:21 Tabla 18 53 Plate 18 54 55 273 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 273 8. 03. 2021 12:54:22 Tabla 19 Plate 19 56 57 58 59 60 274 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 274 8. 03. 2021 12:54:24 Tabla 20 61 Plate 20 62 63 64 65 275 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 275 8. 03. 2021 12:54:27 Tabla 21 Plate 21 66 67 68 69 276 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 276 8. 03. 2021 12:54:28 Tabla 22 70 Plate 22 71 v bližini 72 72 73 277 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 277 8. 03. 2021 12:54:31 Tabla 23 Plate 23 74 75 76 77 278 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 278 8. 03. 2021 12:54:32 GRAČIČ POD BRINJEVO GRAČIČ BELOW BRINJEVA GORO – NEKROPOLA GORA – A NECROPOLIS OF KULTURE ŽARNIH GROBIŠČ THE URNFIELD CULTURE II. ANALIZA SESTAVOV II. ANALYSIS OF THE GRAVE- GROBNIH PRIDATKOV IN GOOD COMPOSITIONS AND DRUŽBENA STRUKTURA SOCIAL STRUCTURE Vesna Koprivnik, Biba Teržan Vesna Koprivnik, Biba Teržan Grobišče kulture žarnih grobišč na Gračiču pod Bri- The Urnfield Culture cemetery at Gračič beneath njevo goro s svojimi 77 doslej izkopanimi grobovi, the Brinjeva Gora comprises 77 graves excavated ki jih opisno in v sliki predstavljamo v katalogu,1 up to now, the description and illustration of which nudi dovolj obsežno gradivo, da nam lahko služi kot we present in the catalogue.1 Such number of graves osnova raziskave o njegovi strukturi in s tem posre- offers us an adequate material base to examine the dno tudi o strukturiranosti in razslojenosti družbene cemetery structure and with it also to research the skupnosti, ki je bivala na naselbini na Brinjevi gori. organisation and stratification of the community, V prispevku bomo na kratko podali rezultate which resided in the settlement of Brinjeva gora. arheološke analize grobnih pridatkov, njihove raz- In this contribution we wish to shortly present lične sestave glede na posamezne zvrsti predmetov, the results of archaeological analysis of grave-goods kot so keramika, nakit in drugi deli nošnje, orodje and their diverse compositions attested in graves, ipd. Našo raziskavo smo poskušali dopolniti tudi s with regard to particular types of objects, such as ce- podatki antropološke analize ostankov sežganih kosti ramics, jewellery and other parts of attire, tools and preminulih oseb, ki jo je opravila J.-L. Thomas,2 z the like. In the research we have incorporated also namenom, da bi ugotovili, ali so morda bili grobni the information, obtained from the anthropological pridatki kakorkoli specifični glede na njihov spol in analysis of cremated human remains conducted by starost. J.-L. Thomas,2 as we wanted to find out if the grave- goods had been in whatever way specific in relation to the sex or age of the deceased. KATEGORIJE GROBOV GLEDE NA SESTAVE CATEGORIES OF GRAVES REGARDING THEIR GROBNIH PRIDATKOV GRAVE-GOOD COMPOSITIONS Najprej smo grobove razvrstili glede na sestave pri- First, we classified the graves in regard to their grave-datkov v štiri osnovne skupine ( sl. 1), ki so naslednje: good composition into four principal categories ( fig. 1): 1 – grobovi samo z bronastimi pridatki (5 1 – Graves with bronze grave-goods only (5 grobov), graves), 2 – grobovi samo s keramiko (21 grobov), 2 – Graves with ceramics only (21 graves), 3 – grobovi s keramiko in bronastimi pridatki 3 – Graves with ceramics and bronze grave- (48 grobov), goods (48 graves), 4 – grobovi brez pridatkov (3 grobovi). 4 – Graves without grave-goods (3 graves). V tej štiridelni razdelitvi je daleč najštevilnejša Such four-part division brings forward the third 3. skupina grobov s keramiko in bronastimi pridat- group of graves, containing ceramics and bronze ki (62 %), sledi ji 2. skupina grobov le s keramiko grave-goods, as by far the most numerous (62%), (27 %), v izraziti manjšini pa sta 1. skupina grobov z followed by the second group of graves with only le bronastimi pridatki (7 %) in pa 4. skupina grobov ceramics (27%), while the first group of graves with brez kakršnih koli pridatkov (4 %). only bronze grave-goods (7%) and the fourth group S podrobnejšo razčlenitvijo teh štirih osnovnih of graves without any grave-goods (4%) form an ev- skupin grobnih pridatkov lahko ločimo kar osem ident minority. 1 1 Glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič, T. 1–23. See here Koprivnik, Gračič, Pls. 1–23. 2 2 Glej tu Thomas, Sežgane človeške kosti. See here Thomas, Cremated human remains. 279 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 279 8. 03. 2021 12:54:32 Slika 1. Gračič, kategorije grobov glede na sestave V / V / grobnih pridatkov O O VI GROBNIH TK FINDS VI / VI GROBNIH TK VI / Figure 1. Gračič A A E ES E FINDS ES V V AJ / A A V V AJ / cemetery; categories SKUPINE / GROUPS SEST PRID GRA COMPOSITIONS GROBO GRA SKUP TOGETHER PODSKUPINE / SUBGROUPS SEST PRID GRA COMPOSITIONS GROBO GRA SKUP TOGETHER of graves according to the grave-good bronasti compositions. 1.1 pridatki / bronze 13, 51 2 = 3% BRONASTI finds 1 PRIDATKI / 13, 27, 33, 51, 55 5 = 7% bronasti pridatki, BRONZE FINDS vretenca / bronze 1.2 27, 33, 55 3 = 4% finds, loom weights 4, 8, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, keramične posode 2.1 26, 28, 41, 58, 63, 64, 18 = 23% 4, 8, 11, 14, 16, 17, 21, / ceramic vessels KERAMIČNI 66, 68, 71, 75, 76 22, 26, 28, 41, 49, 58, 2 PRIDATKI / 21 = 27% 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, keramične CERAMIC FINDS 75, 76 posode, vretenca 2.2 17, 49, 65 3 = 4% / ceramic vessels, loom weights 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 18, bronasti pridatki, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29, 31, keramične posode 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 3.1 37 = 48% / bronze finds, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, ceramic vessels 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, bronasti pridatki, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, BRONASTI IN keramične 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, KERAMIČNI posode, vretenca 1, 7, 12, 15, 30, 32, 34, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 3.2 9 = 11% 3 PRIDATKI / 48 = 62% / bronze finds, 50, 60 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, BRONZE AND ceramic vessels, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, CERAMIC FINDS loom weights 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77 bronasti pridatki, keramične posode, kamnite 3.3 najdbe / bronze 24, 69 2 = 3% finds, ceramic vessels, stone finds BREZ brez pridatkov 4 PRIDATKOV / 40, 42, 54 3 = 4% 4 40, 42, 54 3 = 4% / no finds NO FINDS podskupin ( sl. 1). Pri prvih dveh skupinah smo iz-A more detailed analysis leads to further cate- ločili dve podskupini, pri katerih je bila vsakokrat gorization of four principal groups of grave-good za uvrstitev v drugo podskupino merodajna med combinations into eight subgroups ( fig. 1). In each grobnimi pridatki prisotnost predilnega vretenca. of the first two combination-groups we differenti- Tretjo skupino, ki šteje največ grobov, smo razdelili v ated two subgroups with the spindle whorl being a tri podskupine, pri katerih nam je bil pri uvrstitvi v decisive grave-good for the definition of the second drugo podskupino prav tako odločujoč pridatek vre- subgroup in both cases. The third principal combi- tence, v tretji podskupini pa kamnito orodje. nation-group, which contains the most graves, was Daleč največ je grobov s keramičnimi posodami partitioned into three subgroups, in which the de- in bronastimi pridatki (podskupina 3.1 = 48 %), ciding factor for the classification in the second sub- sledijo grobovi s keramičnimi posodami (podskupi- group has been as well the presence of spindle whorl na 2.1 = 23 %) ter grobovi s keramičnimi posoda- in the grave, whereas the third subgroup comprises mi, bronastimi najdbami in vretenci (podskupina the graves containing stone tools. 3.2 = 11 %). Izrazito manj je grobov z bronastimi By far the numerous are graves with ceramic ves- najdbami in vretenci (podskupina 1.2 = 4 %), gro- sels and bronze grave-goods (subgroup 3.1 = 48%), bov s keramičnimi posodami in vretenci (podsku- followed by graves with ceramic vessels (subgroup pina 2.2 = 4 %) ter grobov brez pridatkov (podsku- 2.1 = 23%) as well as graves with ceramic vessels, pina 4 = 4 %). Najmanj je grobov, v katerih so le bronze grave-goods and spindle whorls (subgroup bronaste najdbe (podskupina 1.1 = 3 %), in grobov, 3.2 = 11%). Clearly less represented are graves with 280 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 280 8. 03. 2021 12:54:32 v katerih so poleg keramičnih posod in bronastih bronze grave-goods and spindle whorls (subgroup pridatkov bili najdeni tudi kamniti artefakti (pod- 1.2 = 4%), graves with ceramic vessels and spin- skupina 3.3 = 3 %) ( sl. 1). dle whorls (subgroup 2.2 = 4%) or graves without grave-goods (subgroup 4 = 4%). The least attested are graves containing only bronze grave-goods (sub- group 1.1. = 3%) and graves including, besides ce- ramic vessels and bronze grave-goods, also stone ar- tefacts (subgroup 3.3 = 3%) ( fig. 1). ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Antropološka analiza sežganih kostnih ostalin oseb As already indicated, the anthropological analysis of iz gračiškega žarnega grobišča, z namenom prido- cremated bone remains from the Urnfield cemetery biti podatke o njihovem spolu in starosti, skratka o at Gračič has been carried out in the laboratory of demografski sliki prebivalstva Brinjeve gore, je bila the University of Edinburgh with the intention of opravljena v laboratoriju Univerze v Edinburghu. obtaining the data regarding the sex and age of de- Od skupno 77 izkopanih žarnih grobov je bilo ceased and thus the information on demographic v analizo vključenih 66 vzorcev ostankov sežganih picture of the population at Brinjeva gora. kosti iz 58 grobov, med katerimi je bilo za nadaljnje From 77 excavated graves altogether, 66 spec- raziskave primernih le 46 vzorcev. Okvirna starost je imens of burnt bone remains from 58 graves have bila določena le osebam v 42 primerih, za 16 ostalih been sampled and from those only 46 samples of starosti ni bilo mogoče določiti. burnt bones were suitable for further analysis. The Razen preminule osebe iz groba 53, ki je bila age of deceased has been determined only in 42 cas- pogojno opredeljena kot ženska, pri drugih spola es, while for the remaining 16 samples the age deter- glede na ohranjenost kostnih ostalin ni bilo mogoče mination has not been possible. ugotoviti. Except for the deceased person from the grave Med 58 osebami je bila pri 14 določena njihova 53, which has been tentatively identified as female, potencialno najnižja možna ocena starosti, ki pa je the sex of the deceased could not be established on lahko bila tudi višja (označeno z + = 24 %), 21 jih je the basis of the preserved bone remains, whereas it bilo opredeljenih kot odrasle osebe (36 %), 7 kot po- was possible to determine their age at death. gojno odrasle (12 %), 16 pa jih je ostalo po starosti Among fifty-eight persons, the potentially low- neopredeljenih (28 %). est age level, which could however also be higher, Kot odrasle ali pogojno odrasle osebe (nad 15 was established in fourteen cases (marked with + = let) je bilo potemtakem razpoznanih 37 individuov, 24%). Twenty-one persons were defined as adult kot mlade osebe (manj kot 15 let) jih je bilo 5, 16 (36%) and seven as tentatively adult persons (12%), pa jih je ostalo glede na starost neopredeljenih. Sta- while in sixteen cases the age determination was not rost najstarejše osebe je bila 50 let ali več, najmlajše possible (28%). 9 let ali več. Edini osebi z razmeroma natančneje Accordingly, 37 individuals were recognised as opredeljeno starostjo sta bili stari 11 ali 12 do 15 adult or tentatively adult persons (above the age of let ( sl. 2; 4; 8).3 15), 5 were defined as juvenile persons (under the age of 15) and 16 remained undetermined as regards the age. The age of the oldest person was 50 years or more and the youngest recorded age was 9 years or more, while the only two individuals with more ex- actly established years were aged from 11 or 12 and up to 15 ( figs. 2; 4; 8).3 GROBNI PRIDATKI GRAVE-GOODS Pri numeričnem popisu grobnih pridatkov se je po- The numerical inventory of grave-goods showed kazalo, da je bilo vseh najdb po številu 278, med ka- a total of 278 finds, among which 40 vessels were terimi je bilo 40 posod uporabljenih za žare, medtem used as urns, while further 91 vessels were placed in ko je bilo nadaljnjih 91 posod pridanih v grob za po- the graves as provision for the afterlife. The bronze potnico. Bronastih najdb je bilo vsega skupaj 129, ne finds amounted to 129, regardless of the type they 3 3 Glej tu Thomas, Sežgani človeški ostanki, Pril. 1. See here Thomas, Cremated human remains, App. 1. 281 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 281 8. 03. 2021 12:54:32 Slika 2. Gračič, belonged to. In the analysis we considered as char- odstotni deleži 27% acteristic objects also the ceramic spindle whorls, zastopanosti starostnih razredov which were 16 in number, and stone tools, such as oseb na nekropoli whetstones and flints. Gračič (za podatke On the entire cemetery there were 69 graves, glej tu Thomas, which contained ceramic vessels (90%), and only Sežgani človeški ostanki, Pril. 1). 8 graves without them (10%). Among the former, Figure 2. Gračič 17 contained only urns (22%), 23 included urns cemetery; together with other vessels (30%), while 29 graves representations of 9% 64% individual age classes had no urns, but only vessels placed on the cremated present at the Gračič remains (38%) ( fig. 3a). necropolis expressed Urns are most frequently represented by ampho- in percentages (data rae, which appear in nineteen graves and make up according to Thomas, Cremated human Odrasli oz. pogojno odrasli (nad 15 let) / 47% of all the urns ( fig. 3b; Pls. 3: 2, 10; 5: 4, 8; 6: remains, App. 1). Adult and condi�onally adult (above 15 years) 5; 7: 1, 5; 12: 15; 13: 7, 13; 14: 2; 16: 2, 5; 18: 4; 19: Mlade osebe (pod 15 let) / 1; 20: 13; 22: 2, 11; 23: 2). Vessels of various forms Young individuals (below 15 years) follow the latter in number as they have been found Neopredeljeno / Indeterminate in seven graves ( fig. 3b; Pls. 2: 2; 6: 8; 8: 3; 9: 7; 16: 7; 20: 7; 22: 7) and represent 17% of all the urns. In glede na to, h kateri zvrsti so pripadale. Kot značilne six graves pots or small pots were used as urns ( Pls. 3: predmete smo pri analizi upoštevali tudi keramična 8; 4: 3, 7, 9; 7: 6; 15: 4), resulting in 15% of all the predilna vretenca, ki smo jih našteli 16, in kamnita urns, while in five graves or in 13% of cases the urns orodja, kot sta kamniti brus in sileks. were represented by jugs ( Pls. 1: 17; 2: 3; 10: 2; 19: Na celotnem grobišču je bilo 69 grobov s kera-3; 21: 5). The urns in three graves or in 8% of cases mičnimi posodami (90 %) in le 8 grobov brez njih could either be jugs or amphorae, as the poor preser- (10 %). V 17 grobovih so bile samo žare (22 %), vation makes the definition of exact form unfeasible v 23 grobovih žare skupaj s pridanimi posodami ( figs. 3b; 4–6; Psl. 2: 8; 8: 6; 14: 8). (30 %), v 29 grobovih pa ni bilo žare, temveč samo In 52 graves as much as 91 vessels were placed, na žganino položene posode (38 %) ( sl. 3a). which most probably served as containers for pro- V funkciji žare so bile največkrat zastopane am- visions ( fig. 3c). Among them the most numerous fore, in sicer v devetnajstih grobovih, kar predstav- are dishes with inverted rims (17 examples = 19%) lja 47 % vseh žar ( sl. 3b; Tab. 3: 2, 10; 5: 4, 8; 6: and vessels or small vessels (15 ex. = 16%), less represented are single-handled cups (7 ex. = 8%), am- Slika 3a. Gračič, 10% phorae (6 ex. = 7%), jugs (5 ex. = 5%) and pots or odstotni deleži 22% small pots (5 ex. = 5%), while dishes or small dish- zastopanosti grobov es with everted rims (3 ex. = 3%), double-handled z žarami, z ali brez pridanih posod, in cups (2 ex. = 2%), lids (2 ex. = 2%), a three-handled grobov brez žar. vessel (1 ex. = 1%) and an amphora or a jug (1 ex. = Figure 3a. 1%) are in minority. Included in the analysis is also Gračič cemetery; a large group of vessel fragments of indefinite forms presence of graves with urns, either and marked with asterisk* (27 ex. = 30%), which with or without 38% are indicated without further data exclusively in the additional vessels, descriptions of graves and are not preserved ( figs. and graves without urns, expressed in 3c; 4). percentages. 30% Among 129 variously preserved bronze finds, which come from 53 graves, there are 25 pins (20%)4, 21 band-shaped circlets (earrings or hair- grob z žaro / grave with urn rings, 16%), 17 circlets (with close or open ends, grob z žaro in pridanimi keramičnimi posodami / 13%), 14 fibulae (11%), 12 necklaces (9%), 8 wire grave with urn and ceramic vessels pieces (6%), 7 bracelets (5%), 6 razors (5%), 5 cir- grob s pridanimi keramičnimi posodami / clets made from spirally coiled wire (4%), 5 pendants grave with ceramic vessels 4 grob brez keramike / The bronze pin, which has been found in the vicinity of grave without po�ery the grave 72, is not included in the analysis of grave-goods. 282 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 282 8. 03. 2021 12:54:32 5; 7: 1, 5; 12: 15; 13: 7, 13; 14: 2; 16: 2, 5; 18: 4; 8% Slika 3b. Gračič, 19: 1; 20: 13; 22: 2, 11; 23: 2). Po številu sledijo odstotni deleži zastopanosti žar glede posode različnih oblik, ki so bile v sedmih grobo- 13% na zvrst posod. vih ( sl. 3b; Tab. 2: 2; 6: 8; 8: 3; 9: 7; 16: 7; 20: 7; Figure 3b. Gračič 22: 7), kar predstavlja 17 %, ter lonci ali lončki v cemetery; presence šestih grobovih ( Tab. 3: 8; 4: 3, 7, 9; 7: 6; 15: 4), of urns in graves according to their kar predstavlja 15 % vseh žar. V petih grobovih so 47% vessel-type, expressed bili v funkciji žar vrči, kar znaša 13 % ( Tab. 1: 17; in percentages. 2: 3; 10: 2; 19: 3; 21: 5), v treh grobovih pa z 8 % 17% bodisi vrči bodisi amfore, kajti zaradi pomanjkljive ohranjenosti točne oblike ni več mogoče ugotoviti ( sl. 3b; 4– 6; Tab. 2: 8; 8: 6; 14: 8). V 52 grobovih je bilo skupaj pridanih 91 po- sod, ki so verjetno služile za popotnico (sl. 3c). Med 15% njimi so najštevilnejše latvice (17 = 19 %) in po- žara: amfora / urn: amphora sode ali posodice (15 = 16 %), manj je enoročaj- žara: lonec ali lonček / urn: pot or small pot nih skodelic (7 = 8 %), amfor (6 = 7 %), vrčev (5 žara: posoda / urn: vessel = 5 %) ter loncev ali lončkov (5 = 5 %), medtem žara: vrč ali vrček / urn: jug or small jug ko so bile v manjšini sklede ali skledice (3 = 3 %), dvoročajne skodelice (2 = 2 %), pokrovi (2 = 2 %), žara: vrč ali amfora / urn: jug or amphora posoda s tremi ročaji (1 = 1 %) in amfora ali vrč (1 = 1 %). V analizo je vključena tudi velika skupina 19% Slika 3c. Gračič, fragmentov posod nedoločljive oblike, označenih z odstotni deleži 31% zastopanosti pridanih zvezdico* (27 = 31 %), ki so brez kakršnih koli po- posod glede na zvrst. datkov navedeni izključno v opisih grobov in niso Figure 3c. Gračič ohranjeni ( sl. 3c; 4). 3% cemetery; presence of Med 129 različno ohranjenimi bronastimi pri- additional vessels in graves according to datki, najdenimi v 53 grobovih, je 25 igel (20 %),4 8% their type, expressed 21 trakastih obročkov (uhanov oz. lasnih obročkov, in percentages. 16 %), 17 obročkov (sklenjenih ali nesklenjenih, 2% 13 %), 14 fibul (11 %), 12 ovratnic (9 %), 8 ko- sov žice (6 %), 7 zapestnic (5 %), 6 britev (5 %), 7% 5 obročkov iz spiralno zvite žice (4 %), 5 obeskov 16% 5% (4 %), 5 spiralnih cevčic oz. saltaleonov (4 %), 3 ši- 1% 2%1% 5% vanke (2 %) in 1 gumb (1 %) ( sl. 3d; 4). Na osnovi kombinacijske analize pridatkov v latvica / dish with inverted rim grobovih smo poskušali ugotoviti, kateri pridat- skleda ali skledica / dish or small dish with everted rims ki, zlasti bronasti, utegnejo biti specifični glede na enoročajna skodelica / single-handled cup spol (moški/ženski), morda pa tudi glede na starost. dvoročajna skodelica / double-handled cup Hkrati pa smo v analizo vključili tudi ostale pridatke, amfora / amphora kot so keramične posode, vretenca in kamnito orod- vrč / jug je. Pri njihovem prikazu na kombinacijski tabeli, ki amfora ali vrč / amphora or jug se zaradi lažje primerljivosti rezultatov metodološko lonec ali lonček / pot or small pot zgledujejo po že objavljenih analizah žarnih grobišč iz Ruš, Pobrežja in Dobove,5 je razpored posameznih posoda s tremi ročaji / three-handled vessel rubrik naslednji ( sl. 4): v prvem stolpcu je navede-pokrov / lid na številka groba, v naslednjem sklopu treh stolpcev posoda ali posodica / vessel or small vessel je zabeležen način pokopa (žara ali brez žare) in z fragmen� / fragments antropološko analizo ugotovljena starost preminule (4%), 5 spirally coiled tubes or saltaleoni (4%), 3 4 Bronasta igla, ki je bila najdena v bližini groba 72, ni needles (2%) and 1 button (1%) ( figs. 3d; 4). vključena v analizo grobnih pridatkov. On the basis of the combinatorial analysis of 5 Teržan 1995, 338–345, Abb. 12–15; ista 1999, 111–119, grave finds we made an attempt to ascertain which figs. 10–13. 283 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 283 8. 03. 2021 12:54:33 Slika 3d. Gračič, 6% grave-goods, especially bronze objects, might be spe- 2% 1% odstotni deleži 20% 4% cific to the sex (male/female), but possibly also to zastopanosti their age. bronastih pridatkov. 4% Figure 3d. Gračič At the same time we incorporated into analy- cemetery; presence 4% sis also other grave-goods, such as ceramic vessels, of bronze finds in 5% spindle whorls and stone tools. Their description in graves, expressed in percentages. the combination table follows the system of already published analyses from Urnfield cemeteries of Ruše, 13% Pobrežje and Dobova5 with the intention to ease the 11% comparision of results. The arrangement of individ- ual categories is as follows ( figs. 4): the first column includes the number of the grave, while the following 9% block of three columns deals with mode of the bur- 16% 5% ial (with or without urn) and with age of deceased, determined by the anthropological analysis.6 In the igla / pin next block of columns ceramic vessels according to britev / razor separate classes and types7 are indicated, then follows fibula / fibula a section of three columns with tools (spindle whorl, ovratnica / necklace needle, razor/knife) and further the block of col- zapestnica / bracelet umns with jewellery and other parts of attire (pins, trakast obroček (uhan ali las. obr.) / fibulae, circular-shaped jewellery, pendants).8 In the band-shaped circlet (earring or hair-ring) last column the type of attire is designated with the obroček (skl. ali neskl.) / roman numbers from I to VI, whereas the column circlet (with close or open ends) remains empty in cases of undesignated graves. spiralni obroček / spiral circlet First group (attire-type I) is formed by nineteen obesek / pendant graves containing one to three pins ( fig. 4). Altogeth-saltaleon / saltaleone er, the pins are attested in 25 examples, representing šivanka / needle approximately 20% of all the bronze objects at the cemetery ( fig. 3d). Interestingly, a larger number gumb / bu�on of pins had been placed mostly in the both double žica / wire graves, as the grave 30 contained as much as three pins ( Pl. 11: 13–15), while the grave 12 had two ( Pl. 5: 1, 3). Two pins were present also in the graves 23 Slika 3e. Gračič, 22% odstotni delež ( Pl. 8: 4–5) and 38 ( Pl. 14: 5–6), which are almost zastopanosti grobov identical as far as the grave-goods – pins and ampho- glede na spol (za 32% rae – are concerned, as well as in the grave 51 ( Pl. osnovo služijo 17: 13–14 podatki na sl. 4). ). In all probability the three mentioned Figure 3e. Gračič graves represent single burials. The wealthier graves cemetery; presence contained also razors (approximately 5%, fig. 3d), of graves according to the sex, expressed 5 in percentages Teržan 1995, 338–345, Abb. 12–15; Teržan 1999, 111– (according to data on 119, figs. 10–13. 6 fig. 4). 3% In the column with anthropological age, the latter is stated with possible years of age, which however could also be higher and are subsequently marked with +. The adult presons are indicated with Oo, tentatively adult persons 43% with Oo? , while the persons without determined age are marked with N. moški grob / male grave 7 The abbreviation ž designates the presence of urn. 8 ženski grob / female grave The analysis of grave-goods compositions comprises as a separate unit (designated with asterisk*) also fragments dvojni grob s pridatki ženske in moškega / of ceramic and bronze finds, which are indicated with- double grave with female and male finds out further data exclusively in the descriptions of graves. po spolu nedoločljiv grob / Vessel finds, the type of which cannot be defined either sexually undeterminable grave due to their poor preservation or because they have been mislayed, are designated on diagrams and tables only as “vessels”. 284 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 284 8. 03. 2021 12:54:33 Slika 4. Gračič, razpredelnica kombinacij grobnih pridatkov z iglami, Figure 4. Gračič cemetery; table of grave-good combinations within z obročastim nakitom in fibulami ter posod brez kovinskih pridatkov. graves containing pins, circular-shaped jewellery and fibulae or no bronze grave-goods. T, CE E ESSEL CELET V GE ESSEL T ON ANT AROST / OOM GMENT* BRA ED RIM ODELICA / ODELICA / V / LID / ONČEK / PO EIGHT ERT A, POSODICA / A, SKLEDICA / A S 3 ROČAJI / TALEONE ENCE / L W , NOŽ / RAZOR, KNIFE TALEON / SMALL JUG SMALL PO IGLA / PIN TTIRE TYPE GROB / GRA ŽARA / URN GMENT POSODE / ANKA / NEEDLE EV SAL TNICA / NECKLA A ANTROPOL. A TVICA / DISH WITH INV POKRO OROČ. SK OMPLET NOŠE / ESSEL FRA GUMB / BUTT SPIRAL CIRCLET SAL FIBULA / FIBULA K BREZ ŽARE / NO URN VRČ, VRČEK / JUG, DISH, SMALL DISH V VRET ŠIV OBESEK / PEND ANTROPOL. ST LA POSOD ESSEL, SMALL V SKLED POSOD V SPIRALNI OBROČEK / TRAKAST OBROČEK / V ENOROČ. SK SINGLE-HANDLED CUP AMFORA / AKPHORA LONEC, L D DOUBLE-HANDLED CUP FRA AND- SHAPED CIRCLET OBROČEK / CIRCLET VRA THREE-HANDLED V BRIT B ZAPESTNICA O 30 x Oo 2 1 1 1+1? 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 I. 12 1 Oo ž1 1 1 2 I. 53 1 Oo ž 1 1 1 I. 57 1 N ž 1* 1 1 I. 56 1 Oo ž 1* 1 I. 24 1 Oo 1 ž1 1 1 1 I. 19 1 N 1 ž 1 I. 23 1 Oo ž? 2 I. 38 1 9+ 1 ž? 1* 2 I. 36 1 Oo ž 1* 1 I. 25 1 N ž 1 I. 45 1 N ž 1 I. 70 1 Oo? ž 1 I. 52 x Oo? 1 1 I. 29 x Oo 1 1* 1 I. 44 x Oo 1* 1 I. 47 x Oo 1* 1 I. 13 x Oo 1 I. 51 x Oo 2 I. 17+2 12 7 5 2 1 2 1 2 7* 5 25 1 2 2 1 1 3 31 X 15+ 1 3 1 2 1 1? 1 1 1 II. 50 X 15+ 1 1 4 1 1 II. 34 1 14+ ž 2 1 II. 73 1 11+ ž 1 1? 1 II. 55 X 1 1 2 5 II. 61 X N 1* 2 1 II. 15 1 N ž 1* 1 1 1 1 II. 30 X Oo 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 II. 60 X 16+ 1* 1 1 1 1 2 1 III. 10 1 11-15 1 ž 1 1 III. 62 1 Oo ž1 1 1 III. 1 X Oo? 3 2 1 1 1* 1 1 1 3 1 1 III. 27 X Oo 1 1 1 1 IV. 33 X N 1 2 1 1 IV. 9 1 Oo ž 1 1 IV. 5 1 ž? 3 1 IV. 35 1 11+ ž 2 1 IV. 37 X N 1* 1 1 IV. 77 X 15+ 1* 1 1 IV. 32 1 Oo? ž 1 1 IV. 67 X 2 2 1* 1 IV. 72 1 Oo? ž 1* 2 1 IV. 7 1 Oo 1 ž 1 1 1* V. 3 1 Oo? ž 1 V. 39 1 N 1 1 ž 1 2 V. 43 1 N ž 1 V. 46 1 ž 1 1 V. 48 X 1 1 V. 74 1 ž 1 V. 2 1 16+ ž 1* 1 V. 12 1 Oo ž1 1 1 2 VI. 6 1 Oo 1 ž 1 1 VI. 17 X Oo 1* 1 VI. 49 X N 1* 1 VI. 65 1 Oo ž 1 VI. 33+2 20 15 10 12 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 11* 16 3 4 5 1 5 5 21 16 14 7 12 5 18 1 1 ž 1* 1* 68 1 17+ ž 4 1 ž 14 1 N ž 22 1 N ž 20 1 50+ ž 1* 8 1 1 ž 16 1 ž1 1 11 1 1 ž1 64 X 1 21 X Oo 2 28 X 21+ 1 71 X 1 63 X Oo 1 1 1 41 X 1 1 1 69 X 2 1 1* 26 X 15+ 1* 58 X N 1* 59 X N 1* 66 X 1* 75 X 1* 76 X 1* 40 X N 42 X Oo? 54 X 25 9 16 4 2 3 5 1 3 1 1 9 285 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 285 8. 03. 2021 12:54:34 osebe.6 V naslednjem sklopu stolpcev so navedene such as in the case of both double graves 30 and 12 keramične posode po posameznih zvrsteh oz. tipih,7 ( Pls. 11: 16–17; 5: 2), but also in the more humble nato sledi sklop treh stolpcev z orodjem (vretence, graves 18 and 57 ( Pls. 18: 1; 19: 2). In the graves šivanka, britev/nož), v predzadnjem sklopu stolpcev containing pins there were no larger vessel sets, but je prikazan nakit in drugi sestavni deli noše (igle, only singular vessels, among which amphorae pre- fibule, obročasti nakit, obeski),8 v zadnjem stolpcu vail. Instead of the latter, jugs, that is, single-handled pa je z rimsko številko označen komplet noš od I. vessels had been occasionally used. Nevertheless, do VI, stolpec pa ostane prazen pri neopredeljenih both vessel types were predominantly used as urns. grobovih. In several graves dishes with inverted rim appear as Prva je skupina devetnajstih grobov z eno do tre- an additional vessel, while the fragments generally mi iglami (komplet I.) ( sl. 4), tako da jih je vseh represent the remains of broken vessels during the skupaj 25 oz. približno 20 % ( sl. 3d). Zanimivo je, funeral ceremony ( fig. 3c). da je bilo večje število igel pridano predvsem v oba The first group of graves (attire-type I) with dvojna grobova, pri čemer so bile v grobu 30 kar tri characteristic element of attire – pin – can thus be različne igle ( Tab. 11: 13–15), v grobu 12 pa dve assigned in view of relatively standardised, although ( Tab. 5: 1, 3). Po dve igli pa sta bili tudi v grobovih modest grave-goods, to the male population at Brin-23 ( Tab. 8: 4–5) in 38 ( Tab. 14: 5–6), ki sta glede na jeva gora, which for the most part reached the adult-pridatke, torej igle in amfori, skoraj identična, in pa hood ( fig. 4). v grobu 51 ( Tab. 17: 13–14); po vsej verjetnosti gre As a second larger group we classified the graves pri vseh treh grobovih za enojne pokope. V bogatej- which are characterised by the presence of fibulae ših grobovih so bile med pridatki tudi britve (približ- and circular-shaped jewellery of various sizes and no 5 %, sl. 3d), in sicer v obeh dvojnih grobovih 30 forms in their attire. Taking into account the repeti- in 12 ( Tab. 11: 16–17; 5: 2), pa tudi v grobovih 18 tive combinations of individual elements we divided in 57 ( Tab. 18: 1; 19: 2), ki sta skromnejša. Kar se this group into four attire compositions or types, al-keramičnih posod v grobovih z iglami tiče, ni bilo though the individual elements can appear in each večjih servisov, temveč le posamezne posode, med of these attire-types and thus convey both the con- katerimi prevladujejo amfore. Namesto njih so bili nective and at the same time the denotative qualities mestoma uporabljeni vrči, torej enoročajne posode, ( fig. 4).9 tako prve kot drugi pa so rabile pretežno kot žare. V The first type of costume with circular-shaped nekaterih grobovih se kot dodatna posoda pojavlja jewellery we designated as attire-type II, which is latvica, medtem ko so črepinje povečini ostanki v present in eight graves. Decisive for this group are pogrebnem obredu razbitih posod ( sl. 3c). primarily necklaces, found in 12 examples, what Prvo skupino grobov z označevalnim elementom amounts to their 9% presence at the Gračič cemetery noše – iglo – (komplet I.) lahko torej glede na dokaj ( figs. 3d; 4). In the case of the grave 55 five necklaces standardizirane, čeprav razmeroma skromne pridatke were found together ( Pl. 18: 8–12), a double neck-pripišemo moški populaciji na Brinjevi gori, ki je po- lace was present in the grave 31 ( Pl. 12: 1), while the večini dosegla starostno kategorijo odraslih oseb ( sl. 4). remaining necklaces were placed in the graves sepa- Kot drugo večjo skupino grobov smo opredelili rately ( Pls. 6: 1; 11: 10; 13: 6; 17: 9; 20: 3; 22: 9). tiste, v kombinacijah katerih so kot označevalni ele- Only in two cases the necklaces have been accom- menti noše zastopane fibule in obročasti nakit raznih panied by one bracelet ( Pls. 12: 4; 17: 10), whereas velikosti in oblik. Glede na ponavljajoče se kombi-more frequent and common jewellery objects with- nacije posameznih elementov smo jih razdelili v štiri in this attire-type represent circlets of various types, komplete noš, čeprav se posamezni elementi lahko such as simple circlets and band-shaped circlets or 6 V stolpcu antropološka starost so označene osebe z mo- earrings, spiral- and hair-rings as wel as saltaleoni. žno letnico starosti, ki pa je lahko tudi višja, označena z +, Circlets, especially band-shaped earrings, appear, odrasle osebe so označene s kratico Oo, pogojno odrasle contrary to bracelets, mostly in even numbers with- osebe s kratico Oo? in po starosti neopredeljene osebe s in individual graves, but only in several cases also in črko N. 7 Z okrajšavo ž je označena žara pairs ( fig. 4; Pls. 11: 5–6; 17: 5–8; 18: 5–6; 20: 1–2). 8 V analizo strukture grobnih pridatkov so kot ena enota The wealthier graves contained besides necklaces as (označena z zvezdico*) vključeni tudi fragmenti keramič- nih in bronastih najdb, ki so brez drugih podatkov nave- 9 deni izključno v opisih grobov. Pod oznako »posode« so na The two double graves, which contain both male and fe-sl. (na diagramih in tabelah) navedeni tisti kosi posod, ki male grave-goods, are indicated in the list of attires so with jih zaradi slabe ohranjenosti ali založenosti ni bilo mogoče the female as with the male sets of grave-goods and thus tipološko opredeliti. their record in the table appears twice. 286 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 286 8. 03. 2021 12:54:34 pojavljajo v vsaki od njih in imajo zato tudi povezo-characteristic attire element also fibulae, such as in valni in hkrati označevalni značaj ( sl. 4).9 the case of a double grave 30 and in graves 31 and 15 Prvo vrsto noše z obročastim nakitom, označe- ( Pls. 11: 1; 12: 2–3; 6: 2–3). Relevant as well seems no kot komplet II. , je zaslediti v osmih grobovih, the fact that in most of the graves with necklaces also kar znaša 9 % zastopanost na grobišču. Za njegovo ceramic spindle whorls were present and in one case opredelitev so merodajne predvsem ovratnice ( sl. 3d; possibly also knife ( Pl. 22: 8). In a similar manner as 4). Vsega skupaj je bilo v gračiških grobovih najde-in the male graves, amphorae and jugs had been used nih dvanajst ovratnic, enkrat jih je bilo skupaj pet, as urns also in this group of graves, while other vessel in sicer v grobu 55 ( Tab. 18: 8–12), v enem izmed types are the exception rather than the rule. In regard grobov je bila dvojna ovratnica (grob 31, Tab. 12: 1), to the prevailing jewellery in the attire of this group ostale pa so bile pridane le posamično ( Tab. 6: 1; 11: of graves, it seems that the latter denote the female 10; 13: 6; 17: 9; 20: 3; 22: 9). Le v dveh primerih jih population. Moreover, in view of the anthropolog-je spremljala po ena zapestnica ( Tab. 12: 4; 17: 10), ical determinations we can even advance the thesis medtem ko so med pogoste in običajne dele nakita te that such attire was characteristic for young female vrste noše sodili raznovrstni obročki, navadni obročki persons, possibly brides ( fig. 4: II. ). in trakasti obročki oz. uhani, spiralni ali lasni obroč- Second is the group of four graves with one or ki ter saltaleoni. Obročki, predvsem trakasti uhani, two bracelets (attire-type III) ( fig. 4), although so bili v posameznih grobovih zastopani za razliko od these were found in pair only in one case, that is, zapestnic povečini v sodem številu, le nekateri v paru in the grave 60 ( Pl. 19: 8–9), while other bracelets ( sl. 4; Tab. 11: 5–6; 17: 5–8; 18: 5–6; 20: 1–2). V were worn separately ( Pls. 1: 3; 4: 4; 20: 5). In richer bogatejših grobovih so bile poleg ovratnic, kot ozna-graves also other parts of attire or jewellery objects čevalnem elementu te vrste noše, pridane tudi fibule, appear besides bracelets ( fig. 4: III. ), such as fibula kar velja za dvojni grob 30 ter grobova 31 in 15 ( Tab. ( Pl. 19: 5), simple circlets ( Pl. 19: 6), hair-rings ( Pl. 11: 1; 12: 2–3; 6: 2–3). Pomenljivo pa je, da so bila v 4: 5), band-shaped circlets ( Pl. 1: 1, 2, 6), saltaleoni večini grobov z ovratnicami pridana keramična pre- ( Pls. 1: 5; 19: 7) and pendants ( Pls. 19: 4; 20: 4). In dilna vretenca, v enem primeru pa morda nož ( Tab. two graves there was a spindle whorl present ( Pls. 22: 8). Podobno kot pri moških grobovih so bile tudi 1: 8; 19: 10) and in one of the latter also a needle pri tej skupini grobov uporabljene kot žare predvsem ( Pl. 1: 7). Suggestive seems also the fact that in two amfore in vrči, medtem ko druge vrste posod pred-graves small vessels were used as urns and, further, stavljajo prej izjemo kot pravilo. Prevladujoč nakit that among the additional vessels mostly dishes with v noši te skupine grobov nakazuje, da so pripadali inverted rims appear. Regarding the circular-shaped ženskemu polu populacije, sodeč po antropoloških jewellery and fibulae as well as spindle whorls, which opredelitvah pa lahko celo postavimo tezo, da je bila show affinities with the attire-types II and IV, we takšna noša značilna za mlade ženske osebe, morda presume that also this group of graves can be defined neveste ( sl. 4: II. ). as pertaining to female persons. On the other hand, Druga je skupina štirih grobov z eno ali dvema the size of urns and the anthropological definition of zapestnicama (komplet III. ) (sl. 4), vendar so bile age in the case of graves 10 (11–15 years) and 60 (16 v paru le enkrat, in sicer v grobu 60 ( Tab. 19: 8–9), years) indicate that also this jewellery combination medtem ko so bile ostale nošene posamezno ( Tab. 1: or attire-type characterised mostly young girls or ju- 3; 4: 4; 20: 5). V bogatejših grobovih so bili poleg venile female persons. zapestnic pridani še drugi deli noše oz. nakitni pred- The third cluster is designated as attire-type IV meti ( sl. 4: III. ), kot so fibula ( Tab. 19: 5), navadni and comprises ten graves with fibula, which, as a obročki ( Tab. 19: 6), lasni obročki ( Tab. 4: 5), tra-rule and regardless of the type, was worn separately kasti obročki ( Tab. 1: 1, 2, 6), saltaleoni ( Tab. 1: 5; ( fig. 4: IV.; Pls. 2: 4; 4: 1; 10: 6; 12: 13; 13: 3, 12; 19: 7) in obeski ( Tab. 19: 4; 20: 4). V dveh grobovih 14: 3; 21: 1; 22: 5; 23: 4). Characteristic for richer se je nahajalo po eno keramično vretence ( Tab. 1: 8; graves with fibula are mostly band-shaped circlets or 19: 10), v enem od njiju tudi šivanka ( Tab. 1: 7). Zdi earrings and simple circlets, whereas the presence of se indikativno, da sta bili v dveh grobovih kot žari other jewellery objects, such as spiral circlets, saltale-uporabljeni majhni posodici ter da so bile med pri- oni and buttons, represents an exception. A typical danimi posodami zastopane predvsem latvice. Glede grave-good for this group are also ceramic spindle whorls, which as a rule appear in graves in single ex- 9 Dva dvojna groba z moškimi in ženskimi pridatki sta ample. Among the urns mostly amphorae are attest- vključena tako na tabelo s kompleti ženskih kot moških ed, similarly as in the case of the female attire-type pridatkov, zato njuna podvojena omemba oz. navedba. 287 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 287 8. 03. 2021 12:54:34 na pridatke obročastega nakita in fibul ter vretenc, II and within the male graves in general. If we take ki kažejo sorodnosti z II. in IV. kompletom noše, into consideration otherwise scant anthropological domnevamo, da lahko tudi to skupino pripišemo results, where the definition of adult persons is in ženskim osebam. Velikost žar in antropološka opre- the majority, we could suppose that the attire-type delitev starosti oseb v grobu 10 (11–15 let) in grobu IV relates mostly to adult female persons ( fig. 4: IV. ). 60 (16 let) pa nakazujejo, da je tudi ta vrsta noše oz. The fourth group consists of eight graves (at- nakita označevala predvsem mladenke oz. juvenilne tire-type V) with circlets as the only class of jewel- ženske osebe. lery ( fig. 4: V. ). Above all it goes for band-shaped cir-Tretja je skupina desetih grobov s fibulo je clets/ earrings or hair-rings,10 attested in five cases označena kot komplet IV. Ne glede na tip je bila v singularly in the grave ( Pls. 2: 1; 16: 1, 6; 17: 2; 23: kompletu zastopana vedno le posamezna fibula ( sl. 1) and in one case with two examples ( Pl. 15: 1–2), 4: IV.; Tab. 2: 4; 4: 1; 10: 6; 12: 13; 13: 3, 12; 14: 3; while one grave contains only a spiral circlet ( Pl. 1: 21: 1; 22: 5; 23: 4). V bogatejših grobovih so poleg 16). Another is the case of the grave with both a fibule pogosti predvsem trakasti obročki oz. uhani spindle whorl and a needle as additional grave-goods in navadni obročki, medtem ko predstavljajo drugi ( Pl. 3: 5, 6). Judging by the jewellery, such as band-nakitni predmeti, kot so spiralni obročki, saltaleoni shaped circlets/earrings, this group of graves is close- in gumbi, izjeme. Med značilne pridatke te skupi- ly related to the attire-type IV. However, the graves ne sodijo tudi keramična vretenca, praviloma po en in this case are much more modest, thus allowing primerek v grobu. Med žarami so zastopane pred- us to conclude that the attire-type V is characteris- vsem amfore, torej podobno kot pri ženski skupini tic for females as well, but probably of lower social II. kompleta noš in na splošno pri moških grobo- rank as those with the attire-type IV. Regardless of vih. Če se opremo na sicer maloštevilne antropo- the fact that the anthropological definitions are few loške podatke, med katerimi pa vendarle pretehta in number, we suppose that such earrings adorned opredelitev »odrasla oseba«, domnevamo, da je bila adult female persons ( fig. 4: V. ). IV. vrsta noše lastna predvsem odraslim ženskim The next distinct group, designated as at- osebam ( sl. 4: IV. ). tire-type VI, represents a set of five graves, among V četrti skupini je osem grobov, v katerih so od which there are three containing only a ceramic nakita zastopani le obročki ( sl. 4: V. ), in sicer pred-spindle whorl ( Pls. 6: 9; 17: 4; 20: 12) and another vsem trakasti obročki oz. uhani ali lasni obročki including only a needle ( Pl. 3: 3). Thus, we could (komplet V. ),10 v petih primerih z enim ( Tab. 2: 1; consider these graves as female interments as well 16: 1, 6; 17: 2; 23: 1), v enem primeru z dvema traka- ( fig. 4: VI). Specific is the case of the double grave stima obročkoma ( Tab. 15: 1–2) in v enem primeru 12, which contains explicitly male-related attributes s spiralnim obročkom ( Tab. 1: 16). V enem primeru such as two pins and a razor ( fig. 4: I), but also a pa sta med pridatki tudi vretence in šivanka ( Tab. 3: spindle whorl ( Pl. 5: 5), pointing to the fact that the 5, 6). Glede na nakit, kot so trakasti obročki/uhani, female person in this grave had only a modest attire je ta skupina najbolj sorodna s IV. kompletom noše, and belongs to the group of attire-type VI within the le da je veliko bolj skromna, zato sklepamo, da je female population ( fig. 4: VI). tudi ta vrsta noše značilna za ženske osebe, a verjetno All the other graves, which had no bronze or nižjega ranga kot tiste s IV. kompletom noše. Čeprav stone grave-goods,11 as well as no ceramic spindle gre le za maloštevilne antropološke opredelitve, je whorls, have been designated as undefined. On the naša domneva, da so bile s takšnimi uhani nakitene basis of typological analysis of ceramic containers, odrasle ženske osebe ( sl. 4: V. ). both urns and additional vessels, we could namely Naslednja samostojna skupina je skupina petih establish no special patterns neither as regards the grobov, označena kot komplet VI., med katerimi sex nor the age of the deceased (compare fig. 4). For so trije grobovi s pridanimi le keramičnimi vretenci this reason we present them in a table ( fig. 4) with- ( Tab. 6: 9; 17: 4; 20: 12) ali pa grob s šivanko ( Tab. out a corresponding definition or explanation, even 3: 3), zaradi česar sklepamo, da gre tudi pri teh gro-though it seems, that we could understand them as bovih za ženske pokope ( sl. 4: VI. ). Posebnost pred-the graves of persons with lower social rank (cfr. figs. stavlja grob 12, ki je dvojni grob, saj vsebuje izrazito 3b–3c). moško konotirane atribute, kot sta dve igli in britev 10 The group with earrings and hair-rings integrates both ( sl. 4: I), a tudi vretence ( Tab. 5: 5), kar kaže na to, band-shaped and spiral circlets. 11 A fragment of bronze circlet and a flint represent the ex-10 V skupini uhanov ali lasnih obročkov so združeni tako tra-ception, as both finds are mentioned only in the descrip-kasti kot spiralni obročki. tion of the graves 18 and 69. 288 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 288 8. 03. 2021 12:54:34 da je bila morebitna ženska oseba v tem grobu skro-As can be clearly seen from the table at fig. 4, mno opravljena in da je pripadala naši skupini s VI. the various sets of jewellery and parts of attire in the kompletom v okviru ženske populacije ( sl. 4: VI. ). grave-units reflect a great variety and stratification Kot neopredeljeni so ostali vsi grobovi, v katerih within the female population at Brinjeva gora. We med pridatki ni bilo bronastih ali kamnitih pred- can state that the main characteristic of female graves metov11 in tudi ne keramičnih vretenc. Ker nam na is circular-shaped jewellery (necklaces, bracelets and osnovi tipološke analize keramičnih posod tako žar diverse circlets) and fibulae, frequently found in kot pridanih posod ni uspelo ugotoviti posebnih combination with spirally coiled wires/saltaleoni, vzorcev, niti ne glede na spol niti glede na starost pendants and needles, while common grave-good (prim. sl. 4), jih predstavljamo v spodnjem delu ta-represent also spindle whorls. In view of their com- bele ( sl. 4), a brez ustrezne opredelitve in razlage, čebinations, which demonstrate recurring patterns, we prav se zdi, da gre za grobove oseb nižjega družbene- can distinguish four or five female costume sets with ga stanu (prim. sl. 3b–3c). attire-types IV, V and VI denoting adult persons of Kot je dobro razvidno iz razpredelnice na sl. 4, different social status, while the attire-types II and III odražajo različni sestavi nakita in delov noše v grob-point to juvenile persons, young females and girls. nih celotah veliko raznolikost in razslojenost znotraj On the other hand, the composition of grave-goods ženske populacije na Brinjevi gori. Ugotovimo lahko, in male graves is extremely uniform (attire-type I) da je značilnost ženskih grobov predvsem obročasti and consistently contains pins and in some cases ra- nakit (ovratnice, zapestnice in raznovrstni obročki) zors, while it represents mostly adult persons ( fig. 4). ter fibule, večkrat v kombinaciji s spiralastimi žič- It appears meaningful that very similar types of kami/saltaleoni, obeski in šivankami, med pogoste attire or jewellery sets as at the Gračič cemetery can pridatke pa štejejo tudi vretenca. Glede na njihove be found also in other sites, both in Ruše as well as kombinacije, ki izkazujejo ponavljajoči se vzorec, in Dobova groups of the Urnfield Culture. At the pa lahko med njimi ločimo štiri oz. pet kompletov cemeteries of Pobrežje and Ruše, as well as at Dobova ženskih noš, pri čemer domnevamo, da so komple- the attire set with necklace as the most distinctive and ti IV., V. in VI. označevali odrasle osebe različnega characteristic element of jewellery represents also the družbenega stanu, medtem ko sta kompleta II. in wealthiest attire, claimed by the limited number of III. označevala juvenilne osebe, mladenke in deklice. females. The differences in the attire-type II between Nasprotno pa je sestav pridatkov v moških grobovih the Gračič cemetery and other sites exist mostly in the zelo enoten (komplet I.), kajti moške grobove dosle- number of bracelets, which are frequently attested at dno opredeljujejo igle, v nekaterih tudi britve, pri the cemeteries of Ruše, Pobrežje and Dobova in even čemer gre pretežno za odrasle osebe ( sl. 4). numbers,12 while at the graves of the Gračič cemetery Pomenljivo se zdi, da je zelo podobne gračiškim only singular examples appear, although consequently vrstam noš oz. nakitnim kompletom moč najti v more numerous are smaller circlets ( fig. 4: II. ). The drugih krajih tako ruške kot tudi dobovske skupine attributive meaning of necklaces as the jewellery of kulture žarnih grobišč. Na Pobrežju in v Rušah pa special attire-type is attested also in the case of a clay tudi v Dobovi predstavlja komplet z ovratnico kot figurine from the urnfield cemetery at Mladinska ul- najbolj izstopajočim oz. označevalnim elementom ica in Maribor ( fig. 5).13 The statuette represents a fe-nakita tudi najbolj bogato nošo, lastno izbranemu male person, wearing an opulent attire with pleated številu ženskih oseb. Razlike nasproti gračiški noši skirt and adorned with a double necklace, possibly of kompleta II. obstajajo predvsem v številu zapestnic, the same type as the specimen from the grave 31 at the ki so bile v Rušah, na Pobrežju in Dobovi pogosto Gračič cemetery ( Pl. 12: 1), as well as with a bracelet zastopane v sodem številu,12 medtem ko je na Gra-on the wrist.14 Her jewellery therefore corresponds not čiču prisotna le po ena, a so zato številnejši manjši only to the already discussed female attires present at obročki ( sl. 4: II. ). O označevalnem pomenu ovrathe cemeteries of Pobrežje, Ruše and Dobova, but also tnic kot nakita posebne vrste noše pa priča tudi gli- to the attire-type II at the Gračič cemetery. nena figurica iz žarnega grobišča na Mladinski ulici Like at the Gračič cemetery, the bracelets desig- v Mariboru ( sl. 5).13 Upodobljena je ženska oseba nate a distinctive element of the third (III) attire-type v bogati noši s plisiranim krilom in z nakitom, na 12 Teržan 1999, 139, figs. 11: II; 12: II; 13: II. 13 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 120: 45. 11 14 Izjemo predstavljata fragment bronastega obročka in ka- Regional Museum Maribor, invent. no. A 1290; excavated mniti sileks, navedena izključno v opisu groba 18 in 69. by the Museum Society in Maribor in the years 1932–33; 12 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 11: II; 12: II; 13: II. Dimensions: H. up to 6.3 cm, W. up to 4.5 cm, T. up to 13 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 120: 45. 1.4 cm. 289 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 289 8. 03. 2021 12:54:34 Slika 5. Maribor, Mladinska ulica, glinena ženska figurica (risba D. Oman, fotografija I. Porekar Kacafura). Figure 5. Maribor, cemetery at Mladinska ulica; clay female figurine (drawing by D. Oman, photography by I. Porekar Kacafura). roki z zapestnico in okoli vratu z dvojno ovratnico, also at other sites – at Pobrežje, Ruše and Dobova. morda istega tipa kot je tista v grobu 31 z Gračiča There they could be worn either in even numbers ( Tab. 12: 1).14 Njen nakit torej ustreza omenjenim or separately, the latter manner being the most fre- ženskim nošam ne le na Pobrežju, v Rušah in Dobo- quent also at Gračič. At the same time it should be vi, temveč tudi II. kompletu ženske noše na Gračiču. mentioned that so at Gračič as in other already men- Podobno kot na Gračiču označujejo tudi drugod – tioned cemeteries the persons with this type of attire na Pobrežju, v Rušah in Dobovi – III. komplet ženske are rather poorly represented ( fig. 4).15 noše le zapestnice, ki pa so bile nošene v omenjenih Besides the individuals with necklaces of the krajih tako v sodem številu kot tudi posamezno, kar second (II) attire-type, relatively numerous at the je najbolj pogosta nošnja zapestnice tudi na Gračiču. Gračič cemetery were also female persons with the Hkrati pa je omembe vredno, da so tako na Gračiču attire-type IV containing fibula as the characteristic kot v drugih omenjenih grobiščih osebe s to vrsto noše element ( fig. 4: IV). Such attire-type is well represent-zastopane v razmeroma majhnem številu ( sl. 4).15 ed mostly in the graves at Pobrežje and Ruše,16 while Poleg oseb II. kompleta noše (z ovratnicami) so it is barely detectable at the cemetery of Dobova,17 bile na Gračiču razmeroma številno zastopane tudi therefore we infer that it can be considered as a char- ženske osebe s IV. kompletom noše – s fibulo kot acteristic attire set (possibly also dress) of the Ruše označevalnim elementom ( sl. 4: IV. ). Glede na to, Urnfield group in Pohorsko Podravje region. da je tovrstna noša dobro zastopana predvsem v gro- In contrast, the attire-type V at the Gračič cem- bovih na Pobrežju in v Rušah,16 medtem ko jo je v etery, which is characterised by band-shaped circlets Dobovi komajda zaslediti,17 sklepamo, da gre za vr- or earrings ( fig. 4: V), appears to represent a rather specific adornment. With the exception of the 14 Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, inv. št. A 1290, izkopalo Mu- cemetery at Pobrežje, such jewellery composition is zejsko društvo v Mariboru v letih 1932–33, mere: v. do 6,3 cm, šir. do 4,5 cm, deb. do 1,4 cm. 15 15 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 11: III; 12: III; 13: III. Teržan 1999, 139, figs. 11: III; 12: III; 13: III. 16 16 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 12: IV; 13: IV. Teržan 1999, 139, figs. 12: IV; 13: IV. 17 17 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 11. Teržan 1999, 139, fig. 11. 290 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 290 8. 03. 2021 12:54:35 Slika 6. Gračič, razporeditev grobov glede na štiri osnovne kategorije sestavov grobnih pridatkov (prim. sl. 1): 1. kategorija (samo 31 39 31 38 bronasti pridatki) – 37 40 zelena, 2. kategorija 33 (samo keramični 42 52 42 56 55 pridatki) – rdeča, 32 43 3. kategorija (bronasti 12 41 34 in keramični 35 44 1 54 pridatki) – oranžna, 11 50 11 15 2 36 53 15 5 4. kategorija (brez 30 10 51 pridatkov) – modra. 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 Figure 6. Gračič 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 cemetery; distribution 19 of graves according 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 to four principal 13 21 61 categories of grave- 58 57 58 good combinations 29 24 23 65 68 67 65 (cfr. fig. 1): 59 64 73 28 1st category (only 27 26 25 69 bronze finds) – green, 60 71 77 2nd category (only 70 ceramic finds) – red, 63 3rd category (bronze 74 72 74 75 and ceramic finds) – orange, 4th category (no grave-goods) – blue. 76 0 5 10 m sto kompleta nakita (morda tudi oblačila) značilno namely absent at other sites, where, however, attires za ruško skupino v Pohorskem Podravju. with small circlets as their constituent part are at- Za V. komplet noše na Gračiču, za katerega so tested. Small circlets, although of different types as značilni predvsem trakasti obročki oz. uhani ( sl. 4: at the Gračič cemetery, denote a characteristic jewel-V. ), se zdi, da predstavlja dokaj specifičen nakit, ki lery of the female attire at the cemetery of Dobova, ga na ostalih najdiščih v takšni obliki, razen na Po- where they differentiate the most numerous fourth brežju, ne zasledimo, čeprav so tudi tam zastopane attire-type.18 noše, katerih sestavni deli so bili majhni obročki. The spindle whorl as a characteristic and fre- Le v Dobovi predstavljajo majhni obročki, ven- quently also the only grave-good, has been used to dar drugačnih tipov kot na Gračiču, značilni na- indicate the attire-type VI of female graves at the kit tamkajšnje IV. vrste ženske noše, ki je tam tudi Gračič cemetery ( fig. 4: VI). Generally speaking, najštevilnejša.18 spindle whorls make up part of all female attire-types, Predilna vretenca, s katerimi smo kot značilnim, but it should be stressed that spindle whorl as the pogosto edinim pridatkom označili VI. vrsto ženskih sole grave-good characterises a special group of fe- grobov na Gračiču ( sl. 4: VI. ), so seveda sestavni del male persons in other cemeteries as well.19 oprave vseh vrst ženskih noš, a kot edini pridatek v While the great variety of female attires can be ob- grobovih označuje vretence tudi v drugih krajih po- served not only at the Gračič cemetery, but also on all sebno skupino ženskih oseb.19 the other mentioned sites in Pohorsko Podravje and Medtem ko se ne le na Gračiču, temveč tudi Posavje regions, this does not hold true for the male v vseh omenjenih krajih v Pohorskem Podravju in attires, where the constituent and characteristic part 18 18 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 11: IV. Teržan 1999, 139, fig. 11: IV. 19 19 Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 11: V; 12: VI; 13: V spodaj. Teržan 1999, 139, figs. 11: V; 12: VI; 13: V below. 291 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 291 8. 03. 2021 12:54:35 Slika 7. Gračič, razporeditev grobov glede načina pokopa: grobovi z žaro – zelena, grobovi brez žare – rdeča. Figure 7. Gračič cemetery: distribution 31 39 31 38 of graves according 37 40 to the burial mode: 33 52 graves with urn – 42 56 55 green, graves without 32 43 urn – red. 12 41 34 35 44 1 54 11 50 11 15 2 53 15 5 36 30 10 51 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 19 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 13 21 61 58 57 58 29 24 23 65 68 67 65 59 64 73 28 27 26 25 69 60 71 77 70 63 74 72 74 75 76 0 5 10 m Posavju kaže raznolikost v ženskih nošah, pa to ne is represented always by the pin, occasionally supple- velja za moško nošo, kjer predstavlja povsod njen se- mented with a toilet accessory, such as razor ( fig. 4).20 stavni in označevalni del igla, ponekod dopolnjena s To conclude, on the basis of characteristic bronze toaletnim priborom v obliki britve ( sl. 4).20 finds and ceramic spindle whorls, for which we sur- Naj povzamemo, da lahko na osnovi značilnih mise that they reflect specific differences in sex, sta- bronastih pridatkov in keramičnih vretenc, za ka- tus and wealth, we can differentiate six combination tere sklepamo, da se v njih zrcalijo značilne spolne, groups of grave-goods or denotative elements of statusne in premoženjske razlike, ločimo na Gračiču attire at the Gračič cemetery. These attire-types or šest kombinacijskih skupin pridatkov oz. označeval- jewellery sets do not differ essentially from those in cev noš. Le-te se bistveno ne razlikujejo od vrst noš other sites from Pohorsko Podravje region, such as at oz. nakitnih kompletov v drugih krajih Pohorskega Pobrežje and Ruše, but they somewhat diverge from Podravja kot npr. na Pobrežju in v Rušah, pač pa the attire components of the cemetery at Dobova. nekoliko odstopa po sestavinah svojih noš Dobova. Thus, we infer that the Ruše urnfield group had Zato sklepamo, da so bili za ruško skupino značilni been characterised by specific combinations of jew- specifični kompleti nakita, ki so zastopani v veliki ellery, which, to a large extent, are also present at the meri tudi na Gračiču. Domnevamo, da je z njimi Gračič cemetery. It can reasonably be presumed that nakazana družbena stratifikacija prebivalstva tudi v these combinations indicate also the social stratifi- naselbini na Brinjevi gori ( sl. 4). cation of inhabitants, dwelling at the Brinjeva gora Naša kombinacijska analiza grobnih pridatkov settlement ( figs. 4). na gračiškem grobišču je torej pokazala, da lahko The present analysis of grave-goods combina- na osnovi bronastih pridatkov in vretenc (noše in tions at the Gračič cemetery therefore demonstrated 20 Primerjaj Teržan 1999, 139, sl. 10. 20 Cfr. Teržan 1999, 139, fig. 10. 292 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 292 8. 03. 2021 12:54:35 Slika 8. Gračič, razporeditev grobov glede na starostne razrede: odrasle in pogojno odrasle osebe (nad 15 let) – rdeča, mlade osebe 31 39 31 38 (manj kot 15 let) 37 40 – modra, po starosti 33 neopredeljene osebe 42 52 42 56 55 – črna, večji krogci 32 43 (prim. sl. 2). 12 41 34 Figure 8. Gračič 35 44 1 54 cemetery; distribution 11 50 11 15 5 2 36 53 15 5 of graves according 30 10 51 to the age classes: 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 adult and tentatively 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 adult persons (above 19 the age of 15) – red, 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 juvenile persons 13 21 61 (under the age of 58 57 15) – blue, persons 23 58 57 29 24 65 68 67 65 of undetermined age 59 64 73 28 – black, bigger cirles 27 26 25 69 60 (cfr. fig. 2). 71 77 70 63 74 72 74 75 76 0 5 10 m orodja) po spolu opredelimo 52 grobov, od tega 33 that we can define the sex of 52 graves on the basis ženskih (43 %), 17 moških (22 %) in 2 dvojna groba of bronze finds and spindle whorls (attire and tools). moškega in ženske (3 %), pri ostalih 25 grobovih pa Among them there are 33 female (43%) and 17 male ostaja njihov spol nedoločljiv (32 %) ( sl. 3e). graves (22%), as well as two double graves (3%) of Primerjava pravkar prikazanih vrst noš ( sl. 4) z a man and a woman, while in the case of 25 graves zastopanostjo osnovnih kategorij sestavov grobnih (32%) the sex remains undeterminable ( fig. 3e). pridatkov ( sl. 1) nam pokaže, da je v skupini ženskih Comparison between the attire-types presented grobov 27 grobov sestava 3. kategorije s keramičnimi above ( fig. 4) and the presence of principal catego-in bronastimi pridatki (82 %), trije grobovi sestava ries of grave-good compositions ( fig. 1) provides us 1. kategorije z bronastimi pridatki in vretenci (9 %) with further information. In the group of female ter trije grobovi sestava 2. kategorije s samo keramič- graves there are twenty-seven graves with composi- nimi pridatki (9 %). tion of the third category, which contains ceramic V skupini moških grobov je 15 grobov sestava and bronze finds (82%), three graves with composi- 3. kategorije s keramičnimi in bronastimi pridatki tion of the first category containing bronze finds and (88 %) in dva grobova sestava 1. kategorije samo z spindle whorls (9%) and three graves of the second bronastimi pridatki (12 %). V dveh dvojnih grobo- category composition with only ceramic finds (9%). vih sestava 3. kategorije z ženskimi in moškimi pri- The group of male graves comprises fifteen datki so bili najdeni keramični in bronasti pridatki. graves with composition of the third category in- V skupini po spolu nedoločljivih grobov je bilo 18 cluding ceramic and bronze finds (88%) and two grobov s keramičnimi pridatki (72 %), štirje grobovi graves of the first category composition with only s keramičnimi in bronastimi pridatki (16 %) ter trije bronze finds (12%). Both double graves containing grobovi brez pridatkov (12 %). female and male grave-goods show composition of 293 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 293 8. 03. 2021 12:54:35 Slika 9. Gračič, razporeditev grobov z iglami – rdeča ter iglami in britvami – zelena. Figure 9. Gračič cemetery; distribution of graves containing 31 39 31 38 37 pins – red or pins and 40 33 razors – green. 42 52 42 56 55 32 43 12 41 34 35 44 1 54 11 50 11 15 2 36 53 15 5 30 10 51 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 19 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 13 21 13 61 58 57 58 29 24 23 65 68 67 65 59 64 73 28 27 26 25 69 60 71 77 70 63 74 72 74 75 76 0 5 10 m the third category with ceramic and bronze finds. In the group of graves with indefinable sex there are eighteen cases with only ceramic finds (72%), four with ceramic and bronze finds (16%) and three without grave-goods (12%). RAZPOREDITEV GROBOV NA NEKROPOLI IN DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVES IN THE NECROPOLIS DRUŽBENA STRUKTURA AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE Glede na podatke, ki smo jih pridobili z našimi raz- With regard to the information obtained from our iskavami, smo poskušali ugotoviti prostorsko struk- research we have tried to establish the spatial struc- turiranost nekropole na Gračiču. S tem namenom turation of the necropolis at Gračič. To this purpose smo na načrt grobišča kartirali grobove iz različnih we mapped on the cemetery plan the graves, taking aspektov: 1) glede na štiri osnovne kategorije sesta- into consideration various aspects, such as: 1) the four vov grobnih pridatkov (prim. sl. 1 in 6), 2) glede na principal categories of grave-good compositions (cfr. način pokopa, torej z žaro ali brez nje (prim. sl. 3a figs. 1 and 6); 2) the mode of burial, that is, with or in 7), 3) glede na starostno lestvico (prim. sl. 2 in without an urn (cfr. figs. 3a and 7); 3) the estimated 8), 4) glede na vrste noš, in sicer moške z iglami in age category (cfr. figs. 2 and 10); 4) the male attire-type britvami (prim. sl. 4 in 9) in 5) ženskih noš II.–VI. with marked pins and razors (cfr. figs. 4 and 9); 5) the (prim. sl. 4 in 10), ter 6) glede na razporeditev žen-female attire-types from type II to typeVI (cfr. figs. 4 skih grobov s priborom, kot so predilna vretenca and 10) and 6) the distribution of female graves with in šivanke (prim. sl. 4 in 11). Kartiranje je poka-tools, such as spindle whorls and needles (cfr. figs. 4 zalo, da je bilo pokopavanje na gračiški nekropoli and 11). Such charting of the cemetery made clear 294 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 294 8. 03. 2021 12:54:35 Slika 10. Gračič, razporeditev grobov z ženskimi nošami: komplet II. – rdeča, komplet III. – oranžna, komplet IV. – rumena, komplet 39 V. – zelena, komplet 31 38 37 37 40 VI. – modra. 33 33 Figure 10. 52 42 56 55 Gračič cemetery; 32 32 43 distribution of graves 12 41 34 with female attire- 35 35 44 1 types: attire-type II 54 11 1 2 36 50 36 53 15 5 – red, attire-type III – 15 30 10 3 51 3 orange, attire-type IV 9 6 4 49 45 – yellow, attire-type 16 8 7 20 48 7 V – green, attire-type 17 46 19 VI – blue. 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 13 21 13 61 58 57 58 29 24 23 29 65 68 67 65 67 59 64 73 28 27 27 26 25 69 60 71 77 77 70 63 74 72 74 72 75 76 0 5 10 m izredno kompleksno in da posamezni parametri that the interments at the cemetery of Gračič were ne dajejo povsem skladne slike. A vendar gre za carried out in a very complex manner and that the razmeroma enakomerno porazdelitev grobov raz- separate parameters do not offer a completely congru- ličnih parametrov po celotni nekropoli, čeprav se ent picture. Nonetheless, the graves with different pa- med seboj razlikujejo. Pri razporeditvi grobov štirih rameters appear to be quite evenly distributed across osnovnih kategorij, med katerimi so prevladujoči the entire necropolis, even though they differ between tisti 3. kategorije, se je pokazalo, da imajo grobovi each other. The distribution of graves according to the 1. in 4. kategorije bolj robno pozicijo v primerjavi z four principal categories, among which those with the ostalimi ( sl. 6). Če upoštevamo način pokopavanja, third category composition prevail, demonstrated that tj. s pokopom v žari ali brez nje, so grobovi brez the graves of the first and fourth category composi- žare razporejeni predvsem na pobočju ob spodnjem tions are located more on the fringes of the cemetery robu grobišča, kot npr. grobovi med 13, 29, 26, in comparision to others ( fig. 6). If we consider the 27 itd., od katerih odstopajo grobovi 59–58, 47– mode of burial, that is, the burials with or without 48–49–50–51, ki na neki način omejujejo vzhodni an urn, the latter appear to be positioned mostly on rob osrednje skupine grobov na grobišču. Podobno the slope along the lower edge of the cemetery, as for morda velja tudi za grobove 60, 64 in 61 ter 66–76, example the graves 13, 29, 26, 27 etc. From the latter ki omejujejo skupino grobov na pobočju na samem the graves 59, 58 and 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 spread out jugovzhodnem robu grobišča ( sl. 7). Manj izpove- and seem to delimit, in a sense, the eastern edge of dna je slika, ki jo nudi razporeditev grobov po an- the central group of graves at the cemetery. The same tropološko ugotovljeni starostni lestvici, kaže pa, da possibly holds true also for the graves 60, 64, 61 and so grobovi oseb vseh starosti razporejeni po celotni 66–76, which delineate the grave-group on the slope nekropoli ( sl. 8). at the very south-eastern edge of the cemetery ( fig. 7). 295 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 295 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 Slika 11. Gračič, razporeditev grobov z vretenci – rdeča in šivankami – zelena. Figure 11. Gračič cemetery; distribution of graves containing spindle whorls – red 31 39 31 38 or needles – green. 37 40 33 42 52 42 56 55 32 43 12 41 34 35 44 1 54 11 50 11 15 5 2 36 53 15 5 30 10 51 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 19 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 13 21 13 61 58 57 58 29 24 23 29 65 68 67 65 59 64 73 28 27 26 25 69 60 71 77 70 63 74 72 74 75 76 0 5 10 m Razporeditev grobov glede na vrste noš pa je po- Less indicative is the result gained with the distribu- kazala naslednje ( sl. 9–10): Oba dvojna grobova (30 tion of graves according to the age categories, which in 12) z izrazito moško komponento noše (igle in displays that the graves with individuals of all ages are britev) sta bila locirana na sam vrh vzpetine in leži-spread over the entire necropolis ( fig. 8). ta sorazmerno blizu drug drugega. Zdi se, da se je The distribution of graves according to separate od njiju grobišče širilo navzdol po pobočju, zato sta attire-types yielded following results ( figs. 9–10): ta dva grobova med najstarejšimi na grobišču, kar je Both double graves (30 and 12), which contain ex- podprla tudi kronološka analiza grobnih pridatkov.21 plicitly male components of attire (pins and razor), Verjetno predstavljata začetnika vsak svoje rodovno- had been located at the very top of the cemetery rise -družinske skupnosti. Kajti ostali moški grobovi, ki and lie relatively close to each other. It seems that jih označuje prvi komplet noše z iglami, so razpore- the cemetery spread out downwards along the slope jeni bolj ali manj enakomerno, predvsem na pobočju from those two very graves, which consequently v sredinskem pasu grobišča ( sl. 9), a tudi v najbolj represent one of the oldest graves at the cemetery, jugozahodni skupini grobov v spodnjem delu grobi- what was confirmed also by the chronological anal- šča na pobočju. Podobno velja tudi za ženske grobo- ysis of grave-goods.21 Possibly, both denote the ini- ve II.–VI. kompleta noš, kajti na celotnem področju tiators of their own extended family communities. nekropole so grobovi vseh petih vrst noš razporejeni The location of other male graves characterised by dokaj enakomerno ( sl. 10). Kljub temu se dajo raz-the attire-type I with pins confirms such observa- poznati vsaj dva, morda pa tudi štirje predeli, kjer so tions, as they are spread more or less evenly across ženski grobovi bolj zgoščeni oz. se jasneje grupira- the cemetery, for the most part on the slope in the jo. Prvo grupacijo predstavljajo grob 30, v katerem central section of the cemetery ( fig. 9), but also in 21 21 Glej tu Teržan, Gračič. See here Teržan, Gračič. 296 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 296 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 je poleg moške komponente noše tudi bogata žen-the most south-western part, down on the slope. In ska oprava II. vrste kompleta noše, in njemu bližnji a similar way also the female graves with attire-types grobovi 9, 10, 31. Druga grupacija leži pomaknjena II-VI could be understood, as the graves of all the proti vzhodu in je označena z ženskimi grobovi od five attire-types are laid out over the entire ceme- grobov 15, 5 do grobov 32, 34, 35. Tretja se nahaja tery area rather evenly as well ( fig. 10). In spite of še dalje proti severovzhodu in ji pripadajo grobovi this, at least two, but possibly even four areas can 33, 37 in 39. Četrta grupacija pa se širi na pobočju be discerned, where the female graves are more con- proti jugovzhodu in je zastopana z grobovi 60, 61, centrated or cluster together more clearly. The first 62 vse do grobov 72 in 77. cluster connects with the grave 30, in which besides Medtem ko je komplet noše IV. prisoten pred- the male component of attire also a wealthy female vsem v osrednjem in na skrajnem jugovzhodnem attire of the type II is attested, and consists of nearby delu grobišča, so kompleti noše II., III., V. in VI. graves 9, 10 and 31. Second cluster lies towards east dokaj enakomerno razporejeni po celotni površini and comprises the female graves 15 and 5 up to the grobišča. graves 32, 34 and 35. Third cluster is positioned fur- Poseben pogled ponuja tudi razporeditev gro- ther to the northeast and contains the graves 33, 37 bov s šivankami in predilnimi vretenci ( sl. 11), kot and 39. The last, fourth cluster spreads deep down predstavniki ženske domače gospodinjske obrtne on the slope towards southeast and is represented by dejavnosti. Medtem ko so šivanke najdene tik pod the graves 60, 61 and 62, up to the graves 72 and 77. vrhnjim platojem grobišča, so vretenca razporejena While the attire-type IV appears mostly in the predvsem v zahodnem in osrednjem delu grobišča, central and the far south-eastern part of the ceme- redkeje pa v vzhodnem delu grobišča. tery, the attire-sets of the type II, III, V and VI are Takšna razporeditev, tako moških kot ženskih spread in a rather regular manner across the entire grobov na nekropoli, govori za obstoj več, najmanj area of the cemetery. dveh, verjetneje pa vsaj štirih, podobno strukturira- A somewhat particular aspect is offered by the nih družbenih celic/enot. Vsaka zase je bila razslo- distribution of graves containing needles or spindle jena glede na starost, stan in status svojih članov, whorls ( fig. 11), which testify to the female craft ac-zato domnevamo, da gre za grupacije grobov posa- tivities. While the needles can be found in graves, meznih rodovno-družinskih skupnosti brinjegorske located right under the uppermost plateau of the naselbine. cemetery, the spindle whorls appear mostly in the western and central part as well as, more rarely, in the eastern part of the cemetery. Such distribution of both male and female graves in the necropolis supports the existence of several similarly structured social cells or units, which were minimally two, but very likely at least four. Each of these units had been individually stratified with re- gard to age, class and rank of its members. There- fore we presume that these grave groupings represent separate communities of extended families from the settlement at Brinjeva gora. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Müller-Karpe H. 1959 Teržan B. 1999 Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich An Outline of the Urnfield Culture Period in Slovenia/ Oris der Alpen. – Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 22, Berlin. obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč na Slovenskem. – Arheološki vestnik 50, 97–143. Teržan B. 1995 Stand und Aufgaben der Forschungen zur Urnenfelderzeit in Jugoslawien. – V/In: Beiträge zur Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich der Alpen. Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums Hermann Müller-Karpe gewidmet, Monographien Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 35, Bonn, 323–372. 297 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 297 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 298 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 GRAČIČ POD BRINJEVO GRAČIČ BELOW BRINJEVA GORO – NEKROPOLA GORA – A NECROPOLIS OF KULTURE ŽARNIH GROBIŠČ THE URNFIELD CULTURE III. KRONOLOŠKI ORIS III. CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE Biba Teržan Biba Teržan Žarno grobišče na vzpetini pri vasici Gračič leži tik The urnfield cemetery is located on the rise near the pod Brinjevo goro, kjer je Stanko Pahič v 50-tih in hamlet of Gračič and right beneath the prehistoric 60-tih letih preteklega stoletja odkril ostaline praz- settlement of Brinjeva gora, the remains of which godovinske naselbine. Kot kažejo keramične in ko- have been excavated in the fifties and the sixties of vinske najdbe, je bila Brinjeva gora poseljena od pre- the 20th century by Stanko Pahič. The ceramic and hoda zgodnje v srednjo bronasto dobo (Bd A2/B1), metal finds indicate that the Brinjeva gora had been intenzivno pa zlasti v pozni bronasti dobi – v času settled already from the period of transition from kulture žarnih grobišč – in tudi še v zgodnji železni the Early to Middle Bronze Age (Br A2/B1), while dobi (Ha C/D1),1 zato ni dvoma, da so grobovi pri its occupancy was particularly intensive in the Late Gračiču, podobno kot nekoliko starejša gomila iz Bronze Age or the Urnfield period as well as in the Brezja (Bd B1),2 pripadali prav njej. Čeprav je časov- time of the Early Iron Age (Ha C/D1).1 Hence, there no mesto gračiške nekropole v pozno bronasto dobo can be no doubt that the graves near Gračič, but also – predvsem v čas mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč – ute- the somewhat older tumulus from Brezje (Br B1),2 meljil že sam njen raziskovalec Stanko Pahič in za must have pertained precisely to the mentioned set- njim tudi njegov sin Vitko,3 pa poskušamo sedaj, ob tlement of Brinjeva gora. The chronological position objavi celotnega gradiva4, še nekoliko bolj podrobno of the necropolis at Gračič to the Late Bronze Age, orisati njeno kronološko sliko. and mainly into the younger Urnfield period, has Radiokarbonske analize vzorcev, odvzetih iz pre- been defined already by its excavator Stanko Pahič as žganih človeških kosti petih grobov z Gračiča, so, z well as later by his son Vitko.3 Nevertheless, the pres- izjemo ene, podprle datacijo nekropole v mlajše ob- ent integral publication of the cemetery4 gives us the dobje kulture žarnih grobišč, tj. v čas od sredine 11. opportunity to delineate its chronological sequence do 9. stol. pr. n. št. ( sl. 1).5 Od te časovne opredeli-more precisely. tve odstopa le grob 34, za katerega je radiokarbon- The dating of the Gračič necropolis to the younger sko datiranje podalo pri 95,4% verjetnosti časovni part of the Urnfield period, that is, to the time from okvir 1427–1283 calBC.6 Glede na njegovo lego na the middle of the 11th to the 9th century BC has been grobišču v neposredni bližini groba 357, ki je z ena- confirmed by all but one radiocarbon analyses of the kim odstotkom verjetnosti radiokarbonsko datiran calcined human bone samples taken from five graves v časovni okvir 1056–905 calBC, kot tudi glede na ( fig. 1).5 The grave 34 is the only exception, as its ra-le nekoliko bolj oddaljena grobova 50 in 51, kate- diocarbon dating yielded a date range of 1427–1283 rih radiokarbonsko datiranje prav tako kaže na čas cal BC at 95.4% probability.6 However, the grave 357, 1052–912 oz. 1042–903 calBC, domnevamo, da which was located in the immediate neighbourhood of je bil vzorec iz groba 34 kontaminiran in da je zato the former, has been radiocarbon dated to the period 1 1 S. Pahič 1960; isti 1962–63; isti 1975, 53; isti 1981; isti S. Pahič 1960; id. 1962–63; id. 1975, 53; id. 1981; id. 1985; Oman, 1981; Gabrovec 1983, 42–45, 57, T. 1: 1985; Oman, 1981; Gabrovec 1983, 42–45, 57, Pls. 1: 7–15; 2: 14–17; Teržan 1990, 36–43, sl. 4; 6. 7–15; 2: 14–17; Teržan 1990, 36–43, figs. 4; 6. 2 2 Pahič 1962–63; Gabrovec 1983, 42–45, T. 1: 7–15; Čre- Pahič 1962–63; Gabrovec 1983, 42–45, Pl. 1: 7–15; Čreš- šnar, Koprivnik 2014, 299–303; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, nar, Koprivnik 2014, 299–303; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 677–681, sl. 19; 45; glej tu Tomazo Ravnik; Thomas; 677–681, figs. 19; 45; see here Tomazo Ravnik; Thomas; Štamfelj. Štamfelj. 3 3 S. Pahič 1960; isti 1975; isti 1985; Gabrovec 1983, 57, T. S. Pahič 1960; id. 1975; id. 1985; Gabrovec 1983, 57, Pl. 2: 14–17; V. Pahič 1988–89. 2: 14–17; V. Pahič 1988–89. 4 4 Glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič; Koprivnik, Teržan. See here Koprivnik, Gračič; Koprivnik, Teržan. 5 5 Črešnar et al. 2014, 305–311; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 695– Črešnar et al. 2014, 305–311; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 695– 697, sl. 32. 697, fig. 32. 6 6 Črešnar et al. 2014, 306–307, sl. 16.2.4. Črešnar et al. 2014, 306–307, fig. 16.2.4. 7 7 Glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič, sl. 1. See here Koprivnik, Gračič, fig. 1 299 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 299 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 Slika 1. Gračič, radiokarbonske datacije štirih grobov (ponovna kalibracija po Črešnar et al. 2014). Figure 1. Gračič cemetery; results of radiocarbon analysis from four graves (newly calibrated after Črešnar et al. 2014). njegova datacija neustrezna. Na ta zaključek nas ni 1056–905 cal BC with the same percentage of prob- navedla le zelo skladna slika radiokarbonskega dati- ability. Moreover, the radiocarbon datings of some- ranja vseh štirih omenjenih gračiških grobov ( sl. 1), what more distant graves 50 and 51 similarly point to temveč tudi kronološka analiza grobnih pridatkov, ki the time period 1052–912 cal BC and 1042–903 cal jo na tem mestu na kratko predstavljamo. Le-ta te- BC respectively. Thus, in regard to the position of the melji na najbolj zanesljivih kronoloških indikatorjih, grave 34 within the cemetery, we suppose that the re- kot so bronasti deli nošnje in nakita – fibule, igle in lated sample could be contaminated and consequently nekatere zvrsti obročastega nakita. its dating is inaccurate. Such conclusion is based not only on the conclusive radiocarbon dating results of the surrounding graves at the Gračič cemetery ( fig. 1), but also on the chronological analysis of the grave-goods, presented further below. The latter has been chiefly conducted on the bronze attire or jewellery objects, that is, on fibulae, pins and on some of the ring-shaped ornaments, all of which offer us one of the most precise indications in chronological sense. FIBULE FIBULAE Kot je pokazala celostna kombinacijska analiza The integral combination analysis of the grave-goods grobnih pridatkov, so fibule zastopane sorazmerno showed, that the fibulae are relatively well represent- pogosto (11%)8 in sodijo med značilne elemen- ed (11%)8 and can be seen as a characteristic feature te bogatejše ženske noše, ki jo razen fibul označuje of a rich female costume, which beside the fibulae obročasti nakit, predvsem ovratnice in pa obročki/ contained also the ring-shaped ornaments, repre- trakasti obročki oz. uhani. Glede na posamezne se- sented mostly by necklaces and rings/band circlets or stavine nakita, bodisi z ovratnicami bodisi z obročki/ earrings. In the typological classification of attires,9 lasnimi obročki ali uhani, pa so fibule opredeljene fibulae represent a characteristic component of the kot označevalni element IV. vrste noše9, čeprav so fourth (IV.) attire type, whether in combination zastopane tudi v okviru noš II. in III. vrste. Vendar with necklaces or with rings/earrings, but appear pa se v okviru teh noš pojavljajo različni tipi fibul, also both in the second (II.) and the third (III.) at- ki omogočajo njihovo podrobnejšo opredelitev. Med tire group. However, different types of fibulae can be fibulami v gračiških grobovih prevladujejo očalaste present within the particular attire groups, enabling fibule, vendar v več variantah, zastopani pa so tudi in this way a more detailed definition of the latter. drugi tipi, kot npr. fibula z listasto oblikovanim lo- Among the fibulae from the graves of the Gračič ne- kom in pa ločna fibula s tordiranim lokom. cropolis the spectacle fibulae of various variants pre- vail, whereas other fibula types are present as well, such as for example the fibula with a leaf-shaped bow and the fibula with a twisted bow. 8 8 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 3d. See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 3d. 9 9 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 300 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 300 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 Očalaste fibule s spiralno osmico – Spectacle fibulae with spirally-shaped figure- tipa Maribor10 of-eight – type Maribor10 Čeprav so očalaste fibule v gračiških grobovih po- The spectacle fibulae in the graves of the Gračič večini ohranjene le fragmentarno, lahko kot fibule cemetery are in most cases preserved only in frag- tipa Maribor opredelimo primerke iz groba 9 ( Tab. ments, nevertheless examples of the Maribor spec- 4: 1), groba 30 ( Tab. 11: 1), groba 37 ( Tab. 14: 3), tacle fibula type could be identified in the grave 9 groba 60 ( Tab. 19: 5) in groba 77 ( Tab. 23: 4). Med ( Pl. 4: 1), grave 30 ( Pl. 11: 1), grave 37 ( Pl. 14: 3), njimi je zaradi izstopajočega bogastva pridatkov za grave 60 ( Pl. 19: 5) and grave 77 ( Pl. 23: 4). Among kronološka vprašanja najbolj pomemben grob 30, them the case of the grave 30, which most proba- v katerem sta bili po vsej verjetnosti pokopani ose- bly contained both a female and a male burial, is bi ženskega in moškega spola. Ker je bilo časovno without a doubt the most relevant for chronolog- mesto tega groba že večkrat predmet razprave, naj le ical aspects, due to its wealth of grave-goods. The na kratko podamo argumente za njegovo datacijo v chronological position of this grave has been dis- stopnjo Ha A2/B1.11 Zanjo so merodajne predvsem cussed already several times, thus we present here igle, ki so zastopane v grobu v treh primerkih: Igli z only briefly the arguments in favour of its dating vodoravnimi žlebovi okrašeno veliko vazasto glavico in the Ha A2/B1 period.11 Decisive in this regard ( Tab. 11: 15) je najti primerjave med iglami horizon-is especially the presence of three different pins in ta Domamyslice-Klentnice na Moravskem, vendar the grave. The pin with a vase-shaped head, which gračiška nima tako izrazito oblikovanega cilindrične- is decorated with horizontal grooves ( Pl. 11: 15), ga vratu kot moravski primerki, temveč stožčastega, can be compared with the pins from the Domamys- zaradi česar spominja na nekatere primerke igel va- lice-Klentnice horizon in the Moravia. However, riante Velem tipa Etting (po S. Pabst),12 s katerimi contrary to the Moravian examples, which feature a jo druži tudi vodoravna profiliranost vazaste glavice. distinct cylindrical form of the neck, the pin from V sestavu groba 30 zatorej predstavlja element, ki se Gračič shows a somewhat more conically shaped navezuje na tradicijo starejše kulture žarnih grobišč, neck. Such characteristic relates the discussed pin kar navaja na njeno okvirno datacijo v stopnjo Ha to some of the examples of the Velem variant of the A2/B1. Podobno velja tudi za drugo iglo iz taistega Etting type pins (according to S. Pabst),12 the resem- groba 30, ki sodi h posebni varianti kijastih igel, po- blance of which can be seen also in the horizontally imenovani tudi cigaraste ( Tab. 11: 14). Tudi ta igla structured decoration of vase-shaped head. In the stoji v tradiciji starejše kulture žarnih grobišč, kajti overall composition of the grave 30, the vase-head-podobne primerke je najti že od stopnje Bd D/Ha A ed pin therefore represents an object, which con- dalje na območju od severne Italije preko vzhodnih veys the tradition of the early Urnfield period and Alp do Moravske in Panonije, le maloštevilne pa se additionally supports the proposed dating of the najdejo še v okviru stopnje Ha B1.13 Tretja igla iz grave to the Ha A2/B1 period. The same holds as groba 30 ima bikonično glavico in odebeljen, psev- well for the second pin in the grave 30, which can dotordiran vrat ( Tab. 11: 13) in je pripisana lokal-be classified as a special variant of club-shaped pins ni varianti igel tipa Marco, ki predstavlja značilni and is designated also as the cigar-like pin ( Pl. 11: tip igel v Benečiji in na Trentinskem v času stopnje 14). This pin likewise stands in the tradition of the »Bronzo Finale 2/3« po italijanski kronološki shemi early Urnfield period, as similar examples appear (oz. Ha A2/Ha B1). Vendar je Martina Blečić Kavur already from the Br D/Ha A period onwards on the territory from the northern Italy across the eastern 10 Za tipološko opredelitev glej Betzler 1974, 149, op. 6; Ter-Alps and all the way to the Moravia and the Panno- žan 1990, 210–211, Karta 4; Pabst 2011, 211, 222, Abb. nian Plain, while only few specimens can be found 8: 3; ista 2012, 109–110, 398, Abb. 12, Liste 47, Karte 31; Bräuning, Kilian-Dirlmeier 2013, 38s, Abb. 7. 11 10 Kar se opredelitve in datiranja posameznih faz stopenj Ha For its typological definition see Betzler 1974, 149, note A in Ha B tiče, jih povzemamo in razumemo v smislu ko-6; Teržan 1990, 210–211, Map 4; Pabst 2011, 211, 222, rigirane kronologije H. Müller-Karpeja (1959) s strani V. Abb. 8: 3; ead. 2012, 109–110, Abb. 12; 398, Liste 47, Rychnerja (1995, 483, Abb. 24). Karte 31; Bräuning, Kilian-Dirlmeier 2013, 38s, Abb. 7. 12 11 V. Pahič 1988–1989, 184–185, Tab. 1: 3; Teržan 1990, As regards the definition and the chronological position 92, op. 347; Říhovsky 1979, Taf. 56: 1489; Pabst 2012, of single phases within the Ha A and Ha B periods, they 109, 409, Liste 62 d, Karte 39,4. are based on and understood in the sense of the updated 13 Prim. V. Pahič 1988–1989, 184, Tab. 1: 1; Kasseroler chronological scheme of H. Müller-Karpe (1959) by V. 1959, 222, Abb. 390; 365; 399; Taf. 39: 341–342, 399; Rychner (1995, 483, Abb. 24). 12 Podborsky 1970, Taf. 13: 15, 16, 19; Řihovsky 1979, 95– V. Pahič 1988–1989, 184–185, T. 1: 3; Teržan 1990, 92, 100, Taf. 27: 491–492; Říhovsky 1983, 32–36, Taf. 15: note 347; Říhovsky 1979, Taf. 56: 1489; Pabst 2012, 109, 355; Carancini 1975, Taf. 49: 1518–1519. 409, Liste 62 d, Karte 39,4. 301 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 301 8. 03. 2021 12:54:36 iz igel tipa Marco upravičeno izločila skupino igel still in the time of Ha B1 period.13 The third pin z izrazito odebeljenim vratom ter jih združila v po- from the grave 30 features a biconical head and a sebno varianto, ki jo je poimenovala varianta Velika thickened part of the neck, decorated with pseu- Gorica. Take igle so znane namreč iz grobov iz Velike do-torsion ( Pl. 11: 13). It can be classified as a local Gorice in Dobove, pa tudi iz Ruš in pa z Gračiča, variant of the Marco-type pins, which represent a kjer so zastopane z več primerki ( Tab. 8: 4; 11: 13; pin type, characteristic of the Veneto and Trentino 14: 5). Za večino teh igel velja, da se nahajajo v sklo-regions in the time of the “Bronzo Finale 2/3” ho- pu grobnih celot stopnje Ha B1.14 rizon according to the Italian chronological scheme Prav tako starinski pridih daje grobu 30 fragment (or in the Ha A2/B1 period respectively). However, (ali fragmenta) dvorezne britve s predrtim držajem the group of pins with markedly thickened neck has ( Tab. 11: 17, 16? ), saj so bile takšne britve značilni now been justifiably separated from the pins of the kos toaletnega pribora v obdobju stopenj Bd D/Ha Marco type by Martina Blečić Kavur, who also de- A.15 Razen britve sta v grobu 30 tudi dva neobičaj- fined them as a special variant – the so-called Velika na predmeta, in sicer jermenska razdelilca ali obeska Gorica variant. Such pins are namely known from trolistne deteljičaste oblike ( Tab. 11: 11– 12). Enak the graves in Velika Gorica and Dobova, but also kos izhaja tudi iz groba 196 z nekropole Békásme- from Ruše as well as Gračič, where several examples gyer v Budimpešti, ki je na osnovi igle s cilindrično are attested ( Pls. 8: 4; 11: 13; 14: 5). The majority narebreno glavico tipa Fels pri Wagramu (po Řiho-of these pins can be found within the grave units of vskem) prav tako datiran v čas Ha A2/B1.16 the Ha B1 period.14 Če se ozremo še na ženske pridatke v grobu 30, The impression of a greater age of the grave 30 izstopa bogata fibula s spiralno osmico, ki je dodatno is given also by the fragment (or two fragments) of okrašena z obeski iz verižic ( Tab. 11: 1). Z enakimi the double-edged razor with an openwork handle verižicami je okrašena tudi očalasta fibula z majhno ( Pl. 11: 17, 16? ), as such razors represent the char-osmico iz groba 35 ( Tab. 13: 12), ki je radiokarbon-acteristic toilet instrument in the time of Br D–Ha sko datiran med 1056–905 calBC ( sl. 1).17 Najbolj-A periods.15 Besides the razor also two quite unusu- šo primerjavo pa ima fibula iz gračiškega groba 30 al objects have been found in the grave 30, repre- v grobu 32 s Pobrežja ( sl. 2b). Z enakimi obeski je senting harness strap dividers or trefoil pendants of okrašena tudi pozamenterijska fibula iz groba 127 na a clover-like shape ( Pl. 11: 11–12). Identical object Pobrežju in pa pozamenterijska ter očalasta fibula z is present also in the grave 196 at the necropolis of navadno osmico18 iz depoja Ib iz Velem Szentvida, Békásmegyer in Budapest, which can be as well dat- kar podpira datacijo teh fibul v časovno stopnjo Ha ed in the Ha A2/B1 period on the basis of the Fels B1, kot je že pred leti predlagal S. Pahič.19 Pomenljivo am Wagram type pin (according to Říhovský) with cylindrically ribbed head.16 14 Carancini 1975, 203–204, Taf. 46: 1421–1425; 109 E; Taking into consideration also the grave-goods Colonna 2006, 68, Tav. 13: 3–6; V. Pahič 1988–1989, associated with female interment in the grave 30, 185, T. 1: 4; Teržan 1990, 91–92; Črešnar 2006, 142– the decorative spectacle fibula with spirally-shaped 143, sl. 34; Blečić Kavur 2011, 58, Fig. 10; ista 2014, 72–84, 202 (Lista), sl. 40; 44–45. figure-of-eight, additionally embellished with pen- 15 Müller-Karpe 1959, 102, Abb. 10: 3; 21: 10–11; 37: 8; dent ring chains, clearly stands out ( Pl. 11: 1). The Jockenhövel 1971, 55 ss, Taf. 5; 6: 57–61; 8: 80; 82; V. same ornamental ring chains decorate the spectacle Pahič 1988–1989, 184, T. 1: 2; Weber 1996, 207–212, 13 Taf. 44: 439–440. Cfr. V. Pahič 1988–1989, 184, T. 1: 1; Kasseroler 1959, 16 Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 119–120, 265, Typentaf. 12: 222, Abb. 390; 365; 399, Taf. 39: 341–342, 399; Podbor- 25; Taf. 87: 7–8. Podobni trolistni deteljičasti primerki sky 1970, Taf, 13: 15, 16, 19; Řihovsky 1979, 95–100, izvirajo tudi iz Tolmina, glej Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, T. Taf. 27: 491–492; Říhovsky 1983, 32–36, Taf. 15: 355; 21: 9; 72: 11; 100: 19. Carancini 1975, Taf. 49: 1518–1519. 17 14 Črešnar et al. 2014, 307–308, sl. 26.2.6–7. Carancini 1975, 203–204, Taf. 46: 1421–1425; 109 E; 18 Očalasta fibula sodi k tipu Gyermely po Pabst (2011, 204– Colonna 2006, 68, Tav. 13: 3–6; V. Pahič 1988–1989, 218, Abb. 3; 7: 10; ista 2012, 33–36, Abb. 2: 3; 235–237, 185, T. 1: 4; Teržan 1990, 91–92; Črešnar 2006, 142– Abb. 43: 10, Karte 6). Za pozamenterijske fibule glej tudi 143, fig. 34; Blečić Kavur 2011, 58, fig. 10; Blečić Kavur Pabst 2011, 209–211, Abb. 8; ista 2012, 403–405, Liste 2014, 72–84, 202: List 8, figs. 40; 44–45. 15 59, Karte 35. Müller-Karpe 1959, 102, Abb. 10: 3; 21: 10–11; 37: 8; 19 S. Pahič 1972, 15, 63, Karta, Tab. 7: 17; 27: 7; V. Pahič Jockenhövel 1971, 55 ff, Taf. 5; 6: 57–61; 8: 80; 82; V. 1988–1989, 185, Tab. 1: 6; Moszolics 1985, 211–213, Pahič 1988–1989, 184, T. 1: 2; Weber 1996, 207–212, Taf. 231 B; Nagy, Ilon, Revesz 2008, 17; Pabst 2011, Taf. 44: 439–440. 16 207–210, Abb. 7; ista 2012, 227–237, Abb. 39; 43: 1, 10. Kalicz-Schreiber 2010, 119–120, 265, Typentaf. 12: 25; Fibule tipa Maribor je tudi Christopher Pare uvrstil med Taf. 87, 7–8. Similar trefoil clover-shaped pendants are vodilne tipe stopnje Ruše I njegove revidirane kronološke known also from Tolmin; cfr. Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, T. sheme za Ruše, glej Pare 1998, 343–344, Abb. 24: 4. 21: 9; 72: 11; 100: 19. 302 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 302 8. 03. 2021 12:54:37 se zdi, da se v treh od petih gračiških grobov z oča-fibula with small figure-of-eight from the grave 35 lasto fibulo s spiralno osmico tipa Maribor nahajajo ( Pl. 13: 12), which has been radiocarbon dated in tudi spiralasto zvite žičnate cevčice, tako imenovani the period 1056–905 cal BC ( fig. 1).17 However, saltaleoni ( Tab. 11: 7– 8; 19: 7; 23: 3), kar prav tako the best analogy for the mentioned fibula from the velja za grob 35 iz Pobrežja. Gre torej za prav speci- grave 30 at Gračič represents the example from fično kombinacijo nakita, pri čemer bi lahko salta- the grave 32 at Pobrežje ( fig. 2b). The same type leoni bili del naglavnega okrasa, podobno kot je na of pendent decoration appears on the passement- primer izpričano v nekaterih sočasnih japodskih in erie-type fibula from the grave 127 at Pobrežje as pa makedonskih grobovih z očalastimi fibulami, kot well as on the passementerie-type and spectacle fib- npr. pri I., II. in IV. vrsti ženske noše v Vergini.20 Ta ula with simple figure-of-eight18 from the hoard Ib podobnost med tako oddaljenimi področji pa ni edi- at Velem-Szentvid. All these examples accord well na, saj so bile še zlasti očalaste fibule tipa Maribor, ki with the dating of such fibulae in the Ha B1 peri-so specifične prav za ruško skupino v Pohorskem Po- od, what has been suggested years ago already by S. dravju, razširjene tudi na področju med Jadranskim Pahič.19 Significantly, three out of five graves from in Egejskim morjem, in sicer v pasu vzdolž kasnejše Gračič contain besides the spectacle fibula with rimske ceste »Via Egnatia«, tj. na območju današnje spirally-shaped figure-of-eight of the Maribor type južne Albanije in Makedonije ( sl. 2a). Kako razloži-also bronze tubes of spirally coiled wire or so-called ti tovrstne podobnosti med tako oddaljenimi kraji, saltaleoni ( Pls. 11: 7–8; 19: 7; 23: 3). The combi-ostaja zagoneten problem, a verjetno jih lahko pove- nation of both objects is present as well in the grave žemo z migracijskimi tokovi, ki so zajeli širše obmo- 35 from Pobrežje. We could therefore speak of a čje Balkana in Karpatske kotline na prelomu 2. v 1. specific jewellery combination with the saltaleoni tisočletje pr. n. št.21 representing parts of a headdress, as is the case in Po tem kratkem prikazu o kronološkem mestu several contemporaneous graves from the Iapodic pridatkov tako moškega kot ženskega značaja v gro- area. The same combination is attested also in the bu 30 se ne zdi sporno, da je njegovo mesto iskati Macedonian graves with spectacle fibulae, for ex- v času Ha A2/Ha B1, kar lahko posplošimo tudi za ample within the first, second and fourth type of ostale gračiške grobove z očalasto fibulo s spiralno female attire in the cemetery of Vergina.20 However, osmico tipa Maribor. Njihova razporeditev na gro- the described affinity in the female attire between bišču pa daje namige o nastanku in strukturiranosti so distant areas is not the only one. In particular, celotnega grobišča ( sl. 7–8). Grobu 30 kot dvojnemu the spectacle fibulae of the Maribor type, which are grobu moškega in ženske in hkrati enemu izmed naj- otherwise specific especially for the Ruše group in bogatejših grobov je pripadalo mesto na vrhu vzpe- the Pohorsko Podravje region, have been distrib- tine ( Tab. 11; sl. 7–8)22. V njegovi neposredni bližini uted also over the area between the Adriatic and leži grob 9, torej drugi grob z očalasto fibulo istega the Aegean Sea, in the territory along the later road tipa, ki pa je bolj skromen, saj je vseboval od kovin- of “Via Egnatia”, that is, in the nowadays regions skih pridatkov poleg fragmenta fibule le še bronast of southern Albania and Macedonia ( fig. 2a). The obroček ( Tab. 4: 1–2). Ta dva groba, ki glede na lego explanation of these similarities among so distant in pridani fibuli kažeta na njuno ozko časovno, verje- areas remains elusive, but should be most probably tno pa tudi sorodstveno povezavo, tvorita najstarejše associated with the waves of migration taking over jedro severozahodne skupine grobov na grobišču. Le 17 nekaj deset metrov proti vzhodu, a še vedno v vrh- Črešnar et al. 2014, 307–308, Sl. 26.2.6–7. 18 The spectacle fibula can be classified as the Gyermely type njem delu vzpetine leži grob 37 ( Tab. 14: 3–4), za according to Pabst (2011, 204–218, Abb. 3; 7: 10; 2012, katerega se zdi, da tvori skupaj z grobom 38 ( Tab. 33–36, Abb. 2:3; 235–237, Abb. 43: 10, Karte 6). For the 14: 5)23 drugo jedro manjše skupine grobov ( sl. 7). passementerie-type fibulae see also Pabst 2011, 209–211, Glede na fibulo in iglo ta dva grobova ne moreta biti Abb. 8; ead. 2012, 403–405, Liste 59, Karte 35. 19 Pahič 1972, 15, 63 Map, T. 7: 17; 27: 7; V. Pahič 1988– 20 Prim. S. Pahič 1972, Tab. 8: 13; Pabst 2011, 213–215, 1989, 185, T. 1: 6; Moszolics 1985, 211–213, Taf. 231B; Abb. 10–11; ista 2012, 228, Tab. 20; 137–151, Abb. Nagy, Ilon, Revesz 2008, 17; Pabst 2011, 207–210, Abb. 14–16, Beilage 1; Bräuning, Kilian-Dirlmeier 2013, 57 ss, 7; ead. 2012, 227–237, Abb. 39; 43: 1, 10. The spectacle Abb. 9–11. fibulae of the Maribor type were classified by Christopher 21 Na tem mestu ne moremo odpreti diskusije o tej Pare as the leading type of the Ruše I phase in his revised problematiki, glej npr. Pabst 2011, 217–218, Abb. 8; ista chronological scheme for the Ruše cemetery, see Pare 2012, 326–327 in tudi Hänsel 2012–2013. 1998, 343–344, Abb. 24: 4. 22 20 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4; 9–10. Cfr. Pahič 1972, T. 8: 13; Pabst 2011, 213–215, Abb. 10– 23 V grobu 38 je namreč enaka igla s psevdotordiranim ode- 11; ead. 2012, 228, T. 20; 137–151, Abb. 14–16, Beilage beljenim vratom, kot je ena izmed igel v grobu 30. 1; Bräuning, Kilian-Dirlmeier 2013, 57 ss, Abb. 9–11. 303 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 303 8. 03. 2021 12:54:37 Slika 2a. Karta 1. Maribor, Mladinska ulica, Slo, razprostranjenosti 2. Pobrežje pri Mariboru, Slo, očalastih fibul tipa 3. Brinjeva gora – Gračič, Slo (T. 4: Maribor (po Betzler 1; 11: 1; 14: 3; 19: 5; 23: 4), 1974, 149, op. 6; 4. Hajdina pri Ptuju, Slo, Teržan 1990, 210- 5. Rifnik pri Šentjurju, Slo, 211, Karta 4; Pabst 6. Dobova, Slo, 2012, 398 Liste 47, 7. Velika Gorica, Hr, Karte 31; Bräuning, 8. Velem Szentvid, H, Kilian Dirlmeier 9. Madžarska, n.n., H, 2013, 322 Liste 7, 10. Witovice, Pl, Abb. 7) (priprava 11. Vodhine, Gjirokaster, Al, karte: V. Svetličič). 12. Barç, Korçë, Al, Figure 2a. 13. Luaras, Kolonjë, Al, Distribution map 14. Löfkend, Al, of spectacle fibulae 15. Prodan, Al, of the Maribor type 16. Aiani, Gr, (according to Betzler 17. Kozani, Gr, 1974, 149; Teržan 18. Vergina, Gr, 1990, 210-211, 19. Halkidika, Gr, Karta 4; Pabst 2012, 20. Adritsiana, Gr. 398, Liste 47, Karte 31 and Bräuning, Kilian Dirlmeier 2013, 322, Liste 7, Abb. 7) (prepared by V. Svetličič). mnogo mlajša od groba 30. Nasprotno pa grobova the areas of the Balkan peninsula and Carpathian 60 in 77 ležita nižje na pobočju, na jugovzhodnem Basin at the transition between the second and first delu grobišča, a se zdi, kot da flankirata skupino gro- millennium BC.21 bov, ki so razporejeni med njima ( sl. 7). Zato naša After this short discursion on the chronological domneva, da je imel grob 60 glede na pozicijo ob position of grave-goods, both male and female in vrhnjem robu jugovzhodne skupine podobno vlogo character, from the grave 30, it can be said that the kot grob 30 na severozahodu grobišča in grob 37 na dating of the latter in the Ha A2/B1 period seems severovzhodu, namreč kot začetnik oz. najstarejši indisputable. Such chronological placement can be v odnosu do grobov, ki so razporejeni po pobočju generally applied also to other graves from Gračič navzdol do groba 77. Hkrati pa ne gre prezreti, da cemetery containing the spectacle fibula of the tako žensko osebo groba 30 kot tisto groba 60 po- Maribor type with spirally-shaped figure-of-eight. sebej označujejo tudi kosi obročastega nakita in pa Moreover, their distribution within the cemetery simbolni obeski kot je trapezoidni/ antropomorfni gives indications about the beginning and struc- obesek v grobu 30 in obesek v obliki kolesa z vpisa- turation of the entire necropolis ( figs. 7–8). The nim križem v grobu 60, kar kaže na njun poseben oz. 21 visok družbeni pomen ( Tab. 11: 9; 19: 4)24. Discussion on the subject would reach beyond the scope of this contribution. See e.g. Pabst 2011, 217–218, fig. 8; 24 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. ead. 2012, 326–327 and also Hänsel 2012–2013. 304 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 304 8. 03. 2021 12:54:37 location at the top of the cemetery rising ground Slika 2b. Očalasta had been reserved for the grave 30 with double in- fibula tipa Maribor iz groba 32 s Pobrežja terment of a man and a woman, which represents (Pokrajinski muzej also one of the wealthiest graves at the cemetery ( Pl. Maribor, inv. št. 11; figs. 7–8)22. In its immediate neighbourhood lay A1050). the grave 9, likewise containing the spectacle fibula Figure 2b. Spectacle fibula of the Maribor of the Maribor type, but with more modest metal type from Pobrežje, inventory as besides the fragment of the fibula only grave 32 (Maribor an additional bronze circlet has been discovered ( Pl. Regional Museum, invent. no. A1050). 4: 1–2). Considering their position and the presence of Maribor type spectacle fibulae, both of these graves imply their close temporal and probably also family relation. In this way they represent the old- est nucleus of the north-western group of graves at the cemetery. Some ten meters towards the east, but still in the upper part of the cemetery rise, the grave 37 was located ( Pl. 14: 3–4), which, togeth-er with the grave 38 ( Pl. 14: 5),23 seems to form a small nucleus of a group of graves ( sl. 7). In view of the fibula and the pin, present in these two graves, they cannot be much younger than the grave 30. In a different manner, the graves 60 and 77 lie lower on the slope, in the south-eastern part of the cem- etery, but they nevertheless give the impression as if they would flank the group of the graves, lying between them ( sl. 7). This leads us to suppose that the grave 60, positioned at the upper edge of the south-eastern grave-group, had a similar role as the grave 30 in the north-western part of the cemetery or the grave 37 in the north-east, that is, the role of the founder or the oldest among the group of graves, arranged down the slope as far as the grave 77. At the same time, also the affinities between the grave-goods denoting female interments both in the graves 30 and 60 should be considered. These are characterised by the examples of ring-shaped jewel- lery, but also by pendants of symbolic significance, like the trapezoid-shaped or anthropomorphic pen- dant in the case of the grave 30 or the wheel-shaped pendant with four spokes designating a cross, which was present in the grave 60. Such finds indicate a special or even high social position of both deceased persons buried in the mentioned graves ( Pls. 11: 9; 19: 4)24. Očalaste fibule z majhno osmico – tipa Wels Spectacle fibulae with small figure-of-eight – Očalaste fibule z enojno osmico so za razliko od type Wels očalastih fibul s spiralno osmico tipa Maribor raz- In contrast to the particular distribution of the spec- širjene na zelo prostranem področju, med Baltiškim tacle fibulae with spirally-shaped figure-of-eight of in Egejskim morjem, vendar je možno glede na 22 See also here Koprivnik, Teržan, figs. 4; 9–10. 23 njihovo velikost, presek žice, zlasti pri osmicah kot The grave 38 contains namely the same pin with thick- veznemu členu obeh spiralnih diskov, ter glede na ened neck decorated in psedo-torsion as one of the pins in the grave 30. izvedbo osmice razlikovati med številnimi lokalnimi 24 See also here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 305 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 305 8. 03. 2021 12:54:38 Slika 3. Gračič, the Maribor type, the spectacle fibulae with simple očalasti fibuli iz groba figure-of-eight are spread over an extremely wide 5 (1a–d) in groba 35 area, between the Baltic region and the Aegean. (2a–d) (risba in foto D. Oman). However, taking into account the size of fibulae or Figure 3. Gračič the cross-section of their wire, especially in the fig- cemetery; two ure-of-eight part of the fibula, but also considering spectacle fibulae from the grave 35 the way in which the wire had been twisted into the (2a–d) and grave 5 figure-of-eight, it is possible to differentiate numer- (1a–d) (drawing and ous local variants, which are characteristic of individ- photography by D. Oman). ual cultures, groups or regions.25 As already mentioned, the spectacle fibulae from the graves at Gračič are mostly preserved in frag- ments, the only exception being the example from the grave 3526 ( Pls. 13: 12, 3; 21: 1; 22: 5). Nevertheless, it is possible to recognize the round cross-section of the wire in the figure-of-eight part of the fibulae, as well as to discern the course of the wire in the figure- of-eight twist, the diagonal connection of which is placed on the front side of fibulae ( fig. 3: 2a–d). According to Sabine Pabst these are the characteristics of spectacle fibulae with figure-of-eight of the form A and correspond to the Wels spectacle fibula type. Such fibulae were distributed from Saxonia and all the way to Transylvania as well as beyond the area of Iron Gates, while they are particularly numerous ex- actly on the fringes of the southeastern Alpine region ( fig. 4).27 Their first occurrence is dated by S. Pabst in the time of the Ha B2/B3 period or in the 9th and 8th century BC, but they were still in use in the early Hallstatt period as can be deduced from some of the graves from Hallstatt.28 However, the begin- ning of their use should now be revised on the basis of the radiocarbon dating result from the grave 35 at Gračič (1056–905 calBC) ( fig. 1),29 which demon- strates that the Wels spectacle fibula type appears as early as the Ha A2/B1 period or at least in the Ha B1 period, that is, in the late 11th and 10th century BC. Such dating is confirmed also by two band-shaped earrings from the grave 35, which are typologically congruent with the earrings from the above treated grave 30 and thus characteristic already of the Ha A2/B1 period. Interestingly, in both of the graves 25 Most recently, the spectacle fibulae have been treated in detail by Pabst 2010; 2011; 2012. In these works, also the history of research of spectacle fibulae can be found together with complete references to former studies on the subject. variantami, značilnimi za posamezne kulturne sku- 26 The fibula from the grave 35 was in the meantime frag- pine in regije.25 mented (cfr. Gabrovec 1983, T. 2: 15; Črešnar et al. 2014, 307, fig. 16.2.6: 1). Due to its good preservation it was Čeprav so očalaste fibule iz gračiških grobov, kot however possible to join and stick the two fragments to- že omenjeno, le fragmentarno ohranjene z izjemo gether again during the restoration process. 27 Pabst 2010, 28–31, Abb. 2: 2; 5; ead. 2012, 22–29, Abb. 25 Nazadnje se je detajlno ukvarjala z očalastimi fibulami 1: 2. 28 Pabst 2010; 2011; 2012, ki prinaša tudi izčrpno zgodovi- Pabst 2012, 27–28, Liste 3, Karte 3. 29 no raziskav tega tipa fibul z vso citirano starejšo literaturo. Črešnar et al. 2014, 307–308, fig. 16.2.6–7. 306 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 306 8. 03. 2021 12:54:39 Slika 4. Karta razprostranjenosti očalastih fibul tipa Wels (povzeto in dopolnjeno po Pabst 2012, 376–377, Liste 3, Karte 3) (priprava karte: V. Svetličič). Figure 4. Distribution map of spectacle fibulae of the Wells type (according to Pabst 2012, 376–377, Liste 3, Karte 3 with supplements) (prepared by V. Svetličič). 1. »Deutschenbora«, Meißen, D, 16. Pobrežje pri Mariboru, Slo, 2. Svĕtec, Teplice, Cz, 17. Brinjeva gora – Gračič, Slo (sl. 3: 2a–d; T. 13: 12, 3; 21: 3. Margarethenberg, Neukirchen, Altötting, D, 1; 22: 5), 4. Hellbrunnerberg, Salzburg, A, 18. Tolmin, Slo, 5. Hallstatt, A, 19. Malence, Slo, 6. Wells, A, 20. Dobova, Slo (Stare 1975, T. 27: 9), 7. Franzhausen, St. Pölten, A, 21. Velika Gorica, Hr (Stare 1957, Y 9: 3; Vinski-Gasparini 8. Maiersch, Horn, A, 1973, T. 104: 4; Karavanić 2009, 59, Pl. 53: 7; 57: 6), 9. Leopoldsberg, Dunaj/Wien, A (Urban 1999, 210–213, 22. Matijevići, Dvor na Uni, Hr, Abb. 171: 2434), 23. Šarengrad, Ilok, Hr, 10. Stillfried na Moravi, A, 24. Gomolava, Hrtkovci, Srb (Vasić 1999, Taf. 15: 198, 200), 11. Stupava, Bratislava, Sk (Novotna 2001, 54, Taf. 15: 117), 25. Žirovnica, Kragujevac, Srb (Vasić 1999, Taf. 18: 227), 12. Očová, Zvolen, Sk (Novotna 2001, 54, Taf. 15: 116), 26. Pavelsko, Smoljan, Bg (Gergova 1987, 52, Taf. 18: 225), 13. Gyor, H, 27. Gogoşu, Mehedinti, Ro, 14. Graz, A (Kramer 2004, 74, Abb. 8; Tiefengraber 2015, 28. Vinţu de Jos, Alba Iulia, Ro, 383), 29. Gyermely, Komaron, H (Tarbay 2015, Pl. 6: 71). 15. Ruše, Slo (sl. 5: 1–2), fibule iz groba 3526 ( Tab. 13: 12, 3; 21: 1; 22: 5), – so in the grave 35 as in the grave 30 – the pair of pa je vendarle možno razpoznati, da je žica osmi- earrings is composed of one undecorated specimen ce okroglega preseka in da je oz. je bila spodvito and another with repoussé decoration (cfr. Pls. 11: 5–6; 13: 10–11). Moreover, the same combination 26 Fibula iz groba 35 je bila medtem razlomljena v dva kosa of earring pair is attested also in the grave 33, con- (prim. Gabrovec 1983, T. 2: 15; Črešnar et al. 2014, 307, taining the Wels spectacle fibula type as well ( Pl. 13: sl. 16.2.6: 1), a so jo pri restavriranju ponovno uspeli sestaviti in oba kosa zlepiti. 307 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 307 8. 03. 2021 12:54:39 speljana, zato je njena diagonalna povezava »vidna« 2–4)30. The spectacle fibulae with frontally connect-z zgornje strani fibule ( sl. 3: 2a–d). To pa so zna-ed figure-of-eight of the Wels type are known also čilnosti očalastih fibul kategorije A po klasifikaci- from the Pobrežje cemetery, but unfortunately with- ji Sabine Pabst, in sicer njenega tipa Wels. Možno out the preserved grave-units.31 Examples of such jih je zaslediti od Saške pa vse do Sedmograške in fibulae are present as well in the graves 62 and 93 tudi še onstran Železnih vrat, a so posebej pogoste from the Ruše cemetery ( fig. 5: 1–2),32 which accord-prav na obrobju jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora ( sl. ing to the chronological scheme by H. Müller-Karpe 4).27 Za tovrstne fibule, ki so ostale v modi še v zgo-could be placed in the Ha B1–B2 period or in the dnjem halštatskem obdobju, kot je razvidno iz ne- phase II according to Pare.33 The grave 2/1910 from katerih grobov iz samega Hallstatta, pa njihov prvi Velika Gorica should also be mentioned, as besides pojav S. Pabst postavlja šele v čas stopnje Ha B2/B3 the fragment of the supposed spectacle fibula with oz. v 9./8. stol. pr. n. št.28 Takšno datacijo moramo frontally twisted figure-of-eight (of the Wels type) it prav na osnovi gračiških grobov, še zlasti groba 35, contained the fragment of a saddle-shaped or harp korigirati. Namreč kot kaže radiokarbonsko datira- fibula and a semi-lunate razor of the Oblekovice nje tega groba (1056–905 calBC) ( sl. 1)29 moramo type, which all speak in favour of the dating of the začetni pojav tega tipa očalastih fibul postaviti že v grave to the Ha B1–B2 period.34 čas Ha A2/B1 oz. vsaj v Ha B1, tj. v pozno 11.–10. Yet on the mentioned cemeteries of the Ruše stol. pr. n. št. Takšno datacijo podpirata tudi traka- group also other types of spectacle fibulae with fig- sta uhana iz groba 35, ki sta istega tipa kot uhana ure-of-eight are present. On the cemetery of Po- v zgoraj obravnavanem grobu 30, torej značilna že brežje there are at least two graves containing the za stopnjo Ha A2/B1. Zanimivo je, da sta v obeh spectacle fibulae of the Gyermely type with the grobovih – tako v grobu 35 kot tudi v grobu 30 – za- figure-of-eight of the form B according to Pabst, stopana po en neokrašen uhan in po en z bunčicami which are mostly characteristic of the northern okrašen primerek (prim. Tab. 11: 5–6; 13: 10–11), Pannonnian territory and appear already in the Ha enako kombinacijo uhanov pa izkazuje tudi grob 33, A2/B1 period.35 The second type of spectacle fibu- prav tako z očalasto fibulo tipa Wels ( Tab. 13: 2–4)30. lae, present in the Ruše group, features an angular Tudi na Pobrežju so zastopane očalaste fibule s spod- cross-section of the wire in the figure-of-eight part vito osmico tipa Wels, a žal brez ohranjenih grobnih of fibula instead of a circular one and is classified celot.31 Primerki tovrstnih fibul se nahajajo v grobo- according to Pabst as the Ruše variant of the Šaren- vih 62 in 93 iz Ruš ( sl. 5: 1–2)32, ki – upoštevajoč grad spectacle fibula type.36 Such fibulae have been kronološko shemo H. Müller-Karpeja – sodijo v čas found in the grave 7 at Pobrežje37 and in the graves Ha B1/B2 oz. v stopnjo II po Pareu.33 Omembe vre- 49 and 78 at Ruše ( fig. 5: 3) in combination with den je tudi grob 2/1910 iz Velike Gorice, v katerem 30 See also here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 31 se nahaja poleg fragmenta domnevno očalaste fibule Pahič 1972, T: 39: 2, 8, 10, 11. 32 s spodvito osmico (tipa Wels) fragment sedlaste/har- I would like to thank the curator Marko Mele for the possibility to examinate the originals of spectacle fibulae from faste fibule in polmesečasta britev tipa Oblekovice, the Ruše and Hajdina cemeteries and further to inspect kar podpira datacijo groba v Ha B1/B2.34 the inventory book with primary data, all of which are kept by the Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz. The 27 Pabst 2010, 28–31, Abb. 2: 2; 5; ista 2012, 22–29, Abb. spectacle fibula with invent. no. 1236, depicted on the fig. 1: 2. 5: 2, originates according to the inventory book from the 28 Pabst 2012, 27–28, Liste 3, Karte 3. grave 62 and was not published in Müller-Karpe 1959, 29 Črešnar et al. 2014, 307–308, Fig. 16.2.6–7. Taf. 110 A. The fibula with invent. no. 1197, depicted on 30 Glej tudi tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. the fig. 5: 1, originates from the grave 93 as already pub-31 Pahič 1972, Tab. 39: 2, 8, 10, 11. lished by Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 111 H. See also Wurm- 32 Za možnost ogleda originalov očalastih fibul iz Ruš in brand 1879, Tab. 3. 33 Hajdine in za vpogled v inventarno knjigo s primarnimi Müller-Karpe 1959, 204–205, Abb. 40: 15, 24; Pare podatki, ki jih hrani muzej Joanneum v Gradcu/Grazu, 1998, 343–344, Abb. 25: 26. 34 se na tem mestu želimo zahvaliti kustosu Marku Meletu. Unfortunately, the design of the spectacle fibula at Kara-Očalasta fibula z inv. štev. 1236 na sl. 5: 2 izvira glede na vanić 2009, 59, Pl. 53 somewhat differentiates from the inventarno knjigo iz groba 62 in pri Müller-Karpe 1959, fibula published by Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Tab. 104: 4 Taf. 110 A ni objavljena. Fibula z inv. štev. 1197 na sl. 5: 1 and thus its attribution to the type Wels is uncertain. See pa izvira iz groba 93, tako kot v objavi Müller-Karpe 1959, also Weber 1996, 237–239. 35 Taf. 111 H. Glej tudi Wurmbrand 1879, Tab. 3. Pahič 1972, 40–42, 44, 46, T. 11: 7; 12: 10; Pabst 2010, 33 Müller-Karpe 1959, 204–205, Abb. 40: 15, 24; Pare 34, 45, Abb. 6; Pabst 2012, 33–35, Abb. 2: 2; 379, Karte 1998, 343–344, Abb. 25: 26. 6. 34 36 Žal se risba očalaste fibule pri Karavanić 2009, 59, Pl. 53, Pabst 2011, 29, 44, Abb. 2: 4; 4; ead. 2012, 26–27, Abb. nekoliko razlikuje od tiste v objavi Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 1: 4; 376, Karte 2. 37 Tab. 104: 4, zato je atribucija te fibule tipu Wels negotova. Pahič 1972, 23–24, T. 2: 10–11. 308 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 308 8. 03. 2021 12:54:39 the harp fibula,38 whereas a similar combination Slika 5. Ruše, can be found also in the grave from Viktorinova ul- očalaste fibule iz groba 93 (1), groba ica at Ptuj.39 Even though it seems possible that the 62 (2) in groba former represent a subsequent development of the 78 (3); Maribor – spectacle fibulae with figure-of-eight of the form A Mladinska ulica, and that they consequently came in fashion later očalaste fibule brez ohranjenih grobnih as the spectacle fibulae of the Wels type, the radi- celot (4–6) (risbe ocarbon dating result from the already mentioned D. Oman). grave at Viktorinova ulica in Ptuj40 suggests that Figure 5. Ruše cemetery, spectacle also spectacle fibulae with angularly forged figure- fibulae from the grave of-eight of the Šarengrad type, either the Ruše or 93 (1), grave 62 (2) the Sinošević variant, appear already before the Ha and grave 78 (3); B2/B3 period, that is, in the period of Ha B1. Sev- Maribor – cemetery at Mladinska ulica, eral examples of spectacle fibulae with an angular spectacle fibulae cross-section of the wire in the figure-of-eight part without the preserved of the fibula appear also on the cemetery of Mla- grave-units (4–6) (drawings by dinska ulica in Maribor ( figs. 5: 4–6; 6),41 which is D. Oman). particularly notable for its abundant grave-goods, characteristic of the entire period from Ha B1 to Ha B3.42 It seems significant, however, that such fibulae are absent in the graves discovered up to now at Gračič. An earlier date for the appearance of the specta- cle fibulae with frontally connected figure-of-eight is sustained also by the specimen from Sengkofen near Regensburg, the finding context of which can be dated in the Ha A2 period. This example has been set apart from the Wels spectacle fibula type and was treated by S. Pabst as a special form, due to the some- what specific course of the wire in otherwise frontally twisted figure-of-eight part of the fibula.43 However, it should be stressed that the spectacle fibula from the grave 5 at Gračič features almost identical course of the wire in the figure-of-eight part of fibula as the example from Sengkofen. On the other hand, the figure-of-eight size, which is larger than in the 38 According to the inventory book of the Universalmuse- um Joanneum in Graz, the grave 49 contains also a frag- ment of spectacle fibula with partly preserved figure-of-eight of quadrangular cross-section (invent. no. 1204), cfr. Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 112 C; Kaerner 1988–1989, 230, Abb. 10, 1. The spectacle fibula with invent. no. 1202 belongs to the grave 78 (Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 112 A). See also Wurmbrand 1879, Tab. 3. 39 Dular, Lubšina Tušek 2014, 23, fig. 10, Pl. 3: 1. 40 Lubšina 2014, 201–203, figs. 9.7: 2; 9.8; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 697, fig. 32. 41 The fibulae are kept by the Maribor Regional Museum under invent. nos. 1159: length 6.5 cm ( fig. 5: 4), 1156: length 8 cm ( fig. 5: 5) and 1155: length 9.7 cm ( fig. 5: 6). Drawings and photographs are the work of D. Oman, for which I would like to thank him on this occasion as well. In view of their cross-section in the figure-of-eight part of the fibulae we could assign them to the type Hallstatt according to Pabst 2012, 29, Abb. 1: 1. 42 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 118–121. 43 Pabst 2012, 63, Abb. 4: 1. 309 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 309 8. 03. 2021 12:54:41 Slika 6. Maribor – Mladinska ulica – fotografije fibul na sl. 5: 4– 6 (foto D. Oman). Figure 6. Maribor, cemetery at Mladinska ulica – photographs of spectacle fibulae from the fig. 5: 4–6 (photography by D. Oman). Vendar pa so na omenjenih nekropolah ruške Sengkofen specimen or in the majority of the Wels skupine zastopani tudi drugi tipi očalastih fibul z type spectacle fibulae, and the rectangular cross-sec- osmico. Na Pobrežju je najti vsaj dva grobova z oča- tion of the figure-of-eight wire make the spectacle lastima fibulama tipa Gyermely oblikovne kategorije fibula from the grave 5 at Gračič a totally unique B po Pabst, ki so značilne predvsem za severnopa- example ( fig. 3: 1a–d; Pl. 2: 4).44 The grave 5 from nonski prostor in se tudi pojavijo že v času Ha A2/ Gračič, which contains as much as three band-shaped B1.35 Drugi tip očalastih fibul, ki pa ima namesto earrings decorated with embossed dots, demon- okroglega oglat presek žice osmice, predstavljajo fi- strates the same jewellery combination or type of bule, pripisane s strani Pabst varianti Ruše v okviru attire as the above-mentioned graves 30, 35 and 33. tipa Šarengrad.36 Ker so takšne fibule na Pobrežju, Taking into consideration the grave-units of the lat- v grobu 7,37 in v Rušah, v grobovih 49 in 78 ( sl. 5: ter and especially the radiocarbon dating of the grave 3), v kombinaciji skupaj s harfasto fibulo,38 podob-35 at Gračič, which lies in the immediate vicinity of no kombinacijo pa vsebuje tudi grob iz Viktorino- the grave 5, we assume that the spectacle fibula from ve ulice na Ptuju,39 je možno, da predstavljajo le-te the grave 5 also cannot be placed later than the Ha mlajše izpeljanke očalastih fibul oblikovne kategorije B1/B2 period. Possibly the fibula represents only the A in da so prišle v modo pozneje kot očalaste fibule experimental specimen made either by a jewellery tipa Wels, čeprav radiokarbonska datacija ptujskega craftsman or his apprentice. The forged wire with groba40 govori v prid domnevi, da se pojavijo tudi either rhombic or quadrangular section was namely očalaste fibule variante Ruše že pred stopnjo Ha B2/ more durable and solid as well as less fragile and brit- B3. Ob tem pa se zdi vendarle pomenljivo, da izvi- tle than the wire with circular cross-section, which ra več primerkov očalastih fibul z oglatim presekom was merely drawn. Therefore, it seems entirely plau- žice osmice tudi z grobišča na Mladinski ulici v Ma- sible that these properties had been known also to riboru ( sl. 5: 4–6; 6),41 ki izstopa po posebej bogatih the manufacturers of spectacle fibulae, as the tradition of producing the spirally-wound wire jewellery Glej tudi Weber 1996, 237–239. existed already from the Early Bronze Age onwards. 35 Pahič 1972, 40–42, 44, 46, Tab. 11: 7; 12: 10; Pabst 2010, Consequently, the most fragile part of the fibula – the 34, 45, Abb. 6; ista 2012, 33–35, Abb. 2: 2; 379, Karte 6. 36 Pabst 2011, 29, 44, Abb. 2: 4; 4; ista 2012, 26–27, Abb. wire of the figure-of-eight – had been strengthened 1: 4; 376, Karte 2. at certain spectacle fibula types with forging. This 37 Pahič 1972, 23–24, Tab. 2: 10–11. 38 could mean that the spectacle fibula from the grave Glede na inventarno knjigo muzeja Joannea pripada grobu 49 tudi fragment očalaste fibule z delno ohranjeno osmico 5 at Gračič actually represents the result of one of the oglatega preseka (inv. št. 1204), prim. Müller-Karpe 1959, earliest attempts or one of the prototypes of spectacle Taf. 112 C; Kaerner 1988–1989, 230, Abb. 10, 1. Očala- fibulae with forged figure-of-eight part, angular in sta fibula z inv. štev. 1202 pa sodi h grobu 78 (Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 112 A). Glej tudi Wurmbrand 1879, Tab. 3. 39 44 Dular, Lubšina Tušek, 2014, 23, sl. 10, T. 3: 1. Pabst attributed the spectacle fibula to her Velika Gorica 40 Lubšina 2014, 201–203, sl. 9.7: 2; 9.8; Črešnar, Teržan type, what probably does not hold true. As Pabst refers to 2014, 697, sl. 32. my description of the fibula, it should be stressed that back 41 Fibule hrani Pokrajinski muzej v Mariboru pod inv.št. then – Teržan 1990, 26, note 90 – I didn’t pay attention to 1159, dol. 6,5 cm ( sl. 5: 4), 1156, dol. 8 cm ( sl. 5: 5) in the execution of the figure-of-eight part of spectacle fibu-1155, dol. 9,7 cm ( sl. 5: 6). Risbe in fotografije so delo lae, what now seems crucial and decisive for their typolog-Draga Omana, za kar se mu želim tudi na tem mestu za- ical definition according to S. Pabst: see Pabst 2011, 216, hvaliti. Glede na presek žice osmice bi jih lahko uvrstili v 225, Abb. 9; Pabst 2012, 382, Liste 11 B, Karte 15. 310 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 310 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 grobnih pridatkih, značilnih za celotno obdobje Ha cross section. However, it should be mentioned that B1–3,42 medtem ko takšnih fibul v grobovih z Gra- throughout the entire Ha B period different varieties čiča ni. of spectacle fibulae had been produced or supplied, Ne nazadnje podpira zgodnjo datacijo pojava oča- as evidenced by several hoards, in which examples of lastih fibul s spodvito osmico tudi primerek iz Seng- different spectacle fibulae types, both with angular kofena pri Regensburgu, ki je zaradi najdiščnih okoli- or circular cross section of the figure-of-eight part, ščin datiran v Ha A2. S. Pabst jo je zaradi spodvite, a appear together.45 Taking into account the diverse enostavno speljane osmice obravnavala kot »posebno amount of effort for the production of these differ- obliko« in jo je zato izločila iz tipa Wels.43 Vendar mo-ent spectacle fibulae types, we could possibly speak ramo opozoriti, da ima skoraj povsem enako spelja- only of their “price” or “value” difference. Thus, ac- no osmico kot fibula iz Sengkofena očalasta fibula iz cording to our thesis, the place of origin of the Wels gračiškega groba 5, le da je njena osmica večja kot pri spectacle fibula type and presumably also of the var- sengkofenski fibuli in kot pri večini fibul tipa Wels, ra-iant Ruše within the Šarengrad spectacle fibula type, zen tega pa je žica osmice pravokotnega preseka, zato but perhaps also of the Hallstatt spectacle fibula type, predstavlja trenutno unikatni primerek ( sl. 3: 1a–d; should be searched precisely in the south-eastern Al-Tab. 2: 4).44 Grob 5, v katerem so kar trije trakasti pine region, possibly even within the Ruše Urnfield uhani, okrašeni z drobnimi bunčicami, izpričuje isti group. This is indicated both by the experimental nakit oz. tip noše kot zgoraj omenjeni grobovi 30, 35 specimens of such fibulae and by their relatively nu- in 33. Na osnovi navedenih primerov grobnih celot, merous and significant presence as a constituent part še zlasti pa glede na radiokarbonsko datacijo groba 35 of the characteristic female attire in the discussed z Gračiča, v neposredni bližini katerega leži grob 5, area. Furthermore, their dating points in the same domnevamo, da tudi fibula iz groba 5 ne more biti direction, as they first appear as early as Ha A2/B1 mlajša od stopnje Ha B1/B2 in morda predstavlja le period, while they remain popular through the en- eksperimentalni primerek »zlatarskega« mojstra ali pa tire Ha B1 period and up to the Ha B1/B2 period njegovega vajenca. Namreč skovana žica bodisi rom- (according to Rychner’s chronological scheme).46 At bičnega bodisi pravokotnega preseka je bolj trpežna the same time it should be mentioned, that in the in trdna, je manj krhka in lomljiva kot le vlečena žica region of Podravje the Šarengrad type spectacle fibu- okroglega preseka. Zato se zdi povsem verjetno, da so lae, whether of Ruše or Sinošević variant (according to lastnost poznali izdelovalci očalastih fibul, saj so to Pabst), are attested also in the Ha B2/B3 period, najbolj lomljivi del – žico osmice – pri fibulah dolo- as evidenced by the graves from Ormož.47 In this čenih tipov s kovanjem ojačali. To bi lahko pomenilo, way, the spectacle fibulae with the figure-of-eight of da predstavlja očalasta fibula iz groba 5 z Gračiča plod the form A, especially the Wels spectacle fibula type enega izmed zgodnjih poskusov oz. enega izmed pro- and the Ruše variant of the Šarengrad spectacle fib- totipov očalastih fibul s skovano osmico oglatega pre- ula type, represent a regional jewellery of the south- seka. Vendar velja pripomniti, da so celotno obdobje eastern Alpine area (fig. 4), which appears more or Ha B izdelovali in ponujali različne izvedbe očalastih less simultaneously with the Gyermely type of spec- fibul, kot to dokazujejo posamezne depojske najd- tacle fibulae, featuring a small figure-of-eight of the be, v katerih so zastopani skupaj primerki očalastih form B according to Pabst. These contemporaneous fibul z oglatim in okroglim presekom žice osmice.45 spectacle fibulae show however a somewhat different Morda je šlo glede na vloženo delo med njimi le za distribution, comprising the neighbouring Pannon- »cenovno« razliko. Zato je naša teza, da je izvorno po- nian Plain, especially the cultural groups in the re- dročje očalastih fibul tipa Wels, verjetno tudi očala- gion between the Balaton Lake and Danube River, stih fibul variante Ruše, morda pa celo tipa Hallstatt while singular examples appear also within the Dalj and the already mentioned Ruše cultural group, as tip Hallstatt po Pabst 2012, 29 Abb. 1: 1. for example at the cemetery of Pobrežje.48 The ques- 42 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 118–121. 43 45 Pabst 2012, 63, Abb. 4: 1. See e.g. Vinski-Gasparini 1973, T. 129: 12–13; 131: 18, 44 Pabst jo je pripisala svojemu tipu očalastih fibul Velika Go-21–23; Vasić 1999, T. 18: 225–227. 46 rica, kar pa verjetno ne drži. Ker se Pabst sklicuje na moj Here we refer exclusively to the sites of the Ruše Urnfield opis fibule, moram poudariti, da takrat – Teržan 1990, group and not to the site of Hallstatt, where the Wels spec-26 op. 90 – še nisem bila pozorna na to, kako je speljana tacle fibula type is attested still in the graves of the Ha C osmica pri očalastih fibulah, kar je ključno in merodajno period. 47 pri tipološki analizi S. Pabst: glej Pabst 2011, 216, 225, Pabst 2012, 25–26, 376, Abb. 1: 3; Liste 2, Karte 2; Abb. 9; ista 2012, 382, Liste 11 B, Karte 15. Tomažič-Jevremov 1989–90, T. 15: 1. 45 48 Glej n.pr. Vinski-Gasparini 1973, T. 129: 12–13; 131: 18, Pabst 2011, 202–218, Abb. 3; Pabst 2012, 33–37, 379, 22, 21, 23; Vasić 1999, Taf. 18: 227, 225–226. Abb. 2: 3; Liste 7, Karte 6. Cfr. also Pahič 1972, T. 11: 7; 311 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 311 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 Slika 7. Gračič, razporeditev grobov s fibulami: očalaste fibule tipa Maribor – rdeča, očalaste fibule tipa Wels – modra, očalasta fibula z veliko osmico (gr. 5) 31 39 31 38 37 – rumena, fibula 40 33 z listastim lokom 42 52 42 56 (gr. 32) – oranžna, 55 ločna fibula s 32 43 12 41 tordiranim lokom (gr. 34 27) – zelena. 35 44 1 54 11 50 11 Figure 7. Gračič, 15 2 36 53 15 5 30 cemetery plan with 10 51 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 indicated graves 16 containing fibulae: 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 19 spectacle fibulae of 22 47 Maribor type – red, 14 18 14 62 66 spectacle fibulae of 13 21 13 61 Wels type – blue, 58 57 58 spectacle fibula with 29 24 23 29 65 68 67 65 59 64 73 large figure-of-eight 28 27 26 (gr. 5) – yellow, fibula 25 69 60 71 77 with leaf-shaped bow 70 (gr. 32) – orange, 63 bow fibula with 74 72 74 twisted bow (gr. 27) 75 – green. 76 0 5 10 m iskati prav v jugovzhodnem alpskem prostoru, morda tion, whether the spectacle fibulae of the Gyermely celo v okviru ruške skupine kulture žarnih grobišč. To type represent the original prototype for the produc- nakazujejo na eni strani omenjeni eksperimentalni tion of the Wels spectacle fibula type, must remain primerki fibul, na drugi strani sorazmerno dobra za- open for now. Anyway, it is worth mentioning that stopanost očalastih fibul kot sestavnih delov značilne in the hoard of Gyermely the spectacle fibulae of ženske noše, in ne nazadnje datacija, saj je njihov prvi both types (the Gyermely and the Wels type) are pre-pojav možno opredeliti v čas Ha A2/B1, v modi pa sented, therefore they were contemporary.49 Never- ostanejo skozi celotno stopnjo Ha B1 do Ha B1/B2 theless, according to our thesis we could understand (v Rychnerjevem smislu).46 Hkrati pa se zdi omem- the described situation as the outcome of two rather be vredno, da so v Podravju zastopane tudi očalaste contemporaneous craft-production spheres, operat- fibule tipa Šarengrad, variante Sinošević (po Pabst), ing within the mentioned cultural groups, whereas ki pa očitno nadomestijo starejše oblike, saj so postale both of them developed its own version of spectacle moda predvsem v času Ha B2/3, kot kažejo npr. gro- fibulae, which differ only as far as the execution of bovi iz Ormoža.47 To pomeni, da predstavljajo očala- the figure-of-eight is concerned. ste fibule kategorije A, zlasti tipa Wels in variante Ruše If we further look at the distribution of the tipa Šarengrad, regionalni nakit jugovzhodnoalpske- graves on the cemetery at Gračič, which contain ga območja ( sl. 4), ki se pojavi bolj ali manj sočasno spectacle fibulae with figure-of-eight of the Wels kot očalaste fibule z majhno osmico tipa Gyermely, type ( fig. 7), an interesting picture emerges. The ma-46 jority of graves with the Wels type spectacle fibula Tu ne mislimo na sam Hallstatt, kjer je tip Wells zastopan še v grobovih stopnje Ha C, temveč izključno na najdišča are located mostly in the central and eastern part of ruške skupine. 47 Pabst 2012, 25–26, 376, Abb. 1:3; Liste 2, Karte 2; 12: 10. 49 Tomažič-Jevremov 1989–90, T. 15: 1. Tarbay 2015, 365, Pl. 6: 71–72. 312 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 312 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 a kategorije B po Pabst, ki pa so značilne za kulturne the cemetery, where they form one or possibly even skupine v sosednji Panoniji, zlasti na področju med two, though in this case less definite, groups of close- Blatnim jezerom in Donavo, čeprav so s posameznimi ly spaced graves. In the middle of the first group the primerki zastopane tako v okviru daljske in kot tudi grave 35 is located, while the grave 5 lies in its im- ruške skupine, npr. na Pobrežju.48 Ali predstavljajo fi- mediate neighbourhood. The grave 33 is placed to- bule tipa Gyermely izhodiščni vzor za izdelavo fibul wards the northern edge and most probably belongs tipa Wels, ostaja trenutno še odprto vprašanje. Vseka- already to the eastern grave-group, the core of which kor pa naj opozorimo, da sta prav v depoju Gyerme- we presume in the graves 37 and 38. On the other ly zastopani očalasti fibuli tako enega (tip Wels) kot hand, the graves 72 and 67 lie quite much lower on drugega (tip Gyermely) tipa, kar nedvomno govori za the slope and most probably belong to the grave- njuno istočasnost, tj. Ha A2/B1.49 A naša teza je, da group, to which we assigned also graves 60 and 77 gre za dva dokaj sočasna umetnostno-obrtna kroga, containing the spectacle fibulae of the Maribor type. delujoča v okviru obeh omenjenih kulturnih skupin, Judging by the fibula adornments this grave-group is vsak s svojo izvedbo očalastih fibul, ki pa se med seboj much more heterogeneous, but it seems that the dif-razlikujejo le glede izpeljave vezne osmice. ferences in fibula types are conditioned by temporal Če si pogledamo še razporeditev grobov z oča- divergence, even though they could as well be related lastimi fibulami z osmico – tipa Wels na Gračiču to the social status of their owners, as the graves 72 ( sl. 7), se pokaže zanimiva slika. Najdemo jih namreč and 67 are placed on the very edge of this part of the predvsem na osrednjem in vzhodnem delu grobišča, cemetery. We presume that the graves with spectacle kjer se z njimi orisuje posebna skupina z na gosto fibulae appertained to all three or four social units posejanimi grobovi, morda pa celo dve, a manj iz- or extended families, the female members of which raziti skupini grobov. V sredini prve se nahaja grob barely differentiated among each other as far as the 35, v njegovi neposredni bližini pa še grob 5. Proti wearing of the fibulae is concerned. Most likely the severnem robu sledi grob 33, ki pa verjetno že sodi differences in the spectacle fibula types are condi- k vzhodni skupini, za katero predpostavljamo, da tioned by chronological factors. Consequently, such njeno jedro tvorita grobova 37 in 38. Nasprotno pa considerations would mean that the Wels spectacle grobova 72 in 67 ležita veliko nižje na pobočju in fibula type came in fashion somewhat later than po vsej verjetnosti pripadata isti skupini grobov, ka- the spectacle fibulae of the Maribor type. The latter teri smo pripisali tudi grobova 60 in 77 z očalastimi could then be designated as characteristic of the Ha fibulami tipa Maribor. Sklepajoč po nošnji fibul gre A2/B1 period or the Ruše I phase, while the Wels za bolj heterogeno skupino, vendar je verjetno, da so type spectacle fibulae would be representative of the razlike v tipu fibul pogojene časovno, čeprav bi lahko Ha B1/B2 period or the Ruše II phase.50 bile povezane tudi z družbenim statusom njihovih lastnic, kajti grobova 72 in 67 ležita na samem robu tega dela grobišča. Naša domneva je, da so grobovi z očalastimi fibulami pripadali vsem trem ali štirim družbenim enotam oz. rodbinam, katerih ženske pri- padnice so se komajda razlikovale med seboj glede nošnje fibul. Zelo verjetno je, da so razlike v tipu očalastih fibul pogojene kronološko, kar bi pome- nilo, da so očalaste fibule tipa Wels prišle v modo nekoliko kasneje kot očalaste fibule tipa Maribor. Slednje bi potemtakem lahko označili kot značilne za stopnjo Ha A2/B1 oz. Ruše I, fibule tipa Wels pa za stopnjo Ha B1/B2 oz. Ruše II.50 48 Pabst 2011, 202–218, Abb. 3; ista 2012, 33–37, 379, Abb. 2: 3; Liste 7, Karte 6. Glej tudi Pahič 1972, T. 11: 7; 12: 10. 49 50 Tarbay 2015, 346–347, 365, Pl. 6: 71–72. This corresponds to the attribution made already by Pare 50 Tako jih je uvrstil že Pare 1998, 343–346, Abb. 24: 4; 25: 1998, 343–346, Abb. 24: 4; 25: 26. However, it should be 26; vendar moramo opozoriti, da na nekropoli na Gračiču stressed that on the Gračič necropolis there are no other ni zastopanih drugih elementov noše, kot so harfaste fibu-attire elements, such as harp fibulae or pins with a small le in igle z majhno vazasto glavico, ki predstavljajo vodilne vase-shaped head, which represent the leading types of the tipe Parove stopnje Ruše II. Ruše II phase according to Pare. 313 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 313 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 Fibula z listastim lokom Fibula with leaf-shaped bow V grobu 32, ki leži v neposredni bližini grobov 35 The grave 32, located in the immediate neighbour- in 34 ( sl. 7), je bil poleg vijčka in bikonične amfore hood of the graves 35 and 34 ( fig. 7), contained be-najden tudi fragment fibule z listastim lokom. Lok, sides the spindle whorl and the biconical amphora ki je rahlo konkavno usločen, ima zaobljeno ovalno also a fragment of the fibula with leaf-shaped bow. obliko in je okrašen z drobnimi bunčicami v motivu The bow has a shape of a rounded oval and features peščene ure ( Tab. 12: 13). Ker preostali del fibule a decoration of embossed dots, arranged in the form ni ohranjen, ni jasno, ali gre za fibulo dvodelne ali of an hourglass, while the line of the bow is slightly enodelne sheme, čeprav je verjetneje, da je bila eno- curved in ( Pl. 12: 13). The rest of the fibula is not delna. Fibule z listastim lokom predstavljajo namreč preserved, thus it remains unclear whether it goes for zelo razširjen tip fibul v starejšem obdobju kulture one- or two-piece variety, though it seems more like- žarnih grobišč, za katere pa je značilen bolj ozkoli- ly that the fibula was made in one piece. The fibu- stno oblikovan lok z graviranim okrasom, medtem lae with leaf-shaped bow represent namely a widely ko je pri fibulah mlajših variant lok širši, bolj oval- spread fibula-type in the older stage of the Urnfield ne oblike ter pogosteje okrašen z iztolčenimi pikami period when they display a more narrow leaf-shaped in bunčicami.51 Fibula iz groba 32 se zdi še najbolj bow and engraved decoration. On the other hand the podobna fibulam tipa Röschitz/Innsbruck-Hötting I younger variants of such fibulae demonstrate a wid- po Betzlerju, datiranem okvirno v čas Ha A.52 Ven- er bow of more oval form, which is more frequently dar pa listasti fibuli iz depoja Egyek na vzhodnem decorated also with embossed dots and knobs.51 The Madžarskem kažeta, da so se tovrstne fibule obdržale fibula from the grave 32 seems to correspond best to v modi vse do horizonta Hajdúböszörmény, torej še the fibulae of the Röschitz/ Innsbruck-Hötting I type v čas Ha B1.53 Fibula iz groba 32 se torej navezuje according to Betzler, dated approximately to the Ha na tradicijo nošnje starejše kulture žarnih grobišč, a A period.52 However, the two leaf-shaped fibulae from jo zaradi oblikovanosti loka in izvedbe okrasa pripi- the hoard of Egyek in the eastern Hungary indicate sujemo mlajši varianti listastih fibul in jo datiramo v that such fibulae remained in fashion all the way to čas Ha A2/B1. To datacijo podpira tudi lega groba v the Hajdúböszörmény horizon, that is, until the Ha neposredni bližini groba 35 ( sl. 7). B1 period.53 The fibula from the grave 32 is thus still related to the adornment tradition of the older Urn- field period, but due to its form of the bow and its decoration technique we assign the specimen to the younger variant of the leaf-shaped fibulae and date it into the Ha A2/B1 period. Such dating is substan- tiated also by the location of the grave 32, placed in the immediate neighbourhood of the grave 35 ( fig. 7). Ločna fibula s tordiranim lokom Bow fibula with twisted bow Gracilna enozankasta ločna fibula s tordiranim lo- The slender one-looped bow fibula with twisted bow kom iz groba 27 predstavlja posebnost v okviru gra- from the grave 27 represents a peculiarity at the cem- čiške nekropole ( Tab. 10: 6), saj so bile tovrstne fibu-etery of Gračič ( Pl. 10: 6), as fibulae of such type le doslej nepoznane v okviru ruške skupine kulture have not been found up to now within the frame žarnih grobišč. Takšne fibule so namreč lastne ženski of the Ruše Urnfield group. This kind of fibulae are noši v egejskem in italskem svetu, kjer so značilne za emblematic namely for the female attire in the Ae- protovillanovsko obdobje, za čas stopnje »Bronzo Fi- gean and Italian regions, where they characterise the nale 2« oz. za kasno poznoheladsko III C stopnjo in Proto-Villanovan period in the stage of the “Bron- submikensko obdobje.54 Le redke so zašle v severneje zo Finale 2” or the late Late Helladic IIIC Late and 51 Prim. npr. Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 112–125, T. 62: 4–20; 51 Betzler 1974, 42 ss. Cfr. e.g. Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 112–125, T. 62: 4–20; 52 Betzler 1974, 46–49, Taf. 5: 102–103; Novotna 2001, Betzler 1974, 42 ff. 52 19–22, Taf. 2: 18; Pare 1998, 400–402, Abb. 44: A1, B 1. Betzler 1974, 46–49, Taf. 5: 102–103; Novotna 2001, 53 Moszolics 2000, 29, 43, Taf. 28: 3–4. Fragmenti fibule z 19–22, Taf. 2: 18; Pare 1998, 400–402, Abb. 44: A1, B1. 53 listastim lokom izvirajo tudi iz enega izmed grobov iz Ruš Moszolics 2000, 29, 43, Taf. 28: 3–4. The fragments of in so hranjeni v muzeju Joanneum (inv. štev. 1223), glej fibula with leaf-shaped bow are attested also in one of the Kaerner 1988–1989, 226, sl. 7: 4. graves from the Ruše cemetery and are kept in the Uni- 54 Betzler 1974, 65–67, Taf. 14: 135; von Eles Masi 1986, versalmuseum Joanneum in Graz (invent. no. 1223); cfr. 14–16, Taf. 3: 68; 4: 69–70; Colonna 2006, 90–92, Tav. Kaerner 1988–1989, 226, fig. 7: 4. 314 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 314 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 ležeče alpske kraje, posamezne tudi v vzhodnoalp-Sub-Mycenaean period.54 Only rare examples ended ski prostor kot npr. primerek iz Tolmina.55 Fibula z up more to the north, in the Alpine area, with indi- Gračiča predstavlja torej nedvomno tuj kos nakita, vidual specimens appearing also in the south-east- bodisi italske bodisi grške provenience, in ni mlajša ern Alpine region, such as for example the twisted od stopnje Ha A2/B1. Da je morda bila tudi nje- bow fibula from the cemetery of Tolmin.55 The fib- na lastnica tujka, pa govori pozicija groba 27, kajti ula from Gračič thus without a doubt represents a leži na pobočju ob samem robu prve, severozahodne foreign piece of jewellery, either of Italian or Greek skupine grobov ( sl. 7). provenance and cannot be placed later as the Ha A2– B1 period. The position of the grave 27, lying on the slope at the very edge of the first northwestern grave- group, moreover indicates that also its female owner possibly had been a foreigner ( fig. 7). IGLE PINS Igle, za katere je analiza grobnih sestavov pokazala, The pins, for which the analysis of grave composi- da se v primerjavi z ženskimi grobovi s fibulami na- tions showed that they are present in more modestly hajajo v skromneje opravljenih grobovih, so značilni furnished graves, represent a characteristic element pridatek moške noše56. Na nekropoli so zastopane v of the male attire.56 At the Gračič necropolis the pins skoraj 20 % grobov, kar kaže na dokaj ustaljen in appear in almost 20 percent of graves, what points enoten način oblačilne kulture moškega dela popu- to a rather consistent and uniform manner of cloth- lacije na Brinjevi gori57. Tudi glede spektra tipov igel ing in the male part of population at Brinjeva gora.57 ni opaziti večje raznolikosti. Similarly, also the attested range of pin-types shows relatively small variation. Igle s tordiranim vratom Pins with twisted neck Pri obravnavi očalastih fibul tipa Maribor smo na When discussing the spectacle fibulae of the Maribor osnovi groba 30, v katerem se nahajajo poleg fibu- type we already indicated the chronological position le tudi tri bronaste igle, že nakazali njihovo časov- of three bronze pins from the grave 30. The first spec- no mesto: prva je igla s cigarasto glavico iz družine imen represents a cigar-like pin belonging to the ty- kijastih igel ( Tab. 11: 14), druga pa je igla z veliko pological class of club-shaped pins ( Pl. 11: 14), while vazasto glavico ( Tab. 11: 15), obe sta edinstveni med the other is the pin with a large vase-shaped head ( Pl. iglami na Gračiču in ju lahko povežemo s tradici- 11: 15). Both are unique examples among the pins jo starejše kulture žarnih grobišč.58 Igla z bikonično at the Gračič cemetery and can be linked with the glavico in odebeljenim, psevdotordiranim vratom tradition of the older Urnfield culture.58 The third ( Tab. 11: 13) pa je pripisana iglam tipa Marco oz. pin has a biconical head and a thickened neck, deco- njegovi varianti Velika Gorica, značilni predvsem za rated with pseudo-torsion ( Pl. 11: 13), what justifies stopnjo Ha B1.59 Na Gračiču takšna igla ni le v gro-its classification as the Marco type pin or its variant bu 30, za katerega predlagamo datacijo Ha A2/B1, of Velika Gorica, characteristic mostly for the Ha temveč je zastopana v več grobovih. Skoraj povsem B1 period.59 On the Gračič cemetery such pin does enaki igli se nahajata v grobovih 23 in 38, v obeh pa not appear however only in the grave 30, for which je še po ena igla drugačnega tipa, v grobu 23 igla z we propose a dating in the Ha A2/B1 period, but is majhno kroglasto glavico, medtem ko vrhnji del igle present also in several other graves. Almost identical iz groba 38 ni ohranjen ( Tab. 8: 4–5; 14: 5–6). Po-pins are attested in the graves 23 and 38, where they dobna tem iglam, a bolj gracilna, je igla iz groba 47 are associated with another pin of a different type. ( Tab. 17: 1), Še manjša je igla iz groba 51, ki nima Thus, in the grave 23 a pin with a small globular izrazite bikonične glavice, temveč le majhen koničen 54 Betzler 1974, 65–67, Taf. 14: 135; von Eles Masi 1986, 14–16, Taf. 3: 68; 4: 69–70; Colonna 2006, 90–92, T. 31–33; Jung 2006, 189–192, 215, Taf. 14: 1–2; 16: 6; 18: 31–33; Jung 2006, 189–192, 215, Taf. 14: 1–2; 16: 6; 18: 5–6; 19: 5–6. 5–6; 19: 5–6. 55 55 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Tab. 22: 1; Pogačnik 2002, 30, Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, T. 22: 1; Pogačnik 2002, 30, fig. sl. 4/ IV; Teržan 2002, 93. 4/ IV; Teržan 2002, 93. 56 56 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 57 57 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 3d; 4. See here Koprivnik, Teržan, figs. 3d; 4. 58 58 Glej opombe 12–13. See notes 12–13. 59 59 Glej opombo 14. See note 14. 315 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 315 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 zaključek, pod tordiranim vratom pa kvadratno oz. head can be found, while the upper part of the pin kockasto odebelitev ( Tab. 17: 13). Podobne kvadra-from the grave 38 is not preserved ( Pls. 8: 4–5; 14: tno ali rombično odebeljene elemente je srečati tudi 5–6). Similar to the above-treated pins is also a some-pri iglah s področja severne Italije, npr. pri iglah tipa what slender pin from the grave 47 ( Pl. 17: 1) or the Fontanella, le da je tak element nameščen običajno even slimmer pin from the grave 51, which however med glavico in odebeljenim, pogosto fasetiranim terminates in a small conical ending without a dis- vratom, le pri maloštevilnih pa pod njim.60 Fragment tinctive biconical head, while under the twisted neck na ta način oblikovane igle izvira tudi iz Tolmina, a it features a square-shaped or cubiform thickening žal brez ohranjenega vrhnjega dela igle in tudi brez ( Pl. 17: 13). Corresponding square-shaped or romb-ohranjene grobne celote.61 Igle tipa Fontanella, ki so hoid thickened elements can be found on pins from razširjene predvsem v Padski nižini od Lombardije in the territory of northern Italy, as for example on pins Benečije do Trentinskega, so značilne za protovilla- of the Fontanella type, where such element is usually novsko stopnjo »Bronzo Finale« oz. Ha A2. Kot je za placed between the head of the pin and its thickened, grob 51 z Gračiča pokazalo radiokarbonsko datiranje frequently facetted neck, while only exceptionally it pri 95,4 % verjetnosti, sodi tudi ta grob v čas 1042– is set under the latter.60 A fragment of pin, formed in 903 calBC ( sl. 1), kar se okvirno ujema s stopnjo Ha a similar way, has been found also in the cemetery of A2/B1.62 Kaže torej, da ne gre za bistveno časovno Tolmin, but unfortunately without the preserved up- razliko med iglo iz groba 51 in iglami s kvadratnim per part of the pin as wel as its grave-unit.61 The pins oz. kockastim elementom s severnoitalskega obmo-of Fontanella type were distributed mostly in the Po čja. Hkrati pa nam radiokarbonska datacija groba 51 Plain from Lombardy and Veneto up to Trentino služi tudi za osnovno izhodišče za časovno opredeli- region and are characteristic of the Protovillanovan tev grobov z iglami z odebeljenim psevdotordiranim stage “Bronzo Finale” or the Ha A2 period. Accord- vratom na Gračiču, in sicer – kot že omenjeno v zve- ing to the radiocarbon dating of the grave 51 from zi z grobom 30 – jih datiramo v stopnjo Ha A2/B1 Gračič, we can place this grave in the time interval of in Ha B1. To opredelitev podpira tudi lega grobov 1042–903 cal BC with a 95.4% probability ( fig. 1), s temi iglami na grobišču ( sl. 8). Kot že omenjeno what would accord fairly well with the Ha A2-B1 pe-leži dvojni grob 30 na vrhu vzpetine, verjetno kot riod.62 Thus, it is clear that there is no essential tem-prvi v okviru zahodne skupine grobov, v sklopu ka- poral divergence between the pin from the grave 51 tere je tudi grob 23 z enako iglo, ki pa leži nižje na and pins with square-shaped or cubiform elements pobočju. Podobno lego kot ima grob 30 v zahodni from the northern Italian territory. At the same time, skupini, ima grob 38 v vzhodni skupini grobov, tj. še the radiocarbon dating from the grave 51 can be used na vrhnji terasi vzpetine, medtem ko sta grobova 51 as an essential guideline for the chronological defini- in 47 nižje na pobočju. Zdi se, da je s temi grobovi tion of graves containing pins with thickened necks označeno tisto območje nekropole, ki je nastalo prav decorated in pseudo-torsion at the Gračič cemetery, v časovnem obdobju Ha A2/B1–Ha B1. which can be placed, as already mentioned in the V grobovih na Gračiču so z več primerki zasto- case of the grave 30, in the Ha A2/B1 and Ha B1 pane tudi igle, katerih vrat je tordiran, a ne posebej periods. Such delineation is corroborated also by the odebeljen. Ker pa njihove glavice po večini niso ohra- position of the graves with above-mentioned pins on njene, jih ne moremo natančneje opredeliti ( Tab. 16: the cemetery ( fig. 8). As already mentioned the dou-3–4; 22: 1, 4). Izjemi predstavljata le dve igli: igla ble grave 30 lies on the very top of the cemetery rise iz groba 45 ima okroglo glavico ( Tab. 16: 4), igla iz and most probably represents the initial grave with-groba 52 pa je prvotno imela majhno bikonično gla- in the western grave-group, part of which is also the vico ( Tab. 17: 15).63 Tudi tovrstne igle z navadno tor-grave 23 containing a pin of the same type, but locat- diranim vratom stojijo v tradiciji nošnje srednje in ed somewhat lower on the slope. Similar in position pozne bronaste dobe, a v srednjeevropskem prosto- to the grave 30 in the western group is the grave 38 ru, še posebej v Karpatskem bazenu, ne sodijo med within the eastern grave-group, as it lies still on the upper terrace of the rise, whereas the graves 51 and 60 Prim. Carancini 1975, 209–210, Taf. 48: 1497; Colonna 47 are placed already lower on the slope. It seems 2006, 71–72, Tav. 15–17. that these graves denote the area of the necropolis, 61 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Tab. 90: 11; Pogačnik 2002, 49, 60 sl. 32: X. Cfr. Carancini 1975, 209–210, Taf. 48: 1497; Colonna 62 Črešnar, Koprivnik 2014, 309–310. 2006, 71–72, T. 15–17. 63 61 Glavica igle je zaradi korozije močno načeta, v objavi Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, T. 90: 11; Pogačnik 2002, 49, V. Pahič 1988–1989, Tab. 3: 2 je bila očitno še bolje fig. 32: X. 62 ohranjena. Črešnar, Koprivnik 2014, 309–310. 316 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 316 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 Slika 8. Gračič, razporeditev grobov z iglami: igle z odebeljenim, pseudotordiranim vratom in bikonično glavico – modra, 31 39 31 38 igle s tordiranim 37 40 vratom – zelena, igle 33 52 s čebuličasto glavico 42 56 55 in variante – rumena, 32 43 igle s spiralno uvito 12 41 34 glavico – rdeča in 35 44 1 54 britve – trikotnik. 11 50 11 15 5 2 36 53 15 5 53 Figure 8. Gračič, 30 10 51 +2 10 cemetery plan with 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 16 indicated graves 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 containing pins and 19 razors: pins with 22 47 14 18 14 62 66 thickened neck, 13 21 13 61 decorated in pseudo- 58 57 58 torsion and biconical 29 24 23 65 68 67 65 head – blue, pins 59 64 73 28 with twisted neck – 27 26 25 69 60 green, pins with bulb- 71 77 shaped head and its 70 variants – yellow, pins 63 with spirally wound 74 72 74 75 head – red, razors – triangle. 76 0 5 10 m pogoste oblike igel v času kulture žarnih grobišč.64 which sprang up precisely in the Ha A2/B1–Ha B1 Igli s kroglasto glavico iz groba 45 je npr. podobna period. igla iz Surčina, ki pa je brez ohranjene grobne celo- In the graves from the Gračič cemetery appear te, a je grobišče okvirno datirano v starejšo stopnjo moreover the pins, the neck of which is twisted but kulture žarnih grobišč.65 Podobna igla je tudi v grobu not additionally thickened. In the majority of cases G/1910 iz Velike Gorice, s tem se uvršča v čas Ha their heads are not preserved anymore and conse- B1.66 Nasprotno so igle s tordiranim vratom in bi- quently their precise classification is not possible ( Pls. konično glavico razmeroma pogoste na področju se- 16: 3–4; 22: 1, 4) with the exception of two examples. verne Italije, predvsem v Benečiji in na Trentinskem, The pin from the grave 45 demonstrates a globular kjer so po Caranciniju opredeljene kot tip Fiavè in head ( Pl. 16: 3), whereas the specimen from the grave datirane v stopnjo »Bronzo Finale 2–3«, posamezni 52 originally featured a small biconical head ( Pl. 17: primerki pa so se obdržali tudi še v zgodnjo železno 15)63. Likewise, this type of pins with a simple twisted dobo (v smislu italijanske kronološke sheme).67 Igla neck implies the tradition of Middle and Late Bronze s fino tordiranim vratom in izrazito kroglasto gla- Age adornment. It should be stressed however that in vico, po čemer se razlikuje od gračiških, izvira tudi Central European area, especially in the Carpathian Basin, such pin-forms are rather infrequent in the 64 Prim. Novotná 1980, 144–145, Taf. 42: 959–965; Vinski- period of Urnfield Culture.64 Similar to the pin with Gasparini 1973, Tab. 4: 10–11; Vasić 2003, 89, Taf. 35: 63 653–664. The pin head is badly damaged by corrosion. In the pub- 65 Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Tab. 4: 11. lication by V. Pahič 1988–1989, T. 3: 2 it seems that back 66 Karavanić 2009, 60, Pl. 54: 4. then the pin head was evidently better preserved. 67 64 Prim. Carancini 1975, 224–225, Taf. 51: 1615, 1617, Cfr. Novotná 1980, 144–145, Taf. 42: 959–965; Vinski- 1626, 1634; 109: G; de Marinis 2005, 25, Tav. 6; Colonna Gasparini 1973, T. 4: 10–11; Vasić 2003, 89, Taf. 35: 2006, 74–75, Tav. 15–16. 653–664. 317 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 317 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 iz Maribora, iz grobišča na Mladinski ulici,68 zaradi globular head from the grave 45 is for example the pin česar domneva, da sodi v precej isti čas kot igle z from Surčin without the preserved grave-unit, though Gračiča. Glede na navedene analogije se nagibamo k the cemetery itself is roughly dated in the older phase okvirni dataciji igel z navadno tordiranim vratom z of the Urnfield Culture Period.65 However, a similar Gračiča v stopnjo Ha B1. Zdi se, da to podpira tudi pin can be found also in the grave G/1910 from Ve- razporeditev grobov s temi iglami na gračiškem gro- lika Gorica, due to which it can be placed in the Ha bišču ( sl. 8), kajti nahajajo se izključno na pobočju v B1 period.66 On the other hand, the pins with twist-vzhodnem delu nekropole, in sicer v dveh skupinah. ed neck and biconical head are relatively common on Prvo tvorijo grobovi 52, 44 in 45, drugo pa grobova the territory of northern Italy, mostly in Veneto and 70 in 72 (oz. igla v neposredni bližini groba 72), za- Trentino regions, where they are classified according radi česar sklepamo, da so igle s tordiranim vratom to Carancini as the type Fiavè and dated in the phase mlajše od igel z odebeljenim psevdotordiranim vra- “Bronzo Finale 2–3”, while singular examples still tom, ki so v grobovih osrednje in zahodne skupine appear in the Early Iron Age period (in sense of the grobov (prim. na sl. 8: modra in zelena). Italian chronological scheme).67 A somewhat differ- ent pin than the examples from the Gračič cemetery, which has a fine twisted neck and a distinct globular head, comes from the cemetery at Mladinska ulica in Maribor68 and can consequently be placed to more or less the same period as the pins from Gračič. In view of the mentioned analogies we are inclined to generally date the pins with simple twisted neck from the Gračič cemetery to the Ha B1 period. It seems that the arrangement of graves with such pins on the Gračič cemetery supports our considerations ( fig. 8). They are namely located exclusively on the slope in the eastern part of the cemetery and within two grave- groups. The first group consists of the graves 52, 44 and 45, while the graves 70 and 72 (or better, the pin in the immediate vicinity of the grave 72) make up the second grave-group. This leads us to infer that the pins with twisted neck appear later than the pins with thickened neck decorated with pseudo-torsion, which can be found in graves from the central and western grave-group (cfr. fig. 8: blue and green). Igle s čebuličasto glavico Pins with bulb-shaped head K tipu igel s čebuličasto glavico sodi igla iz groba 13, To the pins with bulb-shaped head we can ascribe the ki na vratu razen majhnega svitka ni posebej okra- pin from the grave 13, which, with the exception of šena ( Tab. 5: 7), kar je sicer običajno pri tovrstnih a small coil, has no additional decoration on the neck iglah.69 Tudi v grobu 12 je med pridatki igla s če- ( Pl. 5: 7), what is a prevalent characteristic of such buličasto glavico, a druge variante, opredeljene tudi pins.69 The grave 12 contains a pin with bulb-shaped kot vretenaste igle, saj ima glavico na gosto okrašeno head as well, but of different variant, which has been s finimi vodoravnimi gravurami ( Tab. 5: 1). Ta tip designated also as a spindle-shaped pin, since its head igel se prav tako navezuje na starejšo tradicijo kul- is densely engraved with fine horizontal lines ( Pl. 5: ture žarnih grobišč. Kar nenavadno se zdi, da jim 1). Similarly, this pin type can be affiliated to the old-najdemo podobne primerke med iglami tipa Urbe- er tradition of the Urnfield Culture Period. It seems rach v srednje- in južnonemškem prostoru,70 pa tudi quite extraordinary that similar specimens can be na področju Karpatskega bazena, kot npr. v Choti- 65 Vinski-Gasparini 1973, T. 4: 11. nu.71 Vendar pa ima igla iz groba 12 svoje najboljše 66 Karavanić 2009, 60, Pl. 54: 4. 68 67 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 118: 10. Cfr. Carancini 1975, 224–225, Taf. 51: 1615, 1617, 69 Prim. npr. Blečić Kavur 2011, 56–57, Fig. 8: 4–9. 1626, 1634; 109: G; de Marinis 2005, 25, T. 6; Colonna 70 Prim. Kubach 1973, 342, 349–352, Taf. 56: 791; 57: 2006, 74–75, T. 15–16. 68 811–817. Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 118: 10. 71 69 Pare 1998, 400–402, Abb. 44: E 3. Cfr. e.g. Blečić Kavur 2011, 56–57, fig. 8: 4–9. 318 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 318 8. 03. 2021 12:54:42 primerjave v panonskih depojih iz Romanda in Ve-found among the pins of Urberach type in the territo- lem Szentvida, s čimer je podano tudi njihovo časov- ry of the middle and southern Germany,70 but also in no mesto v zgodnji Ha B1.72 Takšno datacijo podpi- the Carpathian Basin region, as for example in Cho- ra tudi sorodna igla z vodoravno razčlenjeno glavico tin.71 Nevertheles, the best analogies for the pin from iz groba 1/1911 iz Velike Gorice, kajti v tem grobu the grave 12 come from the Pannonnian hoards of je med pridatki tudi antenski meč, tulasta sekira z Romand and Velem Szentvid, which place these pins okrasom v obliki peščene ure, polmesečasta britev in the early Ha B1 period.72 Such dating is confirmed tipa Oblekovice ipd., skratka značilni repertoar IV. also by the related pin with a head, shaped in horizon- stopnje po Kseniji Vinski-Gasparini oz. stopnje Ha tal coils from the grave 1/1911 at Velika Gorica. Be- B1.73 Polmesečasta britev tipa Oblekovice se nahaja sides the pin the latter contains antenna-hilted sword, tudi med pridatki groba 12 ( Tab. 5: 2), zaradi česar socketed axe with a decoration in the form of an hour-njegova datacija v čas Ha B1 ni sporna. glass, semi-lunate razor of the Oblekovice type etc., all Tudi igla iz groba 25 ima z vodoravnimi žlebo-of which represent a characteristic set of objects in the vi razčlenjeno glavico, ki pa ni čebuličaste, temveč phase IV according to Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini or in kroglaste oblike ( Tab. 10: 1). Zanimivo je, da je the Ha B1 period.73 Moreover, the semi-lunate razor of tudi njej najti analogije med iglami tipa Urberach the Oblekovice type is present among the grave-goods (po Kubachu) in drugih variant/tipov igel z vodo- of grave 12 as well ( Pl. 5: 2), the dating of which into ravno narebrenimi glavicami, razširjenimi v širšem the Ha B1 period is consequently indisputable. srednjeevropskem prostoru, kar kaže, da stoji igla iz The pin from the grave 25 similarly features a groba 25 prav tako v tradiciji starejših igel iz obdobja head decorated with horizontal grooves, which how-Bd D/Ha A1.74 Vendar pa so ji prav tako podobni ever is not bulb-shaped, but globular in form ( Pl. primerki iz mlajšega obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč, 10: 1). Interestingly, also for this example the anal-kot npr. iz slovaških najdišč75 in najdišč na vzhodno- ogies can be found among the pins of the Urberach alpskem obrobju, kot npr. iz Velem Szentvida,76 s či- type (according to Kubach) and other pin variants/ mer je okvirno nakazano tudi mesto gračiške igle v types with horizontally ribbed heads, which were čas Ha A2/B1. distributed in the wider Central European territory. Ostale igle iz gračiških grobov, ki pripadajo bo- Therefore the pin from the grave 25 likewise indi- disi tipu igel s spiralno uvito glavico ( Tab. 7: 3; 9: cates the tradition of older pins from the Bd D–Ha 1; 10: 8; 17: 14) bodisi iglam z drobno kroglasto ali A1 period.74 However, typologically close examples ovalno glavico ( Tab. 8: 5; 18: 2), so s kronološkega come also from the younger Urnfield period, as for stališča neznačilne.77 V rabi so bile namreč skozi dalj- example from sites in Slovakia75 or from the fringes ša obdobja, zato jih je moč časovno opredeliti le na of the eastern Alpine area, e.g. from Velem Szent- osnovi spremljajočih grobnih pridatkov. Kot kažeta vid,76 which all point to the fact that the chrono- grobova 12 in 51 z Gračiča so bile igle s spiralno uvi- logical position of the pin from Gračič should be to glavico del nošnje že v stopnji Ha A2/B1 ( Tab. 5: searched within the Ha A2/B1 period. 3; 17: 14), kar velja tudi za igle s kroglasto ali ovalno The remaining pins from the graves at Gračič glavico, kot je razvidno iz grobov 23 in 53 ( Tab. 8: 5; cemetery can be classified either as pins with spirally 18: 2). Z izjemo groba 12, ki se nahaja na vrhu vzpe-wound head ( Pls. 7: 3; 9: 1; 10: 8; 17: 14), or as pins tine, glede na njihovo lego pretežno na zahodnem with small globular or oval head ( Pls. 8: 5; 18: 2), all in osrednjem delu pobočja grobišča sklepamo, da so of which are indistinct from the chronological point predstavljale značilni del moške nošnje v časovnem of view.77 They were in use namely over a longer pe- razponu celotne stopnje Ha B1 ( sl. 8). riod and can be dated consequently only on the basis of accompanying grave-goods. The graves 12 and 51 70 Cfr. Kubach 1973, 342, 349–352, Taf. 56: 791; 57: 811– 817. 71 Pare 1998, 400–402, Abb. 44: E3. 72 72 Prim. tudi Říhovský 1983, 41–44, Taf. 17: 427–428; 23: Cfr. also Říhovský 1983, 41–44, Taf. 17: 427–428; 23: 564. 564. 73 73 Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 155–157, Tab. 103: 8; Karavanić Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 155–157, T. 103: 8; Karavanić 2009, 61, Pl. 60; 61: 6. 2009, 61, Pls. 60–61: 6. 74 74 Kubach 1973, Taf. 56: 792; 57: 796, 799; Říhovský 1979, Kubach 1973, Taf. 56: 792; 57: 796, 799; Říhovský 1979, 130–133, Taf. 39: 844–845, 860. 130–133, Taf. 39: 844–845, 860. 75 75 Novotna 1980, 134–135, Taf. 40: 874, 877, 878. Novotna 1980, 134–135, Taf. 40: 874, 877, 878. 76 76 Říhovský 1983, 25, Taf. 9: 162. Říhovský 1983, 25, Taf. 9: 162. 77 77 Prim. npr. Říhovský 1983, 22–24, 26–27, 29– 32. Cfr. e.g. Říhovský 1983, 22–24, 26–27, 29–32. 319 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 319 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 from the Gračič cemetery demonstrate that the pins with spirally wound head made up part of the attire already in the Ha A2/B1 period ( Pls. 5: 3; 17: 14). The same period of use is attested also for the pins with globular or oval head by the graves 23 and 53 ( Pls. 8: 5; 18: 2). Except for the grave 12, which is located on the top of the cemetery rise, the position of the graves with such pins, comprising the western and central part of the cemetery slope, indicates that they represented a characteristic part of male attire through the entire Ha B1 period ( fig. 8). OBROČASTI NAKIT RING-SHAPED JEWELLERY Obročki raznih oblik in velikosti sodijo med pogoste Ring objects of various shapes and sizes represent a pridatke v grobovih na Gračiču in so značilni pred- rather frequent grave-good at the Gračič cemetery vsem za ženske grobove78. Ovratnice v kombinaciji z and mostly characterise the female graves.78 Neck- zapestnicami in manjšimi obročki označujejo II. vr- laces in combination with bracelets and small rings sto noše, zapestnice in obročki III. vrsto noše, obroč- characterise the second (II.) type of attire, brace- ki v kombinaciji s fibulami IV. vrsto noše, posebno lets and circlets define the third (III.) and circlets skupino pa tvorijo grobovi, v katerih se nahajajo le combined with fibulae the fourth (IV.) attire-type, trakasti obročki oz. uhani in so opredeljeni kot V. whereas the graves containing only band-shaped cir- vrsta ženske noše.79 clets or earrings form a special group, defined as the Med ovratnicami so zastopane tako gladke ovra- fifth (V.) type of female attire.79 tnice okroglega preseka ( Tab. 11: 10; 13: 6) kot tudi Among the necklaces are attested so the smooth tordirane ovratnice različne debeline in velikosti examples of round cross-section ( Pls. 11: 10; 13: 6) ( Tab. 6: 1; 17: 9; 18: 8–12; 20: 3; 22: 9). Tako prve as the twisted specimens of various thickness and kot druge predstavljajo nakit, ki se pojavlja skozi size ( Pls. 6: 1; 17: 9; 18: 8–12; 20: 3; 22: 9). Both celotno obdobje kulture žarnih grobišč in so zato types represent jewellery, which appears throughout s kronološkega stališča manj pomembne, a vendar the entire Urnfield Culture Period and is therefore kot kažeta grobova 30 in 34 so gladke ovratnice za- less relevant for the chronological questions. None- stopane v Gračiču le v najstarejših grobovih.80 Po- theless, the graves 30 and 34 clearly testify that the zornost vzbuja dvojna tordirana ovratnica iz groba smooth necklaces appear at the Gračič cemetery only 31, sestavljena iz dveh ovratnic, ki pa sta speti sko- in the oldest graves.80 The double twisted necklace zi spiralno uvita konca obeh ovratnic vdeto vezno from the grave 31 also demands our attention. The zakovico. Razen tega se le-ta razlikuje od ostalih na example is composed of two necklaces, which are Gračiču po bolj fini tordiranosti ( Tab. 12: 1). Na tak bind together with rivet, passing through the spiralnačin so namreč izdelane tako imenovane trojne in ly wound necklace-ends, and features a more tightly dvojne zapestnice in ovratnice, ki sodijo med zna- twisted central part than other examples from the čilno zvrst nakita starejše kulture žarnih grobišč v Gračič cemetery ( Pl. 12: 1). Closely twisted exam-kulturnih skupinah severno od Alp, od Švice preko ples compose namely the double and triple necklaces južnonemškega prostora do Slovaške,81 zaradi česar and bracelets, which represent a characteristic type se tudi ovratnica iz groba 31 navezuje na tradicijo of jewellery in the older Urnfield period within the nakita starejšega obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč. Pri- cultural groups north of the Alps, from Switzerland merek dvojne ovratnice je znan tudi s Hajdine, le da over the southern German territory and up to Slova- sta konca speta z žičnato zanko.82 Zanimivo je, da kia.81 As a result, the necklace from the grave 31 can je takšna dvojna ovratnica prikazana tudi na majhni likewise be associated with the jewellery tradition of 78 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 3d; 4. 78 See here Koprivnik, Teržan, figs. 3d; 4. 79 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. 79 See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 80 V tej zvezi je zanimiva primerjava z grobom 289 iz Dobo- 80 In this regard, the comparision with the grave 289 from ve, ki je tam najbogatejši in hkrati eden izmed najstarejših Dobova is interesting, as it represents one of the wealthiest grobov na nekropoli, glej Stare 1975, Tab. 41: 4, 10. and at the same time one of the oldest graves at the ne- 81 Prim. Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 183: 18; Richter 1970, cropolis; cfr. Stare 1975, T. 41: 4, 10. 132–136, Taf. 44; 799–811, 817; Pászthory 1985, 116– 81 Cfr. Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 183: 18; Richter 1970, 132– 117, Taf. 45: 565; Novotna 1984, 46–47, Taf. 51: 336. 136, Taf. 44; 799–811, 817; Pászthory 1985, 116–117, 82 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 116: 11. Taf. 45: 565; Novotna 1984, 46–47, Taf. 51: 336. 320 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 320 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 ženski figurici iz žarnega grobišča na Mladinski ulici the older period of the Urnfield Culture. Example v Mariboru.83 Med pridatki groba 31 so prav tako of a double necklace is known from Hajdina as well, fragmenti fibule, od katere je ohranjen le spiralni where the spirally wound ends are however tied up svitek, del spiralne peresovine in kos upognjene žice with wire.82 Interesting is also the representation igle ( Tab. 12: 3). Zanje domnevamo, da so preosta-of a double necklace on the small female figurine nek pozamenterijske fibule84 ali pa fibule z listastim from the urnfield cemetery at Mladinska ulica in lokom, če bi lahko pripisali fibuli tudi fragment Maribor.83 Among the grave-goods of the grave 31 pločevine, okrašene s pikicami ( Tab. 12: 2), kar bi several fibula fragments are preserved, which reveal pomenilo, da bi prišla v poštev fibula podobna tisti the spirally wound coil, part of a spring and a piece iz groba 32 ( Tab. 12: 13).85 Ne le nakit groba 31, ki of bent wire from the pin ( Pl. 12: 3). We assume izkazuje navezavo na starejšo tradicijo, indikativna se that the fragments could represent the remains of zdi tudi njegova lega na gračiški nekropoli, saj leži na a passementerie-type fibula,84 or alternatively, of a vrhu vzpetine, ob njenem severnem robu, s čimer se fibula with leaf-shaped bow. To the latter we could uvršča med najstarejše grobove nekropole skupaj z possibly assign also the sheet metal fragment dec- grobovoma 30 in 12 ( sl. 8). orated with dots ( Pl. 12: 2), what would indicate Med značilne kose nakita na Gračiču sodijo tudi a fibula similar to the already mentioned example trakasti obročki s kaveljčkom na eni strani in luknji- from the grave 32 ( Pl. 12: 13).85 However, regarding co na drugi, ki predstavljajo najverjetneje uhane ali the grave 31, not only does its jewellery indicate the pa lasne obročke. Zanimivo je, da so nekateri neo- connections with older tradition, likewise suggestive krašeni ( Tab. 1: 1, 6; 10: 5; 11: 5; 13: 2, 11; 15: 2; is its position within the cemetery of Gračič, as it lies 16: 1, 6), drugi okrašeni z iztočenimi pikicami ali on the top of the cemetery-rise, by its northern edge, bunčicami ( Tab. 1: 2; 2: 5–7; 11: 6; 13: 4, 10; 15: 1; what places him among the oldest graves of the ne-17: 2; 23: 1), en pa z drobnim graviranim okrasom cropolis, together with graves 30 and 12 ( fig. 8). ( Tab. 2: 1); a v grobovih je pogosta kombinacija ene-Characteristic pieces of jewellery at Gračič ne- ga okrašenega in enega neokrašenega primerka. Tudi cropolis are also band-shaped circlets ending in a hook zanje velja, da se navezujejo na starejšo tradicijo, saj on one side, while on the other end there is a hole. so podobni kosi znani že iz najdišča Peschiera ob They most probably represent earrings or hair-rings Gardskem jezeru, torej iz začetne faze pozne brona- and are attested either without decoration ( Pls. 1: 1, ste dobe na področju Benečije in Tridentinskega. V 6; 10: 5; 11: 5; 13: 2, 11; 15: 2; 16: 1, 6) or decorated mlajšem obdobju kulture žarnih grobišč pa so traka-with embossed dots and knobs ( Pls. 1: 2; 2: 5–7; 11: sti uhani s kvačico pogosti nakit ženske nošnje pred-6; 13: 4, 10; 15: 1; 17: 2; 23: 1), while one exam-vsem v zaledju Caput Adriae, tako npr. na nekropoli ple features a minute engraved decoration ( Pl. 2: 1). Sv. Barbara/Korošci pri Miljah ter na škocjanskih ne- Interestingly, in graves these circlets often appear in kropolah na Brežcu in Ponikvah kot tudi v votivnem assorted pairs, with one undecorated example, while depoju iz Mušje jame.86 the other is decorated. Once more, such jewellery can Tovrstni uhani so razen na Gračiču znani tudi s be seen as part of older tradition, as similar examples Pobrežja, kar kaže, da so sodili med priljubljeni na- are known already from Peschiera at the Lake Garda, kit tudi v Pohorskem Podravju.87 Kot smo pokazali a site characteristic for the initial phase of the Late pri obravnavi groba 30 z Gračiča se njihova nošnja Bronze Age in Veneto and Trentino regions. In the younger period of Urnfield Culture the band-shaped 83 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 5. earrings with a hook represent a frequent jewellery 84 Za pozamenterijske fibule prim. npr. Novotna 2001, Taf. in the female attire, most of all in the hinterland of 5: 57; 6: 61–62; Bader 1983, 41 ss, Taf. 6: 6; 43: A; Pabst Caput Adriae, such as for example in the necropolis 2012, Karte 36–37,1. Fragmenti pozamenterijske fibule pa se nahajajo tudi v depoju Hočko Pohorje (glej Kajzer 82 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 116: 11. 1995, Tab. 80: 113–188), zato njena prisotnost na Grači- 83 See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 5. ču ne bi predstavljala popolne izjeme. 84 For the passementerie-type fibulae cfr. e.g. Novotna 2001, 85 Prim. npr. Novotná 2001, Taf. 1: 13, 16; 2: 18; V. Pahič Taf. 5: 57; 6: 61–62; Bader 1983, 41 ff, Taf. 6: 6; 43: A; 1988–89, 188, Tab. 2: 3 meni, da gre za ostanke harfaste Pabst 2012, Karte 36–37,1. The fragments of passemen-fibule, kar pa se nam zdi manj verjetno. terie-type fibula are attested also in the Hočko Pohorje 86 Prim. Montagnari Kokelj 1996, 35, Tav. 1: 8/3; Teržan hoard (see Kajzer 1995, T. 80: 113–188), thus its pres- 2016, 280–282 (s citirano literaturo), Tab. 33: 1. ence at the Gračič necropolis would not represent a total 87 Na Pobrežju so žal zelo fragmentirani, zato njihova pripa-exception. dnost k tipu uhanov s kvačico ni vedno povsem gotova, 85 Cfr. e.g. Novotná 2001, Taf. 1: 13, 16; 2: 18. V. Pahič prim. Pahič 1972, Tab. 11: 10; 15: 2; 22: 15; 37: 2–3. 1988–89, 188, T. 2: 3 holds the opinion that it actually Pare jih uvršča med vodilne tipe svoje stopnje Ruše I (Pare goes for the remains of a harp fibula, what seems to us less 1998, 343–344, Abb. 24: 11). likely. 321 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 321 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 Slika 9. Gračič, razporeditev grobov s trakastimi obročki s kvačico oz. uhani: okrašeni s pikicami ali bunčicami – rdeča, neokrašeni – zelena, okrašeni z gravuro 31 39 38 37 – rumena. 40 33 Figure 9. Gračič, 42 52 42 56 cemetery plan with 55 indicated graves 32 43 12 41 containing band- 34 shaped circlets or 3 44 1 5 54 11 50 11 earrings: decorated 15 5 2 36 53 30 with embossed dots 10 51 9 6 3 6 4 49 45 and knobs – red, 16 without decoration 8 7 20 48 7 17 46 19 – green, engraved 22 47 decoration – yellow. 14 18 14 62 66 13 21 13 61 58 57 58 29 24 23 29 65 68 67 65 59 64 73 28 27 26 25 69 60 71 77 70 63 74 72 74 75 76 0 5 10 m pojavi v stopnji Ha A2/B1. Njihova prisotnost pre- of S. Barbara/Korošci near Muggia/Milje and at the težno v ženskih grobovih v zgornjem delu nekropole, cemeteries of Škocjan, in Brežec and Ponikve, as well zlasti v osrednjem in proti severovzhodu padajočem as in the votive hoard of Mušja jama.86 pobočju ( sl. 9), pa kaže, da so ostali v modi ves čas Besides the Gračič necropolis such earrings are stopnje Ha B 1. moreover known from the Pobrežje cemetery, what points to their popularity in the Pohorsko Podrav- je region.87 As was already demonstrated when dis- cussing the grave 30 from the Gračič cemetery, they become part of the adornment in the Ha A2/B1 pe- riod. In view of their presence mostly within female graves in the upper part of the necropolis, especially in its central area and on the slope inclined towards northeast ( fig. 9), it can be stated that they remained in fashion throughout the entire Ha B1 period. 86 Cfr. Montagnari Kokelj 1996, 35, T. 1: 8/3; Teržan 2016, 280–282 (with quoted literature), T. 33: 1. 87 At the Pobrežje cemetery they are unfortunately badly fragmented, thus their attribution to the type of earrings with a hook is not completely certain in all cases, cfr. Pa-hič 1972, T. 11: 10; 15: 2; 22: 15; 37: 2–3. Pare classifies them among the leading types of his phase Ruše I (Pare 1998, 343–344, Abb. 24: 11). 322 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 322 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 PRIBOR – ŠIVANKE IN BRITVE UTENSILS – NEEDLES AND RAZORS V grobovih z Gračiča ni najti pridanega orožja, kar In the graves from the Gračič cemetery the weapons velja na splošno za pogrebne običaje kulture žarnih are completely absent, otherwise a general rule for the grobišč tako v ruški kot tudi v dobovski in ljubljanski funeral customs of the Urnfield Culture, so in the Ruše kulturni skupini. V grobovih tudi ni drugega orodja cultural group as well as in those of Dobova and Lju- niti pribora, razen šivank v ženskih grobovih ( Tab. 1: bljana. Also generally missing in the graves are tools, 7; 3: 3, 5), ki pa kronološko niso pomembne, čeprav with the exception of utensils, such as needles, which je zanimivo, da so le v grobovih v vrhnjem delu gro- are present in the female graves ( Pls. 1: 7; 3: 3, 5) and bišča, razporejenih skorajda v ravni vrsti med seve-have no relevance for chronological questions. Howev- rozahodno, najstarejšo in osrednjo, nekoliko mlajšo er, it is interesting that they appear only in the graves skupino grobov (grobovi 7, 6 in 1)88. positioned in the upper part of the cemetery and are Edino pravo izjemo predstavljajo britve, ki so za- arranged almost in a straight line between the oldest stopane v kar 5% grobov ( sl. 8).89 Pripadajo dvema northwestern grave-group and the central group of tipoma britev, in sicer dvoreznim in enoreznim pol- graves, which is somewhat younger (graves 7, 6 and 1).88 mesečastim britvam. Dvorezna britev, ki je ohranje- Razors represent still another exception as they na le fragmentarno, je zastopana le v enem primeru, are attested in as much as 5% of the graves ( fig. 8).89 in sicer v grobu 30 ( Tab. 11: 17, 16? ). Zanjo smo že On the Gračič cemetery there is only one example of omenili, da predstavlja prežitek iz starejšega obdo- a double-edged razor type, which is preserved only bja kulture žarnih grobišč.90 Enorezne polmesečaste in fragments and was discovered in the grave 30 ( Pl. britve so bile pridane v več grobov, a vse pripadajo 11: 17, 16? ). Regarding the latter, we already stressed tipu Oblekovice, kar velja tako za majhno britev iz that it should be seen as a remnant from the older groba 12 ( Tab. 5: 2) kot tudi za večji britvi iz grobov period of the Urnfield Culture.90 On the other hand, 53 in 57 ( Tab. 18: 1; 19: 2). Ta tip britve je raz-the single-edged razors appear in several graves of the širjen na prostranem področju med zahodno Švico, cemetery and are semi-lunate in form. They can all severno Italijo in jugovzhodno alpskim-panonskim be classified as the Oblekovice type, so the small ra- prostorom ter od tod dalje proti severu: tako rekoč zor from the grave 12 ( Pl. 5: 2) as well as the two v krajih, ki ležijo vzdolž »jantarske ceste« od jugo-larger razors from the graves 53 and 57 ( Pls. 18: 1; vzhodnih Alp preko Moravskih vrat proti Baltiku. 19: 2). The semi-lunate razors of the Oblekovice type Gre za tip britev, značilen predvsem za stopnjo Ha had been distributed over a vast territory between the B1.91 Zdi se pomenljivo, da je prav ta tip britve za- western Switzerland, northern Italy and southeastern stopan na Gračiču s kar več primerki ( sl. 8), pa tudi Alpine-Pannonnian area and from here further to the na drugih žarnih grobiščih v Podravju kot v Rušah in north, appearing more or less in places along the “Am- Mariboru, tako v Mladinski ulici kot na Pobrežju,92 ber Road” from the southeastern Alps pass the Moravi- medtem ko polmesečaste britve mlajših tipov, značil- an Gate and towards the Baltic region. Razors of this nih za stopnje Ha B2–B3, ki jih je prav tako najti na type are for the most part characteristic of the Ha B1 istih nekropolah v Rušah in Mariboru – na Mladin- period.91 As already pointed out, such razors appear ski ulici in na Pobrežju,93 na Gračiču ni več! in several examples on the Gračič necropolis ( fig. 8), but also on other urnfield cemeteries in the Podravje region, as for example in Ruše or in Maribor, both at Mladinska ulica and at Pobrežje.92 However, signifi- cant is the fact that the younger types of semi-lunate razors, which are typical for the Ha B2–B3 periods and similarly appear in the same cemeteries of Ruše and Maribor – in Mladinska ulica and in Pobrežje93 – are not attested in the Gračič necropolis! 88 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 11. 88 See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 11. 89 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 3d; 4. 89 Also see here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 3d; 4. 90 Glej tu op. 15. 90 See above the note 15. 91 Jockenhövel 1971, 205–207, Taf. 29: 390–392; 30: 393– 91 Jockenhövel 1971, 205–207, Taf. 29: 390–392; 30: 393– 394; 48: B; Weber 1996, 234–240, Nr. 550, 558, Taf. 50: 394; 48: B; Weber 1996, 234–240, Nos. 550, 558, Taf. 550; 51: 558; 65; Colonna 2006, 61–62, Tav. 6. 50: 550; 51: 558; 65; Colonna 2006, 61–62, T. 6. 92 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 109: K2; 118: 35; Pahič 1972, 92 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 109: K 2; 118: 35; Pahič 1972, 63, Tab. 40: 4–5. 63, T. 40: 4–5. 93 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 113: D1; 118: 30–31; Pahič 93 Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 113: D 1; 118: 30–31; Pahič 1972, Tab. 40: 4; Jockenhövel 1971, Taf 30: 407–413; 49: 1972, T. 40: 4; Jockenhövel 1971, Taf. 30: 407–413; 49: A (tip Určice). A (type Určice). 323 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 323 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 SKLEPNA BESEDA CONCLUDING REMARKS Na enak kronološki razpon pokopavanja na Gra- The same chronological span of burials at the Gračič čiču, kot smo ga poskusili orisati na osnovi britev, necropolis, which we tried to delineate on the basis značilnega moškega toaletnega pribora, skozi čas Ha of razors, a typical male toilet accessory, as continu- A(2)–Ha B1, kažejo tudi ostali obravnavani bronasti ing throughout the Ha A(2)–Ha B1 period, can be grobni pridatki. Indikativno je, da so med iglami, inferred also from the rest of the bronze grave-goods. kot sestavnimi deli moške noše,94 zastopani posa- Indicative in this sense are pins as a component part mezni primerki, ki stojijo v tradiciji starejše kultu- of the male attire,94 which in single attested exam- re žarnih grobišč, čeprav prevladujejo igle lokalnih ples point towards the tradition of the older Urnfield variant stopnje Ha B1. Hkrati pa se zdi nenavadno, Culture, even though the local variants of pins char- da na Gračiču povsem manjkajo igle z jajčasto glavi- acteristic of the Ha B1 period predominate. At the co, okrašeno z valovnico, namreč tiste vodilnega tipa same time, it seems odd that at the Gračič cemetery igel stopnje Ha B1 oz. Ruše I, ki so tako pogosto the pins with egg-shaped head, decorated with wavy zastopane na Pobrežju in tudi na drugih podravskih lines, are completely absent. Such pins constitute najdiščih kot tudi v širšem panonskem prostoru.95 namely the leading type of the Ha B1 period or Ruše Predvsem je nesporno dejstvo, da na Gračiču doslej I phase and are frequently attested at the Pobrežje ni igel z majhnimi vazastimi, strešastimi in drugimi and other cemeteries of the Podravje region, as well majhnimi, različno profiliranimi glavicami, značil- as in the wider Pannonnian territory.95 Above all, it nih za stopnjo Ha B2/B3 na drugih grobiščih ruške is an incontestable fact that on the Gračič cemetery skupine, kot npr. v Rušah, Mariboru, Hajdini in Po- there are no pins with small vase- or roof-shaped brežju.96 Podobno velja tudi za fibule. Na Gračiču heads and examples with small, variously profiled očitno prevladujejo očalaste fibule tipov Maribor in heads, which are all characteristic of the Ha B2–B3 Wels, za katere smo pokazali, da je njihov pojav ve- period on other cemeteries of the Ruše group, as for zan na čas Ha A2/B1 oz. Ha B1 in da slednje ostane- example in Ruše, Maribor, Hajdina and Pobrežje.96 jo v modi do kraja obstoja nekropole. Med fibulami The same situation is encountered in the case of fib- pa se fibula z listastim lokom navezuje na starejšo ulae. On the Gračič cemetery the spectacle fibulae of tradicijo kulture žarnih grobišč.97 the type Maribor and Wels clearly predominate. As Hkrati moramo poudariti, da fibul mlajših ti- we have shown already, they are in use in the Ha A2/ pov, kot so harfaste/sedlaste fibule, značilne za Ha B1 or Ha B1 period, while the spectacle fibulae of B2 oz. Ruše II v Rušah in na Pobrežju ter ločne dvo- the Wels type remain in fashion up to the end of the zankaste fibule, značilne za stopnjo Ha B 3 v Rušah cemetery existence. The connection with the old- in na Hajdini,98 na Gračiču ni! Prav ta odsotnost za er tradition of the Urnfield culture is in the case of čas Ha B2/B3 značilnega repertoarja nakita in delov fibulae indicated by the example with a leaf-shaped noše, ki je zastopan na drugih najdiščih ruške sku- bow.97 pine v Pohorskem Podravju, nas navaja k tezi, da Once again it should be stressed that the young- grobovi na Gračiču sodijo izključno v časovni okvir er types of fibulae, such as harp or saddle-shaped fib- Ha A2/B1 do vključno stopnje Ha B1/B2 (v Rych- ulae, representative of Ha B2 period or Ruše II phase nerjevem smislu) in ne segajo več v mlajši čas kul- in the Ruše and Pobrežje cemeteries, are absent in ture žarnih grobišč odnosno v stopnjo Ha B2/B3.99 the Gračič necropolis! The same is true of the dou- 94 ble-loop bow fibulae, which characterise the Ha B3 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 3d; 4. 95 Glej npr. Müller-Karpe 1959, 124, Abb. 11; 204 ss, Abb. period in the cemeteries of Ruše and Hajdina!98 40: 12; T. 114: C2; 116: 1–2; 118: 12–13; Pahič 1972, 71, 94 T. 1: 14; 14: 8; 15: 10; 40: 13–14; Pare 1998, 343–344, See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 3d; 4. 95 Abb. 24: 7; glej tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje, T. 3: 6. See e.g. Müller-Karpe 1959, 124, Abb. 11; 204 ff, Abb. 96 Glej npr. Müller-Karpe 1959, 216 ss, Abb. 59; Taf. 108: 40: 12; T. 114: C2; 116: 1–2; 118: 12–13; Pahič 1972, 71, J3; 114: B1; 116: 5–7; 118: 1–2, 4–8; Pahič 1972, 71, T. 1: 14; 14: 8; 15: 10; 40: 13–14; Pare 1998, 343–344, Tab. 10: 9; 18: 5; 29: 3; 40: 11; Pare 1998, 343–345, Abb. Abb. 24: 7; see here Koprivnik, Pobrežje, Pl. 3: 6. . 96 15: 28. See e.g. Müller-Karpe 1959, 216 ff, Abb. 59; Taf. 108: J 3; 97 Kar bi veljalo tudi za fibulo iz groba 31, ne glede na to, 114: B1; 116: 5–7; 118: 1–2, 4–8; Pahič 1972, 71, T. 10: ali je pripadala tipu pozamenterijskih fibul ali tipu fibul z 9; 18: 5; 29: 3; 40: 11; Pare 1998, 343–345, Abb. 15: 28. 97 listastim lokom. The same is true of the fibula from the grave 31, disregard-98 Glej npr. Müller-Karpe 1959, 216 ss, Abb. 11; 59; Taf. ing the fact whether it goes for passementerie-type fibula 111: C1; 112: A7–8; 113: A1–2, C1, E1; 118: 18; Pahič or fibula with leaf-shaped bow. 98 1972, 63, Tab. 2: 11; 20: 1–2; 39: 12, 13; Pare 1998, 343– See e.g. Müller-Karpe 1959, 216 ff, Abb. 11, 59; Taf. 111: 347, Abb. 25: 33; 26: 38, 42, 47. C1; 112: A7–8; 113: A1–2, C1, E1; 118: 18; Pahič 1972, 99 Glede na to dejstvo, tudi ne odgovarjajo povsem definiciji 63, T. 2: 11; 20: 1–2; 39: 12, 13; Pare 1998, 343–347, stopnje Ruše II po Pareu (Pare 1998, 343–345, Abb. 25). Abb. 25: 33; 26: 38, 42, 47. 324 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 324 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 Takšna datacija Gračiča, ki je osnovana na primer-Precisely the absence of jewellery and parts of jalni kronološki analizi značilnih grobnih pridatkov, the attire, characteristic for the Ha B2–B3 period, se sklada s časovnim okvirjem, kot ga je nakazalo which is otherwise attested on the sites of the Ruše radiokarbonsko datiranje, čeprav na podlagi vzorcev group in the Pohorsko Podravje region, leads us to iz le štirih grobov ( sl. 1). To pomeni, da gre za nekro-surmise that the graves from Gračič cemetery date polo razmeroma kratkega trajanja, morda treh ali šti- into the time period of Ha A2/B1 and up to the Ha rih generacij. Razporeditev grobov na nekropoli,100 B1–B2 period (according to Rychner’s chronologi- predvsem tistih z značilnimi grobnimi pridatki ( sl. cal scheme), while they do not extend further into 7–9),101 kaže, da so obstajale večje in manjše gruče the youngest period of the Urnfield Culture or the grobov, verjetno pripadajoče posameznim družin- Ha B2/B3 period.99 Such chronological frame of the sko-rodovnim skupnostim. Med njimi gre poseb- cemetery at Gračič, based on the comparative chron- no mesto dvojnim grobovom, zlasti grobovoma 30 ological analysis of characteristic grave-goods, corre- in 12, morda pa tudi paru grobov 37 in 38, kajti sponds with the time-span, which has been demon- zanje predpostavljamo, da so bili najstarejši vsak v strated by the radiocarbon dating, even though the svoji skupini, torej začetniki svojih rodbinskih sku- latter has been conducted on samples from only pnosti, od katerih se je grobišče postopoma širilo po four graves ( fig. 1). Consequently, we can speak of pobočju navzdol, v smeri proti vzhodu in jugovzho-a necropolis with a relatively short duration, possi- du, kjer smemo domnevati najmlajše pokope. Kot bly lasting only three or four generations. Further- kažejo preliminarni rezultati najnovejših raziskav, ki more, the arrangement of the graves at necropolis,100 vključujejo tako geofizikalne meritve kot arheološka especially those with characteristic grave-goods ( figs. izkopavanja, se je grobišče širilo vsaj še v smeri proti 7–9),101 testifies to the existence of larger or smaller severovzhodu in vzhodu.102 grave-groups, which presumably belonged to sep- arate communities of extended families. A special position among them is held by the double graves, especially the graves 30 and 12, but possibly also the pair of graves 37 and 38. According to our deduc- tions they each represent the oldest graves in its own grave-group and thus the initiators of their extended family communities. From these graves the cemetery gradually spread on the slope downwards, in the di- rection towards east and southeast, where we must presume the youngest graves. As preliminary results of the most recent research, including geophysical measurements and archaeological excavation, are showing, is the necropolis expected to continue fur- ther in the north-eastern, eastern and south-eastern directions.102 99 In this regard, they also do not correspond completely with the definition of the Ruše II phase according to Pare (Pare 1998, 343–345, Abb. 25). 100 Glej npr. tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 6–11. 100 Cfr. here Koprivnik, Teržan, figs. 6–11. 101 Glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, sl. 4. 101 See here Koprivnik, Teržan, fig. 4. 102 Raziskave so potekale v letih 2019 in 2020 v okviru 102 Research was conduted in the years 2019 and 2020 in the projekta Prehistory Adventure (Interreg SI-HR), ki ga na framework of the Prehistory Adventure Project (Interreg Filozofski fakulteti UL, ki je partner projekta, vodi M. SI-HR), which is at the project partner Faculty of Arts Črešnar. (Univ. of Ljubljana) led by M. 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(ur./eds.) 2014 Das Urnenfeld von Maria-Rast. – Archiv für Antrhopologie 11, Absolutno datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Ab-231–440. solute Dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia. – Katalogi in monografije 40, Ljubljana. 328 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 328 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 ROGOZA PRI MARIBORU – ROGOZA NEAR MARIBOR – GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE TUMULI OF ŽELEZNE DOBE THE EARLY IRON AGE Matija Črešnar Matija Črešnar Arheološko najdišče Rogoza pri Mariboru leži na The archaeological site of Rogoza is located near Mar- severozahodnem delu Dravsko-Ptujskega polja, na ibor in the NW part of the plain of Dravsko-Ptujsko prodnati terasi, ki se le nekoliko dviga nad nižjo, polje, on a gravelly terrace of the River Drava that nekdaj verjetno močvirnato okolico. Odkrito je bilo rises only slightly above the once presumably marshy v sklopu gradnje slovenskega avtocestnega križa v le- lowland. The site was discovered in advance of the tih 1998 in 1999.1 construction of the motorway cross in Slovenia and Območje izkopavanj je obsegalo približno 600 × was investigated in 1998 and 1999.1 50 m, ob naselbinskih ostankih iz zgodnje in pozne The excavation covered a roughly 600 × 50 m bronaste dobe, ki so prevladovali na osrednjem delu large area. It revealed habitation remains from the najdišča, so bile predvsem v severnem delu odkrite Early and Late Bronze Ages that predominated in tudi ostaline iz starejše železne dobe. Med njimi so the central part of the site, as well as Early Iron Age štiri gomile z obodnimi jarki ( sl. 1), kot sočasne pa tumuli and a number of other features, i.e. pits and razumemo še nekatere jame in ognjišča.2 fireplaces, concentrated in the northern part ( fig. 1).2 OPIS GOMIL IN DRUGIH OSTALIN TER DESCRIPTION OF THE TUMULI AND NAJDB IZ STAREJŠE ŽELEZNE DOBE OTHER REMAINS AS WELL AS FINDS Štiri gomile z obodnimi jarki so bile v preteklosti FROM THE EARLY IRON AGE močno poškodovane z oranjem, tako da obstoj ene The four tumuli with ring ditches all sustained se- dokazujemo le s plitkim obodnim jarkom (gomila vere damage by ploughing, causing one of the tu- 4), druge tri (gomile 1–3) pa so imele razen obodne- muli to be identifiable only through the presence of ga jarka ohranjen centralni grob in/ali del kamnitega a shallow ring ditch (Tumulus 4). Of the other three plašča ( sl. 1). (Tumulus 1–3), excavations revealed a central grave Gomile so bile razporejene v nizu, usmerjenem v and/or parts of the gravel mound along the ring smeri SZ–JV. Gomila 1 je bila postavljena skrajnem ditch ( fig. 1). SZ delu, njen obodni jarek pa je bil prekinjen na JV The tumuli are arranged in a line running in a delu. Gomile 2–4 oz. njihovi obodni jarki so se med NW–SE direction. Tumulus 1 stood separately to the seboj stikali, pri čemer je bila gomila 2 najstarejša NW from the others and its penannular ditch was med njimi, kasneje pa sta bili postavljeni še gomila interrupted in the SE. Tumuli 2–4 or more precisely 3 in nato gomila 4, saj je njun jarek vsakokrat sekal their ring ditches were touching, which revealed that jarek starejše gomile ( sl. 1: A). Obodni jarek zadnje Tumulus 2 was earliest in date followed by Tumulus v vrsti, gomile 4, je bil, podobno kot pri gomili 1, 3 and later Tumulus 4, because each new ditch cut prekinjen na JV delu, čeprav pod nekoliko drugač- into the earlier one ( fig. 1). The ditch of the last, Tu-nim kotom. V osrednjem delu gomil 1 in 2 sta bili mulus 4, was penannular and interrupted in the SE grobni jami, v katerih so bili ostanki pokojnikov in similarly as the ditch of Tumulus 1, but in a slightly grobni pridatki ( Tab. 1). Na prostoru gomil 3 in 4 different spot. Tumuli 1 and 2 revealed a grave pit in so bili ohranjeni le še posamezni odlomki keramike the centre, which held the cremated remains of the ( Tab. 2: 1–3). deceased and the grave goods ( Pl. 1). The areas of Tumuli 3 and 4 only revealed the odd pottery shard ( Pl. 2: 1–3). Gomila 1 Tumulus 1 V vkopanem grobu gomile 1 je bila žara, posoda z The grave pit of Tumulus 1 held an urn with a high visokim stožčastim vratom ( Tab. 1: 1), v kateri so conical neck ( Pl. 1: 1) that contained burnt and 1 1 Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ista 2003a; ista 2003b; Črešnar Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ead. 2003a; ead. 2003b; Črešnar 2009; isti 2010; isti 2021 (v tisku). 2009; id. 2010; id. 2021 (in press). 2 2 Črešnar 2010; isti 2021 (v tisku); Teržan et al. 2015. Črešnar 2010; id. 2021 (in press); Teržan et al. 2015. 329 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 329 8. 03. 2021 12:54:43 Slika 1. Tloris izkopanih površin arheološkega najdišča Rogoza (levo), posnetek gomil iz zraka med izkopavanjem (A1) A1, A2 in njihovimi tlorisi (A2) ter tlorisi drugih radiokarbonsko datiranih arheoloških ostalin (B–E). Figure 1. Plan of B C the excavated parts of the Rogoza site (left) alongside an A1 aerial view of the E Early Iron Age tumuli during excavation (A1) and their detailed plan (A2) as well as plans of D other archaeological contexts, dated by 1 radiocarbon method (B–E). 2 3 4 A2 SE 585 SE 575 B C SE 1311 SE 218 D E 5m 5m 0 25 50 75 m bili ob žganini in sežganih kosteh tudi predilno vre- cremated remains, as well as a spindle whorl ( Pl. 1: tence ( Tab. 1: 3) in fragmenta poškodovane bronaste 3) and two fragments of a round-sectioned bronze ovratnice ( Tab. 1: 2). V obodnem jarku gomile je bil torque ( Pl. 1: 2). The ring ditch yielded a base frag-odkrit odlomek dna posode ( Tab. 1: 4). ment of a vessel ( Pl. 1: 4). 330 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 330 8. 03. 2021 12:54:51 Opisi najdb ( Tab. 1): Description of finds ( Pl. 1): 1. Posoda s stožčastim vratom, na rami okrašena s šti- 1. Vessel with a conical neck and decoration consisting rikratnim motivom bradavice, obdane s polkrožnimi of four knobs above semicircular hanging concentric visečimi koncentričnimi kanelurami. Pr. ustja: 33,2 grooves. Rim diam.: 33.2 cm, base diam.: 18.2 cm; cm, pr. dna: 18,2 cm; G1265. G1265. 2. Dva kosa od ognja močno poškodovane bronaste 2. Two frgs. of a heavily damaged bronze torque. Size: ovratnice. Vel.: 5,5 in 2,0 cm; G1267. 5.5 and 2.0 cm; G1267. 3. Predilno vretence. Pr.: 3,4 cm; G1266. 3. Spindle whorl. Diam.: 3.4 cm; G1266. 4. Odl. dna sklede. Pr. dna: 5,4 cm; SE 245 (jarek okoli 4. Base frg. of a dish. Base diam.: 5.4 cm; SU 245 (ditch SE 241); G1265. around SU 241); G1265. Gomila 2 Tumulus 2 V grobni jami gomile 2 je bil odkrit lonec ( Tab. 1: The central grave of Tumulus 2 revealed a jar ( Pl. 5), ob njem pa še dve skledi na nogi ( Tab. 1: 7–8), 1: 5), two pedestal dishes ( Pl. 1: 7–8), a fragmented fragmentirana bronasta igla ( Tab. 1: 6) in odlomka bronze pin ( Pl. 1: 6) and two rim fragments of ves-ustij posod ( Tab. 1: 9–10). sels ( Pl. 1: 9–10). Opisi najdb ( Tab. 1): Description of finds ( Pl. 1): 5. Koničen lonec z blago izvihanim ustjem. Pr. ustja: 5. Conical jar with a slightly everted rim. Rim diam.: 22,1 cm, pr. dna: 12,0 cm; G1262. 22.1 cm, base diam.: 12.0 cm; G1262. 6. Več kosov bronaste igle. Vel. ohranjenega dela: pribl. 6. Several frgs. of a bronze pin. Size of the surv. part: 7,0 cm; G1261. approx. 7.0 cm; G1261. 7.–8. Skledi na nogi z uvihanim ustjem, okrašeni z vzpo- 7.–8. Pedestal dishes with an inturned rim and decora- rednimi vodoravnimi kanelurami, pod katerimi so tion consisting of horizontal grooves, as well as grips pritrjeni držaji. Pr. ustja: 17,0 cm, pr. dna: 12,3 cm below the grooves. Rim diam.: 17.0 cm, base diam.: in pr. ustja: 17,0 cm, pr. dna: 11,9 cm; G1259, 1260. 12.3 cm and rim diam.: 17.0 cm, base diam.: 11.9 9.–10. Odl. zgornjih delov dveh posod s stožčastim cm; G1259, 1260. vratom in z močno izvihanimi ustji, katerih vrat je 9.–10. Rim frgs. of vessels with a strongly everted rim okrašen z vzporednimi vodoravnimi kanelurami. Pr. and a neck decorated with horizontal grooves. Rim ustja: 35,8 cm in 23,1 cm; G1263, 1264. diam.: 35.8 cm and 23.1 cm; G1263, 1264. 11. Odl. posode, okrašene z različno usmerjenimi vrezi. 11. Frg. of a vessel decorated with differently orientated Vel.: 2,5 × 2,4 cm; G1258. incised lines. Size: 2.5 × 2.4 cm; G1258. 12. Odl. vratu posode, okrašene z vzporednimi vodorav- 12. Neck frg. of a vessel decorated with horizontal nimi kanelurami. Vel.: 6,1 × 4,6 cm; G1257. grooves. Size: 6.1 × 4.6 cm; G1257. Gomila 3 Tumulus 3 Na območju gomile 3 sta bila odkrita skleda ( Tab. 2: The area of Tumulus 3 yielded a dish ( Pl. 2: 1) and a 1) in predilno vretence ( Tab. 2: 2). spindle whorl ( Pl. 2: 2). Opisa najdb ( Tab. 2): Description of finds ( Pl. 2): 1. Odl. trebušaste sklede s klekastim prehodom v blago 1. Frg. of an ellipsoid dish with a carinated shoul- usločen vrat z rahlo izvihanim ustjem. Pr. ustja: 14,7 der-neck junction, a slightly curved neck and a cm, viš.: 11,0 cm; G1277. slightly everted rim. Rim diam.: 14.7 cm, h.: 11.0 2. Odl. predilnega vretenca. Vel.: 2,2 cm; G1278. cm; G1277. 2. Frg. of a spindle whorl. Size: 2.2 cm; G1278. Gomila 4 Tumulus 4 Na območju gomile 4, ki je bila najbolj uničena, je The area of Tumulus 4, which suffered most dam- bil odkrit le ročaj posode ( Tab. 2: 3). age, only yielded an uncharacteristic handle of a ves- sel ( Pl. 2: 3). Opis najdbe ( Tab. 2): 3. Ročaj posode. Vel.: 2,6 x 1,9 cm; G1279. Description of find ( Pl. 2): 3. Handle of a vessel. Size: 2.6 × 1.9 cm; G1279. 331 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 331 8. 03. 2021 12:54:54 Primerjave posodam iz gomil je najti že v naj-Analogies to the vessels from the tumuli can be bližji okolici. Žara z visokim stožčastim vratom iz found already in the near surroundings. The urn gomile 1 ( Tab. 1: 1) ima glede na svojo obliko in with a high conical neck ( Pl. 1: 1) that contained okras, bradavic, ki so v spodnjem delu obdane s kon-burnt and cremated remains, with its decoration, centričnimi polkrožnimi kanelurami, dobre analogi- consisting of knobs above concentric semicircular je med keramiko, datirano v čas drugega horizonta grooves, has parallels among the pottery of the sec- naselbine na Pošteli.3 ond horizon of the Poštela settlement.3 Lonec z nizkimi rameni in navpičnim zaoblje- The jar with a low shoulder and a rounded ver- nim ustjem iz gomile 2 ( Tab. 1: 5) kaže prav tako tical rim from Tumulus 2 ( Pl. 1: 5) does have typo-sorodne značilnosti kot nekatere posode s Poštele, pa logical parallels among the pottery from Poštela and tudi med lončenimi situlami, ki so pogoste v panon- among the ceramic situlae common in the Early Iron sko-vzhodnoalpskih gomilah starejše železne dobe.4 Age contexts in Pannonia and the eastern Alpine are- Sklede na nogi, na zunanji strani okrašene z vodo- as.4 Pedestal dishes decorated with horizontal grooves ravnimi kanelurami, kot sta dve iz gomile 2 ( Tab. on the exterior from the same tumulus ( Pl. 1: 7–8), 1: 7–8), se sodeč po primerjavah s prvega ruškega have analogies at the Ruše I cemetery and the Mla-grobišča in mariborskega grobišča na Mladinski ulici dinska ulica cemetery in Maribor, dated to end of the pojavijo že proti koncu mlajše kulture žarnih gro- Urnfield Period. However, they also appear in graves bišč, prav tako pa so bile pridane v grobove z za- of the beginning of the Early Iron Age at Legen near četka starejše železne dobe, kot na primer na Legnu Slovenj Gradec and Benedikt in the hills of Slovenske pri Slovenj Gradcu ter v Benediktu v Slovenskih gorice. The latter probably formed a set, similarly as goricah. Pri slednjih gre najverjetneje, podobno kot the dishes from Rogoza; together with jars they are pri rogoških skledah, za komplet, skupaj z loncem similar to the sets known from the rest of the Panno- pa spominjajo na servise, kot jih poznamo na pre- nian-eastern Alpine areas.5 Also characteristic is the ostalem panonsko-vzhodnoalpskem območju.5 Prav decoration of horizontal grooves.6 Apart from pot- tako značilen je njihov okras vodoravnih kanelur.6 V tery, the grave from Tumulus 2 also yielded a frag- grobu gomile 2 je bila še fragmentirana bronasta igla mented bronze pin with a damaged head ( Pl. 1: 6), ( Tab. 1: 6), kakršne so poznane predvsem v pozni primarily known from Late Bronze Age contexts, but bronasti dobi, a jih sledimo tudi v najstarejših žele- also occuring in the earliest Early Iron Age graves, znodobnih grobovih, kot priča primer iz Gniebinga.7 one of which has been found at Gniebing.7 On the Odlomka ustij posod s kaneliranim stožčastim oz. other side, are the two rim fragments of grooved con- pokončnim usločenim vratom ( Tab. 1: 9–10) sta po ical or curved necks ( Pl. 1: 9–10) characteristic of the drugi strani elementa, značilna za horizont Poštela II Poštela II phase of the Early Iron Age in Štajerska.8 starejše železne dobe na Štajerskem.8 The dish with a carinated shoulder-neck junc- Trebušasta skleda s klekastim prehodom v bla- tion, a slightly curved neck and an everted rim was go usločen vrat z rahlo izvihanim ustjem iz gomile 3 found in Tumulus 3 ( Pl. 2: 1). Similar dishes are ( Tab. 2: 1) ima paralele na Hajndlu pri Ormožu in known from Hajndl near Ormož and from Ormož, v Ormožu, iz rifniške pete hiše, ki sodi v drugo fazo from House 5 at Rifnik attributed to the second naselbine, podobne sklede z navpičnimi vratovi pa phase of the settlement, while similar vessels with srečamo tudi na Pošteli, kjer ima večina že ostro pro- a vertical neck but a predominantly sharper outline filiran trup.9 Oblika je zastopana tudi med pridatki are known from Poštela.9 The form has also been 3 3 Teržan et al. 2015. Teržan et al. 2015. 4 4 Teržan 1990, T. 33: 9; Patek 1993, Abb. 36; Nebelsick Teržan 1990, 33: 9; Patek 1993, fig. 36; Nebelsick 1997, 1997, 69–77. 69–77. 5 5 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 109: E2; 120: 36, 44; 122: 25–26; Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 109: E2, 120: 36, 44; 122: 25–26; Teržan 1990, 90, T. 70: 3, 4; Strmčnik Gulič 1979, T. 14: Teržan 1990, 90, Pl. 70: 3, 4; Strmčnik Gulič 1979, Pl. 6, 8. 14: 6, 8. 6 6 Strmčnik Gulič 1979, T. 8: 13; Teržan 1990, T. 50: 24, Strmčnik Gulič 1979, Pl. 8: 13; Teržan 1990, 50: 24, La- Lamut 2001, 215, T. 13: 1; Gerbec 2015, G315, G376. mut 2001, 215, Pl. 13: 1; Gerbec 2015, G315, G376. 7 7 Ŕíhovský 1979, 124–130; Kramer 1996, 209, Abb. 1: 3; Ŕíhovský 1979, 124–130; Kramer 1996, 209, fig. 1: 3; Gleirscher 2006, 85–86. Gleirscher 2006, 85–86. 8 8 Teržan et al. 2015. Pri odlomkih kaneliranih vratov moraTeržan et al. 2015. We should be cautious when interpret-mo biti sicer nekoliko zadržani, saj med izkopavanji nista ing the neck fragments with horizontal grooves, as they bila označena kot del groba, a se kasneje v poročilu tako were not marked as part of the grave during excavation, obravnavata. but only in the subsequent reports. 9 9 Pirkmajer 1983, T. 8: 1; Teržan 1990, T. 14: 4; Mele 2014, Pirkmajer 1983, Pl. 8: 1; Teržan 1990, Pl. 14: 4; Mele 172–176, sl. 5. 2014, 172–176, fig. 5. 332 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 332 8. 03. 2021 12:54:59 iz legenskih gomil, kjer je bila skupaj s skledo, okra-identified among the vessels from the tumuli at Le- šeno z že omenjenim okrasom vodoravnih kanelur gen, where such a vessel occurred in association with pod ustjem.10 a dish with horizontal grooves below the rim.10 Druge sočasne ostaline in najdbe Other contemporary remains and finds Ob gomilah lahko v čas starejše železne dobe datira- Apart from the tumuli, at least three pits ( fig. 1: B, mo še vsaj tri jame ( sl. 1: B, C; SE 575, SE 585 in SE C; SU 575, SU 585 and SU 919) and two fireplac- 919) in dve ognjišči ( sl. 1: E; SE 218 in SE 1311). es ( fig. 1: E; SU 218 and SU 1311) are also tentaMed jamami so bile takšna okrogle oblike in sto- tively attributed to the Early Iron Age. There were pničastega profila s sledovi lesenih desk v osrednjem a circular pit with a step-resembling section, with delu ( sl. 1: C; SE 575), jama nepravilne ovalne oblike remains of wooden planks in its central part ( fig. 1: in stopničastega profila, ki jo je obdajalo osem manj-C; SU 575), a pit with an irregular oval shape and a ših jam za kole ( sl. 1: B; SE 585), in še jama nepravil-step-resembling section, surrounded by eight smaller ne ovalne oblike s stopničastim profilom (SE 919). post-holes ( fig. 1: B; SU 585) and another pit with V jamah je bilo več najdb, predvsem odlomkov an irregular oval shape and a step-resembling section keramičnih posod, a je zaradi svojih značilnosti do- (SU 919). bro opredeljivih le nekaj ( Tab. 2: 4–8). Podobno ve-The pits contained a number of artefacts, most- lja tudi za manjše ovalno ognjišče ( sl. 1: E; SE 218) ly ceramic fragments, of which only a few are char-in veliko ognjišče nepravilne zaobljene oblike z do- acteristic ( Pl. 2: 4–8). The small oval fireplace ( fig. datno poglobitvijo v sredini (SE 1311), saj sta bila 1: E; SU 218) and the big irregularly rounded fire-le v njem ob kopici precej prežgane keramike opre- place with a deeper area in its central part (SU 1311) deljiva dva odlomka polkroglaste sklede z uvihanim contained large amounts of burnt pottery and not ustjem ( Tab. 2: 5) in ovalnega lonca ( Tab. 2: 4). Ob characteristic fragments. The latter, however, also in-tem sta bili obe omenjeni ognjišči, skupaj z dvema cluded two identifiable shards, belonging to a hemi- jamama (SE 575 in SE 585) datirani z radiokarbon- spherical dish with an inturned rim ( Pl. 2: 5) and to sko metodo ( sl. 2–3).11 an ovaloid jar ( Pl. 2: 4). Both of these fireplaces were Preostale najdbe prihajajo iz premešanih plasti, alongisde two pits (SU 575 and SU 585) dated with za katere lahko do neke mere domnevamo, da pripa- radiocarbon mathod ( figs. 2–3).11 dajo z oranjem uničenima gomilama 3 in 4. Other diagnostic finds were excavated in mixed layers, which presumably and to a certain degree rep- Opisi najdb ( Tab. 2): resent the remains of the destroyed Tumuli 3 and 4. Ognjišče SE 1311 ( sl. 1: D) 4. Odl. zgornjega dela ovalnega lonca. Vel.: 11,1 × 6,2 Description of finds ( Pl. 2): cm; G885. Fireplace SU 1311 ( fig. 1: D) 5. Odl. uvihanega ustja sklede. Vel.: 3,2 × 3,0 cm; 4. Upper body frg. of an ovaloid jar. Size: 11.1 × 6.2 G884. cm; G885. Jama SE 575 ( sl. 1: C) 5. Inturned rim frg. of a dish. Size: 3.2 × 3.0 cm; G884. 6. Odl. posode, prehod iz ramena v vrat, poudarjen z Pit SU 575 ( fig. 1: C) vodoravnim žlebom. Vel.: 5,2 × 4,2 cm; G1158. 6. Frg. of a vessel with a horizontal groove at the shoul-7. Odl. posode, na ramenu okrašene s polkrožnimi vise- der-neck junction. Size: 5.2 × 4.2 cm; G1158. čimi koncentričnimi kanelurami. Vel.: 13,3 x 5,6 cm; 7. Frg. of a vessel with semicircular hanging concentric G1160 grooves on the shoulder. Size: 13.3 × 5.6 cm; G1160 Jama SE 919 Pit SU 919 8. Odl. posode, na ramenu okrašene z bradavico in 8. Frg. of a vessel with a knob on the shoulder and sem-okoli nje polkrožnimi visečimi koncentričnimi kane- icircular hanging concentric grooves below it. Size: lurami. Vel.: 4,0 × 2,9 cm; G735. 4.0 × 2.9 cm; G735. Druge plasti Other layers 9. Odl. sklede z izvihanim ustjem, ki je na ramenu 9. Frg. of a dish with an everted rim and a shoulder okrašena s trakom izmenjujočih se navpičnih in decorated with a band of alternating vertical and 10 10 Strmčnik Gulič 1979, T. 8: 14. Strmčnik Gulič 1979, Pl. 8: 14. 11 11 Črešnar 2010, 23, 33; isti 2014a, 243–248; isti 2021 (v ti- Črešnar 2010, 23, 33; id. 2014a, 243–248; id. 2021 (in sku), jama SE 575: G1158–G1169; jama SE 585: G1177, press), pit SU 575: G1158–G1169; pit SU 585: G1177, G1182–G1183. G1182–G1183. 333 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 333 8. 03. 2021 12:54:59 vodoravnih snopov kanelur. Vel.: 2,7 × 2,4 cm; SE horizontal stripes of grooves. Size: 2.7 × 2.4 cm; SU 002; G765. 002; G765. 10. Odl. posode, okrašene z navpičnim gladkim plastič- 10. Frg. of a vessel decorated with a plain vertical rib. nim rebrom. Vel.: 4,1 × 3,3 cm; SE 600; G1202. Size: 4.1 × 3.3 cm; SU 600; G1202. 11. Lok čolničaste fibule, okrašene s podolžnimi, prečni-11. Bow of a boat fibula decorated with transverse, longi-mi in poševnimi vrezi. Vel.: 3,5 × 1,3 cm; SE 003a; tudinal and oblique incisions. Size: 3.5 × 1.3 cm; SU G787 003a; G787. Med najdbami iz jam so bili odlomki, za katere Amongst the finds from the pits, we identified smo mnenja, da sodijo v starejšo želeno dobo delno several, which can be dated to the Early Iron Age. zaradi zelo fine fakture in temne površine, še mnogo This is partly due to their fine-grained structure and bolj značilen pa je okras koncentričnih polkrožnih dark surface, but even more because of the charac- kanelur ( Tab. 2: 7–8), ki je tudi na žari iz gomile 1.12 teristic ornamentation in the shape of semicircular Med najdbami iz premešanih plasti velja omeniti hanging concentric grooves ( Pl. 2: 7–8) present also globoko skledo z zaobljenim ostenjem, ki klekasto on the urn from Tumulus 1.12 Mention should be prehaja v usločen vrat, ta pa v kratko izvihano ustje iz made of the deep dish unearthed in the mixed sandy plasti SE 002 ( Tab. 2: 9). Dobre primerjave ima v ve-layer of SU 002, which has a rounded body, a cari- čjem številu podobnih posod iz Ormoža, kjer pred- nated neck-body junction, a curved neck and a short stavljajo novost horizonta II.13 Med okrašenimi od- everted rim ( Pl. 2: 9). It is closely comparable with a lomki posod najbolj izstopa tisti z navpičnim rebrom number of vessels from Ormož that represent a nov- na ramenu iz plasti SE 600 ( Tab. 2: 10). Primerjave elty in the Phase II of the settlement.13 The deco-ima v naselbini iz mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč na rated shards from Rogoza include one with a rib on Pobrežju, pa na Rifniku, kjer sodi v drugo stopnjo the shoulder ( Pl. 2: 10), which was found in layer naselbine, sočasno s Poštelo I, in v grobu 3 na gro-of SU 600. This type of pottery has early parallels bišču Habakuk/Lepa ravna, kjer sta ob tako okraše- in the settlement of the Urnfield Period at Pobrež- nem loncu tudi dve z vrezi ornamentirani sklenjeni je, among the finds of the Phase 2 of the settlement masivni bronasti zapestnici. Kot kažejo najdbe iz na- at Rifnik, which is contemporary with the Poštela I selbin na Pošteli in v Ormožu, je okras pogost pred- phase, as well as from Grave 3 at the Habakuk/Lepa vsem v obdobju Ha C, kar potrjujejo tudi grobovi iz ravna cemetery, where the jar with such decoration kleinkleinskih nekropol.14 Morda še nekoliko mlajši came to light together with two annular solid bronze kos prihaja iz naselbine pri Hotinji vasi, datirane v bracelets with incised decoration. The finds from the čas Ha C/Ha D1.15 Kronološko pomembna je tudi settlements at Poštela and Ormož show that the dec- čolničasta fibula, okrašena z vrezanim okrasom ( Tab. oration was particularly widespread in Ha C, which 2: 11), iz plasti SE 003a. Fibula ima najboljši pri-is confirmed by the goods from the cemeteries at merjavi v Placarovcih pri Gorišnici in na Rifniku, Kleinklein.14 Possibly even later is a shard from the pri čemer je prva ohranjena v celoti, slednja pa je settlement at Hotinja vas, dated to Ha C/Ha D1.15 kot rogoška fragmentirana. V obeh primerih gre za Also chronologically diagnostic is a boat fibula with najdbi brez ožjih najdiščnih podatkov, a je najdba z incised decoration ( Pl. 2: 11), which was found in Rifnika vključena v širšo sliko rifniškega kompleksa the layer of SU 003a. Its two closest parallels come in je časovno uvrščena v njegov III. horizont, ki ga from Placarovci near Gorišnica and from Rifnik, the povezujemo s fazami Poštela II in delno III.16 first of which is completely preserved and the sec- ond fragmented. Both finds come without precise context data, though the item from Rifnik has been attributed to Phase III, which corresponds with the Poštela II and partly Poštela III phases.16 12 12 Teržan et al. 2015. Teržan et al. 2015. 13 13 Lamut 2001, 215, T. 2: 7; 5: 9–10. Lamut 2001, 215, Pls. 2: 7; 5: 9–10. 14 14 Dobiat 1980, T. 30: 2; 40: 2; Pirkmajer 1983, T. 7: 15; Dobiat 1980, Pls. 30: 2, 40: 2; Pirkmajer 1983, Pl. 7: 15; Teržan 1990, 53, T. 14: 18; 15: 18; 41: 7; 55: 3; glej tu Teržan 1990, 53, Pls. 14: 18, 15: 18; 41: 7, 55: 3; see here Kramberger, Črešnar, T. 8: 4. Kramberger, Črešnar, T. 8: 4. 15 15 Gerbec 2015, G37; glej tu Gerbec. Gerbec 2015, G37; see here Gerbec. 16 16 Teržan 1990, 101–105, sl. 24: 5; T. 79: 15; Jerin 2001, Teržan 1990, 101–105, fig. 24: 5, Pl. 79: 15; Jerin 2001, 59–60. 59–60. 334 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 334 8. 03. 2021 12:54:59 OPREDELITEV NAJDIŠČA INTERPRETATION OF THE SITE Stratigrafsko sosledje med gomilami je v veliki meri The stratigraphic sequence of the tumuli is largely jasno, težje je njihovo kronološko ločevanje na pod- clear, while the division based on small finds is more lagi najdb. Najstarejši vtis dajeta gomili 1 in 2, saj of a challenge. Tumuli 1 and 2 appear to be earliest, as obe poleg keramike, ki jo je delno že moč datirati v they yielded pottery and other finds that may in part horizont Poštela II, vsebujeta elemente, ki izhajajo be attributed to the Poštela II phase, but also certain iz tradicije žarnogrobiščnega obdobja. V gomili 1 je elements of the Urnfield culture tradition. The earli- takšen element bronasta ovratnica, a je žara že okra- er element in Tumulus 1 is the bronze torque, which šena v maniri, ki se pojavi šele v Ha C. V gomili was found alongside the urn decorated in a manner 2 dajejo starinski vtis tako igla kot skledi na nogi, that only appears in Ha C. In Tumulus 2, the ear- mlajši element pa predstavljajo odlomki posod z vi- lier element is the pin and the two pedestal dishes, sokim stožčastim vratom, okrašenim z vodoravnimi while the high jars with horizontally grooved necks kanelurami. Da sta gomili 3 in 4 mlajši, kaže njuna are presumably later. The stratigraphically clearly lat- stratigrafska lega, kronološko mesto pa nakazuje tre- er Tumuli 3 and 4 are confirmed as chronologically bušasta skleda z navpičnim blago usločenim vratom, later by the ellipsoid dish with a slightly curved ver- najdena na mestu gomile 3, ki je prav tako novost tical neck recovered in the area of Tumulus 3, which obdobja Ha C. Gomila 4 je po stratigrafskih odnosih represents a novelty in Ha C. The stratigraphically še kasnejša, a časovno nikakor ne odstopa občutno, even later Tumulus 4 does not appear to be signifi- saj nobena izmed starejšeželeznodobnih najdb, raz- cantly later in terms of the small finds, as none of the tresenih po različnih plasteh najdišča, za katere lahko Early Iron Age artefacts scattered across the different do neke mere predvidevamo, da pripadajo uničenim layers of the tumuli area (to a certain degree presum- gomilam, ne izstopa iz repertoarja oblik stopenj Šta- ably belonging to the destroyed tumuli) stands apart jerska II. from the array of forms defining the Štajerska II. Kosi sežganih kosti in oglja iz gomil 1 (SE 236) The cremated bone remains and the charcoal from in 2 (SE 241) ter oglja iz dveh jam (SE 575, SE 585) Tumuli 1 and 2, as well as the fireplaces (SU 218 and in ognjišč (SE 218, SE 1311) so bili radiokarbonsko SU 1311) were sampled and subjected to radiocarbon datirani ( sl. 2).17 Rezultati niso povsem enoznačni, a analysis ( fig. 2).17 The results are to a level varied; nev-kljub temu pomembno dopolnjujejo sliko najdišča ertheless they importantly supplement the knowledge Rogoza v starejši železni dobi. Analize kosti in oglja about Rogoza site in the Early Iron Age. The dating of iz gomil so bile narejene v več laboratorijih, a sta po bones and charcoal was executed in multiple labora- prvih analizah dve razmeroma jasno odstopali.18 Po- tories, as the initial analysis yielded two distinct outli-dobne datacije kot za gomile so analize pokazale tudi ers.18 Similar results as for both tumuli were acquired za eno od jam (SE 575) in obeh ognjišč. Ob upošte- also for one pit (SU 575) and for two fireplaces. Tak- vanju vseh omenjenih datacij, za katere predvideva- ing in consideration all the mentioned results, which mo, da predstavljajo eno fazo rabe prostora ( sl. 3), we understand as belonging to one phase ( fig. 3), as in drugih ugotovitev o absolutni kronologiji širšega well as other findings about the absolute chronology območja,19 lahko grobove v gomilah 1 in 2 z veliko of the broader region19, can the graves from the tumu- verjetnostjo datiramo v prvo polovico ali sredino li 1 and 2 be dated to the first half or the middle of 8. stoletja pr. n. št. V ta čas ali nekoliko kasneje so the 8th century BC. Contemporary, or slightly later are 17 Some of the dates, obtained in Kiel (GER) and Oxford 17 Nekatere izmed datacij, narejenih v Kielu (GER) in Ox- (UK), were already published (Črešnar 2014), supple- fordu (UK), so že bile objavljene (Črešnar 2014), doda- mentary were performed in Debrecen (HUN) in the year tne analize pa so bile narejene v letu 2020 v Debrecenu 2020: Tumulus 1 (SU 236), cremated bone (DeA-24328, (HUN): gomila 1 (SE 236), žgane kosti (DeA-24328, 2512 ± 50 BP), Tumulus 2 (SU 241), cremated bone 2512 ± 50 BP), gomila 2 (SE 241), žgane kosti (DeA- (DeA-24329, 2450 ± 48 BP) and charcoal (DeA-24364, 24329, 2450 ± 48 BP) in oglje (DeA-24364, 2431 ± 24 2431 ± 24 BP), pit SU 575 (DeA-24361, 2611 ± 23 BP), BP), jama SE 575 (DeA-24361, 2611 ± 23 BP), jama pit SU 585 (DeA-24363, 2370 ± 22 BP) and fireplace SU SE 585 (DeA-24363, 2370 ± 22 BP) in ognjišče SE 218 218 (DeA-24362, 2546 ± 24 BP). 18 (DeA-24362, 2546 ± 24 BP). One of the results (KIA37311) shows to a destruction of 18 Ena od datacij (KIA37311) kaže celo na poškodbo gomile the Tumulus 2 (SU 241) in the period of the Roman occu- 2 (SE 241) v času rimske poselitve tega območja (Črešnar pation (Črešnar 2021, KIA37311). When modelling the 2021, KIA37311). Pri modeliranju starejšeželeznodobne Early Iron Age phase ( fig. 3), we have intentionally left out faze ( sl. 3) smo namenoma izpustili eno od datacij žgane the result of the dating of the cremated bone from Tumu- človeške kosti iz gomile 1 (SE 236, OxA-21484, 2785 ± lus 1 (SU 236, OxA-21484, 2785 ± 39 BP), as it is much 39 BP), saj je občutno prestara in tako negativno vpliva na too old and has a negative influence on the results of the vrednost modelirane starosti. modelling. 19 19 Črešnar 2014; Teržan, Črešnar 2014. Črešnar 2014; Teržan, Črešnar 2014. 335 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 335 8. 03. 2021 12:54:59 Slika 2. Radiokarbonke datacije gomil 1 (SE 236) in 2 (SE 241) ter jam (SE 575, SE 585) in ognjišč (SE 218, SE 1311) z najdišča Rogoza pri Mariboru. Figure 2. Radiocarbon dates of Tumuli 1 (SU 236) and 2 (SU 241) as well as pits (SU 575, SU 585) and fireplaces (SU 218, SU 1311) form the sites Rogoza near Maribor. Slika 3. Modelirane radiokarbonske datacije izbranih ostalin z najdišča Rogoza pri Mariboru, ki sodijo v starejšo železno dobo (glej tudi sl. 2). Figure 3. Modelled radiocarbon values of select Early Iron Age dates of remains form the Rogoza near Maribor (see also fig. 2). radiokarbonsko datirane tudi jame in ognjišči, ki so also the pits and fireplaces, which are most probably najverjetneje ostanki dejavnosti, povezanih s poko- remains of activity bound to the burial rituals, taking pavanjem oz. obredji, ki so potekala v bližini gomil20. place in the surrounding of the tumuli20. We should Omeniti velja tudi lego jame SE 575 in ognjišča SE mention also the position of the pit SU 575 anf the 218, tik ob prodnati poti, ki južno od gomil pote- fireplace SU 281 near the gravel path, which runs ka v smeri JZ–SV ( sl. 1). Ob njej so sicer predvsem across the site in SW–NE direction ( fig. 1). Although ostanki konstrukcij iz pozne bronaste dobe, a ne gre it is flanked mostly by remains of constructions from izključiti njene kasnejše uporabe. the Late Bronze Age, we can consequently not exclude Po radiokarbonski dataciji oglja iz tega okvira its later use. odstopa jama, obdana z jamami za kole ( sl. 1: B; SE Following the results of the radiocarbon dating, 585), ki jo pripisujemo objektu 33. Njegova datacija it is also the pit, surrounded by post-holes ( fig. 1: B; 20 20 Jama SE 1311, ki je najbolj oddaljena od gomil, leži več Pit SU 1311, which is the furthest away from the tumuli, kot 200 m južneje. is located approx. 200 m to the south. 336 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 336 8. 03. 2021 12:55:00 z veliko verjetnostjo21 kaže na mlajšehalštatsko ob-SU 585), which belongs to the building 33, rec- dobje ( sl. 2), a te starosti ni moč pripisati nobenemu ognized at the site, which is an outlier. It is dated arheološkemu gradivu. with high probability21 to the Late Hallstatt period ( fig. 2), however, no archaeological finds from this Kljub slabi ohranjenosti kostnega gradiva22 lahko na period were obtained. podlagi pridatkov v najmanj treh primerih sklepamo na spol pokopanih oseb. Gomila 2 je najverjetneje The results of the anthropological analysis for Rogoza pripadala moškemu, saj je v njej odkrita bronasta are inconclusive22, but we may nevertheless venture igla, ki je – enako kot predilni vretenci za »ženske« the opinion as to the sex of the deceased based on the gomile 1 in 3 – indikativni element za moški spol. gender-indicative grave goods: the bronze dress pin V gomili 1 sta bila tudi odlomka bronaste ovratni- from Tumulus 2 points to the burial of a man, while ce, ki podpira domnevo, da gre za ženski grob. Eni the spindle whorls from Tumuli 1 and 3 indicate the izmed uničenih gomil je najverjetneje moč pripisati burial of women. Tumulus 1 also yielded two frag- tudi delno ohranjeno čolničasto fibulo, čeprav je bila ments of a bronze torque that only underscores our odkrita v premešanih plasteh razmeroma daleč stran. assumption. The damaged boat fibula can probably Pomen rogoških gomil pa je tudi širši, saj skupaj also be ascribed to one of the damaged tumuli, either z nekaterimi drugimi v zadnjih desetletjih odkritimi to Tumulus 3, in which case it would confirm that gomilami na najdiščih, kot so Srednjica pri Ptuju, the deceased was a woman, or to Tumulus 4, which Kotare Krogi in Nova Tabla pri Murski Soboti ter could then also be seen as the burial of a woman. verjetno tudi Pri Muri pri Lendavi, oblikuje sliko The tumuli at Rogoza also have wider implica- nižinske poselitve na območju vzhodne Slovenije v tions. Together with several other recently discovered starejši železni dobi, ki jo dopolnjujejo tudi nasel- sites, such as Srednjica near Ptuj, Kotare Krogi and bine, kot je bližnja pri Hotinji vasi.23 Najdišča se Nova Tabla near Murska Sobota as well as probably sicer razlikujejo po številu in raznolikosti grobnih Pri Muri near Lendava, but also the nearby settle- oblik, a rogoške gomile kljub delni uničenosti pri- ment at Hotinja vas, it illuminates the occupation našajo pomembne podatke o njihovi zgradbi. Večina of the lowlands of eastern Slovenia in the Early Iron omenjenih gomil/grobov zaradi uničenosti ne po- Age.23 The sites do differ in the number and variety nuja mnogo podatkov o prvotnem videzu. Po delno of funerary structures. In spite of its highly damaged ohranjenih prodnatih plaščih gomil 2 in 3 iz Rogoze state, the tumuli at Rogoza bring important new in- pa lahko sklepamo, da gre tako pri krožnih jarkih z formation for interpreting these structures. The sur- vkopanim grobom kot pri tistih brez vkopane grob- viving ones are severely damaged and offer little in- ne jame za gomile. Tako kot se po notranji strukturi formation on their original appearance. The partially razlikujejo na primer gomile na grobiščih pri Pivo- preserved gravel mounds of Tumuli 2 and 3 from li in na Habakuku, ki sodijo v poštelski poselitveni Rogoza show that both the circular structures with a kompleks,24 lahko podobno raznolikost domnevamo grave pit and those without it may be interpreted as tudi pri omenjenih nižinskih nekropolah. tumuli. The tumuli of the Pivola and Habakuk cem- eteries, which form part of the Poštela complex,24 also show differently structured tumuli within indi- vidual cemeteries and a comparable diversity could be expected in the lowland cemeteries. 21 Omeniti velja, da pri datacijskem razponu z 99,7% verje- tnostjo (3-sigma) kalibracija vključuje tudi dve območji, 21 It has to be mentioned that in the dating range with 99.7 ki sovpadata s preostalimi datacijami, namreč 718–709 cal % probability (3-sigma), the kalibrated values include two BC (0,2 %) in 660–653 cal BC (0,2%). areas, which coincide with the other results, namely 718– 22 Glej tu Thomas, Sežgani človeški ostanki. 709 cal BC (0,2 %) in 660–653 cal BC (0,2%). 23 Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001; Tiefengraber 2001; Guštin 22 See here Thomas, Cremated human remains. 2003; Lubšina Tušek 2008; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; 23 Guštin, Tiefengraber 2001; Tiefengraber 2001; Guštin Kerman 2011; Šavel, Sankovič 2011; Gerbec 2014; Gu- 2003; Lubšina Tušek 2008; Kerman 2011; Šavel, Sankovič štin et al. 2017; glej tu Gerbec. 2011; Gerbec 2014; see here Gerbec. 24 Teržan 1990, 56–57, 316–338, sl. 12. 24 Teržan 1990, 56–57, 316–338, fig. 12. 337 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 337 8. 03. 2021 12:55:00 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Črešnar M. 2009 Kerman B. 2011 Rogoza pri Mariboru in njeno mesto v bronasti in starejši železni Kotare-Krogi pri Murski Soboti. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slo-dobi Podravja. – Doktorska disertacija / Ph. 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Prešeren (ur./ed.), Zemlja pod Early Iron Age barrows in the eyes of complementary archaeo-vašimi nogami, Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije, Vodnik po logical research. Case study of Poštela near Maribor (Podravje, najdiščih, Ljubljana, 233–234. Slovenia). – V/In: C. Gutjahr, G. Tiefengraber (ur./eds.), Beiträge zur Hallstattzeit am Rande der Südostalpen. Akten des 2. In- Šavel I., Sankovič S. 2011 ternationalen Symposiums am 10. und 11. Juni 2010 in Wildon Pri Muri pri Lendavi. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 23, (Steiermark/Österreich), Internationale Archäologie – Arbeitsge-Ljubljana. meinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress 19 (=Hengist-Studien 3), Rahden/Westf., 61–82. Teržan B. 1990 Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron Tiefengraber G. 2001 Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. Vorberichte über die Ausgrabungen 1999 und 2000 in Mur- ska Sobota/Nova table. – V/In: A. Lippert (ur./ed.), Die Drau-, Teržan B. 1999 Mur- und Raab-Region im 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend: Akten An Outline of the Urnfield Culture Period in Slovenia / Oris des internationalen und interdisziplinären Symposiums vom 26. obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč na Slovenskem. – Arheološki bis 29. April 2000 in Bad Radkersburg, Universitätsforschungen vest nik 50, 97–143. zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 78, Bonn, 77–101. 339 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 339 8. 03. 2021 12:55:00 Tabla 1. Rogoza. Gom. / Tum. 1 Najdbe iz gomil 1 (1–4) in 2 (5–12). M = 1 : 4 (1, 5, 7–10), 1 : 2 (2–4, 6, 11–12); 2, 6 – bron, ostalo keramika. Plate 1. Rogoza. Finds from Tumuli 1 (1–4) and 2 (5–12). Scale = 1:4 (1, 5, 7–10), 1:2 (2–4, 6, 11–12); 2, 2 6 – bronze, other ceramics. 3 1 4 Gom. / Tum. 2 7 6 5 8 11 9 10 12 340 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 340 8. 03. 2021 12:55:01 Gom. / Tum. 3 Gom. / Tum. 4 Tabla 2. Rogoza. Najdbe iz gomil 3 (1–2) in 4 (3) in izbor najdb iz ognjišča SE 1311 (4–5), jam SE 575 (6–7) in SE 919 (8) ter kulturnih plasti 2 3 SE 002 (9), SE 600 1 (10) in SE 003a (11). M = 1 : 4 (1), 1 : 2 (2–11); 11 – bron, ostalo keramika. Plate 2. Rogoza. Finds from Tumuli 3 (1–2) and 4 (3) as well as a select of finds from the fireplace SU 1311 5 (4–5) and pits SU 575 (6–7) and SU 919 (8) and the 4 cultural layers SU 002 (9), SU 600 (10) and SU 003a (11). Scale = 1:4 (1), 1:2 (2–11); 11 – bronze, other ceramics. 6 7 8 10 11 9 341 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 341 8. 03. 2021 12:55:01 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 342 8. 03. 2021 12:55:01 GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE EARLY IRON AGE ŽELEZNE DOBE POD POŠTELO TUMULI OF POŠTELA I. UVOD I. INTRODUCTION Biba Teržan Biba Teržan Pod Poštelo, z mogočnimi zemljenimi nasipi utrjeno The Early Iron Age hillfort of Poštela, fortified with naselbino iz starejše železne dobe, ki leži na iztekajo- mighty earthen ramparts, is located on the eastern- čem se najbolj vzhodnem grebenu Pohorja, se razteza most ridge of the Pohorje Hills. Below it, there are več pripadajočih grobišč ( sl. 1). Najbližje leži tik pod several associated cemeteries ( fig. 1). The cemetery naselbino, na naslednji nižji terasi pohorskega grebe-closest to the settlement, on the terrace just below na, znano pod ledinskim imenom Lepa ravna ali pri it, is located at a site known as ‘Lepa ravna’ or ‘at Habakuku, kjer se razprostira tako obsežno gomilno Habakuk’. It comprises a vast tumulus cemetery and kot tudi plano grobišče. Tu je Stanko Pahič leta 1972 a flat cemetery. The first few flat cremation burials zaradi gradnje ceste odkril prve plane žgane grobove, have been excavated in 1972 by Stanko Pahič in ad- za katere se je izkazalo, da so del obsežnega plane- vance of the construction of a road. In 1981, tri- ga grobišča. Leta 1981 je bilo namreč s sondažni- al trenching on the terrace above the road revealed mi izkopavanji na terasi nad cesto odkritih še nekaj further burials,1 while modern investigations using grobov,1 moderne raziskave z geofizikalnimi meto- geophysical measurements ground-truthed by test dami ter preverjanje izsledkov le-teh meritev z arhe- trenches have revealed a flat cemetery with several ološkimi izkopi površin manjšega obsega pa so raz- tens of graves extending across the edge of the ter- krile, da se na jugovzhodnem robu terase in pobočju race and the slope.2 To the east of this flat cemetery, razprostira plano grobišče z več desetinami grobov.2 on the terrace and on two narrow ridges, separat- Vzhodno od njega, na terasi in z globokim usekom ed by a deep cut, are numerous tumuli of different ločenih dveh vzhodnih grebenih, pa se v dveh izrazi- sizes forming two separate groups. They have been tih gručah vrstijo številne večje in manjše gomile, ki known at least since the mid-19th century and have so znane že vsaj od sredine 19. stol dalje in so bile v already been partially dug up and looted in the past.3 preteklosti deloma že prekopane in izropane.3 Tudi Systematic geophysical survey has been conduct- na tem gomilnem grobišču smo izvedli sistematične ed here as well and one of the tumuli has been trial geofizikalne meritve in eno izmed gomil revizijsko trenched.4 tudi sondirali.4 Individual tumuli are also located on the Posamezne gomile so se nahajale tudi na jugo- south-eastern slope of Pohorje that descends towards vzhodnem pobočju, ki se od Poštele spušča proti Razvanje.5 One of these, named the ‘large tumulus’, Razvanju.5 Na eni izmed njih, ki smo jo poimenovali came under serious threat and was therefore the fo- Velika gomila, so se zaradi njene očitne ogroženo- cus of the rescue archaeological excavations in 1991. sti leta 1991 vršila zaščitna arheološka izkopavanja. These unearthed a monumental stone-built burial Le-ta so razkrila monumentalno zidano grobnico, ki chamber that had already been damaged and looted pa je bila prav tako žal že deloma poškodovana in in the past.6 tudi izropana neznano kdaj v preteklosti.6 The vast tumulus cemetery extending along the Prostrano gomilno grobišče se je širilo pod foot of the Pohorje Hills from Razvanje to Pivola vznožjem Pohorja od Razvanja proti Pivoli in Spo- and Spodnje Hoče has now all but disappeared. The dnjim Hočam, vendar je danes že skoraj povsem iz- tumuli were probably arranged in groups, as suggest- ginilo. Verjetno so bile tudi tu gomile razporejene v ed by the barely discernible outlines of low mounds gručah, kar nakazujejo le še komaj razpoznavni obri- east of the road from Razvanje to Pivola, as well as si nizkih vzpetinic vzhodno od ceste Razvanje–Pivo- by the well preserved group of tumuli at present in la ter dobro ohranjena skupina gomil na območju the area of the Botanical gardens of the University of 1 1 Pahič 1974; Teržan 1990, 306 ss, sl. 43–49; T. 53–59. Pahič 1974; Teržan 1990, 306 ff, figs. 43–49; T. 53–59. 2 2 Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 443–445, sl. 3; 5. Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 443–445, figs. 3; 5. 3 3 Teržan 1990, 306 ss, sl. 41–42, 55–73; T. 60–62. Teržan 1990, 306 ff, figs. 41–42, 55–73; T. 60–62. 4 4 Glej Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 445–446, sl. 6. Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 445–446, fig. 6. 5 5 Teržan 1990, 256 ss, sl. 2. Teržan 1990, 256 ff, fig. 2. 6 6 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. See here Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. 343 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 343 8. 03. 2021 12:55:01 Slika 1. Višinska utrjena naselbina Poštela s pripadajočimi grobišči. S puščicami so označene gomile, predstavljene v sledečih poglavjih (prirejeno po Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, sl. 2). Figure 1. Poštela hilltop fortified settlement with associated cemeteries. Arrows are pointing on the tumuli, presented in the following chapters (arranged after Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, fig. 2). današnjega Botaničnega vrta Univerze v Mariboru in Maribor and two large tumuli to the northwest of it, severozahodno od njega ležeči veliki gomili v smeri in the direction towards Pohorski dvor or Hompoš proti Pohorskemu dvoru ( sl. 1). Tudi o teh gomilah Castle ( fig. 1). These tumuli were already first men-obstajajo notice že iz sredine 19. stol. Kar nekaj jih tioned in the mid-19th century. A number of them je bilo že raziskanih oz. izropanih, večina arheoloških have been investigated or robbed, but the current najdb pa je neznano kje.7 Ker se njihova ogroženost location of most of the recovered finds is unknown.7 v zadnjih desetletjih še povečuje, predvsem zaradi in- The tumuli have come under increasing threat in tenzivnega obdelovanja poljedelskih površin in tudi recent decades, mainly through the intensive land 7 7 Glej tudi Teržan 1990, 326 ss, sl. 74–85; T. 53–66. Also see Teržan 1990, 326 ff, figs. 74–85; T. 53–66. 344 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 344 8. 03. 2021 12:55:04 drugih nenadzorovanih posegov v naravo, sta bili leta cultivation and uncontrolled interventions, which 1989 in nato še leta 2006 z zaščitnimi arheološkimi led to rescue excavations first in 1989 and again in izkopavanji raziskani dve gomili, in sicer gomila 14 2006. Two tumuli, 14 and 13, were investigated,8 in gomila 13,8 na območju Botaničnega vrta pa so while geophysical survey and small trial trenching bila poleg geofizikalnih meritev opravljena manjša was conducted in the area of the botanical gardens.9 sondažna izkopavanja.9 The association of more distant tumuli, such as Da poštelski naselbini pripadajo tudi nekoli- those at Rogoza,10 and of the finds that came to light ko bolj oddaljene gomile, kot so tiste, odkrite pri during the construction of the E.Leclerc store near Rogozi,10 in najdbe, ki so prišle na dan pri gradnji Bohova11 with the settlement at Poštela is likely, but trgovske hiše E.Leclerc pri Bohovi11, je sicer verjetno, not certain, as the tumuli may also have belonged a ne povsem gotovo, saj bi lahko predstavljale ostan- to farmsteads or hamlets in the lowland. The recent ke grobišč nižinskih kmetij ali zaselkov. Kot kaže na discovery of an Iron Age hamlet at Hotinja vas12 has novo odkrit zaselek iz starejše železne dobe pri Ho- shown that we should consider the possibility of sev- tinji vasi12, ni izključeno, da moramo računati z več eral similar lowland settlements existing in the sur- podobnimi naselji v nižinskem svetu v bližnji in dalj- roundings of Poštela as well and that the more dis- ni okolici Poštele in da lahko tudi njim pripišemo od tant tumuli or tumulus cemeteries may be ascribed Poštele bolj oddaljene gomile ali gomilna grobišča. to these. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Črešnar M., Vinazza M. 2019 Kavur B. 2008 Nove raziskave višinskih naselij na vzhodnih obronkih Pohor-Izgubljeni grob / Lost grave. – Annales 18/2, 397–406. ja in v severnih Slovenskih goricah / New research of hilltop settlements on the eastern fringes of Pohorje and the north-Pahič S. 1974 ern Slovenske gorice (NE Slovenia). – Arheološki vestnik 70, Poštelsko grobišče. – Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje n.v. 437–472. 10, 4–72. Gerbec T. 2019 Teržan B. 1990 Hotinja vas in nižinska poselitev na zahodnem obrobju Panon-Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron ske nižine v starejši železni dobi. Ureditev naselja in njegovo Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. časovno mesto / Hotinja vas and lowland settlement on the western edges of the Pannonian plain in the Early Iron Age. The organization of the settlement and its chronological position. – Arheološki vestnik 70, 473–486. 8 8 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan; Teržan, Črešnar, Kram- See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan; Teržan, Črešnar, Kram- berger. berger. 9 9 Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448, sl. 8–9. Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448, figs. 8–9. 10 10 Glej tu Črešnar, Rogoza. See here Črešnar, Rogoza. 11 11 Kavur 2008; glej tu Teržan, Poštela, kronologija, sl. 3. Kavur 2008; see here Teržan, Poštela, Chronology, fig. 3. 12 12 Gerbec 2019; glej tu Gerbec. Gerbec 2019; see here Gerbec. 345 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 345 8. 03. 2021 12:55:04 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 346 8. 03. 2021 12:55:04 GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE EARLY IRON AGE ŽELEZNE DOBE POD POŠTELO TUMULI OF POŠTELA II. VELIKA GOMILA II. LARGE TUMULUS NAD RAZVANJEM ABOVE RAZVANJE Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Mihela Kajzer, Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Mihela Kajzer, Bine Kramberger Bine Kramberger Pri zemeljskih delih na enem izmed zadnjih pohor- In 1991, Franc Lobnik undertook earthworks on his skih hrbtov nad Razvanjem je Franc Lobnik leta land on one of the easternmost ridges of the Pohorje 1991 na svoji parceli naletel na arheološke ostaline Hills, above Razvanje, and stumbled upon archaeo- in o tem nemudoma obvestil Zavod za varstvo na- logical remains. He immediately notified the then ravne in kulturne dediščine Maribor, ki je zato tam Institute for the Protection of Natural and Cultur- med 25. 9. in 25. 10. 1991 izvedel zaščitna izko- al Heritage with its regional office in Maribor, who pavanja (današnje parcele št. 358/6, 358/7, 358/3, conducted rescue excavations there between 25 Sep- 328/5 k. o. Razvanje). Raziskave, ki so potekale pod tember and 25 October 1991 (currently Lots Nos. vodstvom arheologinje, konservatorske svetovalke 358/6, 358/7, 358/3, 328/5 Razvanje cadastral Mire Strmčnik Gulič, v sodelovanju z restavratorjem municipality). The excavations were led by archae- Stankom Gojkovičem, arheologom Ivanom Tuškom, ologist Mira Strmčnik Gulič in collaboration with s takratnimi študenti arheologije Mihelo Kajzer, Ve- restorer Stanko Gojkovič, archaeologist Ivan Tušek, sno Koprivnik, Andrejem Preložnikom in krajani then students of archaeology Mihela Kajzer, Vesna Razvanja, so pokazale, da gre za ostanke dotlej nepo- Koprivnik, Andrej Preložnik and the villagers of znane gomile iz starejše železne dobe ( sl. 1; 2).1 Gle-Razvanje. They revealed the remains of a heretofore de na svojo velikost – v prvotnem obsegu je merila unknown tumulus from the Early Iron Age ( figs. okoli 26 m, njena ohranjena višina pa je bila med 1; 2).1 Considering its size – originally measuring 2,0 in 3,8 m ( sl. 4: presek B–A) – spada med večje around 26 in diameter and surviving to the height poštelske gomile.2 between 2.0 and 3.8 m ( fig. 4: Cross Section B–A) Zaščitna izkopavanja so bila omejena le na naj- – it ranks among the largest tumuli of the Poštela bolj ogroženi del gomile, to je na predel grobne necropolises.2 kamre in na območje ob useku, nastalem pri pred- The rescue excavations were limited to the most hodnem planiranju terena z buldožerjem, kjer je bil endangered part of the tumulus, i.e. the burial cham- zaradi ugotavljanja obstoja gomile in njenega obsega ber and the part near the cut made during previous očiščen profil ( sl. 3; 4: profil C–C´).3 Grobna kamra bulldozer levelling; a cross section was made at the oz. grobnica, grajena iz večjih in manjših kamnov, cut for the purposes of establishing the existence je bila razmeroma dobro ohranjena, razen v nje- and extent of the tumulus ( figs. 3; 4: Cross Section nem skrajnem jugovzhodnem vogalu, kjer je bil zid C–C´).3 The burial chamber was constructed of že deloma poškodovan ob omenjenem gradbenem 1 Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290; ead. 1997, 92–93. The ar- 1 Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290; ista 1997, 92–93. Arheološke chaeological excavation was financially supported by the raziskave je finančno podprla občina Maribor, ki je z na-Municipality of Maribor that also with interest followed klonjenostjo spremljala potek dela. Terenske risbe so delo its progress. M. Kajzer and V. Koprivnik made the field M. Kajzer in V. Koprivnik, najdbe pa sta izrisala D. Oman drawings, the finds were drawn by D. Oman and B. in B. Kramberger. Kramberger. 2 2 Po obsegu primerljive so npr. 3. gomila iz Schlosser- Comparable in size are Tumulus 3 from the excavations Schmidovih izkopavanj (25,4 m), Ipavčeva gomila (24 m) conducted by P. Schlosser and W. Schmid (25.4 m), the (Teržan 1990, 331–333, 335) in 14. gomila v Pivoli (22 Ipavec tumulus (24 m) (Teržan 1990, 331–333, 335) x 28 m) (Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan 2004; glej tu Strmčnik and Tumulus 14 at Pivola (22 × 28 m) (Strmčnik Gulič, Gulič, Teržan), medtem ko gre v primeru večje Kosove Teržan 2004; see here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan), while the gomile, katere prvotni premer naj bi znašal okoli 200 m very large, so-called Kos tumulus, with an assumed diame- (Teržan 1990, 329–330), najverjetneje za ostanek srednjeter of around 200 m (Teržan 1990, 329–330), is probably veške mote, ki pa je bila postavljena na prazgodovinsko the remains of a medieval motte constructed on top of a gomilo (Pahič 1970, 202–204, T. 2; Teržan 1990, 329– prehistoric tumulus (Pahič 1970, 202–204, T. 2; Teržan 330; Predovnik 2008, 374). 1990, 329–330; Predovnik 2008, 374). 3 3 Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290. Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290. 347 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 347 8. 03. 2021 12:55:04 stones of different sizes and was relatively well pre- served with the exception of the southeast corner damaged during the bulldozer activity, but also at an earlier occasion, as indicated by the remains of an earlier cut, probably a robber’s trench ( figs. 4: C–C´), with layers of cremated remains and calcified bones ( figs. 3: depth 1.63 m; 10: south wall, exterior face). The chamber was sub-square in plan and measured roughly 7.6 × 7.6 m (exterior) or 4 × 4 m (interior). It had a north-south orientation with only a slight westward deviation. The walls were thick, measuring roughly 1.8 m, and built in the drywall technique using unworked stones. They survived to varying heights. The best surviving is the north wall, meas- uring as much as 2 m in height, while the poorest surviving west wall only measured 1.2 m high ( fig. 10). At a depth between 1.60 and 1.90 m, presuma-Slika 2. Velika gomila posegu, enkrat pa očitno tudi že pred tem, na kar bly at former ground level, a roughly two-metre wide nad Razvanjem kaže ostanek starejšega vkopa, verjetno roparskega paved surface was found along the exterior face of med izkopavanjem, jarka ( sl. 4: C–C´), s plastmi žganine in kalciniranih the north wall that was documented in the length of pogled iz jugozahoda iz nizkega hribčka v kosti ( sl. 3: globina 1,63 m; 10: južni zid, zunanja 0.55 m ( figs. 3; 5: A´–A; 6; 9: E–E´; 10: north wall današnjem vinogradu stena). V tlorisu je bila kamra skoraj kvadratne obli- – exterior face). The orientation of the paving cor- (foto: M. Strmčnik ke, velikosti približno 7,6 m × 7,6 m (zunanje mere) responded with that of the burial chamber. It may Gulič). oz. 4 × 4 m (notranje mere), in usmerjena sever-jug z represent the remains of the dromos, but it has not Figure 2. Large tumulus above rahlim odklonom proti zahodu. Njeni masivni zido-been followed all the way to the chamber, so we can- Razvanje during vi, debeline okoli 1,8 m, so bili grajeni v suhozidni not exclude other possibilities. excavation, view from tehniki iz lomljencev, njihova ohranjenost v višino The floor of the burial chamber consisted of the low hill with a vineyard towards the pa je variirala. Najbolje je bil ohranjen severni zid, ki large stone slabs (average size between 0.18 × 0.27 northeast (photo: M. je v višino meril kar 2 m, najslabše pa zahodni zid z and 0.65 × 0.50 m) ( figs. 8: bottom; 9), covered with Strmčnik Gulič). višino le okoli 1,2 m ( sl. 10). Ob zunanji steni sever-small unworked pieces of stone and cobbles (average nega zidu grobnice se je na globini med 1,60 in 1,90 size between 0.10 × 0.15 and 0.21 × 0.21 m) ( figs. m, to je verjetno na nekdanji hodni površini, naha- 3; 8: top; 9: E–E´). The slabs covered almost the en-jala pribl. 2 m široka tlakovana površina, raziskana v tire floor surface with the exception of the centre, dolžini okoli 0,55 m ( sl. 3; 5: A´–A; 6; 9: E–E´; 10: where a large rectangular patch without slabs was severni zid – zunanja stena). Usmeritev tega kamni-documented. The floor was covered by a roughly tega tlaka se je ujemala z orientacijo grobne kamre. 0.10 m thick layer of burnt remains with cremated Lahko da gre za ostanek dohoda, »dromosa«, vendar bones and grave goods, at a depth between 1.70 and pa potek proti notranjosti grobnice ni bil ugotovljen, 2.00 m ( fig. 6). Two concentrations of burnt remains kar pomeni, da je lahko šlo tudi za tlak drugačnega were documented, one in the east part and the oth- namena. er in the west part of the chamber, while the grave Notranjost grobnice je bila prekrita z drobnimi goods ( Pl. 1: 1–11), mainly consisting of pottery lomljenci in prodniki (vel. v povprečju med 0,10 × ( Pls. 2–10), were most numerous in the NE, E and 0,15 in 0,21 × 0,21 m) ( sl. 3; 8: zgoraj; 9: E–E´), dno SE parts of the chamber. pa je bilo tlakovano z večjimi kamnitimi ploščami Restorer Stano Gojkovič was able to assemble a (vel. v povprečju med 0,18 × 0,27 in 0,65 × 0,50 m) large part of the recovered ceramic sherds into re- ( sl. 8: spodaj; 9). Slednje so prekrivale večji del dna, le stored vessels. Most of them were documented as to na sredini grobne kamre je bila opažena večja površi- their location within the chamber, which allowed us na pravokotnega tlorisa brez plošč. Izrazita plast žga- to conclude that the vessels were not laid into the nine debeline okoli 0,10 m s prežganimi ostanki ko- chamber according to a random, but rather a pre- sti in grobnimi pridatki je ležala na tlakovanih tleh, conceived order. The S and SE parts mainly revealed na globini med 1,70 in 2,00 m ( sl. 6). Vidni sta bili small dishes, bowls and a cup ( Pls. 2: 1; 9: 1–9), dve večji zgostitvi žganine, prva se je razprostirala na while the large vessels with a conical neck ( Pls. 2: 4; vzhodnem delu grobnice, druga na zahodnem delu, 3: 4; 4: 5; 5: 3; 6: 2; 7: 2; 8: 1) and the large biconical 348 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 348 8. 03. 2021 12:55:05 Slika 3. Tloris 160 grobne kamre 22 pred odstranitvijo krovnega kamenja in 185 10 njen presek (D–D´). M. 1:60. Figure 3. Plan and cross section (D–D´) of the burial chamber 179 before removing the 37 stone cover. Scale 1:60. 67 30 67 198 241 131 105 7c 70 53 7d 163 211 249 LEGENDA / LEGEND smer nadaljevanja JV profila / presek grobnice / continuation of the SE cross section section of the tomb globina (cm) / depth (cm) 211 kost / bone izmerjena točka / žganina s kostmi / charcoal 5 m measured point rich layer with bones 349 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 349 8. 03. 2021 12:55:06 5 m 12 2a 2b 3a-1 2c 3b-1 3e-1 3c-1 3f-1 3d-1 3j-1 3 3f1-1 3g-1 2 3k-1 3h-1 3l-1 3n-1 3i-1 3n1-1 3n-1 3m-1 3o-1 3p-1 3n-1 3r-1 3p-1 3r-1 3r-1 7a 7a 7a-1 7 7b 7c 7d 5 m LEGENDA / LEGEND keramika / pottery kamen / stone presek grobnice / section of the tomb rekonstruiran del zidu / grayish brown layer reconstructed part of the wall zgornja meja nasutja gomile / upper boundary of the mound rekonstruirana zgornja meja gomile / reconstructed upper boundary of the mound žganina s kostmi / / yellowish layer charcoal rich layer with bones Slika 4. Presek medtem ko so bili pridatki ( Tab. 1: 1–11), med ka-vessel ( Pl. 6: 1) were found in the E and particularly čez grobno kamro terimi so bile zlasti številne keramične posode ( Tab. the NE part of the chamber. Of the large vessels, the pred odstranitvijo 2–10 krovnega kamenja, ), odkriti predvsem v severovzhodnem, vzho- farthest to the south was a jar decorated with two z zgornjo mejo dnem in jugovzhodnem delu grobne kamre. horizontal lines and crosses ( Pl. 7: 1). It was at least nasutja gomile (B–A), Za nekatere keramične fragmente, iz katerih je approximately in its original position along the east in jugovzhodni uspel restavrator Stanko Gojkovič v precejšnji meri wall, but on its side. It was relatively well preserved profil gomile ob useku, nastalem sestaviti posode, je navedeno, v katerem delu grob-with the exception of its upper part that had col- pri predhodnem nice so bili odkriti. Na podlagi analize teh podatkov lapsed under the weight of the stones ( fig. 7). The jar planiranju terena z sklepamo, da posode niso bile položene v grobnico contained a cup with two horned animal heads on its buldožerjem (C–C´). M. preseka 1:100, M. naključno, pač pa razvrščene po načrtno koncipi-handle ( Pl. 9: 10) and was found several centimetres profila 1:60. ranem redosledu. V južnem in jugovzhodnem delu away from an iron spearhead, wedged tip up among Figure 4. Cross grobnice so ležale predvsem majhne sklede, skodelica the stones ( Pl. 1: 23). section of the burial in skodele ( Tab. 2: 1; 9: 1–9), velike posode s stož- Apart from the large vessels with a conical neck chamber before removing the stone častimi vratovi ( Tab. 2: 4; 3: 4; 4: 5; 5: 3; 6: 2; 7: 2; and the large biconical vessel, the NE part of the cover with the upper 8: 1) in velika bikonična posoda ( Tab. 6: 1) pa so se chamber yielded four spindle whorls ( Pl. 9: 13–16) line of the earthen nahajali v vzhodnem in zlasti v severovzhodnem delu and at least two dishes with a decorated base ( Pls. mound (B–A), and the south-east grobnice. Od večjih posod je ležal najdlje proti juž- 4: 2; 5: 2), while some of the other dishes of this cross section of nemu zidu grobnice lonec, okrašen z vodoravnima type ( Pls. 3: 1; 4: 1, 3–4; 8: 3–4) were found in the tumulus at the črtama in križci ( Tab. 7: 1). Bil je vsaj približno v pr-the NW part of the chamber together with a poorly cut made during votni legi ob vzhodnem zidu grobnice, a prevrnjen. preserved ceramic cist ( Pl. 10: 7) and a similar small bulldozer levelling (C–C´). Cross Bil je sorazmerno dobro ohranjen, le zgornji del se je vessel ( Pl. 10: 12). Found next to the ceramic ves-Section B–A scale povsem posedel zaradi teže kamenja ( sl. 7). V loncu sels, spindle whorls and the iron spearhead in the 1:100, Cross Section se je nahajala skodelica z dvema rogatima živalski-thick layer of burnt remains were a ceramic ring (in C–Cścale 1:60. ma glavicama na ročaju ( Tab. 9: 10), nekaj cm stran the W part of the chamber – Pl. 9: 12), a ceramic 350 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 350 8. 03. 2021 12:55:07 pa je bila odkrita železna sulična ost, zagozdena med weight ( Pl. 9: 11), two amber beads (in the W part kamenjem z navzgor obrnjeno konico ( Tab. 1: 23). of the chamber – Pl. 1: 26–27), a small bronze bead Poleg velikih posod s stožčastimi vratovi in veli- ( Pl. 1: 28), at least four fragmented and deformed ke bikonične posode so bili v severovzhodnem delu glass beads ( Pl. 1: 17, 18c), a fragment of a decorat-grobnice najdeni tudi štiri predilska vretenca ( Tab. 9: ed bone grip, possibly of a small knife (in the NE 13–16) in vsaj dve skledi z okrašenim dnom ( Tab. 4: part of the chamber – Pl. 1: 25) and a fragment of 2; 5: 2), nekatere druge take sklede ( Tab. 3: 1; 4: 1, a bone object decorated with incisions (in the NW 3–4; 8: 3–4) pa so bile položene skupaj s slabo ohra-part of the chamber – Pl. 1: 24). The W and NW njeno keramično cisto ( Tab. 10: 7) in majhno podob-parts of the burial chamber revealed two fragments no posodico ( Tab. 10: 12) v severozahodni del grob-of two bronze bracelets decorated with incisions ( Pl. nice. Zraven keramičnih posod, vretenc in železne su- 1: 7–8) and numerous fire-damaged fragments of lične osti so bile med izrazito plastjo žganine odkrite ribbed bracelets ( Pl. 1: 1–6, 11–12) that were also tudi druge najdbe, kot so svitek (v zahodnem delu found outside the chamber alongside calcified bones grobnice – Tab. 9: 12), keramična utež ( Tab. 9: 11), and burnt remains in the presumed robber’s trench jantarni jagodi (v zahodnem delu grobnice – Tab. 1: ( Pl. 1: 9–10; figs. 3: 1.63 m; 4: C–C´; 10: south wall 26–27), majhna okrogla bronasta jagoda ( Tab. 1: 28), – exterior). The grave goods also reportedly included najmanj štiri fragmentirane in deformirane steklene a small piece of sheet gold,4 as well as several other jagode ( Tab. 1: 17, 18c), odlomek okrašene koščene bronze ( Pl. 1: 13–16, 18b, 20–22) and iron objects oplate držaja, morda majhnega noža (v severovzho- ( Pl. 1: 18a, 19) that are heavily fragmented and de-dnem delu grobnice – Tab. 1: 25) in odlomek z vrezi formed by fire, making their identification very dif-okrašenega koščenega predmeta (v severozahodnem ficult or impossible. delu grobnice – Tab. 1: 24). V zahodnem in severoza-The interior of the burial chamber also re- hodnem delu grobne kamre sta bila odkrita fragmen- vealed a small pit (or posthole?) next to the south ta dveh bronastih zapestnic okrašenih z vrezi ( Tab. 1: wall that contained ceramic sherds of a large jar ( Pl. 7–8), zlasti številni pa so bili odlomki v ognju poško-11: 7). The pit could only be partially investigated, dovanih narebrenih zapestnic ( Tab. 1: 1–6, 11–12), because it continued under the south wall, which ki so ležali deloma tudi izven grobne kamre ob kalci- could not be removed so as not to cause structural niranih kosteh in žganini v domnevnem plenilskem damage. There might have been other similar pits jarku ( Tab. 1: 9–10, sl. 3: 163 cm; 4: C–C’; 10: južni (or postholes?) in the chamber, indicating a con-zid – zunaj). Med najdbami se omenja tudi drobec struction combining stone and wooden posts.5 tanke zlate pločevine,4 ohranjenih pa je še nekaj dru- Such a construction might also be suggested by the gih bronastih ( Tab. 1: 13–16, 18b, 20–22) in železnih rectangular patch in the centre of the chamber not predmetov ( Tab. 1: 18a, 19), ki pa so zelo fragmenti-covered with stone slabs ( figs. 8: bottom; 9), above rani in od ognja deformirani, zato je njihova oprede-which several small dark patches were also docu- litev otežena oziroma nemogoča. mented ( fig. 6), where a supporting beam could V notranjosti grobnice je bila tik ob steni juž- have stood. nega zidu odkrita še manjša jama (za lesen nosilni The stone burial chamber was covered with an steber) s keramičnimi odlomki, ki pripadajo večjemu earthen mound composed of several layers; the N loncu ( Tab. 11: 7). Raziskana je bila le deloma, saj se ( fig. 5: A´–A), W ( fig. 5: B–A´) and SE cross sections je nadaljevala pod zid, tega pa zaradi statičnih razlo- ( fig. 4: C–C´) revealed a rather complex stratigraphic gov ni bilo mogoče raziskati. Podobnih jam je bilo sequence. The up to 0.17 m thick topsoil covered a lahko torej tudi več, kar pa pomeni, da je lahko bila mixed (upper) layer with numerous stones, prehis- konstrukcija grobnice grajena v kombinaciji lesa in toric pottery sherds ( Pl. 13: 3, 6, 16, 23, 27–28), kamna.5 Tak način gradnje morda nakazuje tudi ve-a stone flake ( Pl. 15: 13) and individual sherds of čja površina na sredini grobnice, kjer tla niso bila tla-modern period pottery. This layer was clearly dis- kovana s kamnitimi ploščami ( sl. 8: spodaj; 9) in nad cernible in the SE ( fig. 4 C/C´: 2), N ( fig. 5 A´/A: 2) katero je bilo ugotovljenih več manjših temnejših lis and W cross sections ( fig. 5 B/A´: 2) of the trench ( sl. 6), kjer bi lahko stala osrednja podporna soha. 4 Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290; Kodrič 1991; this item has 4 Strmčnik Gulič 1992, 290; Kodrič 1991; ta predmet je unfortunately been either misplaced or lost, though it danes žal založen, a so tudi mnenja o pristnosti zlatega should also be said that all of the excavators do not agree predmeta med izkopavalci deljena. on whether gold was actually found in the tumulus or not. 5 5 To je še zlasti verjetno, če vzamemo v obzir novejše rezulta-This is all the more probable in view of the recent exca-te izkopavanj halštatske gomile 13 iz Pivole (glej tu Teržan, vation results of Tumulus 13 at Pivola (see here Teržan, Črešnar, Kramberger). Črešnar, Kramberger). 351 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 351 8. 03. 2021 12:55:07 Slika 5. Severni (sl. 5: A´–A) in zahodni Figure 5. North ( fig. 5: A´–A) and west 1 (sl. 5: B–A´) profil sonde okoli grobne ( fig. 5: B–A´) cross sections of the trench 2 kamre. M. 1:50. around the burial chamber. Scale 1:50. 3j1-2 3j2-2 1 3a-2 3 2 3o1-2 3j1-2 3o2-2 3r-2 3u-2 3t-2 3j2-2 3s-2 3a-2 3v-2 3z-2 4a 7 3 5a 3o1-2 4 5b 5c 5d 5e 3o2-2 5 3r-2 3u-2 3t-2 3s-2 3v-2 3z-2 4a 7 5a 4 5b 5c 5d 5e 5 1b 1c 1a 1 3c-2 3b-2 3e-2 2 3d-2 3g-2 3j1-2 3f-2 1b 1c 3 3j2-2 1a 3i-2 3k-2 3h-2 3j3-2 3l-2 3a-2 1 3m-2 3n-2 3c-2 3b-2 3e-2 2 3d-2 3p-2 3g-2 3j1-2 3f-2 3 3j2-2 3i-2 3k-2 3h-2 3j3-2 3l-2 3a-2 6 7 3m-2 3n-2 3p-2 6 7 5 m 5 m LEGENDA / LEGEND keramika / pottery kamen / stone žganina s kostmi / charcoal rich layer with bones LEGENDA / LEGEND keramika / pottery kamen / stone žganina s kostmi / charcoal rich layer with bones 352 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 352 8. 03. 2021 12:55:08 Slika 6. Tloris grobne 160 kamre po odstranitvi 22 krovnega kamenja, z žganino in grobnimi pridatki. M. 1:60. 185 10 Figure 6. Plan of the burial chamber after removing the stone cover, with burnt 179 remains and grave goods. Scale 1:60. T.9.16 T.9.15 67 T.9.12 T.1.17 T.9.13 30 T.1.25 T.1.8 T.9.14 T.1.26 T.10.12 198 T.1.27 T.1.23 T.7.1 zlato / gold ? T.9.10 190 241 131 105 7c 70 7d 53 163 211 249 5 m LEGENDA / LEGEND smer nadaljevanja JV profila / keramika / pottery continuation of the SE cross section koščen predmet / globina (cm) / depth (cm) 211 bone object izmerjena točka / measured point jantar / amber tabela in številka najdbe / T.1.8 steklo / glass plate and number of the find bron / bronze žganina s kostmi / charcoal rich layer with bones železo / iron 353 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 353 8. 03. 2021 12:55:10 Slika 7. Lega Kamnita grobna kamra je bila prekrita z zemlje- lonca ob odkritju, nim nasutjem, ki ni bilo enotno, pač pa je iz sever-okrašenega z nega ( sl. 5: A´–A), zahodnega ( sl. 5: B–A´) in iz jugo-vodoravnima črtama in križci ( Tab. 7: 1). vzhodnega profila ( sl. 4: C–C´) razvidna precej kom-Bela puščica označuje pleksna stratigrafska slika. Pod plastjo humusa debe-fragmentirano line do 0,17 m se je nahajala premešana vrhnja plast skodelico z valovito razčlenjenim obodom z veliko kamenja, s prazgodovinsko keramiko ( Tab. ( Tab. 9: 10), ki je bila 13: 3, 6, 16, 23, 27–28), kamnitim sileksom ( Tab. odkrita znotraj lonca 15: 13) ter s posamičnimi odlomki novoveške lonče- (foto: I. Tušek). Figure 7. Position of nine. Debelina te plasti, ki je bila dobro vidna tako v the jar decorated with jugovzhodnem profilu gomile ( sl. 4 C/C´: 2) kot tudi two horizontal lines v severnem ( sl. 5 A´/A: 2) in v zahodnem profilu ( sl. and crosses upon 5 B/A´: 2) sonde okoli grobne kamre, je nihala med around the burial chamber, and its thickness varied discovery ( Pl. 7: 1). The white arrow 0,2 in 0,68 m. Iz severnega profila je razvidno, da je from 0.2 and 0.68 m. The N cross section revealed marks the fragmented bila presekana z manjšimi jamami, morda za stebre v that the layer was pierced by several small pits or cup with scalloped opustelem vinogradu ( sl. 5 A´/A: 1a–1c), v jugovzho-holes, possibly for the posts of the abandoned vine- maximum diameter ( Pl. 9: 10) found dnem profilu pa so med humusom in vrhom grobni-yard ( fig. 5 A´/A: 1a–1c), and the SE cross section inside the jar (photo: ce vidne plasti z žganino in večjim kamenjem, ki so revealed charcoal-rich layers with large stones be-I. Tušek). verjetno povezane z novoveškimi posegi v grobnico tween the topsoil and the top of the chamber that in torej predstavljajo sledove drugega roparskega jar- are probably connected with modern disturbances of ka ( sl. 4 C/C´: 2a–c). the burial chamber and represent traces of a second Vrhnji plasti so na globini med 0,46 in 2,00 m robber’s trench ( fig. 4 C/C´: 2a–c). sledila različne nasutja ( sl. 5: 3a–2 do 3z–2; 4 C/ The upper layer covered a number of deposits C´: 3a–1 do 3r–1),6 v katerih je bilo veliko praz-at a depth between 0.46 and 2.00 m ( figs. 5: 3a–2 godovinske keramike (okoli 14 kg), nekaterih pa to 3z–2; 4 C/C´: 3a–1 to 3r–1),6 which contained tudi veliko ožgane ilovice (okoli 15,5 kg). Keramič- numerous prehistoric pottery sherds (roughly 14 ni odlomki ( Tab. 12: 1–22; 13: 2–23, 25–26; 14: kg), some also a great amount of burnt loam (rough- 1–25; 15: 1–12) sodijo večinoma v starejšo železno ly 15.5 kg). The pottery sherds ( Pls. 12: 1–22; 13: dobo, izjema morda predstavlja le črepinja, okraše- 2–23, 25–26; 14: 1–25; 15: 1–12) mainly date to na z brazdastim vrezom, ki spada verjetno v mlajše the Early Iron Age; a possible exception is a sherd obdobje KŽG (Ha B), kakor kažejo z brazdastim decorated with furrowed incisions such as are char- vrezom okrašene posode ruške skupine7, ali morda v acteristic of the Late Urnfield Period (Ha B)7 as well srednje eneolitsko obdobje ( Tab. 13: 24). Morebitne as the Middle Eneolithic period ( Pl. 13: 24). Com-primerjave je najti tudi na najdiščih, ki so opredelje- parisons for this sherd come from the sites attributed na v srednje eneolitski horizont keramike z brazda- to the Middle Eneolithic horizon of the pottery with stim vrezom.8 Najdišča iz tega časa so znana tudi v furrowed incisions.8 Sites from this period are also bližnji okolici, npr. v Slivnici, Malečniku in na naj- known in the vicinity of Razvanje, e.g. at Slivnica, dišču Zgornje Radvanje – Habakuk 2,9 zato takšna Malečnik and the Zgornje Radvanje – Habakuk 2 keramika tukaj ni presenetljiva. Večina keramičnih site,9 hence the presence of such pottery at Razvan- najdb iz nasutij je, kot se zdi, halštatske starosti. Pri je is not surprising. Most of the sherds from these njih velja poudariti, da so v primerjavi z lončenino deposits, as already mentioned, are Hallstatt in date iz grobne kamre bolj razdrobljene, bolj grobozrnate and are much more fragmented in comparison with in v povprečju manj okrašene. S tega stališča je bolj the pottery from the burial chamber, but also made of a coarser fabric and less decorated. It is therefore 6 Zaradi majhne površine izkopavanj nasutij v jugovzho- 6 dnem profilu ni bilo mogoče vzporejati s tistimi, ki so bile The limited size of the excavated deposits in the SE cross dokumentirane v severnem in v zahodnem profilu. Zato section made it impossible to correlate the deposits with smo, da ne bi prišlo do podvajanja številk, nasutja v jugo-those documented in the N and W cross sections. To avoid vzhodnem profilu označili z dodatno črko 1 (npr. 3a–1), confusion, however, we additionally marked the deposits nasutja v severnem in v zahodnem profilu sonde okoli in the SE cross section with 1 (e.g. 3a-1) and the deposits grobnice pa s črko 2 (npr. 3a–2). in the N and W cross sections with 2 (e.g. 3a-2). 7 7 Oman 1981, 150, T. 40: 7; 62–63. Oman 1981, 150, T. 40: 7; 62–63. 8 8 Tomanič-Jevremov 1973; Lubšina Tušek 1990, T. 54: 11; Tomanič-Jevremov 1973; Lubšina Tušek 1990, T. 54: 11; Velušček 2004, T. 4.1.1: 2; 4.1.11: 13. Velušček 2004, T. 4.1.1: 2; 4.1.11: 13. 9 9 Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ista 2006, 196–199; Arh 2012, Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ead. Strmčnik Gulič 2006, 196– posoda št. 117 in odlomek št. 122. 199; Arh 2012, vessel No. 117 and fragment No. 122. 354 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 354 8. 03. 2021 12:55:11 Slika 8. Grobna kamra velike gomile nad Razvanjem pred odstranitvijo krovnega kamenja, pogled z vzhoda (zgoraj) in po odstranitvi žganine (spodaj). Na kamnitem tlaku izpraznjene kamre stoji izkopavalec gomile, restavrator Stanko Gojkovič. V ozadju se vidi Razvanje s cerkvijo Sv. Mihaela (foto: I. Tušek in M. Strmčnik Gulič). Figure 8. Burial chamber of the large tumulus above Razvanje before removing the stone cover, view from the east (top) and after removing the burnt remains (bottom). Standing on the stone floor of the emptied chamber is the restorer, Stanko Gojkovič. Razvanje with the church of St Michael is visible in the background (photo: I. Tušek and M. Strmčnik Gulič). razumljivo, da je med izkopavalci od vsega začetka understandable that the excavators believed these veljalo prepričanje, da te najdbe niso v povezavi z sherds not to be connected with the goods in the najdbami iz grobnice.10 burial chamber.10 10 10 To je namreč mogoče razbrati iz zapisov v arheološkem This is discernible both from the notes in the field diary dnevniku, pa tudi iz ustnega pogovora z M. Strmčnik and from the personal conversations with M. Strmčnik Gulič in s S. Gojkovičem. Gulič and S. Gojkovič. 355 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 355 8. 03. 2021 12:55:12 Slika 9. Tloris grobne 160 kamre velike gomile 22 nad Razvanjem s kamnitim tlakom. 185 10 M. 1:60. Figure 9. Plan of the burial chamber of the large tumulus above Razvanje with the 179 stone floor. Scale 1:60. 197 67 205 30 199 198 199 241 131 105 7c 70 53 7d 163 211 249 LEGENDA / LEGEND smer nadaljevanja JV profila / presek zidov in tlaka / continuation of the SE cross section section of the walls globina (cm) / depth (cm) 211 and the floor covering izmerjena točka / measured point presek nasutja / rekonstruirani del zidu / reconstructed section of the rubble part of the wall 5 m 356 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 356 8. 03. 2021 12:55:13 Slika 10. Stranski pogledi na zidove grobne kamre. Ob severnem zidu grobnice sta r face na zunanji strani vidna kamniti tlak (dromos?) in jama 3. V južnem zidu se vidi roparski jarek s plastmi žganine in kosti, ob notranji steni južnega zidu pa se nahaja manjša jama 4. M. 1:60. Figure 10. Front elevations of the burial chamber walls. Shown along the exterior of the north wall is a stone paving (dromos?) and Pit 3 r face in cross section. The robber’s trench with layers of burnt remains and bones is visible in the south wall, the small Pit/ Hole/Posthole 4 is visible along the interior face of the south wall. Scale 1:60. r face 5 m LEGENDA / LEGEND tlak / floor covering žganina s kostmi / r face charcoal rich layer with bones kamen / stone Pod nasutji so bile ob zahodnem profilu na glo- Found under the deposits along the W cross sec- bini okoli 2,00 m od vrha sonde oz. 3,8 m od vrha tion, at a depth of around 2.00 m from the top of gomile, na njenem najbolje ohranjenem delu, od- the trench and 3.8 m from the top of the tumulus, in krite tri jame za stebre, vkopane v geološko podlago its best preserved part, were three postholes dug into ( sl. 3; 5 A´/A: 4,5). Jama 1 je bila ovalnega tlorisa, the natural soil ( figs. 3; 5 A´/A: 4, 5). Posthole 1 was velikosti 0,9 × 0,8 in globine 0,2 m. V njej je bila oval in plan, measuring 0.9 m in length, 0.8 m in poglobitev velikosti 0,45 × 0,45 m in globine 0,30 width and 0.2 m in depth. The bottom had an even 357 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 357 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 m, na dnu obložena z razlomljenim loncem ( Tab. 11: deeper part measuring 0.45 in width and length, and 8), višje pa obdana z vencem kamnitih zagozd ( sl. 6: 0.30 m in depth, packed with the sherds of a jar at jama 1).11 Jama 2 je merila 0,8 × 0,7 m in je dosegala the bottom ( Pl. 11: 8) and a ring of stone wedges globino 0,4 m ( sl. 6: jama 2). Venec kamnov je ob-higher up ( fig. 6: Pit 1).11 Posthole 2 measured 0.8 dajal jamo 3 (vel. 0,65 × 0,65 m, gl. 0,12 m), ki se je m in length, 0.7 m in width and 0.4 m in depth nahajala tik ob severozahodnem vogalu grobnice ( sl. ( fig. 6: Pit 2). Posthole 3 (l. = w. 0.65 m, depth 0.12 6: jama 3). Tudi te jame so lahko povezane z leseno m), surrounded by a ring of stones, was located at konstrukcijo grobne kamre, vendar ni za izključiti the NW corner of the burial chamber ( fig. 6: Pit 3). niti možnosti, da gre za ostanke nekoliko starejše, These postholes may also be connected with a wood- poznobronastodobne (Ha B) ali železnodobne pose- en construction of the chamber, though we cannot litve na istem prostoru. exclude the possibility of them representing the re- V tem kontekstu so pomenljivi tudi kosi ožga- mains of an earlier Late Bronze or Early Iron Age ne ilovice, ki so bili zgoščeni predvsem v nasutju, v settlement on this spot. zahodnem profilu sonde označeni kot 3s–2 ( sl. 5 B/ Important in this sense are the pieces of burnt A´: 3s–2). Med njimi prevladujejo večji kosi (vel. do loam, particularly concentrated in the deposits of the 0,20 × 0,14 cm in deb. okoli 4 cm), brez odtisov vej earthen mound and marked in the W cross section in z le eno povsem ravno površino, zato ne gre dvo- of the trench as 3s-2 ( fig. 5 B/A´: 3s–2). They main-miti, da predstavljajo ostanke neke večje, poravnane ly comprise large pieces (l. up to 0.20 cm, w. up to in ožgane površine oz. poda. Skupaj s keramičnimi 0.14 cm, th. around 4 cm) without the impressions najdbami iz nasutij kažejo, da so se na tem prostoru of branches and with one flat side, suggestive of the odvijale določene dejavnosti že pred izgradnjo gomi- remains of a large flat and burnt surface, possibly the le. Kljub temu zaradi omejene površine izkopavanj floor. Together with the pottery finds, they point to ne moremo vedeti, ali gre za ostanke stavbe in najdbe certain activities taking place on this spot prior to iz doslej nepoznane nekoliko starejše poznobronasto- the construction of the tumulus. The limited area dobne ali železnodobne poselitve na tem prostoru, of excavation, however, does not allow us to say ali pa za ostanke, povezane s pogrebnim obredjem whether these were the remains of a building and the in sežigom umrlih (ostanki ustrine?), ki so bili tukaj artefacts from an unidentified Late Bronze or Iron pokopani. Glede na antropološke analize sorazmer- Age settlement predating the tumulus or the remains no slabo ohranjenih drobcev kalciniranih kosti je bili connected with the burial ritual and cremation of v gomili pokopana najmanj ena oseba, s katero sta the deceased (of an ustrinum) that were buried here. bila na grmadi sežgana in pokopana tudi dva konja.12 The anthropological analysis of the relatively poor- ly preserved bits of calcified bones revealed that at least one individual was cremated together with two sacrificial horses and buried together in the burial chamber.12 11 11 Enak način utrjevanja in oblaganja kolov oz. soh je ugo- The same manner of packing postholes has been estab- tovljen tudi na naselbini Pobrežje iz pozne bronaste dobe lished in the settlement at Pobrežje dating from the Late (Ha B) in tudi tam gre večinoma za odlomke večjih po-Bronze Age (Ha B); there, mainly fragments of large sod, ki jih je bilo mogoče risarsko rekonstruirati (glej vessels were used for the purpose, which could be recon-tu Kramberger, Črešnar). V nekaterih primerih so na structed in drawing (see here Kramberger, Črešnar). Some Pobrežju ležali keramični odlomki po celotni površini dna of the postholes at Pobrežje revealed ceramic sherds across jam, v nasprotju s kamni, ki so bili odkriti le ob njiho-the entire bottom surface and not only along the edges, vih robovih. To pa najverjetneje pomeni, da keramika ni suggesting that the sherds served not only as packing, but služila le za utrjevanje kolov, temveč tudi kot podloga, na also as bedding for the wooden posts so that they would katero so bili koli postavljeni, da ne bi prehitro sprhneli. not decay too rapidly. 12 12 Glej tu Leskovar; Toškan. See here Leskovar; Toškan. 358 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 358 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 OPISI NAJDB ( Tab. 1–15): DESCRIPTION OF FINDS ( Pls. 1–15): Tab. 1: Pl. 1: 1. Odlomek bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega pre- 1. Fragment of a ribbed bronze bracelet of oval cross seka, močno poškodovan od ognja. Ohr. dol.: 2,74 cm; section, heavily damaged in fire. Surv. l.: 2.74 cm; deb.: 0,5 × 0,55 cm. Grobnica – Z del; gl. 190 cm. th.: 0.5 × 0.55 cm. Burial chamber – W part; depth 2. Odlomek bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega 190 cm. preseka z luknjičavo površino, precej poškodovan od 2. Fragment of a ribbed bronze bracelet of oval cross ognja. Ohr. dol.: 2,55 cm; deb.: 0,6 × 0,9 cm. Grob- section with a coarse surface, damaged in fire. Surv. nica – SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. l.: 2.55 cm; th.: 0.6 × 0.9 cm. Burial chamber – NE 3. Odlomek bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega part; depth 180–190 cm. preseka. Ohr. dol.: 5,4 cm; deb.: 0,57 × 0,62 cm. 3. Fragment of a ribbed bronze bracelet of oval cross Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. section. Surv. l.: 5.4 cm; th.: 0.57 × 0.62 cm. Burial 4. Odlomka bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega chamber; depth 170–190 cm. preseka. Večji izmed odlomkov je povsem deformi- 4. Two fragments of a ribbed bronze bracelet of oval ran od ognja, manjši nekoliko manj. Ohr. dol.: 2 in cross section. Larger fragment is completely de- 1 cm; deb.: 0,4 × 0,6 cm in 0,7 × 0,8 cm. Grobnica; formed in fire, smaller slightly less. Surv. l.: 2 and 1 gl. 170–190 cm. cm; th.: 0.4 × 0.6 cm and 0.7 × 0.8 cm. Burial cham- 5. Odlomek bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega ber; depth 170–190 cm. preseka, zvit in deformiran v ognju. Ohr. dol.: 4,9 5. Fragment of a ribbed bronze bracelet of oval cross cm; deb.: 0,85 × 0,65 cm. Grobnica. section, bent and deformed in fire. Surv. l.: 4.9 cm; 6. Odlomek bronaste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega th.: 0.85 × 0.65 cm. Burial chamber. preseka, z vodoravno gravuro na notranji strani. Ohr. 6. Fragment of a bronze ribbed bracelet of oval cross dol.: 5 cm; deb.: 0,55 × 0,7 cm. Grobnica. section, with an incision along the interior. Surv. l.: 5 7. Odlomek s kratkimi vzporednimi vrezi okrašene bro- cm; th.: 0.55 × 0.7 cm. Burial chamber. naste zapestnice D preseka, nekoliko poškodovane 7. Fragment of a bronze bracelet of oval cross section od ognja. Ohr. dol.: 3,2 cm; deb.: 0,42 × 5,5 cm. decorated with short parallel incisions, slightly dam- Grobnica – SZ del; gl. 190 cm. aged in fire. Surv. l.: 3.2 cm; th.: 0.42 × 5.5 cm. Bur- 8. Osem odlomkov s kratkimi vzporednimi vrezi okra- ial chamber – NW part; depth 190 cm. šene bronaste zapestnice ovalnega preseka. Izrisan 8. Eight fragments of a bronze bracelet of D-shaped cross odlomek ima razpokano, v ognju deformirano povr-section decorated with short parallel incisions. One of šino, sedem drugih odlomkov pa je povsem deformi- them is presented in drawing and has a cracked sur- ranih. Ohr. dol.: 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,4 × 0,71 cm. Grob- face deformed in fire, while the other seven fragments nica – Z del; gl. 190 cm. are completely deformed. Surv. l.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.4 × 9. Odlomek v ognju poškodovane in deformirane brona- 0.71 cm. Burial chamber – W part; depth 190 cm. ste narebrene zapestnice ovalnega preseka. Ohr. dol.: 9. Fragment of a bronze ribbed bracelet of oval cross 3,65 cm; deb.: med 0,55 × 0,6 cm in 0,7 × 0,8 cm. section, damaged and deformed in fire. Surv. l.: 3.65 Ob kosteh v žganini pred grobnico; gl. 155 cm. cm; th.: between 0.55 × 0.6 cm and 0.7 × 0.8 cm. 10. Dva odlomka v ognju poškodovane in deformirane Beside the bones in the burnt remains in front of the bronaste zapestnice ovalnega preseka. Prvi odlomek burial chamber; depth 155 cm. je povsem zvit in gladek, drugi pa narebren. Prvi od- 10. Two fragments of a bronze bracelet of oval cross sec-lomek: ohr. dol.: 1,25 cm; deb.: med 0,45 × 0,5 cm tion, damaged and deformed in fire. One is com- in 0,6 × 0,65 cm. Drugi odlomek: ohr. dol.: 1,55 cm; pletely bent and plain, the other is ribbed. Fragment deb.: med 0,35 × 0,4 cm in 0,5 × 0,5 cm. Ob kosteh 1: surv. l.: 1.25 cm; th.: between 0.45 × 0.5 cm and v žganini pred grobnico; gl. 155 cm. 0.6 × 0.65 cm. Fragment 2: surv. l.: 1.55 cm; th.: 11. Osem odlomkov v ognju poškodovanega in defor- between 0.35 × 0.4 cm and 0.5 × 0.5 cm. Beside miranega bronastega predmeta, verjetno narebrene the bones in the burnt remains in front of the burial zapestnice. Vel.: 2,1 × 0,9 cm; 1,5 × 1 cm; 1,5 × 0,8 chamber; depth 155 cm. cm; 1,2 × 1 cm; 0,9 × 0,8 cm; 0,85 × 0,7 cm; 0,8 × 11. Eight fragments of a bronze object, probably a ribbed 0,75 cm; 0,75 × 0,7 cm. Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. bracelet, damaged and deformed in fire. Size: 2.1 × 12. Odlomek prežgane bronaste narebrene zapestnice 0.9 cm; 1.5 × 1 cm; 1.5 × 0.8 cm; 1.2 × 1 cm; 0.9 × ovalnega preseka. Ohr. dol.: 1,15 cm; deb.: 0,45 × 0.8 cm; 0.85 × 0.7 cm; 0.8 × 0.75 cm; 0.75 × 0.7 cm. 0,55 cm. Grobnica – JV del. Burial chamber; depth 170–190 cm. 359 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 359 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 13. Odlomek masivnega, v ognju poškodovanega in 12. Fragment of a bronze ribbed bracelet of oval cross zvitega bronastega predmeta ovalnega preseka. Ohr. section, damaged in fire. Surv. l.: 1.15 cm; th.: 0.45 dol.: 6,1 cm; deb.: med 0,5 × 0,55 in 0,9 × 1 cm. × 0.55 cm. Burial chamber – SE part. Grobnica – SZ del. 13. Fragment of a solid bronze object of oval cross sec- 14. Odlomek nagubane bronaste pločevine. Vel.: 2,3 × 1 tion damaged and bent in fire. Surv. l.: 6.1 cm; th.: cm; deb.: 0,1 cm. Grobnica – SZ del. between 0.5 × 0.55 and 0.9 × 1 cm. Burial chamber 15. Odlomek cevastega bronastega predmeta (tula sulič- – NW part. ne osti?). Vel.: 2,2 × 1,6 cm; deb.: 0,15 cm. Grobnica. 14. Fragment of wavy sheet bronze. Surv. l.: 2.3 cm; w.: 16. Trije odlomki masivnega, od ognja poškodovanega, 1 cm; th.: 0.1 cm. Burial chamber – NW part. bronastega predmeta pravokotnega preseka. Ohr. 15. Tubular fragment of a bronze object (spearhead sock-dol.: 1,7, 4,1 in 4,5 cm; deb.: med 0,5 × 0,55 in 0,65 et?). Surv. l.: 2.2 cm; w.: 1.6 cm; th.: 0.15 cm. Burial × 0,8 cm. Grobnica – V del; gl. 190 cm. chamber. 17. Odlomek v ognju staljenega in uničenega steklenega 16. Three fragments of a solid bronze object of rectan- predmeta, morda steklene jagode, iz modrega stekla. gular cross section, damaged in fire. Surv. l.: 1.7, 4.1 Ohr. dol.: 2 cm; deb.: med 0,3 × 0,7 in 0,7 × 1 cm. and 4.5 cm; th.: between 0.5 × 0.55 and 0.65 × 0.8 Grobnica – Z del; gl. 190 cm. cm. Burial chamber – E part; depth 190 cm. 18. Odlomki v ognju staljenih in deformiranih predme- 17. Fragment of an object, possibly a bead, of blue glass, tov iz železa (a), brona (b) in svetlo zelenega stekla melted in fire. Surv. l.: 2 cm; th.: between 0.3 × 0.7 (c). Železni predmet, morda rezilo noža in pred- and 0.7 × 1 cm. Burial chamber – W part; depth met iz stekla, najverjetneje ostanek steklene jagode, 190 cm. sta sprijeta. Na predmetu iz stekla je ohranjen od- 18. Fragments of objects of iron (a), bronze (b) and light tis nažlebljenega bronastega predmeta, morda roča-green glass (c), melted together and deformed in fire. ja kovinske skodelice, ki je ležala v bližini. V bližini The iron object, possibly the blade of a knife, and so bili odkriti tudi razdrobljena jagoda iz zelo svetlo the glass object, probably a bead, are melted together. zelenega stekla, trije odlomki masivnega bronastega The glass object bears the impression of a grooved predmeta ( Tab. 1: 16) in dva skupka sprijete bronaste bronze object, possibly the handle of a bronze cup pločevine. Grobnica – pod kamnom tik nad žganino; found in the vicinity. Also found in the vicinity was gl. 175-190 cm. a crushed bead of very light green glass, three frag- 18a. Železni predmet, morda rezilo noža. Ohr. dol.: 2,5 ments of a solid bronze object ( Pl. 1: 16) and two cm; š.: do 1,2 cm; deb.: 1,6 cm. clumps of sheet bronze. Burial chamber – under a 18b. Odlomek nažlebljenega bronastega predmeta, mor- stone just above the layer of burnt remains; depth da ročaja kovinske posode. Vel.: 2,3 × 1,6 cm; deb.: 175 and 190 cm. 0,2–0,5 cm. 18a. Iron object, possibly the blade of a knife. Surv. l.: 2.5 18c. Odlomek deformirane steklene jagode iz svetlo zele- cm; w.: up to 1.2 cm; th.: 1.6 cm. nega stekla. Vel.: 1,6 × 1,5 × 1,2 cm. 18b. Fragment of a grooved bronze object, possibly the 19. Dva odlomka deformiranega železnega predmeta handle of a metal vessel. Surv. l.: 2.3 cm; w.: 1.6 cm; ovalnega preseka. Na prvem odlomku so štiri ode- th.: 0.2–0.5 cm. belitve, drugi odlomek pa se v zaključku konično 18c. Fragment of a deformed bead of light green glass. razširi. V istem skupku najdb je bilo odkritih še 8 Size: 1.6 × 1.5 × 1.2 cm. majhnih, v ognju deformiranih bronastih odlomkov, 19. Two fragments of a deformed iron object of oval cross pri čemer je bil en sprijet z obema odlomkoma železa section. The first fragment has four thickenings, the (ni risano). Morda gre za ostanke bimetalne igle. Vel. second one widens conically at one end. Found in prvega žel. odlomka: ohr. dol.: 3,5 cm; deb.: med the same group of finds were also eight small bronze 0,7 in 0,9 cm. Vel. drugega žel. odlomka: ohr. dol.: fragments, deformed in fire, one of which was melted 2,25 cm; deb.: med 0,7 in 1,1 cm. Grobnica; gl. together with the two iron fragments (not drawn). 165–170 cm. They may represent the remains of a bimetal dress 20. Odlomek v ognju deformiranega bronastega pred- pin. Iron fragment 1: surv. l.: 3.5 cm; th.: between meta s tremi dobro vidnimi luknjicami (skupaj štiri?) 0.7 and 0.9 cm. Iron fragment 2: surv. l.: 2.25 cm; – v eni je zakovica, morda del kačaste fibule. Vel.: 2,2 th.: between 0.7 and 1.1 cm. Burial chamber; depth × 1,5 × 1,2 cm. Grobnica – med prekopanim kame- 165–170 cm. njem; gl. 100 cm. 20. Fragment of a bronze object, deformed in fire, with 21. Skupek sprijete in v ognju poškodovane bronaste plo-three clearly visible small holes (possibly a fourth čevine. Vel.: 1,9 × 1,8 cm; deb.: 0,08 cm. Grobnica. one?) – one of them holds a rivet that may belong to 360 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 360 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 22. Odlomek predmeta, sestavljenega iz treh slojev bro-the wings of a serpentine fibula. Size: 2.2 × 1.5 × 1.2 naste pločevine. Vel.: 2,3 × 1,7 cm; deb. pločevine: cm. Burial chamber – among the disturbed stones; 0,065 cm; skupna deb.: 0,2 cm. Grobnica; gl. 165– depth 100 cm. 170 cm. 21. Clump of melted and fire damaged sheet bronze. 23. Železna sulična ost s poškodovanim listom. Na tulu, Surv. l: 1.9 cm; w.: 1.8 cm; th.: 0.08 cm. Burial ki je zapolnjen s snovjo – verjetno rjo in lesom, je chamber. ohranjena luknja za pritrjevanje. Ohr. dol.: 39,4 cm; 22. Fragment of an object composed of three layers of š. lista: 2,4 do 4 cm; pr. tula: 2,5 cm. Grobnica – V sheet bronze. Surv. l.: 2.3 cm; w.: 1.7 cm; sheet th.: del; gl. 180–190 cm. 0.065 cm; total th.: 0.2 cm. Burial chamber; depth 24. Odlomek z vrezi okrašenega koščenega predmeta. 165–170 cm. Vel.: 1,6 × 0,95 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,5 cm. Grobnica – 23. Iron spearhead with a damaged blade. The socket, SZ del. filled with material that is probably rust and wood, 25. Odlomki oplate držaja, morda majhnega noža, has a hole for attachment. Surv. l.: 39.4 cm; blade w.: sestav ljene iz dveh simetričnih delov iz votlih kosti, ki 2.4 to 4 cm; socket diam.: 2.5 cm. Burial chamber – sta bila skupaj speta z najmanj tremi železnimi zako- E part; depth 180–190 cm. vicami. Oba koščena dela sta bila ob strani okrašena 24. Fragment of a bone object decorated with incisions. z vodoravnim nizom kratkih poševnih vrezanih črtic, Surv. l.: 1.6 cm; w.: 0.95 cm; th.: 0.4–0.5 cm. Burial na vrhu pa z vodoravnim nizom žigosanih krožcev s chamber – NW part. pikami in s prečnimi pasovi, sestavljenimi iz enakih 25. Fragments of a grip, possibly from a small knife, krožcev. Zakovica je ohranjena le ena, od druge zako- composed of two symmetrical pieces made of hollow vice je na dveh koščenih odlomkih ohranjena rjasta bone fastened together with at least three iron rivets. sled, od tretje pa na obeh koščenih odlomkih luknja Both bone pieces are decorated on both sides and zanjo. Ohr. d. 7,6 cm; pr.: 0,76 cm; d. zakovice: 0,9 along the edges with a line of oblique incised lines cm; deb. zakovice: 0,3–0,42. Grobnica – SV del; gl. and with a line of ring-and-dots and with several 190 cm. transverse lines of ring-and-dots. Only one of the riv- 26. Kroglasta jantarjeva jagoda. Pr.: 1,25 cm; pr. luknje: ets survives, of the second one there is rust preserved 0,15 cm. Grobnica – Z del; gl. 180 cm. around the hole, the third one is only documented 27. Fragmentirana kroglasta jantarjeva jagoda. Pr.: 0,88 by the third hole. Surv. l.: 7.6 cm; diam.: 0.76 cm; cm; pr. luknje: 0,27 cm. Grobnica – Z del; gl. 190 rivet l.: 0.9 cm; rivet th.: 0.3–0.42. Burial chamber – cm. NE part; depth 190 cm. 28. Majhna okrogla bronasta jagoda. Pr.: 0,35 cm; pr. lu-26. Spherical amber bead. Diam.: 1.25 cm; hole diam.: knje: 0,16 cm. Grobnica – SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. 0.15 cm. Burial chamber – W part; depth 180 cm. 27. Fragmented spherical amber bead. Diam.: 0.88 cm; hole diam.: 0.27 cm. Burial chamber – W part; depth 190 cm. 28. Small bronze bead. Diam.: 0.35 cm; hole diam.: 0.16 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth 180–190 cm. Tab. 2: Pl. 2: 1. Skodelica – zgornji del, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske 1. Cup – upper part, made of a very fine-grained fab-gline, oksidacijsko žgana. En odlomek ima delno pov- ric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere. Surface on sem gladko in svetlikajočo se spolirano površino zelo one sherd is very pale brown, completely smooth, bledo rjave barve, drugi odlomek pa poškodovano ali shiny and polished, surface on the other is very pale prežgano površino, ki je manj gladka, mat, zelo bledo brown, grey and pink, less smooth and matt, either rjave, sive in rožnate barve. Najširši obod skodelice je damaged or burnt through. Maximum diameter is valovito razčlenjen, na vratu pa je skodelica okrašena pronounced and scalloped, neck bears two horizon- z dvema nizoma, sestavljenima iz izmenično ponavlja- tal lines of alternating impressed rings and oblique jočih se večjih žigosanih krožcev ter dveh vzporednih connecting lines composed of two parallel lines of poševnih vrst iz vtisnjenih oglatih jamic. Vel.: 8,8 × impressed dots. Surv. l.: 8.8 cm; w.: 4.5 cm; h.: 4.06 4,5 cm; ohr. viš.: 4,06 cm; pr. ustja: 8,5 cm; deb.: cm; rim diam.: 8.5 cm; th.: 0.35 cm. Burial chamber 0,35 cm. Grobnica – JV del; gl. 180–190 cm. – SE part; depth 180–190 cm. 2. Skleda (rek.), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, re-2. Dish (reconstr.), made of a very fine-grained fabric, dukcijsko žgana. Površina je deloma povsem gladka, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in part very 361 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 361 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 svetlikajoča, spolirana in zelo temno sive barve, delo-dark grey, completely smooth, shiny and polished, ma pa poškodovana, mat in svetlo siva. Dno sklede in part light grey, damaged and matt. Base interi- je na notranji strani po celotni površini okrašeno s or is decorated with four groups of parallel shallow štirimi nasproti si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; orna- grooves running perpendicular to one another; dec- ment je v odtisu viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji oration is visible in negative on the underside. Rim strani. Vel: pr. ustja: 20,4 cm; viš.: 5,5 cm; pr. dna: diam.: 20.4 cm; h.: 5.5 cm; base diam.: 7.5 cm; th.: 7,5 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,35 cm. Grobnica. 0.3–0.35 cm. Burial chamber. 3. Skleda (rek.), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, re-3. Dish (reconstr.), made of a very fine-grained fabric, dukcijsko žgana. Površina je večinoma povsem glad-fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is mostly very ka, spolirana in zelo temno sive barve. Dno sklede dark grey, completely smooth and polished. Base in- je na notranji strani po celotni površini okrašeno s terior is decorated with four groups of parallel shal- štirimi nasproti si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; orna- low grooves running perpendicular to one another; ment je v odtisu viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji decoration is visible in negative on the underside. strani. Vel: pr. ustja: 18,8 cm; viš.: 5,8 cm; pr. dna: Rim diam.: 18.8 cm; h.: 5.8 cm; base diam.: 7.4 cm; 7,4 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,35 cm. Grobnica. th.: 0.3–0.35 cm. Burial chamber. 4. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom (rek.), iz zelo 4. Vessel with a high conical neck (reconstr.), made of finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising at- žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je mesto- mosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished ma gladka, s sledovi glajenja, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in part very in zelo temno sive barve, mestoma pa poškodovana dark grey, smooth, with traces of smoothing, shiny, in sive barve. Po celotni površini vratu je posoda graphite-coated, in part grey and damaged. Decora- okrašena z vodoravnimi kanelurami, med njimi so tion covers the whole surface and consists of hori- trije pasovi kanelur v obliki tekočega asimetričnega zontal flutings separated on the neck by three bands meandra; rame in najširši obod sta okrašena z nizom of asymmetric meanders; shoulder and maximum navpičnih cik-cak kanelur, na ramah so tudi štiri bra- diameter bear vertical zigzag grooves, shoulder also davice. Med dnom in najširšim obodom so na zuna- four knobs. Traces of a black resinous coat are visible nji strani posode ostanki črne smolaste prevleke; na between the base and maximum diameter; grooved notranji strani posode pa so v odtisu dobro vidne v decoration is visible in negative on the interior sur- zrcalni sliki kanelure. Ohr. viš.: 45 cm; pr. ustja: 22 face. Surv. h.: 45 cm; rim diam.: 22 cm; base diam.: cm; pr. dna: 17,3 cm; deb.: 0,58–0,73 cm. Grobnica 17.3 cm; th.: 0.58–0.73 cm. Burial chamber – NE – SV del; gl. 190 cm. part; depth 190 cm. Tab. 3: Pl. 3: 1. Skleda – odlomek spodnjega dela, iz zelo finozrna- 1. Dish – fragment of the lower part, made of a very te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je delno poškodo- but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing vana, mat in svetlo sive barve, deloma pa svetlikajoča, atmosphere. Surface is in part light grey, damaged and grafitirana in temno sive barve. Dno sklede je bilo na matt, in part dark grey, shiny, graphite-coated. Base in-notranji strani verjetno okrašeno s štirimi nasproti si terior is decorated with four groups of parallel shallow stoječimi skupinami kanelur. Pr. dna: 6,3 cm; ohr. grooves running perpendicular to one another. Base viš.: 0,82 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,48 cm. Grobnica – SZ del; diam.: 6.3 cm; surv. h.: 0.82 cm; th.: 0.3–0.48 cm. gl. 180–190 cm. Burial chamber – NW part; depth 180–190 cm. 2. Skleda (rek.), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline in re-2. Dish (reconstr.), made of a very fine-grained fabric in dukcijsko žgana. Površina je zelo temno sive barve, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark večinoma povsem gladka in spolirana, s sledovi gla- grey, mostly completely smooth and polished, with jenja in grafitne prevleke. Dno sklede je na notranji traces of smoothing and of a graphite coat. Base inte- strani po celotni površini okrašeno s štirimi nasproti rior is decorated with four groups of parallel shallow si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; ornament je v odtisu grooves running perpendicular to one another; dec- viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji strani. Pr. ustja: oration is visible in negative on the underside. Rim 17,8 cm; viš.: 5,3 cm; pr. dna: 6 cm; deb.: 0,34–0,61 diam.: 17.8 cm; h.: 5.3 cm; base diam.: 6 cm; th.: cm. Grobnica. 0.34–0.61 cm. Burial chamber. 3. Skleda (rek.), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, reduk-3. Dish (reconstr.), made of a very fine-grained fabric, cijsko žgana. Površina je večinoma povsem gladka, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is mostly dark 362 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 362 8. 03. 2021 12:55:14 temno siva, svetlikajoča, spolirana, s sledovi glajenja grey, completely smooth, shiny, polished, with traces in z grafitnim premazom. Dno sklede je na notranji of smoothing, graphite-coated. Base interior is dec- strani po celotni površini okrašeno s štirimi nasproti orated with four groups of parallel shallow grooves si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; ornament je v odtisu running perpendicular to one another; decoration viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji strani. Skozi steno is visible in negative on the underside. A small hole posode je bila naknadno izvrtana majhna luknja. Pr. was made into the wall of the vessel after firing. Rim ustja: 19,1 cm; viš.: 5,1 cm; pr. dna: 6,6 cm; deb.: diam.: 19.1 cm; h.: 5.1 cm; base diam.: 6.6 cm; th.: 0,35–0,65 cm; pr. luknje: 0,45 cm. Grobnica. 0.35–0.65 cm; hole diam.: 0.45 cm. Burial chamber. 4. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom (rek.), iz zelo 4. Vessel with a high conical neck (reconstr.), made of finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising at- žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina nad naj- mosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished širšim obodom posode je mestoma gladka, s sledovi in a reducing atmosphere. Surface above maximum glajenja, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in zelo temno sive diameter is in part very dark grey, smooth, with trac- barve, pod najširšim obodom pa je površina deloma es of smoothing, shiny, graphite-coated, below maxi- neravna, z ostanki črne smolaste prevleke. Okras: po mum diameter it is uneven in places and bears traces celotni površini vratu so vodoravne kanelure, med of a black resinous coat. Decoration covers the whole njimi pa trije pasovi kanelur v obliki tekočega asime- surface and consists of horizontal flutings separated tričnega meandra; rame in najširši obod sta okrašena on the neck by three bands of asymmetric meanders; z nizom navpičnih cik-cakastih kanelur, na ramenih shoulder and maximum diameter bear vertical zigzag so štiri bradavice. Kanelure so dobro vidne tudi v od- grooves, shoulder also four knobs. Grooved deco- tisu v zrcalni sliki na notranji strani posode. Ohr. viš.: ration is visible in negative on the interior surface. 47 cm; pr. ustja: 22 cm; pr. dna: 17,3 cm. Grobnica Surv. h.: 47 cm; rim diam.: 22 cm; base diam.: 17.3 – SV del; gl. 190 cm. cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth 190 cm. Tab. 4: Pl. 4: 1. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 1. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Povr-oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and šina je delno poškodovana, mat in bledo rjave barve, finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in part delno pa povsem gladka, temno siva, svetlikajoča, s pale brown, matt and damaged, in part dark grey, sledovi glajenja in grafitnega premaza. Dno sklede completely smooth, shiny, with traces of smoothing je na notranji strani okrašeno z nasproti si stoječimi and of a graphite coat. Base interior is decorated with skupinami kanelur, na prehodu v steno pa s krožnimi four groups of parallel shallow grooves running per- koncentričnimi majhnimi bunčicami; ornament je v pendicular to one another, surrounded by a ring of odtisu viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji strani. Pr. bosses at the base-body junction; decoration is visible ustja: 20,1 cm; viš.: 7,3 cm; pr. dna: 6,2 cm; deb.: in negative on the exterior. Rim diam.: 20.1 cm; h.: 0,19–0,35 cm. Grobnica – SZ del; gl. 180–190 cm. 7.3 cm; base diam.: 6.2 cm; th.: 0.19–0.35 cm. Bur- 2. Skleda – odlomek okrašenega dna, iz zelo finozrnate ial chamber – NW part; depth 180–190 cm. lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je pov- 2. Dish – base fragment, made of a very fine-grained sem ravna in zelo temno sive barve, na zunanji strani fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is deloma poškodovana, na notranji svetlikajoča, grafi- very dark grey and completely even, partly damaged tirana. Okras: na notranji strani dna je na prehodu on the exterior and shiny, graphite-coated on the v steno posode krožni koncentričen niz iz majhnih interior. Base interior bears a ring of bosses at the bunčic, proti sredini dna pa sledijo krožne koncen- base-body junction, followed by concentric shallow trične kanelure; kanelure so v odtisu vidne v zrcalni grooves towards the centre; grooves are visible in neg- sliki tudi na zunanji strani. Vel.: 4 × 2,25 cm; pr. ative on the underside. Surv. l.: 4 cm; w.: 2.25 cm; dna: 5,9 cm; deb.: 0,25 cm. Grobnica – SV del; gl. base diam.: 5.9 cm; th.: 0.25 cm. Burial chamber – 180–190 cm. NE part; depth 180–190 cm. 3. Skleda – odlomek okrašenega dna, iz zelo finozrnate 3. Dish – base fragment, made of a very fine-grained lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in temno sive barve, delno poškodovana in mat, del- dark grey, smooth, in part damaged and matt, in no pa svetlikajoča, s sledovi grafitnega premaza. Dno part shiny, with traces of a graphite coat. Base interi- sklede je na notranji strani okrašeno z dvema kanelu- or bears two perpendicular grooves, each flanked by rama, ki jih na obeh straneh obdajata niza majhnih lines of small impressed dots (motif of a cross?). Surv. 363 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 363 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 vtisnjenih jamic (motiv križa?). Vel.: 3,7 × 3,4 cm; l.: 3.7 cm; w.: 3.4 cm; th.: 0.3 cm. Burial chamber – deb.: 0,3 cm. Grobnica – SZ del; gl. 180–190 cm. NW part; depth 180–190 cm. 4. Skleda – odlomka zgornjega dela in dna, iz zelo fino-4. Dish – fragments of the upper part and the base, made zrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žga-of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising at- na, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je delno po- mosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished in škodovana, mat in bledo rjave barve, delno pa pov- a reducing atmosphere. Surface is pale brown, in part sem gladka, zelo temno siva, svetlikajoča, s sledovi damaged and matt, in part very dark grey, complete- glajenja, grafitnega premaza in svetlo rdeče prevleke. ly smooth, shiny, with traces of smoothing, a graphite Okras: na notranji strani dna so na prehodu v steno coat and a light red slip. Base interior bears a ring of posode krožne koncentrične majhne bunčice, proti bosses at the base-body junction, followed by concen- sredini dna sledijo krožne koncentrične kanelure, ki tric shallow grooves towards the centre; grooves are vis-so v odtisu vidne v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji stra- ible in negative on the underside. Decorated with shal- ni posode, pod ustjem na zunanji strani pa so plitve low vertical grooves below the rim. Rim diam.: 26 cm; navpične kanelure. Pr. ustja: 26 cm; rek. viš.: 6,4 cm; reconstr. h.: 6.4 cm; base diam.: 5.8 cm; th.: 0.19–0.35 pr. dna: 5,8 cm; deb.: 0,19–0,35 cm. Grobnica – SZ cm. Burial chamber – NW part; depth 180–190 cm. del; gl. 180–190 cm. 5. Vessel with a high conical neck (reconstr.) almost 5. Skoraj povsem enako oblikovana in iz podobne lon- identical in form, decoration and fabric to the two čarske gline izdelana posoda z visokim stožčastim vra- described above ( Pls. 2: 4; 3: 4). This vessel is only tom (rek.) kot zgoraj opisani posodi ( Tab. 2: 4; 3: 4). slightly smaller, with a sharper shoulder-neck junc- Posoda je le nekoliko manjša, z ostrejšim prehodom iz tion, narrower horizontal flutings and shorter dis- ramen v vrat, ožjimi kanelurami in krajšimi razmaki tances between the meanders on the neck. Reconstr. med meandri. Rek. viš.: 38,8 cm; pr. ustja: 22 cm; pr. h.: 38.8 cm; rim diam.: 22 cm; base diam.: 14 cm. dna: 14 cm. Grobnica – SV del; gl. 190 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth 190 cm. Tab. 5: Pl. 5: 1. Skleda (rek.), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, re-1. Dish (reconstr.), made of a very fine-grained fabric, dukcijsko žgana. Površina je večinoma povsem glad-fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark ka, spolirana, zelo temno sive barve, s sledovi glajenja grey, mostly completely smooth, polished, with tracin grafitnega premaza. Dno sklede je bila na notranji es of smoothing and of a graphite coat. Base interi- strani okrašeno z nasproti si stoječimi skupinami ka- or is decorated with four groups of parallel shallow nelur; ornament je v odtisu viden v zrcalni sliki tudi grooves running perpendicular to one another; dec- na zunanji strani. Pr. ustja: 18,2 cm; viš.: 5,1 cm; pr. oration is visible in negative on the underside. Rim dna: 7,7 cm; deb.: 0,35–0,57 cm. Grobnica. diam.: 18.2 cm; h.: 5.1 cm; base diam.: 7.7 cm; th.: 2. Skleda – odlomki zgornjega in spodnjega dela, iz zelo 0.35–0.57 cm. Burial chamber. finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko 2. Dish – fragments of the upper and lower parts, made žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je veči- of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising at- noma poškodovana, mat in zelo bledo rjave barve, mosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished in deloma pa povsem gladka, svetlikajoča, spolirana in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very pale brown, zelo temno sive barve. Dno sklede je bilo na notranji mostly damaged and matt, in part very dark grey, strani okrašeno z nasproti si stoječimi skupinami ka- completely smooth, shiny and polished. Base inte- nelur; ornament je v odtisu viden v zrcalni sliki tudi rior is decorated with four groups of parallel shallow na zunanji strani. Rek. viš.: 5,1 cm; pr. ustja: 17,6 grooves running perpendicular to one another; dec- cm; pr. dna: 5,9 cm; deb.: 0,29–0,41 cm. Grobnica – oration is visible in negative on the underside. Re- S del; gl. 190 cm. constr. h.: 5.1 cm; rim diam.: 17.6 cm; base diam.: 3. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom (rek.), iz zelo 5.9 cm; th.: 0.29–0.41 cm. Burial chamber – N part; finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko depth 190 cm. žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. V spodnjem delu 3. Vessel with a high conical neck (reconstr.), made of a posode je površina groba, z ostanki neenakomerno very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- nanesene črne smolaste prevleke; nad najširšim obo- phere, but incompletely oxidised and finished in a dom je deloma gladka, s sledovi glajenja, svetlikajoča, reducing atmosphere. Surface is coarse in the lower grafitirana in zelo temno siva, mestoma pa poškodo- part and bears traces of unevenly applied black resin- vana, mat, svetlo sive in rožnate barve. Vrat je v zgor- ous coat; above maximum diameter it is in part very njem in spodnjem delu okrašen s tremi vodoravnimi dark grey, smooth, with traces of smoothing, shiny, 364 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 364 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 kanelurami, vmesni del vratu ima meandre in cik-graphite-coated, in part light grey and pink, dam- -cakaste pasove v obliki meandrov, rame in najširši aged and matt. Neck bears three horizontal flutings obod posode pa sta okrašena s kratkimi navpičnimi at both junctions, and meanders appearing individ- kanelurami. Kanelure so dobro vidne tudi v odtisu v ually and in V-shaped designs in between. Shoulder zrcalni sliki na notranji strani posode. Ohr. viš.: 52,1 and maximum diameter bear short vertical shallow cm; pr. ustja: 22 cm; pr. dna: 14,5 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,9 grooves, visible in negative on the interior surface. cm. Grobnica – SV del. Surv. h.: 52.1 cm; rim diam.: 22 cm; base diam.: 14.5 cm; th.: 0.4–0.9 cm. Burial chamber – NE part. Tab. 6: Pl. 6: 1. Posoda brez prvotnega ustja, ohranjena povsod do 1. Vessel, its rim and part of the neck subsequently cut enake višine, katere rob je naknadno izbrušen v ustje. away and the edge smoothed, made of a very fine- Izdelana je iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, reduk- grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- cijsko žgana. Površina je povsem gladka, svetlikajoča, face is very dark grey, completely smooth, shiny and spolirana in zelo temno sive barve. Ohr. viš.: 27,9 polished. Surv. h.: 27.9 cm; max. diam.: 36.4 cm; cm; pr. največjega oboda: 36,4 cm; pr. dna: 10 cm; base diam.: 10 cm; th.: 0.62–0.8 cm. Burial chamber deb.: 0,62–0,8 cm. Grobnica – SV del. – NE part. 2. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom, ohranjena povsod 2. Vessel with a high conical neck, its rim and part of the do enake višine, manjkata le del vratu in ustje. Izdelana neck subsequently cut away and the edge smoothed, je iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reduc- Površina je povsem gladka, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in ing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, completely zelo temno sive barve. Na vratu je okrašena z vodorav- smooth, shiny, graphite-coated. Neck bears horizontal nimi kanelurami, pod njimi s cik-cakom s pikami; na flutings followed below by a zigzag line flanked by dots. ramah pa so 4 bradavice in kratke navpične kanelure. Shoulder bears four knobs and short vertical grooves. Ohr. viš.: 30,7 cm; pr. največjega oboda: 40,2 cm; pr. Surv. h.: 30.7 cm; max. diam.: 40.2 cm; base diam.: dna: 12,5 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Grobnica – SV del. 12.5 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Burial chamber – NE part. Tab. 7: Pl. 7: 1. Lonec (rek.), iz drobno zrnate lončarske gline, nepo-1. Jar (reconstr.), made of a medium-grained fabric, polno oksidacijsko žgan, v končni fazi redukcijsko. fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely Površina je gladka, mat in v večjem delu zelo temno oxidised and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- sive barve, le v predelu vratu in v notranjosti posode face is smooth, matt and predominantly very dark je površina zelo bledo rjave barve. Na ramah je okras grey, only very pale brown at the neck and in the iz dveh vodoravnih črt, križcev med njima in skupi- interior. Shoulder bears two horizontal lines with nami po dvoje križcev pod spodnjo vodoravno črto, crosses in between and several crosses also below, all izveden z enakomernimi drobnimi vtisi nazobčanega made with a roulette or a similar tool. Rim diam.: 20 koleščka ali podobnega predmeta. Pr. ustja: 20 cm; cm; h.: 17.6 cm; base diam.: 11.7 cm; th.: 0.5–0.77 viš.: 17,6 cm; pr. dna: 11,7 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,77 cm. cm. Burial chamber – E part. Grobnica – V del. 2. Vessel with a high conical neck (reconstr.), made of 2. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom (rek.), iz drob-medium-grained fabric with a great amount of mica, no zrnate lončarske gline z veliko sljude, nepopolno fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Povr- oxidised and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- šina je gladka in mat, v večjem delu zelo temno sive face is mostly very dark grey, smooth and matt, in barve, deloma pa poškodovana in svetlo rjave barve. part also light brown and damaged. Shoulder bears Na ramenu posode, tik pod prehodom v vrat, so štiri four knobs just below the shoulder-neck junction. bradavice. Ohr. viš.: 47 cm; pr. ustja: 23,9 cm; pr. Surv. h.: 47 cm; rim diam.: 23.9 cm; base diam.: dna: 16,1 cm; deb.: 0,58–0,73 cm. Grobnica – SV 16.1 cm; th.: 0.58–0.73 cm. Burial chamber – NE del; gl. 180–190 cm. part; depth 180–190 cm. Tab. 8: Pl. 8: 1. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom – odlomek zgor- 1. Vessel with a high conical neck – fragment of the njega dela posode. Pr. ustja: 20,8 cm; pr. največjega upper part. Rim diam.: 20.8 cm; max. diam.: 40.6 oboda: 40,6 cm; deb.: 0,67–0,9 cm. Grobnica – SV del. cm; th.: 0.67–0.9 cm. Burial chamber – NE part. 365 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 365 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 2. Pokrov – odlomek roba, iz drobnozrnate lončarske 2. Lid – rim fragment, made of a medium-grained fab-gline, redukcijsko žgan. Površina pokrova je povsem ric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very gladka, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in zelo temno sive dark grey, completely smooth, shiny, graphite-coat- barve. Vel.: 4,1 × 4,6 cm; pr.:18 cm; deb.: 0,45 cm. ed. Surv. l.: 4.1 cm; w.: 4.6 cm; diam.:18 cm; th.: Grobnica – V del; gl. 180 cm. 0.45 cm. Burial chamber – E part; depth 180 cm. 3. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko 3. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in žgane. Površina je gladka in temno sive barve. Dno a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey and sklede je bilo na notranji strani okrašeno z nasproti smooth. Base interior is decorated with four groups si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; kanelure so v odtisu of parallel shallow grooves running perpendicular to vidne tudi na zunanji strani. Pr. ustja: 18,6 cm; rek. one another; decoration is visible in negative on the viš.: 6,2 cm; deb.: 0,25–3,6 cm. Grobnica – SZ del; underside. Rim diam.: 18.6 cm; reconstr. h.: 6.2 cm; gl. 180–190 cm. th.: 0.25–3.6 cm. Burial chamber – NW part; depth 4. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko 180–190 cm. žgane. Površina je gladka, s sledovi glajenja in temno 4. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a sive barve. Dno sklede je bilo na notranji strani okra-reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, smooth, šeno s štirimi nasproti si stoječimi skupinami kane- with traces of smoothing. Base interior is decorated lur; kanelure so v odtisu vidne tudi na zunanji strani. with four groups of parallel shallow grooves running Pr. ustja: 20,2 cm; rek. viš.: 6,5 cm; deb.: 0,30–0,45 perpendicular to one another; decoration is visible cm. Grobnica – SZ del; gl. 180–190 cm. in negative on the underside. Rim diam.: 20.2 cm; 5. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- reconstr. h.: 6.5 cm; th.: 0.30–0.45 cm. Burial cham- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v končni ber – NW part; depth 180–190 cm. fazi redukcijsko. Površina je poškodovana, gladka, 5. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- mat in sive barve. Vel.: 3,8 × 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,65 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but Grobnica – Z del; gl. 130–150 cm. incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing 6. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate atmosphere. Surface is grey, damaged, smooth and lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je gladka matt. Surv. l.: 3.8 cm; w.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.65 cm. Bur- in zelo temno sive barve, deloma je poškodovana in ial chamber – W part; depth 130–150 cm. mat, deloma pa svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 6. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very 3,7 × 2,3 cm; deb.: 0,4 cm. Grobnica – Z del; gl. fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. 130–150 cm. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, in part damaged 7. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- and matt, in part shiny with traces of smoothing. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina Surv. l.: 3.7 cm; w.: 2.3 cm; th.: 0.4 cm. Burial cham- je gladka, mat, sive, rjave in svetlo rdeče barve. Okra- ber – W part; depth 130–150 cm. šena je s šrafiranimi žlebljenimi trikotniki. Vel.: 6,2 × 7. Cup – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 4,4 cm; pr. ustja: 12 cm; deb.: 0,4 cm.; gl. 190 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 8. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey, brown and čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površi- light red, smooth and matt. Shoulder is decorated na je gladka, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. Skodelica je with hatched grooved triangles. Surv. l.: 6.2 cm; w.: okrašena z dvojnim žlebljenim strehastim motivom, 4.4 cm; rim diam.: 12 cm; th.: 0.4 cm. Burial cham- pod njim pa z žigosanim odtisom krožca. Vel.: 2,7 × ber; depth 190 cm. 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,45 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. 8. Cup – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 9. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lončar-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina je incompletely oxidised. Surface is light red, smooth gladka, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. Skodelica je okraše- and matt. Shoulder is decorated with a double na z dvojnim žlebljenim strehastim motivom. Vel.: 5,7 grooved chevron with an impressed ring. Surv. l.: 2.7 × 3,9 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. cm; w.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.45 cm. Burial chamber; depth 10. Odlomki okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončar- 190 cm. ske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je povsem ravna, 9. Cup – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- svetlikajoča, grafitirana, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but sive barve. Posoda je bila okrašena s tremi vodoravnimi incompletely oxidised. Surface is light red, smooth žlebovi, pod njimi pa s šrafiranimi visečimi trikotniki. and matt. Shoulder is decorated with a double Vel. izrisanega odl.: 4,9 × 4,7 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,45 cm. grooved chevron. Surv. l.: 5.7 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; th.: 0.5 Grobnica – SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. 366 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 366 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 11. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrna-10. Fragments of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very Zunanja površina je gladka, svetlikajoča, s prema- dark grey, completely even, shiny, graphite-coated, zom črne barve, notranja površina pa neravna, mat, with traces of smoothing. Shoulder bears three hori- s sledovi brisanja in zelo temno sive barve. Tik pod zontal grooves and hanging hatched triangles below. ustjem je na zunanji površini posode okras z dvema Surv. l. of the drawn fragment: 4.9 cm; w.: 4.7 cm; vodoravnima žlebovoma, pod njima pa globoke vti- th.: 0.4–0.45 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth snjene jamice, ki so razporejene v obliki črke V oziro- 180–190 cm. ma cik-caka. Vel.: 3,9 × 3,3 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Grob- 11. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very nica; gl. 190 cm. fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- 12. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- phere, but incompletely oxidised. Exterior surface is čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina smooth, shiny and with a black slip; interior surface je gladka, mat, svetlo rjave in zelo temno sive barve. is dark grey, uneven, matt, with traces of burnish- Tik pod ustjem je skleda okrašena z vodoravnima žle- ing. Decorated with two horizontal grooves just be- bovoma, pod njima s štirimi globokimi vtisnjenimi low the rim, as well as deep impressed dots forming jamicami, ki predstavljajo morda del niza jamic, raz- a V-shaped or zigzag motif below the grooves. Surv. porejenih v obliki cik-caka. Vel.: 2,6 × 3,1 cm; deb.: l.: 3.9 cm; w.: 3.3 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Burial chamber; 0,6 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. depth 190 cm. 12. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is light brown and very dark grey, smooth and matt. Decorated with two horizontal grooves just below the rim, as well as deep impressed dots possibly forming a V-shaped or zigzag motif below the grooves. Surv. l.: 2.6 cm; w.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. Tab. 9: Pl. 9: 1. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, s povsem 1. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric. Surface is poškodovano površino, mat, sive in zelo bledo rjave grey and very pale brown, damaged and matt. Neck barve. Na vratu je posoda okrašena z vodoravnimi is decorated with horizontal shallow grooves, shoul- kanelurami, na najširšem obodu in na ramenih pa der and maximum diameter with alternating protu- izmenično z gubami in snopi navpičnih kanelur. Pr. berances and stripes of short vertical grooves. Rim ustja: 16 cm; ohr. viš.: 3,8 cm; deb.: 0,33–0,43 cm. diam.: 16 cm; surv. h.: 3.8 cm; th.: 0.33–0.43 cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. Burial chamber – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. 2. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 2. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Povr-oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised šina je deloma svetlikajoča, spolirana in zelo temno and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in sive barve, deloma pa poškodovana, mat, zelo bledo part very dark grey, shiny and polished, in part very rjave in temno sive barve. Na vratu je posoda okra- pale brown and dark grey, damaged and matt. Neck šena z vodoravnimi kanelurami, na najširšem obodu is decorated with horizontal flutings, shoulder and in na ramenih pa z nizom kratkih navpičnih kanelur. maximum diameter with short vertical grooves. Rim Pr. ustja: 12,2 cm; ohr. viš.: 4,7 cm; deb.: 0,37–0,47 diam.: 12.2 cm; surv. h.: 4.7 cm; th.: 0.37–0.47 cm. cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. Burial chamber – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. 3. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 3. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površi-oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and na je v večjem delu povsem poškodovana, mat, sive finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is mainly in zelo bledo rjave barve, v majhnem delu pa sve- grey and very pale brown, completely damaged and tlikajoča, spolirana (?) in zelo temno sive barve. Na matt, in part very dark grey, shiny and polished (?). vratu je posoda okrašena z vodoravnimi kanelurami, Neck is decorated with horizontal flutings, shoulder na najširšem obodu pa izmenično z gubami in snopi and maximum diameter with alternating protuber- navpičnih kanelur. Vel.: 11 × 3,9 cm; pr. ustja: 13,5 ances and stripes of short vertical grooves. Surv. l.: 367 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 367 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,35 cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 11 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; rim diam.: 13.5 cm; th.: 0.3–0.35 190 cm. cm. Burial chamber – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. 4. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 4. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Povr-oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and šina je deloma svetlikajoča, spolirana in zelo temno finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is in part sive barve, deloma pa poškodovana, mat in zelo bledo very dark grey, shiny and polished, in part very pale rjave barve. Na vratu je posoda okrašena z vodoravni- brown, damaged and matt. Neck is decorated with mi kanelurami, na najširšem obodu in na ramenih pa horizontal flutings, shoulder and maximum diameter izmenično z gubami in snopi navpičnih kanelur. Pr. with alternating protuberances and stripes of short ustja: 13,1 cm; ohr. viš.: 4,3 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,46 cm. vertical grooves. Rim diam.: 13.1 cm; surv. h.: 4.3 Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. cm; th.: 0.3–0.46 cm. Burial chamber – S to SE part; 5. Skodela – odlomki zgornjega dela in narebrenega depth 190 cm. presegajočega ročaja z ušescem, iz zelo finozrnate lon- 5. Bowl – fragments of the upper part and the high čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v končni handle with a cornucopia shaped ending and a rib, fazi redukcijsko. Površina je večinoma gladka, s sle- made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an ox- dovi glajenja, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in zelo temno idising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and sive barve, deloma pa poškodovana, mat in bledo finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is main- rjave barve. Posoda je okrašena z valovito razčlenje- ly very dark grey, smooth, with traces of smoothing, nim obodom, na vratu pa z vodoravnimi kanelurami. shiny, graphite-coated, in part pale brown, damaged Ohr. viš.: 10,8 cm; pr. ustja: 15 cm. Grobnica – J do and matt. Neck is decorated with horizontal flutings, JV del; gl. 190 cm. maximum diameter is pronounced and scalloped. 6. Skodela – odlomki okrašene posode in narebrenega Surv. h.: 10.8 cm; rim diam.: 15 cm. Burial chamber presegajočega ročaja z ušescem, iz zelo finozrnate lon- – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. čarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je večinoma 6. Bowl – fragments of the body and the high handle povsem gladka, s sledovi glajenja, svetlikajoča, grafi- with a cornucopia shaped ending and a rib, made tirana in zelo temno sive barve, deloma pa poškodo- of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing at- vana in mat. Posoda je okrašena z valovito razčlenje- mosphere. Surface is mainly very dark grey, com- nim obodom, na vratu pa z vodoravnimi kanelurami. pletely smooth, with traces of smoothing, shiny, Vel. odl. ročaja: 5,8 × 3,5 cm; vel. odl. ost.: 4,9 × 2,9 graphite-coated, in part damaged and matt. Neck is cm, 4,3 × 2,4 cm in 2,7 × 2 cm; ocenjen pr. ustja: 15 presumably decorated with horizontal flutings, max- cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. imum diameter is pronounced and scalloped. Size of 7. Skodela – odlomki zgornjega dela in narebrenega the handle fragment: 5.8 × 3.5 cm; size of the body presegajočega ročaja z ušescem, iz zelo finozrnate fragments: 4.9 × 2.9, 4.3 × 2.4 and 2.7 × 2 cm; esti- lončarske gline in nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Po- mated rim diam.: 15 cm. Burial chamber – S to SE vršina je večinoma poškodovana, gladka, mat, temno part; depth 190 cm. sive in zelo bledo rjave barve, le na majhnem delu 7. Bowl – fragments of the upper part and the high posode pa tudi svetlikajoča, grafitirana, s sledovi gla- handle with a cornucopia shaped ending and a rib, jenja in zelo temno sive barve. Posoda je okrašena z made of a very fine-grained fabric in fired in an ox- valovito razčlenjenim obodom, na vratu pa z vodo- idising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Sur- ravnimi kanelurami. Pr. ustja: 14,8 cm; ohr. viš.: 5,2 face is mainly dark grey and very pale brown, dam- cm; deb.: 0,35–0,4 cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. aged, smooth and matt, in part very dark grey, shiny, 190 cm. graphite-coated, with traces of smoothing. Neck is 8. Skodela – odlomki zgornjega dela in narebrenega decorated with horizontal flutings, maximum diam- presegajočega ročaja z ušescem. Posoda je iz zelo fino- eter is pronounced and scalloped. Rim diam.: 14.8 zrnate lončarske gline in redukcijsko žgana. Površina cm; surv. h.: 5.2 cm; th.: 0.35–0.4 cm. Burial cham- na odlomkih je večinoma povsem gladka, svetlikajo- ber – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. ča, grafitirana, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno sive 8. Bowl – fragments of the upper part and the high han- barve, razen na odlomku narebrenega presegajočega dle with a cornucopia shaped ending and a rib, made ročaja z ušescem, kjer je povsem poškodovana. Na of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing at- vratu je skodelica okrašena z vodoravnimi kanelura- mosphere. Surface is mainly very dark grey, completely mi, na najširšem obodu pa je valovito razčlenjena. Pr. smooth, shiny, graphite-coated, with traces of smooth- ustja: 14,6 cm; rek. viš.: 11,1 cm; deb.: 0,25–0,45 ing, on the fragment of the handle it is completely cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. damaged. Neck is decorated with horizontal flutings, 368 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 368 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 9. Skodela – odlomki zgornjega dela in narebrenega maximum diameter is pronounced and scalloped. Rim presegajočega ročaja, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gli- diam.: 14.6 cm; reconstr. h.: 11.1 cm; th.: 0.25–0.45 ne in nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi cm. Burial chamber – S to SE part; depth 190 cm. redukcijsko. Površina je večinoma povsem gladka, 9. Bowl – fragments of the upper part and the high svetlikajoča, grafitirana, s sledovi glajenja in zelo handle, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an temno sive barve, deloma pa poškodovana, mat in oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and zelo bledo rjave barve. Posoda je okrašena z valovito finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is main- razčlenjenim obodom, na vratu pa z vodoravnimi ka- ly very dark grey, completely smooth, shiny, graph- nelurami. Pr. ustja: 14,5 cm; ohr. viš.: 5,9 cm; deb.: ite-coated, with traces of smoothing, in part very 0,3–0,5 cm. Grobnica – J do JV del; gl. 190 cm. pale brown, damaged and matt. Neck is decorated 10. Skodelica s presegajočim ročajem z dvema rogatima with horizontal flutings, maximum diameter is pro- živalskima glavicama in vbočenim dnom. Izdelana je nounced and scalloped. Rim diam.: 14.5 cm; surv. iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksi- h.: 5.9 cm; th.: 0.3–0.5 cm. Burial chamber – S to SE dacijsko žgana. Površina je gladka, mat, rožnate in part; depth 190 cm. sive barve. Obod skodelice je valovito razčlenjen. Pr. 10. Cup with a concave base and a high handle with a pair ustja: 7 cm; viš.: 4,5 cm; pr. dna: 4,4 cm; deb.: 0,55 of horned animal heads, made of a very fine-grained cm. Grobnica – V del (znotraj lonca Tab. 7: 1). fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- 11. Odlomki piramidalne uteži s poševno vtisnjeno črto pletely oxidised. Surface is pink and grey, smooth in jamico na vrhnji ploskvi. Viš.: 9 cm; deb.: 2,5–6,5 and matt. Maximum diameter is pronounced and cm; pr. luknje: 0,96 cm. Grobnica. scalloped. Rim diam.: 7 cm; h.: 4.5 cm; base diam.: 12. Odlomek keramičnega svitka, iz zelo finozrnate lon- 4.4 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Burial chamber – E part (found čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žganega. Površi- inside the jar on Pl. 7: 1). na je poškodovana, neravna, mat in zelo bledo rjave 11. Fragments of a pyramidal weight with an oblique im- barve. Vel.: 8,4 × 3,8 cm; pr.: 14,1 cm; deb.: 3,8 cm. pressed line and an indentation on the top surface. Grobnica – Z del; gl. 190 cm. H.: 9 cm; th.: 2.5–6.5 cm; hole diam.: 0.96 cm. Bur- 13. Predilsko vretence, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, neial chamber. popolno oksidacijsko žgano. Površina je večinoma 12. Fragment of a ceramic ring, made of a very fine- poškodovana, mat, svetlo sive, svetlo rjave in rdečeru- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but mene barve. Pr.: 3,5 cm; pr. luknje: 0,5 cm. Grobnica incompletely oxidised. Surface is very pale brown, – SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. damaged and matt. Surv. l.: 8.4 cm; w.: 3.8 cm; th.: 14. Predilsko vretence, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, ne-3.8 cm; diam.: 14.1 cm. Burial chamber – W part; popolno oksidacijsko žgano. Površina je večinoma depth 190 cm. poškodovana, neravna, mat, sive, zelo temno sive in 13. Spindle whorl, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired svetlo rdeče barve. Pr.: 3,5 cm; pr. luknje: 0,55 cm. in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxi- Grobnica – SV del; gl. 110 cm. dised. Surface is light grey, light brown and red-yel- 15. Predilsko vretence, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline. low, mainly damaged and matt. Diam.: 3.5 cm; hole Površina je povsem poškodovana, mat, svetlo sive in diam.: 0.5 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth sive barve. Okrašen je z nizom navpičnih strehastih 180–190 cm. žlebov. Pr.: 2,3 cm; pr. luknje: 0,4 cm. Grobnica – 14. Spindle whorl, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. 16. Predilsko vretence, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, ne-Surface is very dark grey and light red, mainly dam- popolno oksidacijsko žgano. Površina je delno po- aged, uneven and matt. Diam.: 3.5 cm; hole diam.: škodovana, gladka, mat in svetlo rjave barve. Pr.: 3 0.55 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth 110 cm. cm; pr. luknje: 0,4 cm. Grobnica – SV del; gl. 190 15. Spindle whorl, made of a very fine-grained fabric. cm. Surface is light grey and grey, completely damaged and matt. Decorated with grooves in the shape of chevrons. Diam.: 2.3 cm; hole diam.: 0.4 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; depth 180–190 cm. 16. Spindle whorl, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is light brown, in part damaged, smooth and matt. Diam.: 3 cm; hole diam.: 0.4 cm. Burial cham- ber – NE part; depth 190 cm. 369 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 369 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 Tab. 10: Pl. 10: 1. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz drobnozrnate lončar- 1. Fragment of a vessel, made of a medium-grained fab- ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina ric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely je gladka, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. Okrašena je s oxidised. Surface is light red, smooth and matt. Deco- poševnima vrezoma. Morda gre za del posode, kateri rated with oblique incisions. It may be part of the same pripada tudi fragment Tab. 10: 4. Vel.: 5,9 × 4,7 cm; vessel as the fragment on Pl. 10: 4. Surv. l.: 5.9 cm; w.: deb.: 0,55 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. 4.7 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. 2. Odlomek ustja posode, iz drobnozrnate lončarske 2. Rim fragment of a vessel, made of a medium-grained gline z veliko sljude, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je fabric with a great amount of mica, fired in a reduc- gladka, svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno ing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, sive barve. Vel.: 2,5 × 2,3 cm; deb.: 0,45–0,55 cm. shiny, with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 2.5 cm; w.: Grobnica – Z del; gl. 130–150 cm. 2.3 cm; th.: 0.45–0.55 cm. Burial chamber – W part; 3. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz drobnozrnate depth 130–150 cm. lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Po- 3. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a medi- vršina posodice je gladka, mat in svetlo rjave barve. um-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, Na ustju so poševni vrezi, na vratu vodoravna vreza. but incompletely oxidised. Surface is light brown, Morda gre za odlomek enega izmed recipientov dvoj- smooth and matt. Rim bears oblique incisions, neck ne posode Tab. 10: 5. Vel.: 2,6 × 2,7 cm; deb.: 0,6 is decorated with two horizontal incised lines. It may cm. Grobnica – V del; gl. 180 cm. be a fragment of the double vessel on Pl. 10: 5. Surv. 4. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz drobnozrnate lončar- l.: 2.6 cm; w.: 2.7 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Burial chamber – ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je E part; depth 180 cm. gladka, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. Po okrasu in videzu 4. Fragment of a vessel, made of a medium-grained fab- je odlomek precej podoben odlomku Tab. 10: 1, zato ric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incomplete-lahko gre tudi za isto posodo. Vel.: 4,4 × 3 cm; deb.: ly oxidised. Surface is light red, smooth and matt. It 0,5–0,55 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. closely resembles the fragment on Pl. 10: 1 in shape 5. Dvojna posoda – odlomki ročaja, iz grobo zrnate and decoration and may belong to the same vessel. lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Ročaj Surv. l.: 4.4 cm; w.: 3 cm; th.: 0.5–0.55 cm. Burial ima presek v obliki črke U. Njegova površina je ne- chamber; depth 190 cm. ravna, mat in svetlo rjave barve. Po celotni površini 5. Double vessel – fragments of the handle, made of je ročaj okrašen s strehastimi vrezanimi črtami, na a coarse-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising at- enem izmed obeh robov pa z vrezanim cik-cakom. mosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Handle is Morda gre za del iste posode, kateri pripada fragment U-shaped in cross section. Surface is light brown, Tab. 10: 3. Vel.: 9 × 4,2 cm in 7,3 × 3,5 cm; deb.: uneven and matt. Decorated with a line of incised 0,9–1 cm. Grobnica – V del. chevrons along the length of the handle, while one 6. Dvojna posodica – odlomki zgornjega dela s presega- of the edges also bears individual incised chevrons. It jočim ročajem, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline. Po- may belong to the same vessel as the fragment on Pl. vršina posodice je prežgana, zelo bledo rjave in rožnate 10: 3. Surv. l.: 9 and 7.3 cm; w.: 4.2 and 3.5 cm; th.: barve. Ročaj je okrašen z navpičnim gladkim rebrom. 0.9–1 cm. Burial chamber – E part. Vel.: 6,4 × 8,3 cm; ohr. viš.: 8,3 cm; pr. ustja: 2 × 9,8 6. Double vessel – fragments of the upper part with a cm; deb.: 0,4 cm; deb. roč: 0,4–0,5 cm. Grobnica. high handle, made of a very fine-grained fabric. Sur- 7. Cista – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate face is pale brown and pink, and burnt through, the lončarske gline. Površina je povsem poškodovana in fractures are rounded. Handle bears a rib along the prežgana, svetlo sive in temno sive barve. Posoda je middle. Surv. l.: 6.4 cm; w.: 8.3 cm; surv. h.: 8.3 cm; okrašena z vodoravnimi žlebovi. Vel.: 6,8 × 4,2 cm; rim diam.: 2 × 9.8 cm; th.: 0.4 cm; th. of the handle: pr. u: 11 cm; deb.: 0,35–0,4 cm. Grobnica – SZ del; 0.4–0.5 cm. Burial chamber. gl. 180 cm. 7. Cist– fragment of the upper part, made of a very 8. Odlomek noge ali držaja pokrova posode, iz zelo fi- fine-grained fabric. Surface is light grey and dark nozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane, v končni grey, completely burnt through and damaged. It is fazi oksidacijsko. Na zunanji strani je površina po- decorated with horizontal grooves. Surv. l.: 6.8 cm; škodovana, gladka, mat in zelo bledo rjave barve, na w.: 4.2 cm; rim diam.: 11 cm; th.: 0.35–0.4 cm. Bur- notranji strani pa gladka, svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajeial chamber – NW part; depth 180 cm. nja in s svetlo rdečim premazom. Pr.: 6,9 cm; ohr. viš: 8. Fragment of the foot of a vessel or the knob of a lid, 3,9 cm; deb.: 0,45–0,6 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing 370 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 370 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 9. Odlomek posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, and finished in an oxidising atmosphere. Exterior redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka in temno sive surface is very pale brown, damaged, smooth and barve, deloma poškodovana, deloma pa svetlikajoča, matt; interior surface is smooth, shiny, with traces of s sledovi grafitnega premaza. Na ramenu je posoda smoothing and with a light red slip. Diam.: 6.9 cm; okrašena z navpičnimi kanelurami. Vel.: 3,7 × 2,8 surv. h.: 3.9 cm; th.: 0.45–0.6 cm. Burial chamber; cm; deb.: 0,3–0,4 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. Grob- depth 190 cm. nica – SZ del; gl. 180–190 cm. 9. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-10. Odlomek držaja posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske ric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je de- grey and smooth, in part water worn and in part loma gladka, mat, svetlo rdečerjave in sive barve, de- shiny, with traces of a graphite coat. Shoulder bears loma pa poškodovana in neravna. Vel.: 3,6 × 2,9 cm; vertical shallow grooves. Surv. l.: 3.7 cm; w.: 2.8 cm; deb.: 1,1 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. th.: 0.3–0.4 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. Bur- 11. Majhna keramična posodica, iz zelo finozrnate lon- ial chamber – NW part; depth 180–190 cm. čarske gline, z gladko poškodovano površino, mat, 10. Fragment of a grip of a vessel, made of a very fine- svetlo sive in temno sive barve. Pr. ustja: 4,5 cm; viš: grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 2,7–2,8 cm; pr. dna: 4 cm; deb.: 0,25 in 0,3 cm. incompletely oxidised. Surface is in part light red- Grobnica – Z del; gl. 190 cm. brown and grey, smooth and matt, in part damaged 12. Majhna keramična posodica, iz zelo finozrnate lon- and uneven. Surv. l.: 3.6 cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 1.1 cm. čarske gline. Površina je povsem poškodovana, glad- Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. ka, svetlo sive in temno sive barve. Okrašena je z nav- 11. Small ceramic vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-pičnimi žlebovi in nizom vtisnjenih drobnih pik nad ric. Surface is light grey and dark grey, smooth, dam- njimi. Pr. ustja: 4,95 cm; viš: 2,7 cm; pr. dna: 4,4 cm; aged and matt. Rim diam.: 4.5 cm; h.: 2.7–2.8 cm; deb.: 0,2–0,25 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. base diam.: 4 cm; th.: 0.25–0.3 cm. Burial chamber 13. Odlomek posode z bradavico, iz zelo finozrnate lon- – W part; depth 190 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni 12. Small ceramic vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-fazi redukcijsko. Površina keramike je deloma nerav- ric. Surface is light grey and dark grey, smooth and na, poškodovana, mat in rdečerumene barve, deloma completely damaged. Body is decorated with vertical pa povsem gladka, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in zelo grooves and a line of small impressed dots above them. temno sive barve. Vel.: 5,1 × 4,8 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Rim diam.: 4.95 cm; h.: 2.7 cm; base diam.: 4.4 cm; Grobnica – SV del; gl. 180–190 cm. th.: 0.2–0.25 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. 14. Odlomek zgornjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- 13. Fragment of a vessel with a knob, made of a very čarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka, fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, mat, in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,1 × 2,9 cm; but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing deb.: 0,55 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. atmosphere. Surface is in part red-yellow, uneven, 15. Odlomek zgornjega dela plitve sklede ali odlomek damaged and matt, in part very dark grey, complete- roba pokrova, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopol- ly smooth, shiny, graphite-coated. Surv. l.: 5.1 cm; no oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je neravna, mat, rjave w.: 4.8 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Burial chamber – NE part; in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 6,3 × 5,5 cm; deb.: depth 180–190 cm. 0,7–0,9 cm. Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. 14. Fragment of the upper part of a vessel, made of a 16. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. čarske gline, s povsem poškodovano površino. Pr. Surface is very dark grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: dna: 9,8 cm; ohr. viš.: 2,4 cm; deb.: 0,33 cm. Grob- 4.1 cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Burial chamber; nica – S del; gl. 190 cm. depth 190 cm. 17. Odlomek posode z držajem, iz drobnozrnate lončar- 15. Fragment of the upper part of a shallow dish or the ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je rim of a lid, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in gladka, mat in rdečerjave barve. Vel.: 4,4 × 3,8 cm; an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. deb.: 0,6–0,7 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. Surface is brown and very dark grey, uneven and 18. Skodelica – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozr- matt. Surv. l.: 6.3 cm; w.: 5.5 cm; th.: 0.7–0.9 cm. nate lončarske gline. Površina je poškodovana, glad- Burial chamber; depth 170–190 cm. ka, mat in sive barve. Na vratu je posoda okrašena z 16. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-vodoravnimi kanelurami, na ramenih z navpičnimi grained fabric. Surface is completely damaged. Base kanelurami. Vel.: 3,7 × 2,2 cm; deb.: 0,35–0,4 cm. diam.: 9.8 cm; surv. h.: 2.4 cm; th.: 0.33 cm. Burial Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. chamber – N part; depth 190 cm. 371 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 371 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 19. Odlomki okrašene posode, morda prej opisane sko-17. Fragment of a vessel with a grip, made of a medi- delice ( Tab. 10: 18), iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gli-um-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, ne. Površina je povsem poškodovana, gladka, mat, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown, rožnate in sive barve. Na ramenih je posoda naguba- smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 4.4 cm; w.: 3.8 cm; th.: na in okrašena z navpičnimi kanelurami. Vel. najve- 0.6–0.7 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. čjega odl.: 5,8 × 3,4 cm; deb.: 0,2–0,3 cm. Grobnica; 18. Cup – fragment of the upper part, made of a very gl. 170–190 cm. fine-grained fabric. Surface is grey, damaged, smooth 20. Skleda – odlomek osrednjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate and matt. Neck is decorated with horizontal shallow lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je glad- grooves, shoulder with vertical grooves. Surv. l.: 3.7 ka in zelo temno sive barve, deloma poškodovana in cm; w.: 2.2 cm; th.: 0.35–0.4 cm. Burial chamber; mat, deloma pa svetlikajoča, spolirana. Na prehodu depth 170–190 cm. vratu v rame je bila posoda okrašena z vodoravnim 19. Fragments of a vessel, possibly the above-described vrezom. Vel.: 3,8 × 3,5 cm; deb.: 0,35–0,4 cm. Grob- cup ( Pl. 10: 18), made of a very fine-grained fab-nica; gl. 190 cm. ric. Surface is pink and grey, completely damaged, 21. Odlomek majhne posodice, iz zelo finozrnate lončar- smooth and matt. Shoulder bears protrusions and ske gline. Površina je povsem poškodovana, gladka, vertical grooves over them. Largest fragment l.: 5.8 svetlo sive in sive barve. Na najširšem obodu je po- cm; w.: 3.4 cm; th.: 0.2–0.3 cm. Burial chamber; sodica okrašena z navpičnimi kanelurami. Vel.: 4 × depth 170–190 cm. 3,8 cm in 3,5 × 2,2 cm; pr. najširšega oboda: 8,1 cm; 20. Dish – fragment of the body, made of a very fine- deb.: 0,25–0,3 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- face is very dark grey, in part damaged and matt, in part shiny and polished. Neck-shoulder junction is decorated with a horizontal incised line. Surv. l.: 3.8 cm; w.: 3.5 cm; th.: 0.35–0.4 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. 21. Fragments of a small vessel, made of a very fine- grained fabric. Surface is light grey and grey, com- pletely damaged and smooth. Decorated with verti- cal grooves at maximum diameter. L./w.: 4 × 3.8 cm and 3.5 × 2.2 cm; max. diam.: 8.1 cm; th.: 0.25–0.3 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. Tab. 11: Pl. 11: 1. Odlomek posode z držajem z odtisom prsta, iz drob- 1. Fragment of a vessel with a grip bearing a finger im-nozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko pression, made of a medium-grained fabric, fired in žgane. Površina je neravna, mat, svetlo rjave, rjave an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. in sive barve. Vel.: 7,1 × 3,6 cm; deb.: 0,7–0,8 cm. Surface is light brown, brown and grey, uneven and Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. matt. Surv. l.: 7.1 cm; w.: 3.6 cm; th.: 0.7–0.8 cm. 2. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- Burial chamber; depth 170–190 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni 2. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fazi redukcijsko. Površina dna je večinoma poškodo- fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, vana, mat, rjave in sive barve. Dno posode ima na but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing zunanji strani niz vzporednih vrezanih črt. Vel.: 4,7 × atmosphere. Surface is brown and grey, mostly dam- 8,5 cm; deb.: 0,6 in 1,3 cm. Grobnica. aged and matt. Underside bears a series of parallel 3. Odlomki spodnjega dela posodice z vbočenim dnom, incised lines. Surv. l.: 4.7 cm; w.: 8.5 cm; th.: 0.6 and iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacij-1.3 cm. Burial chamber. sko žgane, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je veči- 3. Fragments of the lower part of a vessel with a concave noma poškodovana, mat, zelo bledo rjave in sive barve, base, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an na enem odlomku pa povsem gladka, svetlikajoča, gra- oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and fitirana in temno sive barve. Pr. dna: 5,5 cm; ohr. viš.: finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is pre-3,4 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,35 cm. Grobnica; gl. 170–190 cm. dominantly very pale brown and grey, damaged and 4. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobnozrna- matt, on one fragment dark grey, completely smooth, te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. shiny, graphite-coated. Base diam.: 5.5 cm; surv. h.: 372 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 372 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 Površina je večinoma poškodovana, neravna, mat, 3.4 cm; th.: 0.3–0.35 cm. Burial chamber; depth svetlo rjave, temno sive, svetlo rdeče in sive barve. 170–190 cm. Vel.: 6,3 × 3,8 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. Grobnica; gl. 170– 4. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a 190 cm. medium-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- 5. Odlomek dna posode (cedila?) ali pokrova oz. pekve phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is light z luknjo. Posoda je izdelana iz finozrnate lončarske brown, dark grey, light red and grey, mostly dam- gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina je ve- aged, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 6.3 cm; w.: 3.8 cm; činoma poškodovana, groba, mat, svetlo rjave in sive th.: 0.5 cm. Burial chamber; depth 170–190 cm. barve. Vel.: 3,6 × 4,1 cm; deb.: 0,55 cm. Grobnica. 5. Fragment of the base of a vessel (strainer?) or of the 6. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon-lid with a hole in the wall, made of a fine-grained čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- je neravna, mat, svetlo rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 6 × pletely oxidised. Surface is mostly light brown and 4,9 cm; deb.: 0,55 cm. Grobnica; gl. 190 cm. grey, damaged, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: 3.6 cm; w.: 7. Lonec, iz grobozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 4.1 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Burial chamber. oksidacijsko žgan. Površina je delno poškodovana in 6. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-neravna, delno pa gladka, mat, rdečerjave, bledo rja- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but ve in zelo temno sive barve. Pr. ustja: 23 cm; pr. dna: incompletely oxidised. Surface is light brown and 13,5 cm; ohr. viš.: 16,9 cm; deb.: 0,6–0,7 cm. Jama grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 6 cm; w.: 4.9 cm; th.: ob J zidu grobnice; gl. 180 cm. 0.55 cm. Burial chamber; depth 190 cm. 8. Lonec s štirimi držaji (trije ohranjeni – en z odtisom 7. Jar, made of a coarse-grained fabric, fired in an oxi-prsta), iz grobozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno dising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Sur- oksidacijsko žgan. Površina je gladka, mat, rdečerja- face is red-brown, pale brown and very dark grey, in ve, temno sive, svetlo sive in rdeče barve. Ohr. viš.: part damaged and uneven, in part smooth and matt. 28,7 cm; pr. ustja: 28,9 cm; pr. dna: 18 cm; deb.: Rim diam.: 23 cm; base diam.: 13.5 cm; surv. h.: 0,6–0,8 cm. Jama 1; gl. 200–225 cm. 16.9 cm; th.: 0.6–0.7 cm. Pit along the S wall of the burial chamber; depth 180 cm. 8. Jar with four grips (three surviving – one with a finger impression), made of a coarse-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown, dark grey, light grey and red, smooth and matt. Surv. h.: 28.7 cm; rim diam.: 28.9 cm; base diam.: 18 cm; th.: 0.6–0.8 cm. Pit 1; depth 200–225 cm. Tab. 12: Pl. 12: 1. Odlomek piramidalne uteži z globoko vtisnjeno ja- 1. Fragment of a pyramidal weight with a deep im- mico na zgornji ploskvi iz zelo finozrnate lončarske pressed hole on the top surface, made of a very fine- gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Njena površina grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but je poškodovana, neravna, mat, svetlo rdeče in svetlo incompletely oxidised. Surface is light red and light rjave barve. Ohr. viš.: 4 cm; deb.: 3,1 cm. Nasutje brown, damaged, uneven and matt. Surv. h.: 4 cm; gomile; gl. 200 cm. th.: 3.1 cm. Earthen mound; depth 200 cm. 2. Odlomek narebrenega ročaja posode, iz zelo finozr- 2. Fragment of a ribbed handle of a vessel, made of a nate lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmos- temno sive barve, deloma neravna, poškodovana in phere. Surface is dark grey, in part uneven, damaged mat, deloma pa povsem gladka in svetlikajoča, grafi- and matt, in part completely smooth and shiny, tirana. Vel.: 3,5 × 2,7 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,7 cm. Nasutje graphite-coated. Surv. l.: 3.5 cm; w.: 2.7 cm; th.: gomile; gl. 200 cm. 0.5–0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 200 cm. 3. Odlomek posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, 3. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-redukcijsko žgane, v končni fazi oksidacijsko. Okra- ric, fired in a reducing and finished in an oxidising šen je z dvema vodoravnima in z dvema poševnima atmosphere. Decorated with two horizontal and two kanelurama. Na zunanji strani odlomka je površina oblique grooves. Exterior surface is smooth, in part gladka, deloma mat, z rdečim premazom, žlebovi so matt, with a red slip, the grooves are shiny and dark svetlikajoči, temno sivi, grafitirani. Na notranji strani grey, graphite coated; interior surface is in part light 373 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 373 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 je površina deloma poškodovana, mat in svetlo rjave brown, damaged and matt, in part dark grey, shiny, barve, deloma pa svetlikajoča, grafitirana in temno graphite-coated. Surv. l.: 4 cm; w.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.6 sive barve. Vel.: 4 × 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Nasutje cm. Earthen mound; depth 200 cm. gomile; gl. 200 cm. 4. Fragment of a jar, made of a fine-grained fabric, 4. Odlomek lonca, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, reduk- fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, cijsko žganega. Površina je neravna, mat in temno uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4.3 cm; w.: 4.7 cm; th.: sive barve. Vel.: 4,3 × 4,7 cm; deb.: 0,75 cm. 158. 0.75 cm. 158. Deposit at the SE corner of the burial Nasutje ob JV vogalu grobnice; gl. 160–180 cm. chamber; depth 160–180 cm. 5. Odlomek ročaja posode, iz drobnozrnate lončarske 5. Handle fragment of a vessel, made of a medi- gline. Površina je poškodovana, groba, mat in svetlo um-grained fabric. Surface is light brown, damaged, rjave barve. Vel.: 5,1 × 4,1 cm; deb.: 0,75 cm. Nasu- coarse and matt. Surv. l.: 5.1 cm; w.: 4.1 cm; th.: 0.75 tje ob JV vogalu grobnice; gl. 160–180 cm. cm. Deposit at the SE corner of the burial chamber; 6. Odlomek ročaja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline depth 160–180 cm. z poškodovano površino. Površina je neravna, mat, 6. Handle fragment of a vessel, made of a fine-grained sive in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,8 × 2,7 cm; fabric. Surface is grey and very dark grey, damaged, deb.: 1,15–1,6 cm. Nasutje ob JV vogalu grobnice; uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4.8 cm; w.: 2.7 cm; th.: gl. 160–180 cm. 1.15–1.6 cm. Deposit at the SE corner of the burial 7. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- chamber; depth 160–180 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v končni 7. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- fazi redukcijsko. Na zunanji strani odlomka je povr- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but šina zelo temno sive barve, gladka, svetlikajoča, s sle- incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing at- dovi glajenja, na notranji površini pa neravna, mat, mosphere. Exterior surface is very dark grey, smooth, sive in rjave barve. Vel.: 3 × 4,3 cm; deb.: 0,55 cm. shiny, with traces of smoothing; interior surface is Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. grey and brown, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3 cm; w.: 8. Odlomek zgornjega dela sklede ali odlomek roba po- 4.3 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130– krova, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksi- 140 cm. dacijsko žganega. Površina je delno poškodovana in 8. Fragment of the upper part of a dish or of the rim of neravna, delno pa gladka, mat, svetlo rjave in zelo a lid, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidis-bledo rjave barve. Vel.: 5,5 × 4,4 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,7 ing atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface cm. Nasutje ob JV vogalu grobnice; gl. 150–170 cm. is light brown and very pale brown, in part damaged 9. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate and uneven, in part smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 5.5 lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Po- cm; w.: 4.4 cm; th.: 0.5–0.7 cm. Deposit at the SE vršina je neravna, mat, rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 5 corner of the burial chamber; depth 150–170 cm. × 4,6 cm; deb.: 0,55–0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 9. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very 150–160 cm. fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, 10. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- but incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown and čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površi- grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 5 cm; w.: 4.6 cm; th.: na je neravna, mat, rjave, svetlo rdeče in sive barve. 0.55–0.6 cm. Earthen mound; depth 150–160 cm. Vel.: 6,6 × 4,6 cm; deb.: 0,75 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 10. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 130–140 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 11. Odlomek zgornjega dela plitve sklede ali roba po- incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown, light red krova, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko and grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 6.6 cm; w.: 4.6 žgane. Površina je zelo temno sive barve, gladka, de- cm; th.: 0.75 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 loma poškodovana in mat, deloma pa svetlikajoča, s cm. sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 3,3 × 3,3 cm; pr. ustja: 17 cm; 11. Fragment of the upper part of a shallow dish or the deb.: 0,45 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. rim of a lid, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired 12. Odlomek zgornjega dela sklede ali roba pokrova, iz in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey drobnozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacij- and smooth, in part damaged and matt, in part shiny sko žgane. Površina je neravna, mat, zelo temno sive with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 3.3 cm; w.: 3.3 in rjave barve. Vel.: 5 × 2,8 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje cm; rim diam.: 17 cm; th.: 0.45 cm. Earthen mound; gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. depth 130–140 cm. 13. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrna- 12. Fragment of the upper part of a dish or the rim of te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v a lid, made of a medium-grained fabric, fired in an 374 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 374 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je temno sive barve, oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. gladka in delno svetlikajoča s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: Surface is very dark grey and brown, uneven and 2,2 × 2,1 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile, si- matt. Surv. l.: 5 cm; w.: 2.8 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen vorjave barve – ob V profilu; gl. 90–120 cm. mound; depth 130–140 cm. 14. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- 13. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, je gladka, mat, s sledovi brisanja, bledo rjave in te- but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reduc- mno sive. Vel.: 3,5 × 3 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,55 cm. Nasu- ing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, smooth and tje gomile; gl. 120 cm. in part shiny with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 2.2 15. Odlomek prežganega zgornjega dela posode ali roba cm; w.: 2.1 cm; th.: 0.5–0.6 cm. Grey-brown layer pekve, iz drobno zrnate lončarske gline. Površina je of the earthen mound – at the E cross section; depth groba, mat in sive barve. Vel.: 8,9 × 5,5 cm; deb.: 0,8 90–120 cm. cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. 14. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 16. Odlomek zgornjega dela plitve sklede ali odlomek grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but roba pokrova, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, re- incompletely oxidised. Surface is pale brown and dukcijsko žganega. Površina je zelo temno sive barve, dark grey, smooth, matt, with traces of burnishing. na notranji strani je neravna in mat, na zunanji strani Surv. l.: 3.5 cm; w.: 3 cm; th.: 0.5–0.55 cm. Earthen pa gladka in deloma svetlikajoča, spolirana. Vel.: 3,1 mound; depth 120 cm. × 4,6 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 15. Fragment of the burnt upper part of a vessel or of the cm. rim of a lid, made of a medium-grained fabric. Surface 17. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- is grey, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: 8.9 cm; w.: 5.5 cm; čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina th.: 0.8 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. je sive in rdečerjave barve, neravna in mat. Vel.: 3,5 × 16. Fragment of the upper part of a shallow dish or of 3,2 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. Nasutje gomile sivorjave barve the rim of a lid, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired – ob V profilu; gl. 90–120 cm. in a reducing atmosphere. Exterior surface is very 18. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- dark grey, smooth and partially shiny, polished; inte- čarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je gladka, rior surface is also very dark grey, uneven and matt. mat in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 3,3 × 2,7 cm; Surv. l.: 3.1 cm; w.: 4.6 cm; th.: 0.5–0.7 cm. Earthen deb.: 0,55 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. mound; depth 120 cm. 19. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate 17. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je sive grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but barve, gladka, večinoma poškodovana in mat, delo- incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey and red-brown, ma pa tudi svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 3,6 uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3.5 cm; w.: 3.2 cm; th.: 0.5 × 2,6 cm; deb.: 0,45 cm. Nasutje gomile, sivorjave cm. Grey-brown layer of the earthen mound – at the barve – ob V profilu; gl. 90–120 cm. E cross section; depth 90–120 cm. 20. Odlomek zgornjega dela posode, iz drobno zrnate 18. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Povr- grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- šina je večinoma poškodovana, sive in svetlo rdeče face is very dark grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 3.3 barve, neravna in mat. Vel.: 4,3 × 2,8 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm; w.: 2.7 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. Earthen mound; depth cm. Nasutje gomile, sivorjave barve – ob V profilu; 130–140 cm. gl. 90–120 cm. 19. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very fine-21. Skodela – odlomek zgornjega dela z delom ročaja, grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana, is grey, smooth, mostly damaged and matt, in part v končni fazi oksidacijsko. Površina je večinoma po- shiny with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 3.6 cm; w.: škodovana, mat in sive barve, deloma pa svetlikajoča, 2.6 cm; th.: 0.45 cm. Grey-brown layer of the earthen s sledovi glajenja in rjave barve. Ramena posode so mound – at the E cross section; depth 90–120 cm. okrašena z nizom kratkih navpičnih žlebov. Vel.: 6,7 20. Fragment of the upper part of a vessel, made of a × 4,6 cm; pr. ustja: 14,7 cm; ohr. viš.: 3,7 cm; deb.: medium-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- 0,3 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 170–185 cm. phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is mostly 22. Skleda, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, prežgana. grey and light red, damaged, uneven and matt. Surv. Površina je gladka, mat, svetlo sive in temno sive l.: 4.3 cm; w.: 2.8 cm; th.: 0.5 cm. Grey-brown layer barve, s sledovi glajenja. Dno sklede je na notranji of the earthen mound – at the E cross section; depth strani po celotni površini okrašeno s štirimi nasproti 90–120 cm. 375 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 375 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 si stoječimi skupinami kanelur; ornament je v odtisu 21. Bowl – fragment of the upper part with the stub of viden v zrcalni sliki tudi na zunanji strani. Pr. ustja: a handle, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired 18,2 cm; pr. dna: 6,2 cm; viš.: 4,9 cm; deb.: 0,35–0,5 in a reducing, finished in an oxidising atmosphere. cm. V plasti žganine ob Z profilu – Nasutje (?); gl. Surface is mostly grey, damaged and matt, in part 130–140 cm. brown, shiny with traces of smoothing. Shoul- der is decorated with short vertical grooves. Surv. l.: 6.7 cm; w.: 4.6 cm; rim diam.: 14.7 cm; surv. h.: 3.7 cm; th.: 0.3 cm. Earthen mound; depth 170–185 cm. 22. Dish, made of a very fine-grained fabric, burnt. Surface is light and dark grey, smooth, matt with traces of smoothing. Base interior is decorated with four groups of parallel grooves running perpendicular to one another; decoration is visible in negative on the underside. Rim diam.: 18.2 cm; base diam.: 6.2 cm; h.: 4.9 cm; th.: 0.35–0.5 cm. In the layer of burnt remains at the W cross section; depth 130–140 cm. Tab. 13: Pl. 13: 1. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate 1. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je gladka fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. in zelo temno sive barve, delno poškodovana in mat, Surface is very dark grey and smooth, in part dam- delno pa svetlikajoča s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 5,9 × aged and matt, in part shiny with traces of smooth- 3,9 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,35 cm. Nasutje gomile – Z od ing. Surv. l.: 5.9 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; th.: 0.3–0.35 cm. grobnice; gl. 110 cm. Earthen mound – W of the burial chamber; depth 2. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finoznate 110 cm. lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je glad- 2. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very ka, deloma poškodovana, mat in sive barve, deloma fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. pa zelo temno sive barve, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in Surface is smooth, in part grey, damaged and matt, s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 7,7 × 4 cm; pr. ustja: 8,8 cm; in part very dark grey, shiny, graphite-coated with ohr. viš.: 4,2 cm; deb.: 0,25 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 7.7 cm; w.: 4 cm; rim 170–185 cm. diam.: 8.8 cm; surv. h.: 4.2 cm; th.: 0.25 cm. Earthen 3. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate mound; depth 170–185 cm. lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je glad- 3. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very ka, svetlikajoča in s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 3,9 × 3,3 fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Vrhnja plast gomile ob V profilu; Surface is smooth, shiny with traces of smoothing. gl. 60–85 cm. Surv. l.: 3.9 cm; w.: 3.3 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Upper layer 4. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrna- of the earthen mound at the E cross section; depth te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana, v 60–85 cm. končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina keramike je glad- 4. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very ka, svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno sive fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, barve. Vel.: 4,5 × 3,4 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,4 cm. Nasutje but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing gomile – Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, shiny, 5. Odlomek zgornjega dela sklede ali odlomek roba with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 4.5 cm; w.: 3.4 cm; pokrova, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno th.: 0.3–0.4 cm. Earthen mound – W of the burial oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je neravna, mat in rdeče chamber; depth 110 cm. barve. Vel.: 3,6 × 3 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,6 cm. Nasutje 5. Fragment of the upper part of a dish or of the rim of gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. a lid, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidis-6. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finoznate ing atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je glad- red, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3.6 cm; w.: 3 cm; th.: ka, mat in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 2,8 × 2,9 cm; 0.5–0.6 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. deb.: 0,35 cm. Vrhnja plast gomile – JZ od grobnice; 6. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very gl. 50–60 cm. fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. 376 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 376 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 7. Odlomek zgornjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon-Surface is very dark grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina 2.8 cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 0.35 cm. Upper layer of the je neravna, mat in sive barve. Vel.: 3,5 × 3,2 cm; deb.: earthen mound – SW of the burial chamber; depth 0,9 cm. Nasutje gomile – Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. 50–60 cm. 8. Odlomek ustja posode, iz drobnozrnate lončarske 7. Fragment of the upper part of a vessel, made of a fine-gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but gladka, mat, bledo rjave in zelo temno sive. Vel.: 3,6 incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey, uneven and × 2,3 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. matt. Surv. l.: 3.5 cm; w.: 3.2 cm; th.: 0.9 cm. Earthen 9. Odlomek zgornjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon-mound – W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina 8. Rim fragment of a vessel, made of a medium-grained je gladka, mat, rdečerjave in sive barve. Pod ustjem je fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- posoda, okrašena z vodoravnim gladkim plastičnim pletely oxidised. Surface is pale brown and very dark rebrom. Vel.: 3,7 × 5 cm; deb.: 0,9–1 cm. Plast Z od grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 3.6 cm; w.: 2.3 cm; grobnice; gl. 110 cm. th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. 10. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- 9. Fragment of the upper part of a vessel, made of a fine- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but je neravna, mat, sive in rdečerjave barve. Vel.: 6,4 incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and grey, × 5,2 cm; deb.: 0,65–0,75 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. smooth and matt. Decorated with a plain cordon be- 130–140 cm. low the rim. Surv. l.: 3.7 cm; w.: 5 cm; th.: 0.9–1 cm. 11. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- Layer W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina 10. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- je gladka, svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja, rdečerjave grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but in temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,3 × 3,8 cm; pr. ustja: 16 incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey and red-brown, cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 170–185 cm. uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 6.4 cm; w.: 5.2 cm; th.: 12. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- 0.65–0.75 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina 11. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- keramike je groba, mat, bledo rjave in sive barve. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but Vel.: 5,5 × 3,7 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. Plast Z od grobnice; incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and dark gl. 110 cm. grey, smooth, shiny, with traces of smoothing. Surv. 13. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- l.: 4.3 cm; w.: 3.8 cm; rim diam.: 16 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina Earthen mound; depth 170–185 cm. je neravna, mat, bledo rjave in temno sive. Vel.: 4,4 × 12. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 4,5 cm; deb.: 0,9–1 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 14. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- incompletely oxidised. Surface is pale brown and grey, čarske gline in redukcijsko žgan. Površina je gladka, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: 5.5 cm; w.: 3.7 cm; th.: 0.5 mat, sive in svetlo rjave barve. Vel.: 6 × 2,7 cm; pr. cm. Layer W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. ustja: 28 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Plast pod žganino; gl. 13. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 135–150 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, 15. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz drobnozrnate but incompletely oxidised. Surface is pale brown lončarske gline z veliko sljude, nepopolno oksidacij- and dark grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4.4 cm; sko žgan. Površina je neravna, mat, svetlo sive, temno w.: 4.5 cm; th.: 0.9–1 cm. Earthen mound; depth sivorjave in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 2,5 × 2 cm; 120 cm. deb.: 0,5–0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. 14. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 16. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- grained fabric and fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- čarske gline in redukcijsko žgan. Površina je groba, face is grey and light brown, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: mat in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4 × 3,6 cm; pr. 6 cm; w.: 2.7 cm; rim diam.: 28 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Layer ustja: 15 cm; deb.: 0,45–5 cm. Vrhnja plast; gl. 50– under the burnt remains; depth 135–150 cm. 80 cm. 15. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a medi- 17. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz drobno zrnate um-grained fabric with a great amount of mica, fired lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Povr- in a reducing atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. šina je neravna, mat, sive, svetlo sive in svetlo rdeče Surface is light grey, dark grey-brown and very dark barve. Vel.: 9,8 × 6,8 cm; deb.: 0,8–1 cm. Nasutje grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 2.5 cm; w.: 2 cm; th.: gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. 0.5–0.6 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. 377 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 377 8. 03. 2021 12:55:15 18. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz drobnozrnate 16. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine-lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgan. Površina je nerav- grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- na, mat in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 5,4 × 4,4 cm; face is very dark grey, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: 4 cm; deb.: 0,8 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. w.: 3.6 cm; rim diam.: 15 cm; th.: 0.45–0.5 cm. Up- 19. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz finozrnate lon- per layer; depth 50–80 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina 17. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a medi- je neravna, mat, sive in rdečerjave barve. Vel.: 4 × 3,2 um-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. but incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey, light grey 20. Lonec – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate and light red, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 9.8 cm; w.: lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površi- 6.8 cm; th.: 0.8–1 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130– na je gladka, mat, s sledovi brisanja, rjave in sive bar-140 cm. ve. Vel.: 5,3 × 2,1 cm; deb.: 0,75 cm. Nasutje gomile; 18. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a medi- gl. 130–140 cm. um-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. 21. Odlomek ustja posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske Surface is very dark grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: gline s povsem poškodovano površino (morda tudi 5.4 cm; w.: 4.4 cm; th.: 0.8 cm. Earthen mound; prežgano), sive barve. Vel.: 3,9 × 2 cm; deb.: 0,6–0,9 depth 130–140 cm. cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 170–185 cm. 19. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a fine- 22. Odlomek ustja posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka, svetlika- but incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey and red- joča, grafitirana in sive barve. Vel.: 5 × 3,2 cm; deb.: brown, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4 cm; w.: 3.2 cm; 0,8 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 150–160 cm. th.: 0.6 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. 23. Odlomek ustja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, 20. Jar – fragment of the upper part, made of a very fine-nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je deloma grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but poškodovana in neravna, deloma pa gladka, mat in incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown and grey, svetlo rdeče barve. Vel.: 2,8 × 2,3 cm; pr. ustja: 15 smooth, matt, with traces of burnishing. Surv. l.: 5.3 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. Vrhnja plast; gl. 50–80 cm. cm; w.: 2.1 cm; th.: 0.75 cm. Earthen mound; depth 24. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lon- 130–140 cm. čarske gline, redukcijsko žgane, v končni fazi oksi- 21. Rim fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained dacijsko. Površina je večinoma poškodovana, groba, fabric. Surface is grey and completely damaged (possi- mat in rdečerjave barve. Odlomek posode je okrašen bly also burnt through). Surv. l.: 3.9 cm; w.: 2 cm; th.: z dvema delno ohranjenima snopoma, sestavljenima 0.6–0.9 cm. Earthen mound; depth 170–185 cm. iz poševne vrezane črte in iz niza oglatih vtisnjenimi 22. Rim fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained jamic ob njem. Vel.: 4,9 × 2,9 cm; deb.: 0,4 cm. Na-fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is grey, sutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. smooth, shiny, graphite-coated. Surv. l.: 5 cm; w.: 3.2 25. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončar- cm; th.: 0.8 cm. Earthen mound; depth 150–160 cm. ske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je poškodova- 23. Rim fragment of a vessel, made of a fine-grained na, neravna, mat, sive in temno sive. Na vratu je niz fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- vtisnjenih jamic, na ramenu pa sta vtisnjena jamica pletely oxidised. Surface is light red, in part damaged in poševni žleb. Vel.: 3,6 × 2,3 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Na- and uneven, in part smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 2.8 sutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. cm; w.: 2.3 cm; rim diam.: 15 cm; th.: 0.5 cm. Upper 26. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lon- layer; depth 50–80 cm. čarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka in 24. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-svetlikajoča, grafitirana. Odlomek posode je okrašen ric, fired in a reducing and finished in an oxidising s tremi vodoravnimi kanelurami, pod njimi pa z ni- atmosphere. Surface is mostly red-brown, damaged, zom žigosanih krožcev s štirimi majhnimi kvadratki. coarse and matt. Decorated with stripes of oblique Vel.: 3,5 × 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,3–0,4 cm. Plast Z od grob- incised lines flanked on both sides by lines of im- nice; gl. 110 cm. pressed dots. Surv. l.: 4.9 cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 0.4 cm. 27. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lon- Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. čarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka 25. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fab-in zelo temno sive barve. Posoda je bila okrašena z ric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is grey lestvičasto in križno/trikotno šrafuro. Vel.: 4,5 × 3,3 and dark grey, damaged, uneven and matt. Neck is cm; deb.: 0,4 cm. Vrhnja plast ob V profilu; gl. 60– decorated with a line of impressed dots, shoulder 85 cm. with oblique grooves and impressed dots. Surv. l.: 3.6 378 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 378 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 28. Odlomek okrašene posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončar-cm; w.: 2.3 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je 120 cm. gladka, mat, sive in svetlo rjave barve. Na odlomku je 26. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained razčlenjeno vodoravno plastično rebro, pod njim pa fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dve poševni razčlenjeni plastični rebri (motiv girlan- smooth, shiny, graphite-coated. Decorated with de?). Vel.: 4,7 × 3,8 cm; deb.: 0,8 cm. Vrhnja plast three horizontal grooves and a line of stamped rings gomile – JV od grobnice; gl. 50–60 cm. with four very small squares inside each. Surv. l.: 3.5 cm; w.: 3.1 cm; th.: 0.3–0.4 cm. Layer W of the bur- ial chamber; depth 110 cm. 27. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey and smooth. Decoration consists of a lad- der-shaped motif and a motif of crossing oblique and vertical lines. Surv. l.: 4.5 cm; w.: 3.3 cm; th.: 0.4 cm. Upper layer at the E cross section; depth 60–85 cm. 28. Fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incomplete- ly oxidised. Surface is grey and light brown, smooth and matt. Decorated with a horizontal cordon with impressions and two oblique cordons with impres- sions below it (forming a garland?). Surv. l.: 4.7 cm; w.: 3.8 cm; th.: 0.8 cm. Upper layer of the earthen mound – SE of the burial chamber; depth 50–60 cm. Tab. 14: Pl. 14: 1. Odlomek posode z držajem z odtisom prsta, iz drob- 1. Fragment of a vessel with a grip with a finger im- nozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko pression, made of a medium-grained fabric, fired in žgana. Površina je neravna, mat, rjave in zelo temno an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. sive barve. Vel.: 5,5 × 4,2 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,65 cm. Surface is brown and very dark grey, uneven and Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. matt. Surv. l.: 5.5 cm; w.: 4.2 cm; th.: 0.5–0.65 cm. 2. Skodelica – odlomek zgornjega dela z ročajem, iz zelo Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina 2. Cup – fragment of the upper part with a handle, je gladka, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno sive barve, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing večinoma mat in poškodovana, delno pa svetlikajoča, atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, with grafitirana. Vel.: 5,1 × 4,1 cm; pr. ustja: 10 cm; deb.: traces of smoothing, mostly matt and damaged, in 0,35 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. part shiny, graphite-coated. Surv. l.: 5.1 cm; w.: 4.1 3. Odlomek na sredini sploščenega držaja posode, iz cm; rim diam.: 10 cm; th.: 0.35 cm. Earthen mound; finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko depth 130–140 cm. žgane. Površina je neravna, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. 3. Fragment of a grip of a vessel, flattened along the mid-Vel.: 4 × 2,1 cm; deb.: 1,3–1,5 cm. Nasutje gomile; dle, made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidis- gl. 130–140 cm. ing atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is 4. Odlomek posode z bradavico, iz drobnozrnate lon- light red, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4 cm; w.: 2.1 cm; čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina th.: 1.3–1.5 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. je neravna, mat, zelo temno sive, rdečerjave in rjave 4. Fragment of a vessel with a knob, made of a medi- barve. Vel.: 3,8 × 2,7 cm; deb.: 0,55–0,7 cm. Nasutje um-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. but incompletely oxidised. Surface is very dark grey, 5. Odlomek posode z držajem, iz drobnozrnate lončar- red-brown and brown, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3.8 ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je cm; w.: 2.7 cm; th.: 0.55–0.7 cm. Earthen mound; neravna, mat, rdečerumene in zelo temno sive barve. depth 130–140 cm. Vel.: 7,6 × 3,4 cm; deb.: 0,7–0,8 cm. Plast Z od grob- 5. Fragment of a vessel with a grip, made of a medi- nice; gl. 110 cm. um-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, 6. Odlomek jezičastega držaja posode, iz finozrnate lon-but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-yellow and čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina very dark grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 7.6 cm; 379 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 379 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 je delno poškodovana, neravna, mat in svetlo rjave w.: 3.4 cm; th.: 0.7–0.8 cm. Layer W of the burial barve. Vel.: 3,9 × 3,8 cm; deb.: 1,25 cm. Nasutje go- chamber; depth 110 cm. mile – JV od grobnice; gl. 50–60 cm. 6. Fragment of a tongue-shaped grip of a vessel, made 7. Odlomek posode z delom ročaja, iz finozrnate lon- of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is in part je gladka, mat, bledo rjave in zelo temno sive. Vel.: light brown, damaged, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3.9 3,6 × 3,15 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. cm; w.: 3.8 cm; th.: 1.25 cm. Earthen mound – SE 120 cm. of the burial chamber; depth 50–60 cm. 8. Odlomek ročaja skodele, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske 7. Fragment of a vessel with the stub of a handle, made gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka, svetlika-of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- joča, spolirana in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4 × 2,9 phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is pale cm; deb.: 0,65 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. brown and very dark grey, smooth and matt. Surv. 9. Odlomek ročaja skodele, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske l.: 3.6 cm; w.: 3.15 cm; th.: 0.5–0.6 cm. Earthen gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka, svetlika- mound; depth 120 cm. joča, spolirana in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 2,9 × 8. Handle fragment of a cup, made of a very fine-grained 2,9 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very cm. dark grey, smooth, shiny and polished. Surv. l.: 4 10. Odlomek ročaja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gli- cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 0.65 cm. Earthen mound; depth ne, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je nerav- 130–140 cm. na, mat, svetlo rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 4,2 × 2,6 cm; 9. Handle fragment of a cup, made of a very fine-grained deb.: 1 cm. Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very 11. Odlomek prežganega ročaja posode. Površina je ne- dark grey, smooth, shiny and polished. Surv. l.: 2.9 ravna, mat, svetlo sive in svetlo rdeče barve. Vel.: 3 × cm; w.: 2.9 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Earthen mound; depth 2,8 cm; deb.: 1,1 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 135–150 130–140 cm. cm. 10. Handle fragment of a vessel, made of a fine-grained 12. Odlomek pokrova z držajem ali prstanaste noge skle- fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- de, iz drobnozrnate lončarske gline in redukcijsko pletely oxidised. Surface is light brown and grey, un- žganega. Površina je neravna, mat in zelo temno sive even and matt. Surv. l.: 4.2 cm; w.: 2.6 cm; th.: 1 cm. barve. Vel.: 6,6 × 5,3 cm; pr. noge ali držaja: 4,8 cm; Layer W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. deb.: 0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. 11. Fragment of a burnt handle of a vessel. Surface is 13. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobnoznate light grey and light red, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 3 lončarske gline z veliko sljude, nepopolno oksidacij- cm; w.: 2.8 cm; th.: 1.1 cm. Earthen mound; depth sko žgane. Površina je gladka in mat, rdečerjave, sive 135–150 cm. in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 7,6 × 6,6 cm; pr. dna: 12. Lid fragment with a concave knob (possibly even the 14 cm; ohr. viš.: 2,6 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,65 cm. Nasutje foot of a vessel), made of a medium-grained fabric, gomile; gl. 170–185 cm. fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark 14. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz zelo finozrna- grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 6.6 cm; w.: 5.3 cm; te lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v knob (or foot) diam.: 4.8 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Earthen končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je gladka, svetlika- mound; depth 130–140 cm. joča, s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 13. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a me-11,3 × 5,5 cm; pr. dna: 15 cm; deb.: 0,55–0,6 cm. dium-grained fabric with a great amount of mica, Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely 15. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- oxidised. Surface is red-brown, grey and very dark čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 7.6 cm; w.: 6.6 cm; je gladka, mat, rdečerjave in temno sive barve, s sle- base diam.: 14 cm; surv. h.: 2.6 cm; th.: 0.5–0.65 dovi brisanja. Vel.: 8,3 × 7,3 cm; pr. dna: 15,7 cm; cm. Earthen mound; depth 170–185 cm. deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. 14. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a very 16. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobno zrnate fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je zelo te- but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing mno sive barve, gladka, deloma poškodovana in mat, atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, shiny, deloma pa svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja. Na notranji with traces of smoothing. Surv. l.: 11.3 cm; w.: 5.5 strani dna je ohranjena bela usedlina. Vel.: 6,1 × 3,9 cm; base diam.: 15 cm; th.: 0.55–0.6 cm. Earthen cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. mound; depth 130–140 cm. 380 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 380 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 17. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon-15. Fragment of the base of a vessel, made of a fine- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but fazi redukcijsko. Površina je gladka in mat, na notra- incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and dark nji strani poškodovana in sive barve, na zunanji pa grey, smooth, matt, with traces of burnishing. Surv. ohranjena in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 6,6 × 6,4 l.: 8.3 cm; w.: 7.3 cm; base diam.: 15.7 cm; th.: 0.7 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 150–160 cm. cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. 18. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobno zrnate 16. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a me-lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Povr- dium-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. šina je neravna, mat, temno sive in rumenordeče bar- Surface is very dark grey, smooth, in part damaged and ve. Na notranji strani dna je ohranjena črna usedlina. matt, in part shiny, with traces of smoothing. Base in- Vel.: 4,2 × 3,9 cm; ohr. viš.: 2,1 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. terior bears a white residue. Surv. l.: 6.1 cm; w.: 3.9 Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. 19. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- 17. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, je neravna, mat, rdečerjave in temno sive barve. Vel.: but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing 4,5 × 3,9 cm; deb.: 0,6–0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. atmosphere. Surface is smooth and matt, grey and 130–140 cm. damaged on the interior, very dark grey on the exte- 20. Odlomek dna posode, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske rior. Surv. l.: 6.6 cm; w.: 6.4 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni fazi re-mound; depth 150–160 cm. dukcijsko. Površina je zelo temno sive barve, gladka, 18. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a večinoma poškodovana in mat, deloma pa tudi sve- medium-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- tlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja. Vel.: 5,5 × 5,4 cm; deb.: phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is dark grey 0,55 cm. gomile; gl. 130–140 cm. and yellow-red, uneven and matt. Base interior bears 21. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- a black residue. Surv. l.: 4.2 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; surv. h.: čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Na zuna-2.1 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Layer W of the burial chamber; nji strani je površina gladka, mat, svetlo rjave in sive depth 110 cm. barve, na notranji strani pa poškodovana, groba in 19. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,4 × 3,1 cm; deb.: 0,55 grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 150–160 cm. incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and dark 22. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobnozrnate grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4.5 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; th.: lončarske gline, s povsem poškodovano, grobo, mat 0.6–0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. površino, rdeče in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,6 × 20. Base fragment of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained 3,9 cm; deb.: 0,5–0,6 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 150– fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but in- 160 cm. completely oxidised and finished in a reducing at- 23. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz zelo finozrnate mosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, most- lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je gladka ly damaged and matt, in part shiny, with traces of s sledovi glajenja in zelo temno sive barve, deloma smoothing. Surv. l.: 5.5 cm; w.: 5.4 cm; th.: 0.55 cm. mat, deloma pa svetlikajoča, grafitirana. Vel.: 7,6 × Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. 5,5 cm; deb.: 1,05 cm. Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 21. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 24. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobnozrnate incompletely oxidised. Exterior surface light brown lončarske gline z veliko sljude, nepopolno oksidacij- and grey, smooth and mat; interior surface very dark sko žgane. Površina je neravna, mat, s sledovi brisa- grey, damaged and coarse. Surv. l.: 4.4 cm; w.: 3.1 cm; nja, rjave in zelo temno sive. Vel.: 5,8 × 3,2 cm; deb.: th.: 0.55 cm. Earthen mound; depth 150–160 cm. 0,9 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. 22. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a 25. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz zelo finozrnate medium-grained fabric. Surface is red and very dark lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je glad- grey, completely damaged, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: ka, mat in zelo temno sive. Vel.: 4,9 × 4,1 cm; deb.: 4.6 cm; w.: 3.9 cm; th.: 0.5–0.6 cm. Earthen mound; 0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. depth 150–160 cm. 23. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth, with traces of smoothing, in part matt, in part shiny, graphite-coated. 381 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 381 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 Surv. l.: 7.6 cm; w.: 5.5 cm; th.: 1.05 cm. Layer W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. 24. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a medium-grained fabric with a great amount of mica, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown and very dark grey, uneven, matt, with traces of burnishing. Surv. l.: 5.8 cm; w.: 3.2 cm; th.: 0.9 cm. Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. 25. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 4.9 cm; w.: 4.1 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. Tab. 15: Pl. 15: 1. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz zelo finozrnate 1. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je nerav- very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmos- na, mat, na notranji strani zelo temno sive, na zu- phere. Surface is uneven and matt, very dark grey on nanji pa svetlo sive barve in poškodovana. Vel.: 5,4 the interior, light grey and damaged on the exterior. × 5,1 cm; pr. dna: 9,7 cm; ohr. viš.: 2,3 cm; deb.: Surv. l.: 5.4 cm; w.: 5.1 cm; base diam.: 9.7 cm; surv. 0,25–0,3 cm. Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. h.: 2.3 cm; th.: 0.25–0.3 cm. Layer W of the burial 2. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobnozrnate chamber; depth 110 cm. lončarske gline, s povsem poškodovano, grobo in 2. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a mat površino, bledo rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 4,6 × 3 medium-grained fabric. Surface is pale brown and cm; deb.: 0,3–0,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 150–160 grey, completely damaged, coarse and matt. Surv. l.: cm. 4.6 cm; w.: 3 cm; th.: 0.3–0.7 cm. Earthen mound; 3. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz drobno zrnate depth 150–160 cm. lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Povr- 3. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a šina je neravna, mat, temno sive in svetlo rdeče bar- medium-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmos- ve. Na notranji strani dna je ohranjena črna usedlina. phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is dark grey Vel.: 4,2 × 3,6 cm; ohr. viš.: 3 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. Plast and light red, uneven and matt. Base interior bears a Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. black residue. Surv. l.: 4.2 cm; w.: 3.6 cm; surv. h.: 4. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- 3 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. Layer W of the burial chamber; čarske gline, s povsem poškodovano površino sive depth 110 cm. barve. Vel.: 3,15 × 4 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. Plast Z od 4. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-grobnice; gl. 110 cm. grained fabric. Surface is grey and completely dam- 5. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- aged. Surv. l.: 3.15 cm; w.: 4 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. Layer čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina W of the burial chamber; depth 110 cm. je gladka, mat, rdečerjave in temno sive barve. Vel.: 5. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-5,8 × 3,2 cm; deb.: 0,9 cm. Na zunanji površini od- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but lomka je črn premaz. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and dark 6. Odlomek spodnjega dela manjše posodice, iz finozr- grey, smooth, matt. Surv. l.: 5.8 cm; w.: 3.2 cm; th.: nate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. 0.9 cm. Exterior surface bears a black slip residue. Površina je groba, mat, rdečerjave in sive barve. Vel.: Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. 6,7 × 5,8 cm; pr. dna: 4,8 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,6 cm. Na- 6. Fragment of the lower part of a small vessel, made of a sutje sivorjave barve ob V profilu; gl. 90–120 cm. fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, 7. Odlomek prežganega keramičnega svitka, iz zelo but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and finozrnate lončarske gline. Površina odstopa, je lu- grey, coarse, matt. Surv. l.: 6.7 cm; w.: 5.8 cm; base knjičava, neravna, mat in zelo bledo rjave barve. Vel.: diam.: 4.8 cm; th.: 0.4–0.6 cm. Grey-brown deposit 9,4 × 4,7 cm; pr.: 10,8 cm; pr. luknje: 5,5 cm; deb.: at the E cross section; depth 90–120 cm. 2,3–2,7 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 160–170 cm. 7. Fragment of a burnt ceramic ring, made of a very 8. Odlomek dna žarilnika ali zgornjega dela prenosne- fine-grained fabric. Surface is very pale brown, po- ga ognjišča, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, redukcijsko rous, uneven, matt and chipping away. Surv. l.: 9.4 382 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 382 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 žganega. Površina je neravna, mat in zelo temno sive cm; w.: 4.7 cm; diam.: 10.8 cm; hole diam.: 5.5 cm; barve. Vel.: 5,5 × 2,7 cm; deb.: 1 cm. Nasutje gomile; th.: 2.3–2.7 cm. Earthen mound; depth 160–170 gl. 130–140 cm. cm. 9. Odlomek ognjiščne koze s tremi jamicami, iz finozr- 8. Fragment of a portable oven, made of a fine-grained nate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is very Površina je večinoma poškodovana, neravna, mat, dark grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 5.5 cm; w.: 2.7 svetlo rdeče in sive barve. Vel.: 8 × 5 × 2,5 cm. Nasu- cm; th.: 1 cm. Earthen mound; depth 130–140 cm. tje gomile; gl. 120 cm. 9. Fragment of a firedog with three round depressions, 10. Odlomek piramidalne uteži s pravokotno vtisnjeno made of a fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising jamico na vrhnji ploskvi, iz zelo finozrnate lončar- atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is ske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina je mostly light red and grey damaged, uneven and matt. neravna, mat, sive, svetlo rdeče in svetlo rjave bar- Size: 8 × 5 × 2.5 cm. Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. ve. Ohr. viš.: 4,9 cm; deb.: 4 cm; pr. luknje: 0,6 cm. 10. Fragment of a pyramidal weight with a rectangular Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. depression on the top surface, made of a very fine- 11. Odlomki piramidalne uteži z okroglo vtisnjeno jami- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but co na vrhnji ploskvi, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gli- incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey, light red and ne, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površina je glad- light brown, uneven and matt. Surv. h.: 4.9 cm; th.: ka, mat in svetlo rdeče barve. Ohr. viš.: 8 cm; deb.: 4 4 cm; hole diam.: 0.6 cm. Layer W of the burial cm; pr. luknje: 1 cm. Nasutje gomile; gl. 120 cm. chamber; depth 110 cm. 12. Odlomek piramidalne uteži, iz zelo finozrnate lon- 11. Fragments of a pyramidal weight with a round de- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina pression on the top surface, made of a very fine- je neravna, mat, sive, svetlo rdeče in svetlo rjave bar- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but ve. Ohr. viš.: 4,8 cm; deb.: 5 cm; pr. luknje: 0,7 cm. incompletely oxidised. Surface is light red, smooth Nasutje gomile pod žganino; gl. 145–147 cm. and matt. Surv. h.: 8 cm; th.: 4 cm; hole diam.: 1 cm. 13. Sileks z retušo iz črne, neprosojne kamnine. Vel.: 2,5 Earthen mound; depth 120 cm. × 1,6 cm. Vrhnja plast gomile – JV od grobnice; gl. 12. Fragment of a pyramidal weight, made of a very fine-50–60 cm. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 14. Skoraj v celoti ohranjen tolkač s sledovi uporabe incompletely oxidised. Surface is grey, light red and (udarjanja) iz zelo bledo rjave kamnine. Vel.: 15,5 × light brown, uneven and matt. Surv. h.: 4.8 cm; th.: 5,6 × 3 cm. Plast Z od grobnice; gl. 110 cm. 5 cm; hole diam.: 0.7 cm. Earthen mound under the 15. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, iz zelo finozrnate burnt remains; depth 145–147 cm. lončarske gline, redukcijsko žgana. Površina je glad- 13. Retouched stone flake, made of black opaque stone. ka, mat in sive barve. Vel.: 2,3 × 2,7 cm; deb.: 0,3– Size: 2.5 × 1.6 cm. Upper layer of the earthen mound 0,5 cm. Iz izkopanega kupa zemlje. – SE of the burial chamber; depth 50–60 cm. 16. Skleda – odlomek zgornjega dela, verjetno na vre- 14. Almost completely preserved hammer-stone with tenu iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gline. Površina je traces of use-wear, made of very pale brown stone. povsem poškodovana, gladka, mat in rožnate barve. Size: 15.5 × 5.6 × 3 cm. Layer W of the burial cham- Na notranji in zunanji strani odlomka so vidne sledi ber; depth 110 cm. izdelave na lončarskem vretenu. Vel.: 3,8 × 3,4 cm; 15. Dish – fragment of the upper part, made of a very pr. ustja: 14 cm; deb.: 0,65 cm. Iz izkopanega kupa fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. zemlje. Surface is grey, smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 2.3 cm; w.: 17. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- 2.7 cm; th.: 0.3–0.5 cm. From the spoil heap. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina 16. Dish – fragment of the upper part, probably wheel- je neravna, mat, rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 5,1 × 3,4 thrown and made of a very fine-grained fabric. cm; deb.: 0,75 cm. Iz izkopanega kupa zemlje. Surface is pink, completely damaged, smooth and 18. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- matt. Interior and exterior surfaces bear traces of čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina wheel-throwing. Surv. l.: 3.8 cm; w.: 3.4 cm; rim je gladka, mat, rjave in sive barve. Vel.: 4,8 × 3,7 cm; diam.: 14 cm; th.: 0.65 cm. From the spoil heap. deb.: 0,9–1 cm. Iz izkopanega kupa zemlje. 17. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-19. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon- grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but čarske gline, redukcijsko žgane. Površina je neravna, incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown and grey, mat in zelo temno sive barve. Vel.: 4,1 × 3,7 cm; uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 5.1 cm; w.: 3.4 cm; th.: deb.: 0,7 cm. Iz izkopanega kupa zemlje. 0.75 cm. From the spoil heap. 383 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 383 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 20. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode, iz finozrnate lon-18. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but je neravna, mat, svetlo rdeče in sive barve. Vel.: 7,1 × incompletely oxidised. Surface is brown and grey, 3,7 cm; deb.: 0,55 cm. Površinska najdba. smooth and matt. Surv. l.: 4.8 cm; w.: 3.7 cm; th.: 21. Predilsko vretence, iz zelo finozrnate lončarske gli-0.9–1 cm. From the spoil heap. ne, redukcijsko žgano. Površina je temno sive barve, 19. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-poškodovana in mat. V spodnjem delu je okrašeno z grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Sur- vrezanimi poševnimi črtami, v zgornjem s skupinami face is very dark grey, uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 4.1 po tri globoke vtisnjene jamice, razporejene v obliki cm; w.: 3.7 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. From the spoil heap. trikotnikov. Pr.: 2,8 cm; pr. luknje: 0,4 cm. Površin- 20. Fragment of the lower part of a vessel, made of a fine-ska najdba. grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but 22. Povsem prežgan odlomek predilskega vretenca z lu- incompletely oxidised. Surface is light red and grey, knjičavo površino sive barve. Pr.: 2,3 cm; pr. luknje: uneven and matt. Surv. l.: 7.1 cm; w.: 3.7 cm; th.: 0,35 cm. Površinska najdba. 0.55 cm. Surface find. 21. Spindle whorl, made of a very fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, damaged and matt. Decorated with oblique incised lines in the lower part and with triangles of three deep impressed dots in the upper part. Diam.: 2.8 cm; hole diam.: 0.4 cm. Surface find. 22. Burnt fragment of a spindle whorl. Surface is grey and porous. Diam.: 2.3 cm; hole diam.: 0.35 cm. Surface find. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Arh M. 2012 Strmčnik Gulič M. 2001 Neo/Eneolitska naselbina Zgornje Radvanje – Habakuk 2. – Di-Nova podoba prazgodovinske poselitve na zahodnem obrobju plomska naloga / Diploma, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska Dravskega polja / Das neue Bild der prähistorischen Besied-fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). lung am östlichen Rand des Draufeldes. – Arheološki vestnik 52, 117–130. Kodrič Z. 1991 Zlat diadem v gomili nad Razvanjem. Včeraj so mariborski ar-Strmčnik Gulič M. 2006 heologi odkopali knežji grob. – Večer, 24.10.1991. Malečnik – arheološko najdišče / Malečnik – An archaeological site. – V/In: A. Tomaž (ur./ed.), Od Sopota do Lengyela: Lubšina Tušek M. 1990 prispevki o kamenodobnih in bakrenodobnih kulturah med Savo Neolit in eneolit v severovzhodni Sloveniji. – Diplomska naloga / in Donavo / Between Sopot and Lengyel: contributions to stone Diploma, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univer-age and copper age cultures between the Sava and the Danube, za v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). Annales Mediterranea, Koper, 195–201. Pahič S. 1970 Strmčnik Gulič M., Teržan B. 2004 Maribor v rimski dobi. – Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje O gomili halštatskega veljaka iz Pivole pod Poštelo. – Časopis za n.v. 6, 159–243. zgodovino in narodopisje n.v. 40, 217–238. Predovnik K. 2008 Teržan B. 1990 Kosova gomila v Razvanju in vprašanje obstoja mot na slo-Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron venskem ozemlju. – Annales, Series historia et sociologia 18, Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. 369–384. Tomanič-Jevremov M. 1973 Strmčnik Gulič M. 1992 Eneolitska naselbina na Pavlovskem vrhu pri Ormožu. – V/In: Razvanje. – Varstvo spomenikov 34 , 290. J. Curk (ur./ed.), Ormož skozi stoletja, Maribor, 20–31. Strmčnik Gulič M. 1997 Velušček A. 2004 Roman use of area in prehistoric space. – V/In: S. K. Palágyi Hočevarica: keramične najdbe. – V/In: A. Velušček (ur./ed.) , (ur./ed.), 4. Internationale Tagung über römerzeitliche Hügelgrä- Hočevarica: eneolitsko kolišče na Ljubljanskem barju / An eneo-ber, Veszprém, 10–15. September 1996, Balácai Közlemények 5, lithic pile dwelling in the Ljubljansko barje, Opera Instituti ar-91–96. chaeologici Sloveniae 8, Ljubljana, 169–212. 384 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 384 8. 03. 2021 12:55:16 Tabla 1. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 2; 1–16, 18b, 20–22, 28 – bron, 18a, 19, 23 – železo, 17, 18c – steklo, 24 – kost, 25 – kost in železo, 26, 27 – jantar. Plate 1. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:2; 1–16, 18b, 20–22, 28 – bronze, 18a, 19, 23 – iron, 17, 18c – glass, 24 – bone, 25 – bone and iron, 26, 27 – amber. 385 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 385 8. 03. 2021 12:55:17 Tabla 2. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 2. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 386 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 386 8. 03. 2021 12:55:19 Tabla 3. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 3. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 387 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 387 8. 03. 2021 12:55:21 Tabla 4. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 4. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 388 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 388 8. 03. 2021 12:55:22 Tabla 5. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 5. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 389 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 389 8. 03. 2021 12:55:24 Tabla 6. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 6. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 390 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 390 8. 03. 2021 12:55:25 Tabla 7. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 7. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 391 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 391 8. 03. 2021 12:55:27 Tabla 8. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 8. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 392 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 392 8. 03. 2021 12:55:28 Tabla 9. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 9. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 393 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 393 8. 03. 2021 12:55:30 Tabla 10. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 10. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 394 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 394 8. 03. 2021 12:55:31 Tabla 11. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 11. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 395 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 395 8. 03. 2021 12:55:32 Tabla 12. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 12. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 396 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 396 8. 03. 2021 12:55:34 Tabla 13. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 13. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 397 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 397 8. 03. 2021 12:55:35 Tabla 14. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. = 1 : 3; vse keramika. Plate 14. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale = 1:3; all ceramics. 398 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 398 8. 03. 2021 12:55:37 Tabla 15. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem. M. 1–12, 14–22, = 1 : 3, 13 = 1 : 2; 1–12, 15–22 – keramika, 13–14 – kamen. Plate 15. Large tumulus above Razvanje. Scale 1–12, 14–22 = 1:3, 13 = 1:2; 1–12, 15–22 – ceramics, 13–14 – stone. 399 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 399 8. 03. 2021 12:55:38 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 400 8. 03. 2021 12:55:38 GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE EARLY IRON AGE ŽELEZNE DOBE POD POŠTELO TUMULI OF POŠTELA III. GOMILA 14 IZ PIVOLE III. TUMULUS 14 AT PIVOLA Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Biba Teržan Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Biba Teržan Na področju med Razvanjem in Pivolo se je raz- prostiralo obsežno gomilno grobišče, za katerega se omenja, da je še v polpretekli dobi štelo okrog 70 gomil, danes pa so v rahlo valoviti, s polji posejani pokrajini razpoznavne v slabih obrisih le še malošte- vilne. Prav vsled ogroženosti zaradi globokega oranja so leta 1989 med 3. in 11. majem potekala zaščitna arheološka izkopavanja ene izmed gomil pod vod- stvom Mire Strmčnik Gulič z mariborskega Zavoda za varstvo naravne in kulturne dediščine. Gomila je ležala na njivski parceli 22/1 k. o. Pivola, lastnika Alojza Lorberja. Glede na topografski načrt gomil, ki ga je že leta 1910 naredil Paul Schlosser, je gomila označena s št. 14 ( sl. 1).1 Gomila je bila že zelo sploščena, saj je bila v višino The area between Razvanje and Pivola is the site of Slika 11. Pivola, ohranjena le še do 1,30 m ter je bila razpotegnjena a large tumulus cemetery. In the late 19th/early 20th gomila 14. Pogled na kamnito grobljo v širino med 22 in 28 m. Na površini so ležali posa- century roughly 70 tumuli have been recorded at the grobne kamre s mezni kamni, za katere se je med arheološkim izko-cemetery, of which today only few are discernible in profilom po sredini, pavanjem izkazalo, da so pripadali zelo poškodovani the gently undulating terrain strewn with fields, and ki jasno kaže, da grobni kamri ( sl. 11). Grobna kamra kvadratnega tlo-even those in vague outlines. It is this alarming situ- je bila gomila že pred arheološkim risa, velikosti 4,50 × 4,50 m, je bila postavljena na ization, which is the consequence of continuous deep izkopavanjem ravnano rumenkasto-sivo ilovnato podlago. Kamniti ploughing, that led to rescue excavations. Investi- izropana oz. zidovi, do 0,80 m debeline, so bili grajeni v suhozidni gations of one of the discernible tumuli were thus poškodovana. V sredini slike so vidni tehniki, a ohranjeni le še do višine 0,35–0,55 m ( sl. conducted between 3 and 11 May and led by Mira veliki kamni južnega 12). Grobna kamra se je po vsej verjetnosti sesula proti Strmčnik Gulič from the Institute for the Protection vogala kamre (Foto: notranjosti, pri čemer so zidovi zdrsnili navzven, kar of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Regional Office M. Strmčnik Gulič). je razvidno iz lege kamnov ( sl. 12). Pomenljivo se tudi Maribor. The tumulus was located on the field on Figure 11. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Stone zdi, da so v vogalih kamre ležali vsaj po en večji kamen Lot No. 22/1, cadastral community Pivola, owned remains of the burial oz. kamniti blok ( sl. 11; 14), kar daje slutiti, da le-ti by Alojz Lorber. Based on the topographic plan of chamber with a baulk predstavljajo nek poseben konstrukcijski element. the tumuli drawn already in 1910 by Paul Schlosser, of earth across the middle, the sides of Stranice kamre so bili usmerjene sever–jug oz. vzhod– the tumulus was marked with No. 14 ( fig. 1).1 which clearly show zahod z rahlim odklonom 5 stopinj proti zahodu, a so At the beginning of investigations, the tumulus prior damage or bile na posameznih mestih že močno poškodovane, was considerably flattened and surviving to the height robbing. Large stones zlasti na severozahodni strani. Tla kamre, ki so bila of up to 1.30 m; the remains of the earthen mound of the south corner are visible in the nagnjena nekoliko proti jugozahodu, so bila skrbno were stretched across a 22–28 m wide surface. Indi- centre of the photo tlakovana s kamnitimi ploščami in kamni lomljenci vidual stones were found on the surface, which the (Photo: M. Strmčnik ( sl. 12; 14). Preko sredine tlaka je potekala vgloblje-excavations showed to be the stones from the very Gulič). na sled prečnega trama v dolžini 2,85 m ( sl. 13; 14). damaged burial chamber ( fig. 11). The chamber was Očitno je šlo za nek konstrukcijski element, ki kaže, square in plan, measuring 4.50 × 4.50 m, and con- da kamra ni bila grajena le iz kamna, temveč je morala structed onto levelled yellowish-grey loamy bedding. imeti tudi leseno konstrukcijo. The stone walls were up to 0.80 m thick, built in the Zaradi različnih posegov v gomilo, zlasti ora- drywall technique and surviving to the height of 0.35– nja in drugih poljskih opravil, verjetno pa tudi že 0.55 m ( fig. 12). The chamber probably collapsed in 1 1 Strmčnik Gulič 1990, 157–158; Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan Strmčnik Gulič 1990, 157–158; Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan 2004, 221 ss, sl. 2–5; Teržan 1990, 326 ss, sl. 74. 2004, 221 ff, figs. 2–5; Teržan 1990, 326 ff, fig. 74. 401 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 401 8. 03. 2021 12:55:38 on itself, during which the stones of the walls slid outwards, which is suggested by the position of the stones ( fig. 12). It was also noted, that at least one large stone or stone block stood in the corners ( figs. 11; 14), which suggests corner reinforcement or some special constructional element for the wooden construction. The walls ran roughly in N–S, W–E directions resp., with a westward deviation of 5 degrees. They were heavily damaged, particularly in the NW. The floor was slightly tilted towards the SW and made up of stone slabs and unworked stones ( figs. 12; 14). The bedding of a transverse beam in the length of 2.85 m ran across the centre of the floor ( figs. 13; 14). This was presumably a constructional element forming Slika 12. Pivola, ropanja neznano kdaj, je bila notranjščina grobne part of a wooden construction of the burial chamber. gomila 14. Pogled kamre do tolike mere poškodovana, da je bila do The multiple disturbances to the chamber, par-na odprto grobno 0,10 m debela plast žganine s prežganimi ostan-ticularly ploughing and other agricultural activities, kamro, katere tla so tlakovana s ki kosti in črepinjami razvlečena po vsej površini but probably also looting of an unknown date, caused kamnitimi ploščami grobnice. Le na treh mestih so se nahajali izrazitejši great damage to the interior of the chamber. It also in kamni lomljenci, skupki žganine in fragmentirane keramike ( sl. 14), caused the up to 0.10 m thick layer of burnt debris, that po sredini pa poteka za katere se je izkazalo, da pripadajo trem velikim included cremated remains and ceramic sherds, to be vglobitev za leseni tram (Foto: M. posodam s stožčastimi vratovi. Posode je namreč re-spread across the whole chamber. Only three discern- Strmčnik Gulič). stavrator Stanko Gojkovič uspel v veliki meri sesta- ible concentrations of burnt remains and fragmented Figure 12. Pivola, viti, tako da so v dobršni meri rekonstruirane ( Tab. pottery were recorded ( fig. 14), which belonged to Tumulus 14. Burial chamber after 17: 1–2; 18: 4; sl. 15). Poleg keramičnih posod so three large vessels with a conical neck. The sherds were cleaning, with a floor bile najdene tudi razmetane ostaline drugih grob-restored by Stanko Gojkovič, who succeeded in largely of stone slabs and nih pridatkov, in sicer orožja, konjske opreme, voza reconstructing the vessels ( Pls. 17: 1–2; 18: 4; fig. 15). unworked stones, as in nošnje. The scattered remains of other grave goods included well as bedding for a wooden beam across Antropološka analiza preostanka sežganih ko- weapons, horse gear, a wagon and items of costume. the middle (Photo: sti je pokazala, da je bila v gomili pokopana odrasla The anthropological analysis of these human bone M. Strmčnik Gulič). oseba.2 fragments showed that buried individual was an adult.2 Slika 13. Pivola, gomila 14. Detajlni pogled na tlakovanje z vglobljeno sledjo prečnega trama (Foto: M. Strmčnik Gulič). Figure 13. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Detail of the floor with the sunken bedding for a transverse beam (Photo: M. Strmčnik Gulič). 2 2 Glej tu Leskovar. See here Leskovar. 402 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 402 8. 03. 2021 12:55:43 E Slika 14. Pivola, gomila 14. Tloris kamnite grobne kamre in njeni preseki. Figure 14. jama / Pivola, Tumulus pit 1 14. Plan and cross sections of the stone burial chamber. D B A F C 2 m B A LEGENDA / LEGEND presek grobnice / section of the tomb les / wood žganina s kostmi / charcoal D rich layer with bones linija tlaka / boundary C of the floor covering 1 HUMUS 2 2a rumenosiva ilovica / E yelowish gray soil 2b sivorumena ilovica / F grayish yellow soil 2c siva ilovica / 2a grayish soil 2 2b 1 3 STERILNA PLAST / 2c NATURAL SOIL 3 403 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 403 8. 03. 2021 12:55:43 Slika 15. Pivola, gomila 14. Posode s stožčastim vratom, okrašene z meandroidnim okrasom iz kositra (Foto: M. Kajzer). Figure 15. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Vessels with a conical neck decorated with meanders of tin (Photo: M. Kajzer). OPISI NAJDB ( Tab. 16–18)3: DESCRIPTION OF FINDS ( Pls. 16–18)3: Grobna kamra Burial chamber Tab. 16: Pl. 16: 1. Bronasti razdelilni gumb s konično kapico in s štiri-1. Bronze strap knob with a conical central boss and a mi stebrički na spodnji strani, poškodovan. Pr. gum- four-part ring-footed loop on the underside, dam- ba: 3,3 cm. aged. Diam.: 3.3 cm. 2. Bronasti razdelilni gumb s konično kapico in štirimi 2. Bronze strap knob with a conical central boss and a stebrički na spodnji strani. Ohranjeni so deli treh, four-part ring-footed loop on the underside. Parts of četrti manjka. Pr. gumba: 2,9 cm.4 three pillars are preserved, the fourth one is missing. Diam.: 2.9 cm.4 3 3 Risbe predmetov so delo M. Lubšina Tušek in D. Omana. Artefact drawings by M. Lubšina Tušek and D. Oman. 4 4 Glej tu Urankar, Črešnar, Pril. 1: št. 11. See here Urankar, Črešnar, App.: No. 11. 404 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 404 8. 03. 2021 12:55:44 3. Bronasti razdelilni gumb s konično kapico in s štiri-3. Bronze strap knob with a conical central boss and a mi stebrički na spodnji strani, tremi ohranjenimi. Pr. four-part ring-footed loop on the underside, three of gumba: 3,5 cm. them are preserved. Diam.: 3.5 cm. 4. Bronasti razdelilni gumb s konično kapico in enoj- 4. Bronze strap knob with a conical central boss and no zanko na spodnji strani, poškodovan. Pr. gumba: a single loop on the underside, damaged. Diam.: 2,9 cm. 2.9 cm. 5. Bronast tulast nastavek ovalnega preseka, na spodnji 5. Bronze, oval-sectioned socketed object, open at one strani povsem odprt, na zgornji pa je zaključek raz- end and partially closed at the other, widened end. širjen in odprtina zožena. Tik pod njegovo sredino Perpendicularly to the socket is a round-sectioned je vodoravno skozi njega vstavljena bronasta prečka bar, inserted through it near the mid-point and okroglega preseka. Oba konca prečke sta zglajena s smoothed with the exterior socket surface at both površino. Pr.: 2,9 cm; pr. luknje: 1,1 cm; dol.: 12,2 ends. Diam.: 2.9 cm; hole diam.: 1.1 cm; l.: 12.2 cm; deb. prečke: 0,35 cm. cm; bar th.: 0.35 cm. 6. Bronasti ščitnik za iglo s profiliranim kroglastim za-6. Bronze pin guard with a moulded globular terminal ključkom in bikoničnim spodnjim delom ter bronasta with horizontal grooves and a biconical body, as well sploščena jagoda z navpično luknjico na sredini. Naj- as a flat globular knob of bronze with a hole through verjetneje gre za del večglave bronaste igle z zaključk- the centre. They most likely represent parts of a mul- om, saj v odprtini ščitnika ter v luknjici jagode še tičita ti-knobbed pin with its guard, as the hole in the knob preostanka odlomljene igle. Ohr. dol. ščitnika: 4,4 cm; and the opening of the guard hold the broken off re- deb. ščitnika: 0,6–1,2 cm, pr. jagode: 0,9 cm. mains of the pin. Surv. l. of the guard: 4.4 cm; guard 7. Bronasti obroček okroglega preseka, poškodovan. th.: 0.6–1.2 cm, knob diam.: 0.9 cm. Pr.: 2,9 cm; deb.: 0,48 cm. 7. Bronze round-sectioned ring, damaged. Diam.: 2.9 8. Odlomek bronaste zanke s ploščato skovanim za- cm; th.: 0.48 cm. ključkom, v katerem tiči bronasta zakovica. Pr. zan- 8. Fragment of a bronze loop with a flattened end that ke: 0,7 cm; dol.: 2 cm. holds a bronze rivet. Loop diam.: 0.7 cm; l.: 2 cm. 9. Bronasta zakovica oz. žebljiček s ploščato glavico, 9. Flat-headed bronze rivet or nail, possibly part of a morda del ročaja meča ( Tab. 16: 13). Pr. glavice: 0,9 sword hilt ( Pl. 16: 13). Head diam.: 0.9 cm, l.: 1.1 cm, dol.: 1,1 cm. cm. 10. Košček železnega predmeta s sledovi brona, pravoko- 10. Piece of an iron object with traces of bronze, resem-tnega preseka po velikosti približno enakega preseku bling the tang of an iron sword hilt in both rectangu- železnega trna ročaja meča ( Tab. 16: 13). Ohr. dol.: lar section and size ( Pl. 16: 13). Surv. l.: 2.75 cm; w.: 2,75 cm; šir.: 0,88–0,67 cm. 0.88–0.67 cm. 11. Povsem korodiran in napihnjen košček železa s sle- 11. Heavily corroded and swollen piece of iron with trac-dovi brona, ovalnega preseka, morda del ročaja meča, es of bronze, oval in section and possibly representing zagozde sekire ali železnih žval. Ohr. dol.: 3,3 cm; a fragment of either a sword hilt, an axe wedge or an šir.: 1,2–0,96 cm. iron bit. Surv. l.: 3.3 cm; w.: 1.2–0.96 cm. 12. Fragmentirana bimetalna tulasta sekira.5 Ustje bro- 12. Fragmented bimetal socketed axe.5 Mouth is round nastega tula je okroglega preseka in fino fasetirano, in section, with a finely facetted collar and a large pod njim je ob strani veliko ušesce; spodnji del tula loop below it. Socket base is flattened and oval in je nekoliko sploščen, ovalnega preseka in na vsako section, shoulders are sloping. Socket interior holds stran izvihan v obliki ribjega repa. Znotraj tula je the iron tang of the blade, held in place on both sides ohranjen železni del rezila sekire in ob vsaki strani by flat longitudinal iron wedges. Running along each še po ena vzdolžna železna zagozda. Na obeh bočnih side of the socket are five rectangular holes, through straneh tula je po pet navpično razporejenih odprtin which protrude transverse iron wedges. Axe blade pravokotne oblike, ki so deloma zapolnjene s prečni- missing. Socket mouth diam.: 3.8 cm; socket base mi železnimi zagozdami. Rezilo sekire ni ohranjeno. size: 3.9 × 2 cm; socket l.: 7 cm; socket hole size: up Pr. ustja tula: 3,8 cm; vel. spodnjega dela tula: 3,9 to 0.4 cm. × 2 cm; dol. tula: 7 cm; vel. odprtine na tulu: do 13. Fragments of an iron sword with an oval mush- 0,4 cm. room-shaped pommel6. The pommel has a vertical 13. Fragmenti železnega meča z bronastim gobastim ro- hole through the middle, which holds the remains čajnim glavičem6. Glavič je ovalne oblike in navpično of the iron tang. The blade survives in fragments. 5 5 Glej tu Teržan, Poštela, kronologija, sl. 2. See here Teržan, Poštela, Chronology, fig. 2. 6 6 Glej tu Urankar, Črešnar, Pril. 1: št. 10. See here Urankar, Črešnar, App. 1: No. 10. 405 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 405 8. 03. 2021 12:55:44 sredinsko predrt. V predrtini je ohranjen železni trn Pommel th. at the top: 2.1 × 1.5 cm; pommel th. at ročaja meča, rezilo z rebrom po sredini pa je ohranje- the base: 3.8 × 2.3 cm, pommel l.: 2.5 cm; interior no le v fragmentih. Deb. glaviča na vrhu: 2,1 × 1,5 tang w.: 0.85–0.63 cm; exterior tang w.: 0.54–0.57 cm; deb. glaviča pri dnu: 3,8 × 2,3 cm, dol. glaviča: cm; l. of surv. blade fragments: 5.8, 5.3 and 5 cm. 2,5 cm; šir. trna na notranji strani: 0,85–0,63 cm; šir. trna na zunanji strani: 0,54–0,57 cm; ohr. dol. odl. rezila meča: 5,8, 5,3 in 5 cm. Tab. 17: Pl. 17: 1. Posoda s stožčastim vratom, delno rekonstruirana, iz 1. Vessel with a conical neck, partially reconstructed, made zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksida-of a very fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising cijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished temno siva, zglajena in grafitirana. Vrat in rame sta in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, bur- okrašena z geometrijskimi motivi iz meandrov, izve- nished and graphite-coated. Neck and shoulder bear denimi z belo snovjo, verjetno iz kositra. Na ramenu geometric motifs composed of meanders, which are posode je ohranjen del stožčaste bradavice. Pr. naj- made in white, probably with tin. Part of a conical večjega oboda: 61 cm, ohranjena viš. posode 45 cm; knob survives on the shoulder. Max. diam.: 61 cm, deb.: 0,45–0,55 cm ( sl. 15A). surv. h. 45 cm; wall th.: 0.45–0.55 cm ( fig. 15A). 2. Posoda s stožčastim vratom, delno rekonstruirana, iz 2. Vessel with a conical neck, partially reconstructed, made zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksida-of a very fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising cijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and finished temno sive barve, zglajena in svetlikajoča, grafitirana. in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is dark grey, bur- Vrat in rame sta okrašena z geometrijskimi motivi, nished and graphite-coated. Neck and shoulder bear izvedenimi z belo snovjo, verjetno iz kositra. Na ra- geometric motifs composed of meanders, which are menu posode je ohranjen nastavek za stožčasto bra- made in white, probably with tin. Stub of a conical davico. Pr. najširšega oboda: 59 cm; ohr. viš.: 30,7 knob survives on the shoulder. Max. diam: 59 cm; cm; deb.: 0,46–0,55 cm ( sl. 15B). surv. h.: 30.7 cm; wall th.: 0.46–0.55 cm ( fig. 15B). Tab. 18: Pl. 18: 1. Odlomek v ognju poškodovane skodelice ali vrčka z 1. Fragment of a fire-damaged cup or small jug with a bledo rjavo in temno sivo razpokano površino. Vel.: cracked pale brown and dark grey surface. Size: 5.9 × 5,9 × 4,8 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,5 cm. 4.8 cm; th.: 0.4–0.5 cm. 2. Odlomek ustja velike posode s fasetiranim notranjim 2. Rim fragment of a large vessel with a facetted interior robom ustja, iz drobnozrnate lončarske gline, nepo-rim, made of a medium-grained fabric and fired in polno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni fazi redukcijsko. an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised Površina je gladka, na notranji strani rdečerjave in and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is sive barve, na zunanji pa temno sive barve, s sledovi smooth, red-brown and grey in the interior and dark glajenja. Pr. ustja: 30,2 cm; deb.: 0,8 cm. grey in the exterior, with traces of burnishing. Rim 3. Posoda s stožčastim vratom, okrašeni odlomki, iz zelo diam.: 30.2 cm; th.: 0.8 cm. finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko 3. Decorated fragments of a vessel, made of a very fine- žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je gladka, grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, temno siva, delno pa svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reduc- in grafitnega premaza. Posoda je okrašena z visečimi ing atmosphere. Surface is smooth, dark grey with kanelurami v motivu girland in z vtisnjenimi pika- traces of burnishing and a graphite coat. Decoration mi ter rozetami, sestavljenimi iz vtisnjenega krožca, consists of garlands of grooves and impressed dots, as obdanega z vtisnjenimi pikami. Pr. najširšega oboda: well as rosettes of a large impressed dot surrounded 42,2 cm; ohr. viš.: 9,4 cm; deb.: 5,4 cm. with smaller impressed dots. Max. diam.: 42.2 cm; 4. Posoda s stožčastim vratom, delno rekonstruirana, iz surv. h.: 9.4 cm; wall th.: 5.4 cm. zelo finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksida- 4. Vessel with a conical neck, partially reconstructed, cijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je made of a very fine-grained fabric and fired in an gladka, svetlikajoča, s sledovi glajenja in grafitnega oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised and premaza. Vrat in rame sta okrašena z geometrijskimi finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is smooth, motivi, izvedenimi z belo snovjo, verjetno iz kositra. shiny, with traces of burnishing and a graphite coat. 406 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 406 8. 03. 2021 12:55:45 Na ramenu posode je ohranjen nastavek za stožčasto Neck and shoulder bear geometric motifs composed bradavico. Pr. najširšega oboda: 61,8 cm; ohr. viš.: 19 of meanders, which are made either in white, prob- cm; deb.: 0,43–0,46 cm ( sl. 15C). ably with tin. Stub of a conical knob survives on the shoulder. Max. diam.: 61.8 cm; surv. h.: 19 cm; wall th.: 0.43–0.46 cm ( fig. 15C). LITERATURA / REFERENCES Strmčnik Gulič M. 1990 Teržan B. 1990 Pivola. – Varstvo spomenikov 32, 157–158. Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The Early Iron Age in Slovenian Styria. – Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana. Strmčnik Gulič M., Teržan B. 2004 O gomili halštatskega veljaka iz Pivole pod Poštelo. – Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje n.v. 40, 217–238. 407 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 407 8. 03. 2021 12:55:45 Tabla 16. Pivola, gomila 14. Kovinske najdbe iz grobne kamre. M. = 1:2; 1–9 – bron, 10–11 – železo, 12–13 – bron in železo. Plate 16. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Metal finds from the burial chamber. Scale = 1:2; 1–9 – bronze, 10–11 – iron, 12–13 – bronze and iron. 408 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 408 8. 03. 2021 12:55:46 Tabla 17. Pivola, gomila 14. Keramično posodje iz grobne kamre. M. = 1:3. Plate 17. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Pottery from the burial chamber. Scale = 1:3. 409 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 409 8. 03. 2021 12:55:48 Tabla 18. Pivola, gomila 14. Keramično posodje iz grobne kamre. M. = 1:3. Plate 18. Pivola, Tumulus 14. Pottery from the burial chamber. Scale = 1:3. 410 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 410 8. 03. 2021 12:55:49 GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE EARLY IRON AGE ŽELEZNE DOBE POD POŠTELO TUMULI OF POŠTELA IV. GOMILA 13 IZ PIVOLE IV. TUMULUS 13 FROM PIVOLA Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar, Bine Kramberger Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar, Bine Kramberger Zaradi istih vzrokov kot pri gomili 14, torej nepresta- Tumulus 13 at Pivola, similarly as Tumulus 14 and nega uničevanja in izravnavanja pivolskih gomil vsled just south of it, was situated on cultivated land and poljskih del, smo v leta 2006 raziskali nekoliko južne- hence subjected to continuous damage by ploughing. je od gomile 14 ležečo gomilo 13 ( sl. 1; 16). Gomila This led us to investigate the tumulus in 2006 ( figs. 1; se nahaja na parceli 16, k. o. Sp. Hoče, lastnice Jane 16). It was located on the field under Lot No. 16, ca-Matajič. Ob robu njive je namreč ležalo več večjih in dastral community Sp. Hoče, owned by Jana Matajič. manjših kamnov lomljencev in prodnikov, ki so kazali Prior to investigation, we noted several variously large na to, da je kamnita konstrukcija grobne kamre že do-unworked pieces of stone and cobbles along the edge dobra načeta. Raziskavo gomile smo začeli z geofizi- of the field, which indicated that the stone construc- kalnimi meritvami, na osnovi katerih smo nato zasno- tion of the burial chamber had already been damaged. vali in izvedli sistematično arheološko izkopavanje, ki The investigation began with a geophysical survey that je potekalo med 6. in 15. oktobrom v okviru obveznih provided us with the information on which we based terenskih vaj za študente Arheološkega oddelka Filo- the ensuing excavation. This was conducted between zofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani.1 6 and 15 October 2006 as part of the compulsory Z geofizikalnimi metodami, kot so georadarska field practice for the students of the Department of metoda, metoda geoelektrične upornosti in magne- Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana.1 tna metoda, je uspelo Branku Mušiču ugotoviti ob- The geophysical survey, during which seg gomile, saj se je jasno orisala krožna lisa, ki je ground-penetrating radar, geoelectrical resistivity Slika 16. Pivola. Območje dela severne skupine gomilnega grobišča pred raziskavami (A), med geofizikalnimi meritvami (B) in gomila 13 med izkopavanjem (C). Figure 16. Pivola. Area of the north group of the tumulus cemetery prior to investigations (A), during the geophysical survey (B) and Tumulus 13 during the excavation (C). 1 1 Prve objave izkopavanj so pregledne ali bolj poljudnega The initial reports are brief or intended for the general značaja, glej Teržan et al. 2012, 36 ss; isti 2015, 67 ss. public, see Teržan et al. 2012, 36 ff; eid. 2015, 67 ff. 411 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 411 8. 03. 2021 12:55:49 Slika 17. Pivola, and magnetic methods were employed, was led by gomila 13. Branko Mušič. Based on the results, he was able Rezultati meritev to determine the extent of the earthen mound as a z radarsko metodo (A) in magnetno clearly discernible round area distinguishable from metodo (B). the surroundings ( fig. 17: B),2 as well as a rectangu-Figure 17. Pivola, lar feature in its centre, presumably the stone burial Tumulus 13. Results of the ground- chamber ( fig. 17: A). This was subsequently con- penetrating radar (A) firmed and documented by excavations. The results and magnetic of the magnetic method also revealed a poorly pre- surveys (B). served ditch, such as is known to have surrounded other, better surviving tumuli.3 Tumulus 13 origi- nally measured around 18 m across, which was con- firmed by excavations that established the edge of the earthen mound ( fig. 19). The original height could not be established, as the tumulus was completely flattened through long-term ploughing. Excavations revealed the first small finds already odstopala od okolice in je predstavljala zemljeno na- in the topsoil, which confirmed the great damage to sutje gomile ( sl. 17: B).2 V njenem osrednjem delu se the burial chamber. As indicated by the geophysical je nakazoval tloris pravokotne oblike, torej domnev- results, the said chamber was found just off the cen- no kamnite grobne kamre ( sl. 17: A), ki smo jo nato tre of the mound, shifted slightly through plough-z izkopavanjem tudi odkrili in raziskali. Ob tem so ing.4 The chamber was rectangular in plan with sides analize meritev z magnetno metodo pokazale na ob- measuring almost exactly 4 m, namely between 3.81 stoj slabo ohranjenega jarka, ki je, kot smo ugotovili, and 3.96 m in the exterior and between 2.72 and pri bolje ohranjenih gomilah obdajal vsako od njih.3 2.91 m in the interior ( figs. 18; 21). The walls were Prvotno je gomila v premeru merila približno 18 m, roughly 0.50 m thick. They were constructed in the kar se je potrdilo tudi z izkopavanjem, saj smo uspeli drywall technique using large cobbles and unworked identificirati rob nasutja plašča gomile ( sl. 19), njena pieces of stone, with slightly larger stones placed in višina pa ni bila več ugotovljiva, saj je bila zaradi dol-the corners. The sides ran in N–S and E–W direc- goletnega oranja povsem sploščena. tions. The east and west walls were interrupted in Prve najdbe iz starejše železne dobe so ležale že two places. The two gaps presumably held wood- v ornici, kar je še dodatno potrdilo, da je oranje že en posts anchored into postholes and secured with močno poškodovalo grobno kamro. Kot je bilo moč packing stones ( figs. 18: B–C; 22). The posts are be-predvideti že po izsledkih geofizikalnih meritev, smo lieved to be parts of a wooden construction com- kamnito grobnico odkrili skorajda v sredini gomi- posed of wall lining and cover. The remains of the le, odmik pa je posledica dolgotrajnega oranja.4 Bila wooden lining were discernible along the inner face je kvadratne oblike, z zunanjimi stranicami dolžine of the drywall as a layer of soft and brown weathered skoraj natančno 4 m, oz. med 3,81 in 3,96 m, na soil. This continued along the floor of the chamber, notranji strani pa so merile med 2,72 in 2,91 m ( sl. which also revealed traces of wooden boards as well 18; 21). Njeni zidovi, debeline približno 0,50 m, so as the remains of a beam or board laid into a shallow bili zgrajeni v suhozidni tehniki iz večjih prodnikov bed. This beam connected both posts and probably in lomljencev, pri čemer so bili tudi tu vogalni ka- also represented the bedding for the wooden floor mni nekoliko večji. Konstrukcijska posebnost odkri- ( figs. 18; 22). te grobne kamre s stranicami, usmerjenimi natančno Upon discovery, the burial chamber was filled v smereh S–J in V–Z, sta bili dve večji jami, ki sta and covered over by a debris layer of stones ( figs. prekinjali vzhodni in zahodni zid ( sl. 18: B–C; 22). 18A; 20). Under this layer, there were two concen-V njiju sta morali biti postavljena in s kamnitimi za- trations of burnt remains that included very small gozdami učvrščena navpična lesena stebra, nosilna pieces of cremated human bones. This might suggest elementa lesene konstrukcije, ki sta jo tvorila lesen more than one burial ( figs. 18B; 21), but the poor opaž ter streha kamre. Ostankom opaža je bilo moč preservation of the human bones does not allow for 2 Mušič et al. 2014, 27–31. 2 Mušič et al. 2014, 27–31. 3 Teržan et al. 2015; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448. 3 Teržan et al. 2015; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448. 4 Mušič et al. 2014, 31. 4 Mušič et al. 2014, 31. 412 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 412 8. 03. 2021 12:55:50 Slika 18. Pivola, gomila 13. Ruševina grobne kamre (A), grobna kamra z zgostitvami žganine (B), izpraznjena grobna kamra z jamama za sohi v vzhodni in zahodni steni ter ostanki lesenih konstrukcijskih elementov (C). Figure 18. Pivola, Tumulus 13. Ruins of the burial chamber (A), burial chamber with concentrations of burnt remains (B), emptied burial chamber with postholes in the line of the east and west walls, as well as the remains of the wooden construction (C). Slika 19. Pivola, slediti ob notranjem licu kamnitega suhozida kot ra- gomila 13. Rekonstrukcija hli, rjavi preperinski plasti. Ta se je nadaljevala tudi gomile na na dnu grobne kamre, kjer smo ob sledovih desk od- podlagi rezultatov krili tudi ostanke tramu oz. ploha, ki je, položen v geofizikalnih meritev in izkopavanj s plitko ležišče, povezoval oba stebra in verjetno pred- tlorisom grobne stavljal tudi temelj za lesen pod ( sl. 18; 22). kamre in profilom Ob odkritju je bila grobna kamra prekrita in za- gomile. Figure 19. Pivola, polnjena z ruševinsko plastjo kamna ( sl. 18A; 20), Tumulus 13. pod njo pa sta se pokazali dve večji zgostitvi žganine Reconstruction of the z ostalinami sežganih človeških kosti. Na podlagi raz- tumulus on the basis poreditve žganine bi morda lahko sklepali na pokop of the data provided by geophysical dveh ali več oseb ( sl. 18B; 21), vendar pa slaba ohra-measurements and njenost kostnih ostankov ne omogoča potrditve teh excavations with domnev5. V žganini v osrednjem delu kamre in okoli the plan of the burial chamber and nje so ležali tudi maloštevilni prežgani ostanki ko- the section of the vinskih pridatkov, kot npr. kroglasta glavica bronaste tumulus. igle ter železni okovi in obroči, verjetno od konjske this supposition to be verified.5 The burnt remains opreme ( Tab. 19: 1–7). Med keramičnimi posodami, in the centre of the chamber and around it includ-ki so bile domala vse popolnoma fragmentirane, se ed few burnt grave goods of metal consisting of a je le v jugozahodnem vogalu kamre ohranilo nekaj flat globular head of a bronze pin, iron mounts and večjih kosov ( sl. 21), na osnovi katerih smo uspeli rings, probably from horse gear ( Pl. 19: 1–7). Pot-rekonstruirati posodo z visokim stožčastim vratom tery goods were completely fragmented, with larger ( Tab. 19: 17) in dve skledi ( Tab. 19: 10–11). Glede pieces only found in the SW corner ( fig. 21) that na to, da je bila grobna kamra na južni strani močno enabled us to reconstruct a vessel with a high conical poškodovana in je plast žganine v manjši meri segala neck ( Pl. 19: 17) and two dishes ( Pl. 19: 10–11). The tudi izven grobne kamre, ob tem pa so bili grobni pri-fact that the burial chamber was heavily damaged in datki izjemno slabo ohranjeni in uničeni, ni dvoma, its south side and some of the cremated remains lay da je bila ta gomila v nam neznani preteklosti povsem outside its walls, coupled with very poorly preserved, izropana in je bila konstrukcija kamre poškodovana. damaged grave goods, suggest that the tumulus had, 5 5 Glej tu Leskovar. See here Leskovar. 413 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 413 8. 03. 2021 12:55:50 Slika 20. Pivola, gomila 13. Načrt ruševine grobne kamre. Figure 20. Pivola, Tumulus 13. Plan of the ruinous burial chamber. T.19.23 76 T.19.22 T.19.24 T.19.18 T.19.20, 26 41 51 68 T.19.21 44 48 T.19.19 40 32 31 72 37 45 69 T.19.25 73 71 T.19.27 5 m he tumulus T.19.21 T.19.25 T.19.18 T.19.20, 26 51 48 T.19.24 45 44 približni obseg gomile / approximate circumference of the tumulus smer nadaljevanja profila / direction of continuation of a profile 32 T.19.23 globina (cm) / depth (cm) 85 T.19.22 izmerjena točka / measured point 71 31 37 41 železni predmet / iron object keramični odlomek - keramika / ceramic fragment 40 tabela in številka najdbe / plate and number of the find T.9.8 76 69 414 T.19.27 68 72 73 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 414 8. 03. 2021 12:55:51 85 5 m približni obseg gomile / approximate circumference of t smer nadaljevanja profila / direction of continuation of a profile globina (cm) / depth (cm) izmerjena točka / measured point železni predmet / iron object keramični odlomek - keramika / ceramic fragment tabela in številka najdbe / plate and number of the findT.9.8 T.19.19 Slika 21. Pivola, gomila Figure 21. Pivola, 13. Načrt grobne kamre Tumulus 13. Plan of z zgostitvami žganine in the burial chamber with keramike. concentrations of burnt remains and pottery. 95 95 89 42 58 T.19.9 76 T.19.10 T.19.15 90 T.19.5 T.19.6 T.19.1 T.19.16 T.19.8 74 87 T.19.2 T.19.3, 4 T.19.11 63 61 T.19.7 T.19.17 T.19.14 69 37 45 95 87 58 63 93 T.19.15 74 45 88 T.19.14 89 T.19.11 T.19.10 T.19.6 76 T.19.8 85 T.19.2 smer nadaljevanja profila / direction of continuation of a profile globina (cm) / depth (cm) skupek keramike / cluster of ceramic žganina s kostmi / charcoal rich layer with bones izmerjena točka / measured point železni predmet / iron object bronasti predmet / bronze object keramični odlomek / ceramic fragment T.9.8 tabela in številka najdbe / plate and number of the find T.19.17 88 93 T.19.16 T.19.7 69 42 T.19.9 T.19.3, 4 T.19.5 T.19.1 smer nadaljevanja profila / 95 61 direction of continuation of a profile globina (cm) / depth (cm) 85 37 skupek keramike / cluster of ceramic žganina s kostmi / charcoal rich layer with bones 90 izmerjena točka / measured point železni predmet / iron object bronasti predmet / bronze object keramični odlomek / ceramic fragment 2 m tabela in številka najdbe / T.9.8 plate and number of the find 2 m 415 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 415 8. 03. 2021 12:55:51 Slika 22. Pivola, gomila 13. Načrt izpraznjene grobne kamre z jamama za lesena stebra v vzhodni in zahodni steni ter ostanki lesenih 95 95 konstrukcijskih elementov na dnu in ob stenah kamre (glej sl. 18C). Figure 22. Pivola, Tumulus 13. Plan of 95 95 89 89 the emptied burial chamber with the postholes in the line of the east and west walls, as well as the remains of the 92 92 wooden construction 42 114 42 114 along the floor and 116 116 walls of the chamber 58 58 (see fig. 18C). 84 84 88 88 90 85 90 85 89 89 81 81 83 8363 63 61 6184 84 85 85 37 90 37 90 45 45 87 87 105 105 90 90 88 88 95 90 2 m 58 2 m 63 93 45 93 93 88 89 92 114 116 83 85 smer nadaljevanja profila / direction of continuation of a profile 85 globina (cm) / depth (cm) les / wood jama za steber / post hole izmerjena točka / measured point 105 90 89 88 smer nadaljevanja profila / smer nadaljevanja profila / 85 84 direction of continuation of a profile direction of continuation of a profile 84 globina (cm) / depth (cm) 85 globina (cm) / depth (cm) 85 les / wood les / wood 42 jama za steber / post hole jama za steber / post hole 81 izmerjena točka / measured point izmerjena točka / measured point 95 61 37 87 90 2 m 416 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 416 8. 03. 2021 12:55:52 Kljub temu so se ohranili drobci kalciniranih ko-at some point in the past, been robbed and the con- sti, na osnovi katerih je antropološko analiza pokaza- struction of the burial chamber damaged. la, da je bila v gomili pokopana odrasla oseba, ki pa The cremated remains included small pieces of ni bila starejša od 30 let6. calcified bone. The anthropological analysis of these pieces showed that the buried person was an adult, however younger than 30 years.6 OPISI NAJDB DESCRIPTION OF FINDS Tab. 19: Pl. 19: Grobnica7 Burial chamber7 1. Odlomek bronaste sploščene jagode večglave igle. Pr. 1. Fragment of the flat head of a multi-knobbed pin. 0,95 cm; deb.: 0,63 cm. SE 004; PN 107; gl.: 0,74 m. Diam. 0.95 cm; th.: 0.63 cm. SE 004; PN 107; 2. Železni okov paličaste oblike, pravokotnega prese- depth: 0.74 m. ka, z zanko in odlomkom železnega obroča v njej. 2. Bar-shaped and rectangular-sectioned iron mount Ohr. dol.: 2,9 cm; šir.: do 1,1 cm; pr. luknje v zanki: with a loop and a fragment of an iron ring in the 0,5 cm. Ohr. dol. drugega predmeta: 1,2 cm; šir. loop. Surv. l.: 2.9 cm; w.: up to 1.1 cm; loop hole drugega predmeta: 0,2–0,38 cm. SE 004; PN 124; diam.: 0.5 cm. Surv. l. of the ring: 1.2 cm; ring w.: gl.: 0,89 m. 0.2–0.38 cm. SE 004; PN 124; depth: 0.89 m. 3. Odlomek povsem korodiranega železnega predmeta 3. Fragment of a heavily corroded iron object with a z zanko in odlomkom železnega obročka v njej, mor- loop and a fragment of an iron ring in the loop, pos- da žval. Ohr. dol.: 2,4 cm; šir.: do 1,7 cm; pr. luknje sibly of a horse bit. Surv. l.: 2.4 cm; w.: up to 1.7 cm; v zanki: 0,68 cm. Deb. okroglega predmeta: 0,42 cm. loop hole diam.: 0.68 cm. Th. of the round object: SE 004; PN 082; gl.: 0,53 m. 0.42 cm. SE 004; PN 082; depth: 0.53 m. 4. Železni okov paličaste oblike, pravokotnega preseka, 4. Bar-shaped and rectangular-sectioned iron mount z zanko in odlomkom železnega obročka rombičnega with a loop and a fragment of an iron lozenge-sec- preseka v njej. Ohr. dol.: 2,3 cm; šir.: do 0,95 cm; pr. tioned ring in the loop. Surv. l.: 2.3 cm; w.: up to luknje v zanki: 0,36 cm. Pr. dol. drugega predmeta: 0.95 cm; loop hole diam.: 0.36 cm. Approx. surv. l. 2,0 cm. SE 004; PN 082. of the ring: 2.0 cm. SE 004; PN 082. 5. Odlomek železnega obroča ovalnega preseka. Ohr. 5. Fragment of an oval-sectioned iron ring. Surv. l.: dol.: 2,5 cm; deb.: 0,37–0,42 cm. SE 004; PN 111; 2.5 cm; th.: 0.37–0.42 cm. SE 004; PN 111; depth: gl.: 0,67 m. 0.67 m. 6. Odlomek železnega obročka rombičnega preseka. Pr.: 6. Fragment of a lozenge-sectioned iron ring. Diam.: 2.5 2,5 cm; deb.: 0,43 cm. SE 004; PN 120; gl.: 0,88 m. cm; th.: 0.43 cm. SE 004; PN 120; depth: 0.88 m. 7. Odlomki v ognju staljenih, deformiranih in sprijetih 7. Fragments of bronze and iron objects that had melted, predmetov iz brona in železa. Razpoznavna sta vsaj deformed and clumped together in fire. At least two dva različna bronasta predmeta; prvi je okroglega different bronze objects are identifiable; the first one preseka, zato gre morda za dele igle, drugi je pravo-is round in cross section suggestive of a pin, the other kotnega preseka. Železni predmet je votel, v obliki one is rectangular-sectioned. The identifiable iron ob- tulca in skoraj trikotnega preseka. Grobnica; SE 004; ject is hollow, in the shape of a shaft and sub-triangular gl.: 0,82 cm. in cross section. SE 004; PN 104; depth: 0.82 m. 7a. Odlomek železnega predmeta. Ohr. dol.: 2,96 cm; 7a. Fragment of an iron object. Surv. l.: 2.96 cm; w.: up šir.: do 1,99 cm; deb.: 0,39–0,25 cm. to 1.99 cm; th.: 0.39–0.25 cm. 7b. Odlomek bronastega predmeta, morda igle, okrogle- 7b. Fragment of a round-sectioned bronze object, possi- ga preseka. Vel.: 2 × 1,4 × 1,3 cm; deb.: 0,17 cm. bly a pin. Size: 2 × 1.4 × 1.3 cm; th.: 0.17 cm. 7c. Odlomek bronastega predmeta pravokotnega prese- 7c. Fragment of a rectangular-sectioned bronze object. ka. Vel.: 2,9 × 2,4 × 0,9 cm; deb.: 0,2 cm. Size: 2.9 × 2.4 × 0.9 cm; th.: 0.2 cm. 8. Odlomek železnega predmeta, verjetno obročka, pol- 8. Fragment of a semicircular-sectioned iron object, krožnega preseka. Ohr. dol.: 1,8 cm; deb.: 0,31 cm. probably a ring. Surv. l.: 1.8 cm; th.: 0.31 cm. SE SE 004; PN 115; gl.: 0,82 m. 004; PN 115; depth: 0.82 m. 6 6 Glej tu Leskovar. See here Leskovar. 7 7 Risbe predmetov so delo D. Omana in B. Krambergerja. Drawings by D. Oman and B. Kramberger. 417 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 417 8. 03. 2021 12:55:52 9. Odlomek stožčaste bradavice posode, iz finozrnate 9. Fragment of a conical knob of a vessel, made of a lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Povr- fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmos- šina je gladka, temno sive barve, delno poškodovana, phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is dark grey delno pa svetlikajoča, grafitirana. Vel.: 4,1 × 2,1 cm; and smooth, partly damaged and partly surviving as deb.: 0,9 cm. SE 004; PN 061; gl.: 0,47 m. shiny patches of the graphite coat. Size: 4.1 × 2.1 cm; 10. Skleda na nogi, delno rekonstruirana, iz finozrnate th.: 0.9 cm. SE 004; PN 061; depth: 0.47 m. lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Glad- 10. Footed dish, partially reconstructed, made of a fine-ka površina svetlo rjave barve je rdeče premazana. V grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, spodnjem delu je posoda okrašena najmanj z dvema but incompletely oxidised. Surface is light brown, vodoravnima kanelurama, v zgornjem delu in na ra- smooth and bears a red slip. It is decorated with at least menih pa izmenjaje s pari navpičnih in pari poševnih two horizontal grooves on the lower body, while the kanelur. Na vratu, v kanelurah in na notranji povr- upper body and the shoulder bear alternating pairs of šini posode so sledovi grafitnega premaza. Pr. ustja: vertical and oblique grooves. The neck, grooves and in- 12 cm; rek. viš.: 5,7 cm; pr. noge: 4,55 cm; deb.: terior surface bear traces of a graphite coat. Rim diam.: 0,22–0,3 cm. SE 004; PN 106; gl.: 0,79 m. 12 cm; reconstr. h.: 5.7 cm; foot diam.: 4.55 cm; th.: 11. Skleda, delno rekonstruirana, iz lončarske gline kot 0.22–0.3 cm. SE 004; PN 106; depth: 0.79 m. skleda na nogi Tab. 19: 10. Pr. ustja: 11,3 cm; ohr. 11. Dish, partially reconstructed, made of the same fab-viš.: 3,4 cm; deb.: 0,3 cm. SE 004; PN 123; gl.: ric as the footed dish Pl. 19: 10. Rim diam.: 11.3 cm; 0,82 m. surv. h.: 3.4 cm; th.: 0.3 cm. SE 004; PN 123; depth: 12. Odlomek skodelice z majhnim držajem, iz zelo fi- 0.82 m. nozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko 12. Fragment of a cup with a small handle made of a very žgane, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Površina je pov-fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, sem gladka, svetlikajoča, grafitirana in zelo temno but incompletely oxidised and finished in a reducing sive barve. Nad držajem je vodoravna žlebljena črta, atmosphere. Surface is very dark grey and completely ob njem pa poševna. Vel.: 2,9 × 1,8 cm; deb.: 0,4– smooth, shiny and graphite-coated. It bears a hori- 0,5 cm. zontal groove above the grip and an oblique groove 13. Odlomek stožčaste bradavice posode (morda del next to it. Size: 2.9 × 1.8 cm; th.: 0.4–0.5 cm. posode Tab. 19: 17), iz finozrnate lončarske gline, 13. Fragment of a conical knob of a vessel (possibly Pl. nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane, v končni fazi reduk- 19: 17), made of a fine-grained fabric and fired in cijsko. Površina je gladka in rumenordeče barve. Vel.: an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised 2,2 × 1,1 cm; deb.: 0,95 cm. and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is yel- 14. Odlomek dna z ostenjem posode, iz finozrnate lon- low-red and smooth. Size: 2.2 × 1.1 cm; th.: 0.95 cm. čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina 14. Base fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained fab-je rumenordeče barve in deloma razjedena. Vel.: 3,7 ric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- × 2,6 cm; deb.: 0,9–1,1 cm. SE 004; PN 088; gl.: pletely oxidised. Surface is yellow-red and surviving 0,70 m. in patches. Size: 3.7 × 2.6 cm; th.: 0.9–1.1 cm. SE 15. Odlomek držaja ali ročaja posode s čepom za pritrdi-004; PN 088; depth: 0.70 m. tev iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksida- 15. Fragment of a grip or a handle of a vessel, attached via cijsko žgan. Površina je rumenordeče barve in skoraj a plug, of fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising povsem razjedena. Vel.: 3,1 × 2 cm; deb.: 1–1,9 cm. atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is yel- SE 004; PN 117; gl.: 0,78 m. low-red and surviving in small patches. Size: 3.1 × 2 16. Odlomek roba pokrova, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, cm; th.: 1–1.9 cm. SE 004; PN 117; depth: 0.78 m. nepopolno oksidacijsko žganega. Površina je rdeče- 16. Rim fragment of a lid made of a fine-grained fabric rjavosive barve. Vel.: 3,3 × 3,6 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. SE and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incomplete- 004; PN 098; gl.: 0,75 m. ly oxidised. Surface is red-brown-grey. Size: 3.3 × 3.6 17. Posoda z visokim stožčastim vratom, delno rekon- cm; th.: 0.7 cm. SE 004; PN 098; depth: 0.75 m. struirana, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno 17. Vessel with a high conical neck, partially recon- oksidacijsko žgana, v končni fazi redukcijsko. Povr- structed, made of a fine-grained fabric and fired in šina je zglajena, na notranji strani siva, na zunanji pa an oxidising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised zelo temno siva, svetlikajoča in s sledovi grafitnega and finished in a reducing atmosphere. Surface is premaza. V zgornjem delu vratu je posoda okrašena burnished, grey in the interior and very dark grey, s plitvimi kanelurami in z nizom plitvih vtisnjenih shiny and bearing traces of a graphite coat in the ex- okroglih jamic, v srednjem delu vratu z rozetami, terior. The upper part of the neck is decorated with 418 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 418 8. 03. 2021 12:55:52 izdelanimi iz plitvih vtisnjenih jamic, na ramenih shallow grooves and a series of shallow impressed pa s pasovi izmenjujočih se poševnih kanelur. Ohr. dots, the central part bears rosettes made up of shal- viš.: 20,6 cm; pr. ustja: 22,6 cm; deb.: 0,4–0,7 cm. low impressed dots, while the shoulder bears bands SE 004; PN 119; gl.: 0,80 m; nekaj odlomkov od- composed of stripes of alternating oblique shallow kritih tudi izven grobnice, v plasti nasutja gomile grooves. Surv. h.: 20.6 cm; rim diam.: 22.6 cm; th.: (SE 003). 0.4–0.7 cm. SE 004; PN 119; depth: 0.80 m; several of its fragments were also found outside the burial Nasutje gomile chamber, in the layer SE 003. 18. Odlomek ustja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je v večjem Earthen mound of the tumulus delu poškodovana ter rdečerumene in temno sive 18. Rim fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained fab-barve. Vel.: 3,4 × 2,5 cm; deb.: 0,7 cm. SE 002; PN ric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- 042; gl.: 0,86 m. pletely oxidised. Surface is red-yellow and dark grey, 19. Odlomek ustja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, mostly damaged. Size: 3.4 × 2.5 cm; th.: 0.7 cm. SE nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je povsem 002; PN 042; depth: 0.86 m. poškodovana, razpokana ter svetlo rdeče in rdečerja- 19. Rim fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained fab-ve barve. Pr. ustja: približno 13 cm; ohr. viš.: 5 cm; ric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- deb.: 0,47–0,7 cm. SE 001; PN 015; gl.: 0,41 m. pletely oxidised. Surface is light red and red-brown, 20. Odlomek ustja posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, completely damaged and cracked. Rim diam.: ap-nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je glajena in prox. 13 cm; surv. h.: 5 cm; th.: 0.47–0.7 cm. SE rjavosive barve. Vel.: 2,3 × 2,5 cm; deb.: 0,6 cm. SE 001; PN 015; depth: 0.41 m. 002; PN 045; gl.: 0,70 m. 20. Rim fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained 21. Odlomek posode, okrašene z razčlenjenim plastič- fabric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but in- nim rebrom, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopol- completely oxidised. Surface is brown-grey and bur- no oksidacijsko žgana. Površina je poškodovana ter nished. Size: 2.3 × 2.5 cm; th.: 0.6 cm. SE 002; PN rdečerjave in sive barve. Vel.: 3 × 2,8 cm; deb.: 0,85 045; depth: 0.70 m. cm. SE 003; PN 046; gl.: 0,78 m. 21. Fragment of a vessel bearing a cordon with impres- 22. Odlomek posode z bradavico, iz drobnozrnate lon- sions, made of a fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxi- čarske gline, nepopolno oksidacijsko žgana. Površi- dising atmosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface na je glajena ter rdečerjave in rdečesive barve. Vel.: is red-brown and grey, damaged. Size: 3 × 2.8 cm; th.: 2,3 × 1,4 cm; deb.: 0,55 cm. SE 002; PN 020; gl.: 0.85 cm. SE 003; PN 046; depth: 0.78 m. 0,62 m. 22. Vessel fragment with a knob, made of a medi- 23. Odlomek dna posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, um-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmos- nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je večino- phere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red- ma poškodovana, na notranji strani temno sive bar- brown and red-grey, burnished. Size: 2.3 × 1.4 cm; ve, na zunanji pa rdečerumene barve. Vel.: 2,5 × 2,5 th.: 0.55 cm. SE 002; PN 020; depth: 0.62 m. cm; pr. dna: 7 cm; deb.: 0,5 cm. SE 003; PN 064; 23. Base fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained gl.: 0,87 m. fabric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but in- 24. Odlomek posode, okrašene z gladkim plastičnim re- completely oxidised. Surface is mostly damaged, dark brom, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksi- grey in the interior and red-yellow in the exterior. dacijsko žgan. Na notranji strani odlomka je površina Size: 2.5 × 2.5 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; th.: 0.5 cm. SE rdečerjave barve, na zunanji strani pa povsem poško- 003; PN 064; depth: 0.87 m. dovana in rdeče barve. Vel.: 4,1 × 3,8 cm; deb.: 0,9 24. Fragment of a vessel with a plain cordon, made of a cm. SE 002; PN 040; gl.: 0,81 m. fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmos- 25. Odlomek posode, okrašene z gladkim plastičnim re- phere, but incompletely oxidised. Interior surface brom, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, nepopolno oksi- is red-brown, exterior surface is red and completely dacijsko žgan. Površina je deloma razjedena in rde- damaged. Size: 4.1 × 3.8 cm; th.: 0.9 cm. SE 002; čerjave barve. Vel.: 3,4 × 3 cm; deb.: 0,7–0,8 cm. SE PN 040; depth: 0.81 m. 002; PN 041; gl.: 0,91 m. 25. Fragment of a vessel with a plain cordon, made of 26. Odlomek posode, iz drobnozrnate lončarske gline, a fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising at- nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Površina je rdečerjave mosphere, but incompletely oxidised. Surface is red- in rdečesive barve. Vel.: 4,3 × 3,6 cm; deb.: 0,55–1,4 brown and survives in patches. Size: 3.4 × 3 cm; th.: cm. SE 002; PN 045; gl.: 0,70 m. 0.7–0.8 cm. SE 002; PN 041; depth: 0.91 m. 419 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 419 8. 03. 2021 12:55:52 27. Odlomek dna posode, iz finozrnate lončarske gline, 26. Fragment of a vessel made of a medium-grained fab-nepopolno oksidacijsko žgan. Površina je deloma po- ric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- škodovana in rdečerjave barve. Vel.: 4,4 × 3,5 cm; pletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and red-grey. deb.: 0,6–1 cm. SE 001; PN 013; gl.: 0,51 m. Size: 4.3 × 3.6 cm; th.: 0.55–1.4 cm. SE 002; PN 045; depth: 0.70 m. 27. Base fragment of a vessel made of a fine-grained fabric and fired in an oxidising atmosphere, but incom- pletely oxidised. Surface is red-brown and partially damaged. Size: 4.4 × 3.5 cm; th.: 0.6–1 cm. SE 001; PN 013; depth: 0.51 m. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Črešnar M., Vinazza M. 2019 Teržan B., Črešnar M., Mušič B. 2012 Nove raziskave višinskih naselij na vzhodnih obronkih Pohor-Pogledi v preteklost: Poštela – »staro mesto« na obronkih Po-ja in v severnih Slovenskih goricah / New research of hilltop horja in njegova okolica. O arheoloških raziskavah. – Dialogi settlements on the eastern fringes of Pohorje and the north-1-2/12, 17–58. ern Slovenske gorice (NE Slovenia). – Arheološki vestnik 70, 437–472. Teržan B., Črešnar M., Mušič B.2015 Early Iron Age barrows in the eyes of complementary archaeo-Mušič B., Črešnar M., Medarić I. 2014 logical research. Case study of Poštela near Maribor (Podravje, Možnosti geofizikalnih raziskav na najdiščih iz starejše železne Slovenia). – V/In: Ch. Gutjahr, G. Tiefengraber (ur./eds.), Bei-dobe. Primer Poštele pri Mariboru / Possibilities for geophysi-träge zur Hallstattzeit am Rande der Südostalpen, Akten des 2. cal research on sites dated to the Early Iron Age. Case study of Wildoner Fachgespräches vom 10. bis 11. Juni 2010 in Wildon / Poštela near Maribor (Slovenia). – Arheo 31, 19–47. Steiermark (Österreich), Internationale Archäologie – Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress 19 (= Hengist- Studien 3), Rahden/Westf., 61–82. 420 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 420 8. 03. 2021 12:55:52 Tabla 19. Pivola, gomila 13. Grobnica (1–17), plasti izven grobnice (18–27). M. 1–8 = 1:2, 9–27 = 1:3; 1 – bron, 2–6, 8 – železo, 7 – železo in bron, 10–27 – keramika. Plate 19. Pivola, Tumulus 13. Burial chamber (1–17), layers of the earthen mound outside the burial chamber (18–27). Scale 1–8 = 1:2, 9–27 = 1:3; 1 – bronze, 2–6, 8 – iron, 7 – iron and bronze, 10–27 – ceramic. 421 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 421 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 422 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 GOMILE IZ STAREJŠE EARLY IRON AGE ŽELEZNE DOBE POD POŠTELO TUMULI OF POŠTELA V. KRONOLOŠKI ORIS V. CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE GOMIL 13 IN 14 IZ PIVOLE OF TUMULI 13 AND 14 FROM TER VELIKE GOMILE NAD PIVOLA AND THE GREAT RAZVANJEM TUMULUS (VELIKA GOMILA) ABOVE RAZVANJE Biba Teržan Biba Teržan Kot je v uvodni besedi k poglavju »Gomile iz starejše As already described in the introduction of the chapter železne dobe pod Poštelo« že opisano, je bila na juž- “Tumuli from the Early Iron Age period beneath the nem pobočju Pohorja odkrita Velika gomila, z mesta Poštela hillfort settlement”, the Great tumulus (Velika katere se nudi prekrasen pogled nad širjavo Dravske- gomila) has been discovered on the southern slopes of ga polja, še posebej pa nad rahlo valovito ravnico ob the Pohorje Massif. From its top we get a splendid view pohorskem vznožju, kjer se je južno od Razvanjskega over the breadth of the Drava Plain and especially over potoka proti Pivoli razprostirala nekropola s števil- the slightly undulating land along the Pohorje foothills, nimi gomilami ( glej tu Teržan, Poštela, Uvod, sl. 1). where, south from the Razvanje stream and in the di- Glede na njihovo današnje stanje ohranjenosti skle- rection of Pivola, the necropolis with numerous tumuli pamo, da so bile gomile razporejene v več skupin. spreads out ( see here Teržan, Poštela, Introduction, fig. 1). Kar nekaj jih je bilo kopanih ali izropanih že v 19. With regard to their actual state of preservation, we in-in na začetku 20. stoletja,1 zato sta gomili 13 in 14 fer that the tumuli were arranged in several groups. A prvi s tega dela poštelske nekropole, ki sta bili stro- considerable number of these tumuli had been exca- kovno raziskani. Čeprav se je pri naših izkopavanjih vated or plundered already in the 19th and in the be- izkazalo, da so bile vse tri gomile že močno poškodo- ginning of the 20th century.1 Consequently, the tumuli vane, gomila 13 pa neznano kdaj povsem izropana, nos. 13 and 14 are the first from this part of the Poštela nam ohranjeni grobni pridatki vendarle omogočajo necropolis that have been scientifically excavated. Even opredeliti njihovo časovno mesto in hkrati družbeno though the archaeological excavations revealed, that all vlogo za življenja v njih pokopanih oseb. three tumuli had been already extensively damaged and Do sedaj znane najdbe iz pivolskih gomil kažejo, that the tumulus no. 13 had been completely plun- da je na tem območju nastalo gomilno grobišče v 8. dered in an unknown period, the preserved grave goods stol. pr. n. št. in da je ostalo v rabi do zgodnjega 6. nevertheless enable us to define their chronological po- stol. pr. n. št., kar smo opredelili v lokalni okvir ča- sition as well as the social importance achieved in the sovnih stopenj na naselbini, označenih Poštela I– II– lifetime of people buried in the tumuli. III, oz. v regionalnem smislu kot stopnji Štajerska The archaeological finds known up to now from II–III (a–b).2 Ker pa se je iz starih izkopavanj pove- the tumuli of Pivola indicate, that in the area a tu- čini ohranila le keramika, pa še ta le fragmentarno, mulus cemetery sprang up in the 8th century BC and prinašajo grobni pridatki iz gomil 13 in 14 iz Pivole stayed in use until the early 6th century BC, what ter Velike gomile nad Razvanjem številne novosti, ki would correspond to the time of local chronological odpirajo nove poglede na kulturni značaj Poštele, če- phases Poštela I–II–III at the settlement or to the prav ne spreminjajo njenega časovnega okvirja. regional stages, named as the phase Štajerska II–III (a–b).2 However, since from previous excavations only ceramic finds have been preserved, which are moreover heavily fragmented, the grave-goods from the tumuli nos. 13 and 14 in Pivola and from the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje pro- vide us with numerous novelties, which place the cultural character of Poštela in a new light, even though they do not alter its chronological outline. 1 1 Teržan 1990, 13–20, 326–337, T. 63–66. Teržan 1990, 13–20, 326–337, Pls. 63–66. 2 2 Teržan 1990, 70–78, sl. 11; 26. Teržan 1990, 70–78, figs. 11; 26. 423 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 423 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 KOVINSKI GROBNI PRIDATKI METAL GRAVE GOODS Pomembno novost v okviru gomil, pripadajočih Po- An important new aspect within the tumuli, belong- šteli, predstavlja komplet orožja – meč in bojna seki- ing to the Poštela settlement, is offered by the set of ra – ter konjska oprema iz gomile 14. Kljub njihovi weapons – a sword and a battle axe – together with fragmentarni ohranjenosti je možno ugotoviti, ka- the horse equipment, all coming from the tumulus teremu tipu posamezni kosi pripadajo. Kar se meča no. 14. Despite their fragmentary state, it is possible tiče, ni dvoma, da je imel železno rezilo s sredinskim to determine the individual types to which the single rebrom in ročaj, zaključen z bronastim gobastim, objects appertain. As regards the sword, there is no klobučastim ali zvončastim glavičem ( Tab. 16: 13, doubt that it featured an iron blade with a central rib 10).3 V sredini bronastega glaviča ovalne oblike tiči and a hilt, ending in a bronze mushroom-, hat- or železen trn pravokotnega preseka, ki je služil prav za bell-shaped pommel ( Pl. 16: 13, 10).3 Through the nasaditev vrhnjega dela ročaja meča – torej zvonča-middle of the bronze oval pommel runs an iron rod- stega glaviča, kar je značilnost halštatskih mečev tipa like tang of rectangular cross section, which served Mindelheim, tako pri bronastih kot železnih izved- precisely for the attachment of the upper part of the bah. Praviloma so glaviči teh mečev v celoti bronasti, sword’s hilt, that is, the bell-shaped pommel, and nekateri izmed njih so sestavljeni iz več elementov, ki which represents a characteristic feature of Hallstatt so bili bodisi iz organskih snovi, npr. lesa, in se niso period swords of the Mindelheim type, both in the ohranile, bodisi iz dragocenejših materialov, kot so bronze as well as in the iron examples. Generally, the slonovina, jantar, zlato ipd.4 Glede na ohranjeni del pommels of these swords are made entirely of bronze, domnevamo, da je bil tudi glavič ročaja pivolskega while some of them can be composed of several parts, meča sestavljen iz več različnih elementov, od katerih made either from organic material, as for example pa je bil v grobu najden le zgornji bronasti del. Le- wood, which was not preserved, or from more pre- -ta je dovolj karakterističen, da tipološka opredelitev cious materials as ivory, amber, gold and the like.4 meča ni sporna. Tudi železno rezilo meča z izrazitim In view of the preserved part of the sword from sredinskim rebrom podpira njegovo uvrstitev med Pivola, we presume that also in this case the pom- meče tipa Mindelheim, saj imajo tovrstni meči po- mel of the hilt was composed of several different gosto profilirana železna rezila.5 parts, out of which only the upper bronze part has Dolgi železni meči, predvsem tipa Mindelheim,6 been found in the grave. The latter is characteristic predstavljajo značilno orožje bojevnikov v zgodnji enough to make the typological definition of the starejši železni dobi, zlasti v stopnji Ha C1 v smislu sword indubitable. Also the iron blade of the sword Kossackove kronologije7 na področju celotne halštat- with a pronounced central ridge supports its classifi- ske kulture v srednji Evropi, med vzhodno Francijo cation among the swords of the Mindelheim type, as in Češko, posamezni primerki so znani tudi s sever- these swords frequently feature distinctly ribbed and nejših predelov Evrope, le maloštevilni pa tudi južno elaborate iron blades.5 od Alp, kot npr. v Comu ( sl. 1).8 Izvirajo predvsem iz Long iron swords, especially of the Mindelheim grobov, pa tudi iz depojskih najdb in različnih voda.9 type,6 represent a characteristic warrior weapon in Opazno je, da so tovrstni železni meči na področju the Early Iron Age period, particularly in the Ha C1 vzhodnohalštatskega kulturnega kroga razmeroma phase according to the chronology of Kossack.7 Their maloštevilni, saj jih zasledimo le v bogatih grobovih distribution extends over the entire territory of the Hallstatt culture in the Central Europe, between the 3 V literaturi so uporabljeni različni termini za tako obliko-eastern France and Czech Republic, whereas singu- vane glaviče ročajev mečev, zato navajamo na tem mestu lar examples appear also in the more northern parts vse tri doslej uporabljene izraze. 4 of Europe and only a few are known south of the Gerdsen 1986, 48 s, Taf. 4: 2 a–b, 4; 5: 1, 3–4; 6: 2–3. 5 Gerdsen 1986, 46 ss, Taf. 2: 4–6, 8; 3: 6, 8. 6 Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti železnih mečev njihova pripa- 3 dnost k tipu Mindelheim ni vedno povsem zanesljiva, ven- In the scientific literature various expressions are employed dar je poleg oblikovnih značilnosti pomemben indikator for the pommels of this form, that is why we state here all tudi dolžina meča. three expressions used up to now. 7 4 Kossack 1959, 13 ss, Taf. 13; Pare 1991, 4ss; Hennig Gerdsen 1986, 48 f, T. 4: 2 a–b, 4; 5: 1, 3–4; 6: 2–3. 5 2001, 89 ss, Tab. 1; Brosseder 2002, 18 ss, Abb. 6. Gerdsen 1986, 46 ff, T. 2: 4–6, 8; 3: 6, 8. 8 6 Vse slike s kartami razprostranjenosti so delo Vesne Svetli-Due to the poor preservation of iron swords, their classifi- čič (NMS), za kar se ji posebej zahvaljujem. cation as Mindelheim type can be sometimes dubious, but 9 Kimmig 1975, 391–392, Figs. 83–84; Pare 1991, 4 ss, it should be stressed that besides the formal characteristics Figs. 5–6; Gerdsen 1986, 45 ss, Karte 11–12; isti 1989, also the length of swords is an important indicator. 7 Fig. 3; Egg 1996a, Abb. 13; Chaume 2017, 92–93, Figs. Kossack 1959, 13 ff, T. 13; Pare 1991, 4 ff; Hennig 2001, 1–3. 89 ff, T. 1; Brosseder 2002, 18 ff, Abb. 6. 424 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 424 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 Slika 1. Razprostranjenost halštatskih železnih mečev (povzeto po Egg 1996a, Abb. 13; Chaume 2017, fig. 3, z dopolnitvami: 1 – Hardek pri Ormožu, 2 – Pivola, 3 – Rifnik, 4 – Breg/ Frög, 5 – Como). Figure 1. Distribution of the Hallstatt period iron swords (after Egg 1996a, Abb. 13; Chaume 2017, Fig. 3; supplemented with: 1 – Hardek near Ormož, 2 – Pivola, 3 – Rifnik, 4 – Frög/ Breg, 5 – Como). kot npr. v gomili iz Gemeinlebarna10 na Nižjem Av- Alps, as for example in Como ( fig. 1).8 Mostly they strijskem11, pa v gomilah iz Dobe12 in Somlóvásárhe-are found in grave contexts, but can appear also in lyja13 v Panoniji. Iz Pošteli oz. Pivoli bližnjih najdišč hoards or originate from different aquatic environs.9 na Štajerskem pa je znan le še fragment železnega Notably, this kind of iron swords are relatively meča iz Rifnika, iz groba 1903/1,14 in pa morebiti scarce in the region of the eastern Hallstatt culture izgubljen meč iz gomile s Hardeka pri Ormožu15 ter and can be traced only in the wealthy graves, as for fragment meča brez ohranjenega grobnega konte- example in the tumulus from Gemeinlebarn10 in ksta iz Brega/Fröga pri Rožeku16 na Koroškem. Nova Lower Austria11 or in the tumuli from Doba12 and 10 8 Dungel, Szombathy 1903, 50 ss, Figs. 1; 4; Kromer 1958, Here I would especially like to thank Vesna Svetličič A 11; Gerdsen 1986, 168, Taf. 3: 8; 28: 2. (NMS), who made all the distribution maps in the present 11 Glede na glavič se od mečev tipa Mindelheim razlikuje contribution. 9 meč iz Maierscha, ki izvira iz razmeroma skromnega groba Kimmig 1975, 391–392, figs. 83–84; Pare 1991, 4 ff, figs. s plane žgane nekropole, glej Berg 1962, 38, Taf. 31: 1; 5–6; Gerdsen 1986, 45 ff, Maps 11–12; id. 1989, fig. 3; Barth 1990, 283 s, Taf. 36. Egg 1996a, Abb. 13; Chaume 2017, 92–93, figs. 1–3. 12 10 Gallus, Horvath 1939, 47, 109, Taf. 61: 4 (grob 1); 62: Dungel, Szombathy 1903, 50 ff, figs. 1; 4; Kromer 1958, 5 a–d; 63: 5 (grob 2); Patek 1993, 63 ss, Abb. 51: 9; 52: A 11; Gerdsen 1986, 168, T. 3: 8; 28: 2. 11 16; Gerdsen 1986, 181. Glede železnega meča iz groba I iz The sword from Maiersch, which originates from a rela-Dobe, objavljenega pri Gallus, Horvath 1939, Taf. 64: 1, tively humble grave within the flat cremation cemetery, je pri Patek 1993, Abb. 73, 12 verjetno zmotno navedeno, differentiates from the swords of the Mindelheim type due da gre za bronast meč iz Doroga. Za meč iz Doroga glej to its specific pommel; see Berg 1962, 38, T. 31: 1; Barth Horvath et al. 1979, 59, Tab. 21: 1. 1990, 283 f, T. 36. 13 12 Horvath 1969, 110 ss; Patek 1993, 63 ss, Abb. 67: 2; Gallus, Horvath 1939, 47, 109, T. 61: 4 (grave 1); 62: 5 a–d; Gerdsen 1986, 182, Taf. 33: 1a–c; Egg 1996a, 330, 345, 63: 5 (grave 2); Patek 1993, 63 ff, Abb. 51: 9; 52: 16; Gerd-Abb. 3: 1. sen 1986, 181. As regards the iron sword from the grave I at 14 Teržan 1990, 94 s, sl. 22: 7. Doba, which was published in Gallus, Horvath 1939, T. 64: 15 Teržan 1990, 79 (glej tudi Pahič 1966, 112, op. 19, ki 1, there has been an erroneous statement in Patek 1993, Abb. meni brez prepričljivih razlogov, da gre za latenski meč). 73: 12 that it goes for the bronze sword from Dorog. For the 16 Tomedi 2002, 111, 585, Taf. 103: 51. sword from Dorog see Horvath et al. 1979, 59, Tab. 21: 1. 425 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 425 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 najdba železnega meča, ki pa ne pripada halštatskim Somlóvásárhely13 in the Pannonian Plain. More mečem tipa Mindelheim, pa izvira iz nekropole nearby to the Poštela settlement and Pivola necrop- Gradci pri Kaptolu pri Slavonski Požegi, in sicer iz olis, only the fragment of an iron sword from Rif- gomile 6, v kateri je bil poleg železnega meča prilo- nik, grave 1903/114 is known and possibly also the žen tudi bronast meč.17 now lost sword from the tumulus in Hardek near Kljub razmeroma maloštevilnim v celoti ohra- Ormož,15 as well as the fragment of a sword with- njenim grobnim celotam z železnimi meči ni dvo- out the preserved grave context from Frög/Breg ma, da predstavljajo le-ti enega izmed značilnih near Rosegg16 in Carinthia. A recent find of the iron indikatorjev za prestižno vlogo njihovih lastnikov sword, which though cannot be classified among – bojevnikov kot družbene elite tistega časa.18 Tudi Hallstatt period swords of the Mindelheim type, poštelski veljak, pokopan v gomili 14 v Pivoli, je derives from the necropolis of Gradci near Kaptol, sodil mednje. close to Slavonska Požega, that is, from the tumulus Na prvi pogled pa navkljub slabi ohranjenosti no. 6, in which apart from the iron example also the gomile 14 vzbuja pozornost izrazita fragmentiranost bronze sword has been discovered.17 pivolskega meča ( Tab. 16: 13). Kajti halštatski meči Even though the completely preserved grave tipa Mindelheim so bili praviloma pridani v grobo- contexts with iron swords are relatively few in num- ve celi, le redki so poškodovani, zviti ali razlomlje- ber, there can be no doubt that the latter represent ni. Zanimivo je, da je pojav namernega uničevanja one of the characteristic indications for the prestig- pogostejši v perifernih področjih halštatske kulture, ious role of their owners – warriors as a social elite zlasti tam, kjer se je ohranil običaj sežiganja umrlih, of those times.18 Obviously, also the notable from kar velja tudi za vzhodnoalpsko področje.19 Sodeč Poštela, buried in the tumulus no. 14 of Pivola, had po fragmentih meča iz naše gomile sklepamo, da je been considered as one of them. bil ta razlomljen v več kosov že pred pokopom, to- In spite of the poor preservation of the tumulus rej v okviru obredja ob pogrebu. Omembe vredno no. 14, the distinctive fragmentation of the sword je, da sta le delno oz. slabo ohranjena tudi meč z from Pivola immediately attracts our attention ( Pl. zvončastim glavičem iz gomile 2 iz Dobe in meč iz 16: 13). The Hallstatt period swords of Mindelheim Somlóvásárhelyja, od železnih mečev z Rifnika in type have been namely placed in graves as a rule in one Brega/Fröga pa je ostal le po en fragment. Takšno piece, whereas only in rare cases they were damaged, stanje govori za to, da so bili po vsej verjetnosti vsi bent or even broken. It is interesting to note, that ti meči namerno poškodovani oz. uničeni ob po- the phenomenon of intentional destruction is more grebnem ritualu. Torej so bili bojevniki, mečenosci, frequent in the peripheral territories of the Hallstatt v vzhodnohalštatskem kulturnem krogu pokopa- culture, especially in the areas where the custom of ni po enakih običajih, ki se očitno navezujejo na cremation had been preserved, what is true also for tradicijo kulture žarnih grobišč. Na to kažejo ne le the eastern Alpine region.19 Judging from the sword omenjeni fragmentirani železni meči, z edino izje- fragments from the discussed tumulus, we infer that mo v Kaptolu,20 temveč predvsem bronasti meči v the sword had been broken into several pieces already grobovih v zgodnjem halštatskem obdobju.21 before the burial, within the framework of the funer- al ceremony. It should be mentioned, that the sword 17 Potrebica 2013, 100 s, sl. 46–47; id. 2019, 496–497, sl. 3. with bell-shaped pommel from the tumulus 2 in 18 Primerjaj Teržan 1990, 159 ss, sl. 39; 41; 42. 19 Doba and the sword from Somlóvásárhely have been Gerdsen 1986, 52 ss, 69 ss, Taf. 2: 2; 4: 1. 20 Meča v gomili 6 iz Kaptola-Gradci se tako glede na tip poorly or only in part preserved as well, while from kot tudi način prilaganja v grob navezujeta na običaje v the iron swords from Rifnik and Frög/Breg remained zahodnobalkanskem prostoru, kjer so položeni v grobove only one fragment. Such state of preservation speaks praviloma celi, nepoškodovani meči. 21 To seveda ne velja za dolenjsko kulturno skupino, ki jo in favour of the thesis, that most probably all these prav tako pripisujejo vzhodnohalštatskemu kulturnemu 13 krogu. V dolenjski skupini prevladuje namreč kot način Horvath 1969, 110 ff; Patek 1993, 63 ff, Abb. 67: 2; pokopavanja inhumacija, zato je tudi orožje, med njimi Gerdsen 1986, 182, T. 33: 1a–c; Egg 1996a, 330, 345, tudi maloštevilni bronasti meči, pridano v grobove pove- Abb. 3: 1. 14 čini nepoškodovano, glej npr. antenski meč iz Podzemlja Teržan 1990, 94 f, fig. 22: 7. 15 in meč tipa Mörigen-Tachlovice iz Stične/ Gornjega Vrh- Teržan 1990, 79 (Cfr. also Pahič 1966, 112, fn.19, where polja (Müller-Karpe 1961, 59 ss, 81 s, Taf. 59: 6; 66: 5; he holds the opinion, though without convincing reasons, Gabrovec 1964–65, 32 ss, T. 1: 1; 3: 1; Gabrovec et al. that it goes for the La Tène period sword). 16 2006, 159, Taf. 136: 4), medtem ko je antenski meč iz Tomedi 2002, 111, 585, T. 103: 51. 17 Šmarjete/Vinjega vrha ohranjen le fragmentarno (Müller- Potrebica 2013, 100 f, figs. 46–47; id. 2019, 496–497, fig. 3. 18 -Karpe 1961, 63 ss, Taf. 54: 8; Stare 1973, 42, Tab. 51: 1). Cfr. Teržan 1990, 159 ff, figs. 39; 41–42. 19 Glej tudi Turk 2019. Gerdsen 1986, 52 ff, 69 ff, T. 2: 2; 4: 1. 426 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 426 8. 03. 2021 12:55:54 Kajti k vojaški opremi elitnih bojevnikov na po-swords had been intentionally damaged or destroyed dročju jugovzhodnega alpskega in panonskega pro- in the funeral ritual. Therefore, it seems that the war- stora so v zgodnji železni dobi sodili predvsem bro- riors – sword-bearers – had been buried according to nasti meči, ki so izvirali iz repertoarja mečev pred- the same ritual, which evidently adheres to the Urn- hodnega obdobja – iz kulture žarnih grobišč. Prav field Culture traditions. This is indicated not only zaradi tega jih razlagamo kot izraz žarnogrobiščne by the already mentioned, fragmented iron swords, tradicije ter ohranjanja starih statusnih simbolov v with the only exception in Kaptol,20 but above all by na novo porajajoči se halštatski družbi.22 Novi eliti so the bronze swords present in the graves of the Early torej služili za izkazovanje njihove legitimnosti. Za- Hallstatt period.21 stopani so različni tipi, kot so raznovrstni antenski The military equipment of elite warriors on meči, pa meči tipa Mörigen in/oz. Tachlovice ter raz- the territory of south eastern Alpine and Pannoni- lični jezičastoročajni meči. Zanje je značilno, da so an regions in the Early Iron Age namely consisted bili v okviru pogrebnega rituala namerno uničeni ter primarily of bronze swords, which however derived položeni v grob v razlomljenih, pogosto tudi v ognju from the repertoire of swords from the preceding deformiranih kosih. Očitno je, da so bili sežgani sku- period – the Urnfield period. For this very reason paj s preminulim. Kaže, da je bil ta pogrebni običaj we explain them as an expression of the urnfield tra- podvržen strogemu pravilu in razširjen predvsem dition and as the persistence of old status symbols na področju panonskega in vzhodnoalpskega sveta, in the freshly incipient Hallstatt society.22 Conse- od koder jih poznamo iz gomil v Sopronu-Varhe- quently, they served the new elite as a demonstra- lyju (gomila 81),23 Fischau-Feichtenbodenu (gomila tion of their legitimacy. These swords are represent- 10),24 Kleinkleinu (Forstwald 17 in 59, Hartnermi- ed by diverse types, such as various Antenna swords chelkogel 1, Kröllkogel),25 iz Strettwega, 26 Gornje and swords of the Mörigen and/or Tachlovice types Radgone,27 in Beljaka/Villacha –Napoleonwiese.28 as well as different flange-hilted swords. Character- Vendar je potrebno omeniti, da je zaslediti enak istically, they were intentionally destroyed already običaj tako v različnih kulturnih skupinah v severni within the framework of a funeral ritual and were Italiji kot tudi v Villanovski kulturi na Apeninskem placed into graves in a broken state. Frequently the polotoku.29 Zanimivo je, da gre za razmeroma krat- pieces were also deformed by fire, indicating that kotrajen pojav, saj ga zasledimo predvsem v preho- they had been burnt together with the deceased. It dnem obdobju iz pozne bronaste v zgodnjo železno appears that the funeral custom had been submit- dobo, tj. v stopnjo Ha B3/C1 (oz. Ha C0/C1),30 saj ted to rigorous rules and was diffused mainly across so uničeni meči v grobovih razvite stopnje Ha C le the Pannonian and eastern Alpine territories, where še redkost, kot kaže npr. primerek iz knežje gomile swords treated in this way have been discovered Kröllkogel,31 ki pa označuje kot specifični statusni within tumuli from Sopron-Varhely (tumulus 81),23 simbol pripadnost pokopanega dinasta Kleinkleinški Fischau-Feichtenboden (tumulus 10),24 Klein- vladarski hiši. klein (Forstwald 17 and 59, Hartnermichelkogel 1, Primerki železnih mečev v grobovih na podro- čju Štajerske, Koroške in Panonije, katerih pojav v 20 In view of their types and the mode of their deposition, razvitem halštatskem obdobju (v stopnji Ha C1 v the two swords from tumulus 16 in Kaptol-Gradci can be associated with the customs of the western Balkan area, Kossackovem smislu) sicer ni povsem nadomestil where the swords are as a rule placed into graves in one 22 Egg 1986, 203, Abb. 4; Teržan 1990, 84 s; Tomedi 1996; piece and undamaged. 21 Egg, Kramer 2013, 113s. That, of course, does not hold true in the case of Dolen-23 Patek 1982, 138 ss, Abb. 16: 1; 17: 15. jska group, which is also assigned to the eastern Hallstatt 24 Szombathy 1924, 183 ss, Abb. 14; Taf. 10. cultural zone. In the group of Dolenjska prevails namely 25 Dobiat 1980, 142, Taf. 34: 12; 48: 11; A1: 7; Egg 2004, the burial mode of inhumation, hence also the weapon, 93 ss, Abb. 3: 1; Egg, Kramer 2013, 109 ss, Abb. 39: 1; 40; among which there are few bronze swords as well, is placed Taf 15: 1; Teržan 1990, 124 ss, sl. 27; 31. in the graves mostly intact. See for example the Antenna 26 Tiefengraber et al. 2013, 30 s, Abb. 15. sword from Podzemelj or the Mörigen/Tachlovice type 27 Müller-Karpe 1961, 81 s, Taf. 66: 6; Egg 1986a, 199 ss, sword from Stična/ Gornje Vrhpolje (Müller-Karpe 1961, Abb. 2: 1; 3: 1; Teržan 1990, 83–89, sl. 19: 1; Egg 1986. 59 ff, 81 f, T. 59: 6; 66: 5; Gabrovec 1964–65, 32 ff, T. 1: 28 Müller-Karpe 1952, 171 ss, Abb. 1: 1; Müller-Karpe 1; 3: 1; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 159, T. 136: 4), whereas the 1961, Taf. 61: 12–16; Nebelsick, Kaus 2000, 125–132; Antenna sword from Šmarjeta/ Vinji vrh is preserved only Gleirscher 2008, 215–217, Abb. 3: 3. in fragments (Müller-Karpe 1961, 63 ff, T. 54: 8; Stare 29 Teržan 1990, 84 ss; Tomedi 1996; Gleirscher 2008, 217. 1973, 42, T. 51: 1). See also Turk 2019. 30 22 Te kronološke in terminološke problematike na tem me- Egg 1986, 203, Abb. 4; Teržan 1990, 84 f; Tomedi 1996; stu ne moremo podrobneje diskutirati, zato primerjaj npr. Egg, Kramer 2013, 113 f. 23 Tomedi 1996; Hennig 2001, 82 ss, Tab. 1. Patek 1982, 138 ff, Abb. 16: 1; 17: 15. 31 24 Egg, Kramer 2013, 109 ss, Abb. 39: 1. Szombathy 1924, 183 ff, Abb. 14; T. 10. 427 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 427 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 tradicionalnih bronastih mečev, kažejo, da se je vo-Kröllkogel),25 Strettweg,26 Gornja Radgona27 and jaška elita začela zgledovati po naprednejšem, v sre- Villach – Napoleonwiese.28 It should be mentioned, dnjeevropskem halštatskem prostoru uveljavljenem however, that identical custom can be observed orožju – dolgem udarnem meču ( sl. 1) – ter ga je both in the various cultural groups in northern Italy tudi prevzela, vendar pa je v pogrebnem ritualu osta- as well as in the Villanovan culture on the Apennine la zvesta domači tradiciji. peninsula.29 Interestingly, the custom represents a Drugi prestižni kos orožja v pivolski gomili 14 relative short-lived phenomenon, as it can be traced predstavlja bimetalna tulasta sekira ( Tab. 16: 12; mainly in the transitional period between the Late sl. 2), ki je s tehničnega vidika prava posebnost. V Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, that is, in the Ha plašč bronastega tula so bile namreč na obeh ro- B3/C1 period (or Ha C0/C1 respectively).30 Dam- bovih narejene pravokotne luknje, v katerih so bili aged swords in graves from the developed stage of posebni železni zatiči za pritrditev železnega rezila. Ha C period are namely the exception, as indicat- Hkrati pa je bilo železno rezilo v notranjosti tula ed for example by the specimen from the princely zagozdeno še z dvema ploščatima železnima zagoz- tumulus of Kröllkogel,31 which as a specific status dama. Bronast tul ima izredno fino fasetiran rob symbol denotes the appurtenance of the buried dy- ter izrazito, lepo polkrožno oblikovano zanko, na nast to the ruling house of Kleinklein. spodnjem delu pa je tul oblikovan v »ribji rep«; The advent of iron sword examples from graves gre za izredno kvaliteten, unikaten izdelek. Po svo- on the territory of Styria, Carinthia and Pannoni- ji osnovni shemi z elegantnim tulom in ramensko an Plain in the developed Hallstatt period (in the razširjenim nastavkom za rezilo jo lahko uvrstimo Ha C1 period according to the chronology of Kos- k posebni skupini sekir, ki šteje maloštevilne pri- sack) did not replace entirely the traditional bronze merke, najdene med venetskim središčem Este in swords. Nevertheless, they demonstrate that the panonsko slavonskimi centri kot sta Kaptol in Pécs- warrior elite of the region had begun to follow the -Jakabhegy. Le-ti se razlikujejo od pivolske sekire Central European model of more progressive weap- predvsem po tem, da so po večini v celoti iz bro- on equipment with a long slashing sword ( fig. 1) and na. Takšna bronasta sekira izvira tudi iz ormoške eventually also accepted it. Yet, in the funeral ritual naselbine,32 pa iz znamenitega groba z bronastim they remained true to their home tradition. vozičkom iz Gornje Radgone33 in prav tako iz gro- Another prestigious weapon piece from the tu- ba Casa di Ricovero 236 iz Este.34 Bimetalna seki- mulus no. 14 in Pivola is a bimetallic socketed axe ra, podobna naši, pa je bila najdena v 4. gomili iz ( Pl. 16: 12), which from a technical point of view Kaptola pri Slavonski Požegi, ki ji je tudi kronolo-represents a truly special example ( fig. 2). The sock- ško najbližje.35 Očitno je, da predstavljajo tovrstne eted body of the axe features rectangular holes on its tulaste sekire z ramenskim prehodom tula v rezilo sides, in which special iron rivets were placed to fasten značilno lokalno obliko, za katero domnevamo, da the iron blade. At the same time the iron blade has je morda nastala po vzgledu podobnih istočasnih been additionally secured with two flat iron wedges, etruščanskih sekir.36 crammed in the socketed interior. The bronze sock- Kot lokalno posebnost vzhodno alpsko-panon- et shows a particularly fine faceted collar and has skega oz. vzhodnohalštatskega kulturnega kroga a nicely shaped, semi-circular loop, while its lower pa lahko opredelimo tudi borilni komplet, ki ga edge takes the form of a “fish-tail”. All in all, the axe tvorita sekira in meč,37 kajti takšna kombinacija je represents a unique artefact of exceptional quality. v zahodnem halštatskem krogu neznana oz. neobi- According to its basic outline with elegantly shaped čajna. Sekira kot orožje sodi namreč k bojevniški socket and widened shoulders at the transition to the opremi ljudstev, živečih v srednje- in vzhodnoalp- 25 Dobiat 1980, 142, T. 34: 12; 48: 11; A 1: 7; Egg 2004, 93 skem ter panonskem svetu. Pogosto se nahaja v ff, Abb. 3: 1; Egg, Kramer 2013, 109 ff, Abb. 39: 1; 40; T. kombinaciji s sulico oz. sulicami, kar predstavlja v 15: 1; Teržan 1990, 124 ff, figs. 27; 31. 26 Tiefengraber et al. 2013, 30 f, Abb. 15. tem pogledu navezavo na tradicijo kulture žarnih 27 Müller-Karpe 1961, 81 f, T. 66: 6; Egg 1986a, 199 ff, 32 Lamut 1988–1989, 235 ss, T. 18: 19. Abb. 2: 1; 3: 1; Teržan 1990, 83–89, Fig. 19: 1; Egg 1986. 33 28 Teržan 1990, 85 ss, 341 ss, sl. 19: 6; Egg 1986, 199 ss, Müller-Karpe 1952, 171 ff, Abb. 1: 1; Müller-Karpe 1961, Abb. 2: 2. T. 61: 12–16; Nebelsick, Kaus 2000, 125–132; Gleirscher 34 Müller-Karpe 1959, 266, Taf. 97: 9. 2008, 215–217, Abb. 3: 3. 35 29 Vejvoda, Mirnik 1971, 191, T. 5: 6; ista 1973, 593–595, Teržan 1990, 84 ff; Tomedi 1996; Gleirscher 2008, 217. 30 T. 2: 7; Teržan 1990, 46 s, 84 ss, 145 ss, sl. 34. This is not the place to comment these chronological and 36 Teržan 1990, 84 ss. terminological problems in more detail, thus cfr. e.g. To-37 Primerjaj Gerdsen 1986, 54 s, Karte 15; isti 1989, 39, medi 1996; Hennig 2001, 82 ff, Tab. 1. 31 Fig. 24. Egg, Kramer 2013, 109 ff, Abb. 39: 1. 428 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 428 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 blade section, we could place it within the special Slika 2. Ohranjeni group of axes represented only by few specimens, del bronaste tulaste sekire z delom discovered on the territory between the Venetic cen- vstavljenega železnega tre of Este and the Pannonian principal sites, such rezila, zakovicami as Kaptol and Pécs-Jakabhegy. These examples differ in zagozdami (3D from the axe from Pivola primarily because they are posnetek in obdelava: projekt ENTRANS; for the most part entirely made out of bronze. Similar priprava: M. Črešnar, bronze axes have been found also in the Ormož set- N. Dolinar). tlement32 and in the well-known grave with a bronze Figure 2. The preserved part of the wagon model from Gornja Radgona33 as well as in bronze socketed axe the grave Casa di Ricovero 236 from Este.34 A bime- together with the tallic axe, which is not only similar to the example inserted iron blade, discussed here, but also corresponds well in chron- iron rivets and two iron wedges (3D ological sense, comes from the tumulus 4 at Kaptol scan and processing: grobišč. V oborožitvi veljaka iz Pivole se kaže torej near Slavonska Požega.35 Evidently, this type of axes, ENTRANS Project; na eni strani inovativnost nove dobe v obliki že-which feature an accentuated transition between the preparation: M. Črešnar, leznega meča in bimetalne tulaste sekire, na drugi socket and the blade, represents a characteristic local N. Dolinar). strani pa se v sekiri zrcali element lokalne žarnogro- form, for which we assume that it could be shaped biščne tradicije. under the influence of similar and contemporaneous Od konjske opreme so se v gomili 14 ohranili Etruscan axes.36 le posamezni, pretežno fragmentirani kosi, in sicer Also the weapon set, composed of an axe and a štirje razdelilni gumbi za jermenje ter bronast obro- sword,37 could be defined as a local particularity of ček ( Tab. 16: 1–4, 7),38 ki so nesporen dokaz, da je the Alpine-Pannonian or eastern Hallstatt cultural njihov lastnik pripadal vodilnemu sloju bojevnikov, zone, for such combination is unknown or uncom- ne le mečenoscem, temveč tudi konjenikom. Gumbi mon in the western Hallstatt zone. Battle axe namely s konkavno usločeno stožčasto kapico in stebričastim constitutes the fighting equipment of the popula- spodnjim delom ( Tab. 16: 1–3) ali le z zanko na spo-tions, living in the central and eastern Alpine areas as dnji strani ( Tab. 16: 4) spadajo med tipične razdelil-well as in the Pannonian regions. It can be frequently ce za jermenje pri konjski opremi trako-kimerijskega found in association with one or more spears, what tipa.39 Značilni so predvsem za klasično stopnjo Ha in this sense represents a connecting link with the C1 v smislu Kossackove kronološke sheme. Razšir- tradition of the Urnfield culture. The weapon equip- jeni so bili na zelo prostranem področju, predvsem ment of the notable from Pivola thus exhibits on one pa v Karpatski kotlini in Srednji Evropi.40 Konjska side the inventiveness of the new era in the form of oprema v poštelskih gomilah sicer ni povsem nezna- the iron sword and bimetallic socketed axe, while on na, en gumb, za katerega se najdiščni podatki niso the other side the presence of the axe reflects the lo- ohranili, sodi k tipu predrtih košarastih oz. vazastih cal urnfield tradition. gumbkov. Podobni gumbi se nahajajo tudi v grobu The horse-gear from the tumulus no. 14 has konjenika iz Sv. Lovrenca oz. Gorenje vasi pri Pre- been preserved only in separate, mostly fragmented boldu 41 v Savinjski dolini in pa iz gomile v Jalžabe- pieces. Nevertheless, the four button-shaped strap tu42 v Varaždinski Podravini, ki pa so nekoliko mlajši distributors and the bronze circlet (Pl. 16: 1–4, 7)38 od gomile 14 iz Pivole. give an indisputable proof, that their owner had been Precej nenavaden predmet predstavlja bronast a member of the leading class of warriors, not only of tulec s krovno ploščico, ki ima na sredini okroglo 32 Lamut 1988–1989, 235 ff, T. 18: 19. 38 33 Za železna fragmenta na Tab. 16: 10–11 domnevamo, zlaTeržan 1990, 85 ff, 341 ff, fig. 19: 6; Egg 1986, 199 ff, sti za tistega na Tab. 16: 10, da gre za trn, na katerega je bil Abb. 2: 2. 34 nataknjen zvončast oz. gobast glavič, vendar je možno, da Müller-Karpe 1959, 266, T. 97: 9. 35 gre za ostanke železnih žval, zlasti za kos na Tab. 16: 11. Vejvoda, Mirnik 1971, 191, T. 5: 6; eid. 1973, 593–595, 39 Vsekakor moramo na tem mestu opozoriti na posebno zli- T. 2: 7; Teržan 1990, 46 f, 84 ff, 145 ff, fig. 34. 36 tino z višjim odstotkom svinca v bronu, iz katere so gumbi Teržan 1990, 84 ff. 37 izdelani: glej tu Urankar, Črešnar. Cfr. Gerdsen 1986, 54 f, Map 15; id. 1989, 39, fig. 24. 40 38 Kossack 1954, 115 ss, 161, Karte 3; isti 1959, 17 ss; Pare As regards the two iron fragments on the Pl. 16: 10–11, 1992, 140 ss, Figs. 100: 5, 6; 101 b; Metzner-Nebelsick especially the one on the Pl. 16: 10, we presume that it 2002, 303 ss, 527, Abb. 139A / VI a; 163; Teržan 1998, goes for a spike on which the bell- or mushroom-shaped 515 ss, Taf. 3: 2. pommel from the sword had been attached, although it is 41 Teržan 1990, 109 s, T. 62: 13; 78: 4–6. likewise possible that it goes for the remains of iron bits, 42 Šimek 1998, 498 s, Abb. 5; 6: 1. especially in the case of Pl. 16: 11. 429 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 429 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 odprtino, ter prečno zakovico, ki se nahaja približno sword-bearers but also of horsemen. Buttons with a na sredini tula ( Tab. 16: 5). Njegova namembnost concave, cone-shaped cap and with either a columned še ni povsem jasna, gotovo pa je, da je bil nasajen na lower attachment part ( Pl. 16: 1–3) or only a loop on lesen nastavek, drog ali palico. Skoraj povsem enak the lower side ( Pl. 16: 4) belong to the typical strap predmet izvira iz enega izmed slavnih grobov kulture distributors used with the horse-gear of the Thra- Golasecca, in sicer iz Sesto Calende, iz bojevniškega co-Cimmerian type.39 They are characteristic mostly groba B,43 podobni kosi pa so znani tudi iz grobov of the classic Ha C1 period according to the chrono- v srednjeevropskem prostoru, predvsem v zahodno- logical scheme of Kossack, whereas their distribution halštatskem krogu. Ti tulci, pogosto v paru, se pravi- comprises a very extensive territory with concentra- loma nahajajo skupaj z drugimi kovinskimi deli vo- tions in the Carpathian Basin and Central Europe.40 zov, zato obstaja domneva, da so del okovja za voz.44 Horse-gear is otherwise not completely absent in the Temu pritrjuje tudi Ch. Clausing,45 ki se nagiba k tumuli, pertaining to Poštela. The button, for which tezi, da gre za pestne okove in pripisuje enako na- the finding context has unfortunately not been pre- membnost tudi nekoliko krajšim tulcem iz obdobja served, can be placed among the perforated basket- kulture žarnih grobišč, ki so tako kot halštatskodob- or vase-shaped button types. Similar examples can ni pogosto najdeni parno.46 Glede na dolžino tulca be found in the horsemen graves from Sv. Lovrenc/ iz naše gomile, ki pa je posamičen, podobno kot v Gorenja vas near Prebold41 in the Savinja Valley and in grobu iz Sesto Calende, se nam ne zdi verjetno, da the tumulus at Jalžabet42 in the Varaždinska Podravina gre za okov peste, temveč nekega drugega dela voza, region, both of which are however somewhat younger morda »štange« za jarem. than the tumulus no. 14 from Pivola. Pomenljivo je, da je podoben kos kot v gomili Rather unusual is the bronze tubular object, fea- 14 iz Pivole znan tudi iz groba iz Somlyóhegyja,47 turing a covering plate, in the middle of which is ki je tudi geografsko najbližji. V tem grobu, ki iz- a round opening, and a transverse rivet, situated in stopa po pridatkih, kot je kovinski kotlič z dvojno- the middle of the tube ( Pl. 16: 5). Its purpose is not križnimi atašami in nenavadna skitska bojna sekira, entirely clear yet, but it is certain, that the object je ohranjen prav tako le en tulec, medtem ko ostalo was fastened on a wooden artefact, such as a pole okovje, ki bi kazalo na voz, manjka. Vendar kljub or a rod. Almost identical object comes from one of temu ostajamo pri predpostavki, da je lahko tudi en the famous graves of the Golasecca culture, from the takšen tulec indikator za voz, kajti oba tulca – iz Pi- warrior grave B at Sesto Calende.43 Similar pieces are vole in Somlyóhegyja – izvirata iz žganih grobov. Če further known also from graves in the Central Euro- je identifikacija tovrstnih tulcev kot okovje za neki pean region, mostly from the western Hallstatt zone. del voza48 pravilna, pomeni, da je bil pivolski veljak These tubes appear frequently in pairs and are found pokopan na vozu oz. z vozom, ki pa je moral biti pre- as a rule together with other metal wagon parts, thus težno iz lesa, zato se tudi ni ohranil. Verjetno je bil it is presumed that they represent parts of the wag- voz skupaj s pokojnikom sežgan na grmadi in so bili on fittings.44 Such explanation agrees also with Ch. v grob položeni le izbrani, razpoznavni deli v ognju Clausing,45 which interprets them as potential wag- uničene pokojnikove lastnine. on nave fittings and assigns the same function as well Kakorkoli že, dejstvo je, da je štirikolesni voz to the somewhat shorter tubes from the Urnfield pe- značilen predvsem za zahodnohalštatsko kulturo, riod, which are likewise often found in pairs.46 39 It should be noted, that the buttons were made of a par- 43 Pare 1992, 105, 356, Pl. 136: 1; za grobno celoto glej de ticular bronze alloy, which contains higher percentages of Marinis 1975, 224–233. lead: see here Urankar, Črešnar. 44 40 Pare 1992, 228, 244, 328, Pls. 10: E 4; 27: B 4–5; 111: 2, Kossack 1954, 115 ff, 161, Map no. 3; id. 1959, 17 ff; 4–5; 112: B 1; Hennig 2001, 76, Taf. 121: 9; 126: 19. Egg Pare 1992, 140 ff, figs. 100: 5, 6; 101 b; Metzner-Nebel-1986 (domneva, da gre za kovinske dele psalij oz. brzd, kar sick 2002, 303 ff, 527, Abb. 139A: VI a; 163; Teržan pa je manj verjetno). 1998, 515 ff, T. 3: 2. 45 41 Clausing 1997, 574 ss, Abb. 1: 2–3; 5–8. Teržan 1990, 109 f, T. 62: 13; 78: 4–6. 46 42 Primerjaj tudi Deicke 2012, 30 ss, Abb. 26–28; Taf. 2: Šimek 1998, 498 f, Abb. 5; 6: 1. 43 1–4; Pankau 2013, 120 s, Abb. 3: 4–5. Pare 1992, 105, 356, Pl. 136: 1; for the grave context see: 47 Gallus, Horvath 1939, 42, 108, T. 57: 8; Patek 1993, Abb. de Marinis 1975, 224–233. 44 49: 4. Glej tudi Teržan 1998, 518. Pare 1992, 228, 244, 328, Pls. 10: E4; 27: B4–5; 111: 2, 48 Če se ozremo na etnografske primerjave, bi bilo tudi mo- 4–5; 112: B1; Hennig 2001, 76, T. 121: 9; 126: 19; Egg žno, da gre za okov na koncu »štange«, poimenovan pone- 1986 (where he presumes that they represent the metal parts kod na Slovenskem »tajslca« ali pa »aufkitna«, ki je služila of horse bits or cheek-pieces, what though seems less likely). 45 za pritrditev »proskitne« za pripenjanje konjskega komata Clausing 1997, 574 ff, Abb. 1: 2–3; 5–8. 46 ali jarma. Za ta podatek sem dolžna zahvalo etnologu prof. Cfr. also Deicke 2012, 30 ff, Abb. 26–28; T. 2: 1–4; dr. Janezu Bogataju. Pankau 2013, 120 f, Abb. 3: 4–5. 430 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 430 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 kjer je služil kot mrtvaški voz in kot tak sodil k re-In view of the length of the tubular object from prezentativni opravi tako imenovanih knežjih gro- the here discussed tumulus, which furthermore ap- bov. Tudi v vzhodnohalštatskem kulturnem krogu, pears in a single example, similarly as in the case of zlasti v vzhodnoalpskem in panonskem prostoru se the grave from Sesto Calende, it seems unlikely that najdejo posamezni grobovi z vozovi, v katerih so bili it actually goes for the wheel nave fitting. The object pokopani pripadniki socialne elite, tako moški kot then represents some other part of wagon fittings, tudi ženske. Kot smo pokazali že na drugem mestu, possibly the plating of the end of wagon pole for the so se ti vozovi konstrukcijsko razlikovali od zaho- yoke. dnohalštatskih, zaradi česar so se ohranili od njih It is significant that a piece, similar to the ex- le nekateri kovinski deli, povečini ploščati bronasti ample from tumulus no. 14 in Pivola, can be found obroči, verjetno »matice« od peste.49 Da so v halštat- also in the grave from Somlyóhegy,47 what in geo- skem obdobju izdelovali in uporabljali različne vrste graphical sense, makes him the nearest parallel. This vozov, nam nazorno prikazuje situlska umetnost. Če grave stands out due to its grave-goods, such as the vzamemo za izhodišče upodobitve na situli iz Vač, metal cauldron with double cross-shaped handle-at- ugotovimo, da sta v prvem frizu upodobljena dva tachments or the unusual Scythian battle-axe, and dvokolesna voza, prvi je bojni voz, drugi je kočija, likewise contains only one tube, while other fittings na kateri sedi veljak, ki se pelje na neko svečanost ali that would indicate the wagon are lacking. Never-simpozij.50 Zato ni dvoma, da so v jugovzhodnem theless, we presume that also only one such tubular alpskem halštatskem področju poznali tudi dvokole- object can be an indication for a wagon, all the more snik kot transportno sredstvo in ne le štirikolesnik, so because both of the mentioned examples, so from kar posledično pomeni, da se konstrukcijsko razliku- Pivola as from Somlyóhegy, originate from crema- jejo od štirikolesnih zahodnohalštatskih vozov. To se tion graves. If the identification of such tubular ob- odraža tudi v arheološkem zapisu. Seveda nam bro- jects as some kind of a wagon fitting part48 is correct, nasta tulca iz Pivole in Somlyóhegyja ne moreta po-this would mean that the notable from Pivola had magati pri razrešitvi problema o vrsti in konstrukciji been buried on or with the wagon, which, howev- voza, vendar verjetno predstavljata dodaten dokaz o er, had to be predominantly made out of wood and uporabi voza v pogrebnem ritualu tudi na prostoru therefore was not preserved. Possibly, the wagon was jugovzhodnoalpskih in panonskih halštatskih kul- burned together with the deceased on the pyre and turnih skupnosti. afterwards only selected, recognisable parts of the Naša teza je, da je veljak v pivolski gomili 14 deceased’s property, destroyed in the fire, have been posedoval bojno opravo, ki se je deloma zgledovala placed into the grave. po tisti srednjeevropske halštatske elite, torej s hal- Be that as it may, the fact is that the four-wheeled štatskim železnim mečem, konjsko opremo in morda wagon characterises the western Hallstatt culture, tudi vozom, a sam način pokopa s sežigom in na- where it was used as a hearse and belonged to the mernim uničenjem bojne opreme je sledil pogreb- representative equipment of the so-called prince- nim običajem v lokalni tradiciji pozne kulture žarnih ly graves. However, in the eastern Hallstatt cultural grobišč. zone, especially in the eastern Alpine and Pannonian Tudi od oblačila oz. njegovih kovinskih delov se territories, singular graves containing wagons can also je v gomili 14 ohranilo le nekaj fragmentov, in sicer be found, in which members of the social elite, both bronast ščitnik za iglo in majhna sploščena kroglica, men and women, had been interred. As we already verjetno glavica bronaste igle ( Tab. 16: 6). Zato skle-tried to show in another place, these wagons differed pamo, da je naš veljak posedoval bronasto večglavo in construction from the western Hallstatt examples, iglo za spenjanje oblačila z dragocenim ščitnikom za what contributed also to the fact that only some met- konico igle. Primerjave ji je najti npr. v bogatem bo- al wagon parts have been preserved, for the most part jevniškem grobu 573 iz Hallstatta,51 pa v grobovih z merely the bronze sheet rings, possibly representing 49 47 Teržan 1990, 164–165, 230–231, Karta 26. Tako Egg kot Gallus, Horvath 1939, 42, 108, T. 57: 8; Patek 1993, Abb. Pare sta kritična do moje teze o obstoju drugačnih vozov v 49: 4. See also Teržan 1998, 518. 48 vzhodnohalštatskem krogu, vendar ostajata brez prepričlji-If we take into consideration also the ethnographical com-vih nasprotnih argumentov. parisons, it would be possible as well that they represent 50 O situli z Vač obstajajo številne publikacije, zato naj tu na-the fittings at the end of the wagon pole, denominated in vedemo le nekatere z dobrimi reprodukcijami: Stare 1955, certain Slovenian regions as “tajslca” or as “aufkitna”, onto Priloga 1; Kastelic 1956, Fig. 11–12, 18, 20; Lucke, Frey which the “proskitna” (pole straps) of the horse-collar or 1962, Taf. 48: 73; Jereb 2016, Taf. 76–77: 127. yoke has been attached. For this information I thank the 51 Hodson 1990, Pl. 43: 1. ethnologist Prof. Dr. Janez Bogataj. 431 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 431 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 Mosta na Soči/Sv. Lucije52 in tudi v nekaterih gomi-the wheel nave fittings.49 The production and use of lah v Panoniji kot npr. v gomili I iz Vaskeresztesa.53 different types of wagons can best be observed on Takšne igle s ščitniki so bile kot značilni del moške the Situla art. If, as a starting point, we take a look noše v modi v starejši železni dobi, zlasti stopnjah at the representations on the Vače situla, it can be Ha C1–2 (v Kossackovem smislu) oz. v stopnjah Sv. established that in the first frieze two two-wheeled Lucija I b–c, in predstavljajo izrazit element moške wagons are depicted, the first being a chariot, while nošnje na širšem področju Vzhodnih Alp. the other is a carriage with a sitting nobleman, which Na podoben sestav grobnih pridatkov kot v go- is being driven to some sort of festivity or symposi- mili 14 sklepamo tudi v gomili 13, čeprav je bila um.50 Thus, there can be no doubt, that in the south povsem izropana. Ohranila se je le podobno splošče- eastern Alpine region the transport vehicles had been na bronasta kroglica kot v gomili 14, kar daje slutiti, realized also in a two-wheeled form and not only as da gre tudi v tej gomili za ostanek bronaste večglave four-wheelers. This consequently means, that they igle ( Tab. 19: 1), poleg nje pa še nekaj železnih fra-differ in construction from the four-wheeled western gmentov. Med njimi sta dva železna zatiča, v zankah Hallstatt wagons, what is reflected also in the archae- katerih tičita odlomka železnih obročkov ( Tab. 19: 2, ological record. Of course, the bronze tubular objects 4) in odlomki še treh železnih obročev ( Tab. 19: 5, 6, from Pivola and Somlyóhegy can hardly contribute 8) ter fragment železnih žval ( Tab. 19: 3), ki govore to the discussion about the type and construction of za to, da je bila tudi v to gomilo pridana konjska the wagon, but nevertheless give us a further hint of oprema, morda pa tudi voz oz. vsaj jarem.54 the wagon use within the funeral ritual of Hallstatt Več kovinskih grobnih pridatkov je bilo odkri- period communities in the south eastern Alpine and tih v Veliki gomili nad Razvanjem, čeprav je bila Pannonian territories. tudi ta temeljito izropana. Od orožja se je ohranila We could advance the thesis that the nobleman železna sulična ost, ki je sorazmerno velika in masiv- from tumulus no. 14 in Pivola had a warrior equip- na ( Tab. 1: 23), medtem ko so morebitni drugi kosi ment modelled according to the examples, used by fragmentirani do nerazpoznavnosti ( Tab. 1: 15, 18, the Hallstatt-period social elite from Central Europe. 19). Iz grobov pod Poštelo je bila doslej znana le ena Thus, it consisted of Hallstatt-period iron sword and železna sulična ost, za katero pa se ne ve, iz katerega horse-gear and possibly also of wagon. However, the groba izvira.55 Če se ozremo po bližnjih najdiščih šta- cremation burial mode and the intentional destruc- jersko-panonske kulturne skupine, je sulični osti naj- tion of the warrior equipment are both consistent ti primerjave zlasti na nekropoli v Kleinkleinu, kjer with the burial customs of the local tradition from se pojavljajo v grobovih posamično (Forstwald 50, the late Urnfield period. 51) ali pa v paru (Forstwald 21, Grellwald 34, Le- In a similar manner, only several fragments of itengritschwald 27, 138) in predstavljajo sestavni del attire or its metal parts have been preserved in the oborožitve predvsem v gomilah bojevnikov iz pozne tumulus no. 14. These represent a bronze pin guard faze nekropole.56 Izjeme z večjim številom sulic, ki and a small flattened bead, probably representing the pa so lahko tudi različnih velikosti in oblik, predsta- head of a bronze pin ( Pl. 16: 6). Thus, we suppose vljajo knežje gomile, kot so npr. Kröllkogel v Klein-that the nobleman owned a bronze multi-headed pin kleinu, gomila s kultnim vozičkom iz Strettwega ali for fastening his garment, together with the valuable gomila I iz Sómlóvásárhelyja ter gomile iz Kaptola pin guard to protect the point of the pin. Analogies can be found in the wealthy warrior grave 573 from Hallstatt51 and in the graves from Most na Soči/Sv. 52 Marchesetti 1893, Tav. 23: 15, 18; Teržan et al. 1984–85, Lucija52 as well as in some of the tumuli from the T. 165: B; 183: B 2; 187: B 4; 206: D 4 itd. 53 Pannonian Plain, as for example in tumulus I from Fekete 1985, 69–70, Abb. 11: 1–2; Patek 1993, 64 ss, Abb. 50: 10; 57: 1; Egg 1996a, 348 ss, Abb. 3: 11; 16: 49 1–2. Teržan 1990, 164–165, 230–231, Map 26. Both Egg and 54 Glej npr. Kossack 1970, 66, 73, 96, 112 s, Taf. 47: 2; 48: Pare are critical about my thesis regarding the existence of 3–11; 53: 1; 54; 81: 4–11; Torbrügge 1979, Taf. 89: 13– a different type of wagons in the eastern Hallstatt zone, 14; Fekete 1985, 52–53, Abb. 23: 1–18; Patek 1993, Abb. though they do not offer convincing counter-arguments. 50 110: 18; Studenikova 1994, 50, Obr. 13: 1. About the situla from Vače numerous publications exist, 55 Teržan 1990, 325, Tab. 62: 1. thus we cite here only some of them with good repro- 56 Dobiat 1980, 143–144, Taf. 37: 9, 11; 40: 8; 43: 1; 74: ductions: Stare 1955, Supplement 1; Kastelic 1956, figs. 16, 18; 100: 4–5; 106: 14–15; glej tudi Teržan 1990, 133– 11–12; 18; 20; Lucke, Frey 1962, T. 48: 73; Jereb 2016, T. 135, sl. 27–28; 31–32. Naj opozorimo, da gre pretežno za 76–77: 127. 51 najdbe iz izkopavanj s konca 19. stol. in da grobne najdbe Hodson 1990, Pl. 43: 1. 52 iz nekaterih gomil niso ohranjene v popolnosti ter da je Marchesetti 1893, T. 23: 15, 18; Teržan et al. 1984–85, T. zlasti ohranjenost železnih predmetov povečini slaba. 165: B; 183: B2; 187: B4; 206: D4 etc. 432 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 432 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 pri Slavonski Požegi.57 Na osnovi grobov iz gomil, Vaskeresztes.53 Such pins with pin guards had been ki se grupirajo v več skupinah v okolici naselbine na in fashion as a characteristic element of the male at- Burgstallkoglu pri Kleinkleinu, je Claus Dobiat skle- tire predominantly in the Ha C1–2 period (accord- pal, da je prišlo na območju Posolbja (Sulmtal) oz. ing to the chronology of Kossack) or in the phases štajersko-panonske skupine do sprememb v načinu Sv. Lucija Ib–c across the wider area of the Eastern bojevanja v času Ha C2 oz. na prehodu v Ha D1. Alps and thus represent a distinctive component of Podobne spremembe je za zahodnohalštatski krog the local male wear. domneval že Georg Kossack, in sicer za prehod od A similar composition of grave-goods as observed dvobojevanja z mečem k organiziranem bojevanju v in the tumulus no. 14 can be inferred also for the trupah, oboroženih s sulicami in ščiti, v smislu gr- tumulus no. 13, although the latter was completely ških hoplitov.58 Če ta teza drži, je bil tudi veljak v plundered. Apart from several iron fragments, only Veliki gomili nad Razvanjem pripadnik, morda celo a flattened bronze bead, similar to the example from poveljnik takšne oborožene trupe. the tumulus no. 14, has been preserved, which in- Kot omenjeno v Veliki gomili nad Razvanjem ni dicates a possible presence of the multi-headed pin bilo odkritih drugih značilnih kosov orožja niti konj- also in this mound ( Pl. 19: 1). The iron bit fragment ske opreme, čeprav so bile med sežganimi kostnimi ( Pl. 19: 3), two iron fittings, in the loops of which ostanki ugotovljene kosti celo dveh konj.59 Le-te to-there are fragments of iron rings ( Pl. 19: 2, 4), and rej kažejo na obredno žrtvovanje konj, ki so bili sež- fragments of further three iron rings ( Pl. 19: 5, 6, 8) gani skupaj s preminulim na grmadi, enako torej kot all point to the probability that the horse-gear was v knežjih gomilah v Kleinkleinu, kjer so bili npr. v placed in this mound as well, though possibly even a gomili Kröllkogel ostanki kar treh konj,60 in pa v ne- wagon or at least a yoke.54 katerih drugih izstopajočih bojevniških/ konjeniških More numerous are the grave-goods discovered grobovih v širšem štajersko-panonskem prostoru v in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Raz- času Ha C/ D1.61 Glede na to moramo bojevnika iz vanje, even though the latter was also thoroughly Velike gomile uvrstiti med po statusu njemu enake plundered. Out of the weapon only the relatively 57 large and massive iron spearhead has been preserved Egg, Kramer 2013, 116–120, Abb. 39: 5–6; Egg 1996b, 155–159, Abb. 87; Patek 1993, Abb. 59: 3–6; Egg 1996a, ( Pl. 1: 23), whereas other potential objects ca not be Abb. 3: 2–5; Vejvoda, Mirnik 1971, 195–196, T. 10; ista discerned due to their very fragmented state ( Pl. 1: 1973, 595, T. 6; glej tudi Teržan 1990, 145–150, 158– 15, 18, 19). Hitherto, only one iron spearhead has 164, sl. 34; 39. 58 been attested from graves beneath Poštela, the grave Dobiat 1980, 144; Kossack 1959, 93–99; Frey 1973; Egg, Kramer 2013, 118–120 (naj opozorimo, da ne moremo context of which is unfortunately not known.55 If povsem slediti mnenju Egga in Kramerja, kar se tiče po- we take a look at nearby sites of the Styrian-Panno- java oborožitve s sulicami v skupini Kleinklein oz. štajernian group, we can find analogies especially on the sko-panonskem svetu. Čeprav je nesporno dejstvo, da se v dolenjski kulturni skupini pojavi oborožitev z dvema suli-necropolis in Kleinklein. Here spearheads appear in cama (ali pa le eno) že v horizontu Podzemelj/Ha C1, t j. graves either individually (Forstwald 50 and 51) or in v sami začetni fazi zgodnje železne dobe, tega fenomena ne pairs (Forstwald 21, Grellwald 34, Leitengritschwald moremo enostavno prenesti na Kleinklein oz. na področje štajersko-panonske skupine. Kajti med dolenjsko in štajer-27 and 138) and make up part of the weapon equip- sko-panonsko skupino so obstajale bistvene razlike na raz-ment mostly in the warrior tumuli from the later ličnih kulturnih nivojih, zlasti v načinu pokopavanja svo-phases of the necropolis.56 Exceptions with larger jih umrlih in tipu gomil, v družbeni strukturiranosti oz. number of spears, which though can appear in di- razslojenosti, in pa v mnogih aspektih materialne kulture, tako tudi v oborožitvi. Zato je lahko linearno vzporejanje verse sizes and forms, represent the so-called prince-posameznih fenomenov v eni ali drugi skupini sporno in ly mounds, such as Kröllkogel in Kleinklein, the lahko privede do napačnih zaključkov, še zlasti pri vpraša-53 njih kronologije). Fekete 1985, 69–70, Abb. 11: 1–2; Patek 1993, 64 ff, 59 Glej tu Toškan; Toškan 2017, 192, Tab. 3. Abb. 50: 10; 57: 1; Egg 1996a, 348 ff, Abb. 3: 11; 16: 1–2. 60 54 Grill, Wiltschke-Schrotta 2013, 45–46, Abb. 13–16; 22; See e.g. Kossack 1970, 66, 73, 96, 112 f, T. 47: 2; 48: Egg, Kramer 2013, 396–397, Abb. 186. 3–11; 53: 1; 54; 81: 4–11; Torbrügge 1979, T. 89: 13–14; 61 Kmeťová 2014, 52–53, Obr. 12; Toškan 2017, 190–193, Fekete 1985, 52–53, Abb. 23: 1–18; Patek 1993, Abb. Tab. 3; Škvor Jernejčič 2017, 101–104, sl. 92. Za našo 110: 18; Studenikova 1994, 50, Obr. 13: 1. 55 temo so pomembni le podatki o konjskih pokopih, zlasti Teržan 1990, 325, Pl. 62: 1. 56 sežganih, v času zgodnjega obdobja starejše železne dobe Dobiat 1980, 143–144, T. 37: 9, 11; 40: 8; 43: 1; 74: 16, (Ha C) na prostoru vzhodnohalštatskega kulturnega kro-18; 100: 4–5; 106: 14–15; see also Teržan 1990, 133–135, ga, ne pa tudi tisti iz drugih halštatskih skupin, bodisi do-figs. 27–28; 31–32. It should be mentioned, that it goes lenjske bodisi svetolucijske, kot tudi ne iz mlajših grobov/ predominantly for finds, excavated at the end of the 19th grobišč, ki pripadajo tako imenovani skitsko konotirani century and that the grave contexts from several tumuli Vekerzug kulturni skupini, katerim je v večji meri posveare not entirely preserved anymore. Furthermore, the state čena raziskava Kmeťove. of preservation of especially iron objects is mostly poor. 433 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 433 8. 03. 2021 12:55:55 Slika 3. Bronaste tumulus with cult-wagon from Strettweg or the tu- zapestnice, odkrite mulus I from Somlóvásárhely and tumuli from Kap- pri gradnji trgovskega tol near Slavonska Požega.57 On the basis of tumuli, centra E.Leclerc med Bohovo in Teznom v arranged in several groups around the settlement of Mariboru, domnevno Burgstallkogel near Kleinklein, Claus Dobiat con- grobne najdbe (po cluded that a change in the mode of fighting can be Kavur 2008, T. 1–2). Figure 3. Bronze observed on the territory of the Sulm Valley ( Sulmtal) bracelets, presumably or in the Styrian-Pannonian group in the Ha C2 pe- grave finds, riod or during the transition to the Ha D1 period. which have been discovered during A similar change in the western Hallstatt zone was the construction of observed already by Georg Kossack and interpreted the shopping centre as a transition from duel fighting with swords to or- E.Leclerc located ganised battle in fighting units, armed with spears between Bohova and Tezno in Maribor and shields and thus resembling Greek hoplites.58 If (after Kavur 2008, we follow this thesis, we could see the nobleman, Pl. 1–2). buried in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje, as a member or possibly even as a leader of such military unit. As mentioned already, there were no other dis- tinctive pieces of either weaponry or horse-gear present in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje, although bones of two horses have been discovered among the burnt bone remains.59 These point to the ritual sacrifice of horses, which were evi- dently burnt together with the deceased on the pyre. The same custom can be observed in the princely mounds of Kleinklein, where in the Kröllkogel tu- mulus the remains of so much as three horses have been found,60 but also in several other prominent warrior/horseman graves across the wider territory 57 Egg, Kramer 2013, 116–120, Abb. 39: 5–6; Egg 1996b, 155–159, Abb. 87; Patek 1993, Abb. 59: 3–6; Egg 1996a, Abb. 3: 2–5; Vejvoda, Mirnik 1971, 195–196, T. 10; eid. 1973, 595, T. 6; see also Teržan 1990, 145–150, 158–164, figs. 34; 39. 58 Dobiat 1980, 144; Kossack 1959, 93–99; Frey 1973; Egg, Kramer 2013, 118–120 (it should be pointed out, that we cannot entirely agree with the views, expressed by Egg and Kramer, as regards the appearance of the weapon equipment with spears in the Kleinklein group or in the territories of Styria and Pannonia. Although it is an indisputable fact that in the Dolenjska group the weapon equipment containing two spears (or only one) appears already in the period of Podzemelj/Ha C1, that is, in the initial phase of the Early Iron Age, this phenomenon cannot be simply transferred to Kleinklein or to the territory of the Styrian-Pannonian group. Between the group of Dolenjska and the Styrian-Pannonian group existed namely fundamen- tal differences on various cultural levels, especially in the mode of burial of their deceased, in the tumulus types and in the social structure or stratification as well as in many aspects of material culture, including the weapon equipment. Therefore, the linear equation of single phenomena veljake v različnih skupnostih vzhodnohalštatskega in one or the other group is debatable and can lead to er-kulturnega kroga. roneous conclusions, especially as far as the chronological Med preostalimi najdbami iz Velike gomile nad questions are concerned). 59 Razvanjem pa izstopa še večje število fragmentov See here Toškan; Toškan 2017, 192, Tab. 3. 60 Grill, Wiltschke-Schrotta 2013, 45–46, Abb. 13–16; 22; bronastih narebrenih zapestnic ( Tab. 1: 1–12), ki kot Egg, Kramer 2013, 396–397, Abb. 186. 434 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 434 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 nakit poleg povsem staljenih steklenih jagod ( Tab. 1: of Styria and Pannonia in the period of Ha C/D1.61 17, 18c) in jantarjevih jagod ( Tab. 1: 26–27) pred-In this respect, also the warrior from the Great tu- stavljajo žensko komponento v gomili. Enako vrsto mulus (Velika gomila) should be placed among those zapestnic je posedovala ženska oseba iz 38. gomile na noblemen of equal rank, attested in various commu- Lepi ravni pod Poštelo, k noši katere je sodil bronast nities of the eastern Hallstatt cultural zone. pas; najdene pa so bile tudi v domnevnem grobu v Among the remaining finds from Great tumulus bližini Bohove (Leclerc) ( sl. 3). Zanje smo že pokaza- (Velika gomila) above Razvanje also a larger num- li, da se pojavijo v stopnji Štajerska III b oz. v pozni ber of fragments of bronze ribbed bracelets ( Pl. 1: fazi Ha C2 in zgodnjem Ha D1 obdobju.62 Takšne 1–12) should be mentioned. These jewellery objects zapestnice so tudi med pridatki grobov v Kleinkle-namely represent, together with completely melted inu, npr. v gomilah Tschoneggerfranzl 2 in 3.63 V glass ( Pl. 1: 17, 18c) and amber beads ( Pl. 1: 26–27), slednji je sodila h kompletu nakita v enakem slogu the female element in the tumulus. The same type kot zapestnice okrašena dolgonožna fibula z nizkim of bracelets was owned as well by the female per- – narebrenim – lokom, enaka pa je tudi v gomili Wi- son in the tumulus no. 38 at Lepa Ravna beneath esenkaisertumulus 4. Glede na to, da predstavljajo Poštela, the attire of which additionally consisted of tovrstne fibule značilni tip ženske noše v času Ha a belt. Furthermore, they have been found also at C2/D1 v širšem jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru,64 je the presumed grave in the vicinity of Bohova (Le- z njimi dobro časovno opredeljen tudi pojav mode clerc) ( fig. 3). As we already pointed out, these brace-stilno z njimi uglašenih narebrenih zapestnic. lets appear in the phase Štajerska IIIb or in the late Če pripada v ognju popolnoma staljen in defor- Ha C2 and early Ha D1 period.62 They are attested miran bronast fragment kačasti fibuli z rozetami (in among the grave-goods in Kleinklein, as for example pestiči?), kot ga predstavljajo fibule tipa IIIa6 po S. in the tumuli of Tschoneggerfranzl nos. 2 and 3.63 Tecco Hvala65 ( Tab. 1: 20), kar ni povsem izključe-In the latter, the set of jewellery was complemented no, ji je najti najbližje analogije na Libni, v grobu with a long-footed fibula, the low bow of which is »c« Deržaničeve gomile V/1886. V tem libenskem decorated in a similar ribbed style as the bracelets. grobu sta poleg dveh kačastih fibul tudi dve dvozan- Additional example of such fibula can be found also kasti fibuli z nogo v obliki beotskega ščita tipa VIII in the mound Wiesenkaisertumulus no. 4. Since po Gabrovcu in pa dve čolničasti fibuli z mrežastim these fibulae make up a characteristic female attire ornamentom na loku,66 na osnovi katerih ga je mo- type during the Ha C2/D1 period in the wider south goče datirati v okvir stopnje Stična 1–2. Tudi grob eastern Alpine area,64 they give us also a reliable basis 32 gomile IV iz Stične lahko na osnovi nakita, kot to chronologically define the appearance of stylisti- so spiralni žičnati obroči, pripišemo isti časovni sto- cally corresponding fashion of ribbed bracelets. pnji, medtem ko je grob 4 gomile 5, v katerem je Furthermore, it should not be dismissed out med nakitom tudi kačasta fibula tipa IIIa6, nekoliko of hand that the completely melted and deformed mlajši. Vendar daje prav kačasta fibula s svojo valja- bronze fragment ( Pl. 1: 20) possibly could represent a sto odebelitvijo na prehodu loka v iglo starinski vtis, serpentine fibula with rosettes (and antennae?) of the saj spominja na podobno oblikovan valjasti gumb IIIa6 type according to S. Tecco Hvala.65 The closest pri kačasti fibuli iz omenjenega groba 32 gomile IV. analogies for the latter can be namely found in the Obe fibuli se torej razlikujeta od drugih variant ka- grave “c” of the Deržanič tumulus V/1886 at Libna, častih fibul, za katere je značilen diskast gumb na 61 Kmeťová 2014, 52–53, Obr. 12; Toškan 2017, 190–193, prehodu loka v iglo fibule. Zato naša domneva, da Tab. 3; Škvor Jernejčič 2017, 101–104, fig. 92. Relevant for our discussion is only the information regarding the morda predstavlja kačasta fibula v grobu 4 gomile horse burials, especially cremated, in the early period of 5 iz Stične arhaičen, podedovan kos nakita.67 Tudi the Early Iron Age (Ha C) on the territory of the eastern Hallstatt cultural zone and not the horse burials from oth-62 Teržan 1990, 68–70, T. 61: 4–9; glej tudi Kavur 2008, er Hallstatt groups, such as Dolenjska or Sv. Lucija, as well 398–399, T. 1. as not those from younger graves/cemeteries, which can be 63 Dobiat 1980, 148, 226–230, Taf. 58: 24; 60: 1 b, d; glej ascribed to the Scythian-connoted Vekerzug group and to tudi Teržan 1990, 67, sl. 15. which the research of Kmeťova is largely devoted. 64 62 Teržan 1987, 416, sl. 1: 6–7; ista 1990, 42–43, 67, sl. 6: 2; Teržan 1990, 68–70, T. 61: 4–9; see also Kavur 2008, 15: 1; glej tudi Tomedi 1992, 214, Abb. 3: 7; Hack 2002, 398–399, T. 1. 63 120, Taf. 3: 7–8. Dobiat 1980, 148, 226–230, T. 58: 24; 60: 1 b, d; see also 65 Tecco Hvala 2014, 129, sl. 3 a: 11; T. 7 A. Teržan 1990, 67, fig. 15. 66 64 Guštin 1976, T. 59: 1–6; Gabrovec 1970, 11, 32–33, 39 Teržan 1987, 416, fig. 1: 6–7; Teržan 1990, 42–43, 67, Karta XI; Teržan 1990, 139, 141. figs. 6: 2; 15: 1; see also Tomedi 1992, 214, fig. 3: 7; Hack 67 Wells 1981, 62–63, Fig. 87a; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 133, 2002, 120, T. 3: 7–8. 65 Taf. 109: 3. Tecco Hvala 2014, 129, fig. 3a: 11; T. 7A. 435 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 435 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 nekateri grobovi s kačastimi fibulami z rozetami na where besides the two serpentine fibulae also a pair of Mostu na Soči so lahko starejši od stopnje Sv. Lucija two-looped fibulae with a foot in the form of Boeotian IIa. Tak je npr. grob 588, v katerem je posoda na shield, of the type VIII according to Gabrovec, and a nogi, ki predstavlja sicer dolgotrajno, a značilno obli- pair of boat-shaped fibulae with a netlike ornament on ko predvsem za čas stopenj Sv. Lucija Ib–c.68 Iz tega the bow66 appear, on the basis of which we could date kratkega pregleda datacij grobov s kačastimi fibula- the grave within the Stična 1–2 period. The grave 32 mi tipa IIIa6 (po Tecco Hvala) izhaja, da omenjeni of the tumulus IV from Stična can likewise be placed fragment morebiti takšne fibule le dodatno podpira in the same period, due to the presence of jewellery in datacijo Velike gomile, kot jo nakazujejo narebrene the form of spiral wire-rings. The grave 4 of the tumu- zapestnice in železna sulica: gre za eno izmed doslej lus 5 from Stična, which also contains the serpentine najmlajših gomil na območju poštelskih grobišč sto- fibula of the IIIa6 type, appears to be, however, some- pnje Štajerska IIIb oz. Ha C2/D1.69 what younger, although exactly the serpentine fibula Na tem mestu se zdijo ponovno omembe vredne with its cylindrical thickening at the bow-to-pin tran- najdbe iz gomile Wiesenkaisertumulus 4, pripadajo- sition conveys a rather archaic impression and brings če prostrani kleinkleinški nekropoli. Med nakitom into mind a similarly shaped cylindrical knob of the sta bila kar dva para kačastih fibul, in sicer par veli- serpentine fibula from the already mentioned grave 32 kih, verjetno obeh okrašenih s figurico konjička, in of the tumulus IV. Both fibulae therefore differ from par manjših, bolj gracilnih, ki ju lahko uvrstimo v tip other variants of serpentine fibulae, for which a disc- IIIa1 (po Tecco Hvala). Kot je pokazal že Gerhard shaped knob on the bow-to-pin transition is charac- Tomedi, gre za izjemne kose, kar še posebej velja teristic. Consequently, we suppose that the serpentine za veliko fibulo (oz. fibuli) s konjičkom, ki po vsej fibula from the grave 4 of the tumulus 5 in Stična verjetnosti izvira iz Tirolske ali Trentinskega ali pa iz could possibly represent an archaic, inherited piece of kakšnega drugega severnoitalskega umetno-obrtnega jewellery.67 Moreover, some of the graves containing kroga. V Estah so takšne fibule okvirno datirane v serpentine fibulae with rosettes from Most na Soči can stopnjo Este II pozno (po Freyu) oz. Este III B 2 likewise be dated earlier than the Sv. Lucija II a peri- (po Peroniju).70 Pomenljivo pa je, da je bila v gro- od. Such is for example the grave 588, which contains bu Wiesenkaisertumulus 4 pokopana odrasla moška vessel with a foot. Even though the latter represents a oseba,71 zato predpostavka, da so bile kačaste fibule long-lasting vessel form, it is characteristic above all del moške oprave, čeprav so bile med grobnimi pri-in the period of Sv. Lucija I b–c phases.68 From this datki že prej omenjeni dolgonožni fibuli z nizkim short overview of chronological position of the graves narebrenim lokom in pa fibuli z žičnatim lokom in s with serpentine fibulae of the IIIa6 type (according to koščeno oblogo, ki so sicer značilne za žensko nošo.72 Tecco Hvala) we can conclude, that the mentioned fragment of a possibly such fibula additionally sup- 68 Tecco Hvala 2014, 146; Teržan et al. 1984–85, 120, T. 50: ports the dating of the Great tumulus (Velika gomila), C, 1–2; za posodo glej tudi Dular 1982, 95, sl. 7: 11; 10. indicated by the ribbed bracelets and the iron spear. 69 Primerjaj Teržan 1990, 118–121, 204–208, sl. 26; 55. 70 It represents namely one of the youngest mounds dis- Tomedi 1992, 213–214, Abb. 3: 1–4; Hack 2002, 118– 119, Abb. 24; 25; Taf. 3: 1–4; Tecco Hvala 2014, 126– covered up to now in the cemetery areas of Poštela 128, 142–143, sl. 31: 1–2. that can be placed in the phase Štajerska IIIb or in the 71 Reinhart 2002, 135. Pri tem je potrebno upoštevati, da je Ha C2/D1 period.69 bila gomila že močno sploščena in da je bila poškodovana At this point, the finds from the mound Wiesen- že pred začetkom zaščitnih izkopavanj. Razen tega G. To- medi (1992) omenja, da je bila ohranjenost žganine skupaj kaisertumulus no. 4, pertaining to the extensive ne-s sežganimi kostnimi ostanki slaba, kar lahko pomeni, da cropolis of Kleinklein, should once more be mense preostale kosti z izjemo robustnih kosti odrasle moške tioned, since among their jewellery objects they osebe niso ohranile. 72 Tomedi 1992; Hack 2002, 119–121, Taf. 5–8. Žensko contain as much as two pairs of serpentine fibulae. komponento v tem grobu predstavljajo tudi dva vijčka, The first pair consists of two large serpentine fibu- morda bronast trak/diadem, okrašen z iztolčenimi bunči- lae, both of which were possibly decorated with a cami in pikicami, ter steklene jagode (glej Hack 2002, Taf. horse figurine, while the second pair of smaller and 4: 1; 5: 1–3). Fragmentirani tulasti predmet pa verjetno ni del tako imenovane kultne palice oz. sceptra (Tomedi 66 1992, 214, Abb. 4: 1; Hack 2002, 122, Taf. 4: 2), zna- Guštin 1976, T. 59: 1–6; Gabrovec 1970, 11, 32–33, 39, čilnega v grobovih dolenjske skupine v času kačastega in Map XI; Teržan 1990, 139, 141. 67 certoškega horizonta (glej Stare 1973, 734, T. 1–2; 4: 2, Wells 1981, 62–63, fig. 87a; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 133, T. 5), temveč gre verjetno za del konjske opreme, tako ime- 109: 3. 68 novani stimulus, ki ima primerjavo v grobu 592 na Mostu Tecco Hvala 2014, 146; Teržan et al. 1984–85, 120, T. 50: na Soči (Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 121, T. 51: 11–15; TerC 1–2; for the vessel see also Dular 1982, 95, figs. 7: 11; 10. 69 žan 1990, 99, op. 373). Cfr. Teržan 1990, 118–121, 204–208, figs. 26; 55. 436 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 436 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 Prav gomila Wisenkaisertumulus 4 nas navaja k do-somewhat slender examples can be classified as the mnevi, da je morebitna kačasta fibula v Veliki gomili type IIIa1 (according to Tecco Hvala). As already pripadala moški noši. demonstrated by Gerhard Tomedi, these fibulae rep- resent exceptional specimens, what is especially true of the large fibula (or two fibulae) with a horse fig- urine, which most probably originates from the re- gion of Tyrol or Trentino, or alternatively from some other North Italian craft production centre. At Este such fibulae are dated around the phase Este II Late (according to Frey) or in the Este III B2 phase (ac- cording to Peroni).70 It is however significant that in the grave of the Wiesenkaisertumulus no. 4 an adult male person was buried,71 what indicates that ser- pentine fibulae represent part of the male attire, even though among the grave-goods also the two already mentioned long-footed fibulae with low ribbed bow and also two fibulae with wire bow and bone overlay are present, which are otherwise characteristic of the female attire.72 The very mound of Wiesenkaisertu- mulus no. 4 leads us to suppose that also the possi- ble serpentine fibula from the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) appertained to the male attire. JANTAR, STEKLO, KOST AMBER, GLASS AND BONE GRAVE-GOODS Med najdbami iz Velike gomile vzbujajo pozornost še Among the finds from the Great tumulus (Veli- dve jantarni jagodi ( Tab. 1: 26–27), dva popolnoma ka gomila) attention should be drawn also to two staljena steklena fragmenta, verjetno jagodi ogrlice amber beads ( Pl. 1: 26–27), two completely melted ( Tab. 1: 17–18 c) in dva koščena fragmenta z vreza-glass fragments, possibly beads from a necklace ( Pl. nim okrasom, od katerih gre pri enem verjetno za del 1: 17–18c) and to two bone fragments with incised ročaja železnega noža s koščenima oplatama ( Tab. 1: decoration ( Pl. 1: 24–25), out of which one probably 24–25). Za razliko od staljenih ostankov steklenega represents part of a bone plating for the iron knife nakita pa so jantarne jagode in tudi koščeni fragmen- handle. In contrast to the melted remains of the glass ti dokaz, da niso bili vsi predmeti sežgani skupaj z jewellery, the amber beads and also the bone frag- umrlim na grmadi, temveč da so bili nekateri, morda ments point to the fact that not all objects had been posebej dragoceni, položeni v grob nepoškodovani. 70 Tomedi 1992, 213–214, Abb. 3: 1–4; Hack 2002, 118– Tak indic se zdi pomemben, ker so najdbe jantar- 119, Abb. 24; 25; T. 3: 1–4; Tecco Hvala 2014, 126–128, nega nakita na področju štajersko-panonske skupine 142–143, fig. 31: 1–2. 71 izredno maloštevilne, tako rekoč izjemne, kar pa ver- Reinhart 2002, 135. We should bear in mind that the tu- mulus was heavily levelled and damaged already before the jetno ne pomeni, da ga ni bilo, temveč da je bil veči-rescue excavations took place. Moreover, G. Tomedi (1992) noma kot del nakita preminulih z njimi tudi sežgan. mentions that the preservation state of cremated remains Glede na velikost je jantarnima jagodama iz Velike and burnt bones was poor, what could indicate that the remaining bones, with the exception of more robust bones gomile najti še najboljše primerjave v jagodah ogrlice from the adult male person, were not preserved. iz Strettwega.73 72 Tomedi 1992; Hack 2002, 119–121, T. 5–8. The female element in this grave is represented also by two spin- dle-whorls and possibly by the bronze band/ diadem, dec- orated with embossed knobs and dots, as well as by glass 73 Tak izjemen kos predstavlja jantarna ogrlica iz znamenite beads (see Hack 2002, T. 4: 1; 5: 1–3). The fragmented gomile iz Strettwega, odkrita pri revizijskih izkopavanjih, tubular object, however, is probably not part of a so-called čeprav manjše število jantarnih jagod izvira že iz starih iz-cult rod or sceptre (Tomedi 1992, 214, Abb. 4: 1; Hack kopavanj (Egg 1996b, 226–228, Abb. 112: 9–15; Tiefen- 2002, 122, T. 4: 2), which is characteristic of the graves graber et al. 2012, 44, Kat. Nr. 86; Tiefengraber 2015, from the Dolenjska group in the period of Serpentine and 549) in pa jantarne jagode ter miniaturne figurice v obliki Certosa Fibulae phases (see Stare 1973, 734, T. 1–2; 4: 2, dveh antitetično postavljenih konjičkov iz gomile Kröllko-5), but rather represents part of a horse-gear, the so-called gel v Kleinkleinu, ki so bile prav tako odkrite pri revizij-stimulus, the analogy for which can be found in the grave skem izkopavanju (Egg, Kramer 2013, 162–163, Abb. 56: 592 at Most na Soči (Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 121, T. 51: 10–11; 62; Taf. 18: 11–13). 11–15; Teržan 1990, 99, fn. 373). 437 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 437 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 burnt together with the deceased on the pyre, but rather some of them, possibly the especially valuable ones, had been placed to the grave undamaged. Such indications seem relevant in as much as finds of am- ber jewellery are very few in number and represent an exception rather than the rule on the territory of the Styrian-Pannonian group. Most probably this fact should not be understood as the actual absence of amber beads, but as indication that the majority of them had been burnt as a part of jewellery outfit together with the deceased. Taking into account their size, the best analogies for the two amber beads from the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) can be found in the beads of a necklace from Strettweg.73 KERAMIKA CERAMIC GRAVE-GOODS V vse tri obravnavane poštelske gomile iz Pivole in All three discussed tumuli from Pivola and Razvan- Razvanja je bilo pridano keramično posodje, ki pa se je contained ceramic vessels, which, however, dif- je med seboj precej razlikovalo. V gomili 14 izsto-fered considerably from one another. In the tumu- pajo tri, čeprav le fragmentarno ohranjene posode z lus no. 14 three vessels with high, slightly concave visokim, rahlo usločenim stožčastim vratom in niz-conical neck and low, biconically rounded lower kim, zaobljeno bikoničnim spodnjim delom. Njiho- part stand out, even though they are preserved only va zunanja površina je bila prvotno fino zglajena in in fragments. Their surface was originally finely grafitirana, tako da je imela črnikasti kovinski sijaj, smoothed and graphite-coated in order to get the ter okrašena z motivi meandra v različnih variacijah, blackish metallic lustre, while the decoration con- izvedenimi s cinastimi/kositrnimi lističi srebrno- sisted of meander motifs in different variations, car- -belkaste barve ( Tab. 17: 1–2; 18: 4; sl. 4).74 Na ta ried out with tin foils of silvery-whitish colour ( Pls. način je bil dosežen črno-beli barvni kontrast, s či- 17: 1–2; 18: 4; fig. 4).74 In this way a black-white mer je prišel ornament še posebej do izraza. Čeprav colour contrast was achieved through which the so bile doslej tako okrašene posode komajda znane ornament became particularly prominent. Up to iz poštelskih gomil,75 pa tudi v gomilah Kleinklei- now, vessels with such decoration have been barely na niso prav pogoste, tudi ne v tamkajšnjih knežjih known from the tumuli of Poštela75 and are also gomilah,76 pa predstavlja cinasti okras na keramiki not very frequent in the tumuli or in the princely značilen pojav v zgodnjem halštatskem obdobju na mounds of Kleinklein.76 Nevertheless, the tin foil širšem področju vzhodnoalpskega in zahodnopa- decoration on ceramics represents a characteristic nonskega prostora.77 Začetki segajo že v čas pozne phenomenon in the early Hallstatt period on the kulture žarnih grobišč, če niso celo starejši.78 To velja wider territory of eastern Alps and western Panno-tudi za podravska najdišča stopnje Ha B2/ 3, kot ka- nian Plain.77 Beginnings of such decoration go back žejo posode iz žganih grobov v Miklavžu, na Ptuju 73 Such exceptional specimen is represented by an amber in v Ormožu, med katerimi so nekateri izmed njih necklace discovered during the re-excavation of the famed tumulus in Strettweg, although several amber beads were 74 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, sl. 15. found already in the previous excavations (Egg 1996b, 75 Teržan 1990, 335, T. 64: 3. 226–228, Abb. 112: 9–15; Tiefengraber et al. 2012, 44, 76 Dobiat 1980, 130–132, Abb. 16–17, Taf. 52: 4; 57: 4; 95: Cat. no. 86; Tiefengraber 2015, 549). Another example 1; Kramer 2013, 366, Taf. 52. are the amber beads and miniature figurines in the form 77 Potrebno je omeniti, da je takšno krašenje znano tako v of two antithetically positioned horses from the Kröllkogel severnozahodno alpskem področju (Švica in V Francija) tumulus in Kleinklein, which have been likewise discov- v času kulture žarnih grobišč (Ha B) kot tudi v italskem ered during the re-excavations (Egg, Kramer 2013, 162– prostoru, tako v estenski, golasseški in villanovski kulturi 163, Abb. 56: 10–11; 62; T. 18: 11–13). 74 ter njej sledeči zgodnje etruščanski kulturi v srednji Italiji, See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, sl. 15. 75 vendar bi obravnava tako široke problematike na tem me- Teržan 1990, 335, T. 64: 3. 76 stu presegla zastavljen okvir naše raziskave. Dobiat 1980, 130–132, Abb. 16–17; T. 52: 4; 57: 4; 95: 78 Primerjaj Stjernquist 1962–1963, 140–147, Abb. 2–7; 1; Kramer 2013, 366, T. 52. 77 Dobiat 1980, 130–132, Abb. 16–17; Fischer 1993; We should point out that such decoration is attested Gebhard 1997; Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 96, Abb. 29; also in the North-West Alpine area (Switzerland, France) Preinfalk 2003, 50–52, Abb. 25. Glej tudi Teržan 2014, in the Urnfield-Period as well as in the Italian territory, 255–256, sl. 2: 1–2; 3: 2–4; Šmid 2014, 260. both in the cultures of Este and Golasecca as well as in the 438 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 438 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 radiokarbonsko datirani v pozno 10. oz. 9. stol. pr. n. already to the time of late Urnfield period, if not št. 79 Z njimi se je torej razširil krog žarnogrobiščnih even earlier.78 This is true also for sites in the Po-primerkov s cinastim okrasom, kot sta jih do pred dravje region from the Ha B2/3 period, as indicat- nedavnim predstavljali predvsem posodi iz grobišč ed by vessels from the cremation graves at Miklavž, St. Andrä v.d.Hgt. na Nižjem Avstrijskem in Brhlov- Ptuj and Ormož, among which some of them are ce na južnem Slovaškem ( sl. 4).80 Zanimivo podobo radiocarbon dated in the late 10th or in the 9th cen-pa kaže razširjenost posod s cinastim okrasom v hal- tury BC.79 With the latter, therefore, the class of štatskem obdobju, saj so doslej z največjim številom urnfield examples with tin foil decoration has been zastopane prav v okviru štajerske skupine ali celo v broadened, as until recently it was attested above Podravju. To kaže, da je meandrasta ornamentika, all with two vessels from cemeteries of St. Andrä izvedena s cinastim okrasom prav specifična za šta- v. d. Hgt. in Lower Austria and Brhlovce in south- jersko skupino oz. če nekoliko razširimo prostor in ern Slovakia ( fig. 4).80 Interestingly, in the Hallstatt uporabimo staro, že ustaljeno označbo – za skupino period the distribution of vessels with tin foil deco- Kleinklein – Martijanec – Kaptol.81 Nekoliko manj ration demonstrates, that they are the most numer- pogoste so takšne posode v panonskih krajih, kot ous exactly within the Štajerska group or even in npr. v Vaskerezstesu in Csönge, in krajih ob Donavi, the Podravje region. This points to the fact that the med Gemeinlebarnom in Százhalombatto. Vendar meander-like ornament, executed with tin foil dec- pa domnevamo, da gre v teh področjih za lokalno oration, is characteristic of the Štajerska group or, tradicijo iz pozne bronaste dobe ( sl. 4).82 Ob tem if we take into consideration somewhat wider area pa ne gre spregledati, da je motivika meandra lah- and use the old, already established designation, of ko izvedena na različne načine, razen z apliciranimi the group of Kleinklein – Martijanec – Kaptol.81 cinasto-svinčenimi lističi ali barvo na temni, pravi- Somewhat less frequent are such vessels in Panno- loma grafitirani podlagi je zlasti pogosta izvedba s nian sites, such as in Vaskeresztes and Csönge, as črno barvo/grafitom na rdeči ali temno rjavi podlagi, well as in those along the Danube, between Ge- pojavljajo pa se tudi bronaste aplike, pa vrezani in meinlebarn and Százhalombatta. However, we sup- kanelirani okrasi ter okrasi, izvedeni z nizi vtisnjenih pose that in these areas such decoration represents ali žigosanih pik in tudi izključno z žigi, lahko pa so a local tradition from the Late Bronze Age ( fig. tudi plastični ( sl. 5). Pomenljivo je, da se v vzhodno-4).82 As regards the meander ornament, it should halštatskem kulturnem krogu meandrasta ornamen-be stressed, that it can be realised in various tech- tika ne pojavi pred začetkom halštatske kulture, tj. niques, either with applied tin foils or with paint šele s stopnjo Ha C, pogostejša pa je v njeni razviti on a dark, generally graphite-coated ground, while fazi.83 To npr. eksemplarično ponazarjajo posode s the style with black paint/graphite-coating on a red cinastim okrasom iz Ormoža: v žganih grobovih s or dark brown ground is particularly recurrent as plane nekropole, ki leži zahodno od naselbine in je Villanovan and in the following early Etruscan culture in 79 Črešnar, Murko 2014, 210–211, sl. 10.7: 12; 10.9; Central Italy. However, addressing such an extensive issue Lubšina-Tušek 2014, 200–201, sl. 9.4: 17; 9.5; Dular, in this place would exceed the set frame of our research. 78 Lubšina-Tušek 2014, 27, T. 2: 3; Tomanič-Jevremov Cfr. Stjernquist 1962–1963, 140–147, Abb. 2–7; Dobi- 1988–1989, 290, T. 6: 3; 22: 1–2; 23: 4; 24: 5; Črešnar, at 1980, 130–132, Abb. 16–17; Fischer 1993; Gebhard Teržan 2014, 696–698, sl. 32. 1997; Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 96, Abb. 29; Preinfalk 80 Za posamezna najdišča glej Listo 1 h karti na sl. 4. Karta je 2003, 50–52, Abb. 25. See also Teržan 2014, 255–256, dopolnjena in tudi korigirana po Dobiat 1980, 199–200, figs. 2: 1–2; 3: 2–4; Šmid 2014, 260. 79 Abb. 16 (podatek, da je v gomili iz Volčjih njiv posoda, Črešnar, Murko 2014, 210–211, figs. 10.7: 12; 10.9; okrašena s cinastim okrasom, je napačen. Prav tako nismo Lubšina Tušek 2014, 200–201, figs. 9.4: 17; 9.5; Dular, mogli potrditi podatka, da so bile tako okrašene posode Lubšina Tušek 2014, 27, T. 2: 3; Tomanič-Jevremov najdene na Magdalenski gori). 1988–1989, 290, T. 6: 3; 22: 1–2; 23: 4; 24: 5; Črešnar, 81 Glej npr. Gabrovec 1987, 25–28; Vinski-Gasparini 1987; Teržan 2014, 696–698, fig. 32. 80 Šimek 2004; Teržan 2019. For individual sites see List no. 1 pertaining to fig. 4. The 82 Glej Listo 1 h karti na sl. 4, pri čemer za posodi iz najdišč map is supplemented and corrected after Dobiat 1980, Süttö in Százhalombatta ni povsem jasno, ali gre dejansko 199–200, Abb. 16 (The information that the tumulus za cinast okras. from Volčje njive contains a vessel, decorated with tin or-83 Primerjaj Stjernquist 1962–1963, 140–147, Abb. 2–7; nament, is inaccurate. Likewise, we could not confirm the Frey 1969, 73–76, 113, Abb. 40–43 (Liste 4); Dobiat information that vessels decorated in such manner have 1980, 130–132, Abb. 16–17 (Liste 3); Brosseder 2004, been found at Magdalenska gora). 81 298–305, Abb. 191–193; Teržan 2014, 255–256, sl. 2: 1. See e.g. Gabrovec 1987, 25–28; Vinski-Gasparini 1987; Na tem mestu tudi ne moremo podrobneje obravnavati Šimek 2004; Teržan 2019. 82 vprašanja o provenienci meandraste ornamentike v vzho- See List no. 1 pertaining to fig. 4. For the vessels from dnoalpskem-panonskem prostoru, o kateri še ni izrečena Süttö and Százhalombatta it is not entirely clear whether zadnja beseda. they actually bear tin decoration. 439 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 439 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 Slika 4. Razprostranjenost posod s cinastim okrasom na območju Vzhodnih Alp in Panonije (dopolnjeno po Dobiat 1980, 199–200, Abb. 16): A – najdišča pozne kulture žarnih grobišč (prazen krožec), B – najdišča starejše železne dobe (poln krožec). Figure 4. Distribution of vessels with tin foil decoration on the territory of south- eastern Alps and Pannonian Plain (supplemented after Dobiat 1980, 199– 200, Abb. 16): A – Late Urnfield period sites (open circle), B – Early Iron Age sites (closed circle). well. Furthermore, realisations can appear, which Lista 1 ( sl. 4) are done either with bronze appliqués or with in- A: 1. St. Andrä v.d.Hgt., grob / grave (A): Eibner 1974, 209, cised and grooved decoration, as well as decora-Taf. 23 e; Dobiat 1980, 199 (1). tions, realised with series of impressed or stamped 2. Brhlovce, grob / grave (SK): Oždani 1977, Obr. 4; Fur-dots or even those done exclusively with stamping mánek et al. 1999, 148, Taf. 19 b; Dobiat 1980, 199 (4). 3. Batina, grobna najdba / grave find (HR): Metzner-Ne- ( fig. 5). Significant, though, is that in the eastern belsick 2002, 605, Taf. 11: 1–2. Hallstatt zone the meander ornament does not ap- 4. Pécs-Jakabhegy (H): Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 95, pear before the beginning of the Hallstatt period, Abb. 29. that is, as late as in the Ha C period, whereas it be- 5. Ormož, grobovi / graves (SLO): Tomanič-Jevremov 1988-1989, 290, T. 6: 3; 22: 1–2; 23: 3; 24; 5. comes more frequent only in its developed stage.83 6. Ptuj, grob / grave (SLO): Lubšina-Tušek 2014, 200- This fact can best be exemplified by vessels with tin 201, Sl. 9.4: 17; Dular, Lubšina-Tušek 2014, 27, T. decoration from Ormož. In the cremation graves 2: 3. 7. Miklavž na Dravskem polju, grobovi / graves (SLO): from flat necropolis, lying to the west of the settle- Črešnar, Murko 2014, 210-211, Sl. 10.7: 12. ment and dated around the Ha B2/B3 period, are B: 83 Cfr. Stjernquist 1962–1963, 140–147, Abb. 2–7; Frey 8. Poštela in Pivola pri Mariboru, gomile / tumuli (SLO): 1969, 73–76, 113, Abb. 40–43 (List 4); Dobiat 1980, Teržan 1990, 335, T. 64: 3; glej tu Tab. 17: 1–2; 18: 4); 130–132, Abb. 16–17 (List 3); Brosseder 2004, 298–305, Dobiat 1980, 200 (16). Abb. 191–193; Teržan 2014, 255–256, fig. 2: 1. This is 9. Spodnje Podlože pod Ptujsko goro, gomile / tumuli also not the occasion to go into greater detail as regards (SLO): Tomanič-Jevremov 1975, 108, T. 1: 8; Lubšithe question about the origin of meander ornament in the na-Tušek 1996, 94-95, T. 8: 2 (?); 10: 8; Dobiat 1980, territory of eastern Alps and Pannonia, on which the final 200 (17). word is still to be said. 440 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 440 8. 03. 2021 12:55:57 attested exclusively vessels, decorated with circles 10. Rifnik pri Šentjurju, gomila in naselbina / tumulus and and triangles as well as with zig-zag and horizon-settlement (SLO): Vrenčur 2011, T. 17; Vrenčur 2017, T. 15: 9, 17; 16: 12–15; 25: 10. tal bands. On the contrary, from the tumuli near 11. Hardek pri Ormožu, gomila / tumulus (SLO): Pahič Hardek, which stretch east from the settlement and 1966, 113, T. 1: 3; Dobiat 1980, 199 (8). can be dated in the Ha C period, the fragments of 12. Martijanec pri Varaždinu, gomila / tumulus (HR): Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41–45, T. 4: 2; 5–6; 7: 1–7; vessels, decorated with meander motif are known.84 Šimek 2004, 118-119, 301 (kat.št. 14,1), Sl. 31–32; Fragments of a vessel with a tin foil meander-shaped Dobiat 1980, 199 (14). decoration also originate from one of the tumuli 13. Kaptol pri Slavonski Požegi, gomile / tumuli (HR): Pavličić, Potrebica 2013, 30–31, Sl. 9; 11; 13; Potrebica from the Hallstatt period (Ha C) in the nearby site 2013, 178–179, Sl. 41; 94. of Spodnje Podlože beneath Ptujska gora.85 14. Dalj, grobne najdbe / grave finds (HR): Vinski-GaspaTin ornamentation on the vessels from Pivola, rini 1961, 45–46, T. 9: 1–2, 3–4; Metzner-Nebelsick which somewhat varies from vessel to vessel, fea- 2002, 669-670, Taf. 72: 9–12; 74: 8–9; Dobiat 1980, 199 (7). tures very special compositions. On the high con- 15. Kleinklein, gomile / tumuli (A): Dobiat 1980, 130- ical necks of all three vessels the basic ornamental 132, 199 (3), Taf. 52: 4; 57: 4; 95: 1; Kramer M. 2013, motif is represented by a rhombus,86 which consists 366, Taf. 52. 16. Strettweg, gomila / tumulus (A): Schmid 1934, 19; of a central element surrounded by a rhomb-shaped Dobiat 1980, 199 (2). frame, both of which are composed of the same pat- 17. Vaskeresztes, gomile / tumuli (H): Fekete 1985, 35ss, terns, namely meander-derived elements in the form 61-63, Abb. 5: 1–3, 5–7; 7: 1; 17: 1–2; 18: 6, 8-10; 19; of double-hooked sequences (or of a line with series 20: 2. 18. Csönge, gomila / tumulus (H): Lazar 1955, 206, 211, of hook-like motifs, shaped like the letter Z).87 The fig. 6–7, Taf. 32: 6; Stjernquist 1962-1963, 139–143, neck of the first vessel evidently shows a series of such Abb. 2–5; Patek 1993, Abb. 96: 4; Dobiat 1980, 199 rhombus ( Pl. 17: 1), which repeats also at the second (5). 19. Gemeinlebarn, gomila / tumulus (A): Dungel, Szom- vessel, although the space between rhombus plates, bathy 1903, 64–65, fig. 53. along the lower edge of the conical neck, is here ad- 20. Janiky, Dunajská Streda, gomila / tumuli (SK): Studeditionally filled with standing triangles, composed of nikova 1996, 504. similar patterns as in the case of rhombuses ( Pl. 17: 21. Ipelský Sokolec / Ipolyszakállos, grobne najdbe / grave finds (SK): Kemenczei 1977, 74, Abb. 6: 2–6; Dobiat 2). The decoration of the third vessel consists besides 1980, 199 (6). rhombus elements with meander-like pattern also 22. Süttö, gomile/ tumuli (H): Kemenczei 1977, 76–78, of rhombic and triangle elements, which are com- Abb. 2; 3; Patek 1993, Taf. 7: 1. 23. Százhalombatta, gomile / tumuli (H): Holport 1993, posed of small, colour-alternating, white and black, 27, 5. kép. triangles, while between the rhomb-shaped and tri- 24. Libna, gomila / tumuli (SLO): Guštin 1976, 40, T. 26: angle elements also slanting bands of double-hooked 1–2; Dobiat 1980, 199 (12). 25. Novo mesto, gomile / tumuli (SLO): Gabrovec 1968, sequences are added ( Pl. 18: 4). Unfortunately, the 160, 171–172, T. 4: 1–2; Knez 1993, 35; T. 4; 6; Ter-ornamentation in the lower part of discussed vessels žan 2014, 253–255, sl. 2: 1–2; Šmid 2014; Dobiat is so badly preserved that it eludes a reliable under- 1980, 200 (15). standing of ornamental compositions. Nevertheless, 26. Stična, gomila/ tumuli (SLO): Gabrovec et al. 2006, 22, 46, 85–86, 161–162, T. 5: 4–9; 29: 22–24; 66: in one of the examples it is possible to discern that 114; 139; Dobiat 1980, 200 (18). the vessel has been decorated on the shoulders and 27. Breg pri Rožeku / Frög bei Rosseg, gomile / tumuli (A): at its maximum diameter with at least three rows Tomedi 2002, 415, 416, 431, Taf. 2: 1–7; 4: 31–32; 8: 2 (pri posodah gre verjetno povečini za svinčene aplike, of concentric meander hooks and that this orna- čeprav Tomedi omenja tudi cin). mental band was bordered on its lower edge with 28. (=3). Batina, gomila / tumulus (Metzner-Nebelsick a line of running hooks or asymmetric meander in 2017, 442, fig. 7). the so-called “running dog” motif ( Pl. 17: 2).88 On the second vessel it can be discerned that the okvirno datirana v Ha B2/B3, so zastopane izključno 84 Cfr. Tomanič-Jevremov 1988–1989, 290, T. 6: 3; 22: 1–2; posode okrašene s krožci, trikotniki, cik-cakastimi 23: 4; 24: 5; Pahič 1966, 113, T. 1: 3. in vodoravnimi pasovi, medtem ko so iz gomil pri 85 Tomanič-Jevremov 1975, 108, T. 1: 8; Lubšina Tušek Hardeku, ki se razprostirajo vzhodno od naselbine in 1996, 95, T. 10: 8. 86 Rhombic element with inscribed concentric meander sodijo v čas Ha C, znani fragmenti posod, okrašeni pattern represents also a basic ornamental motif on two z motivom meandra.84 Fragmenti posode s cinastim fragments of the so-called firedogs or altars from the set-meandrastim okrasom pa izvirajo tudi iz ene izmed tlement at Poštela (Teržan 1990, 270–271, T. 7: 2–3). 87 Cfr. e.g. Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17: 8, 14. 84 88 Primerjaj Tomanič-Jevremov 1988–1989, 290, T. 6: 3; 22: Cfr. e.g. Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17: 5; Brosseder 1–2; 23: 4; 24: 5; Pahič 1966, 113, T. 1: 3. 2004, 300–301, Abb. 191 (List 4). 441 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 441 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 halštatskodobnih (Ha C) gomil v bližnjih Spodnjih shoulders had been decorated with a series of hook-Podložah pod Ptujsko goro.85 like motifs, shaped similarly as the capital letter T Cinasti okrasi na pivolskih posodah, ki se od ( Pl. 17: 1), while the third vessel possibly featured a posode do posode nekoliko razlikujejo, pa predsta-running meander ornament, realised with bands of vljajo prav posebne kompozicije. Na visokih stož- double-hooked sequences ( Pl. 18: 4). Thus, we can častih vratovih vseh treh posod je osnovni okrasni clearly speak of vessels with unique compositions, motiv romb,86 pri čemer obdaja osrednji lik rom- for which analogies can be found only as regards the bični okvir iz enakih elementov, namreč iz derivata individual motifs and not for the entire decoration meandra v obliki dvojno kavljaste lestvice (oz. črte design. The double-hooked sequences and mean- z nanizanimi Z-kavljastimi motivi).87 Na vratu prve der-derived motifs can be found on vessel fragments posode gre očitno za niz enakih rombov ( Tab. 17: from Rifnik89 as well as on one of the two vessels with 1), pri drugi prav tako, le da prostor med rombi ob high conical neck from the tumulus “Gamulica” at spodnjem robu stožčastega vratu izpolnjujejo stoje- Martijanec in Podravina.90 However, even these two či trikotniki, katerih okras je izveden na enak način vessels with conical neck from the tumulus in Mar- kot pri rombih ( Tab. 17: 2). Pri tretji posodi pa so tijanec vary in their decoration like the examples in poleg rombov z meandrastim okrasom zastopani še the tumulus no. 14 of Pivola as they feature a rather liki rombov in trikotnikov, sestavljeni iz majhnih different composition of meander-like elements.91 barvno izmenjujočih se belih in temnih trikotni- Double-hooked sequences, albeit somewhat differ- kov. Med liki rombov in trikotnikov pa potekajo ent, and asymmetric meander in the “running dog” še poševni pasovi dvojno kavljastih lestvic ( Tab. 18: motif are attested on the ceramic from tumulus I in 4). Žal je ornamentika v spodnjem delu teh posod Csönge,92 single-hooked sequences appear on a vessel preslabo ohranjena, da bi si lahko ustvarili ustrezno with animal protome from the tumulus V in Vaszar, sliko o okrasni kompoziciji na njih. Vendar pa je za while the concentric hook meander adorned the ce- eno izmed njih možno sklepati, da je bila na rami ramic lid in the mound 2 at Somlóvásárhely.93 If we in na največjem obodu okrašena z vsaj tremi vrsta- take into consideration the basic decorative motif on mi kavljastih koncentričnih meandrov in da je bil ta the necks of vessels from Pivola, which is represented ornamentalni pas na spodnji strani omejen z nizom by a framed rhombic plate, that is, a smaller rhom- povezanega kavljastega oz. asimetričnega meandra v bus enclosed within a larger rhomb-shaped frame, motivu tako imenovanega »tekočega psa« ( Tab. 17: these vessels are connected with ornament on the 2).88 Pri drugi izmed njih se da slutiti, da je bilo rame ceramic from the region north of the Alps. There it posode okrašeno z nizom kavljastih motivov v obliki appears on the vessels from the surroundings of the velike črke T ( Tab. 17: 1), medtem ko je bil na tre-Lake Constance and further across the areas along tji posodi verjetno okras tekočega meandra, izveden the upper stream of the Danube river all the way to s pasovi dvojno kavljastih lestvic ( Tab. 18: 4). Gre the area of Kalenderberg culture, as for example in torej za edinstvene kompozicije, sestavljene iz deri- 89 Finds are kept by the Celje Regional Museum, see Vrenčur vatov meandrastih motivov v kompleksen ornament, 2017, T. 15: 9, 17; 25: 10. pri čemer je najti analogije le posameznim motivom, 90 Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41–45, T. 4: 2; 6: 1; Stjernquist ne pa celotnim kompozicijam. Z dvojno kavljastimi 1962–1963, 145–147, Abb. 7; Frey 1969, 75, Abb. 42. 91 Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41, T. 4: 1; 5: 1; ead. 1987, T. 20: lestvicami in derivatom kavljastega meandra so okra-16; Majnarić-Pandžić 1998, 234–235, figs. 56; 58 (in the šeni n.pr. fragmenti posod iz Rifnika89 in ena izmed subtitles of quoted figures with the vessel, it is stated that dveh posod z visokim stožčastim vratom iz gomile it goes for a black ornament. This information is however inadequate as the graphite-coated base of the meander or- »Gamulice« iz Martijanca v Podravini.90 Za primer- nament had been pasted over with tin foil.); Šimek 2004, javo s pivolsko gomilo 14 naj navedemo še dejstvo, 118–119, 301 (Cat. No. 14,1), figs. 31–32. Larger num- 85 Tomanič-Jevremov 1975, 108, T. 1: 8; Lubšina-Tušek ber of vessels decorated with tin foil has been discovered in 1996, 95, T. 10: 8. the last years also in the tumulus 6 at Kaptol-Gradac, but 86 Romb z vpisanim koncentričnim meandrom pa predsta- they remain published only in part: see Potrebica 2013, vlja tudi osnovni okrasni motiv na dveh fragmentih tako 178–179, figs. 41; 94; id. 2019, 495, fig. 5. 92 imenovanih ognjiščnih koz oz. oltarjev z naselbine na Po-Stjernquist 1962–1963, 139–143, Abb. 2–5; Patek 1993, šteli (Teržan 1990, 270–271, T: 7: 2–3). Abb. 96: 4. 87 93 Primerjaj npr. Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17: 8, 14. Horvath 1969, 111, 126–127, figs. 3; 19; Patek 1993, 88 Primerjaj npr. Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17: 5; 94–95, Abb. 74: 2; 65: 3. The decoration on the both Brosseder 2004, 300–301, Abb. 191 (Liste 4). cited examples, though, is not realised with tin foil, but 89 Najdbe hrani Pokrajinski muzej v Celju, glej Vrenčur with black paint or graphite-coating. Similar painted or-2017, T. 15: 9, 17; 25: 10. naments can be found also on the vessels from tumuli in 90 Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41–45, T. 4: 2; 6: 1; Stjernquist Százhalombatta: see Holport 1985, Abb. 23: 1; ead. 1986, 1962–1963, 145–147, Abb. 7; Frey 1969, 75, Abb. 42. Pl. 6: 1. 442 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 442 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 da posodi s stožčastim vratom v tej martijanški go-Gemeinlebarn, Nové Košariská and Sopron-Varhely, mili prav tako nista okrašeni povsem enako, temveč whereas the best parallel can be found on the vessel je kompozicija njunih meandrastih elementov pre- fragments from Unterzögersdorf. Obviously, we can cej različna.91 Dvojno kav ljasta lestvica, čeprav ne- speak of a symbol established both in the western as koliko drugačna, in asimetrični meander v motivu in the eastern Hallstatt cultural zone.94 »tekočega psa« sta zastopana na keramiki iz gomile We mentioned already that completely identical I v Csöngeju,92 enojno kavljasta pa na posodi z ži- meander motifs as those on the vessels of Pivola are valskim protomom iz gomile V v Vaszarju, medtem nearly absent on the ceramic from Kleinklein, al- ko je koncentričen kavljasti meander krasil pokrov though separate elements are used to decorate many v gomili 2 v Somlóvásárhelyju.93 Če pa upoštevamo bronze vessels, both situlae and cists together with osnovni motiv okrasa na vratovih pivolskih posod, their lids, but even the bronze plates of hands or ki ga predstavlja uokvirjeni romb oz. manjši romb palms in the tumuli of Kröllkogel and Pommerko- v večjem rombu, pa le-ta povezuje pivolske posode gel.95 On the other hand, the meander ornament can z ornamentiko na keramiki iz področja severno od be realised also in other techniques ( fig. 5). In the Alp, kjer se pojavlja na posodah od okolice Boden-case of the ceramic from Kleinklein the red-black skega jezera pa v širokem pasu vzdolž gornjega toka combination is the most frequent, while also the Donave vse do območja kalenderberške kulturne red ornament on a dark ground or otherwise the in- skupine, kot npr. v Gemeinlebarnu, Nove Košariski cised or fluted decoration is attested.96 The red-black in Sopronu-Varhelyju, še najboljšo primerjavo pa combination decorates the vessel with conical neck predstavljajo fragmenti posode iz Unterzögersdorfa. from the tumulus near Leibniz-Altenmarkt97 and Gre očitno za simbol, uveljavljen tako v zahodno- the dish from Graz,98 but also the already mentioned kot tudi vzhodno-halštatskem kulturnem krogu.94 two vessels with conical neck from the tumulus in Kot že omenjeno, je zanimivo, da povsem ena- Martijanec and vessels of the same type from Nagy- kih meandrastih motivov kot na pivolskih posodah berki-Szalacska.99 With series of impressed dots are na keramiki v Kleinkleinu skorajda ni zaslediti, so realised meander-like ornaments on the vessel from pa s posameznimi elementi le-teh okrašene številne the looted tumulus at Novine100 and on the dish and bronaste posode, tako situle kot ciste ter njihovi po- vessel fragments from the settlement of Ormož.101 It krovi in celo bronaste oplate rok oz. dlani v gomilah seems then, that the meander ornament, irrespec- Kröll- in Pommerkogel.95 Meandrast okras je lahko tive of the technique with which it was realised, izveden tudi na druge načine ( sl. 5). Na keramiki v 94 Kleinkleinu gre najpogosteje za rdečo-črno kombi- Brosseder 2004, 159 ff, 430, Abb. 110 (Map: dot signs; List no. 104). For Unterzögersdorf see Nebelsick 1997, nacijo, zastopan je tudi rdeč okras na temni podlagi 62, Abb. 21; 13–14. 95 Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17; Kramer 2013, 368; for 91 Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41, T. 4: 1; 5: 1; ista 1987, T. 20: the bronze hand-shaped plates and vessels see Egg, Kramer 16; Majnarić-Pandžić 1998, 234–235, sl. 56; 58 (v pod-2013, 171 ff, Abb. 66; 68; 77; 82; 84; 85; 86; 96; 97; 98; napisih k citiranim slikam posode je navedeno, da gre za T. 20–22; 27; 33; Egg, Kramer 2016, 115 ff, Abb. 48; 49; črni okras, kar je pomanjkljiv podatek, saj je bil z grafitom 50; 56; 57. 96 narisan meandrast okras prelepljen s cinastimi lističi); Ši-Dobiat 1980, 135–136, T. 19: 2; 29: 4; 47: 1–4; 75: 3; 95: mek 2004, 118–119, 301 (kat. št. 14,1), sl. 31–32. Večje 5; 97: 2; 110: 8 (black on a red ground); 93: 1, 5 (red); število posod okrašenih s cinastimi lističi je bilo v zadnjih 110: 15 (incision/fluting); Egg, Kramer 2013, T. 72: 1–2; letih odkritih tudi v gomili 6 v Kaptolu-Gradcu, vendar so 83: 2, 3 (series of dots); 78: 1–7 (incision/fluting); 79: 1, 3 le delno objavljene: glej Potrebica 2013, 178–179, sl. 41; (black on a red ground). Fragments of vessels with black-94; id. 2019, 495, fig. 3. red decoration and possible meander motif originate also 92 Stjernquist 1962–1963, 139–143, Abb. 2–5; Patek 1993, from the settlement of Burgstallkogel (Dobiat 1990, 49, T. Abb. 96: 4. 22: B 11). 93 97 Horvath 1969, 111, 126–127, Fig. 3; 19; Patek 1993, 94– Mele 2011, 68–69, Cat. No. 26. Although represented 95, Abb. 74: 2; 65: 3. Okras na obeh citiranih kosih pa ni only with a minor fragment, it seems that the meander izveden s cinastimi lističi, temveč verjetno s črno barvo oz. motif was present also on the vessel from Frauenberg near grafitom. Podobne barvane okrase pa je zaslediti tudi na Leibniz/Lipnica, in this case realised with graphite on a posodah iz gomil iz Százhalombatte: glej Holport 1985, black lustrous ground (Hebert, Lehner 1996, 138, T. 2: 2). 98 Abb. 23: 1; ista 1986, Pl. 6: 1. Hebert, Lehner 1996, 151, Abb. 13: 2. 94 99 Brosseder 2004, 159 ss, 430, Abb. 110 (Karta: oznaka See List no. 2 pertaining to fig.5. 100 pike; Liste 104). Za Unterzögersdorf glej Nebelsick 1997, Gaberz et al. 2015, 135–136, Fig. 23; T. 1: 1; 2. Identical 62, Abb. 21: 13–14. is also the ornament on the vessel from the settlement of 95 Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Abb. 17; M. Kramer 2013, 368; Smolenice-Molpír (Dušek, Dušek 1984, T. 29: 1, 3). 101 za bronaste roke in posode glej Egg, Kramer 2013, 171 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 103: 1; Mele 2014, ss, Abb. 66; 68; 77; 82; 84; 85; 86; 96; 97; 98; Taf. 20– 178–180, fig. 10: 1. With incised asymmetric meander in 22; 27; 33; Egg, Kramer 2016, 115 ss, Abb. 48; 49; 50; the »running dog« motif is decorated also the fragment of 56; 57. a wall plaster from Ormož: Lamut 1988–1989, T. 21: 15. 443 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 443 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 Slika 5. Razprostranjenost keramike z mean- drastim okrasom na jugovzhodnoalpskem in jugozahodno- panonskem področju: A – cinast meandrast okras (prazen kro- žec), B – meandrast okras v rdeče-črni barvni kombinaciji (poln krožec), C – meandrast okras iz nizov vtisnjenih pik (trikotnik), D – črn meandrast okras na temni podlagi (poln kvadrat), E – mean- drast okras izdelan s plastičnimi rebri (prazen kvadrat). Figure 5. Distribu- tion of vessels with meander ornament in the south-eastern Al- pine and south-west- Lista 2 ( sl. 5) 19. (=9). Dalj, grobne najdbe / grave finds: glej listo 1: 14. ern Pannonian area: A: 20. Nagyberki-Szalacska, gomila / tumulus: Kemenczei 1976, A – meander orna-1. Vaskeresztes, gomile / tumuli: glej listo 1: 17. 204–205, Abb. 2; 4. ment realised with tin 2. Kleinklein, gomile / tumuli: glej listo 1: 15. 21. Stična, gomile / tumuli: Gabrovec et al. 2006, 26–28, T. foil decoration (open 3. Poštela in Pivola pri Mariboru, gomile / tumuli: glej listo 10: 20, 21. circle), B – meander 1: 8. 22. Magdalenska gora, grobna najdba / grave find: Tecco Hvala ornament realised 4. Spodnje Podlože pod Ptujsko goro, gomile / tumuli: glej et al. 2004, 89, T. 143: 1. with red-black paint- listo 1: 9. ing combination 5. Rifnik pri Šentjurju, gomila in naselbina / tumulus and set- C: (open circle), C – tlement: glej listo 1: 10. 23. Novine pri Šentilju / Bubenberg bei Spielfeld, gomila / tu-meander ornament 6. Hardek pri Ormožu, gomila / tumulus: glej listo 1: 11. mulus: Gaberz et al. 2015, 135–136, sl. 23; Taf. 1: 1; 2. realised with series of 7. Martijanec pri Varaždinu, gomila/ tumulus: glej listo 1: 12. 24. Ormož, naselbina / settlement: Dular, Tomanič-Jevremov impressed dots (trian-8. Kaptol pri Slavonski Požegi, gomile / tumuli: glej listo 2010, T. 103: 1; Mele 2014, 178–180, sl. 10: 1. gle), D – black paint- 1: 13. 25. Lendava/ Pri Muri, naselbina / settlement: Šavel, Sankovič ed meander ornament 9. Dalj, grobne najdbe / grave finds: glej listo 1: 14. 2011, sl. 270. on a dark ground (closed square), E – B: D: meander ornament 10. (= 1). Vaskeresztes, gomile / tumuli: Fekete 1985, 48 ss, 26. Frauenberg pri Lipnici / Frauenberg bei Leibnitz, naselbina realised with plastic Abb. 17: 1; 18: 1. / settlement: Hebert, Lehner 1996, 138, Taf. 2: 2. ribs (closed square). 11. Gradec / Graz, verjetno grobna najdba / probably grave 27. Führholz pri Mitteltrixenu, Velikovec / Völkermarkt, gro-find: Hebert, Lehner 1996, 151, Abb. 13: 2. bovi / graves: Wedenig 2005, 26–27, Abb. 15. 12. Lipnica / Leibnitz – Altenmarkt, gomile / tumuli: Mele 2011, 68–69, Kat. 26. E: 13. (= 2). Kleinklein, gomile / tumuli: Dobiat 1980, 135–136, 28. (= 2). Kleinklein – Burgstallkogel, naselbina / settlement: Taf. 19: 2; 29: 4; 47: 1–4; 75: 3; 95: 5; 97: 2; 110: 8; Egg, Dobiat 1990, 42–43, Taf. 18: 15–17. Kramer 2013, Taf. 79: 1, 3; Dobiat 1990, 49, Taf. 22: B 29. Mellach, Fernitz pri Wildonu, naselbina / settlement: Do-11. biat 1990, 43, Abb. 21. 14. Breg pri Rožeku / Frög bei Rosegg, gomile / tumuli: Tome- 30. (= 3). Poštela, naselbina / settlement: Teržan 1990, T. 29: 1. di 2002, 495, Taf. 67: 3. 31. Sv. Petar Ludbreški, naselbina / settlement: Vinski-Gaspa-15. (= 3). Poštela pri Mariboru, naselbina / settlement: Teržan rini 1987, T. 23: 7. 1990, 276, T. 12: 2–3. 32. (= 20). Nagyberki-Szalacska, gomila / tumulus: Kemenczei 16. (=4). Spodnje Podlože pod Ptujsko goro, gomile / tumuli: 1974, fig. 3: 7. Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 94–95, T. 8: 2–3. 33. Vát, Szombathely, naselbina / settlement: Molnár, Farkas 17. Griže-Šešče, grobna najdba / grave find: Teržan 1990, 357, 2010, 110–116, Abb. 4–7; 8: 1; 9; 14: 1. T. 77: 16. 34. Velem-Szent Vid, naselbina / settlement: Molnár, Farkas 18. (=7). Martijanec, gomila / tumuli: glej listo 1: 12. 2010, 128 s, Abb. 154: 2. 444 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 444 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 ali pa vrezan oz. žlebljen ornament.96 Z rdečo-črno represents a rather frequent decoration in the regions kombinacijo sta okrašeni tudi posoda s stožčastim of Styria and Pannonia both on the grave- as on the vratom iz gomile pri Lipnici/ Leibnitz-Altenmarkt97 settlement-ceramics.102 As such, it can be designated in skleda iz Gradca/ Graza98 ter že omenjeni posodi s as one of the characteristic ornamental and symbolic stožčastim vratom iz gomile z Martijanca in posode elements, used by the communities, which lived on istega tipa iz Nagyberki-Szalacske.99 Z nizom vtisnje- this territory in the Ha C period ( figs. 4–5). nih pik pa so izvedeni meandrasti okrasi na posodi iz At the same time, the meander motif ornaments izropane gomile na Novinah100 ter na skledi in čre- are very recurrent on the ceramics of the Kalender- pinjah iz ormoške naselbine.101 Kaže torej, da pred- berg culture, where they are arranged for the most stavlja meandrast okras na prostoru Štajerske in juž- part in a rather original manner. Even though also ne Panonije ne glede na izvedbo razmeroma pogost here the black painted or graphite-coated ornament okras tako na grobni kot tudi naselbinski keramiki102 on the red painted ground prevails, the compositions in ga kot takšnega lahko označimo za enega izmed of meander motifs differ in a no small measure from značilnih okrasnih in simbolnih elementov skupno- those on the vessels from Styria and south Panno- sti, živečih na tem prostoru v stopnji Ha C ( sl. 4–5). nian Plain. Therefore, it is beyond doubt that these Ornamentika z motivi meandra je prav tako zelo compositions are specific to the mentioned territo- pogosta na keramiki kalenderberške kulturne skupi- ry of the Danubian Plain, between Statzendorf-Ge- ne, kjer je povečini izvedena na precej svojstven na- meinlebarn and the Slovakian sites, foremost the čin. Čeprav prevladuje tudi tu črno barvani ali gra- site of Nové Košariská, as well as those in the wider fitirani okras na rdeče barvani površini posod, pa se area around the Lake Neusiedl, such as the site of kompozicije meandrastih motivov precej razlikujejo Sopron-Varhely.103 od tistih na štajerski oz. južno panonski keramiki We can summarise our short overview with an in so nedvomno specifične za omenjeno območje observation that practically each site, that is, each Podonavske nižine med Statzendorf-Gemeinlebar- necropolis or even each tumulus, within which such nom in slovaškimi najdišči z Nove Košariska na čelu ceramic is attested, demonstrates independent and ter tistimi v širši okolici Nežiderskega jezera, kot je variable realisations of the meander motif. However, Sopron-Varhely.103 it seems that these differing realisations of meander Naš kratek pregled lahko strnemo z ugotovitvi- ornament cannot be understood only through lo- jo, da izkazuje skoraj vsak kraj – vsaka nekropola ali cal differences or specifics, but rather as a result of 96 the prominence to possess the precious vessels, es- Dobiat 1980, 135–136, Taf. 19: 2; 29: 4; 47: 1–4; 75: 3; 95: 5; 97: 2; 110: 8 (črn na rdeči podlagi); 93: 1, 5 (rdeč); pecially those with tin decoration or with ornament 110: 15 (vrez/žleb). Egg, Kramer 2013, Taf. 72: 1–2; 83: in red-black combination. In any case, it should not 2, 3 (nizi pik); 78: 1–7 (vrez/ žleb); 79: 1, 3 (črn na rdebe overlooked that the latter are to be found mostly či podlagi). Fragmenti posod s črno-rdečim okrasom, na katerih gre morda za meander, izvirajo iz Burgstallkogla in tumuli, which stand out as regards the wealth of (Dobiat 1990, 49, Taf. 22: B 11). their grave-goods,104 what consequently also points 97 Mele 2011, 68–69, Kat. št. 26. Čeprav gre le za manjši to the special denotative and symbolic meaning of fragment, se zdi, da je bila z meandrom okrašena tudi posoda iz Frauenberga pri Lipnici, pri čemer je okras these precious vessels.105 In this way, the ceramic izveden z grafitom na črno svetleči se podlagi (Hebert, with meander ornament from the tumulus no. 14 Lehner 1996, 138, Taf. 2: 2). of Pivola represents an additional indication for the 98 Hebert, Lehner 1996, 151, Abb. 13: 2. 99 high social status of the notable buried there. Glej Listo 2 k sl. 5. 100 Gaberz et al. 2015, 135–136, sl. 23; Taf. 1: 1; 2. Enak The completely looted tumulus no. 13 of Pivola pa je tudi okras na posodi iz naselbine Smolenice-Molpír contained besides several other pieces only the frag- (Dušek, Dušek 1984, Taf. 29: 1, 3. 101 ments of three vessels, which could be reconstructed Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 103: 1; Mele 2014, 102 178–180, sl. 10: 1. Z vrezanim asimetričnim meandrom v Interestingly, among the settlement ceramic mostly the motivu »tekočega psa« je okrašen tudi kos ometa iz Ormo- meander ornament realised with plastic ribs is attested (see ža: Lamut 1988–1989, T. 21: 15. List 2 D pertaining to fig. 5). From the settlement in Or-102 Zanimivo je, da je med naselbinsko keramiko pogost pred- mož fragments of a firedog and wall plaster are preserved, vsem okras meandra, izveden s plastičnimi rebri (glej sl. 5, which feature the meander decoration realised in fluting Lista 2 D). Iz naselbine v Ormožu pa so ohranjeni kosi (Lamut 1988–89, 239–240, T. 21: 15; 24: 4). 103 ognjiščne koze in stenskega ometa, okrašeni z žlebljenim Cfr. Siegfried-Weiss 1979, 100–101, Abb. 2; Brosseder meandrom (Lamut 1988–89, 239–240, T. 21: 15; 24: 4). 2004, 300–305, Abb. 192–193; and also Pichlerova 1969, 103 Primerjaj Siegfried-Weiss 1979, 100–101, Abb. 2; Bros- Tab. 1–4; 6–7; 12–13 etc.; Studenikova 1995, 60–65, Obr. seder 2004, 300–305, Abb. 192–193; in tudi Pichlerova 7; 9: 3; 11: 2; Urminsky 2001, 83–88, Obr. 3–4; 6: 1. 104 1969, Tab. 1–4; 6–7; 12–13 itd.; Studenikova 1995, 60– Dobiat 1980, 135–136; Brosseder 2004, 311, Abb. 194; 65, Obr. 7; 9: 3; 11: 2; Urminsky 2001, 83–88, Obr. 3–4; Kramer M. 2013, 370. 105 6: 1. See e.g. Fekete 1985, 63. 445 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 445 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 celo vsaka gomila –, kjer se pojavlja takšna keramika, in drawing ( Pl. 19: 10–11, 17). Among them is the samosvojo, variabilno izvedbo meandraste motivike. vessel with a high conical neck decorated under the Vendar se zdi, da se v različni izvedbi meandraste- rim with a band of horizontal grooves, the lower ga okrasa ne kažejo le lokalne razlike oz. specifike, edge of which is bordered with horizontal line of im- temveč tudi prestižnost v posedovanju dragocenih pressed semi-circular indentations or dots. The latter posod, zlasti tistih s cinastim okrasom ali pa z or- technique is used also for the rosette ornament in the namentom v rdeče-črni kombinaciji. Vsekakor ne central part of the vessel neck, which is composed gre za prezreti, da se slednje nahajajo predvsem v po of a central indentation surrounded by five equal bogastvu grobnih pridatkov izstopajočih gomilah,104 dots. On the shoulders the vessel was decorated with kar govori za njihov posebni označevalni in simbol- oblique interchanging bands of shallow grooves ( Pl. ni pomen.105 Keramika z meandrastim okrasom iz 19: 17). Such vessels can be placed among the charac-pivolske gomile 14 je poleg bojne opreme dodatni teristic ceramic types in the wider area of the eastern pokazatelj za visok družbeni status v njej pokopane- Hallstatt cultural zone, although they feature locally ga veljaka. dependent differences as regards their size, propor- V popolnoma izropani pivolski gomili 13 so tions or ornament. They are well attested at Poštela, bili poleg nekaj posameznih črepinj ohranjeni le še both in the settlement and in the pertaining tumuli fragmenti treh posod, ki so se dale risarsko rekon- (e.g. also in the tumulus no. 14: Pl. 18: 3), and rep-struirati ( Tab. 19: 10–11, 17). Med njimi je posoda resent one of the characteristic vessel types in the setz visokim stožčastim vratom, okrašenim pod ustjem tlement horizon II of Poštela or in the phase Štajerska s pasom vodoravnih kanelur, na spodnji strani pa III a.106 In the tumuli of the necropolis at Kleinklein omejenim z vodoravnim nizom vtisnjenih polkro- vessels with conical necks can be counted among the žnih vdolbinic oz. pik. Na enak način je izveden most numerous grave-goods, however they differ to a tudi okras rozet v osrednjem delu vratu posode, certain extent from the vessels of the same type from sestavljen iz osrednje vdolbinice, obdane s petimi Poštela as regards their proportions and compositions enakimi pikami. Na rami je bila posoda okrašena s of decorative elements.107 Only few vessels feature a poševnimi, izmenjujočimi se pasovi plitvih kanelur conical neck, which would be grooved in its upper ( Tab. 19, 17). Tovrstne posode sodijo med značilno section and would include also a line of impressed keramično zvrst na širšem prostoru vzhodnohalštat- dots.108 Also the rosette decoration differentiates as it skega kulturnega kroga, vendar izkazujejo glede na is not formed only by impressed indentations, but by velikost, proporce in okras lokalno pogojene razlike. a large hollowed or grooved circle with a central dot, Dobro so zastopane na Pošteli, tako v naselbini kot which is surrounded with a wreath of semi-circular- tudi v pripadajočih gomilah (npr. tudi v gomili 14: ly impressed dots or semi-circular indentations.109 In Tab. 18: 3), in predstavljajo enega izmed karakteri-spite of the local differences between the vessels with stičnih tipov posod v II. fazi Poštele oz. stopnji IIIa high conical necks from Kleinklein and Poštela, it is Štajerske.106 V gomilah nekropole Kleinkleina sodi- interesting that examples of vessels most similar to jo posode s stožčastimi vratovi med najbolj številne the ones from Poštela, especially to the ones from the grobne pridatke, vendar pa se po svojih proporcih in tumulus no. 13, can be found in the tumular group kompoziciji okrasnih elementov107 nekoliko razliku- of Grellwald. Most probably such similarities indi- jejo od posod istega tipa s Poštele. Le maloštevilne so cate close ties of this very community/lineage from posode, ki imajo stožčast vrat kaneliran pri vrhu in 106 Teržan 1990, 32–33, 37, 43, 53, figs. 2: 1–2; 4: 25, 29; 7: spremljan z nizom vtisnjenih polkrožnih vdolbinic/ 8–9; 10: 28; 11; T. 10: 13; 11: 5–6; 15: 11; 40: 1–3; 41: 2–3; 42: 2–4. pik.108 Tudi okras rozet se razlikuje, saj ga povečini ne 107 Dobiat 1980, 66–73, Abb. 8–9; Kramer 2015, 197, Abb. tvorijo le vtisnjene vdolbinice, temveč širok vdolben 5: 2. ali kaneliran krog s sredinsko piko, obdan z vencem 108 Dobiat 1980, T. 73: 1; 87: 5; 90: 1; Weihs 2003, 218, T. 1: 2, 4. 109 Dobiat 1980, 143, T. 73: 3–4; 77: 2; 84: 9; Weihs 2003, 104 Dobiat 1980, 135–136; Brosseder 2004, 311, Abb. 194; 218, T. 1: 5; 7: 6–7. Of course, the rosette decoration Kramer 2013, 370. composed of impressed dots represents a very common 105 Glej npr. Fekete 1985, 63. motif in the Central European territory in the Hallstatt 106 Teržan 1990, 32–33, 37, 43, 53, sl. 2: 1–2; 4: 25, 29; 7: period: see Kossack 1959, T. 153: D1. One vessel with 8–9; 10: 28; 11; T. 10: 13; 11: 5–6; 15: 11; 40: 1–3; 41: conical neck and a rosette, realised in such manner, is 2–3; 42: 2–4. known both from Poštela (Teržan 1990, 298, T. 42: 1) 107 Dobiat 1980, 66–73, Abb. 8–9; Kramer 2015, 197, Abb. and Ormož (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 135: 1), 5: 2. while as much as three such vessels originate from the sec-108 Dobiat 1980, T. 73: 1; 87: 5; 90: 1; Weihs 2003, 218, T. ond tumulus from Spodnje Podlože beneath Ptujska gora 1: 2, 4. (Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 88, 90–91, fig. 12; T. 1–3). 446 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 446 8. 03. 2021 12:55:58 polkrožno vtisnjenih pik oz. polkrožnih vdolbinic.109 Kleinklein with Poštela or with sites in the Podravje Kljub lokalnim razlikam med posodami z visokimi region. The discussed ornament is namely character- stožčastimi vratovi med Kleinkleinom in Poštelo, pa istic not only of the vessels at Poštela and the exam- je zanimivo, da se nahajajo primerki posod, ki so še ples from the tumulus treated here ( Pl. 19: 17), but najbolj podobne poštelskim, zlasti pa primerku iz can be also found elsewhere, such as for example at gomile 13, predvsem v gomilah iz skupine Grell- Ptuj – in Rabelčja vas, in Spodnje Podlože beneath wald, kar po vsej verjetnosti kaže na tesne povezave Ptujska gora and in Ormož as well as at Brinjeva gora, prav le-te kleinkleinske skupnosti/ rodu s Poštelo oz. what could possibly point to the local variety of such s kraji v Podravju. Namreč tak okras na keramiki (tj. an ornament in the Podravje region.110 vodoravno kaneliran zgornji del vratu s spremljajo- Further two vessels from the tumulus no. 13 of čim nizom polkrožnih vdolbinic/pik in rozete iz ven- Pivola are preserved only in fragments and belong ca pik s sredinsko piko) ni značilen le za posode na to the type of dishes with short cylindrical neck. In Pošteli in za primerek iz naše gomile ( Tab. 19: 17), all probability they both had a low foot. Special at-temveč ga je najti tudi drugod, tako npr. na Ptuju – v tention attracts their decoration as they are coated Rabelčji vasi, v Spodnjih Podložah pod Ptujsko goro with red overlay, whereas the cylindrical neck and in Ormožu ter na Brinjevi gori, kar morda kaže na the maximum diameter are decorated with graph- lokalno različico tega okrasa v Podravju.110 ite-coated vertical and oblique grooves ( Pl. 19: Drugi dve, le v fragmentih ohranjeni posodi iz pi- 10–11). Such type of vessel decoration is not very volske gomile 13 pripadata tipu skled s kratkim cilin-common at sites from the Hallstatt period in the dričnim vratom. Po vsej verjetnosti sta imeli obe niz- Podravje region. Decorated in this manner are only ko nogo. Posebno pozornost zbuja njun okras, kajti several vessels with conical neck and the deep dish po celotni površini sta prevlečeni z rdečim premazom, from Poštela and the pertaining tumuli,111 the footed medtem ko je cilindrični vrat in največji obod okra- bowl and the cup in one of the tumuli from Spodnje šen z grafitiranimi navpičnimi in poševnimi kanelura- Podlože112 as well as the vessels from already men- mi ( Tab. 19: 10–11). Na tak način okrašene posode tioned tumuli near Martijanec.113 More numerous niso prav pogoste v podravskih halštatskih najdiščih. are red-black painted vessels among the ceramic in V tej maniri je okrašenih le nekaj posod s stožčastim Kleinklein, where such decoration can be used on vratom in globoka skleda iz Poštele oz. pripadajočih different types of vessels. Especially prominent are gomil, 111 ciborij in skodelica v eni izmed gomil v Spo- the unique examples from the princely tumulus of dnjih Podložah,112 in posode iz že omenjenih gomil Kröllkogel.114 Both dishes from the tumulus of Piv- 109 110 Dobiat 1980, 143, Taf. 73: 3–4; 77: 2; 84: 9; Weihs 2003, Teržan 1990, 37 ff, figs. 4: 25; 7: 8–9; 10: 28; Tomanič- 218, Taf. 1: 5; 7: 6–7. Seveda predstavlja okras rozet iz Jevremov 1975, T. 1: 8; Lubšina-Tušek 1996, fig. 10: 8; vtisnjenih pik zelo razširjen motiv v srednjeevropskem Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 63: 1; 106: 2; Mele prostoru v halštatskem obdobju: glej Kossack 1959, Taf. 2014, 176, fig. 10: 6. 111 153: D 1. Po ena posoda s stožčastim vratom, ki ima na Teržan 1990, 35–36, 276, 297, 332–334, T. 11: 1, 3; 12: takšen način izvedeno rozeto, je znana s Poštele (Teržan 1–3, 10; 13: 1; 39: 2; 64: 1. It seems significant that also 1990, 298, T. 42: 1) in Ormoža (Dular, Tomanič-Jevre-these vessels are as a rule decorated with spiral or meander mov 2010, T. 135: 1), kar tri pa iz 2. gomile v Spodnjih ornament. According to the oral information by B. Kram-Podložah pod Ptujsko goro (Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 88, berger, a vessel with red-black decoration has been recent-90–91, sl. 12; T. 1–3). ly discovered during the rescue excavations in the vicinity 110 Teržan 1990, 37 ss, sl. 4: 25; 7: 8–9; 10: 28; Tomanič-Je-of Hoče, on the construction site of the future industrial vremov 1975, T. 1: 8; Lubšina-Tušek 1996, sl. 10: 8; Du-plant of the automotive company “Magna”. 112 lar, Tomanič-Jevremov 2010, T. 63: 1; 106: 2; Mele 2014, Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 89, 94, T. 8: 2–3. Although the two 176, sl. 10: 6. vessels are preserved only in fragments, we should mention 111 Teržan 1990, 35–36, 276, 297, 332–334, T. 11: 1, 3; 12: that they bear a meander ornament. A footed bowl (or two 1–3, 10; 13: 1; 39: 2; 64: 1. Pomenljivo se zdi, da so tudi te footed bowls), similar to the example from Spodnje Pod-posode praviloma okrašene s spiralnim ali pa meandrastim lože and likewise decorated with a meander motif, origi-okrasom. Glede na ustni podatek (B. Kramberger) je nate(s) from the central grave of the tumulus 48 in Stična, bila pred kratkim odkrita posoda z rdeče-črnim okrasom where it (they) attract(s) special attention as a foreign ele-pri zaščitnih izkopavanjih v bližini Hoč, na območju ment and open(s) an unusual discussion (Gabrovec et al. načrtovane gradnje industrijskega objekta avtomobilskega 2006, 26–28, T. 10: 20, 21). A deep bowl painted with koncerna »Magna«. red-black zigzag bands and with running asymmetric me- 112 Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 89, 94, T. 8: 2–3. Čeprav sta posodi ander is preserved from the area of tumuli at Griže-Šešče ohranjeni le fragmentarno, gre za meandrast okras. Podlo-in the Savinja Valley (Teržan 1990, 357, T. 77: 16). 113 škemu podoben ciborij (ali ciborija), prav tako okrašen(a) Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41, T. 4: 1; 5: 1; Majnarić-Pandžić z meandrastim motivom, pa izvira(ta) tudi iz centralnega 1998, 234–235, figs. 56–58; Šimek 2004, 118–119, 301 groba gomile 48 v Stični, kjer zbuja(ta) kot tuj element po- (Cat. No. 14,1), figs. 31–32. 114 sebno pozornost in nenavadno diskusijo (Gabrovec et al. Dobiat 1980, 128; Kramer 2013, 365, Abb. 181; T. 50; 2006, 26–28, T. 10: 20, 21). Globoka skleda prebarvana z 70; 72: 3; 75: 3; 79. 447 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 447 8. 03. 2021 12:55:59 pri Martijancu.113 Številneje so rdeče-črno barvane ola find their best analogies in the dishes with short posode zastopane med keramiko v Kleinkleinu, kjer cylindrical neck from the tumuli Forstwald 19 and pa so na tak način okrašene različne vrste posod. Po- 67 as well as Leitengritschwald 27, which can be sebej izstopajo ekskluzivni kosi iz knežje gomile Kröll- placed in the second and third phase of the Klein- kogel.114 Skledama iz pivolske gomile so še najbolj po- klein necropolis.115 Closely resembling the dishes dobne sklede s kratkim cilindričnim vratom iz gomil treated here are also two vessels from the tumulus Forstwald 19 in 67 ter Leitengritschwald 27, ki sodijo II in Vaskeresztes, even though they are completely v 2. oz. 3. fazo kleinkleinške nekropole.115 Sorodne black and burnished. They likewise represent dishes našim skledam sta tudi dve, in sicer v celoti črno po- with a foot and short cylindrical neck, while they lirani posodi iz gomile II iz Vaskeresztesa: gre namreč feature an almost identical decoration on their max- prav tako za skledi na nogi s kratkim cilindričnim imum diameter.116 Similar dishes are attested also vratom in skoraj enakim okrasom na največjem obo- in the Kalenderberg culture, such as for example in du.116 Tovrstne sklede pa so znane tudi v kalenderber- the tumuli near Bad Fischau and Nova Dedinka.117 ški kulturni skupini, npr. v gomilah pri Bad Fischauu However, it should be stressed, that decoration of ali Novi Dedinki.117 Vendar je potrebno omeniti, da vessels with red-black colour combinations is most je krašenje posod v rdečo–črni barvni kombinaciji po probably adopted from the western Hallstatt zone, vsej verjetnosti prevzeto iz zahodnohalštatskega kro- where it appears already in the Urnfield period, ga, kjer se pojavi že v obdobju kulture žarnih grobišč, while it asserts itself in the eastern Hallstatt zone, in da se uveljavi v vzhodnohalštatskem krogu, še zlasti especially in the Kalenderberg culture and its sub- v kalenderberški kulturni skupini in njeni podskupi- group of Statzendorf-Gemeinlebarn, as early as the ni Statzendorf-Gemeinlebarn, že na samem začetku very beginning of the Hallstatt period.118 In view of halštatskega obdobja.118 Naša primerka rdeče-črno the mentioned analogies from Kleinklein and Vask- barvanih skled pa glede na omenjene analogije iz Kle- eresztes, the two examples of red-black painted dish- inkleina in pa Vaszkeresztesa sodita v stopnjo Ha C2 es discussed here can be placed in the period of Ha in s tem podpirata datacijo gomile 13 ( Tab. 19) v 2. C2, what confirms the dating of the tumulus no. 13 ali 3. stopnjo Poštele oz. v okvir stopnje IIIa Štajerske. ( Pl. 19) in the second or third settlement horizon of Za razliko od obeh pivolskih gomil 13 in 14 je Poštela or within the phase Štajerska III a. bilo v Veliki gomili nad Razvanjem, čeprav je bila že In contrast to both tumuli nos. 13 and 14 from izropana, odkrito večje število posod, katerih sestav Pivola, the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above kaže na simpozialni servis za pogostitev več oseb ( sl. Razvanje, though likewise looted, contained a larger 6).119 Zastopano je namreč najmanj 7 velikih posod number of vessels, which indicate a set of symposi-z visokim stožčastim vratom, od katerih so tri enako um vessels, intended for the feasting of several peo- okrašene ( Tab. 2: 4; 3: 4; 4: 5), dve drugače in tudi ple ( fig. 6).119 Represented are namely at least seven različno ( Tab. 5: 3; 6: 2), ter dve neokrašeni ( Tab. 7: large vessels with a high conical neck, out of which 2; 8: 1), ob njih pa še po ena trebušasta shrambena three are decorated in the same manner ( Pls. 2: 4; posoda – pitos in en lonec ( Tab. 6: 1; 7: 1). Od je-3: 4; 4: 5), while two differ in decoration from the dilnega oz. pivskega servisa je ohranjenih najmanj 20 latter and also between each other ( Pls. 5: 3; 6: 2) plitvih skled/ latvic, od katerih jih ima okrog 10 na and further two remain undecorated ( Pls. 7: 2; 8: 1). dnu kaneliran okras v obliki križa z izmenjujočimi Along them two storage vessels with a wide belly – a se žarkastimi polji ( Tab. 2: 2–3; 3: 1–3; 5: 1–2; 8: pithos and a pot – are attested ( Pls. 6: 1; 7: 1). Out of 3–4; 12: 22), 2 ali 3 primerki so na dnu okrašeni s the dining or drinking vessel service at least twenty shallow dishes with inverted rims are present, out of rdeče-črnimi cikcakastimi pasovi in tekočim asimetričnim which around ten feature a grooved decoration in meandrom pa je ohranjena s področja gomil v Grižah-Še- ščah v Savinjski dolini (Teržan 1990, 357, T. 77: 16). the form of a cross with interchanging ray-like areas 113 Vinski-Gasparini 1961, 41, T. 4: 1; 5: 1; Majnarić-Pandžić on their bottoms ( Pls. 2: 2–3; 3: 1–3; 5: 1–2; 8: 3–4; 1998, 234–235, sl. 56–58; Šimek 2004, 118–119, 301 12: 22), further two or three examples are decorat- (kat. št. 14, 1), sl. 31–32 114 ed on their bottoms with grooved concentric circles Dobiat 1980, 128; Kramer 2013, 365, Abb. 181, Taf. 50; 70; 72: 3; 75: 3; 79. 115 115 Dobiat 1980, 128, 169–170, Taf. 34: 16; 48: 19; 99: 1, 6. Dobiat 1980, 128, 169–170, T. 34: 16; 48: 19; 99: 1, 6. 116 116 Fekete 1985, 51, Abb. 18: 3, 7 Fekete 1985, 51, Abb. 18: 3, 7. 117 117 Glej Szombathy 1924; Klemm 1996, 190–191, Taf. 9: See Szombathy 1924; Klemm 1996, 190–191, T. 9: 8.3.2; 8.3.2; 10: G; 11: 8.2; Studenikova 1994, 43, 49–50, Obr. 10: G; 11: 8.2; Studenikova 1994, 43, 49–50, Obr. 9: 9: 1–4, itd. 1–4, etc. 118 118 Brosseder 2004, 50–55; Rebay 2006, 75–77, 133. Brosseder 2004, 50–55; Rebay 2006, 75–77, 133. 119 119 Primerjaj Teržan 1990, 124 ss, sl. 27–31; 34; 39; 41; 43; 45. Cfr. Teržan 1990, 124 ff, figs. 27–31; 34; 39; 41; 43; 45. 448 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 448 8. 03. 2021 12:55:59 kaneliranimi koncentričnimi krogi ali polji, obdani-or fields, surrounded by a wreath of bosses ( Pl. 4: mi z vencem bunčic ( Tab. 4: 2–4), od ostalih skled 2–4), while from the remaining dishes only frag-pa so ohranjeni le fragmenti njihovih zgornjih delov ments of their upper parts are preserved ( Pls. 8: 5–6; ( Tab. 8: 5–6; 12: 18–19; 13: 1–7). Poleg plitvih skled 12: 18–19; 13: 1–7). Besides the shallow dishes with je zastopanih najmanj 5 oz. 6 skodelic s presegajočim inverted rim at least five or six cups with rim-exceed- ročajem ( Tab. 9: 5–10; 12: 21) in različne globoke ing handles appear ( Pls. 9: 5–10; 12: 21) as well as sklede, med katerimi so vsaj po tri z nagubanim diverse deep dishes, among which are at least three ( Tab. 9: 1, 3, 4) in nažlebljenim obodom ( Tab. 9: examples either with indented walls ( Pl. 9: 1, 3, 4) 2; 10: 9, 18), pa take okrašene na rami s šrafiranimi or with vertical fluting on its circumference ( Pls. 9: žlebljenimi trikotniki ( Tab. 8: 7– 9), medtem ko je 2; 10: 9, 18) and also further examples decorated ena izmed njih z žigosanim okrasom ( Tab. 2: 1). Ob on their shoulders with grooved hatched triangles teh posodah so se ohranile vsaj še dve dvojni posodi ( Pl. 8: 7–9), while one of them is decorated with ( Tab. 10: 3, 5, 6) in pa miniaturna lončka ( Tab. 10: stamping (Pl. 2: 1). Furthermore, at least two dou-11–12) ter vsaj ena cista ( Tab. 10: 7). Večje število ble vessels ( Pl. 10: 3, 5, 6) and two miniature pots fragmentov, ki pripadajo eni ali drugi vrsti naštetih (Pl. 10: 11–12) as well as at least one cist ( Pl. 10: 7) posod, pa ostaja glede na tip posode bolj ali manj ne-have been preserved. Lastly, a larger number of frag- opredeljenih in jih ne bomo podrobneje obravnavali. ments, which belong to one or the other category of Vsem posodam s stožčastimi vratom iz razvanj- enumerated vessels, remain more or less undefined ske Velike gomile je lastno, da imajo oz. so imele as regards the vessel type and will consequently not visoke, vitke, elegantno oblikovane vratove in so- be discussed in detail. razmerno nizek spodnji del, kar je značilnost tega All the vessels with conical neck from the Great tipa posod predvsem v času stopnje Ha C2/ D1 v tumulus (Velika gomila) at Razvanje feature high, celotnem vzhodnohalštatskem kulturnem krogu, od slender and elegantly shaped necks as well as pro- Štajerske, kjer so posebej dobro datirane na osno- portionally small lower parts. These are the charac- vi gomil iz Kleinkleina, pa vse do roba Malih Kar- teristics of the here discussed vessel type, which ap- patov, kot je najbolje razvidno iz najdb naselbine pear mostly in the Ha C2/D1 period over the entire Smolenice-Molpír.120 Vendar pa razvanjske posode eastern Hallstatt zone from Styria, where they are s stožčastim vratom, zlasti tiste okrašene, izkazujejo particularly well dated on the basis of tumuli from vrsto posebnosti. Kar tri izmed njih imajo celoten Kleinklein, and all the way to the fringes of Little vrat okrašen s finimi vodoravnimi kanelurami ( Tab. Carpathians as evidenced by the finds from the set- 2–4), četrta pa v zgornjih dveh tretjinah ( Tab. 6: 2). tlement of Smolenice-Molpír.120 However, the vessels Posebnost prvih treh posod je v tem, da so med vo- with conical neck from Razvanje, especially the dec- doravne kanelure vkomponirani trije pasovi kanelur, orated examples, demonstrate a number of particu- oblikovani v tekoči asimetrični meander oz. v motiv larities. As much as three of them bear a decoration »tekočega psa« ( Tab. 2–4). Taki izvedbi kaneliranega of fine horizontal grooves, which covers the entire okrasa doslej še nismo uspeli najti ustreznih primer- vessel neck ( Pls. 2–4), while the fourth vessel shows jav, razen morda na skledi s kratkim valjastim vratom the same decoration only on the upper two-thirds of iz sočasne naselbine v Hotinji vasi.121 Posode z v celo- the neck ( Pl. 6: 2). The first three vessels are someti vodoravno kaneliranimi visokimi stožčastimi vra- what particular also due to the three bands placed tovi pa so znane v več primerkih ( sl. 7). Takšna izvira between horizontal grooves, on which the grooves npr. iz gomile na Veleniku pri Spodnji Polskavi,122 še are shaped in the form of running asymmetric me- posebej pogoste so v Kleinkleinu, in sicer med pri- ander or in the “running dog” motif ( Pls. 2–4). Up datki v gomilah skupine Grellwald, pa tudi skupine to now, we could not find adequate comparisons for Kaiserschneiderwald.123 Verjetno spadajo k tej vrsti the grooved decoration realised in such manner, with posod tudi vodoravno kanelirani fragmenti iz go- the possible exception of an ornament on the dish mile s kultnim vozičkom iz Strettwega, le da je bila with short cylindrical neck from the contemporary posoda na vratu še dodatno okrašena z rdeče-črnimi settlement at Hotinja vas.121 Vessels with horizontal grooves covering the entire conical neck are, howev- 120 Glej npr. Dobiat 1980, 66–73, Abb. 8: Typ 5; 9: Typ 5; er, known in several examples ( fig. 7). Such a vessel Müller 2012, 152–155, Abb. 75; Taf. 96: 1. 121 Gerbec 2014, 277, sl. 14.2.4: 1; glej tu Gerbec, sl. 7: S–Sk 120 3e. See e.g. Dobiat 1980, 66–73, Abb. 8: Type 5; 9: Type 5; 122 Teržan 1990, 350–353, T. 71: 1. Müller 2012, 152–155, Abb. 75; T. 96: 1. 123 121 Dobiat 1980, 118, Abb. 9: Typ 5; Taf. 27: 3; 29: 4; 73: 5; Gerbec 2014, 277, fig. 14.2.4: 1; see here Gerbec, fig. 7: 88: 1, 4; 89: 1; Weihs 2003, Taf. 2: 6. S–Sk 3e. 449 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 449 8. 03. 2021 12:55:59 Slika 6. Razvanje originates for example from the tumulus at Velenik – Velika gomila, near Spodnja Polskava,122 while they are particular- tabelarni prikaz ly frequent in Kleinklein, among the grave-goods in sestava keramičnega servisa. the tumular group of Grellwald and also in that of Figure 6. Razvanje Kaiserschneiderwald.123 To this kind of vessels proba- – Great tumulus bly belonged also the horizontally grooved fragments (Velika gomila), table of ceramic set from the tumulus with cult-wagon in Strettweg, al- composition. though here the vessel neck was additionally painted with red-black bands.124 Besides the skilfully deco- rated neck with meander-like ornament the vessels from Razvanje stand out also due to the ornament on the shoulders and on the maximum diameter, which is formed by vertical zigzag-shaped grooves. When viewed from above the latter give an impres- sion of broken rays or a whirl of shining object, pos- sibly even symbolising the sun ( Pls. 2–4). Such decoration is reminiscent of the so-called lightning motif ( Blitzmuster) and also of the motif of zigzag-shaped bands ( Winkelbänder), which, though, are realised in a completely different manner and in various techniques, either with paint or graphite-coating or with incisions. As was showed by Ursula Brosseder, these motifs are common mainly in the areas north of the Alps in the Ha C period. The lightning motif ap- pears on the ceramic from northern Bavaria, while the zigzag-shaped bands are attested in the neigh- bouring Upper Palatinate region.125 Decorated in a particular manner is also the fourth vessel with conical neck from the Great tu- mulus (Velika gomila), although the decoration is likewise realised with grooves. Rectangular elements pasovi.124 Razen umetelno okrašenega vratu z me- of concentric meander are arranged along the lower andrastim okrasom pa razvanjske posode izstopajo and upper edge of the neck, while in the space be- tudi po ornamentu na rami in največjem obodu, ki tween oblique bands in the form of a capital letter je izoblikovan z navpičnimi cikcakastimi kanelura- “V” run, which are composed of a meander-like or- mi. Le-te s ptičje perspektive posredujejo vtis lomlje- nament ( Pl. 5: 3). On its shoulders and maximum nih žarkov oz. vrtečega se svetlobnega telesa, morda diameter, the vessel is indented with vertical grooves simbolizirajo sonce ( Tab. 2–4). Ta okras spominja na in much the same manner as the fifth vessel with tako imenovani motiv bliska (Blitzmuster) in pa na grooved conical neck ( Pl. 6: 2). While the indent-motiv cikcakastih pasov (Winkelbänder), ki sta sicer ing with vertical grooves is a frequent technique to izvedena povsem drugače in na različne načine, bo- decorate the vessel receptacles within the Štajerska disi z barvanjem, grafitiranjem bodisi vrezovanjem. group in the Ha C period,126 we know of no ade- Kot je pokazala Ursula Brosseder, gre za motiviko, quate analogies so far for the vessel neck decoration ki je pogosta predvsem na območjih severno od Alp, on the Pl. 5: 3. motiv bliska na keramiki na severnem Bavarskem, cikcakasti pasovi pa na sosednjem zgornjem Pfal- 122 Teržan 1990, 350–353, T. 71: 1. škem, oba v okviru stopnje Ha C.125 123 Dobiat 1980, 118, Abb. 9: Typ 5; T. 27: 3; 29: 4; 73: 5; Na poseben način je okrašena tudi četrta poso-88: 1, 4; 89: 1; Weihs 2003, T. 2: 6. 124 Egg 1996b, 240, Abb. 138: 3–8; 140; T. 48: 8–13. da s stožčastim vratom iz Velike gomile, katere okras 125 Brosseder 2004, 230–232, Abb. 153 (List no. 9); 154 pa je prav tako izveden s kanelurami. Pri dnu in pri (Lists nos. 136 and 137). 126 Cfr. Teržan 1990, 32–34, fig. 3: 4, 7; T. 8: 5; 39: 12; 41: 124 Egg 1996b, 240, Abb. 138: 3–8; 140; Taf. 48: 8–13. 11; 60: 1–2; 64: 5; 71: 2–4; Lubšina Tušek 1996, 91, T. 4: 125 Brosseder 2004, 230–232, Abb. 153 (Liste 9); 154 (Liste 5; Dobiat 1980, 118–119, T. 96: 4; Weihs 2003, 228, T. 136 in 137). 2: 1, 6; M. Kramer 2013, 365, Abb. 181; T. 50–51. 450 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 450 8. 03. 2021 12:56:00 Slika 7. Lista 3 ( sl. 7) A – razprostranjenost A: posod s kaneliranimi 1. Strettweg, gomila / tumulus: Egg 1996b, 240, Abb. visokimi stožčastimi 138: 3–8; 140; Taf. 48: 8–13. vratovi (trikotnik), 2. Kleinklein, gomile / tumuli: Dobiat 1980, 118, Abb. B – dvojnih posod 9: Typ 5; Taf. 27: 3; 29: 4; 73: 5; 88: 1, 4; 89: 1; Weihs (krožec) na področju 2003, Taf. 2: 6. Štajerske. 3. Poštela - Razvanje pri Mariboru, gomila / tumulus: glej Figure 7. tu Tab. 2: 4; 3: 4; 4: 5; 6: 2. Distribution in the 4. Velenik pri Polskavi, gomila / tumulus: Teržan 1990, Štajerska region 350–353, T. 71: 1. of A – vessels with 5. grooved decoration B: on high conical necks 5. (= 2). Kleinklein, gomile / tumuli: Dobiat 1980, 99– (triangle), B – double 100, Taf. 52: 5; Hack 2002, 145, Taf. 18: 1–2. vessels (closed circle). 6. (= 3). Poštela in Razvanje pri Mariboru, naselbina in gomila / settlement and tumuli: glej tu Tab. 10: 3; Teržan 1990, 20: 6. 7. Ormož, naselbina / settlement: Dular, Tomanič- Jevremov 2010, T. 65: 2. 8. Rifnik pri Šentjurju, naselbina / settlement: Vrenčur 2017, T. 4: 5. 9. Libna, grobna najdba / grave finds: Guštin 1976, T. 16: 10; 33: 4. 10. Novo mesto, grobna najdba / grave find: Križ 2019, 104, sl. 84. vrhu visokega vratu so nanizani pravokotni liki kon- Grooved decoration appears also on the dishes centričnega meandra, na vmesni površini pa v obli- with inverted rim, decorated on the interior side of ki velike črke V potekajo meandrasti poševni pasovi their bottoms in the form of a cross, which divides ( Tab. 5: 3). Na rami in največjem obodu je posoda the surface into four areas with interchanging rays. plisirana z navpičnimi kanelurami, enako kot peta Taken as a whole, the ornament gives the impression posoda s kaneliranim stožčastim vratom ( Tab. 6: of a whirling cross or wheel and possibly represents 2). Medtem ko spada plisiranje z navpičnimi kane-a sun symbol as well ( Pls. 2: 2–3; 3: 1–3; 5: 1–2; 8: lurami med pogost način krašenja recipienta posod 3–4; 12: 22). It has been already mentioned, that v okviru štajerske skupine v stopnji Ha C,126 pa za besides the cross ornament, several dishes feature a okras na vratu posode na Tab. 5: 3 doslej ne pozna-decoration of concentric grooves on their bottoms, mo ustreznih analogij. encircled with a wreath of bosses ( Pl. 4: 1–3). Also Plitve sklede/latvice so na svojem dnu (na notra-for these examples it can be assumed that they repre- nji strani posode) okrašene s kaneliranim okrasom sent special astral-like symbols. v obliki križa, ki deli krožno ploskev z izmenjujo- For either of these dishes decorated on their bot- čimi se žarki na štiri polja. Ta okras kot celota daje toms analogies can barely be found among the sites vtis vrtečega se križa oz. kolesa, morda prav tako from the Podravje region, what is true also for the sončnega simbola ( Tab. 2: 2–3; 3: 1–3; 5: 1–2; 8: Poštela settlement where they are attested only ex- 3–4; 12: 22). Poleg križnega okrasa pa je nekaj skled ceptionally. It is interesting, though, that one of the okrašenih na dnu, kot omenjeno, s koncentričnimi firedogs or altars from the Poštela settlement is dec- kanelurami, obdanimi z vencem pik, za katere prav orated with a similar stamped motif in the form of a tako domnevamo, da predstavljajo posebne astralne cross delineating areas of alternating ray-like lines.127 simbole ( Tab. 4: 1–3). Several similarly decorated examples can be found Tako enim kot drugim je med podravskimi naj- in the tumuli of Kleinklein, where bottoms decorat- dišči komajda najti analogne kose, tudi na Pošteli ed both with concentric circles128 as with the cross le izjemoma. Zanimivo pa je, da je z žigi enakega or checkerboard motif are attested. In the tumulus križnega motiva z izmenjujočimi se žarkastimi po- Tschoneggerfranzl 2 an entire service is present, lji okrašena ena izmed tako imenovanih koz oz. 127 Teržan 1990, 270–271, 278–279, T. 7: 1, 3 (stamped dec- oration); 14: 17 (concentric circles). 126 128 Primerjaj Teržan 1990, 32–34, sl. 3: 4, 7; T. 8: 5; 39: 12; 41: Dobiat 1980, T. 37: 3, 5; 66: 5 (e.g. two dishes with 11; 60: 1–2; 64: 5; 71: 2–4; Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 91, T. 4: foot and a decoration of concentric circles in the tumulus 5; Dobiat 1980, 118–119, Taf. 96: 4; Weihs 2003, 228, Taf. Forstwald 21 or the shallow dish in the tumulus Grell- 2: 1, 6; Kramer 2013, 365, Abb. 181; Taf. 50–51. wald 20). 451 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 451 8. 03. 2021 12:56:00 oltarjev z naselbine.127 Nekaj več primerjav nudijo composed of a larger dish, two cups with rim-ex-posode v gomilah Kleinkleina, katerih dna so okra- ceeding handle and a shallow small dish, the bot- šena tako z okrasom koncentričnih krožcev128 kot s toms of which are decorated with identical ornament križnim motivom oz. motivom šahovnice. V gomili as in the case of shallow dishes from Razvanje.129 At Tschoneggerfranzl 2 se nahaja cel set, sestavljen iz the same time it should be mentioned that in the večje sklede, dveh skodelic s presegajočim ročajem tumuli of Kleinklein the majority of cross motifs is in manjše plitve skledice, dno katerih je okrašeno realised in different techniques, mainly with graph- s prav takšnim okrasom kot pri razvanjskih plitvih ite-coating or black paint. Among them the dishes skledah.129 Hkrati pa velja omeniti, da prevladuje- with a cross motif from Kröllkogel stand out, since jo na dnu posod oz. skled v kleinkleinških gomi- they represent a dining service for a large number of lah drugačni, pretežno grafitirani oz. črno barvani people, similar to the set of dishes from the Great križni motivi, med katerimi izstopa križni motiv tumulus (Velika gomila).130 It appears, that such ves- na skledah iz Kröllkogla, ki tvorijo – podobno kot sel services, decorated with one and the same motif, sklede v Veliki gomili – jedilni servis za večje število carry a kind of heraldic meaning, all the more so be-oseb.130 Zdi se, da bi morda lahko takim, z enakim cause they form part of possessions within wealthier motivom okrašenim servisom pripisali heraldičen or princely mounds. pomen, še zlasti ker so del opreme bogatejših oz. Not only in Kleinklein, but also in the wider knežjih gomil. eastern Alpine and western Pannonian territory the Ne le v Kleinkleinu, tudi v širšem vzhodnoalp- decoration of dish interiors with various cross, as- skem in zahodnopanonskem prostoru je krašenje tral or other types of motifs is frequently attested,131 notranjosti skled z različnimi križnimi, astralnimi ali although the latter differ from the ornament repre- drugovrstnimi motivi pogosto,131 vendar se razliku- sented on dishes in the Great tumulus (Velika gomi- jejo od okrasa na skledah v Veliki gomili. Zanimivo la). However, it is interesting to find the same dec- pa je, da je najti enak okras kot na dnu skled iz Velike oration as on the bottom of dishes from the Great gomile na različnih tipih skled v srednjeevropskem tumulus (Velika gomila) on various dishes types in prostoru, in sicer od Moravske in Bavarske do Ba- the Central European region, from Moravia and den–Württemberga, kjer se pojavlja že proti koncu Bavaria to the land of Baden-Württemberg, where mlajše stopnje kulture žarnih grobišč, predvsem pa v such ornament appears already towards the end of zgodnjem halštatskem obdobju.132 To daje sklepati, the younger Urnfield period and above all in the da sklede s križnim okrasom z izmenjujočimi se žar- early Hallstatt period.132 This allows us to infer that kastimi polji (motiv šahovnice) tako v gomili Tscho- the dishes featuring a cross motif with interchanging neggerfranzl 2 v Kleinkleinu kot tudi v Veliki gomili ray-like fields (checkerboard motif), both from the pod Poštelo odsevajo povezave z omenjenimi kraji tumulus Tschoneggerfranzl 2 in Kleinklein as well vzdolž zgornjega in srednjega toka Donave, čeprav ni as from the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) beneath dvoma, da so lokalni izdelki. Njihova oblika in kvali- Poštela, mirror a connection with the above men- teta, saj gre za izredno fine posode s tankimi stenami, tioned sites along the upper and middle course of the ter prefinjen kaneliran okras, izveden na enak način Danube River, even though there can be no doubt that they are local products. The form and quality 127 Teržan 1990, 270–271, 278–279, T. 7: 1, 3 (žigi); 14: 17 of these dishes, which represent extremely fine and (koncentrični krogi). 128 thin-walled vessels, as well as their refined grooved Dobiat 1980, T. 37: 3, 5; 66: 5 (npr. skledi na nogi z okrasom koncentričnih krogov v gomili Forstwald 21 in decoration, realised in the same manner as on the plitva skleda v gomili Grellwald 20). 129 129 Dobiat 1980, 135, 227–228, Taf. 54: 1, 4, 6, 8 (Schach- Dobiat 1980, 135, 227–228, T. 54: 1, 4, 6, 8 (checkerboard brettmuster). motif). 130 130 Dobiat 1980, T. 4: 8; 95: 3; 96: 7; 97: 1; 99: 6; M. Kramer Dobiat 1980, T. 4: 8; 95: 3; 96: 7; 97: 1; 99: 6; Kramer 2013, 323–327, Taf. 60–67. Enak motiv kot pri skledah 2013, 323–327, T. 60–67. Identical motif as on the dishes iz Kröllkogla krasi tudi eno izmed skled z naselbine Bur-from Kröllkogel appears also on one of the dishes from gstallkogel (Dobiat 1986, 300, Taf. 13; Dobiat 1990, 41, the settlement of Burgstallkogel (Dobiat 1986, 300, T. 13; Taf. 17: B31). Dobiat 1990, 41, T. 17: B31). 131 131 Patek 1993, 52, Abb. 38: 22–33; 43: 1–9, 12-13; 74: 3–4; Patek 1993, 52, Abb. 38: 22–33; 43: 1–9, 12–13; 74: 3–4; 96: 8–14; 9: 4–6; Brosseder 2004, Abb. 2: 1–15; 52: IV. 96: 8–14; 9: 4–6; Brosseder 2004, Abb. 2: 1–15; 52: IV. 132 132 Stegmann-Rajtár 1992a, 70–71, 112, Abb. 20: B 2; 42: 3; Stegmann-Rajtár 1992a, 70–71, 112, Abb. 20: B2; 42: 3; 58: 20; Taf. 19: 1; ista 1992b, 23, 35–36, Taf. 40: 1; 68: 58: 20; T. 19: 1; ead. 1992b, 23, 35–36, T. 40: 1; 68: 1; 1; Brosseder 2004, Abb. 57: 13; 68: 2; 82: 2; 111: 191-7; Brosseder 2004, Abb. 57: 13; 68: 2; 82: 2; 111: 191-7; 120: 295-98; 121: 418-1; 144: 456-3, 400-11; 145: 400- 120: 295-98; 121: 418-1; 144: 456-3, 400-11; 145: 400- 5, 413-105, 413-44, 385-1, 400-2, 400-4, itd; 147: 470- 5, 413-105, 413-44, 385-1, 400-2, 400-4, etc.; 147: 470- 2, 471-9, 471-11, 435-7, 8; 150: 388-8; 177: 788-1. 2, 471-9, 471-11, 435-7,8; 150: 388-8; 177: 788-1. 452 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 452 8. 03. 2021 12:56:00 kot na posodah s kaneliranimi stožčastimi vratovi, so vessels with grooved conical necks, point to the fact dokaz, da jih je izdelal domači, morda isti mojster. that they had been produced by a local, possibly one Med izredne keramične kose v Veliki gomili so- and the same, craftsman. dijo tudi skodele s presegajočim ročajem, ki imajo na Further exceptional ceramic pieces from the vrhu ušesce z grebenom ( Tab. 9: 5–9). Njihova po-Great tumulus (Velika gomila) present the bowls sebnost se poleg nenavadno oblikovanega vrha ročaja with rim-exceeding handles, which show on its top kaže v razmeroma visokem cilindričnem, vodoravno a transversely placed loop with a ridge ( Pl. 9: 5–9). kaneliranem vratu in v izrazito ostrem profilu s krat- Besides their unusually formed top of the handle kimi rameni ter v valovito razčlenjenem največjem the bowls appear special also due to their relatively obodu. Fragmenti enakih skodel izvirajo iz starih high, cylindrical neck with horizontal grooves and izkopavanj na Pošteli, podobne pa so znane tudi z distinctively sharp profile with short shoulders and naselbin v Hotinji vasi, na Novinah in v Ormožu,133 a maximum diameter, segmented by indentation. medtem ko jim je med keramiko s Kleinkleina in Fragments of identical bowls are known from the tudi od drugod komajda najti ustrezne analogije. old excavations at Poštela, while similar examples Podobnosti obstajajo le v posameznih oblikovnih ali come from the settlements of Hotinja vas, Novine okrasnih elementih. Tako imajo npr. kaneliran vrat and Ormož.133 In contrast, corresponding analogies posamezne globoke sklede v Kleinkleinu,134 kjer pa among the ceramic from Kleinklein and also from so razvanjskim še najbolj podobne tako imenovane other places can barely be found. Similarities exist profilirane skodele, zlasti tiste s stopničasto razčle- mainly in individual elements of shape or decora- njenim vratom.135 Na nekaterih izmed njih je na po- tion. Grooved necks can be observed on several deep doben način okrašen tudi največji obod.136 Med ro- dishes in Kleinklein.134 However, in the latter site, čaji skodel v Kleinkleinu je zastopan okras iz rogatih the so-called profiled bowls, especially those with zaključkov ali pa v obliki majhnih živalskih glavic,137 stair-like segmented necks, appear the most similar podobno kot na majhni skodelici iz Velike gomile to the examples from Razvanje.135 Some of them ( Tab. 9: 10), medtem ko ušesc z grebenom doslej feature even a similarly decorated maximum diame- tam nismo zasledili. Podobnosti z našimi skodela- ter.136 Among the handles of bowls from Kleinklein mi je glede na oblikovanost profila in okras, ki krasi the decoration with horn-like projections or in the največji obod, najti tudi med skodelami in skledami form of small animal heads can be encountered,137 na območju severozahodno panonskega prostora oz. the latter of which is likewise present on the small jugozahodne Slovaške, kjer sodijo v prehodni čas Ha cup from the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) ( Pl. 9: C2/ D1.138 10). On the other hand, we could discover no analoMed pridanimi posodami v Veliki gomili je po gies for the loops with a ridge at the top of the han- obliki, proporcih in glede na razčlenjen največji dles. Taking into account the vessel profiles and dec- obod opisanim skodelam ( Tab. 9: 5–9) podobna ne- oration on their maximum diameter, affinities can koliko manjša, fragmentarno ohranjena posodica, ki be found also among the bowls and dishes from the je sicer brez ohranjenega ročaja ( Tab. 2: 1), vendar north western Pannonian region or from the south jo kljub temu prištevamo med skodele. Od njih se western Slovakia, where such vessels date to the tran- razlikuje po tem, da njen vrat ni okrašen s kanelura- sitional period of Ha C2/D1.138 mi, temveč z dvema nizoma žigosanih krožcev, tan- Among grave vessels from the Great tumulus gencialno povezanih z žigosanima črtama iz drobnih 133 Teržan 1990, 262, T. 13: 11; 38: 17–18; Lamut 1989, 133 Teržan 1990, 262, T. 13: 11; 38: 17–18; Lamut 1989, T. T. 26: 13; Gerbec 2014, 278, fig. 14.2.7: 4, see also here 26: 13; Gerbec 2014, 278, sl. 14.2.7: 4; glej tu Gerbec, sl. Gerbec, fig. 7: S–Sk 3c. Vinazza et al. 2015, T. 8: 15. The 7: S–Sk 3c. Vinazza et al. 2015, T. 8: 15. Ročaji teh skodel handles of these bowls are not preserved, however, several niso ohranjeni, vendar je nekaj fragmentov, ki so z vrha fragments derive from the top of the handles and are dec-ročaja in so okrašeni z zaobljenimi ali pa koničastimi žival-orated with rounded or pointed animal horns (see Teržan skimi rogovi (glej Teržan 1990, T. 15: 8; 38: 16; Gerbec 1990, T. 15: 8; 38: 16; Gerbec 2014, 280, fig. 4.2.10: 1; 2014, 280, sl. 4.2.10: 1; glej tudi tu Gerbec, sl. 7: Sk3). see also here Gerbec, fig. 7: Sk3). 134 134 Dobiat 1980, Taf. 111: 8 Dobiat 1980, T. 111: 8. 135 135 Dobiat 1980, 83–84, npr. Taf. 36: 7–12; 42: 5. Dobiat 1980, 83–84, e.g. T. 36: 7–12; 42: 5. 136 136 Dobiat 1980, 222, 227, Taf. 36: 11; 42: 5; 53: 4, 5. Dobiat 1980, 222, 227, T. 36: 11; 42: 5; 53: 4, 5. 137 137 Glej npr. Dobiat 1980, 125, T. 42: 8; 54: 4; 112: 16 (v See e.g. Dobiat 1980, 125, T. 42: 8; 54: 4; 112: 16 (in obliki rogatih živalskih glavic); 42: 10 (rogati z zaobljeni-the form of horned animal heads); 42: 10 (horned with mi zaključki); 46: 11; 67: 5–8; 84: 10; 112: 19 (rogati s rounded protrusions); 46: 11; 67: 5–8; 84: 10; 112: 19 koničastimi zaključki). (horned with pointed protrusions). 138 138 Primerjaj npr. Stegmann-Rajtár 1992a, 110, Abb. 40: 5; Cfr. e.g. Stegmann-Rajtár 1992a, 110, Abb. 40: 5; Müller Müller 2012, Taf. 4: 1; 14: 11; 60: 8 ipd. 2012, T. 4: 1; 14: 11; 60: 8 etc. 453 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 453 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 pikic ( Tab. 2: 1). Na enak način okrašen kos kerami- (Velika gomila) there is also a smaller, fragmentary ke je bil na Pošteli odkrit pri nedavnih naselbinskih vessel ( Pl. 2: 1), which as regards its form, propor-izkopavanjih, nekaj fragmentov posod in ognjiščnih tions and indented maximum diameter is very sim- koz z žigosanim okrasom bodisi z navadnimi krožci ilar to the above described bowls ( Pl. 9: 5–9) and bodisi s krožci z vpisanim križem ali rozeto pa izvira could be numbered among the latter, despite the fact že iz starejših izkopavanj na Pošteli. Zanje smo že po- that its handle is not preserved anymore. It differs kazali na njihove povezave z ornamentiko na halštat- from mentioned examples in the neck decoration, ski keramiki s področja severno od Alp.139 Hkrati pa which is not grooved, but shows two sequences of želimo opozoriti, da je nekaj enako okrašenih posod, stamped circles, which are tangentially connected to kot je naša skodela na Tab. 2: 1, znanih tudi iz hal-each other with two lines, stamped with tiny dots štatskodobnih jam oz. plasti ormoške naselbine.140 Z ( Pl. 2: 1). A fragment, decorated in the same way, žigosanimi krožci, ki imajo sredinsko piko, vpisani has been discovered at Poštela during the excavations križec ali rozeto, pa so okrašene posoda iz gomile z last year, whereas several fragments of vessels and Velenika pri Polskavi, umetelno okrašen podstavek firedogs with stamped decoration, either of simple iz gomile 3 iz Spodnjih Podlož pod Ptujsko goro in circles or of circles, inscribed with cross or rosette, skledica iz nižinske naselbine v Hotinji vasi.141 Gle- come from older excavations at Poštela. For the lat- de na to, da je tovrstni način okraševanja keramike ter we already indicated their connections with or- z žigosanjem, izpričan predvsem na najdiščih v Po- naments on the Hallstatt-period ceramic from the dravju ( sl. 8), lahko sklepamo na lokalno lončarsko regions north of the Alps.139 At the same time, we delavnico, ki se je verjetno zgledovala po vzorih s would like to draw attention to the several vessels, severozahodnega panonskega ali celo širšega srednje- decorated identically as the here-treated bowl at the evropskega prostora. Še posebej pa izstopa podobno Pl. 2: 1, which are known from the Hallstatt-period okrašeno posodje iz območja Podonavske/Podunaj-pits or layers in the settlement of Ormož.140 Stamped ske nižine, zlasti iz naselbine Molpír pri Smolenicah circles, which can feature a central dot, inscribed na vznožju Malih Karpatov.142 cross or rosette, are further attested on the vessel Vendar ni izključeno, da gre pri okraševanju z from the tumulus at Velenik near Polskava, on the žigosanjem za tradicijo iz pozne bronaste dobe oz. skilfully decorated ceramic stand from the tumulus 3 zgodnje železne dobe, kajti podobni žigosani moti- in Spodnje Podlože beneath Ptujska gora and on the vi, zlasti tangencialno povezani krožci so sestavni del small dish from the lowland settlement in Hotinja značilne ornamentike na keramiki v kulturnih skupi- vas.141 In view of the fact, that such type of ceramic nah v spodnjem Podonavju v tamkajšnji zgodnji že- decoration with stamping can be encountered most- lezni dobi (Ha A2/ B1–2),143 od koder pa je zaslediti ly on the sites from the Podravje region ( fig. 8) we vplive in povezave z območjem širšega panonskega could conclude that a local ceramic workshop exist- ed in the area, which, however, probably imitated the models in the north western Pannonian or even 139 Glej Teržan 1990, 34–36, sl. 3: 16; T. 4: 25; 6: 16; 7: 1–4; wider Central European region. Particularly promi-15: 24 (navadni krožci); 1: 16; 14: 22; 18: 2; 24: 6–7 (krožci z vpisanim križem); 9: 4; 18: 4, 20 (žigosane štirilistne ali nent in this regard is a similarly decorated ceramic večlistne rozete). Fragmenti ognjiščnih koz z okrasom žigo-ware from the area of the Danubian Lowland, espe- sanih krožcev s piko v sredini so zastopani tudi med nasel-cially from the settlement of Molpir near Smolenice, binskimi najdbami z Rifnika, ki jih hrani Pokrajinski muzej at the foothills of Little Carpathians.142 v Celju (glej Vrenčur 2017, T. 20: 1; 33: 6). 140 Lamut 1989, 240, T. 26: 3, 4; Dular, Tomanič-Jevremov 139 2010, T. 63: 1; 132: 2; 148: 6; Dular 2013, 52, sl. 15: O 21. See Teržan 1990, 34–36, Fig. 3: 16; T. 4: 25; 6: 16; 7: 1–4; 141 Glej Teržan 1990, 349–353, T. 71: 6; Lubšina-Tušek 15: 24 (simple circles); 1: 16; 14: 22; 18: 2; 24: 6–7 (circles 1996, 94, 100, sl. 10; 13; T. 9: 1; glej tu Gerbec, sl. 7: with inscribed cross); 9: 4; 18: 4, 20 (stamped four- or mul-Sd2; 9. ti-petaled rosettes). Fragments of firedogs with a decoration 142 Primerjaj npr. Kossack 1959, 34–35, Abb. 6: 1, 2, 6, 11, of stamped circles with a central dot are attested also among 20; Taf. 153: 2–5; Berg 1962, Taf. 28: 9. Zanimivo je, da the settlement finds from Rifnik, which are kept by the Cel-npr. v Sopronu in Statzendorfu prevladujejo žigi krožcev je Regional Museum (see Vrenčur 2017, T. 20: 1; 33: 6). 140 in koncentričnih krožcev s piko (primerjaj npr. Eibner- Lamut 1989, 240, T. 26: 3, 4; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov -Persy 1980, 56, Taf. 16; 79–80; Rebay 2006, 126–127, 2010, T. 63: 1; 132: 2; 148: 6; Dular 2013, 52, Fig. 15: O Taf. 1: PA38247; 30: PA 38321; 39: 42674 itd.), medtem 21. 141 ko so na Slovaškem pogosti tudi žigosani krožci z vpisa- See Teržan 1990, 349–353, T. 71: 6; Lubšina-Tušek 1996, nim križcem ali rozeto (Stegmann-Rajtár 1992b, Taf. 81: 94, 100, figs. 10; 13; T. 9: 1; see here also Gerbec, figs. 7: 2; Müller 2012, 191–192, Abb. 91: 26; Taf. 39: 15; 54: 7; Sd2; 9. 142 88: 1). Cfr. e.g. Kossack 1959, 34–35, Abb. 6: 1, 2, 6, 11, 20; T. 143 Hänsel 1976, Taf. 14: 3, 4; 15: 3, 5; 19: 11, 19, 20; VI: 153: 2–5; Berg 1962, T. 28: 9. It is interesting, that e.g. 23–29; VIII: 3–6; 9; XI: 21–22, 27, 52, itd. in Sopron and Statzendorf stamped circles and concentric 454 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 454 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 prostora vse do ruške skupine v Podravju144 in tudi Nevertheless, it is possible that the decoration dalje proti severozahodu, kar se je tu odvijalo v času with stamping relates to the tradition from the Late pozne kulture žarnih grobišč in v začetni fazi zgodnje Bronze Age or Early Iron Age, since similar stamped železne dobe.145 Problem, ki se zastavlja, je časovni motifs, especially the tangentially connected circles, hiatus med žigosanimi okrasi na keramiki iz konte- comprise a part of the characteristic ornamentation kstov pozne kulture žarnih grobišč (Ha B2/3) in ti- on the ceramic of the cultural groups from the area stih halštatskih primerkih, ki pa so datirani povečini of lower Danube in the Early Iron Age period of that v stopnjo Ha C2/ D1, med katere sodi tudi skodela place (Ha A2/B1–2).143 Influences and connections iz Velike gomile. from this region can be observed in the area of the Med keramičnimi pridatki iz Velike gomile so s wider Pannonian territory all the way to the Ruše kronološkega vidika pomembne še tri globlje sklede, group in the Podravje region144 and also further to- ki so na vratu okrašene z vodoravnimi kanelurami, wards northwest, what unfolded in the course of the na največjem obodu pa z blagimi gubami in snopi Late Urnfield and the beginning of Early Iron Age navpičnih kanelur ( Tab. 9: 1, 3–4). Enake sklede iz-periods.145 The problem arises with the temporal gap virajo iz starih izkopavanj na Pošteli in iz naselbin between the stamped decoration on the ceramic from na Novinah in Ormožu ter iz groba 2 iz Rečice pri the contexts of the Late Urnfield period (Ha B2/3) Šentjanžu v Savinjski dolini. Na podoben način pa and the examples of such decoration from the Hall- je okrašena tudi posoda z visokim, vodoravno ka- statt period, which are mostly dated in the period of neliranim vratom iz gomile na Veleniku pri Spodnji Ha C2/D1 and among which also the bowl from the Polskavi. Gre očitno za dokaj pogosto obliko skled, Great tumulus (Velika gomila) should be counted. značilnih, kot se zdi, predvsem za kraje v Podravju Further three deep dishes form the ceramic set ( sl. 8). Kot sem že pokazala pri obravnavi teh posod in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) and should be iz naštetih najdišč,146 so sicer primerljive z dolenjsko mentioned as they are relevant from the chronolog-nagubano keramiko, vendar se v okviru vzhodnohal- ical point of view ( Pl. 9: 1, 3–4). They are decorat- štatskega kulturnega kroga nagubana keramika po- ed on their necks with horizontal grooves, while on javlja že v času Ha C2/D1, na kar kažejo primerki their maximum diameters they feature gentle inden- iz panonskih najdišč, npr. iz gomile pri Bobi,147 še tations with sets of vertical grooves. Identical bowls zlasti pa sklede iz naselbin kot sta Smolenice-Molpír were found during the old excavations at Poštela, in in Stillfried.148 Domnevamo, da zglede zanje pred- the settlements at Novine and in Ormož as well as in stavljajo keramične narebrene skled (Rippenschale the grave 2 from Rečica near Šentjanž in the Savin- und -schüssel), datirane že v čas Ha C 2. Tako za ja Valley. Decorated in a similar manner is also the slednje kot tudi za nagubane sklede se ne zdi sporno, vessel with a high, horizontally grooved neck from da gre za posnetke bronastih nagubanih/ narebrenih the tumulus at Velenik near Spodnja Polskava. Evi- skled (Zungenphiale), katerih provenienco je iskati dently such bowls represent a rather frequent form, na Bližnjem vzhodu.149 Na kakšen način so potekali characteristic, as it seems, mostly for the sites in the stiki med tako oddaljenimi kraji, je še stvar raziskav. Podravje region ( fig. 8). As already demonstrated in Možno je, da so imele posredovalno vlogo bronaste the earlier discussion of such vessels from the above sklede iz italsko-etruščanskega prostora,150 možna pa enumerated sites,146 they can be to some extent com- je tudi kakšna druga pot. Glede na depojsko najdbo pared with the indented vessels from the Dolenjska 144 region. However, in the eastern Hallstatt zone the Oman 1981, 150; Lamut 1989, 238, 240, T. 4: 5; 6: 1; 8: 12; 9: 7; 20: 5, 14; 23: 9; isti 2001, 213, Taf. 1: 3; 5: indented ceramic appears already in the Ha C2/D1 1; 6: 13 itd.; Pavišić 2001, 178, Taf. 7: 1; Teržan 1995a, 349–353, Abb. 20: 1–4. circles with dot predominate (Cfr. e.g. Eibner-Persy 1980, 145 Glej npr. Eibner 2001, 181–190, Karte 1–2. 56, T. 16; 79–80; Rebay 2006, 126–127, T. 1: PA 38247; 146 Lamut 1989, T. 29: 1; Teržan 1990, 68, 83, 113, op. 215, 30: PA 38321; 39: 42674; etc.), whereas in Slovakia also T. 38: 6, 10; 71: 1; 81: 5. stamped circles with inscribed cross or rosette are frequent-147 Glej Patek 1993, 114, Abb. 100: 11, 15, 17. ly attested (Stegmann-Rajtár 1992b, T. 81: 2; Müller 2012, 148 Dušek, Dušek 1984, Taf. 38: 2, 7; Müller 2012, 131–132, 191–192, Abb. 91: 26; T. 39: 15; 54: 7; 88: 1). 143 Abb. 65: TH-Schü 1; Taf. 33: 14; 55: 14; 88: 19; 90: 22; Hänsel 1976, T. 14: 3, 4; 15: 3, 5; 19: 11, 19, 20; VI: Eibner 1974, 80–81, Taf. 18: 20; Hellerschmid 2006, 23–29; VIII: 3–6, 9; XI: 21–22, 27, 52, etc. 144 65–66, 305–306, Taf. 18/ 1; Typentaf. 15: 305–306. Oman 1981, 150; Lamut 1989, 238, 240, T. 4: 5; 6: 1; 149 Posebno lep primerek takšnega keramičnega posnetka bro- 8: 12; 9: 7; 20: 5, 14; 23: 9; id. 2001, 213, T. 1: 3; 55: naste posode izvira iz Stillfrieda: glej Eibner 1974, 80–81, 1; 6: 13 etc.; Pavišić 2001, 178, T. 7: 1; Teržan 1995a, Taf. 18: 20; za Smolenice-Molpir glej Dušek, Dušek 1984, 349–353, Abb. 20: 1–4. 145 Taf. 39: 13, 14; 41: 9 itd.; Müller 2012, 137–140, Abb. See e.g. Eibner 2001, 181–190, Map 1–2. 146 67: Ri–S1, Ri–Schü 2; 68; T. 83: 1, 28. Lamut 1989, 241, T. 29: 1; Teržan 1990, 68, 83, 113, fn. 150 Eibner 1974, 80–81; Teržan 1990, 68, op. 215. 215, T. 38: 6, 10; 71: 1; 81: 5. 455 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 455 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 Slika 8. A – period, what is indicated by the examples from sites razprostranjenost in the Pannonian Plain, as for example from the keramike okrašene tumulus near Boba,147 and especially by the dishes z žigosanimi krožci (navadni krožci, from the settlements of Smolenice-Molpír and Still- krožci z vpisanim fried.148 We suppose that the models upon which the križem ali rozeto) latter were formed are represented by the ceramic (prazen krožec) in B – posod z rahlo ribbed bowls ( Rippenschale und -schüssel), which can nagubanim največjim be dated already in the Ha C2 period. Both for the obodom na področju latter as for the indented dishes it seems indisputa- Štajerske (poln krožec). ble that they represent imitations of bronze ribbed Figure 8. Lista 4 ( sl. 8) bowls ( Zungenphiale), the origin of which must be Distribution in the A: searched in the Near East.149 How did this contacts Štajerska region of A 1. Poštela, Razvanje, Pivola, naselbina in gomile / settle-developed between so distant areas, is still a matter – ceramic decorated ment and tumuli: glej tu Tab. 2: 1; Teržan 1990, 34– with stamped 36, sl. 3: 16; T. 4: 25; 6: 16; 7: 1–4; 15: 24 (navadni of research. The transmission role could possibly be decoration (simple krožci / single circles); 1: 16; 14: 22; 18: 2; 24: 6–7 assigned to the bronze bowls from the Italo-Etrus- circles, circles with (krožci z vpisanim križem / circles with cross); 9: 4; 18: can territory,150 however, other spheres of influence inscribed cross or 4, 20 (rozete/ with rosette). rosette) (open circle), 2. Hotinja vas, naselbina / settlement: glej tu Gerbec, sl. remain possible as well. Taking into consideration B – vessels with 7: Sd2; 9) (križ / cross) the hoard from Sarkad in the south eastern part of slightly indented 3. Velenik pri Polskavi, gomila / tumulus: Teržan 1990, the Carpathian Basin, which besides the fragment-maximum diameter 349–353, T. 71: 6 (križ / cross). ed bronze ribbed bowl of eastern origin contained (closed circle). 4. Spodnje Podlože pod Ptujsko goro, gomile/ tumuli: Lubšina-Tušek 1996, 94, 100, sl. 10; 13; T. 9: 1 (rozeta also the Thraco-Cimmerian horse-gear (bronze / rosette). cheek-pieces, cross-shaped buttons and perforated 5. Ormož, naselbina/ settlement: Lamut 1988–1989, phalerae) that enables us to date the hoard not later 240, T. 26: 3, 4; Dular, Tomanič-Jevremov 2010, T. 63: 1; 132: 2; 148; 6; Dular 2013, 52, sl. 15: O 21 than the 8th century BC, it seems more likely that (krožec in koncentrični krožci / circles and concentric models for the ceramic bowls from the north western circles); Mele 2014, 180, sl. 10: 6. parts of the Pannonian Plain should be searched in 6. Rifnik pri Šentjurju, naselbina / settlement: Vrenčur the bronze vessels, which as prestige imports, gifts or 2017, T. 20: 1; 33: 6 (krožci s piko / circle with dot). 7. Murska Sobota - Kotare-Baza, naselbina / settlement: booty arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Kerman 2011, sl. 302 (krožec/ circle). lower Danubian Plain or the Balkan Peninsula.151 B: Considering the question from this angle, we can ex- 8. (=1). Poštela, Razvanje, Pivola, naselbina in gomile / settlement and tumuli: glej tu Tab. 9: 1, 3–4; Teržan pect the appearance of ceramic vessels with indented 1990, T. 38: 6, 10. or ribbed receptacles in the wider Carpathian Basin 9. Novine pri Šentilju/ Bubenberg bei Spielfeld, nasel- already in the Ha C period. Consequently, their pres- bina / settlement: Vinazza et al. 20l5, 332, 339, T. 6: ence within the Styrian-Pannonian group already in 17; 10: 12. 10. (= 7). Murska Sobota - Kotare-Baza, naselbina / settle-the contexts of Ha C2/D1 period also becomes more ment: Kerman 2011, sl. 398. understandable. 11. (= 5). Ormož, naselbina / settlement: Lamut 1989, Among the remaining fragments two further 241, T. 29: 1–2. 12. (= 3). Velenik pri Polskavi, gomila / tumulus: Teržan types of vessels should be mentioned as well. The first 1990, T. 71: 1. is represented by fragments of ceramic cists, which 13. (= 6) Rifnik pri Šentjurju, naselbina / settlement: can be ascribed to at least two typologically diverse Vrenčur 2017, T. 8: 13. 14. Rečica pri Šentjanžu, grob / grave: Teržan 1990, T. examples. One cist is decorated with horizontal ribs 81: 4–5. 147 See Patek 1993, 114, Abb. 100: 11, 15, 17. 148 Dušek, Dušek 1984, T. 38: 2, 7; Müller 2012, 131–132, Abb. 65: TH-Schü 1; T. 33: 14; 55: 14; 88: 19; 90: 22; Ei-iz Sarkada v jugovzhodnem delu Karpatske kotline, bner 1974, 80–81, T. 18: 20; Hellerschmid 2006, 65–66, v kateri se je poleg fragmentirane bronaste nagubane 305–306, T. 18/ 1; Type-plate 15: 305–306. 149 sklede vzhodnega porekla nahajala trako-kimerijska Especially fine example of a such ceramic imitation of bronze vessel comes from Stillfried: see Eibner 1974, konjska oprema (bronaste psalije, križni razdelilni 80–81, T. 18: 20; for Smolenice-Molpir see Dušek, Dušek gumbi in falere, izdelani v predrti tehniki), kar omo- 1984, T. 39: 13, 14; 41: 9 etc.; Müller 2012, 137–140, goča datacijo ne kasneje kot v 8. stol. pr. n. št., se Abb. 67: Ri–S1, Ri–Schü 2; 68; T. 83: 1, 28. 150 Eibner 1974, 80–81; Teržan 1990, 68, fn. 215. zdi bolj verjetno, da so služile za vzore keramičnim 151 Gyucha 1996, 94, figs. 2–15 (horse-gear); 21: 2; 22–23 skledam v severozahodnih predelih panonskega sveta (bronze bowl); Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 47–49, Abb. 10; bronaste posode, ki so kot prestižni importi, darovi 149: 12–13, 16, 20–22; see also Teržan 1995b, 89–92, Abb. 16. 456 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 456 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 ali plen, prihajale v Karpatski bazen preko spodnjega ( Pl. 10: 7), while the other bears an incised geometric Podonavja ali Balkanskega polotoka.151 S tega zor-ornament ( Pl. 13: 27). As a particular class of ves-nega kota je možno pojav keramičnih posod z na- sels, the ribbed ceramic cists are relatively common gubanim ali narebrenim recipientom v širšem Kar- in the entire western Pannonian territory. Though, it patskem bazenu pričakovati že v stopnji Ha C, zato is interesting that among the grave ceramic sets they so tudi v okviru štajersko-zahodnopanonske skupine are attested for the most part only in single examples. zastopane že v kontekstih stopnje Ha C2/ D1. Only exceptionally the cists appear in larger num- Med preostalimi fragmenti posod naj omeni- bers, as for example in the Wiesenkaisertumulus no. 4 mo še dve zvrsti posod. Prvo predstavljajo fragmenti from Kleinklein,152 among the grave-goods of which keramičnih cist, katere lahko pripišemo vsaj dvema as much as three examples have been found. In a sim- primerkoma, pri čemer se tipološko razlikujeta. Ena ilar manner, fragments of several cists with incised ge- je okrašena z vodoravnimi rebri ( Tab. 10: 7), druga ometric decoration were present also in the tumulus pa z vrezanim geometrijskim okrasom ( Tab. 13: 27). of Ipavec in Pivola.153 It should be mentioned, that Narebrene keramične ciste so kot posebna zvrst po- construction of the latter, in the form of a rectangular sod dokaj razširjene po vsem zahodno panonskem burial chamber with dromos, differs from all other svetu. Zanimivo pa je, da so med grobnimi servisi tumuli investigated up to now beneath Poštela. This zastopane povečini le s posamičnimi kosi. Le redke places the tumulus of Ipavec among the so-called so izjeme, tako so bile npr. po tri ciste med pridat- princely mounds with dromos, which appear on the ki gomile Wiesenkaisertumulus 4 v Kleinkleinu152 territory from Styria and all the way to Moravia.154 in pa v bližnji Ipavčevi gomili, kjer pa so bile ciste The second type comprise the so-called double okrašene z vrezanim geometrijskim okrasom.153 V tej vessels, composed of two separate receptacles, but zvezi je omembe vredno, da Ipavčeva gomila po svoji sharing a common handle.155 In the Great tumulus zgradbi pravokotne grobne kamre z dromosom od- (Velika gomila) fragments of at least two such vessels stopa od vseh doslej raziskanih gomil pod Poštelo, s are preserved, which differ between each other as re- čimer se uvršča med tako imenovane knežje gomile gards the form. The first example is a double vessel, z dromosom, ki jim je slediti od Štajerske pa vse do made somewhat more coarsely with slightly conical Moravske.154 receptacles, which show short, barely pronounced Drugo zvrst predstavljajo tako imenovane dvoj- necks, whereas its handle features a channel-like pro- ne posode, sestavljene iz dveh ločenih recipientov, a file in section and is decorated with incisions ( Pl. 10: s skupnim ročajem.155 V Veliki gomili so ohranjeni 3, 5). A second double vessel is more finely made and fragmenti vsaj dveh takšnih posod, ki se glede na composed of two small dishes with short necks and obliko razlikujeta. Pri prvem primerku gre za dvojno more rounded sides ( Pl. 10: 6). Similar to the first posodo bolj grobe izdelave, z rahlo koničnima reci-double vessel is a piece from the very settlement of pientoma in kratkima rahlo oddvojenima vratovoma Poštela, while several examples are known also from ter profiliranim, z vrezi okrašenim ročajem ( Tab. 10: the settlements of Ormož and Rifnik. Another such 3, 5). Druga posoda je bolj fina, sestavljena iz skledic double vessel, which though probably represents a s kratkim vratom in bolj zaobljenim obodom ( Tab. grave find, is attested from Libna. A fine specimen 10: 6). Prvi posodi je podoben kos iz same Poštele, of a double vessel, similar in form and decoration to posamezni primerki pa so znani z naselbin iz Or- the example from the Great tumulus (Velika gomi- moža in Rifnika, medtem ko gre pri dvojni posodi la), can be found in the wealthy tumulus Tschon- iz Libne verjetno za grobno najdbo. Lep primerek eggerfranzl 2 from Kleinklein.156 A pair of double dvojne posode, ki predstavlja po obliki in okrasu 152 Hack 2002, Taf. 16: 1–3. 151 Gyucha 1996, 94, sl. 2–15 (konjska oprema); 21: 2; 22– 153 Teržan 1990, 77–78, T. 19: 7; 66: 22–25; Metzner-Nebel- 23 (bronasta skleda); Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 47–49, sick 2002, 154–155, Abb. 61. The distribution map can Abb. 10; 149: 12–13, 16, 20–22; glej tudi Teržan 1995b, be complemented by examples from Ormož (Dular, To- 89–92, Abb. 16. manič Jevremov 2010, T. 96: 15; 98: 3). 152 Hack 2002, Taf. 16: 1–3. 154 Dobiat 1985, 34–39, Abb. 1–2; Egg 1996c, 65–66, Abb. 153 Teržan 1990, 77–78, Taf. 19: 7; 66: 22–25; Metzner-Ne- 7; Golec 2004, 538–539, Abb. 8. belsick 2002, 154–155, Abb. 61 (karto razprostranjenosti 155 Such type of vessels has been until recently used in the lahko dopolnimo s primerki iz Ormoža (Dular, Tomanič- rural households, where they called them “jušnik” (i.e. tu- -Jevremov 2010, T. 96: 15; 98: 3). reen), since the warm food has been transported in them 154 Dobiat 1985, 34–39, Abb. 1– 2; Egg 1996c, 65–66, Abb. during the work on fields. 7; Golec 2004, 538–539, Abb. 8. 156 Teržan 1990, T. 20: 6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 155 Take posode so bile do nedavna v rabi še v kmečkem 65: 2; the example from Rifnik is kept by the Celje Re- gospodinjstvu, poimenovali so jih »jušnik«, ker so v njih gional Museum: see Vrenčur 2017, T. 4: 5; Guštin 1976, nosili toplo hrano, kadar so potekala dela na polju. T. 16: 10; Dobiat 1980, 99–100, T. 52: 5. 457 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 457 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 dobro analogijo primerku iz Velike gomile, pa se na-vessels can most probably be recognised also in the haja v bogati kleinkleinški gomili Tschoneggerfran- Wiesenkaisertumulus no. 4,157 which thus shows a zl 2.156 Za par dvojnih posod pa gre verjetno tudi v similar combination of double vessels as in the Great gomili Wiesenkaisertumulus 4,157 torej podobno kot Tumulus (Velika gomila). However, up to now, the v Veliki gomili. Ti dve gomili sta doslej tudi edini z double vessels are attested only in these two mounds obsežne kleinkleinske nekropole, v katerih so zasto- from otherwise extensive necropolis of Kleinklein. pane dvojne posode. In view of its neck and receptacle form, the sec- Druga, nekoliko manjša dvojna posoda iz Velike ond, somewhat smaller double vessel ( Pl. 10: 6) from gomile ( Tab. 10: 6) pa po svoji oblikovanosti vratu the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) is reminiscent of in recipienta bolj spominja na dvojne ali trojne poso- double and triple vessels, which appear within the de, ki se pojavljajo v okviru kalenderberške kulturne Kalenderberg group. Its profile is namely similar to skupine. Glede na njen profil je podobna trojnim triple vessels from Maiersch and Statzendorf,158 but posodam iz Maierscha in Statzendorfa158 ter tudi po- also to separate examples from Nové Košariská. In- sameznim primerkom iz Nove Košariske. Zanimivo terestingly, in the tumulus 6 from Nové Košariská je, da sta v gomilo 6 iz Nove Košariske pridani dve two double vessels appear, which differ between each dvojni posodi, ki se po tipu med seboj razlikujeta. other, therefore representing a similar instance of Gre torej za podobno kombinacijo kot v Veliki go- double vessel deposition in grave as in the Great tu- mili ( Tab. 10: 3, 5, 6).159 mulus ( Pl. 10: 3, 5, 6).159 Čeprav je doslej v okviru štajerske skupine zna- Although within the Styrian group quite a few nih že kar nekaj kosov dvojnih posod ( sl. 7), pa so examples of double vessels already have been discov-le-te značilne predvsem za kalenderberško skupino, ered ( fig. 7), the latter are characteristic mainly for kjer so sestavni del tako imenovanega »kalenderber-the Kalenderberg group, where they form a part of škega triasa«. Le-tega tvorijo poleg dvojne posode160 the so-called “Kalenderberg triad.” This set is com- velika konična skleda (na nogi ali brez nje) in tako posed, apart from the double vessel,160 by a large imenovani rogati oz. »polmesečasti idol«, pri čemer conical dish (on foot or without it) and by the so- so vsi trije elementi triasa glede na okras običajno stil-called horned or “crescent-shaped idol”, whereas all no uglašeni. Pomenljivo pa je, da sodi »kalenderber- three elements of this triad stylistically accord with ški trias« med značilne grobne pridatke v gomilah z each other as regards their decoration. Relevant is ženskimi pokopi.161 Zato sklepamo, da predstavljajo also the fact, that the “Kalenderberg triad” makes dvojne posode žensko konotirano komponento tako part of the characteristic grave-goods in tumuli with v gomili Tschoneggerfranzl 2 v Kleinkleinu, za kar female interments.161 Therefore, we infer that the govorijo tudi pridatki nakita,162 kot v Veliki gomi- double vessels connote a female component, both in li nad Razvanjem. Poleg dvojnih posod in nakitnih the tumulus Tschoneggerfranzl 2 from Kleinklein162 156 Teržan 1990, T. 20: 6; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, T. 157 Hack 2002, 134, 145, T. 18: 1–2. 65: 2; kos iz Rifnika hrani Pokrajinski muzej v Celju: glej 158 Berg 1962, T. 8: 6; Nebelsick 1997, 30–31, Abb. 8: 4. Vrenčur 2017, T. 4: 5; Guštin 1976, T. 16: 10; Dobiat 159 Pichlerova 1969, T. 31: 2, 7. 1980, 99–100, Taf. 52: 5. 160 Within the triad set, the double vessel can be alternatively 157 Hack 2002, 134, 145, Taf. 18: 1–2. replaced by the so-called Kalenderberg one-handled juglet. 158 Berg 1962, T. 8: 6; Nebelsick 1997, 30–31, Abb. 8: 4. 161 Eibner-Persy 1980, 46, T. 22: 7; 25: 1; Patek 1982, 144– 159 Pichlerova 1969, T. 31: 2, 7. 148, Abb. 21: 12–13; ead. 1993, 52, Abb. 36, 52: 3; For the 160 Namesto dvojne posode je lahko sestavni del kompleta “Kalenderberg triad” in particular see Teržan 1986, 225– tudi tako imenovan kalenderberški enoročajni vrček. 234, T. 1–6; ead. 1990, 166–177, figs. 41–46; ead. 1996, 161 Eibner-Persy 1980, 46; Taf. 22: 7; 25: 1; Patek 1982, 144– 518–524, Abb. 9–12; Nebelsick 1996, 334–337, 355, Abb. 148, Abb. 21: 12–13; ista 1993, 52, Abb. 36; 52: 3; Po- 8; id. 1997, 22–23, 38–47, Abb. 4; 10; 12; 13; 26. sebej za »kalenderberški trias« glej Teržan 1986, 225–234, 162 Among the wealthy grave-goods in this tumulus numer- Taf. 1–6; ista 1990, 166–177, sl. 41–46; ista 1996, 518– ous vessels can be found, such as examples with impressed 524, Abb. 9–12; Nebelsick 1996, 334–337, 355, Abb. 8; rosettes and with a high conical neck, decorated with tri-isti 1997, 22–23, 38–47, Abb. 4; 10; 12; 13; 26. angles and, moreover, the already mentioned vessel with 162 V tej gomili izstopajo med bogatimi pridatki poleg števil-meander-shaped tin foil decoration as well as dishes and nih posod (posode z visokimi stožčastimi vratovi okrašene bowls with cross and ray-like decoration on their bottoms. z vtisnjenimi rozetami in s trikotniki, posoda z meandra-Furthermore, pieces of jewellery are also present, such as stim cinastim okrasom, sklede in skodele s križno-žarka-for example the fragments of bronze ribbed bracelets of the stim okrasom na dnu), predvsem kosi nakita (fragmenti same type as those in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) bronastih narebrenih zapestnic istega tipa kot v razvanjski from Razvanje, the twisted bronze torques, the knobbed Veliki gomili, fragmenti tordiranih bronastih ovratnic, vo-bow-fibulae as well as gold barrel-shaped and glass beads, zlaste ločne fibule in zlate sodčaste in steklene jagode itd.), etc., which all point to the fact that in the tumulus also ki kažejo, da so bile v gomili pokopane tudi ženske osebe. female persons were buried. See Dobiat 1980, 226–230, Glej Dobiat 1980, 226–230, Taf. 50–59. T. 50–59. 458 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 458 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 predmetov predstavljajo žensko komponento v Velias also in the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above ki gomili tudi pridatki, ki so povezani s predenjem Razvanje. In addition to double vessels and jewellery in tkanjem, kot so vijčki, dve piramidalne uteži in objects the female component in the Great tumulus kolobarjast svitek ( Tab. 9: 11–16; 12: 1). (Velika gomila) is indicated also by the grave-goods, Če lahko v majhnih ali celo miniaturnih poso- which are connected with spinning and weaving, dicah vidimo pokazatelje, da so bili v gomili poleg such as spindle-whorls, two pyramidal weights and oseb moškega in ženskega spola pokopani tudi otroci a coil ring ( Pls. 9: 11–16; 12: 1). ( Tab. 9: 10; 10: 11–12, 21), pa mora ostati še odprto The question, whether we could understand the vprašanje. small or even miniaturised vessels as indication that Preostale posode oz. črepinje, ki izvirajo deloma in the tumulus along the male and female persons iz nasutja gomile deloma iz jam ob robu gomile ali also children had been buried ( Pls. 9: 10; 10: 11–12, prvotnih tal, na katera je bila gomila postavljena, so 21), must for the time remain open. premalo indikativne, da bi lahko doprinesle k razre- The remaining vessels or potsherds in part come šitvi problema, ali so le ostanki od roparskih posegov from the earthen mound of the tumulus and in part v gomilo, ali so preostanki pogrebnega obreda, ali pa from the pits along the tumulus edges, or alterna- je stala tam pred gomilo kakšna koča ali postojanka, tively, were lying on the original surface from which kar glede na izjemno razgledno točko ni izključeno. the tumulus had been erected. Unfortunately, they are not characteristic enough to help us solve the problem, whether they represent (at least in part) the remains of either robbing intrusions into the tu- mulus or funeral ceremony or if some kind of a hut or post had been situated on the place before the erection of the mound, what is not to be ruled out since the location offers an exceptional view over the surroundings. SKLEPNA BESEDA CONCLUDING REMARKS Glede na grobne pridatke lahko obravnavane po- In regard to grave-goods we can arrange the treated štelske gomile razvrstimo po naslednjem kronolo- tumuli of Poštela in a following chronological or- škem redu: Najstarejša med njimi je gomila 14, ki der: The oldest is the tumulus no. 14, which can jo okvirno datiramo v Ha C1. Izstopa tako po pri- be roughly dated within the Ha C1 period. It stands danem orožju (tulasta sekira, železni meč, konjska out from other tumuli both because of the weapon oprema, morda voz) kot tudi po keramiki, okrašeni placed in the grave (socketed axe, iron sword, horse- s cinastim meandrastim ornamentom ( Tab. 16–18). gear, possibly wagon) as well as due to the ceramic, Med orožjem je sekira tista, ki predstavlja jugovzho- decorated with the tin foil, meander-like ornament dnoalpsko posebnost in postavlja njenega lastnika ( Pls. 16–18). From the weapon, the socketed axe v vrsto vodilnih bojevnikov »starega kova«. Tudi s represents a characteristic of the south-eastern Al- posodami s cinastim okrasom se kaže navezanost pine region and places its owner among the group na lokalno tradicijo pozne kulture žarnih grobišč of leading warriors, armed as “in the old days”. The ( sl. 4), a hkrati z meandrastim okrasom na vpetost v vessels with tin foil decoration likewise relate to the družbeno elito štajersko-zahodno panonskega sveta local tradition of the late Urnfield period ( fig. 4), ( sl. 5), z motiviko vpisanih rombov pa celo v tisto but on the other hand their meander-like ornament srednjeevropskih halštatskodobnih skupnosti. Kot clearly indicates the connection with the social elite bojevnik je posedoval prestižno trako-kimerijsko of the Styrian and western Pannonian world ( fig. 5), konjsko opremo, kar ga uvršča med konjenike, ki while the enframed rhomb-shaped motifs even speak so v zgodnji železni dobi nesporno tvorili vrhnji sloj of links with the Hallstatt-period communities in the halštatske družbe.163 Razen tega je bil opremljen z Central Europe. The deceased warrior owned also a železnim mečem tipa Mindelheim, torej z napre- prestige Thraco-Cimmerian horse equipment, what dnim orožjem srednjeevropskega porekla, lastnim classifies him among the horsemen of the Early Iron vrhnjemu bojevniškemu sloju med vzhodno Fran- Age, which indisputably formed the upper class of cijo in zahodno Panonijo ( sl. 1). Tako železni meč the Hallstatt society.163 In addition, he was equipped iz pivolske gomile 14 kot tudi omenjeni primerki with iron sword of the Mindelheim type, that is, with 163 Glej npr. Teržan 2011. 163 See e.g. Teržan 2011. 459 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 459 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 iz Rifnika, Hardeka pri Ormožu in Brega/Fröga na the advanced weapon of Central European origin, novo osvetljujejo vplive in stike med zahodnohal- which had been used by the upper class of warriors štatskim kulturnim krogom in jugovzhodnoalpskim in regions between the eastern France and western kulturnim prostorom v času Ha C. Tudi voz (če je Pannonian Plain ( fig. 1). Both the iron sword from naša opredelitev tulastega predmeta pravilna) kaže, the tumulus no. 14 of Pivola as well as the already da je na reprezentativni ravni pogrebni obred potekal mentioned examples from Rifnik, Hardek near Or- po enakih nepisanih, a kanoniziranih pravilih kot v mož and Frög/Breg throw new light on the influenc- ostalem srednjeevropskem prostoru v času halštatske es and contacts between the western Hallstatt zone kulture. Veljaka gomile 14 lahko torej označimo kot and south-eastern Alpine area in the Ha C period. člana poštelske elite, ki je izkazoval navezanost na lo- Also the wagon (if our interpretation of the tubular kalno tradicijo, a je bil hkrati glasnik novih tendenc object is correct) demonstrates, that on the represent- in razvoja v zgodnje halštatski družbi. ative level the funeral ceremony had been conduct- Verjetno je bila gomila 13 nekaj mlajša od go- ed according to the same unwritten, but established mile 14, kar nakazuje njena topografska lega, čeprav rules as in the rest of the Central European territory natančnejšega časovnega odnosa med njima zaradi in the time of the Hallstatt culture. The notable from popolne izropanosti gomile 13 ni mogoče podati the tumulus no. 14 can be therefore designated as a ( Tab. 19). Zanimivo pa je, da sta med ohranjenimi member of the social elite from Poštela, which clearly pridatki dve skledi, ki kažeta na povezave s Kleinkle- expressed his fidelity to local traditions, but was at inom in Vaskeresztesom ter s kraji v severozahodnem the same time the precursor of new tendencies and panonskem prostoru. development in the early Hallstatt society. Najmlajša izmed obravnavanih gomil je zagoto- Most probably the tumulus no. 13 is somewhat vo Velika gomila nad Razvanjem, ki jo uvrščamo v younger from the tumulus no. 14, what is indicated čas Ha C2/ D1 ( Tab. 1–15). Ostanki konjskih kosti by its topographical position, although the precise kažejo, da gre tudi v tej gomili za konjenika, čeprav chronological relation between the two cannot be giv- med pridatki ni bilo konjske opreme. Njegova bojna en due to the completely plundered tumulus no. 13 oprema se je razlikovala od tiste v gomili 14, saj je ( Pl. 19). It is interesting, though, that among the prebil oborožen le s sulico, kar je verjetno odraz novega served grave-goods there are two dishes, which point načina bojevanja, ki se je uveljavilo, kot se domneva, to the connections with Kleinklein and Vaskeresztes, v srednjeevropskem halštatskem prostoru prav v času as well as with sites in the north western Pannonian Ha C2/D1. To pomeni, da se je tudi veljak Velike region. gomile zgledoval po zahodnih vzorih in da je obsta- The youngest among the mounds is certainly jala med gomilo 14 in Veliko gomilo kontinuiteta the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje, v stikih poštelske elite s srednjeevropsko, zlasti kar which can be placed in the Ha C2/D1 period ( Pl. zadeva oborožitev, povezave pa se odražajo tudi v ne- 1–15). Remains of horse bones testify that probably katerih okrasnih elementih na keramiki. Najbolj oči-also in this tumulus a horseman was buried, even tno pa se v keramiki odražajo stiki s kalenderberško though there was no horse-gear among the grave- skupino, še zlasti pa z naselbino Molpír pri Smoleni- goods. His weapon equipment differed from that of cah. Kljub temu pa izkazuje posodje v Veliki gomili the tumulus no. 14 as it contained only a spear. The tako glede zvrsti, oblikovnih lastnosti in ornamen- latter possibly reflects a new mode of fighting, which talne kompozicije nedvomne lokalne značilnosti ( sl. asserted itself, as presumed, in the Central European 7–8), ki pa niso lastne le Pošteli, temveč jih je najti Hallstatt territory exactly in the Ha C2/D1 period. tudi pri keramiki iz bližnjih krajev v Podravju, tako This means, that also the nobleman from the Great npr. iz naselbin v Hotinji vasi, Ormožu in Novinah, tumulus (Velika gomila) followed the western models kot tudi v gomilah na Veleniku pri Polskavi in Spo- and that a certain continuity existed between the tu- dnjih Podložah pod Ptujsko goro. Zato domnevamo, mulus no. 14 and the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) da se je v Podravju izoblikovala posebna lokalna sku- in the relations, established by the upper class from pnost, katere identiteta se zrcali v njenem posodju Poštela, with the social elite in Central Europe. This oz. lončarstvu. Zanimivo je namreč, da primerjava is particularly evident as regards the weapons, but also med posodjem, zlasti v ornamentiki, iz podravskih through several decorative elements on the ceramic. gomil s tistim v gomilah Kleinkleina kaže na očitne However, as far as the ceramic is concerned, most lokalne posebnosti tako ene kot druge skupnosti. Še obvious are the links with the Kalenderberg group, največ skupnih točk s Poštelo izkazuje v Kleinklei- especially with the settlement of Molpir near Smo- nu keramika in nakit iz gomil skupine Grellwald in lenice. Nevertheless, in view of their type, form and 460 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 460 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 Tschoneggerfranzl, zlasti gomila 2, zato naša domne-ornamental compositions, the vessels from the Great va, da sta ti dve kleinkleinški rodbini gojili tesne sti-tumulus (Velika gomila) undoubtedly show local ke s Poštelo oz. s Podravjem. characteristics, which are representative not only of Na osnovi keramike je torej možno iskati kazalce Poštela but can be found also on the ceramic from lokalnih identitet, čeprav ni sporno, da obe vodil- nearby sites in the Podravje region, such as for ex- ni skupnosti, posolbska s centrom v Kleinkleinu in ample at the settlements in Hotinja vas, Ormož and podravska s središčem na Pošteli, tvorita poselitveni Novine as well as in the tumuli at Velenik near Pol- jedri dveh pokrajin ene in iste štajersko-panonske skava and Spodnje Podlože beneath Ptujska gora ( figs. halštatskodobne kulturne skupine (skupine Klein- 7–8). Consequently, we suppose that in the Podravje klein-Martijanec) kot sestavnega dela vzhodnohal-region a distinct local community had formed, the štatskega kulturnega kroga. Zanimivo pa je, da se identity of which is reflected in its ceramic ware or kaže skozi oborožitev in ornamentiko na keramiki pottery craft. Interestingly, if we compare the vessels, vpetost poštelskih veljakov ne le v vzhodnohalštatski, especially their decoration, in the tumuli of the Po- temveč v širši svet srednjeevropske halštatske kulture. dravje region with those from the tumuli in Klein- klein, obvious local traits can be observed in either of the two communities. Similarities between Klein- klein and Poštela are most apparent above all in the ceramic and jewellery, which originate from the tu- mular groups of Grellwald and Tschoneggerfranzl, and within the latter especially from the tumulus no. 2. This is why we presume that these two families from Kleinklein fostered particularly close relations with the settlement at Poštela or with the Podravje region. On the basis of pottery, it is therefore possible to search for indications of local identities ( figs. 7, 9–10), even though it is not disputable that both leading communities, either the one in the Sulm Valley with its centre in Kleinklein or the other in the Podravje region with its focal point at Poštela, constitute settlement cores of two regions within the Styrian-Pannonian cultural group (group Klein- klein-Martijanec) as a part of the eastern Hallstatt zone. It is interesting though, that weapons as well as ceramics point to the inclusion of the noblemen from Poštela not only in the circle of the eastern Hallstatt zone, but also in the wider world of the Central European Hallstatt culture. 461 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 461 8. 03. 2021 12:56:01 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Barth F. 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Urminský J. 2001 Halštatské mohylové pohrebisko v Bielom Kostole / The Hall-Vrenčur I. 2017 statt periode burial site in Biely Kostol. – Sborník prací Filozo-Prazgodovinska naselbina Rifnik pri Šentjurju. – Doktorska fické fakulty Brnĕnské univerzity 6, 77–91. disertacija / Ph. D. thesis, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). Vejvoda V., Mirnik I. 1971 Istraživanja prethistorijskih tumula u Kaptolu kraj Slavonske Wedenig R. 2005 Požege. – Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu III/5, 183–210. Zehn Jahre Gräberarchäologie in Führholz – eine kurze Über-sicht. – V/In: R. Wedenig (ur./ed), Hallstattkultur im Trixner-Vejvoda V., Mirnik I. 1973 tal. Begleitheft zur Ausstellung in Völkermarkt und Klagenfurt Halštatski kneževski grobovi iz Kaptola kod Slavonske Požege. 2005, Völkermarkt, 19–33. – Arheološki vestnik 24, (1975), 592–610. Weihs A. 2003 Vinski-Gasparini K. 1961 Der hallstattzeitliche Grabhügel 31 der Grellwaldgruppe. – V/ Iskopavanje kneževskog tumulusa kod Martijanca u Podravini In: A. Bernard, A. Weihs, Neuerforschte Gräber der frühen Eisen- / Ausgrabung eines hallstättischen Grabhügels bei Martijanec zeit in Kleinklein (Weststeiermark), Universitätsforschungen zur in Draugebiet. – Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 3/ 2, Prähistorischen Archäologie 93, Bonn, 215–244. 39–66. Wells S. P. 1981 Vinski-Gasparini K. 1987 The Emergence of an Iron Age Economy, The Mecklenburg grave Grupa Martijanec-Kaptol. – V/In: A. Benac (ur./ed.), Praistori-groups from Hallstatt and Stična. – Mecklenburg Collection, ja jugoslavenskih zemalja V – Željezno doba, Sarajevo, 182–231. Part III, American School of Prehistoric Reserach, Bulletin 33, Harvard, Cambridge. 468 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 468 8. 03. 2021 12:56:02 KEMIJSKE ANALIZE CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PREDMETOV IZ GROBOV THE LATE BRONZE AND POZNE BRONASTE IN EARLY IRON AGE GRAVE STAREJŠE ŽELEZNE DOBE GOODS FROM POHORSKO POHORSKEGA PODRAVJA PODRAVJE Rafko Urankar, Matija Črešnar Rafko Urankar, Matija Črešnar Pri raziskavah starejše železne dobe v Pohorskem Po- The investigations of the Early Iron Age in Pohorsko dravju se porajajo vprašanja o odnosu tradicionalnih Podravje have raised a number of questions, among elementov, ki se ohranjajo kot prežitki predhodnega them also those regarding the relationship between obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč (npr. sežig umrlih in the traditional elements that survived from the previ- nekatere oblike keramičnih posod), do novosti, ki se ous, Urnfield culture period (for instance cremation začnejo pojavljati z začetkom halštatske dobe (npr. of the dead and certain pottery forms) and the novel- pojav gomil, nove oblike keramičnih posod in kovin- ties that appeared at the onset of the Hallstatt period skih izdelkov). Pri obravnavi kovinskih predmetov so (such as burial under tumuli, new forms of pottery se ob tipoloških študijah uveljavile tudi arheometrič- and metal artefacts). These questions can be tackled ne raziskave. Z njimi pridobimo dodaten uvid, ki with typological studies, but also with the help of ar- skozi prizmo kemijske sestave najdb odslikuje tehno- chaeometric analyses, of which those examining the loško znanje metalurgov in obrtnikov, nakazuje vire chemical composition of artefacts offer an additional surovin, trgovske stike ipd. insight into the technological knowhow of the met- S temi predpostavkami smo si zadali cilj, da s allurgists and artisans of the day, the sources of the pilotno študijo analiziramo nekaj predmetov iz dveh raw materials, the trade links and so forth. obdobij zgodnjega 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. – iz obdo- A pilot study of the chemical composition was bja mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč (Ha B) in zgodnje launched and included the analysis of several arte- faze starejše železne dobe (Ha C). Kemijske analize facts from two periods of the early 1st millennium predmetov iz teh kronoloških stopenj so bile pri nas BC: the Late Urnfield culture period (Ha B) and the za razliko od številnih analiz predmetov iz depojev, early phase of the Early Iron Age (Ha C). As opposed datiranih predvsem v stopnji Bd D in Ha A/B1, izve- to the many analyses of hoard finds dated primarily dene mnogo redkeje2. to BA D and Ha A/B1, the artefacts from these two Analize kemijske sestave vzorčenih predmetov periods have been subjected to chemical analyses in smo na eni strani želeli primerjati med seboj, po dru- considerably lower numbers2. gi strani pa ugotoviti podobnosti in razlike z do sedaj The goal of the pilot study was to compare opravljenimi analizami na Slovenskem.3 the chemical composition of the sampled artefacts among themselves and with the composition of the objects from Slovenian archaeological sites that have already been analysed3. METODA IN VZORCI METHOD AND SAMPLES Predmeti so bili analizirani z metodo ICP-AES z The artefacts were analysed using the ICP-AES atomskim emisijskim spektrometrom PE OPTIMA method with the PE OPTIMA 3100RL atomic 3100RL na Inštitutu za kovinske materiale in tehno-emission spectrometer at the Institute of Metals and logije v Ljubljani4. Vzorci so bili odvzeti z vrtanjem, Technology in Ljubljana4. Samples were taken by nato pa so bile po postopku, ki je bil uveljavljen drilling and later analysed for the Cu, Sn, Pb, As, Ni, pri analizah slovenskih depojskih najdb, opravljene Sb, Co, Bi, Ag, Fe, Mn and Zn content following 1 1 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996; Trampuž Orel 1999. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996; Trampuž Orel 1999. 2 2 Trampuž Orel et al. 2016, 304–310. Trampuž Orel et al. 2016, 304–310. 3 3 Glej npr. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996; Trampuš Orel, Uran- See e.g. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996; Trampuš Orel, Urankar kar 2009; Črešnar 2009; isti 2010; Urankar 2012; Tram-2009; Črešnar 2009; id. 2010; Urankar 2012; Trampuž puž Orel et al. 2016. Orel et al. 2016. 4 4 Za pomoč pri analizi se zahvaljujemo dr. Nevi Trampuž Orel We thank Neva Trampuž Orel and Boris Orel for their help in dr. Borisu Orlu. Analizo je opravila dr. Aleksandra Kocijan. in the analyses, and Aleksandra Kocijan for performing them. 469 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 469 8. 03. 2021 12:56:02 analize za sledeče elemente: Cu, Sn, Pb, As, Ni, Sb, the procedure already employed in the analysis of the Co, Bi, Ag, Fe, Mn in Zn.5 Slovenian hoard finds5. V analizo je bilo vključenih 21 predmetov oz. The analysis involved 21 objects or fragments njihovih odlomkov iz grobov ( pril. 1), ki jih krono-from graves ( app. 1) that fall into two chronologi-loško delimo v dve skupini. V prvo skupino sodijo cal groups. The first group comprises items from the predmeti iz grobov ruške skupine kulture žarnih gro- Urnfield culture graves of the Ruše group: Grave 29 bišč, iz grobišča Ruše II, gr. 29 (2)6, Maribor – Mla-of the Ruše II cemetery (2)6, Maribor – Mladinska dinska ulica (1)7, Pobrežje, gr. 31 (5, 6 in 7)8, Gračič ulica (1)7, Grave 31 at Pobrežje, (5, 6 and 7)8, Graves pod Brinjevo goro, gr. 30 (4) in 31 (3)9. V drugi sku-30 (4) and 31 (3)9 from Gračič below Brinjeva gora. pini so najdbe z grobišč, ki pripadajo utrjeni naselbi- The second group consists of Early Iron Age objects ni na Pošteli, in sicer iz grobov na planoti Habakuk from the cemeteries associated with the fortified set- (Lepa Ravna), plani grob 5 (8, 9) in gomila 38 (12, tlement on Poštela: flat Grave 5 (8, 9) and Tumulus 13)10, ter najdbe iz gomile 14 iz Pivole (10, 11)11, ki 38 (12, 13) on the Habakuk plateau (Lepa Ravna)10 sodijo v starejšo železno dobo. Ker je običaj v obeh and goods from Tumulus 14 at Pivola (10, 11)11. The časovnih stopnjah vključeval sežig preminulih oseb v burial rite in both periods was cremation of the de- njihovi opravi, so bili predmeti pogosto razlomljeni ceased in their costume, which means that the goods in poškodovani od ognja. are frequently fragmented and fire damaged. Rezultate kemijskih analiz naše raziskave smo The results of the chemical analyses were first nameravali v prvi vrsti primerjati z rezultati dose- compared with those of the analyses performed pre- danjih raziskav, ki kažejo, da je kemijska sestava viously. The comparison showed that the chemical predmetov pogojena tudi kronološko. Pri tem smo composition had a chronological dimension too, i.e. želeli preveriti, kako se grobne najdbe z razmeroma differed from period to period. With this in mind, jasnimi datacijami vključujejo v dosedanjo shemo, ki we proceded to verify how the grave goods with rel- je vzpostavljena predvsem na velikem številu analiz atively clear dates fall into the current chronological predmetov iz depojev kulture žarnih grobišč. framework mainly based on the numerous analyses Pri izbiri gradiva za analizo pa smo si zastavljali of the hoard finds from the Urnfield culture period. tudi druga vprašanja. Na podlagi najdiščnih okoliščin The choice of objects for analysis was also guided smo predvidevali, da bi lahko nekateri bronasti od- by other considerations. The archaeological context lomki, ki so bili del ene grobne celote, pripadali istim in some cases indicated that certain bronze fragments predmetom. A ker so stične ploskve med posamezni- from the same grave may have formed part of single mi odlomki v nekaterih primerih tako poškodovane, objects, but the fractures were damaged beyond posi- da jih ni mogoče nedvomno sestaviti, smo pri izbra- tive reconstruction. We performed chemical analysis nih kosih to želeli preveriti tudi z analizo kemijske se-to verify this possibility on select fragments: torque stave. To velja za dele ovratnic iz groba 30 z Gračiča fragments from Grave 30 at Gračič and the ceme- pod Brinjevo goro in tudi z grobišča v Mariboru, za tery in Maribor, torque and bracelet fragments from dele ovratnice in zapestnic iz groba 31 s Pobrežja ter Grave 31 at Pobrežje and bracelet fragments from morda tudi zapestnice iz gomile 38 na Habakuku pod Tumulus 38 at Habakuk below Poštela12. We also ex- Poštelo12. Nadalje smo raziskovali sestavo podobnih amined the composition of similar objects found in predmetov, ki so bili najdeni v paru oz. skupaj v enem pairs or together in a single grave: two fragments of grobu. Takšni so odlomka dveh pseudo-tordiranih two pseudo-twisted torques from Grave 31 at Gračič ovratnic iz groba 31 z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro, ki below Brinjeva gora that were fastened together with sta bili spojeni s spojko in par masivnih zapestnic iz a clamp and a pair of solid bracelets from flat Grave planega groba 5 na Habakuku.13 5 at Habakuk.13 5 5 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 169–170. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 169–170. 6 6 Pahič 1957, T. 11: 2. Pahič 1957, Pl. 11: 2. 7 7 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 118: 48. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 118: 48. 8 8 Pahič 1972, T. 6: 14, 15, 17. Pahič 1972, Pl. 6: 14, 15, 17. 9 9 Glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič, T. 11: 10; 12: 1. See here Koprivnik, Gračič, Pls. 11: 10; 12: 1. 10 10 Teržan 1990, T. 56: 1–2; 61: 3. Teržan 1990, Pls. 56: 1–2; 61: 3. 11 11 Glej tukaj: Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, T. 16: 2, 13. See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, Pl. 16: 2, 13. 12 12 Müller-Karpe 1959, T. 118; Pahič 1972, T. 6: 14, 15, 17; Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 118; Pahič 1972, Pl. 6: 14, 15, 17; Teržan 1990, T. 61: 3. Teržan 1990, Pl. 61: 3. 13 13 Teržan 1990, T. 56: 1–2; glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič, T. Teržan 1990, Pl. 56: 1–2; see here Koprivnik, Gračič, Pl. 12: 1. 12: 1. 470 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 470 8. 03. 2021 12:56:02 REZULTATI RESULTS Rezultati kemijskih analiz vzorčenih primerkov so The results of the chemical analyses are shown in prikazani v pril. 1. Rezultate, ki na podlagi arheolo-app. 1. Some have been joined due to the archae- ških indicev in podobne kemijske sestave pripadajo ological context indicating the pieces formed a sin- istemu predmetu, smo združili. Tako smo v nadalj- gle artefact and due similar chemical composition, njih korakih raziskave med seboj primerjali rezultate which narrowed the items to be compared to 13. For analiz 13 predmetov. Za predmete, ki so sestavljeni the objects composed of several pieces, we used the iz več kosov, v nadaljnji obdelavi uporabljamo pov- average element contents. prečne vsebnosti elementov, ki so izračunane iz re- A more detailed look at app. 1 reveals that the zultatov analiz pripadajočih odlomkov. sum of element contents never reached 100%. This Natančnejši pogled na pril. 1 razkrije, da seštedoes not pose a great problem for minor deviations vek vsebnosti vseh analiziranih elementov pri nobe- (+/- 2%). In contrast, the sum for two objects is nem predmetu ne doseže 100 %. Pri manjših odsto- around 76%, which indicates problems in the pro- panjih (+/- 2 %) to ni tako problematično, pri naših cess of sampling and analysing. It should be stressed analizah pa je v dveh primerih seštevek zgolj okrog that the sampled pieces are relatively small and re- 76 %, kar kaže na določene probleme v postopku covered from cremation burials, i.e. exposed to tem- od vzorčenja do analize. Še enkrat bi poudarili, da peratures possibly exceeding 700°C. This damages gre pri vseh predmetih za relativno drobne kose, ki the metal, which the post-depositional processes so bili najdeni v žganih grobovih, kar pomeni, da so make even worse, often producing highly porous ar- bili skupaj s pokojnikom sežgani v ognju, ki doseže tefacts that are corroded through. Such artefacts are tudi preko 700 stopinj Celzija. To povzroči v kovi- usually not sampled as the inability to remove the ni poškodbe, ki jih postdepozicijski procesi v zemlji oxidised particles and impurities due to very small še dodatno poslabšajo. Tako se pri odvzemu vzorcev grains makes for unreliable analysis results. The sam- velikokrat soočamo z izredno poroznimi predmeti, ple may also be contaminated by elements not meas- ki so tudi v notranjosti korodirani. Običajno takih ured (O, C, Ca), because they are either absent in predmetov ne vzorčimo, saj so rezultati analiz neza- the alloy or only present in negligible amounts and nesljivi, ker zaradi drobnih zrn iz vzorca ne moremo cannot be taken into account in the sum. Given that odstraniti oksidiranih delcev in nečistoč. Tako vzorec chemical analyses of grave goods are rare, however, kontaminirajo tudi elementi, katerih vsebnosti ne we decided to include the results for the corroded merimo (O, C, Ca), ker jih v zlitini ni oz. so prisotni samples as well; it is possible that the laws governing v zanemarljivih količinah, zato jih tudi pri seštevku metallurgic processes also apply when exposing fin- ne moremo upoštevati. V naši raziskavi smo analize ished objects to fire, leaving some element ratios in korodiranih vzorcev kljub vsemu upoštevali, saj so the alloy largely unchanged14. analize predmetov iz grobov redke, zato jih je vredno Thirteen objects represent a small sample for sta- zajeti. Morda zakonitosti, ki se kažejo pri metalur- tistical analysis, though sufficient to indicate certain ških procesih, veljajo tudi pri sežigu predmetov in se characteristics tied either to technology or dating. zato nekatera razmerja med elementi v zlitini bistve- The processing of the analysis results largely focuses no ne spremenijo.14 on the elements that have been proven in previous Za zanesljivo statistično obdelavo je 13 pred- analyses to enable a reasonable interpretation. metov razmeroma malo, vendar se tudi pri takšnem številu že lahko pokažejo določene značilnosti, ki so Tin pogojene tehnološko in/ali kronološko. Obdelava All analysed objects are of bronze, i.e. made of cop- analiz je v večji meri osredotočena na elemente, ki per alloys. Analyses have shown they are primarily so na podlagi dosedanjih raziskav pokazali vzorce, ki alloys of copper and tin, in one example (11) we may omogočajo verodostojno razlago. presume the addition of lead. Copper is a relatively soft metal with a high Kositer melting point. The addition of tin lowers its melting Vsi predmeti so bronasti, kar pomeni, da imamo point, on the one hand, and makes the alloy harder opraviti z zlitinami. Analize so pokazale, da gre pred- and hence more suitable for working, tool produc- vsem za zlitine bakra in kositra, v enem primeru (11) tion in particular, on the other. The archaeometric pa lahko domnevamo tudi dodajanje svinca, s čimer research of the hoard finds from Slovenia has shown se bomo ukvarjali v nadaljevanju. that founders from Ha A onwards used alloys with 14 14 Pernicka 1999, 164–165. Pernicka 1999, 164–165. 471 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 471 8. 03. 2021 12:56:02 Slika 1. Pogostnost Baker je relativno mehka kovina z visokim ta- vsebnosti kositra liščem. Z dodajanjem kositra se na eni strani zniža v analiziranih tališče zlitine, nova kovina pa je trša in zato primer-predmetih. . of finds Figure 1. Tin content nejša predvsem za izdelavo orodij. Arheometrične in the analysed raziskave slovenskih depojskih najdb so pokazale, da ov / No objects. so na našem prostoru livarji že v Ha A obdobju upo- edmet rabljali zlitine z različno vsebnostjo kositra, odvisno od tega, kakšni uporabi so bili namenjeni predmeti, Št. pr ki so jih izdelovali15. Takih razlik v primeru anali- ziranih predmetov iz grobov ni bilo pričakovati, saj gre večinoma za nakit oz. predmete, ki so služili kot okras, trdota pa ni lastnost, ki bi bila pri teh predme- tih odločujoča. varying degrees of tin, depending on the intended Analize so pokazale, da predmeti vsebujejo med 2 function of their products15. We could not expect in 24 % kositra ( sl. 1). Povprečno vsebnost (9,94 %) such differences for the objects in this analysis, which bi lahko vzporejali s trendom, ki se kaže tudi pri ana-are predominantly pieces of jewellery or decorative lizah slovenskih Ha B depojev.16 Vendar je taka hitra items where hardness is not a decisive factor. primerjava lahko neprimerna in zavajajoča, saj veči- Analyses have shown that the objects contained na analiziranih predmetov iz tega obdobja prihaja iz between 2 and 24% of tin ( fig. 1). The average content depoja Kanalski vrh. Ta je tako po svoji sestavi kot (9.94%) is similar to that observed in the Slovenian Ha tudi po kemijski sliki predmetov specifičen, najdišče B hoards16, though such comparison could be unsuita- pa ob tem leži v ne le geografsko, temveč tudi kul- ble and misleading as most of the analysed objects from turno nekoliko oddaljenem prostoru.17 Poleg tega so this period come from the Kanalski vrh hoard. Both naši predmeti razdeljeni v dve časovni skupini. Če bi in the array of forms and their chemical composition, prvo zaradi pripadnosti istemu časovnemu horizon- this hoard is specific and also different in its geographic tu (Ha B) še lahko vzporejali z depojskimi najdbami, and cultural attribution17. The objects of our analysis pa je druga že toliko mlajša, da lahko predvidevamo are attributable to two chronological groups; while the spremembe pri prenosu metalurškega znanja na eni first one dates to the same phase (Ha B) and may still strani in trgovskih stikov na drugi. be compared with the hoard finds, the second one is Če naše analizirane predmete kronološko razde- later to the point that we may presume changes in the limo, vidimo, da večji del premetov iz Ha B ( sl. 1: transfer of metallurgic knowhow and in the trade links. modra) vsebuje med 7,6 % in 9,3 % kositra. Od-Chronologically, most of the objects from Ha stopata le gladka tanka ovratnica iz groba 30 z Gra- B ( fig. 1: blue) contain between 7.6% and 9.3% of čiča (4), z vsebnostjo 2,57 % in gladka, a bolj ma-tin with the exception of the plain thin torque from sivna ovratnica iz groba 29 iz Ruš II (2), ki vsebuje Grave 30 at Gračič (4) with 2.57% and a plain but 12,31 % kositra. Prav slednja izstopa tudi po vseb-thicker torque from Grave 29 at Ruše II (2) with nosti svinca (1,42 %), saj noben od drugih predme- 12.31% of tin. The latter also stands out in its lead tov iz tega obdobja ne presega 1 %. content (1.42%), as all other objects of the period Predmeti, ki jih datiramo od prehodnega ob- contain below 1% of lead. dobja Ha B3/C1 (oz. Ha C0) naprej ( sl. 1: rdeča, The items dating from the Ha B3/C1 (oz. Ha označeno kot Ha C), kažejo precej drugačno sliko.18 C0) transition period onwards ( fig. 1: red, marked as Pri večini vsebnost kositra presega 11 %. Ob tem Ha C) show a considerably different picture18. Most le glavič meča (10) in jermenski razdelilec konjske exceed 11% in tin content, with the exception of the opreme (11) iz groba bojevnika iz gomile 14 kažeta sword pommel (10) and horse gear strap distributor nižjo vsebnost kositra ( pril. 1: 10–11). (11) from the warrior grave in Tumulus 14 at Pivola ( app. 1: 10–11). 15 15 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 182–187; Trampuž Orel et al. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 182–187; Trampuž Orel et al. 2016, 304–308. 2016, 304–308. 16 16 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, Tab. 6; sl. 1; Trampuž Orel et al. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, Tab. 6; fig. 1; Trampuž Orel et 2016, 308–311. al. 2016, 308–311. 17 17 Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001. Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001. 18 18 Opomniti velja, da so prav analize teh predmetov lahko We should note that the analyses of these objects may be nekoliko vprašljive, saj analiza vseh elementov pri več questionable as the sum of all elements for some of the predmetih ne doseže niti 90 % (glej pril. 1). artefacts is below 90% (see app. 1). 472 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 472 8. 03. 2021 12:56:02 Lead Slika 2. Pogostnost - depoji / This was another important metal for founders. It vsebnosti svinca hoards (%) v analiziranih . of finds was added to copper to lower the melting point of predmetih. the alloy and thus facilitate handling and casting of Figure 2. Lead ov / No more elaborate forms. In small amounts, lead is con- content in the sistently present in copper alloys as copper minerals analysed objects. edmet are often associated with those of lead in the ore; it is Št. pr thus often difficult to tell whether the lead in a cop- per alloy was naturally present or intentionally add- ed. Most objects in our analysis contain up to 1.5% of lead. The early items ( fig. 2: blue) all have low lead content, while lead in some late objects ( fig. 2: red) Svinec may have been added to the alloy. This is particu- Poleg kositra je tudi svinec za livarje pomembna ko- larly true of the horse gear strap distributor, which vina, ki so jo bakru dodajali zaradi zmanjšanja tališča may suggest it is an import, i.e. product of a different zlitine. S tem je bilo ravnanje z litino lažje, vlivali so metallurgic circle. lahko oblikovno zahtevnejše predmete. Vendar pa ni Because the number of analysed items is so low, povsem gotovo, da je bil svinec vselej dodan namer- it is also difficult to compare them to the results for no, saj v rudi bakrove minerale velikokrat spremljajo the hoard finds ( fig. 2: yellow; results are given in per-tudi svinčevi. Ker je torej svinec v manjših količinah cent because of the great difference in the number of skoraj vedno prisoten v bakrovih zlitinah, je mejo objects analysed), though the absence of items with med naravnim in namensko dodanim svincem v zli-the lowest lead content (below 0.1%) does suggest a tini pogosto težko ugotoviti. V našem primeru veči- similar picture as with the Ha B hoards. na predmetov vsebuje do 1,5 % svinca. Ob tem bi lahko dodali še, da so starejši predmeti ( sl. 2: modra) Iron vsi vsebovali svinec v nizki količini, medtem ko so Iron content in the alloy mainly depends on the zlitini mlajših predmetov ( sl. 2: rdeča) v nekaterih technology of extracting raw copper19. It is one of primerih svinec morda dodajali. Najbolj odstopa jer- the trace elements that indicate not the origin of the menski razdelilec konjske opreme, kar morda govori copper ore, but rather the stage of technological de- o tem, da gre za importa in torej izdelka drugega me- velopment. The analysed objects show 0.11% iron talurškega kroga. content on average, with values ranging from 0.02 to Glede na število analiziranih predmetov je rezul- 0.5% (see fig. 3), which is similar to those of the Slo-tate težko vzporejati z analizami depojskih najdb ( sl. venian hoard finds20. The analysed objects include 2: rumena; zaradi velike razlike v številu analiziranih none with higher than 0.5% iron content. In hoards, predmetov so rezultati teh predstavljeni v odstotkih), such items are present in small numbers, which may kljub temu pa se le zdi, da gre za podobno sliko vseb- be why they are absent in our analyses that involves nosti kot pri predmetih iz Ha B depojev, kar lahko a considerably smaller sample. sklepamo na podlagi odsotnosti najdb z najnižjimi vsebnostmi svinca (pod 0,1 %). Slika 3. Pogostnost vsebnosti železa Železo v analiziranih Količina železa v zlitini je odvisna predvsem od tehno- predmetih. . of finds Figure 3. Iron logije pridobivanja surovega bakra19. Sodi torej med content in the ov / No sledne prvine, ki ne kažejo na izvor bakrove rude, analysed objects. temveč na razvojno stopnjo tehnološkega postopka. V edmet povprečju predmeti vsebujejo 0,11 % železa, vsebno- Št. pr sti pa se gibljejo med 0,02 in 0,5 % (glej sl. 3), kar je podobno kot pri slovenskih depojskih najdbah20. Med analiziranimi predmeti ni nobenega, pri katerem bi vsebnost presegala 0,5 %. Tovrstni predmeti se v slo- venskih depojskih najdbah sicer pojavljajo v manjšem 19 19 Pernicka 1999, 165–166. Pernicka 1999, 165–166. 20 20 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, Tab. 14; sl. 8. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, Tab. 14; fig. 8. 473 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 473 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 deležu, ki pa v našem primeru morda ni zaznaven za-Arsenic, nickel and antimony radi premajhnega števila opravljenih analiz. Copper ores come in a variety of mineral compo- sitions, with copper minerals associated with other Arzen, nikelj in antimon metal minerals. Smelting introduces other metals Bakrove rude imajo različno mineralno sestavo, ba- into the alloy, which are component parts of the krove minerale pa spremljajo še drugi kovinski mine- copper mineral (e.g. in tetrahedrite, tennantite). rali. Pri taljenju rude tako v zlitino preidejo tudi druThe quantity of these associated minerals is rela- ge kovine, ki so sestavni del bakrovega minerala (npr. tively small (unless we are dealing with a polymetal v tetraedritu, tenantitu). Če ne gre za polimetalno ore deposit) and these impurities may indicate the rudišče, je količina spremljajočih mineralov relativ- type of ore. no majhna. Zato govorimo o nečistočah v bakru, ki The total impurity content is shown in fig. 4. lahko kažejo na uporabljeno vrsto rude. For the Slovenian hoard finds, the impurities con- Pogostnost seštevkov glavnih nečistoč je prikaza- tent of up to 2% is more common for Ha A and na na sl. 4. Pri slovenskih depojskih najdbah je v Ha above 2% for Ha B, while the maximum impuri-A obdobju bolj pogosta vsebnost do 2 % nečistoč, v ties content does not exceed 6% in Ha A21. The Ha B obdobju pa je bolj pogosta vsebnost nad 2 %. impurities content in the grave goods also does not Poleg tega v Ha A obdobju najvišja vsebnost nečistoč exceed 6%, though it is slightly more commonly ne presega 6 %21. Tudi pri naših analizah grobnih above 2% in particular for the later objects ( fig. pridatkov najvišja vsebnost nečistoč ne presega 6 %, 4: red). vendar pa je zlasti pri mlajših predmetih ( sl. 4: rdeča) The ratios between the arsenic, nickel and anti-nekoliko bolj pogosta nad 2 %. mony contents allow us to distinguish between sev- en groups of objects or types of copper (see fig. 5) Slika 4. Pogostnost as determined in the study of Swiss artefacts from seštevka nečistoč different periods22. The Slovenian hoard finds were v analiziranih . of finds analysed using this same criterion23. In spite of their predmetih. Figure 4. Total ov / No low number, the analysed grave goods show a simi- impurity content in lar chemical composition as the Ha B hoard finds, the analysed objects. edmet where copper with maximum antimony content Št. pr predominates (Types 5 and 6). It is as yet difficult to surmise as to what kind of ore was used in the production of these items. Because of its low impu- rities content, copper appears relatively pure, though certain patterns of impurities ratios might point to a Na podlagi razmerij med vsebnostmi arzena, ni- particular ore, if not the ore deposit. Unfortunately, klja in antimona lahko predmete razdelimo v sedem the pattern of impurities in the grave goods corre- skupin oz. tipov bakra (glej sl. 5), ki so bile opre-sponds with none of the ore combinations proposed deljene pri študiji švicarskih predmetov iz različnih for the Kanalski vrh hoard24, which is chronological- časovnih obdobij22. Na enak način so bile analizira- ly relatively close, but distant in terms of geographi- ne tudi slovenske depojske najdbe.23 Kljub relativno cal and cultural attribution. This might also suggest majhnemu številu analiziranih predmetov se kaže that the raw material used in the production of the podobnost s kemično sestavo slovenskih depojskih grave goods in Pohorsko Podravje region comes from najdb iz Ha B obdobja, kjer prevladuje baker z naj- a different source than that for the items from Ka- večjo vsebnostjo antimona (tipa 5 in 6). Zaenkrat je nalski vrh. težko predvidevati, kakšna ruda je bila uporabljena Most of the objects dated to Ha B contain around pri izdelavi teh predmetov. Zaradi nizke vsebnosti 1% of impurities, with the average value slightly be- nečistoč je baker videti razmeroma čist, kljub temu low 1%. Again standing out are the plain thin torque pa se kažejo vzorci razmerij med elementi, ki bi lah- from Grave 30 at Gračič (4), with 3.50%, and the ko bili pokazatelji določene rude, če že ne samega plain but thicker torque from Grave 29 of the Ruše rudišča. Žal se vzorec nečistoč v predmetih iz grobov II cemetery (2) with 2.04%. The former is also the 21 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 207, fig. 14. 21 22 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 207, sl. 14. Rychner, Kläntschi 1995, II, 134. 22 23 Rychner, Kläntschi 1995, II, 134. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, fig. 12; Trampuž Orel et al. 23 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, sl. 12; Trampuž Orel et al. 2016, 304–336. 24 2016, 304–336. Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001, 153, fig. 11. 474 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 474 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 ne ujema z nobeno od predlaganih kombinacij rud v depoju s Kanalskega vrha24, ki je sicer časovno relativno blizu, hkrati pa geografsko in kulturno mo- . of finds goče preveč oddaljen. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da ov / No surovina za izdelavo predmetov iz podravskih gro- bov prihaja od drugod kot surovina za predmete s edmet Kanalskega vrha. Št. pr Večina predmetov, datiranih v Ha B, vsebuje okoli 1 % nečistoč, povprečje pa je nekoliko nižje. Ponovno izstopata le gladka tanka ovratnica iz gro- ba 30 z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro ( Slika 5. 4), z vsebno- Pogostnost tipov bakra v stjo 3,50 %, in gladka, a bolj masivna ovratnica iz analiziranih predmetih (tipi  bakra po Rychner, Kläntschi 1995). Figure 5. Types  of copper in the  analysed objects  (copper types after   Rychner, Kläntschi   1995).           Slika 6. Primerjava  analiziranih grobnih pridatkov iz  Pohorskega Podravja  z izbranimi najdišči vzhodne Slovenije.  Figure 6.  Comparison between the analysed grave   goods from the Pohorsko Podravje  region with finds  from select sites in              eastern Slovenia. groba 29 iz Ruš II (2) z 2,04 %. Ob tem je ovratnionly of the analysed objects made of Type 5 copper, ca z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro tudi edini predmet i.e. copper with leading antimony followed by nick- izmed vseh vzorčenih predmetov, ki je bila izdelana el. The torque from Mladinska ulica in Maribor (1) iz bakra tipa 5, bakra z vodilnim antimonom, ki and one of the bracelets from Grave 31 at Pobrežje mu sledi nikelj. V tip bakra 1 z vodilnim arzenom (7; app. 1: 8) belong to Type 1 copper with leading pa sodita ovratnica iz Mladinske ulice v Mariboru arsenic. (1) in ena od zapestnic iz groba 31 na Pobrežju (7; The items recovered from the graves around pril. 1: 8). Poštela show a slightly higher average impurities Pri predmetih, odkritih v grobovih okoli Po- content, with the horse gear strap distributor (11) štele, je povprečje vsebnosti nečistoč nekoliko viš- again standing apart most, containing 4.13% of im- je, najbolj pa ponovno izstopa jermenski razdelilec purities. Standing out in the impurities ratio are the konjske opreme (11), ki vsebuje 4,13 % nečistoč. Po bracelet pieces from Tumulus 38 at Habakuk below razmerjih med nečistočami izstopata dela zapestnic Poštela (12 and 13), which belong to Type 1 copper due to the prevailing arsenic ( fig. 5). 24 Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001, 153, sl. 11. 475 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 475 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 iz gomile 38 na Habakuku pod Poštelo (12 in 13), The graph in fig. 6 offers a more detailed insight ki zaradi prevladujočega arzena sodita v tip bakra 1 into the ratios between impurities. In addition to the ( sl. 5). grave goods (blue triangles – Ha B objects, red trian- Bolj natančen vpogled v razmerja med nečisto- gles – Ha C objects), it also shows the analysed ob- čami nudi graf na sl. 6, kjer so poleg analiz grobnih jects from the Ha A settlement at Rogoza near Mari-pridatkov (modri trikotniki – starejši predmeti Ha B, bor (white circles)25 and the hoard from Pod Kotom rdeči trikotniki – mlajši predmeti Ha C) predstavlje- - jug near Murska Sobota (yellow circles), the latter ne tudi analize predmetov z naselja Rogoza pri Ma- dating to the Ha A/B transition26. riboru (prazni krožci) iz obdobja Ha A25 in depoja z In spite of the small number, the results show najdišča Pod Kotom - jug pri Murski Soboti (rumeni differences between late and early grave goods ( fig. 6: krožci), ki sodi na prehod stopnje Ha A in Ha B26. blue and red). Both groups differ considerably from Kljub majhnemu številu analiz se kažejo razlike the analysed objects from Pod Kotom - jug near med mlajšimi in starejšimi grobnimi pridatki, ki jih Murska Sobota, where primarily arsenic predomi- lahko razdelimo v dve skupini ( sl. 6: modra in rdeča). nates among the impurities and indicates the use of Poleg tega se obe skupini močno ločita od analiz z a different source of raw material. The values for the najdišča Pod Kotom - jug pri Murski Soboti, kjer analysed objects from Rogoza are scattered across the med nečistočami večinoma prevladuje arzen, kar graph, indicating a wide variety of raw materials. kaže na uporabo povsem drugega vira surovine za izdelavo predmetov. Ob tem so vrednosti vzorcev z Rogoze široko razsejane po grafu, kar kaže na upora- bo široke palete surovin. ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSION Kot je bilo omenjeno že uvodoma, gre pri pričujoči Our analyses of the chemical composition of select raziskavi za pilotno študijo, ki naj bi pokazala po- objects are a pilot study aimed at emphasising the tencial in smiselnost nadaljnjih raziskav. Analiza je potential and usefulness of such research in the fu- bila narejena na le 21 bronastih kosih, ki smo jih ture. The analysis involved 21 bronze pieces, some tudi na osnovi analize lahko združili v 13 predmetov. of which were deemed conjoining, hence the results Rezultati analiz nekaterih predmetov so zaradi nizke pertain to only 13 artefacts. Some results yielded skupne vsote analiziranih elementov lahko vprašljivi, very low total sums of analysed elements and are kljub vsemu pa lahko predstavimo nekaj zanimivih therefore questionable, but nevertheless interesting dognanj, ki bi jih bilo smiselno upoštevati in pretre- and should be considered in the future, more com- sti v bodočih obsežnejših študijah. prehensive studies. Eden od problemov je zagotovo izdelava zlitin. The study addressed several issues. One is the Pri tem gre za namerno dodajanje kositra in svinca. production of alloys with the intentional addition Vsebnost kositra ni problematična, saj se v bakrovih of tin and lead. Tin content is not problematic, as rudiščih običajno pojavlja zgolj v sledovih. Druga- the metal usually only appears in copper ore de- če je pri svincu, kjer se pogosto postavlja vprašanje posits as a trace element. In contrast, lead content mejne vsebnosti, nad katero lahko z gotovostjo trdi- often raises questions pertaining to the minimum mo, da gre za namerno dodan svinec, saj je pri izko- lead content above which we can be certain that riščanju polimetalnih rudišč ta meja lahko tudi pre- lead was added intentionally. Lead content can be cej visoka. Ob tem pa je potrebna previdnost tudi quite high when exploiting polymetal ore deposits, pri razlagi visokih vsebnosti, ko se svinec namreč ne while we should also be careful in interpreting high vgradi v kristalno mrežo zlitine, temveč se združuje lead content when the metal joins into droplets v kapljice. V teh primerih zlitina ni homogena, po- rather than being built into the crystal lattice of sledično pa ni homogen niti vzorec. Tako visokih the alloy. Such alloy is not homogeneous and nei- vsebnosti svinca v naši študiji sicer ni bilo, vendar pa ther is the analysed sample. We did not come across bi lahko vsebnost nad 2 % poleg namernega doda- very high lead content in our analyses, though the janja svinca morda pomenila tudi uporabo drugega content above 2% might already signify intention- vira surovine, tj. izkoriščanje katerega od polimetal- al addition of lead, but also the exploitation of a nih rudišč. polymetal ore deposit. 25 25 Črešnar 2009, 52−56. Črešnar 2009, 52−56. 26 26 Jereb 2009; Trampuž Orel, Urankar 2009. Jereb 2009; Trampuž Orel, Urankar 2009. 476 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 476 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 Omenjali smo že problem seštevka vsebnosti The analysis also revealed the problem of the vseh analiziranih elementov, ki so v nekaj primerih total sum of all analysed elements, which is decid- (2, 8, 9, 12, 13) odločno prenizki. To povezujemo z edly too low in some cases (2, 8, 9, 12, 13). This močno korodiranostjo predmetov tudi v notranjosti, is linked to the heavy corrosion of the objects in ki je posledica izpostavljenosti visokim temperatu- their interior, which is the result of exposure to high ram pri sežigu, stanje pa poslabšajo še postdepozi- temperatures during cremation and subsequent cijski procesi. V takih primerih je težko odvzeti pri- post-depositional processes. With such artefacts, meren vzorec, ker so kovinski delci kontaminirani it is difficult to take a suitable sample as the met- z oksid nim prahom, ki ga je zelo težko odstraniti. al pieces are contaminated with oxide dust that is Kljub temu se v analizah kažeta dve značilnosti, na notoriously hard to remove. Having said that, the kateri bi morali biti pri analizah tovrstnih najdb v analysis results have revealed two characteristics that nadalje morda pozorni. Najprej lahko opazimo, da are nevertheless worth noting. Firstly, most of the večina problematičnih analiz pripada predmetom ‘problematic’ results belong to late artefacts (Ha C), iz mlajšega obdobja (Ha C). Naslednje opažanje se and secondly, some artefacts have tin content above nanaša na vsebnost kositra, ki ga nekateri predmeti 11%. Presuming that cremation did not affect el- vsebujejo več kot 11 %. Ob predpostavki, da se raz- ement ratios in the metal, it is possible to increase merja v kovini zaradi sežiga niso spremenila, lahko the element content to the optimal sum (100%) by računsko povečamo vsebnosti elementov do opti- calculation; this produces a considerably higher tin malnega seštevka (100 %). Takrat se pokaže, da so content. Further research will certainly bring more vsebnosti kositra v teh predmetih še občutno višje. solid evidence, while the currently available evi- Nadaljnje raziskave bodo boljša osnova za pravilnej- dence indicates that later artefacts contained more šo razlago, zaenkrat pa kaže, da so mlajši predmeti tin, which may be problematic during cremation vsebovali več kositra, ki je verjetno pri sežigu proble- due to its low melting point (232°C). matičen zaradi svojega nizkega tališča (232 °C), kar A very important issue in the chemical composi- bi se lahko odražalo tudi na kakovosti vzorca. tion analyses is establishing the connections between Zelo pomemben del tovrstnih raziskav je tudi the artefacts of the same or similar alloys. We ana- ugotavljanje povezav med predmeti s pomočjo ena- lysed several pieces (1, 3, 4, 6, 7) of the same objects kih oz. podobnih zlitin, ki jih kažejo rezultati kemij-and used the average values for further analyses. The skih analiz. V nekaterih primerih (1, 3, 4, 6, 7) je results show differences in element contents, albeit bilo analiziranih več kosov istega predmeta, za na- minor, which might be the result of mistakes during daljnjo obdelavo smo vzeli povprečje analiz. Manjše analysis or of a poor homogeneity of the artefact sam- razlike v vsebnosti so opazne že znotraj rezultatov ple. If results differ for the same artefacts, it is all the analiz istega predmeta, kar je na eni strani posledi-more unrealistic to expect complete correspondence ca analizne napake in na drugi strani homogenosti of results between different artefacts. Having said predmeta/vzorca. Zato tudi ne moremo pričakova- that, we noticed a close similarity in the composition ti popolnega ujemanja rezultatov med različnimi of the alloy used for the torque (5) and two bracelets predmeti. Kljub temu pa je očitno ujemanje v sesta- (6 and 7) from Grave 31 at Pobrežje, particularly for vi zlitine med predmeti iz gr. 31 s Pobrežja. Gre za the two bracelets that show an almost perfect match. ovratnico (5) in dve zapestnici (6 in 7), pri čemer se A very similar alloy is that used for the torque from zlasti pri slednjih kaže skoraj popolno ujemanje. Tem Maribor (1). The similarities show that the objects predmetom ima zelo podobno zlitino tudi ovratnica from Pobrežje were highly likely made simultane- iz Maribora (1). Glede na podobnosti lahko s precej ously (same casting), while the torque from Maribor veliko verjetnostjo ugotovimo, da so bili predmeti s may have been made of the raw material from the Pobrežja narejeni sočasno (isti vliv), medtem ko se same source, possibly even by the same master and ovratnica iz Maribora toliko razlikuje, tako da ver- the same piece of raw material (billet, ingot). jetno ne gre za istočasno izdelan predmet. Morda bi The search for similar alloys highlighted anoth- lahko šlo za uporabo istega vira za surovino, morda er problem. It pertains to determining the types of celo istega mojstra in isto surovino (surovec, ingot) copper based on the ratios between impurities (As, kot za izdelavo nakita iz groba 31 iz Pobrežja, a ta- Ni, Sb) as calculated using strict mathematical rules kšna predpostavka za sedaj ostaja hipoteza. that do not take into account the tolerances of the Iskanje podobnih zlitin je v primeru naše študije analytical technique and even less the condition of opozorilo še na en problem. Gre za določevanje ti- the sample. For example, the results for the goods pov bakra na podlagi razmerij med nečistočami (As, from the above mentioned Grave 31 show the 477 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 477 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 Ni, Sb), ki se drži strogih matematičnih pravil, ki torque (5) and the bracelet (6) to be made of Type 6 pa ne upoštevajo toleranc analitske tehnike, še manj copper, the bracelet (7) from Type 1 copper. How- stanja vzorca. Tako se pri predmetih iz prej omenje- ever, the differences between impurities content are nega groba 31 s Pobrežja pokaže, da sta ovratnica (5) in reality so small that even a minor inhomogeneity in zapestnica (6) izdelani iz bakra tipa 6, zapestnica of the sample may give a completely different type (7) pa iz bakra tipa 1. Razlike med nečistočami pa of copper, thus suggesting differences that are not so realno tako majhne, da že manjša nehomogenost based in reality. vzorca lahko kaže na povsem drug tip bakra, s tem pa The goods from the graves of the Ruše Urnfield predmete na silo ločuje. culture groups stand apart from the later objects at- Predmeti iz grobov ruške žarnogrobiščne sku- tributable to the early phase of the Early Iron Age pine odstopajo tako po povprečni vsebnosti kositra found in the Poštela area in both the average tin con- kot po vsebnosti nečistoč od mlajših predmetov iz tent and the impurities content. The later objects also zgodnje faze starejše železne dobe iz okolice Pošte- show increased tin content. Of the Urnfield culture le. Pri slednjih je opazno tudi povečanje vsebnosti goods, the plain torques from Grave 30 at Gračič kositra. Med žarnogrobiščnimi predmeti, ki najbolj below Brinjeva gora (4) and Grave 29 of the Ruše II izstopajo od povprečja, sta gladki ovratnici iz groba cemetery (2) most stand out from the average values, 30 z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro (4) in iz groba 29 iz showing different tin content and increased impuri-Ruš II (2). Njuna posebnost se kaže v odstopajočih ties content, the items from Ruše II (2) also slightly vsebnostih kositra, povečani vsebnosti nečistoč, pri elevated lead content. tisti iz Ruš II (2) pa tudi nekoliko povečani vsebno-The ratio between impurities (As, Ni, Sb) also sti svinca. reveals differences between early and late artefacts, Tudi razmerje med nečistočami (As, Ni, Sb) kaže which could be interpreted as the use of different razlike med starejšimi in mlajšimi predmeti, kar bi sources of copper or as ratios changing with the addi- lahko razlagali bodisi z uporabo različnih virov ba- tion of large quantities of tin that characterise them. kra bodisi se razmerja spremenijo z dodajanjem večje The only blue triangle in fig. 6, inside the red ellipse količine kositra, ki je zanje značilno. Na sl. 6 je edini marking Ha C artefacts, is the already mentioned modri trikotnik, ki se nahaja znotraj rdeče elipse, ki torque from Grave 29 at Ruše II (2), which has the označuje predmete obdobja Ha C, ponovno že ome-highest tin values among the artefacts dating to Ha B. njena ovratnica iz groba 29 iz Ruš II (2), ki ima med Another interesting observation is the similarity predmeti iz obdobja Ha B najvišjo vsebnost kositra. of the alloys used in Ha B, already established for the Zanimiva se zdi tudi podobnost zlitin v času Ha grave goods from Pobrežje and Mladinska ulica in B, ki smo ga ugotovili pri predmetih iz grobov na Maribor. This similarity may point to either a sin- Pobrežju in na Mladinski ulici v Mariboru, kar mor- gle workshop supplying the whole area or the same da celo kaže, da je ta prostor z izdelki oskrbovala ena source providing the required raw material. delavnica, ali pa so surovine pridobivali iz istega vira. More complex questions, such as the possibility of Za postavljanje nekaterih drugih bolj komple- distinguishing objects of local production from those ksnih vprašanj, kot na primer, ali lahko ločujemo of foreign provenance, must await more comprehen- predmete domače izdelave in najverjetnejše tuje pro- sive research. On that note, it is worth mentioning venience, je ta pionirska študija še mnogo preskro- the low tin content in the pommel of the Mindel- mna. Zanimiva se sicer zdi nizka vsebnost kositra pri heim type sword, which is a characteristic weapon of glaviču meča tipa Mindelheim, ki je značilno orožje the dignitaries of the West Hallstatt culture between veljakov zahodne halštatske kulture med vzhodno France and the Czech Republic and only rarely ap- Francijo in Češko ter se le redko pojavi na prostoru pears south of the Alps, and the low tin content in južno od Alp, in konjskem razdelilcu t. i. trako-ki- the horse gear strap distributor of the Thraco-Cim- merijskega tipa27, a je primerjalnih podatkov za širšo merian type27, which for now lack comparative data primerjavo v tem trenutku še premalo. to attempt a wider discussion on the topic. 27 27 Glej tu Teržan, Poštela, kronologija. See here Teržan, Poštela, Chronology. 478 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 478 8. 03. 2021 12:56:03 Priloga 1. Kemijska sestava bronastih predmetov (Okrajšave: < l. d. – pod mejo detekcije; St. dev. – standardna deviacija). Appendix 1. Chemical composition of bronze objects (Abbreviations: < l. d. – below detection limit; St. dev. – standard deviation). Št. Vsota/ Tip/ anal/ Inv. št./ Predmet/ Najdišče/ Data- Vsebnost (%)/Content (%) Vsota/ Sum Sum Type Anal. Inv. No. Object Site cija/ No. Dating Cu Sn Pb As Ni Sb Co Bi Ag Fe Mn Zn Total As+Ni+Sb Cu 1 PMM 1142a ovratnica/ torque Maribor HaB 87,31 8,99 0,93 0,54 0,22 0,28 0,13 0,01 0,13 0,09 < l. d. 0,01 98,64 1,04 PMM 1142b ovratnica/ torque Maribor HaB 84,92 9,29 0,88 0,39 0,20 0,28 0,13 0,01 0,14 0,03 < l. d. 0,01 96,28 0,87 PMM 1142c ovratnica/ torque Maribor HaB 85,62 9,22 0,88 0,46 0,22 0,30 0,13 0,01 0,13 0,03 < l. d. 0,01 97,01 0,98 Povprečje/Average 85,95 9,17 0,90 0,46 0,21 0,29 0,13 0,01 0,13 0,05 < l. d. 0,01 97,31 0,96 1 St. dev. 1,23 0,16 0,03 0,08 0,01 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,03 0,00 1,21 0,09 2 PMM A ovratnica/ Ruše II, gr. 1380 torque 29 HaB 64,81 12,31 1,42 0,73 0,32 0,99 0,08 0,01 0,48 0,04 < l. d. 0,02 81,21 2,04 6 3 PMM A ovratnica/ Brinjeva 1934a torque gora, gr. 31 HaB 87,93 7,63 0,76 0,30 0,21 0,37 0,08 < l. d. 0,13 0,51 < l. d. 0,01 97,93 0,88 PMM A ovratnica/ Brinjeva 1934b torque gora, gr. 31 HaB 88,79 7,66 0,60 0,33 0,30 0,49 0,08 < l. d. 0,16 0,11 < l. d. 0,01 98,53 1,12 Povprečje/Average 88,36 7,65 0,68 0,32 0,26 0,43 0,08 < l. d. 0,15 0,31 < l. d. 0,01 98,23 1,00 6 St. dev. 0,61 0,02 0,11 0,02 0,06 0,08 0,00 0,02 0,28 0,00 0,42 0,17 4 PMM A ovratnica/ Brinjeva 1916a torque gora, gr. 30 HaB 90,08 2,67 0,53 0,75 1,10 1,43 0,24 < l. d. 0,32 0,30 < l. d. 0,03 97,45 3,28 PMM A ovratnica/ Brinjeva 1916b torque gora, gr. 30 HaB 90,83 2,39 0,42 1,01 1,07 1,39 0,23 < l. d. 0,30 0,25 < l. d. 0,03 97,92 3,47 PMM A ovratnica/ Brinjeva 1916c torque gora, gr. 30 HaB 88,05 2,64 0,57 1,15 1,08 1,51 0,24 0,03 0,33 0,29 < l. d. 0,03 95,92 3,74 Povprečje/Average 89,65 2,57 0,51 0,97 1,08 1,44 0,24 0,03 0,32 0,28 < l. d. 0,03 97,10 3,50 5 St. dev. 1,44 0,15 0,08 0,20 0,02 0,06 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,00 1,05 0,23 5 PMM A ovratnica/ Pobrežje, 1044 torque gr. 31 HaB2-3 85,07 8,69 0,85 0,26 0,24 0,38 0,09 < l. d. 0,13 0,02 < l. d. < l. d. 95,73 0,88 6 6 PMM A zapestnica/ Pobrežje, 1046a bracelet gr. 31 HaB2-3 85,75 8,96 0,94 0,27 0,28 0,34 0,11 < l. d. 0,13 0,04 < l. d. < l. d. 96,82 0,89 PMM A zapestnica/ Pobrežje, 1046b bracelet gr. 31 HaB2-3 82,87 9,31 0,96 0,33 0,30 0,40 0,11 < l. d. 0,14 0,03 < l. d. < l. d. 94,45 1,03 Povprečje/Average 84,31 9,14 0,95 0,30 0,29 0,37 0,11 < l. d. 0,14 0,04 < l. d. < l. d. 95,64 0,96 6 St. dev. 2,04 0,25 0,01 0,04 0,01 0,04 0,00 0,01 0,01 1,68 0,10 7 PMM A zapestnica/ Pobrežje, 1048a bracelet gr. 31 HaB2-3 83,77 9,13 0,96 0,39 0,27 0,35 0,11 < l. d. 0,14 0,02 < l. d. < l. d. 95,14 1,01 PMM A zapestnica/ Pobrežje, 1048b bracelet gr. 31 HaB2-3 83,95 9,07 0,95 0,42 0,28 0,38 0,11 < l. d. 0,13 0,02 < l. d. < l. d. 95,31 1,08 PMM A zapestnica/ Pobrežje, 1048c bracelet gr. 31 HaB2-3 84,78 9,16 1,00 0,38 0,27 0,38 0,11 0,02 0,13 0,02 < l. d. < l. d. 96,25 1,03 Povprečje/Average 84,17 9,12 0,97 0,40 0,27 0,37 0,11 0,02 0,13 0,02 < l. d. < l. d. 95,57 1,04 1 St. dev. 0,54 0,05 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,02 0,00 0,01 0,00 0,60 0,04 8 PMM A zapestnica/ Habakuk, HaB3/ 5379 bracelet gr. 5 HaC1 77,54 11,20 0,58 0,43 0,17 0,55 0,03 0,02 0,22 0,02 < l. d. 0,02 90,78 1,15 6 9 PMM A zapestnica/ Habakuk, HaB3/ 5380 bracelet gr. 5 HaC1 60,46 13,53 0,52 0,32 0,08 0,56 0,01 0,06 0,24 0,04 < l. d. 0,03 75,85 0,96 6 glavič meča/ 10 PM Maribor Pivola, s.n. sword pommel gomila 14 HaC1 89,29 5,69 0,67 0,63 0,45 1,30 0,01 < l. d. 0,19 0,05 < l. d. 0,01 98,29 2,38 6 razdelilec/ 11 PM Maribor Pivola, s.n. strap distributor gomila 14 HaC1 85,79 3,10 3,04 1,24 0,77 2,12 0,03 < l. d. 0,69 0,30 < l. d. 0,02 97,10 4,13 6 12 PMM 2125a zapestnica/ Habakuk, bracelet gomila 38 HaC(2) 48,24 23,45 1,44 0,99 0,31 0,98 < l. d. 0,04 0,85 0,08 < l. d. 0,01 76,39 2,28 1 13 PMM 2125b zapestnica/ Habakuk, bracelet gomila 38 HaC(2) 72,86 13,63 1,19 0,66 0,37 0,57 0,02 < l. d. 0,39 0,13 < l. d. 0,06 89,88 1,60 1 479 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 479 8. 03. 2021 12:56:04 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Črešnar M. 2009 Trampuž Orel N., Heath D. J. 2001 Rogoza pri Mariboru in njeno mesto v bronasti in starejši železni Depo Kanalski Vrh – študija o metalurškem znanju in kovi-dobi Podravja. – Doktorska disertacija / Ph. D. thesis, Oddelek nah na začetku 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. – Arheološki vestnik 52, za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani (neob-143–165. javljena / unpublished). Trampuž Orel N., Heath D. J., Hudnik V. 1996 Črešnar M. 2010 Spektrometrične raziskave depojskih najdb pozne bronaste New research on the Urnfeld period of Eastern Slovenia. A dobe / Spectrometric Research of the Late Bronze Age Hoard case study of Rogoza near Maribor / Nova spoznanja o pozni Finds. – V: B. Teržan (ur./ed.), Depojske in posamezne kovinske bronasti dobi vzhodne Slovenije na primeru naselja Rogoza pri najdbe bakrene in bronaste dobe na Slovenskem II / Hoards and Mariboru – Arheološki vestnik 61, 7–119. Individual Metal Finds from the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages in Slovenia II, Katalogi in monografije 30, Ljubljana, 165–242. Jereb M. 2009 Poznobronastodobni depo. – V/In: I. Šavel, Pod Kotom-jug pri Trampuž Orel N., Heath D. J., Orel B. 2016 Krogu, Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 7, Ljubljana, 151– Kemijska sestava bronastih predmetov iz depoja v Mušji jami 153. pri Škocjanu / Chemical composition of bronze objects in the hoard from Mušja jama near Škocjan. – V/In: B. Teržan, E. Pernicka E. 1999 Borgna, P. Turk (ur./eds.), Depo iz Mušje jame pri Škocjanu na Trace Element Fingerprinting of Ancient Coper: A Guide to Krasu / Il ripostiglio della Grotta delle Mosche presso San Canzia-Technology or Provenance? – V/In: S. M. M. Young, A. Mark no del Carso, Katalogi in monografije 42, Ljubljana, 301–343. Pollard, P. Budd, R. A. Ixer (ur./ eds.), Metals in Antiquity, BAR International Series 792, Oxford, 163–171. Trampuž Orel N., Urankar R. 2009 Kemijska sestava predmetov iz poznobronastodobne depojske Rychner, V., Kläntschi N. 1995 najdbe Pod Kotom. – V/In: I. Šavel, Pod Kotom-jug pri Krogu, Arsenic, nickel et antimoine. Une approche de la metallurgie du Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 7, Ljubljana, 153–157. Bronze moyen et final en Suisse par l’ analyse spectrometrique I-II. – Cahiers arch. Romande 63–64, Lausanne. Urankar, R. 2012 Arheometrične raziskave kovinskih izdelkov in polizdelkov iz Teržan B. (ur./ed.) 1996 bronaste dobe ter rude na Slovenskem. – Doktorska disertacija Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe bakrene in bronaste dobe / Ph. D. thesis, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, na Slovenskem II / Hoards and Individual Metal Finds from the Univerza v Ljubljani (neobjavljena / unpublished). Eneolithic and Bronze Ages in Slovenia II. – Katalogi in monografije 30, Ljubljana. 480 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 480 8. 03. 2021 12:56:04 KONJSKI OSTANKI IZ VELIKE HORSE REMAINS FROM THE GOMILE NAD RAZVANJEM VELIKA GOMILA TUMULUS ABOVE RAZVANJE Borut Toškan Borut Toškan Leta 1991 izvedena izkopavanja Velike gomile nad The 1991 excavations of the Velika gomila tumulus Razvanjem, ene največjih v tem prostoru,1 so navr- above Razvanje, one of the largest in the area,1 yield- gla slabih dvesto odlomkov živalskih kosti in zob. ed just under two hundred animal remains. These Gradivo je bilo pobrano ročno na območju kamnite were hand-collected from the stone burial chamber grobne kamre in je večinoma sežgano ter posledično and show evident traces of exposure to fire. As a con- razmeroma krušljivo.2 Velikost pretežnega dela najdb sequence, the material is fairly brittle,2 with the size se giblje med dvema in štirimi centimetri ( sl. 1). Za-of individual specimens only rarely exceeding 4 cm radi razdrobljenosti je stopnja določljivosti gradiva ( fig. 1). The pronounced fragmentation resulted in nizka. Natančneje je bilo namreč mogoče taksonom-the analysed assemblage being characterized by low sko opredeliti le devet primerkov, še dodatno peščico taxonomic diversity. Altogether, no more than nine pa kvečjemu le okvirno (tj. uvrstitev v ad hoc oprede-finds were identified to the level of species, with a few ljene skupine na podlagi telesne velikosti živali, kot more allowing for a mere allocation to ad hoc groups denimo veliki in mali rastlinojedi). Grob je datiran v related to individual animal’s body-size (e.g. small čas konca 7. oz. začetka 6. stoletja pr. n. št. herbivores, large herbivores). The tumulus of Velika V tem poglavju obravnavane arheozoološke gomila is dated to the late 7th or early 6th century BC. najdbe hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor. The here presented archaeozoological material is kept in the Maribor Regional Museum. TAKSONOMIJA IN TAFONOMIJA TAXONOMY AND TAPHONOMY Taksonomska pestrost analiziranega gradiva je skro- The only positively identified animal species in the mna, saj je bila z gotovostjo ugotovljena zgolj pri- studied assemblage is the horse ( Equus caballus). The sotnost ostankov konja ( Equus caballus). Tej vrsti lion share of the nearly two hundred faunal remains bržčas pripada večina izmed slabih dvesto izkopanih likely belong to this species, however, such a taxonom- živalskih najdb, nedvomno pa je to mogoče trditi le ic identification is believed to be only truly reliable za po tri odlomke lobanje in vretenc, dva fragmen- for three cranial and vertebrae fragments, two meta- ta dlančnice oziroma stopalnice in delček ene izmed podial splinters and a partially preserved tarsal bone. nartnic. Ob tem je z nekaj posameznimi najdbami v In addition to this, the fauna from the Velika gomila zbranem gradivu zastopana še vsaj ena manjša žival, tumulus includes at least a handful of bone fragments po vsej verjetnosti drobnica (Caprinae) in/ali srna of another, smaller animal, most likely either a sheep/ ( Capreolus capreolus). goat (Caprinae) or a roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus). Ugotovitev, da nabor anatomsko opredeljenih As far as the skeletal element representation konjskih najdb vključuje odlomke skeletnih elemen- data is concerned, it should be emphasized for the tov iz različnih delov trupa – tj. glave, hrbtenice in range of the anatomically identified equine spec- obeh parov nog – je pomenljiva. Razumeti jo je na- imens to include skeletal elements from different mreč mogoče kot močan indic v prid tezi o domnev- parts of the body. Indeed, bones from the head, the nem sežigu cele žrtvovane živali. Še več! Zaradi priso- spine, as well as from both the front and the hind tnosti dveh desnih zatilničnih čvršev ( condylus occipi-legs were documented. It thus seems safe to assume talis; sl. 2) je treba analizirane najdbe pripisati vsaj dve-for the retrieved bones to originate from the ritual ma različnima živalma. Sežig najmanj enega (bolj ali burning of an (more or less) entire animal. As a manj?) celega konjskega kadavra je verjeten navkljub matter of fact, the presence of two right occipital sicer nepotrjeni prisotnosti ostankov dolgih kosti condyles ( fig. 2) indicates that a minimum of two okončin, lopatic, medenice in, denimo, reber, ki bi jih animals were offered up, though the whole carcass bilo mogoče z gotovostjo pripisati tej vrsti. Vretenca, might not have been put on the pyre in both cas- zapestne in nartne kosti ter nekatere predele lobanje es. The ritual incineration of at least one (nearly?) 1 1 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. See here Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. 2 2 McKinley 1993. McKinley 1993. 481 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 481 8. 03. 2021 12:56:04 Slika 1. Naključen izbor živalskih najdb iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem (raziskovanja iz leta 1991). Foto: T. Valoh. Figure 1. An arbitrary selection of animal remains from the tumulus of Velika gomila above Razvanje (excavations of 1991). Photo: T. Valoh. Slika 2. Odlomka namreč označujeta visoka strukturna gostota kostnine desnih zatilničnih in razmeroma obsežna površina sklepnih gladčin, zato čvršev konj iz je njihova anatomska opredelitev v primeru izrazite-Velike gomile je fragmentiranega gradiva bistveno enostavnejša kot nad Razvanjem (izkopavanje iz leta pri večini drugih skeletnih elementov.3 V tem smislu 1991). Foto: se zdi zanimiva ugotovitev o odsotnosti nič manj ro-T. Valoh. bustnih in enostavno prepoznavnih zob, k čemur pa Figure 2. Fragments of right occipital je utegnil pomembno prispevati suboptimalni način condyles of two vzorčenja arheozooloških najdb (tj. zgolj ročno pobi-horses from the ranje brez sejanja sedimenta skozi ustrezno gosta sita). tumulus of Velika gomila above Analizirani živalski ostanki iz Velike gomile so prav Razvanje (excavations vsi sežgani. Visoke temperature so botrovale izraziti of 1991). Photo: razpokanosti kostnine. Prisotni so takó številni vzdol-complete horse is probable despite no limb long T. Valoh. žni in prečni lomi na odlomkih diafiz, kakor tudi ob-bones, scapulae, pelvis and, for instance, rib frag- sežna mrežasta razpokanost na predelu sklepnih povr- ments could have been positively identified. This is šin ( sl. 3). Odprtine žilnih kanalov so večinoma zapol-due to the fact that the anatomic/taxonomic iden- njene, kar se domnevno zgodi pri temperaturah med tification of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia 700 in 900 °C.4 Več ostankov izkazuje tudi vročinsko fragments happens to be considerably more diffi- pogojeno ukrivljenost.5 Skladna s tem je obarvanost cult than that of carpals, tarsals and phalanges. The odlomkov, ki so skoraj brez izjeme beli (kalcinirani).6 latter are namely characterised by comparatively Na podlagi navedenih ugotovitev je torej jasno, da so extended joint surfaces, which are of great taxo- morale biti kostne najdbe iz Velike gomile za dalj časa nomic importance; moreover, carpals and tarsals (tj. bržčas najmanj nekaj ur) izpostavljene temperatu- are relatively compact bones, hence fairly resistant ram nad 700/800 °C.7 To priča o veliki prizadevnosti to the devastating effects of high temperature expo- skrbnikov grmade, saj je ta utegnila goreti tudi več sure.3 The somehow surprising absence of likewise 3 resistant teeth might be related to the non-opti- Bond 1996, 80–82; Lyman 1999, 234–258. 4 Nicholson 1993. mal approach to the sampling of the archaeozoo- 5 Prim. Whyte 2001, figs. 2b in 3b. logical material (i.e. hand collection of finds with 6 Shipman et al. 1984, Walker et al. 2008. 7 3 Nicholson 1993. Bond 1996, 80–82; Lyman 1999, 234–258. 482 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 482 8. 03. 2021 12:56:05 no sieving of the sediment through fine enough Slika 3: Izbor meshes). sežganih konjskih kosti iz Velike gomile All of the studied animal remains from the nad Razvanjem tumulus of Velika gomila are burned. As a conse- (izkopavanja iz leta quence, the bone tissue is intensively cracked. Nu- 1991): a – primerek merous longitudinal and transverse fractures on z linearno različico prečnih lomov; b – diaphyseal fragments are present, as well as exten- primerek s konkavno sive reticular cracking of joint surfaces ( fig. 3). The različico prečnih vascular canals are predominantly infilled, which is lomov; c – primerek z linearno in konkavno believed to occur at temperatures between 700 and različico prečnih 900 °C.4 A number of fragments also show heat-in- lomov. Foto: duced warping.5 This is consistent with the colour T. Valoh. of the fragments, which are white due to calcina- Figure 3. Selection of burned horse bones tion almost without exception.6 It follows that the from the tumulus of bone remains from this large tumulus must have Velika gomila above been extendedly exposed to temperatures exceed- Razvanje (excavations of 1991): a – ing 700/800 °C.7 The latter circumstance evidences specimen with linear the considerable effort invested into building and transverse fractures; maintaining the pyre, which must have burned b – specimen with concave kot 24 ur.8 Za razumevanje načina sežiga konjskih ka- more than 24 hours.8 A further important assump- transverse fractures; davrov pa je sicer zelo pomembno izpostaviti znatno tion relative to the studied ritual emerges from the c – specimen with število konkavno ukrivljenih prečnih lomov na posa-observation for numerous transverse fractures on linear and concave meznih odlomkih diafiz (glej npr. sl. 3b, c). Ti namreč diaphyseal fragments being generally concave (see transverse fractures. Photo: T. Valoh. pričajo o tem, da je bil na grmado položen celoten e.g. fig. 3b, c). It namely follows that the sacrificed žrtvovan konj s pripadajočimi mehkimi tkivi vred in animals must have been placed onto the pyre whole ne zgolj od mesa že ločene kosti.9 and not following the removal of soft tissues.9 SKLEP CONCLUSION Pridajanje posameznih konjskih glav/zob in/ali kosti, Offering individual horse heads, teeth and/or bones, kakor tudi celih žrtvovanih konj v ali ob grobove lo- but also burying the sacrificed horses whole in or kalnih veljakov sodi med značilne fenomene halštat- near the graves of the local dignitaries is one of the skih skupnosti tega dela srednje Evrope,10 pri čemer well-known ritualistic practices in use with the Hall- so bile lokalno prisotne tudi drugačne, domnevno statt communities in this part of central Europe.10 bolj družbeno vseobsegajoče, kolektivno orientirane Alternative variants, supposedly performed as part različice takšnih žrtvovanj.11 Velika gomila nad Raz- of all-encompassing social festivals/events have also vanjem se v tem okvirju zaradi prisotnosti ostankov been occasionally documented.11 Within this frame- najmanj dveh konj postavlja ob bok znanemu boga- work, the here presented context of the Velika gomila temu grobu z lokacije Kröllkogel pri Kleinkleinu na tumulus above Razvanje resembles that in the well- avstrijskem Štajerskem. Tam so bili namreč na ob- known and rich Kröllkogel tumulus near Kleinklein, močju grobne kamre in pripadajočega tlakovanega Austrian Styria, where the burned remains of three dostopa (dromosa) odkriti sežgani ostanki treh konj, horses, as well as a cattle, a pig and a sheep/goat were ob tem pa še goveda, prašiča in drobnice.12 Ostan-found in the burial chamber and the dromos.12 Re- ki najmanj ene manjše živali (bržčas drobnice in/ali mains of at least one smaller animal – most probably srne) so bili zastopani tudi v gradivu iz Velike gomile. a sheep, a goat or a roe deer – have been retrieved Ugotovitev, da so v tukaj obravnavanem zbiru also at the site of Velika gomila. konjskih najdb zastopani skeletni elementi iz raz- 4 Nicholson 1993. ličnih delov telesa, bi utegnila opozarjati na ključni 5 Cf. Whyte 2001, figs. 2b and 3b. 6 moment prenašanja sežganih ostankov iz dogorele Shipman et al. 1984, Walker et al. 2008. 7 Nicholson 1993. 8 8 Šimek 1998, 506. Šimek 1998, 506. 9 9 Whyte 2001; Ubelaker, Rife 2007, 43–45; Symes et al. Whyte 2001; Ubelaker, Rife 2007, 43–45; Symes et al. 2008, 42–46. 2008, 42–46. 10 10 Dular 2007; Kmeťová 2014; Toškan 2017. Dular 2007; Kmeťová 2014; Toškan 2017. 11 11 Toškan 2020. Toškan 2020. 12 12 Egg, Kramer 2005, 10. Egg, Kramer 2005, 10. 483 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 483 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 grmade v grobno kamro. Poudarek naj namreč pri The observation that the here presented faunal tem ne bi bil namenjen samemu izboru prenesenih assemblage includes skeletal elements from different skeletnih elementov, pač pa predvsem dejstvu, da so parts of the horse carcass(es?) may reflect a key fea- bili preminuli osebi pač pridani ostanki konja.13 Ta- ture intrinsic to the local practice of transferring the kšna razlaga sicer odstopa od rezultatov revizije konj-burned remains from the pyre to the burial cham- skih ostankov iz že omenjene prestižne knežje gomi- ber. In fact, it seems for this act to not have been le iz okolice Kleinkleina. Tam naj bi bili posamezni focused on selecting particular skeletal elements, žrtvovani konji namreč zastopani skoraj izključno s but to provide for the deposition of at least some (sežganimi) kostmi spodnjega dela nog, kar se seveda burned bones of this highly revered animal which ni moglo zgoditi po naključju.14 Je pa tudi res, da so the horse undoubtedly was.13 It has to be stressed bile na navedenem najdišču konjske kosti deponira- that such an explanation doesn’t conform to what ne v dromosu, ob raziskovanju Velike gomile pa so has been observed in the already mentioned princely arheologi nanje naleteli v grobnici, kar je vsakemu graves from the surroundings of Kleinklein. There, od obeh skupkom utegnilo dajati nekoliko svojstven most of the documented sacrificed horses seem to pomen.15 Da so v starejši železni dobi na Štajerskem have been represented by (burned) feet bones alone, zelo verjetno obstajali različni načini prenosa sežga- which can hardly be seen as coincidental.14 Never- nih ostankov žrtvovanih živali z grmade na grobišča theless, since the equine remains at Kröllkogel were sicer dokazuje tudi skupek nekaj deset taksonomsko deposited in the dromos, while at Velika gomila they opredeljenih živalskih ostankov z območja Veliki have been found within the burial chamber, their gomili okvirno sočasnega domnevnega ritualnega symbolic role may have been somehow different.15 prostora ob robu južne skupine gomil na zgolj nekaj The likely existence of differential approaches to the sto metrov oddaljeni planoti Habakuk pod Poštelo.16 practice of transferring the burned animal remains Tu namreč ni opaziti nikakršnih očitnejših preferenc from the pyre to the burial grounds in Early Iron do posameznih živalskih vrst (zastopane so najmanj Age Styria is further indicated by the assemblage of štiri), je pa bila namesto tega večja pozornost očitno a few dozen taxonomically identified animal remains namenjena izbiri ostankov točno določenih skele- from the supposed ritual site at the edge of the south tnih elementov, tj. kosti skrajno spodnjega dela nog. group of tumuli on the Habakuk plateau beneath Zbir tam odkritih anatomsko opredeljenih ostankov Poštela, a few hundred meters away from the site Ve- namreč vključuje zgolj odlomke dlančnic oziroma lika gomila.16 Here, no clear preferences towards in- stopalnic, zapestnic, nartnic, sezamoidnih kosti in dividual animal species were observed, since at least prstnic.17 four taxa were documented (i.e. sheep/goat, cattle, red deer, roe deer). Skeletal elements representation data, on the other hand, show an exclusive and cer- tainly not coincidental representation of feet bones. Indeed, the only skeletal elements to have been pos- itively identified were metapodials, carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones and phalanges.17 13 13 Prim. Toškan 2017, 187–190. Cf. Toškan 2017, 198–200. 14 14 Grill, Witschke-Schrotta 2013, 45–52. Grill, Witschke-Schrotta 2013, 45–52. 15 15 Glej npr. Toškan 2020. Toškan 2020. 16 16 Črešnar et al. 2019. Črešnar et al. 2019. 17 17 Črešnar et al. 2019, fig. 8. Črešnar et al. 2019, fig. 8. 484 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 484 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 LITERATURA / REFERENCES Bond J. M. 1996 Shipman P., Foster G., Schoeninger M. 1984 Burnt offerings: animal bone in Anglo-Saxon cremations. – Burnt Bones and Teeth. An Experimental Study of Color, Mor-World Archaeology 28(1), 76–88. phology, Crystal Structure and Shrinkage. – Journal of Archaeological Science 11, 301–325. Črešnar M., Vinazza M., Vintar A., Toškan B., Paušič I., Kali-garič M., Paušič A. 2019 Symes S. A., Rainwater C. W., Chapman E. N., Gipson D. R., Poštela Early Iron Age hillfort and its associated cemeteries on the Piper A. P. 2008 Habakuk plateau (Maribor, NE Slovenia). – V/In: M. Črešnar, S. Patterned Thermal Destruction of Human Remains in a Foren-Kiszter, M. Mele, K. Peitler, A. Vintar (ur./eds.), Plants – Animals sic Setting. – V/In: C. W. Schmidt, S. A. Symes (ur./eds.), The – People. Lively archaeological landscapes of Styria and Northeastern Analysis of Burned Human Remains, Amsterdam, 15–54. Slovenia, Schild von Steier, Beiheft 10, Graz, Ljubljana, 93–98. Šimek M. 1998 Dular J. 2007 Ein Grabhügel mit Pferdebestattung bei Jalžabet, Kroatien. Pferdegräber und Pferdebestattungen in der hallstattzeitlichen – V/In: B. Hänsel, J. Machnik (ur./eds.), Das Karpatenbecken Dolenjsko-Gruppe / Konjski grobovi in pokopi konj v dolenj-und die Osteuropäische Steppe, Südosteuropa-Schriften 20, ski halštatski skupini. – V/In: M. Blečič, M. Črešnar, B. Hän-Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 12, München- sel, A. Hellmuth, E. Kaiser, C. Metzner-Nebelsick (ur./eds.), Berlin, 493–510. Scripta Praehistorica in Honorem Biba Teržan, Situla 44, Ljubljana, 737–752. Toškan B. 2017 Sežgani ostanki konja iz groba 6 gomile 17 z Grmade na Mol-Egg M., Kramer D. 2005 niku / Burnt horse remains in Grave 6 Tumulus 17 in Grmada Krieger – Feste – Totenopfer. Der letzte Hallstattfürst von Klein-at Molnik. – V/In: S. Tecco Hvala (ur./ed.), Molnik pri Ljublja-klein in der Steiermark. – Forschungen am Römisch-Germani-ni v železni dobi / The Iron Age Site at Molnik near Ljubljana, schen Zentralmuseum 1, Mainz. Central Slovenia, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 36, Ljubljana, 187–203. Grill Ch., Wiltschke-Schrotta K. 2013 Anthropologische und archaozoologische Untersuchungser- Toškan B. 2020 gebnisse des Leichenbrandes. – V/In: M. Egg, D. Kramer, Die Živalski ostanki z železnodobnega grobišča Most na Soči: le-hallstattzeitlichen Fürstengräber von Kleinklein in der Steiermark: dini Pucarjev rob in Repelc / Archaeozoological evidence from der Kröllkogel, Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen the Iron Age cemetery at Most na Soči: the Pucarjev rob and Zentralmuseums 110, Mainz, 33–59. Repelc sites – V/In: M. Mlinar (ur./ed.), Most na Soči. Arheološke raziskave v letih 2000–2016 na levem bregu Idrijce / The Kmeťová P. 2014 2000–2016 archaeological investigations on the left bank of the Deponovanie koní na pohrebiskách z doby halštatskej v priestore Idrijca, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 43, Ljubljana, Panónskej panvy. – Dissertationes Archaeologicae Bratislavensis 191–242. 2, Bratislava. Ubelaker D. H., Rife J. L. 2007 Lyman R. L. 1999 The practice of cremation in the Roman-era cemetery at Vertebrate Taphonomy. – Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Kenchreai, Greece. The perspective from archeology and foren-Cambridge. sic science. – Bioarchaeology of the Near East 1, 35–57. McKinley J. I. 1993 Walker P. L., Miller K. W. P., Richman R. 2008 Bone Fragment Size in British Cremation Burials and its Impli-Time, temperature, and oxygen availability. An experimental cations for Pyre Technology and Ritual. – Journal of Archaeolog-study of the effects of environmental conditions on the color ical Science 21, 339–342. and organic content of cremated bone. – V/In: C. W. Schmidt, S. A. Symes (ur./eds.), The Analysis of Burned Human Remains, Nicholson R. A. 1993 Amsterdam, 129–135. A Morphological Investigation of Burnt Animal Bone and an Evaluation of its Utility in Archaeology. – Journal of Archaeolog-Whyte T. R. 2001 ical Science 20, 411–428. Distinguishing Remains of Human Cremations from Burned Animal Bones. – Journal of Field Archaeology 28(3–4), 437–448. 485 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 485 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 486 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 ANTROPOLOŠKE ANALIZE ANTHROPOLOGICAL – UVOD ANALYSES – INTRODUCTION Tamara Leskovar, Matija Črešnar Tamara Leskovar, Matija Črešnar Antropološke analize, ki so del pričujoče mono- The anthropological analyses presented in this mon- grafije, so potekale dlje časa, saj so bile odvisne od ograph were, due to the constraints associated with razpoložljivosti tako strokovnjakov kot finančnih the availability of both experts and project funds, projektnih sredstev. Velik del analiz, predvsem žga- conducted over an extended period of time. A signif- nih skeletnih ostankov iz planih grobov iz časa kul- icant portion of the research, most notably the anal- ture žarnih grobišč, je v sklopu svoje disertacije na ysis of cremated skeletal remains from the flat graves Univerzi v Edinburgu izvedla Jayne-Leigh Thomas.1 of the Urnfield Culture, was carried out by Jayne- Nekatere dodatne analize skeletnih ostankov, odkri- Leigh Thomas as part of her doctoral research at the tih v zadnjem desetletju, je opravila soavtorica tega University of Edinburgh.1 Some additional analyses uvoda.2 of skeletal remains discovered in the last decade have V dodatku k monografiji prinašamo tudi rezul- also been undertaken by one of the authors of this tate raziskav skeletnih ostankov inhumiranih oseb iz introduction.2 gomile na Brezju pod Brinjevo goro iz srednje brona- In the addendum of the monograph, we also pres- ste dobe, ki sta jih revizijsko izvedli J.-L. Thomas3 in ent results of the analyses carried out on the skeletal predhodno tudi Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik, pred njima remains of inhumed individuals from the Middle pa že kmalu po odkritju več drugih raziskovalcev in Bronze Age burial mound at Brezje below Brinjeva sicer Vida Brodar ter Vlado Wolf.4 Ker se kljub upo- gora. Whilst most recently revised by Thomas3, the rabi strokovnih standardov ocene starosti in spola bone assemblage from the mound was initially stud- nekoliko razlikujejo ( sl. 1), prinašamo v publikaciji ied by Vida Brodar and Vlado Wolf, and then reas-obe študiji, ki ju z natančno analizo zob in čeljusti sessed by Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik.4 Given that, despite dopolnjuje Iztok Štamfelj5. their adherence to the standard analytical protocols, their age and sex estimates differ slightly ( fig. 1), we present both Thomas’ and Tomazo Ravnik’s studies in this publication, and supplement them with a detailed analysis of teeth and jaws by Iztok Štamfelj5. ANALIZE ŽGANIH SKELETNIH OSTANKOV IZ ANALYSES OF CREMATED SKELETAL REMAINS PLANIH GROBOV IZ ČASA KULTURE ŽARNIH FROM FLAT GRAVES OF THE URNFIELD GROBIŠČ IN STAREJŠE ŽELEZNE DOBE CULTURE AND THE EARLY IRON AGE Pri predstavitvi rezultatov analiz žganih skeletnih The analyses by Thomas and Leskovar of the cre- ostankov velja opozoriti, da so bile raziskave J.-L. mated skeletal remains were conducted over a 10- Thomas in T. Leskovar opravljene v razmaku sko- year period, which led to the application of different raj 10 let, kar je botrovalo uporabi različnih meto- methodological approaches as the field developed. doloških pristopov. V zadnjih letih je namreč prišlo Changes in the methodology and accessibility of do metodološkega razvoja in dostopnejših tehnolo- analytical technologies include more accurate as- ških orodij za natančnejše ocene starosti ob smrti s sessments of the age at death by histological analysis pomočjo histološke analize ter temperature žganja and cremation temperatures by spectroscopic analy- s pomočjo spektroskopske analize. Izpostaviti velja sis. The latter is of particular significance. Before its predvsem slednje, saj so pred njihovo vpeljavo v ar-introduction into archaeological research, estimates heološke raziskave ocene temperature žganja veči- of cremation temperature were usually based on the noma temeljile na obarvanosti kosti. Slednja je od- visual identification of bone colour, which is depend- visna od več dejavnikov. Že prepoznavanje barv je ent on several factors. Colour recognition using the 1 1 Glej tu Thomas, Sežgani človeški ostanki. See here Thomas, Cremated human remains. 2 2 Glej tu Leskovar. See here Leskovar. 3 3 Glej tu Thomas, Brezje. See here Thomas, Brezje. 4 4 Glej tu Tomazo Ravnik. See here Tomazo Ravnik. 5 5 Glej tu Štamfelj. See here Štamfelj. 487 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 487 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 subjektivno, kosti pa so po pokopu glede na okolje naked eye is subjective, and bones are, depending on oz. zemljino dovzetne za spremembo barve. Zato so the depositional environment and soil matrix, also lahko tovrstne ocene zgolj okvirne.6 Na drugi stra- susceptible to discolouration after their burial. Such ni so spektroskopske analize za potrebe arheoloških colour estimates are therefore only suggestive.6 Spec- raziskav še v razvoju, vendar nudijo določene objek- troscopic analyses for the needs of archaeological re- tivne kriterije, ki omogočajo natančnejšo in zaneslji- search are still under development; nevertheless, they vejšo oceno temperature žganja.7 already offer certain objective criteria which allow a more accurate and reliable assessment of the crema- tion temperature.7 ANALIZE ČLOVEŠKIH SKELETNIH OSTAN- ANALYSES OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS KOV IZ GOMILE SREDNJE BRONASTE DOBE Z FROM THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE BURIAL BREZJA POD BRINJEVO GORO (DODATEK)8 MOUND AT BREZJE BELOW BRINJEVA GORA Prve analize kostnih ostankov iz gomile z Brezja (ADDENDUM)8 pod Brinjevo goro so bile izvedene že kmalu po iz- The earliest analyses of skeletal remains from the kopavanju gomile. Vida Brodar je takrat na podlagi burial mound at Brezje near Brinjeva gora were car- spodnje čeljustnice z dvema zoboma in zaraslimi ried out shortly after its excavation. Based on a lower ostalimi zobnicami iz groba 1 predvidevala, da gre jaw with two teeth and fully developed alveolar bone za odraslo osebo. Nekoliko boljša ohranjenost pre- discovered in Grave 1, Vida Brodar broadly iden- ostalih skeletov jo je vodila do zaključkov, da je bil tified the inhumed individual as an adult. Slightly v grobu 2 pokopan starejši moški, v grobu 3 starejša better preservation of the remaining skeletons led ženska, v grobu 4 mlajša ali odrasla ženska ter v her to the conclusion that an older male was buried grobu 5 odrasel moški ( sl. 1). Vida Brodar je na in Grave 2; an older female in Grave 3; a young or podlagi lobanj skelete tudi rasno opredelila; moška mature adult female in Grave 4; and an adult male in naj bi pripadala kromanjonidom in ženski medi- Grave 5 ( fig. 1). By analysing the skulls, she also ra-teranidom.9 Vendar se danes antropološka stroka cially defined the skeletons: the two males as belong- strinja, da so človeške rase bolj družben kot bio- ing to the Cro-Magnonids and the two females to loški konstrukt in da opredelitve lobanjskih tipov the Mediterranoids.9 Today, however, the anthropo- vodijo v prekomerno generalizacijo ter da klasifi- logical scientific community agrees that human race kacija v rasne skupine na podlagi morfologije ske- is a social rather than a biological construct and that leta ni ustrezna.10 Četudi morfološke značilnosti definitions of skull types lead to over-generalization. skeleta do neke mere odražajo geografski izvor in A classification into racial groups based on skeletal tako nudijo omejena izhodišča za raziskovanje bio- morphology is, therefore, not appropriate.10 Consid- loškega izvora, je opredelitev porekla oz. predništva ering that attempts to define an individual’s origin ( ancestry) prežeta z nerazumevanjem, zlorabo in po- ( ancestry) are permeated by misunderstanding, abuse lemiko.11 Poleg tega raziskave kažejo, da je genetska and controversy,11 the morphological characteristics raznolikost znotraj populacije veliko večja kot med of a skeleton which reflect, to a certain extent, the populacijami ter da genetsko utemeljena izhodišča individual’s geographical origin offer a possible (al- za razločevanje ljudi v rasne skupine ne obstajajo.12 beit problematic) starting point for research into the Rezultati analiz posmrtnih ostankov iz grobov individual’s biological origin. In addition, current re- 2–5 Tatjane Tomazo-Ravnik se deloma ujemajo z search demonstrates much greater genetic intra-pop- rezultati, kot jih je podala Vida Brodar ( sl. 1). Ocen-ulation than inter-population diversity, and further juje namreč, da gre v grobu 2 za pokop starejšega shows there is no genetic basis for the differentiation moškega (nad 50 let), v grobu 3 mlajše odrasle žen- of people into distinct racial groups.12 ske (okoli 30 let), v grobu 4 zrele odrasle ženske (40– The results of the skeletal analysis of the remains 50 let) in v grobu 5 starejšega odraslega moškega from Graves 2–5 by Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik partly 6 6 Shipman, Foster, Schoeninger 1984. Shipman, Foster, Schoeninger 1984. 7 7 Npr. Thompson, Gauthier, Islam 2009; Thompson, Islam, E.g. Thompson, Gauthier, Islam 2009; Thompson, Islam, Bonniere 2013; Snoeck, Lee-Thorp, Schulting 2014. Bonniere 2013; Snoeck, Lee-Thorp, Schulting 2014. 8 8 Glej tu Tomazo Ravnik; Thomas, Brezje; Štamfelj. See here Tomazo Ravnik; Thomas, Brezje; Štamfelj. 9 9 Pahič 1962–1963, 353. Pahič 1962–1963, 353. 10 10 Npr. Işcan, Steyn 2013, 195–197. E.g. Işcan, Steyn 2013, 195–197. 11 11 Sauer, Wankmiller 2009, 187. Sauer, Wankmiller 2009, 187. 12 12 Işcan, Steyn 2013, 195–197. Işcan, Steyn 2013, 195–197. 488 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 488 8. 03. 2021 12:56:06 (50–60 let).13 Bistveno pa ne odstopajo tudi rezultati corresponded to the results obtained by Vida Brodar Thomasove, ki prav tako ocenjuje, da je bil v gro- ( fig. 1). Tomazo-Ravnik estimated that an older male bu 2 pokopan starejši moški (nad 50 let), v grobu 3 (over 50 years old) was buried in Grave 2; a young mlajša ženska (okoli 20 let), v grobu 4 zrela odrasla adult female (around 30 years old) in Grave 3; a ma- oseba (40–50 let) – ali gracilen moški ali robustna ture adult female (40–50 years old) in Grave 4; and ženska ter v grobu 5 starejši moški (40–55 let) ( sl. 1). an older adult male (50–60 years old) in Grave 5.13 Opazila pa je tudi nekaj dodatnih patoloških spre- Jayne-Leigh Thomas came to similar conclusions memb, in sicer morebitni zaceljen zlom reber osebe ( fig. 1): she estimated that an older male (over 50 iz groba 3, znake osteoartritisa in morebitne bolezni years old) was buried in Grave 2; a younger female metabolizma osebe iz groba 4 ter znake osteoartritisa (about 20 years old) in Grave 3; a mature adult (40– in zaceljenega zloma reber pri osebi iz groba 5.14 50 years old) – either a gracile male or a robust female Ob izrazitih razlikah v oralnem zdravju in izra- – in Grave 4; and an older male (40–55 years old) in ziti obrabi nekaterih zob, ki morda kaže na njihovo Grave 5. She also noted some additional pathological uporabo pri določenih opravilih, na kar opozarjajo changes, namely a possible healed rib fracture of the tudi druge raziskave, Štamfelj v svoji študiji natanč- individual from Grave 3; signs of osteoarthritis and no razišče bolezni zob, kot sta karies in parodontalna a possible metabolic disease of the individual from bolezen. Hkrati s pomočjo rentgenskih posnetkov Grave 4; and signs of osteoarthritis and a healed rib zob in statistične obdelave podatkov ocenjuje, da je fracture of the individual from Grave 5.14 moški v grobu 2 umrl v starosti okoli 53 ± 10 let, Štamfelj15 examined the teeth for dental diseases ženska v grobu 3 v starosti okoli 33 ± 10 let in moški such as caries and periodontitis, and to determine v grobu 5 v starosti okoli 58 ± 10 let ( sl. 1).15 the age of the individuals using dental radiography Opravljene analize kažejo na določena manjša and statistical data processing. Taking into account odstopanja pri razlagi podatkov, pridobljenih z upo- differences in oral health and significant wear and rabo makroskopskih analiz ( sl. 1). Ker tovrstne ana-tear on the teeth from various activities, he estimat- lize omogočajo predvsem oceno biološkega profila ed that the male in Grave 2 died at the age of about oseb, bi bilo za določitev spola in starosti ter ugo- 53 ± 10 years; the female in Grave 3 at the age of tavljanje patoloških sprememb priporočljivo izvesti about 33 ± 10 years; and the male in Grave 5 at the dodatne rentgenske in računalniško-tomografske, age of about 58 ± 10 years ( fig. 1). histološke16 in molekularne, denimo DNA17 ali pep- These four analyses demonstrate certain smaller tidne18 analize, ki pa nam zaradi finančnih in drugih discrepancies in the interpretations of the bone as- vzrokov niso bile dostopne. V obravnavanem prime- semblage obtained only with macroscopic analyses ru so bile z makroskopskim opazovanjem ocenjene ( fig. 1). As this kind of analysis assesses the biolog-starosti ob smrti in patološke spremembe izrazito ical profile of individuals rather broadly, additional, dopolnjene s poglobljeno analizo zob in čeljustnic. radiograph and computed tomography, histologi- Poleg tega je bil zaradi izrazitih razlik med zgornjo cal16 and molecular, e.g. DNA17 or peptide18 anal- in spodnjo čeljustnico izražen dvom o rekonstrukciji yses (which were beyond the scope of this project) skeleta iz groba 2, dodatno pa sta bila odkrita zgornji would importantly add to the determination of sex, levi drugi sekalec in zgornji levi prvi kočnik, ki ne age at death as well as the identification of various pripadata osebam iz grobov 2, 3 ali 5, temveč četrti pathological changes. Nevertheless, in-depth analy- osebi, ki je umrla v starosti 27 ± 10 let. Ker glede na sis of the teeth and jaws by macroscopic observation razliko v ocenah starosti dodatna zoba verjetno ne significantly narrowed down the estimates of age at pripadata osebi iz groba 4, ki naj bi bila po analizah death. Furthermore, given the significant differences skeletnih ostankov ob smrti stara 40–50 let ( sl. 1), between the upper and lower jaws of the skeleton gre morda za posmrtne ostanke osebe iz groba 1, ki from Grave 2, doubts were expressed about its earlier jih v svojem prispevku omenja S. Pahič. Razlike v reconstructions. An additional upper left second in- oceni spola osebe iz groba 4 in rekonstrukcija skeleta cisor and upper left first incisor not belonging to in- iz groba 2 zaenkrat ostajajo nerazrešene, prav tako dividuals from Graves 2, 3 or 5 were also identified; 13 13 Glej tu Tomazo Ravnik. See here Tomazo Ravnik. 14 14 Glej tu Thomas, Brezje. See here Thomas, Brezje. 15 15 Glej tu Štamfelj. See here Štamfelj. 16 16 Ericksen 1991; Wittwer-Backofen 2012; de Boer, Van der Ericksen 1991; Wittwer-Backofen 2012; de Boer, Van der Merwe 2016; Gocha, Robling, Stout 2020. Merwe 2016; Gocha, Robling, Stout 2020. 17 17 Stone et al. 1996; Skoglund et al. 2013. Stone et al. 1996; Skoglund et al. 2013. 18 18 Stewart et al. 2017. Stewart et al. 2017. 489 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 489 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 V. Brodar T. Tomazo Ravnik J.-L. Thomas I. Štamfelj Grob / Grave spol starost spol starost (leta) patologija spol starost (leta) patologija starost patologija / sex / age / sex / age (years) / pathology / sex / age (years) / pathology / age / pathology karies, parodontalna hipoplazija sklenine, bolezen, izguba zob parodontalna bolezen, starejša odrasla pred smrtjo, zobni karies, izguba zob pred 2 M oseba / M > 50 karies / kamen / caries, 53 let smrtjo, zobni kamen older adult caries M > 50 periodontitis, ante / enamel hypoplasia, mortem tooth loss, periodontitis, caries, calculus ante mortem tooth loss, calculus karies, parodontalna bolezen, izguba zob starejša pred smrtjo, zaceljen karies, izguba zob pred 3 F odrasla oseba / F ~ 30 karies / zlom dveh reber / 33 let smrtjo / caries, ante older adult caries F ~ 20 caries, periodontitis, ante mortem tooth loss, mortem tooth loss healed fracture of two ribs mlajša ali zrela osteoartritis, bolezen 4 F odrasla oseba/ metabolizma? young or F 40–50 M? 40–50 / osteoarthritis, / / mature adult metabolic disease? karies, zobni kamen, izguba zob pred smrtjo, osteoartritis, paradontalna bolezen, 5 M odrasla oseba / zaceljen zlom rebra / adult M 50–60 karies / caries M 40–55 caries, calculus, ante 58 let zobni kamen / mortem tooth loss, periodontitis, calculus osteoarthritis, healed rib fracture Slika 1. Brezje bi bile za zanesljivejšo diagnozo opaženih patoloških they appeared to belong to an individual who died at pod Brinjevo goro, sprememb na rebrih in lobanji oseb iz grobov 3–5 the age of 27 ± 10 years. Considering the difference gomila iz srednje potrebne dodatne mikroskopske in izotopske analize. in age at death estimates, the additional teeth prob- bronaste dobe (Bd B1). Povzetek ably did not belong to the individual from Grave 4 vseh opravljenih who died 40–50 years old according to the analysis antropoloških analiz of the skeletal remains ( fig. 1). Rather, they might (Glej tu Tomazo be associated with the individual from Grave 1, as Ravnik; Thomas, Brezje; Štamfelj). mentioned by S. Pahič in his article. Discrepancies Figure 1. Brezje in the sex assessment of the individual from Grave bellow Brinjeva 4 and the reconstruction of the skeleton from Grave gora, the Middle Bronze Age burial 2 remain unexplained for the time being. In the fu- barrow (Bd B1). ture, additional microscopic and isotopic analyses Summary of all the are needed for a more reliable diagnosis of the ob- anthropological served pathological changes in the ribs and skull of analyses undertaken (See here Tomazo individuals from Graves 3–5. Ravnik; Thomas, Brezje; Štamfelj). 490 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 490 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 LITERATURA / REFERENCES de Boer H. H. H., Van der Merwe A. E. L. 2016 Skoglund P., Storå J., Götherström A., Jakobsson M. 2013 Diagnostic dry bone histology in human paleopathology. – Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) 29/7, 831–843. DNA shotgun sequencing. – Journal of Archaeological Science 40/12, 4477–4482. Ericksen M. F. 1991 Histologic estimation of age at death using the anterior cortex Snoeck C., Lee-Thorp J. A., Schulting R. J. 2014 of the femur. – American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84/2, From bone to ash: Compositional and structural changes in 171–179. burned modern and archaeological bone. – Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 416, 55–68. Gocha T. P., Robling A. G., Stout S. D. 2020 Histomorphometry of human cortical bone. – V/In: M. A. Stewart N. A., Gerlach R. F., Gowland R. L., Gron K. J., Katzenberg, A. L. Grauer (ur./eds.), Biological Anthropology of Montgomery J. 2017 the Human Skeleton, Hoboke, Oxford, 145–188. Sex determination of human remains from peptides in tooth enamel. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Işcan M. Y., Steyn M. M. 2013 114/52, 13649–13654. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (3. izd./ed.), Spring-field, Illinois. Stone A. C., Milner G. R., Pääbo S., Stoneking M. 1996 Sex determination of ancient human skeletons using DNA. – Pahič S. 1962 American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99/2, 231–238. Bronastodobna gomila pod Brinjevo goro. – Arheološki vestnik 13/14, 349–373. Thompson A. H., Wilson A. S., Ehleringer J. R. 2013 Hair as a Geochemical Recorder: Ancient to Modern. – V/In: Sauer N. J., Wankmiller J. C. 2009 K. Turekian, H. Holland (ur./eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry, The assessment of ancestry and the concept of race. – V/In: S. Amsterdam, 371–393. Blau, D. H. Ubelaker (ur./eds.), Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology, Walnut Creek, 187–200. Thompson T. J. U., Gauthier M., Islam M. 2009 The application of a new method of Fourier Transform Infra-Shipman P., Foster G., Schoeninger M. 1984 red Spectroscopy to the analysis of burned bone. – Journal of Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color, mor-Archaeological Science 36/3, 910–914. phology, crystal structure and shrinkage. – Journal of Archaeological Science 11/4, 307–325. Wittwer-Backofen U. 2012 Age estimation using tooth cementum annulation. – Methods in Molecular Biology 915, 129–143. 491 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 491 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 492 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SEŽGANIH OSTANKOV Z ANALYSIS OF CREMATED NAJDIŠČ POHORSKEGA HUMAN REMAINS FROM PODRAVJA IN PREKMURJA POHORSKO PODRAVJE AND PREKMURJE Jayne-Leigh Thomas Jayne-Leigh Thomas V raziskavo so bili zajeti žgani skeletni ostanki iz de- The remains from nine sites were analyzed as a part vetih najdišč.1 Ostanki izvirajo iz različnih časovnih of this research.1 They belong to different periods obdobij. Njihove analize so predstavljene v kronolo- and are presented in chronological order. These sites škem zaporedju: Slivnica pri Mariboru2 iz časa pozne are Slivnica near Maribor2, from the Late Copper bakrene in zgodnje bronaste dobe, tj. horizont Somo- Age–Early Bronze Age, i.e. the Somogyvár - Vin- gyvár – Vinkovci, Ptuj – Potrčeva ulica3 iz časa pozne kovci horizon, Ptuj – Potrčeva ulica3, from the Late srednje bronaste dobe–zgodnje pozne bronaste dobe, Middle Bronze Age–Early Late Bronze Age, i.e. Ol- tj. horizont Oloris – Podsmreka, Pobrežje v Maribo- oris - Podsmreka horizon, Pobrežje near Maribor4, ru4, Ruše II5, Gračič pod Brinjevo goro6 in Miklavž na Ruše II5, Gračič below Brinjeva gora6, Miklavž na Dravskem polju7 iz časa mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč Dravskem polju7, from the Late Urnfield Period and ter Rogoza pri Mariboru8 in Za Raščico pri Krogu pri Rogoza near Maribor8, and Za Raščico near Krog Murski Soboti9 iz časa starejše železne dobe. Vsi ske- near Murska Sobota9, dated to the Early Iron Age. letni ostanki so bili zbrani in analizirani na Oddelku All remains were brought to the Department of Ar- za arheologijo Univerze v Ljubljani. chaeology at the University of Ljubljana for analysis. METODE METHODS Analize vseh žganih skeletnih ostankov so bile oprav- Standard methods for analyzing cremated remains ljene skladno z uveljavljenimi metodološkimi postop- were utilized in all studies.10 After initial cleaning, ki.10 Z uporabo sit z odprtinami velikosti 10 mm, 5 bones were sorted, then passed through a stack of mm in 2 mm so bile predhodno očiščene kosti raz- sieves with mesh sizes of 10 mm, 5 mm, and 2 mm, deljene v velikostne razrede, na osnovi katerih je bila allowing for the degree of bone fragmentation to be ocenjena njihova razlomljenost. Po določitvi teže vsa- assessed. After being weighed by size collection, the kemu izmed velikostnih razredov so bile kosti razvr- bones were then sorted into categories based on spe- ščene glede na pripadnost določenemu skeletnemu cific skeletal element. Each fragment was assessed and elementu. Vsak odlomek je bil posebej pregledan, pri any information regarding age, sex, pathologies, trau- čemer so bile zabeležene informacije za oceno staro- ma, fracture patterns, coloration, and condition was sti, spola, patoloških sprememb in poškodb, vzorec recorded. The weight of each skeletal element cate- razpok, barva ter stanje ohranjenosti. Odlomki po- gory was taken and the overall weight of identified sameznih skeletnih elementov so bili stehtani in nji- bone was compared with that of the total cremation hova teža primerjana s težo celotnega zbira žganih weight. This provides an indication of the degree of kosti. Rezultati primerjave tako omogočajo oceno fragmentation in addition to the percentage of bone, razlomljenosti in odstotkovne zastopanosti določlji- which was identifiable and may be used to indicate vih skeletnih elementov, ki lahko nadalje služita pri any potential bias in which areas of the body were 1 1 Večji del podatkov prihaja iz avtoričine doktorske diserta-Most data comes from the author’s doctoral dissertation cijie (Thomas 2011). (Thomas 2011). 2 2 Tica 2021 (v tisku). Tica 2021 (in print). 3 3 Jevremov 1988–1989. Jevremov 1988–1989. 4 4 Pahič 1972; isti 1991; glej tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje. Pahič 1972; id. 1991; see here Koprivnik, Pobrežje. 5 5 Pahič 1957; Črešnar 2006. Pahič 1957; Črešnar 2006. 6 6 Pahič 1988–1989; glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič. Pahič 1988–1989; see here Koprivnik, Gračič. 7 7 Črešnar, Murko 2014. Črešnar, Murko 2014. 8 8 Črešnar 2014; isti 2021 (v tisku); glej tu Črešnar, Rogoza. Črešnar 2014; id. 2021 (in print); see here Črešnar, Rogoza. 9 9 Sankovič, Šavel 2010; Jereb, Sankovič, Šavel 2014. Sankovič, Šavel 2010; Jereb, Sankovič, Šavel 2014. 10 10 McKinley 1989, 65; isti 1993, 283; isti 1994, 5; McKinley, McKinley 1989, 65; id. 1993, 283; id. 1994, 5; McKinley, Roberts 1999, 7–8; McKinley 2004, 9–13. Roberts 1999, 7–8; McKinley 2004, 9–13. 493 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 493 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 prepoznavanju morebitne pristranskosti pri zbiranju extracted specifically from the pyre for burial.11 If skeletnih ostankov iz grmade za pokop.11 V primeru present, animal bones were categorized to a specific prisotnosti živalskih kosti so bile le-te razvrščene gle-skeletal element and then possibly to a specific an- de na pripadnost skeletnemu elementu ter, če je bilo imal. Many of the zooarchaeological identifications mogoče, živalski vrsti. Zooarheološka identifikacija je were determined with assistance from researchers at bila opravljena ob pomoči raziskovalcev iz Inštituta za the Archaeological Institute of the Scientific Research arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Sloven- Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. ske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. Methods of recording and assessing the age, Metodološki postopki za oceno starosti, spola in sex, and pathology of the individual are based on patoloških sprememb oseb so sledili uveljavljenim the osteological standards proposed by Buikstra and osteološkim standardom Buikstre in Ubelakerja, Ubelaker, Byers, Steele and Bramblett, van Beek, Byersa, Steelea in Brambletta, van Beeka in Bassa.12 and Bass.12 Although the age and sex of a cremat- Opozoriti velja, da četudi ocene starosti in spola se- ed individual is obtained using the same methods žganih oseb temeljijo na enakih metodah kot ocene as for unburned individuals, assessing demographics inhumiranih oseb, je za osteologa vzpostavitev de- based on cremated remains can be a daunting task mografske strukture na osnovi kremacij izredno zah- for the osteologist, as the determination depends on tevna naloga. Demografska struktura namreč temelji the presence of sexually dimorphic or age-defining na prisotnosti spolno dvoličnih ali s starostjo spremi- morphological characteristics within the assemblage, njajočih se morfoloških značilnosti skeleta, ki so med which are severely altered and/or damaged during sežigom močno spremenjeni in/ali poškodovani. cremation. Tako kot zaključen/nezaključen razvoj zobnih As with unclosed/closed tooth roots, bone de- korenin, degeneracija kosti in zraščeni ali nezraščeni generation, and fused or unfused epiphyseal ends, okrajki ( epiphysis) tudi velikost kosti lahko pripomore the size of bones can also provide a generalized age k vzpostavitvi grobe ocene starosti osebe, a le v pri- range for an individual, provided that the fragment meru, da je pripadnost obravnavanega odlomka dolo- can be identified to a specific skeletal element. Skull čenemu skeletnemu elementu jasna. Odlomki lobanje fragments often survive with joining cranial sutures; so pogosto ohranjeni skupaj z lobanjskimi šivi, stopnja the degree of openness can provide an estimate range zraščenosti katerih omogoči grobo oceno starosti.13 of age.13 Gejvall states that when determining the age Gejvall sicer opozarja, da je določanje starosti sežgane of a cremated individual, after using tooth roots, cra-osebe na osnovi zobnih korenin, debeline lobanjskih nial vault thickness, degree of sutural obliteration, kosti, zraščenosti lobanjskih šivov in teže celotnega zbi-and weight of the sample to its volume, it is danger- ra žganih kosti po dopolnjenem 21. letu nezanesljivo.14 ous to attempt a determination of age over 21 years Posledično je osteolog pogosto primoran k uporabi old.14 As such, the osteologist is often forced to use izrazov, kot so »odrasel«, »mladostnik« ali »neznano«, terms such as ‘adult’, ‘juvenile’, or ‘unknown’, de- odvisno od prisotnih odlomkov kosti, ocene starosti pending on which fragments are available for analy- odraslih posameznikov pa nemalokrat predstavljajo ši- sis and adult age range can end up being very broad roki in prekrivajoči se starostni razponi.15 and overlapping.15 REZULTATI RESULTS Slivnica16 Slivnica16 Dva žgana grobova, grob 12 in 13, izvirata iz Slivnice Two cremation graves, Grave 12 and 13, were analyz- ( Pril. 1). Grob 12 je vseboval necelovito ohranjene ed from Slivnica ( App. 1). The Grave 12 cremation žgane skeletne ostanke dveh oseb. Ena izmed oseb je contained the incomplete remains of two individuals. bila verjetno mladostnik, mlajši od 14 let, medtem One individual appears to be an adolescent, younger ko je bila druga oseba odrasla, starejša od 20 let. Ske- than 14 years of age; the other individual is an adult letni ostanki odrasle osebe morda pripadajo ženski, over 20 years. It is possible that this adult individual vendar ni moč izključiti, da odlomek z gracilnimi may be a female; however, the bone fragment with 11 11 McKinley 1989, 68. McKinley 1989, 68. 12 12 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Byers 2002; Steele, Bramblett Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Byers 2002; Steele, Bramblett 1988; van Beek 1983; Bass 1995. 1988; van Beek 1983; Bass 1995. 13 13 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994, 32. Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994, 32. 14 14 Gejvall 1969, 473. Gejvall 1969, 473. 15 15 McKinley 2008, 172. McKinley 2008, 172. 16 16 Tica 2021 (v tisku). Tica 2021 (in print). 494 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 494 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 lastnostmi ne pripada mladostniku. Obarvanost in the gracile features may also belong to the juvenile vzorci razpok na odlomkih kažejo na enakomerno individual. The coloring and fracturing of the bones izpostavitev celotnega telesa zmerno visokim tempe- indicate that the remains were burned evenly at mod- raturam, in sicer kmalu po smrti. Na prstnici noge erate temperatures and were likely burned soon af- mladostnika so bili prisotni znaki zaceljenega zloma, ter death. The juvenile individual has a foot phalanx medtem ko je bila na zunanji površini ene izmed za- which shows signs of a healed fracture and a wrist pestnic vidna nova tvorba kosti, verjetno posledica bone with exophytic bone growth, either due to a nespecifičnega vnetja ali zaceljenega zloma. non-specific inflammation or healed fracture. Ocena starosti osebe v grobu 13 ni bila mogoča. Age could not be determined for the individu- Zaobljeni robovi očnice ( os orbitale) kažejo na skelet al from Grave 13. The individual may be a male as moškega, vendar je zaradi pomanjkanja drugih zna- evidenced by the rounded orbital bone; however, as kov spolne dvoličnosti določitev potrebno razumeti there are no other fragments from which sex could z mero previdnosti. Večina kosti je bila manjših od 5 be ascertained, this determination must be used mm, kar kaže na majhno do srednjo velikost odlom- cautiously. The majority of the bones were smaller kov in njihovo slabo do zmerno ohranjenost. Kosti than 5 mm, indicating small to moderate fragment so bile izpostavljene visokim temperaturam nad 645 size and poor to adequate preservation. Bones were °C, prisotni pa so bili le deli lobanje in okončin. burned at high temperatures over 645°C and there Vzorci razpok na odlomkih so skladni s sežigom ko- are no other skeletal elements present except for cra- sti ob prisotnosti mehkega tkiva. nial and limb bones. Fracture patterns are consistent with burning with flesh still attached. Ptuj – Potrčeva ulica17 Ptuj-Potrčeva ulica site17 Žgani skeletni ostanki iz groba 1 iz Potrčeve ulice na The remains collected from Grave 1 at Ptuj-Potrče- Ptuju ( Pril. 1) kažejo na sežig osebe pri konstantno va ulica site ( App. 1) indicate burning at constant nizkih temperaturah. Prisotni vzorci razpok kažejo low temperatures. Fracture patterns present indicate na sežig takoj po smrti, in sicer s prisotnim meh- burning directly after death, with flesh still attached. kim tkivom. Skupna teža odlomkov kosti iz groba The weight of bone fragments recovered from the priča, da je bil za pokop zbran le majhen del skele- grave indicates only a small portion of the individual tnih ostankov osebe. Na nobenem izmed odlomkov having been collected for burial. There were no frag- ni bilo ohranjenih morfoloških značilnosti za oceno ments from which to accurately assess age or sex and starosti ali spola. Prav tako na odlomkih ni bilo opa- there were no obvious pathologies or signs of trauma ziti patoloških sprememb ali znakov poškodb, ki bi from which to ascertain an idea of the cause of death omogočili ugotovitev vzroka smrti. of the individual. Pobrežje18 Pobrežje18 Iz dvainsedemdesetih grobov iz Pobrežja je bilo ana- Seventy-seven samples/individuals19 from 72 graves liziranih sedeminsedemdeset vzorcev/oseb19 ( Pril. 1). were analyzed from Pobrežje ( App. 1). Age was de-Starost je bilo mogoče oceniti dvainšestdesetim iz- termined for 62 out of 77 individuals. med sedeminsedemdesetih oseb. Grave 1 had cranial fragments ranging in thick- V grobu 1 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline ness from 3.5 mm to 5 mm; thickness suggests that med 3,5 mm in 5 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za the fragments are not from an infant or child, but are dojenčka ali otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. most likely from an adult individual. V grobu 3 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline Grave 3 contained cranial fragments with a thick- 5 mm, kar kaže na odraslo osebo. ness of 5 mm, which indicates an adult individual. V grobu 14 prisotna proksimalna prstnica z zra- From Grave 14, there was a fused proximal end ščenim kostnim okrajkom kaže na osebo, starejšo od of a distal phalanx, providing an age of 14+ years. 14 let. Poleg tega je bil v grobu prisoten odlomek There was also a fragment of the fused iliac crest, zraščenega črevničnega grebena ( crista iliaca), ki pri-indicating that the individual was at least 16 years of ča o osebi, ki je bila v času smrti starejša od 16 let. age at death. 17 17 Jevremov 1988–1989. Jevremov 1988–1989. 18 18 Pahič 1972; isti 1991; glej tu Koprivnik, Pobrežje. Pahič 1972; Pahič 1991. 19 19 V nekaterih grobovih je bil prisoten več kot en zbir kosti, From some of the graves we had more than one collection kar smo razumeli kot dva vzorca. of bones, which we had interpreted as two samples. 495 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 495 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 V grobu 26 prisoten distalni del koželjnice z zra-Grave 26 contained the fused distal end of a ra- ščenim kostnim okrajkom kaže na osebo, starejšo od dius, which gives an age of 15+ years and a vertebral 15 let, medtem ko odlomek vretenca z zraščenim fragment with a fused epiphyseal ring, indicating obročem govori o starosti nad 20 let. 20+ years of age. V grobu 27 prisoten stalni zgornji prvi ličnik Grave 27 contained one permanent maxillary kaže na osebo, starejšo od 15 let. Debelina odlomkov 1st premolar, suggesting an age of 15+ years. Cranial lobanje iz groba je med 5 mm in 6 mm, kar govori fragments from this grave are 5–6 mm thick, indi- o odrasli osebi. Na enem izmed odlomkov medenice cating an adult individual. On one of the pelvic frag- je ohranjen del sklepne školjke ( facies auricularis) z ments, the auricular surface is present; it is smooth gladko površino in finozrnato teksturo, značilno za with a fine granular texture, typical of an individual osebe, stare 21–30 let. in the age range of 21–30 years of age. V grobu 32 sta prisotna dva odlomka dolge kosti, Grave 32 included two long bone fragments, proksimalni del koželjnice in distalni del nadlahtni- the proximal end of the radius and the distal end of ce z zraščenimi kostnimi okrajki, ki kažeta na osebo, the humerus, which are fused and provide an age of starejšo od 13 let. Poleg tega je bil v grobu prisoten 13+ years. There is also the distal end of a metatarsal distalni del stopalnice z zraščenim okrajkom, ki go- which is fused, indicating an age of 14+ years. vori o starosti nad 14 let. There are several bone fragments from which to V grobu 36 je prisotnih več odlomkov, ki omo- establish an age at death from Grave 36. There is a gočajo vzpostavitev ocene starosti v času smrti. Od- fragment of the mandible with the mandibular spines lomek spodnje čeljustnice z ohranjenima trnoma and the completely formed sockets of the four man- ( spinae mentalis) in povsem razvitimi zobnicami vseh dibular incisors, which provides an age of 12+ years. štirih spodnjih sekalcev kaže na osebo, starejšo od 12 There is a fused distal end of a humerus indicating let. Poleg tega so bili prisotni distalni del nadlahtnice 13+ years and the distal end of a metacarpal or meta-z zraščenim okrajkom, ki priča o starosti nad 13 let, tarsal and the distal end of the 2nd metatarsal which is ter distalni del dlančnice ali stopalnice in distalni del fused, giving an age of 14+ years. Both the fused dis-druge stopalnice z zraščenimi okrajki, ki govorita o tal ends of an ulna and radius are present, providing starosti nad 14 let. Prisotna distalna dela podlahtnice an age of 15+ years and judging from the thickness in koželjnice z zraščenima okrajkoma kažeta na sta- of the cranial fragments, this is an adult individual. rost nad 15 let, na osnovi debeline odlomkov lobanje The cranial fragments from Grave 39 measure pa je mogoče soditi, da gre za odraslo osebo. 3–4 mm thick; these fragments are most likely from Odlomki lobanje v grobu 39 so debeli 3–4 mm. an adult individual and it is clear they are not from Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka ali otroka, ter an infant or child. kaže na odraslo osebo. Grave 55 produced one bone from which age V grobu 55 je oceno starosti v času smrti omo- at death could be determined; this is a fused radial gočila ena kost, in sicer proksimalni del koželjnice z head, indicating an age of 13+ years. zraščeno glavo, ki govori o osebi, starejši od 13 let. From Grave 57, there are two long bone frag- V grobu 57 sta k oceni starosti pripomogla dva ments from which to determine age. There is a fused odlomka dolgih kosti. Proksimalni del proksimalne proximal end of a proximal hand phalanx, indicat- prstnice roke z zraščenim okrajkom kaže na starost ing an age of 14+ years and a fused femoral head, nad 14 let, medtem ko proksimalni del stegnenice z indicating 15+ years of age. Cranial fragments are zraščeno glavo govori o osebi, starejši od 15 let. Poleg indicative of an adult individual. tega prisotni odlomki lobanje kažejo na odraslo osebo. The fused distal end of the humerus was present Distalni del nadlahtnice z zraščenim okrajkom iz in Grave 59, providing an age of 15+ years. groba 59 govori o osebi, starejši od 15 let. There were two samples taken from Grave 63. Iz groba 63 izvirata dva vzorca. Na osnovi robu- Sample 63(1) was determined to be an adult indi- stnosti odlomka debla nadlahtnice in velikosti od- vidual, based on the robusticity of the humerus shaft lomka glave stegnenice vzorec 63(1) predstavlja od- fragment and the size of the femoral head fragment. raslo osebo. V vzorcu 63(2) prisotni odlomki lobanje Sample 63(2) contains cranial fragments 3–4 mm in debeline 3–4 mm izključujejo dojenčka ali otroka in thickness; these fragments are most likely from an kažejo na odraslo osebo. adult individual and it is clear they are not from an V grobu 68 prisoten odlomek zgornje čeljustnice infant or child. z ohranjeno zobnico sekalca kaže na osebo, starejšo Grave 68 contained one fragment of the max- od 11 let. Odlomek proksimalnega dela podlahtnice illa with a single root socket from an incisor. This 496 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 496 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 z zraščenim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 13 let. suggests an age of 11+ years. There is a fragment of Manjši odlomek zraščene sklepne ponvice lopati- the fused proximal end of an ulna, which suggest an ce ( cavitas glenoidalis) govori o starosti nad 17 let, age of 13+ years. There is one small fragment of a medtem ko odlomek vretenca z zraščenim obročem fused glenoid fossa suggesting an age of 17+ years ( epiphysis anularis) priča o starosti nad 20 let. and a vertebral fragment with a fused epiphyseal Lobanjske kosti v grobovih 70 in 76 so izredno ring, indicating an age of 20+ years. tanke, s povprečno debelino 1,5 mm in številnimi The cranial bones from Graves 70 and 76 were odlomki, tanjšimi od 1 mm. Na osnovi njihove krh- extremely thin, with an average thickness of 1.5 mm, kosti in debeline je verjetno, da gre za ostanke do- and many less than 1 mm. From the friability and jenčka. Zaradi odsotnosti drugih kosti, ki bi lahko thickness of the cranial bones, the individual is likely pripomogle k oceni starosti, natančnejša določitev to be an infant, however as no other bones are avail- starosti ob smrti ni mogoča. able from this grave from which to determine age, V grobu 72 sta prisotna dva odlomka dolgih ko- the age of this child could not be established more sti, in sicer distalni del nadlahtnice in podlahtnice z precisely. zraščenima okrajkoma, ki govorita o osebi, starejši Grave 72 has two long bone fragments, the fused od 13 oz. 15 let. distal end of a humerus and the fused distal end of Ocena starosti osebe iz groba 73 je bila vzposta- an ulna, which provide ages of 13+ years and 15+ vljena na osnovi distalnega dela stopalnice z zrašče- years, respectively. nim okrajkom ter debeline odlomkov lobanje. Sto- The age of the individual from Grave 73 was es- palnica govori o osebi, starejši od 14 let. tablished from the fused distal end of a metatarsal Osebi iz grobov 78 in 79 sta bili verjetno odra- and the thickness of the cranial vault. The metatarsal sli, o čemer pričajo morfološke lastnosti ohranjenih places the individual at 14+ years. odlomkov kolčne ponvice ( acetabulum) ter velikost The individuals from Grave 78 and 79 were de-odlomkov debla dolgih kosti. termined to be adults based on the morphology of V grobu 8120 je prisoten odlomek črevnice ( os ili- the acetabulum fragments and the size of the long um) z gladko in finozrnato površino sklepne školjke, bone shaft fragments. ki je značilna za osebe stare med 21 in 30 let. Poleg From Grave 8120, there was an ilium fragment tega je bil prisoten odlomek vretenca z zraščenim with a smooth and fine-grained auricular surface, obročem, ki govori o starosti nad 20 let. which is characteristic of an individual between 21 V grobu 84 je prisoten proksimalni del koželj- and 30 years of age. There was also a vertebral frag- nice z zraščenim okrajkom, skladen s starostjo nad ment with a fused epiphyseal ring, indicating an age 13 let. Poleg tega sta bila prisotna tudi distalni del of 20+ years. dlančnice ali stopalnice z zraščenim okrajkom, ki go- Grave 84 contained the fused proximal end of vori o starosti nad 14 let, ter proksimalni del nadlah- an ulna, consistent with an age of 13+ years. There tnice z zraščeno glavo, ki priča o starosti nad 16 let. was the fused distal end of either a metacarpal or V grobu 85 sta prisotna dva odlomka dolgih ko- metatarsal, indicating an age of 14+ years and a fused sti, proksimalni del podlahtnice in distalni del na- humerus head providing an age of 16+ years. dlahtnice z zraščenima okrajkoma, ki kažeta na ose- There were two long bone fragments from Grave bo, starejšo od 13 let. 85, which indicate an age of 13+ years; these bones V grobu 86 je prisotnih več odlomkov, ki pri- are the fused proximal end of the ulna and the fused pomorejo k oceni starosti. Distalni del nadlahtnice distal end of the humerus. z zraščenim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 13 let, di- Grave 86 had several bone fragments from which stalni del dlančnice z zraščenim okrajkom govori o age at death could be determined. There is a fused starosti nad 14 let, distalni del koželjnice z zraščenim distal end of a humerus (13+ years), a fused distal okrajkom priča o starosti nad 15 let, odlomek zrašče- end of a metacarpal (14+ years), a fused distal end ne sklepne ponvice lopatice kaže na starost nad 17 let of a radius (15+ years), a fragment of a fused glenoid in odlomek vretenca z zraščenim obročem govori o fossa (17+ years), and a vertebral fragment with a osebi, starejši od 20 let. fused epiphyseal ring (20+ years). Oseba v grobu 91 je bila verjetno odrasla, o če- The individual from Grave 91 was interpreted as mer pričata debelina lobanjskih kosti ter velikost in an adult based on cranial thickness and the size and morfologija dlančnic. morphology of the metacarpals. 20 20 Vrečka s kostmi je bila primarno označena kot grob 81- The bag containing the bones was originally labelled as 75d. Grave 81-75d. 497 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 497 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 V grobu 94 prisoten distalni del nadlahtnice z Grave 94 had the fused distal end of a humer-zraščenim okrajkom govori o osebi, starejši od 15 us which provides a minimum age of 15+ years. let. Poleg tega sta prisotna del zraščenega črevničnega There was also a fragment of the fused iliac crest, grebena, ki priča o starosti nad 16 let, ter odlomek indicating 16+ years, and a vertebral fragment with vretenca z zraščenim obročem, ki kaže na starost nad a fused epiphyseal ring, providing an age of 20+ 20 let. Povprečna debelina lobanjskih kosti znaša 5 years. The average cranial thickness of 5 mm also mm in prav tako kaže na odraslo osebo. indicates an adult. Edini odlomek v pomoč pri oceni starosti osebe The only bone from Grave 96 from which age v grobu 96 izvira iz vzorca 96(1), in sicer gre za dis- at death could be determined and came from the talni del dlančnice ali stopalnice z zraščenim okraj- sample 96(1) is the fused distal end of either a met- kom, ki govori o starosti nad 14 let. acarpal or metatarsal, which suggests an age of 14+ Iz groba 97 izvirata dva vzorca. V vzorcu 97(1) years. prisoten proksimalni del proksimalne prstnice roke z There were two samples taken from Grave 97. zraščenim okrajkom govori o osebi, starejši od 14 let, Sample 97(1) had the fused proximal end of a prox- medtem ko odlomek vretenca z zraščenim obročem imal hand phalanx indicating an age of 14+ years, kaže na starost nad 20 let. V vzorcu 97(2) je prisoten and a fragment of a vertebra with fused epiphyseal osrednji del telesa ledvenega vretenca. Četudi zaradi ring indicating 20+ years of age. Sample 97(2) con- poškodovanosti odlomka obroč ni ohranjen, velikost tained the centrum of a lumbar vertebra; although in razvitost kažeta na odraslo osebo. there is no epiphyseal ring present due to damage, V grobu 98 prisoten distalni del nadlahtnice the individual is interpreted as an adult based on the z zraščenim okrajkom govori o starosti nad 13 let. size and development of the bone. Glede na debelino ohranjenih lobanjskih kosti je There is one fused distal end of the humerus mogoče soditi, da gre za odraslo osebo. from Grave 98, providing an age of 13+ years. This V grobu 101 je prisotnih več odlomkov, ki pri- individual is also considered an adult based on the pomorejo k oceni starosti v času smrti. Proksimalni thickness of the cranial vault fragments. in distalni del nadlahtnice z zraščenima okrajkoma Several bone fragments from Grave 101 have kažeta na starost nad 13 oz. 15 let. Distalni del ste- features from which age at death could be estimated. gnenice in mečnice z zraščenima okrajkoma kažeta There is a fused distal and proximal end of a humer- na osebo, starejšo od 16 let. us, which provides ages of 13+ years and 15+ years, V grobu 106 dva odlomka omogočata oceno sta- respectively. The fused distal end of the fibula and rosti v času smrti. Proksimalni del prstnice z zrašče- the fused distal end of the femur both suggest an age nim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 14 let, medtem ko of 16+ years for this individual. distalni del stegnenice z zraščenim okrajkom govori There are two fragments from Grave 106 from o starosti nad 16 let. Prisotna sta tudi levi in desni which the age at death could be determined. There čolnič ( os naviculare), morfološka razvitost katerih is a fused proximal phalanx indicating 14+ years priča o odrasli osebi. and a fragment of the fused distal femur indicating Edini odlomek, uporaben za oceno starosti osebe 16+ years. Both the left and right naviculars are also v grobu 107, je distalni del dlančnice z zraščenim present which are morphologically developed like okrajkom, ki se običajno zaraste po 14. letu. an adult. V grobu 109 je prisoten odlomek lobanje z ohra- The only bone from Grave 107 from which to njenim in deloma zraščenim lobanjskim šivom, kar determine age was the distal end of a fused 2nd meta- je značilno za odrasle osebe. carpal, which fuses at 14+ years of age. V grobu 111 so prisotni z deblom zraščeni leva From Grave 109, there is one fragment with a in desna glava koželjnice ter distalni del nadlahtni- cranial suture, which is moderately closed, typical of ce z zraščenim okrajkom, ki kažejo na starost nad an adult individual. 13 let. Grave 111 contained the right and left fused ra- V grobu 112 je prisoten odlomek zgornje če- dial heads and the fused distal end of a humerus; all ljustnice, ki ima na desni strani povsem ohranjene three of these bone fragments indicate an age of 13+ štiri zobnice prvega in drugega sekalca, podočnika years. ter prvega ličnika, kar kaže na starost nad 15 let. Po- From Grave 112, there is a maxilla fragment leg tega je prisoten odlomek lobanje z ohranjenim with four complete tooth sockets from the right side; in odprtim lobanjskim šivom, značilnim za mlado these are the 1st and 2nd incisors, the canine, and the odraslo osebo. 1st premolar which all give an age of 15+ years. There 498 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 498 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 V grobu 113 so prisotni trije odlomki, ki omo-is also one vault fragment with an open cranial su- gočajo oceno starosti. Proksimalni del podlahtnice, ture, characteristic of a young adult individual. distalni del stopalnice in proksimalni del nadlahtnice Grave 113 had three bone fragments from which z zraščenimi okrajki kažejo na osebo, starejšo od 13, to determine age. These are the fused proximal end 14 oz. 16 let. of the ulna, the fused distal end of a metatarsal, and Oseba iz vzorca 117(2) iz groba 117 je bila naj- the fused proximal end of a humerus, which pro- verjetneje novorojenček ali dojenček, saj so kosti iz- vide ages of 13+ years, 14+ years, and 16+ years, redno tanke. Ob odsotnosti drugih, s starostjo pove- respectively. zanih morfoloških lastnostih, natančnejša ocena ni The individual from the sample 117(2) from the mogoča. Grave 117 was determined to be either a neonate V grobu 120 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeli- or an infant, owing to the extremely thin nature of ne 4 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka ali the bones; however, a more precise age cannot be de- otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. termined owing to the absence of other age-related V grobu 122 prisotni odlomki lobanje z zabrisa- features. nimi lobanjskimi šivi kažejo na starejšo odraslo osebo. Grave 120 contained cranial fragments with a V grobu 134 je prisotnih več odlomkov, ki omo- thickness of 4 mm; these fragments are most likely gočajo oceno starosti. Trije odlomki distalnih delov from an adult individual and it is clear they are not stopalnic z zraščenimi okrajki kažejo na starost nad from an infant or child. 14 let. Distalni del koželjnice in proksimalni del ste- Grave 122 had cranial fragments with obliterat- gnenice z zraščenima okrajkoma govorita o starosti ed cranial sutures, providing an age of ‘old adult.’ nad 15 let, medtem ko proksimalni del nadlahtnice Grave 134 had several bone fragments from z zraščeno glavo kaže na starost nad 16 let. Glede na which to determine age. There are three fused dis- debelino lobanjskih kosti gre najverjetneje za odra- tal ends of metatarsals which provide an age of 14+ slo osebo. years. There is also the fused distal end of the radius V grobu 135 prisotni distalni prstnici noge z and the fused proximal end of the femur, indicating zraščenima okrajkoma ter distalni del stopalnice z an age of 15+ years and a fused humerus head, which zraščeno glavo kažejo na starost nad 14 let. Povsem fuses at 16+ years. This individual has also been de- izrasel in razvit stalni spodnji drugi ličnik kaže na termined to be an adult judging from the thickness starost nad 15 let. Odlomek zraščenega črevničnega of the cranial vault fragments. grebena govori o starosti nad 16 let. Nedokončno From Grave 135, there were two distal foot pha- razvit stalni spodnji tretji kočnik priča o osebi, mlajši langes and the fused distal head of a metatarsal, in-od 21 let. Poleg tega je prisoten povsem razvit čolnič, dicating an age of 14+ years. There is one erupted morfološki razvoj katerega se zaključi med 12. in 15. and fully formed permanent mandibular 2nd premo- letom, odvisno od spola osebe. Na osnovi vseh nave- lar which is complete at 15 years of age. There is a denih znakov gre za osebo, staro 16–20 let. fragment of the fused iliac crest, indicating an age Iz groba 137 izvirata dva vzorca. V vzorcu of 16+ years. There is one incomplete permanent 137(1) sta prisotna distalni del nadlahtnice z zra- mandibular 3rd molar, which means that the indi- ščenim okrajkom, ki se zaraste po 13. letu, in odlo- vidual is younger than 21 years of age. There is also mek distalnega dela koželjnice s prav tako zraščenim an adult-sized scaphoid, which becomes morpho- okrajkom, ki se zaraste po 15. letu. Prisoten je tudi logically adult between 12 and 15 years of age, de- proksimalni del nadlahtnice z zraščeno glavo, ki se pending on the sex of the individual. Based on these zaraste po 16. letu, medtem ko odlomek vretenca age-related features, this individual can be placed at z zraščenim obročem priča o starosti nad 20 let. V 16–20 years of age. vzorcu 137(2) prisoten proksimalni del proksimalne There were two samples taken from Grave 137. prstnice (roke ali noge) z zraščenim okrajkom kaže From sample 137(1), there is the distal end of a hu- na osebo, starejšo od 14 let. merus, which fuses at 13+ years, and a fragment of Oseba v grobu 138 je najverjetneje novorojen- a fused distal radius, which fuses at 15+ years. The ček. Lobanjske kosti so v povprečju debele 1 mm fused left humerus head is present, which fuses at in izredno krhke, kar otežuje rokovanje z njimi. Ob 16+ years and one vertebral fragment with a fused odsotnosti drugih s starostjo povezanih morfoloških epiphyseal ring, providing a minimum age of 20+ lastnosti natančnejša ocena starosti ni mogoča. years. Sample 137(2) has the fused proximal end of V grobu 141 prisoten del stopalnice z zrašče- a proximal phalanx (hand or foot), indicating an age nim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 14 let. Poleg tega of 14+ years. 499 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 499 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 je prisotnih več odlomkov, večinoma delov dolgih The individual from Grave 138 was determined kosti, s še nezraščenimi kostnimi okrajki, kar kaže to be a neonate as the cranial bones have an average na mladostnika. Vendarle odsotnost drugih s sta- thickness of 1 mm; however, there are no other bone rostjo povezanih morfoloških lastnosti onemogoča fragments from which a more accurate determina- natančnejšo oceno starosti. Tako je mogoče pred- tion of age could be ascertained. postaviti le, da je bila oseba v času smrti le nekoliko From Grave 141, there is one fused metacarpal, starejša od 14 let. indicating an age of 14+ years. There are several bone V grobu 144 so ohranjeni odlomki lobanje de- fragments, especially long bones, with unfused epi- beline 4 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka physes; such unfused areas would indicate a juvenile ali otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. individual. However, none of the bone fragments Poleg debeline lobanjskih kosti je starost v času could be assigned to a specific skeletal element, smrti osebe iz groba 147 moč oceniti tudi na osnovi which would permit a better estimation of age. It odlomka proksimalnega dela podlahtnice z zrašče- is assumed that this individual was slightly over 14 nim okrajkom, ki se zaraste po 13. letu. years of age at the time of death. V grobu 148 prisoten proksimalni del koželjni- Grave 144 contained cranial fragments with ce z zraščenim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 13 let, a thickness of 4 mm; thickness suggests that these medtem ko morfološko povsem razviti odlomki lo- fragments are not from an infant or child, but are banje govorijo o odrasli osebi. most likely from an adult individual. V grobu 153 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeli- Aside from cranial thickness, the only bone from ne 4 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka ali Grave 147 from which to estimate age at death was otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. a fragment of the fused proximal end of an ulna, V grobu 156 prisoten proksimalni del medialne which fuses at approximately 13 years of age. prstnice roke z zraščenim okrajkom omogoča oceno Grave 148 had only the fused proximal end of starosti nad 14 let. Odlomek distalnega dela koželj- a radius, indicating an age of 13+ years, and mor- nice z zraščenim okrajkom ter zraščena sklepna pon- phologically adult cranial fragments from which age vica lopatice pričata o starosti nad 15 oz. nad 17 let. could be determined. Edini prisoten odlomek v pomoč pri oceni sta- Grave 153 contains cranial fragments with a rosti v času smrti osebe v grobu 164 je distalni del thickness of 4 mm; thickness suggests that these podlahtnice z zraščenim okrajkom, ki kaže na starost fragments are not from an infant or child, but are nad 15 let. most likely from an adult individual. V grobu 171 je prisoten odlomek zgornje čelju- Grave 156 contained a fused proximal end of a stnice s tremi povsem razvitimi zobnicami sekalcev, medial hand phalanx, which provides an age of 14+ razvoj katerih je običajno zaključen po 11. letu staro- years. There is also a fragment of a fused distal radius sti. Čeprav je debelina lobanjskih kosti pod povpre-and a fused glenoid fossa fragment, providing ages of čjem odraslih, morfološka razvitost, velikost in obli- 15+ years and 17+ years, respectively. ka preostalih ohranjenih odlomkov vendarle pričajo The only bone fragment from which to establish o odrasli osebi. an age at death for the individual from Grave 164 V grobu 173 je prisoten proksimalni del proksi- is a fragment of a fused distal ulna, indicating 15+ malne prstnice roke z zraščenim kostnim okrajkom, years of age at death. ki se zaraste po 14. letu. Prisoten je odlomek distal- Grave 171 contains a fragment of the maxilla nega dela podlahtnice z zraščenim okrajkom, ki se with three completely formed incisor sockets. These zaraste po 15. letu. Poleg tega je prisoten z deblom sockets are fully formed at 11+ years. Although the zraščen odlomek glave ali nadlahtnice ali stegnenice, thickness of the cranial bone fragments is smaller ki kaže na starost nad 15 let. than average for an adult individual, the other re- V grobu 175 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeli- mains are morphologically adult in size and shape. ne 4–4,5 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenč- From Grave 173, there is the fused proximal end ka ali otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. of a proximal hand phalanx which fuses at 14+ years V grobu 177 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeli- of age. There is one fragment of the distal end of an ne 3–5 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka ulna, which fuses at 15+ years. There is also one frag- ali otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. ment that is either from a fused humerus or femur Na osnovi debeline lobanjskih kosti je mogoče head. This fragment provides an age of 15+ years. soditi, da so bile osebe v grobovih 56, 75, 87, 108 in Grave 175 contained cranial fragments with a 139 odrasle. thickness of 4–4.5 mm; thickness suggests that these 500 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 500 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 V vzorcu brez ohranjenega podatka o grobu iz fragments are not from an infant or child, but are Pobrežja21 je prisotnih več odlomkov, ki omogočajo most likely from an adult individual. oceno starosti v času smrti. Distalni del nadlahtnice Grave 177 contained cranial fragments ranging in proksimalni del koželjnice z zraščenima okrajko- from 3–5 mm; thickness suggests that these frag- ma kažeta na starost nad 13 let. Distalni del tretje ments are not from an infant, but are likely from an ali četrte dlančnice, distalna prva prstnica stopala, adult individual. medialna prstnica in proksimalni del proksimalne Remains from Graves 56, 75, 87, 108, and 139 prstnice z zraščenimi okrajki kažejo na starost nad were determined to be from adult individuals, judg- 14 let. Z deblom zraščena glava stegnenice in distal- ing by the thickness of the cranial vault fragments. ni del podlahtnice z zraščenim okrajkom govorita o The sample from an unassigned grave from starosti nad 15 let. Z deblom zraščena glava nadlah- Pobrežje21 contained several bone fragments from tnice kaže na starost nad 16 let. Lobanjski odlomki which the age at death could be determined. There so debeli približno 6 mm, kar kaže na odraslo osebo. is a fused distal end of a humerus and the fused Zaradi odsotnosti s starostjo povezanih morfo- proximal end of a radius, both of which fuse at ap- loških lastnosti pri petnajstih izmed sedeminsedem- proximately 13 years of age. There is a fused distal desetih vzorcih iz Pobrežja starosti ni bilo mogoče end of either metacarpal 3 or 4, a fused 1st distal oceniti. Na osnovi debeline lobanjskih kosti so bile phalanx of the foot, a fused medial phalanx, and a štiri osebe (grob 70, 76, 117(2) in 138) najverjetneje fused proximal end of a proximal phalanx. These dojenčki. Glede na razvitost in morfološke lastnosti bone fragments indicate an age of 14+ years. There sklepne školjke je bila v dveh primerih (grob 27 in is a fused head of a femur and a fused distal end of 81) starost ocenjena na 21 do 30 let. Oseba iz gro- an ulna, which provide an age of 15+ years. A fused ba 122 je bila na osnovi zabrisanega lobanjskega šiva humerus head is also present indicating 16+ years of uvrščena med »starejše odrasle«. Starost ene izmed age. Cranial fragments from this individual are ap- oseb (grob 135) je bila na osnovi zraščenega črev- proximately 6 mm in thickness, indicating an adult ničnega grebena in še ne povsem razvitega stalnega individual. tretjega spodnjega kočnika ocenjena na 16–20 let. There were 15 out of 77 samples from Pobrežje, Sedem oseb je morda odraslih (grob 1, 39, 63(2), which could not be assigned an age determination 120, 144, 175 in 177), 12 oseb je »odraslih« (grob due to the absence of age-related features. There 3, 56, 63(1), 75, 78, 79, 87, 97(2), 108, 109, 139 in were four individuals (Graves 70, 76, 117(2), and 153), medtem ko je triindvajsetim osebam (grob 14, 138) that were categorized as being infants based on 26, 32, 55, 59, 68, 72, 84, 85, 86, 96(1), 97(1), 101, the size and thickness of the cranial vault fragments. 106, 107, 111, 113, 137, 137(2), 141, 156, 164 in There were two individuals (Graves 27 and 81) 173) določena zgolj spodnja starostna meja. Preosta- aged between 21 and 30 years based on the devel- lim dvanajstim osebam (grob 36, 57, 73, 91, 94, 98, opment and condition of the auricular surface. The 112, 134, 147, 148, 171 in vzorec brez konteksta) je individual from Grave 122 was categorized as “older bilo mogoče določiti zgolj najvišjo spodnjo starostno adult” based on an obliterated cranial suture. There mejo ter jih uvrstiti med »odrasle«. Starost v času was one individual (Grave 135) which was aged be- smrti je bila največkrat ocenjena na osnovi debeli- tween 16–20 years based on the fused iliac crest of ne lobanjskih kosti ter zraščenosti kostnih okrajkov. the pelvis and the incomplete development of the 3rd Zaradi odsotnosti s starostjo povezanih morfoloških permanent mandibular molar. There are seven que- lastnosti natančnejša ocena starosti dojenčkov ni bila ried adults (Graves 1, 39, 63(2), 120, 144, 175, and mogoča. 177), 12 ‘adult’ individuals (Graves 3, 56, 63(1), 75, Ob pomanjkanju skeletnih elementov s spolno 78, 79, 87, 97(2), 108, 109, 139, and 153) and 23 dvoličnimi lastnostmi, ki bi lahko pripomogli k oceni individuals (Graves 14, 26, 32, 55, 59, 68, 72, 84, spola, je bil spol ocenjen le štirim osebam. Ohranjen 85, 86, 96(1), 97(1), 101, 106, 107, 111, 113, 137, del črevnice ( os ilium) z žlebom ( sulcus preauricula-137(2), 141, 156, 164, and 173) assigned a mini- ris) v grobu 27 je omogočil oceno, da gre za žensko. mum age. The remaining 12 individuals (Graves 36, Prisotnost ter globoka in ozka morfološka oblika te 57, 73, 91, 94, 98, 112, 134, 147, 148, 171 and spolno dvolične lastnosti črevnice je namreč značil- the unassigned sample) were assigned a maximum na za ženske. V grobu 36 je bil ohranjen odlomek minimum age and a description of ‘adult’. Cranial čelnice ( os frontale) z izrazitim nadočesnim obokom 21 The bag containing the bones was labelled as Grave 226, 21 Vrečka s kostmi je bila označena kot grob 226, ki ne obsta-which however does not exist. Therefore, we have decided ja. Posledično kontekst kosti ostaja neznan. to leave the bones unassigned. 501 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 501 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 ( arcus superciliaris) in zaobljenim zgornjim robom thickness and epiphyseal fusion were the main char-očnice ( margo supraorbitalis), značilnima za moške. acteristics observed to determine age at death. The V grobu 81 ohranjen del črevnice kaže na odsotnost specific age of the infants was not obtainable due to žleba. Glede na to, da je odsotnost žleba značilna za the lack of other age-related features. moške, je bila oseba verjetno moškega spola. Oseba Sex was assessed for only four individuals due v grobu 94 je bila najverjetneje moškega spola, o če- to the absence of fragments with sexually dimorphic mer priča ohranjeni del zatilnice ( os occipitale) z izra-features, which would have aided in establishing an zito in robustno zatilnično izboklino ( protuberancia estimation of sex. Grave 27 has been assessed as fe-occipitalis externa). male from the presence of a fragment of the ilium Patološke spremembe so bile ugotovljene na ske- with the preauricular sulcus. The presence of this letnih ostankih šestih oseb. Na robovih telesa led- sexually dimorphic feature, along with its deep and venega vretenca ene izmed oseb iz groba 26 so pri- narrow morphology, is characteristic of a female sotni odrastki kostnine ( osteophytes). Poroznosti ali individual. Grave 36 contained a fragment of the spremembe oblike vretenca in s tem degeneracijskih frontal bone with a large browridge and a round- sprememb hrbtenice zaradi poškodb ob izpostavitvi ed supraorbital margin, which are typically male ognju ni bilo moč oceniti. Patološke spremembe na characteristics. Grave 81 has one fragment of the kosteh preostalih petih oseb zastopajo luknjičaste ilium with the preauricular sulcus absent. Owing površine lobanjskih kosti in spremenljiva debelina to the fact that males tend to lack the preauricular gobaste kostnine lobanje ( diploë), ki predstavljajo sulcus, this individual is most probably a male. The znake porotične hiperostoze. Odlomki lobanje iz individual from Grave 94 is interpreted as male, groba 87 imajo luknjičaste površine in plasti nove, based on the presence of an occipital fragment ex- sklerotične kostnine. Odlaganje novih plasti kostni- hibiting a very large and robust external occipital ne in njihova sklerotična narava kažejo na obdobje protuberance. celjenja. Lobanjske kosti iz grobov 26, 39 in 94 ima- Pathological conditions were identified on six jo luknjičaste površine, brez prisotnosti novih plasti individuals. On one individual from Grave 26, the lamelarne kostnine, kar kaže na aktivnost patoloških centrum of a lumbar vertebra has a slight osteo- lezij v času smrti. Odlomki lobanje iz groba 101 phytic formation on the margin of the body. Nei- imajo raznoliko debelo gobasto kostnino. Prisotnost ther porosity nor contour change could be assessed luknjičaste površine kosti je mogoče povezati tudi z as evidence for spinal degeneration from these bone drugimi bolezenskimi znaki in ne zgolj s porotično fragments, as both were altered and damaged due to hiperostozo. Za potrditev slednje morata biti namreč firing. Thus, the observed changes cannot be diag- izpolnjena oba kriterija, luknjičaste površine kosti in nosed. The remaining five individuals with patho- odebelitev gobaste kostnine. Na prisotnih odlomkih logical lesions are those with signs of porotic hyper- sta vidni bodisi luknjičasta površina bodisi odebelje- ostosis as evidenced by cranial pitting and varying na gobasta kostnina, v nobenem primeru pa pojav diploë thickness. Cranial fragments from Grave sprememb ni sočasen. 87 exhibit pitting with sclerotic bone growth. The Večina oseb iz tega najdišča je bila sežgana pri nature of the bone growth in association with the nizkih temperaturah 200–500 °C, pri čemer vzorci cranial lesions suggests a period of healing. Graves razpok na površini kosti pričajo o prisotnosti meh- 26, 39, and 94 exhibit cranial pitting without vis- kega tkiva ( sl. 1A, 1B). V grobovih 3, 14, 32, 36, ible lamellar bone growth; this indicates that the 63(1), 80, 84, 86, 91, 96(2), 101, 102, 106, 108, lesions may have been active at the time of death. 147, 148, 153, 171, 173, 175 in 177 so bile priso- Grave 101 contains cranial vault fragments, which tne kosti rumeno-rjave, temno rjave in sive barve. have variable diploë thickness. It is possible that the Takšna obarvanost je značilna za nizke temperature, cranial pitting exhibited may be attributed to other približno 200–500 °C, pri čemer počrneli robovi ko- pathologies than porotic hyperostosis. With porot- sti izkazujejo občasen rahel dvig temperatur. Kosti v ic hyperostosis, both cranial pitting and thickening grobovih 19 in 27 so temno sive, modre in bele barve of the diploë must be present in order to make an (500–> 645 °C). Takšna obarvanost je značilna za iz- accurate diagnosis. While there were cranial frag- postavitev kosti visokim temperaturam nad 645 °C, ments with either cranial pitting or variable diploë saj se kosti pričnejo približevati popolni kalcinaciji. thickness, there were not any fragments, which ex- Kosti v grobu 76 so svetlo rumeno rjave in bele bar- hibited both simultaneously. As in with spinal de- ve ter tako kažejo na izpostavitev temperaturam nad generation, poor preservation prevents diagnosis of 645 °C. Hkrati je to edini grob iz Pobrežja s povsem the observed changes. 502 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 502 8. 03. 2021 12:56:07 kalciniranimi odlomki kosti. Kosti iz grobov 1, 26, The majority of individuals from this site were 39, 55, 56, 59, 61, 72, 79, 85, 87, 97(1), 97(2), 98, burned at low temperatures between 200°C and 100, 104, 105, 107, 114b(2), 116, 117(1), 117(2), 500°C with fracture patterns showing in-flesh burn- 120, 138, 144, 156 in 164 so rumeno rjave barve, ing ( figs. 1A and 1B). Graves 3, 14, 32, 36, 63(1), značilne za izpostavitev nizkim temperaturam med 80, 84, 86, 91, 96(2), 101, 102, 106, 108, 147, 148, 200 °C in 300 °C. Kosti v grobovih 57, 63(2), 66, 153, 171, 173, 175, and 177 exhibit bones which 68, 70, 73, 75, 78, 81, 83, 94, 96(1), 109, 111, 112, are tan, dark brown and grey in color. This color- 113, 114b(1), 122, 134, 135, 137(1), 137(2), 139, ation is typical of low temperatures, approximately 141, 178 in v vzorcu brez konteksta so rumeno-rja- 200–500°C, with areas rising to slightly higher tem- ve, temno rjave, temno modre in sive barve z belimi peratures as bones are slowly starting to blacken on robovi. Takšna obarvanost kaže širok razpon tempe- the edges. Graves 19 and 27 bones are dark grey, ratur med 200 °C in 645 °C. blue, and white in color (500–>645°C). This type of Skupno žgani skeletni ostanki iz Pobrežja kažejo, burning is typical of exposure to high temperatures, da je bilo sedemindvajset oseb izpostavljenih tem- over 645°C as bones are starting to reach complete peraturam 200–300 °C, enaindvajset temperaturam calcination. Bones from Grave 76 are buff-color- 200–500 °C, šestindvajset temperaturam 200–645 ed and white, indicative of constant temperatures °C, dve temperaturam 500–645 °C in zgolj ena ose- over 645°C. This is the only grave from Pobrežje, ba temperaturam nad 645 °C. Čeprav obarvanost which exhibits completely calcined bone fragments. kosti šestindvajsetih oseb kaže izpostavljenost izre- Graves 1, 26, 39, 55, 56, 59, 61, 72, 79, 85, 87, dno širokemu razponu temperatur 200–645 °C, je 97(1), 97(2), 98, 100, 104, 105, 107, 114b(2), 116, večina odlomkov vendarle svetlo rjave barve in tako 117(1), 117(2), 120, 138, 144, 156, and 164 are tan priča o prevladi nizkih temperatur. in color, indicating low temperatures of 200–300°C. Teže odlomkov kosti treh velikostnih razredov iz Graves 57, 63(2), 66, 68, 70, 73, 75, 78, 81, 83, Pobrežja predstavljajo 70 %, 26 % oz. 4 % žganih 94, 96(1), 109, 111, 112, 113, 114b(1), 122, 134, skeletnih ostankov, pri čemer največji odlomek pred- 135, 137(1), 137(2), 139, 141, 178 and the unas- stavlja del debla dolge kosti velikosti 95 mm. Teže signed sample are tan, dark brown, dark blue, black, žganih skeletnih ostankov nihajo med 2,4 g in, v and grey with slightly white edges; this indicates that primeru dobre ohranjenosti, 573,7 g. Opaziti ni ni- temperatures reached a range of temperatures, from kakršne povezave med starostjo v času smrti ali spo- 200–645°C. lom osebe ter težo skeletnih ostankov. Kljub splošni In total from Pobrežje, there are twenty-seven in- predpostavki o večji teži žganih skeletnih ostankov dividuals within the 200–300°C range, twenty-one odraslih v primerjavi z otroci ali moških v primerja- individuals within the 200–500°C range, twenty-six vi z ženskami prevladujoče nizke teže iz posameznih individuals within 200–645°C, two within 500– grobov preprečujejo pripis skeletnih ostankov z ve- 645°C, and only one individual at over 645°C. Al- čjo težo odraslim osebam oziroma moškim. Skupna though there were twenty-six individuals within the teža vseh žganih skeletnih ostankov iz Pobrežja znaša range of 200–645°C, the majority of the fragments 9397,3 g, pri čemer je povprečna teža ostankov iz from these assemblages were light brown and burned posameznih grobov 1220,4 g. Številni grobovi vse- at low temperatures. bujejo tudi živalske kosti. Weight proportions from Pobrežje are 70%, 26%, and 4%, with a 95 mm long bone shaft frag- ment being the largest piece from this site assem- blage. Cremation weights range from 2.4 g to 573.7 g with good preservation. There is no correlation between age at death or a determination of sex and the weights collected. While is it assumed that there would be higher weights for adult individuals com- pared to juveniles and possibly males compared to females, the weights collected for most individuals are so minute that it cannot be inferred that higher weights are from adults or males. The total amount of cremated bone from Pobrežje was 9397.3 g, with an average of 122.0 g per grave Several burials con- tain animal bones. 503 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 503 8. 03. 2021 12:56:08 Slika 1. Slike v podporo preučenemu kostnemu gradivu. A – leva in desna skalnica ( pars petrosa) iz groba 70 s Pobrežja, z znaki gorenja pri nizkih temperaturah, B – U-oblikovane razpoke na odlomku dolge kosti iz groba 68 s Pobrežja z znaki gorenja pri nizkih temperaturah, C – spodnja čeljustnica in glava koželjnice iz groba 32 iz Ruš, D – odlomka zob, odkrita v grobu 31(2) z Brinjeve gore, E – Rjavo, črno, sivo in belo obarvani odlomki kosti iz groba 52 s Pobrežja, F – odlomki kosti iz groba 68 s Pobrežja z nizko stopnjo ožganosti. Figure 1. Illustrations supporting the study of bone material. A – right and left petrous bones from Pobrežje Grave 70 exhibiting low burning, B – U-shaped fissuring on long bone fragment from Ruše22 Ruše22 Pobrežje Grave Iz drugega ruškega grobišča (tj. Ruše II) je bilo ana-Twenty-six samples/individuals from 20 graves were 68 exhibiting low burning, liziranih šestindvajset vzorcev/oseb iz 20 grobov analyzed from the second cemetery from Ruše (i.e. C – mandible and ( Pril. 1), pri čemer je bila šestnajstim izmed šestin-Ruše II) ( App. 1) with 16 out of 26 individuals or 62% radial head and dvajsetih oseb oz. 62 % določena okvirna starost v having been assigned an approximate age at death. mandible from Ruše času smrti. The individual from Grave 4 was determined to Grave 32, D – dental fragments V grobu 4 prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline 5 be an adult based on an overall cranial thickness of recovered from mm kažejo na odraslo osebo. 5 mm. Brinjeva gora Grave V grobu 10 prisoten proksimalni del prstnice Grave 10 had one fused proximal end of a hand 31(2), E – bone fragments roke z zraščenim okrajkom govori o osebi, stari naj-phalanx, which provides a minimum age of 14 years. form Pobrežje grave manj 14 let. Poleg tega je bil prisoten odlomek loThis cremation also has one cranial fragment with a 52 exhibiting brown, banje z ohranjenim in deloma odprtim lobanjskim moderately open cranial suture. Based on the mor-blackened, gray and šivom. Na osnovi morfoloških lastnosti slednjega je phology of the cranial suture, this individual is iden-white colorations, F – bone fragments mogoče zaključiti, da gre za mlado odraslo osebo, tified as a young adult (21–35 years). showing low degree staro 21–35 let. The remains from sample 11(2) from Grave 11 of burning from Žgani skeletni ostanki vzorca 11(2) iz groba 11 were determined to be from an infant. The cranial Pobrežje grave 68. najverjetneje pripadajo dojenčku. Odlomki loba- fragments are very thin, ranging from 1.5 mm to 3 nje so izredno tanki, debeli med 1,5 mm in 3 mm, mm and the other bone fragments are very small. poleg tega pa so tudi preostali odlomki kosti zelo The only bone from Grave 13 that could be used majhni. to estimate age at death and came from the sample 22 22 Pahič 1957; Črešnar 2006. Pahič 1957; Črešnar 2006. 504 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 504 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 Edini odlomek v pomoč pri oceni starosti v času 13(1) is the fused femoral head, indicating that the smrti osebe v grobu 13 izvira iz vzorca 13(1) in pred- individual died at 15+ years of age. stavlja z deblom zraščeno glavo stegnenice, ki kaže, Grave 16 contained several bones from which a da je oseba umrla po 15. letu. minimum age can be estimated. Based on an average V grobu 16 je prisotnih več kosti, na osnovi la- cranial thickness of 5–6 mm, this individual is an stnosti katerih je bilo moč oceniti minimalno starost v adult. The fused distal end of the humerus is pres- času smrti. Povprečna debelina lobanjskih kosti znaša ent which indicates an age at death of 13+ years. A 5–6 mm in kaže na odraslo osebo. Distalni del na- fused metacarpal provides an age of 14+ years, and dlahtnice z zraščenim kostnim okrajkom govori o sta- the fused lesser trochanter of the femur indicates an rosti nad 13 let. Dlančnica z zraščenimi okrajki nudi age of 15+ years. The fused distal end of the tibia oceno starosti nad 14 let, medtem ko zraščeni mali provides the highest minimum age for the individual obrtec ( trochanter minor) kaže na starost nad 15 let. at 16+ years of age. Distalni del golenice z zraščenim okrajkom omogoča From Grave 18, there is a fused coronoid pro- določitev najvišje minimalne starosti osebe na 16 let. cess of the ulna, suggesting an age of 13+ years, and V grobu 18 prisoten proksimalni del podlah- a fused phalanx indicating 14+ years. Cranial frag- tnice z zraščenim korakoidnim odrastkom ( processus ments from this cremation are 4.5 mm thick, which coracoideus) kaže na starost nad 13 let, medtem ko are characteristic of an adult individual. prstnica z zraščenimi okrajki kaže na starost nad 14 Sample 19(1) from Grave 19 contained a fused let. Odlomki lobanje so debeli 4,5 mm, kar je značil- radial head and a fused humerus head, which indi- no za odrasle osebe. cate ages of 13+ years and 15+ years, respectively. V vzorcu 19(1) iz groba 19 sta prisotni zraščena From Grave 20, there is the fused distal epiphy- glava koželjnice in zraščena glava nadlahtnice, ki ka- sis from the humerus indicating 13+ years of age and žeta na starost nad 13 let oz. nad 15 let. the fused epiphyseal ring on a vertebral fragment in- V grobu 20 sta prisotna zraščeni distalni okrajek dicating 20+ years of age. nadlahtnice, ki kaže na starost nad 13 let, in odlo- The thickness of cranial fragments from Grave mek vretenca z zraščenim obročem, ki govori o sta- 21 range from 3.5 mm to 5 mm; although 3.5 mm rosti nad 20 let. is thin for an adult individual, the 5 mm thick frag- Debelina odlomkov lobanje iz groba 21 niha ments are likely indicative of an adult individual. med 3,5 mm in 5 mm. Četudi je 3,5 mm malo za Remains from sample 29(1) from Grave 29 con- odraslo osebo, 5 mm debeli odlomki vendarle kažejo tained an adult sized, fused distal end of either meta- na odraslo osebo. carpal 2 or 3, providing a minimum age of 14 years. Med ostanki iz vzorca 29(1) iz groba 29 prisoten The cranial fragments range from 3.5 mm to 5 mm, povsem razvit distalni del druge ali tretje dlančnice which are most likely from an adult individual. z zraščenim okrajkom kaže na minimalno starost 14 The only bone from which to establish an age for let. Debelina odlomkov lobanje niha med 3,5 mm in the individual from Grave 29 from the sample 29(2) 5 mm, kar govori o odrasli osebi. is a fragment of the scapula, which is morphological- Edini odlomek v pomoč oceni starosti osebe iz ly developed similar to that of an adult individual. vzorca 29(2) iz groba 29 je del lopatice, morfološka The sample Grave 32 had a fragment of the razvitost katere je primerljiva z lopatico odrasle osebe. fused proximal radius indicating 13+ years of age, V vzorcu iz groba 32 prisoten odlomek proksi- the fused distal end of a metacarpal indicating 14+ malnega dela koželjnice z zraščenim okrajkom kaže years of age, and a mandible fragment with a com- na starost nad 13 let, distalni del dlančnice z zra- plete and fully formed 3rd molar socket, which pro- ščenim okrajkom na starost nad 14 let in odlomek vides an age of 21+ years ( fig. 1C). spodnje čeljustnice s povsem razvito zobnico tretjega There are three fragments from the distal ends of kočnika na starost nad 21 let (sl. 1C). fused metatarsals, a fused distal end of either a meta- V grobu 8-1993 so prisotni trije odlomki distal- carpal or metatarsal, and the fused proximal end of a nega dela stopalnice, distalni del dlančnice ali stopal- distal hand phalanx from Grave 8-1993. These bone nice in proksimalni del distalne prstnice roke z zra- fragments suggest an age of 14+ years. There is one ščenimi okrajki. Ti odlomki kosti kažejo na starost navicular which is adult-like in its morphology and nad 14 let. Prisotna sta tudi eden izmed čolničev, a fragment of a fused glenoid fossa, indicating an age morfološka razvitost katerega kaže na odraslo osebo, of 17+ years. ter odlomek zraščene sklepne ponvice lopatice, ki The cranial fragments from Grave 9-1993 are 4 kaže na starost nad 17 let. mm to 5 mm thick, indicating an adult individual. 505 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 505 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 Lobanjski odlomki iz groba 9-1993 so debeline The sample from an unassigned grave from Ruše med 4 mm in 5 mm, kar kaže na odraslo osebo. II23 included a fragment of an unfused iliac crest, Vzorec iz groba brez konteksta iz Ruš II23 vklju- providing an age of under 23 years. čuje odlomek nezraščenega črevničnega grebena ter The majority of the age ranges of the individuals tako kaže na starost pod 23 let. from Ruše II were obtained by analyzing degree of Ocene starosti oseb iz Ruš II so večinoma osno- fusion on epiphyseal ends and cranial wall thickness. vane na zraščenosti kostnih okrajkov in debelini od- The remaining ten individuals, which could not be lomkov lobanje. Zaradi odsotnosti s starostjo pove- aged, did not have features present, which would zanih morfoloških lastnosti desetim osebam starosti have aided in providing an age at death. Only two v času smrti ni bilo mogoče določiti. Zgolj dve osebi of the individuals were considered to be juveniles. sta bili uvrščeni med »mladostnike«. Glede na debe- The individual from sample 11(2) from Grave 11 lino odlomkov lobanje je bil v vzorcu 11(2) iz groba was an infant based on the cranial wall thickness and 11 verjetno dojenček, medtem ko je bila sodeč po the individual from the unassigned grave was under nezraščenem črevničnem grebenu odlomka medeni- 23 years based on a pelvic fragment with an unfused ce v grobu brez konteksta oseba, mlajša od 23 let. iliac crest. Five of the individuals (Graves 4, 21, 26, Zaradi pomanjkanja s starostjo povezanih morfolo- 29(3), and 9-1993) were only determined to be ških lastnosti, ki bi pripomogle k natančnejši oce- ‘adult’ due to the lack of age-related features, which ni starosti v času smrti, je bilo za pet oseb (grob 4, would have further defined age at death. The only 21, 26, 29(2) in 9-1993) oceniti le, da gre za odrasle individual with a defined age range was that from osebe. Edina oseba z natančneje ocenjeno starostjo Grave 10, which was aged as a young adult (21–35 je bila v grobu 10, kjer gre na osnovi odprtosti lo- years) based on the openness of the cranial suture. banjskega šiva za mlado odraslo osebo (21–35 let). Five individuals (Graves 13(1), 19(1), 20, 32 and Petim osebam (grob 13(1), 19(1), 20, 32 in 8–1993) 8-1993) were provided with a minimum age and je bila določena minimalna starost, medtem ko sta the remaining three individuals (Graves 16, 18, and bili v primeru preostalih treh oseb (grob 16, 18 in 29(1)) were given a ‘maximum’ minimum age and a 29(1)) mogoči določitev najvišje minimalne starosti determination of ‘adult’. in ocena, da gre za odrasle osebe. Three individuals could be assigned a sex deter- Pri treh osebah je bilo mogoče oceniti spol. V mination. For Grave 10, there is a section of the right grobu 10 je prisoten del desnega loka ličnice in del zygomatic arch and a section of the orbital bone with očnice z zaobljenim zgornjim robom ter izrazitim a rounded superior margin and protruding brow- nadočesnim obokom. Te spolno dvolične lastnosti ridge; these sexually dimorphic features tend to be so značilne za moške. En odlomek očnice iz groba characteristic of male individuals. One of the orbital 21 je iz leve strani lobanjskega svoda in ima oster fragments from Grave 21 is from the left side of the zgornji rob, medtem ko je drugi odlomek bolj robu- calvaria with a sharp superior margin while the other sten, ima nekoliko manj oster zgornji rob ter izvira iz fragment is from the right side, is more robust, and desne strani lobanjskega svoda. Četudi dva odlomka has a slightly less sharp superior margin. While the očnice nekoliko različne oblike in robustnosti morda presence of two orbital sections of slightly varying kažeta na prisotnost dveh oseb, je bolj verjetno, da shape and robusticity may indicate two individuals, odlomka pripadata eni osebi, glede na oster zgornji it is likely that these fragments are from the same rob verjetno ženski. V grobu 32 prisotna glava ko- individual, and most likely female individual due to željnice ima premer 22 mm ( sl. 1C), kar je značilno the sharp superior margin. There is one radial head za ženske. from Grave 32, which measures 22 mm in diameter Zgolj pri eni osebi je opaziti patološke spremem- ( fig. 1C). This measurement falls within the range, be. V grobu 20 iz Ruš je prisotno telo vretenca z opa-which is typical for female individuals. zno rastjo nove kostnine v obliki kostnih odrastkov. Only one individual exhibited a pathological Žgani skeletni ostanki so dobro ohranjeni, pri condition. Grave 20 from Ruše contains a vertebral čemer U-oblikovane, vzdolžne in prečne razpoke po- centrum with slight proliferative osteophytic bone vršine kažejo na sežig ob prisotnosti mehkega tkiva. growth. Temperature žganja v Rušah so bile nizke, večinoma The cremations exhibited good preservation 200–300 °C. Izmed 26 žganih grobov iz Ruš so bile with in-flesh burning as represented by u-shaped v desetih (grob 3, 4, 9, 11(1), 19(1), 21, 29(1), 34, 23 The bag containing the bones was labelled as Grave 86, 23 Vrečka s kostmi je bila označena kot grob 86, ki ne obstaja. which however does not exist. Therefore, we have decided Posledično kontekst kosti ostaja neznan. to leave the bones unassigned. 506 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 506 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 9-1993 in grob brez konteksta) kosti rumeno-rjave fissuring and curved lateral and transverse splinter-ali rjave barve, kar kaže na izpostavitev nizkim tem- ing. Burning temperatures at Ruše were low, primar- peraturam 200–300 °C. V nekaterih grobovih so bili ily between 200°C and 300°C. Of the 26 Ruše cre- poleg rumeno-rjavih/svetlo rjavih odtenkov, značil- mations, ten (Graves 3, 4, 9, 11(1), 19(1), 21, 29(1), nih za nizke temperature žganja, opazni tudi znaki 34, 9-1993 and the unassigned grave) are completely drugih temperaturnih razponov. V grobu 10 je bil tan or brown in color, indicative of low burning at poleg prevladujoče rjavih kosti prisoten kalciniran 200–300°C. Several Ruše cremations exhibit oth- odlomek rebra bele barve, ki kaže na višje tempera- er stages of burning aside from the solid tan/light ture in morda tudi na dlje trajajočo izpostavljenost v brown hue of low burning. Although mainly brown, primerjavi s preostalimi deli skeleta. Kosti iz vzorca Grave 10 has one rib fragment that is white and cal- 11(2) iz groba 11 so bele barve. V tem grobu so pri- cined, that fragment having been burned at a higher sotni odlomki dojenčka, ki je bil glede na kalcinira- temperature and possibly left on the pyre for longer no stanje kosti ognju verjetno izpostavljen dlje časa. than the rest of the cremation. The bones from sam- Kosti v vzorcu 13(1) iz groba 13 ter iz groba 16 so ple 11(2) from Grave 11 are white in color. This cre- temno rjave barve z deli, obarvanimi črno in temno mation includes the remains of an infant, which may modro. Glede na prisotnost črnih in modrih odten- have been exposed to heat for a prolonged period kov so temperature žganja v tem primeru presegle of time in order to achieve this state of calcination. 300 °C, kosti pa so bile izpostavljene ognju nekoliko Sample 13(1) from Grave 13 and Grave 16 contained dlje časa. Kosti iz vzorca 13(2) iz groba 13 ter iz gro- bone fragments that are dark brown in color, with bov 20, 23 in 26 so večinoma rjave s sivimi robovi, areas of black and dark blue. The temperature of this kar kaže na približevanje temperaturi 300 °C ter dlje cremation exceeded 300°C and the bones were left trajajočo izpostavljenost kot v primeru večine preo- on the pyre for slightly longer, as evidenced by the stalih oseb. Nekaj odlomkov iz groba 23 je bele bar- bones beginning to acquire black and blue colora- ve, kar kaže izpostavitev nekaterih delov telesa višjim tions. The bones from sample 13(2) from grave 13 temperaturam. and Graves 20, 23, and 26 are mainly brown with Večina kosti iz grobov 9 in 18 ter iz groba brez grey edges, indicating that the bones were exposed to konteksta iz Ruš II je rumeno-rjave barve. Vendarle temperatures approaching 300°C for slightly longer so na nekaterih odlomkih iz vseh treh grobov vidni than the majority of the cremations. Several frag- belo obarvani deli, ki niso posledica izpostavitve vi- ments from Grave 23 are also white in color, sug- sokim temperaturam. Bela barva se na kosteh poja- gesting that an area of the cremation was exposed to vlja sporadično, tako da gre morda za obarvanost z higher temperatures. zemljino. Kosti iz vzorca 14(1) iz groba 14 so večino- The majority of bones from Graves 9, 18 and ma temno rjavih barv, medtem ko so zunanje površi- the unassigned grave from Ruše II are tan in color; ne odlomkov lobanje bele in notranje bež barve. Pri however, on several fragments from each cremation tem gre morda za posledico dlje trajajoče izpostavitve there are areas with a white coloration that is not temperaturam nad 645 °C, vendar zgolj zunanjega due to high temperatures. The white color occurs dela lobanje. Na notranji strani lobanje prepoznavni sporadically on the bones and may be due to soil znaki nižjih temperatur in/ali omejeni izpostavlje- staining. The bones of sample 14(1) from Grave 14 nosti vročini kažejo na zaščito notranjosti lobanjske are mainly dark brown in color; however, the cra- votline pred ognjem. Vzorec 14(2) iz groba 14 ima nial bones are white on the external side and beige ohranjenih zgolj 14 odlomkov, pri čemer so vsi kal- on the internal side. This may be due to prolonged cinirani in tako kažejo na izpostavitev temperaturam exposure to temperatures of over 645°C, but only nad 645 °C. on the external side. This suggests that the internal Prisotnost raznolikih barv odlomkov, od rume- side of the cranial vault was shielded from the fire, no-rjave z modrimi robovi do bele, kaže, da so bile due to the signs of low temperatures and/or limited kosti iz vzorca 19(2) in 29(2) iz grobov 19 in 29 ter exposure to heat. Sample 14(2) from Grave 14 has iz groba 32 izpostavljene različno visokim tempera- only 14 bone fragments, all of which are calcined, turam različno dolgo. Sporadično gorenje kosti iz indicating exposure to temperatures of over 645°C. vzorca 19(2) iz groba 19 je primerljivo s kostmi iz The bones from samples 19(2) and 29(2) from groba 8-1993, kjer barve nihajo od svetlo rjave in Graves 19, 29 and 32 were burned at different tem- rumeno-rjave do svetlo sive in bele ter tako kažejo peratures for varying periods of time, as the bones na neenakomerno izpostavitev telesa ognju. Kosti iz range in color from tan with edges of blue, and vzorca 29(3) iz groba 29 so večinoma črne in bele, white. The sporadic burning of sample 19(2) from 507 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 507 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 kar govori o temperaturah nad 500 °C, glede na kal-grave 19 is similar to that of Grave 8-1993, which cinacijo mestoma tudi nad 645 °C. ranges in color from light brown and tan to light Teža žganih skeletnih ostankov posameznih gro- grey and white; this suggests uneven burning of the bov niha med 1,1 g in 300,4 g. Skupna teža žganih individual. Sample 29(3) from grave 29 has bones, skeletnih ostankov iz vseh 26 grobov iz Ruš je dobrih which are mainly black and white, indicating tem- 1450 g, s povprečjem zgolj 55,8 g na grob. Teže ni peratures of above 500°C and in places, over 645°C moč povezati s starostjo v času smrti ali spolom oseb, as evidenced by calcination. temveč zgolj s procesom zbiranja kosti. Teže odlom- The cremation weights ranged from 1.1 g to kov kosti treh velikostnih razredov iz Ruš predsta- 300.4g. The total combined weights from all 26 cre- vljajo 67 %, 25 % oz. 8 % žganih skeletnih ostan- mated assemblages from Ruše are just over 1450 g, kov, pri čemer je največji odlomek 70 mm velik del with the average cremation weight being only 55.8 debla dolge kosti. Kosti živali so bile prisotne v treh g. These weights do not tie in with age at death or grobovih. sex of the individual and is rather related only to the process of collection of the bones. The weight proportions for Ruše are 67%, 25%, and 8% with the largest bone fragment being a 70 mm piece of a long bone shaft. Animal remains were recovered from three burials. Gračič pod Brinjevo goro24 Gračič below Brinjeva gora24 Iz Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro je bilo analiziranih Sixty-six samples/individuals from 50 graves from šestinšestdeset vzorcev iz petdesetih grobov ( Pril. Gračič below Brinjeva gora were analyzed ( App. 1). 1). Za šestinštirideset izmed šestinšestdesetih oseb je Out of those sixty-six individuals, fourty-six were as-bilo mogoče podati oceno starosti. signed an age estimation. V grobu 1 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline Grave 1 contained cranial fragments with a 3,5–4 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka thickness of 3.5–4 mm; these fragments are most ali otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. likely from an adult individual and it is clear they are V grobu 2 prisoten odlomek zraščenega komolč- not from an infant or child. nega podaljška ( processus olecrani) kaže na starost nad Grave 2 had a fragment of the fused olecranon 13 let. process from the right ulna which provides an age of V grobu 3 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline 13+ years. 4,5 mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka ali Grave 3 contained cranial fragments measuring otroka, ter kaže na odraslo osebo. Zraščen črevnični 4.5–5 mm in thickness; thickness suggests that these greben kaže na starost nad 16 let. fragments are not from an infant or child, but are V grobu 6 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline most likely from an adult individual. There is a fused 5 mm in kljub odsotnosti notranje stene kažejo na iliac crest fragment, suggesting 16+ years of age. odraslo osebo. Grave 6 contained cranial fragments that are 5 V grobu 7 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline mm thick, despite missing the inner table, indicative 5 mm, kar kaže na odraslo osebo. of an adult individual. V grobu 9 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline Grave 7 contained cranial fragments that were 5 med 4 mm in 7 mm, kar kaže na odraslo osebo. mm thick, indicative of an adult. V grobu 10 je prisotnih več odlomkov kosti, ki Grave 9 had cranial fragments ranging in thick- so omogočili vzpostavitev natančne ocene starosti. ness from 4 mm to 7 mm, which is indicative of an Zgornji drugi ličnik s še ne povsem razvitimi ko- adult individual. reninami kaže na starost med 12 in 15 let. Ne po- Grave 10 contained several bone fragments from polnoma razvit spodnji prvi ličnik omogoča oceno which a narrow age range could be established. There starosti na približno 11–12 let. Stalni zgornji kočnik is one maxillary 2nd premolar with incomplete roots ali sekalec s povsem razvito korenino govori o staro- which indicates an age of between 12 and 15 years of sti 11–15 let. Poleg delov zobovja sta prisotna tudi age. There is one incomplete mandibular 1st premo- nezraščen črevnični greben, ki kaže na starost pod 23 lar which provides an age of approximately 11–12 let, ter srednja prstnica (roke ali noge) z nezraščenim years of age. There is one permanent maxillary ca- okrajkom, ki govori o starosti pod 21 let. Na osnovi nine or incisor with a complete root, indicating an 24 24 Pahič 1988–1989; glej tu Koprivnik, Gračič. Pahič 1988–1989; see here Koprivnik, Gračič. 508 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 508 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 ostankov zobovja je mogoče zaključiti, da gre za mla-age of 11–15 years. In addition to dental fragments, do osebo, staro med 12 in 15 let. there is also a fragment of the iliac crest which is V grobovih 12, 13 in 17 so prisotni odlomki lo- unfused and indicating and age of less than 23 years banje, debelina katerih niha med 5 mm in 7 mm, kar and an unfused middle phalanx (of the hand or foot) kaže na odrasle osebe. which provides an age of less than 21 years. From the Debelina odlomkov lobanje iz groba 20 niha dental remains, this was probably a juvenile individ- med 5 mm in 7 mm ter kaže na odraslo osebo. Pri- ual aged between 12 and 15 years. soten je tudi odlomek lobanje z zabrisanim šivom, ki Graves 12, 13, and 17 contained cranial frag- oznanja starejšo odraslo osebo, starejšo od približno ments, ranging in thickness from 5 mm to 7 mm, in- 50 let. dicating that the remains are from adult individuals. V grobu 26 prisoten povsem izrasel in razvit Cranial fragments from Grave 20 range in thick- zgornji kočnik kaže na starost nad 15 let. Odlomki ness from 5 mm to 7 mm, indicating an adult indi- lobanje iz groba so debeli približno 5 mm in govorijo vidual. There is also one fragment with an obliterat- o odrasli osebi. ed suture, which signifies an older adult individual V grobu 28 prisoten proksimalni del prstnice of 50+ years of age. roke z zraščenim okrajkom govori o starosti nad 14 Grave 26 contained one erupted and fully formed let, povsem razvit spodnji tretji kočnik o starosti nad maxillary molar, indicating an age of 15+ years of 21 let, medtem ko 5 mm do 7 mm debeli odlomki age. However, the cranial fragments from this grave lobanje kažejo na odraslo osebo. are approximately 5 mm in thickness, which is indic- Iz groba 31 izvirata dva vzorca. Eden izmed od- ative of an adult. lomkov dolge kosti iz vzorca 31(1) predstavlja del From Grave 28, there is the proximal end of a stegnenice z zraščenim velikim obrtcem ( trochanter hand phalanx, which is fused, indicating 14+ years major) in kaže na starost nad 15 let. Odlomki loba-of age, a complete mandibular 3rd molar, indicating nje iz tega vzorca so debeli približno 5 mm in go- 21+ years of age, and 5 mm to 7 mm thick cranial vorijo o odrasli osebi. Starost osebe iz vzorca 31(2) fragments, indicating adult individual. je 12–15 let. Starostni razpon temelji na prisotnosti There were two samples collected from Grave izraslega in povsem razvitega zgornjega sekalca, ki 31. One of the long bone fragments from sample kaže na starost nad 12 let, in še ne povsem razvitega 31(1) is a piece of the femur, with a fused greater tro- spodnjega drugega kočnika, ki govori o starosti pod chanter, which gives an age of 15+ years. However, 15 let (sl. 1C). the cranial fragments from this sample are approxi- V grobu 32 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline mately 5 mm thick, which is indicative of an adult 4 mm, kar izključuje možnost dojenčka in otroka, individual. The age of the individual from sample ter govori o odrasli osebi. 31(2) is 12–15 years. This age range was established Iz groba 34 izvirata dva vzorca. V vzorcu 34(1) based on the presence of an erupted and fully formed sta prisotna dva odlomka dolge kosti, in sicer pro- maxillary incisor (12+ years) and an incomplete ksimalni del podlahtnice ter distalni del nadlahtnice mandibular 2nd molar (under 15 years) ( fig. 1C). z zraščenima okrajkoma, kar kaže na starost nad 13 Grave 32 contains cranial fragments with a let. Glede na debelino odlomkov lobanje in splošno thickness of 4 mm; thickness suggests that these robustnost kosti gre verjetno za odraslo osebo. V fragments are not from an infant or child, but are vzorcu 34(2) sta prisotna distalni del dlančnice ali most likely from an adult individual. stopalnice in proksimalni del prstnice, zraščenost There were two samples collected from Grave okrajkov katerih govori o starosti nad 14 let. Priso- 34. Sample 34(1) had two long bone fragments, tno je tudi deblo dlančnice ali stopalnice, velikost the fused proximal end of the ulna and the fused katerega kaže na odraslo osebo. distal end of the humerus, which provide an age of Poleg odlomkov lobanje debeline 4–5 mm, ki 13+ years. Based on the thickness of the cranial frag- kažejo na odraslo osebo, v grobu 35 prisoten povsem ments and the overall robusticity of the bones, this razvit stalni zgornji drugi sekalec govori o starosti is an adult individual. Sample 34(2) had the fused nad 11 let. distal end of either a metacarpal or metatarsal and V grobu 36 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline the fused proximal end of a phalanx, both providing 4–5 mm in govorijo o odrasli osebi. an age of 14+ years. There is also either a metacarpal Iz groba 38 izvirata dva vzorca. Poleg morfo- or metatarsal shaft which is adult in size. loško povsem razvitih odlomkov lobanje, kar kaže Aside from adult-sized vault fragments with a na odraslo osebo, je v vzorcu 38(1) edini odlomek thickness of 4–5 mm, Grave 35 contained a complete 509 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 509 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 v pomoč pri določanju starosti v času smrti izrasel permanent maxillary 2nd incisor, providing an age of kočnik (natančnejša določitev ni mogoča) s povsem 11+ years. razvito korenino, ki govori o starosti nad 9 let. V Grave 36 contained cranial fragments with a vzorcu 38(2) so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline 4 thickness of 4–5 mm, which is indicative of an adult mm. Debelina izključuje, da gre za dojenčka, in kaže individual. na odraslo osebo. There were two samples collected from Grave 38. V grobu 42 sta prisotna dva odlomka lobanje, Aside from morphologically adult cranial fragments, eden debeline 3 mm in drugi debeline 5 mm. Od- the only fragment from which to determine age at lomka sta najverjetneje del lobanje odraslega, saj de- death for sample 38(1) is a tooth – an erupted and belina izključuje možnost dojenčka ali otroka. fully formed molar root (specific tooth unknown) Glede na debelino lobanjskih kosti in splošno which provides an age of 9+ years. Sample 38(2) con- robustnost dolgih kosti gre v grobu 44 za odraslo tained skull fragments with cranial thickness of 4 mm. osebo. Thickness suggests that these fragments are not from V grobu 50 prisoten odlomek dolge kosti pred- an infant, but are most likely from an adult individual. stavlja del zraščene glave nadlahtnice ali stegnenice Grave 42 contained two cranial fragments, one in kaže na starost nad 15 let. Odlomki lobanje iz 3 mm in thickness, the other 5 mm in thickness. groba kažejo na odraslo osebo. Thickness suggests that these fragments are not from V grobu 51 je prisoten odlomek lobanje z delno an infant or child, but are most likely from an adult zraščenim šivom, ki kaže na starejšo odraslo osebo. individual. Debelina lobanjskih odlomkov prav tako govori o Based on cranial thickness and overall long bone odrasli osebi. robusticity, the individual from Grave 44 was an V grobu 52 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeli- adult. ne med 3,5 mm in 4,5 mm. Odlomki najverjetneje Grave 50 had a long bone fragment, which is predstavljajo del lobanje odrasle osebe, saj njihova either fused head of the humerus or femur; this debelina izključuje možnost dojenčka ali otroka. fragment provides an age of 15+ years of age. Cra- V grobu 60 prisoten distalni del golenice z zra- nial fragments from this grave indicate an adult ščenim okrajkom kaže na starost nad 16 let. Poleg individual. tega so odlomki lobanje iz groba debeli 5–6 mm, kar Grave 51 contained a cranial fragment with a govori o odrasli osebi. moderately closed suture, indicating an older adult V grobu 62 so prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline individual; the thickness of the cranial fragments is 5–8 mm, kar govori o odrasli osebi. also indicative of an adult individual. Oseba v grobu 65 je bila na osnovi 4–5 mm de- Grave 52 contained skull fragments with cranial belih lobanjskih kosti določena kot odrasla. thickness of 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm. Thickness suggests Iz groba 68 izvirata dva vzorca. V vzorcu 68(1) that these fragments are not from an infant or child, so trije odlomki, na osnovi katerih je mogoče dolo- but are most likely from an adult individual. čiti starost v času smrti. Prisotna sta povsem razvita Grave 60 had the fused distal end of a tibia, in- stalni zgornji prvi kočnik, razvoj katerega se konča dicating 16+ years of age; additionally, cranial frag- po 9. letu starosti, ter stalni spodnji prvi ličnik, ra- ments from this grave are 5–6 mm thick, indicative zvoj katerega je zaključen po 12. letu starosti. Poleg of an adult individual. tega je prisotna zraščena sklepna ponvica lopatice, Grave 62 had cranial fragments measuring 5–8 ki omogoča oceno najvišje minimalne starosti na mm in thickness, indicative of an adult individual. 17 let. V vzorcu 68(2) je prisoten odlomek zgornje The individual from Grave 65 has been deter- čeljustnice s povsem razvito zobnico desnega druge- mined to be an adult based on cranial fragments be- ga sekalca in desnega podočnika. Razvoj omenjenih ing 4–5 mm thick. zobnic je končan po 15. letu starosti. There were two samples from Grave 68. From V vzorcu 70(1) iz groba 70 in v grobu 72 so sample 68(1), there were three fragments from which prisotni odlomki lobanje debeline 3–4 mm, kar iz- to determine an age at death. There was a complete ključuje možnost dojenčka ali otroka in najverjetneje permanent maxillary 1st molar which finishes devel- kaže na odraslo osebo. oping at around 9 years of age. There was a fully Poleg debeline lobanjskih kosti je v grobu 73 formed permanent mandibular 1st premolar which is edini odlomek v pomoč pri oceni strasti v času smrti complete at 12+ years. There was also a fragment of a povsem razvit stalen zgornji prvi sekalec, rast katere- fused glenoid fossa, providing the highest minimum ga se zaključi po 11. letu starosti. age of 17 years. Sample 68(2) had a maxilla fragment 510 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 510 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 V grobu 77 so prisotni štirje odlomki zob, na with completely developed tooth sockets from the osnovi katerih je mogoče oceniti starost. Prvi je pov- right 2nd incisor and right canine; the complete de- sem razvit stalen spodnji prvi kočnik, rast katerega je velopment of these sockets occurs at approximately zaključena po 8. letu starosti. Preostali trije odlom- 15 years of age. ki, stalni zgornji podočnik, izrasel in povsem razvit Sample 70(1) from Grave 70 and Grave 72 zgornji prvi ličnik ter povsem razvit zgornji drugi had cranial fragments measuring 3–4 mm in thick- ličnik, kažejo na starost nad 15 let. Ob inventarju ness; thickness suggests that these fragments are not groba 77 je bil v prisoten še povsem razvit spodnji from an infant, but are most likely from an adult prvi ličnik. individual. V grobovih 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 47, 53, 56 in Aside from cranial thickness, the only fragment 63 so bili prisotni odlomki lobanje, debelejši od 5 from which to establish an age at death for Grave 73 mm, kar kaže na odrasle osebe. is a fully developed permanent maxillary 1st incisor, Izmed skupno šestinšestdesetih oseb iz Brinjeve which is complete at approximately 11 years of age. gore dvajset osebam starosti v času smrti ni bilo mo- Grave 77 had four tooth fragments from which goče določiti zaradi odsotnosti s starostjo povezanih to establish age. One is a fully formed permanent morfoloških lastnosti. Dvema osebama (grob 10 in mandibular 1st molar which is complete at approx- vzorec 31(2) iz groba 31) je bil pripisan ozek sta- imately 8 years of age. The other three fragments, rostni razpon. Starost osebe v grobu 10 je bila na a permanent maxillary canine, an erupted and ful- osnovi še ne povsem razvitih zgornjega drugega lič- ly formed maxillary 1st premolar, and a complete nika in spodnjega prvega ličnika ter povsem razvi- maxillary 2nd premolar, provide an age of 15+ years. tih zgornjega podočnika in zgornjega prvega sekalca There is also a completely developed mandibular 1st ocenjena na 12–15 let. V vzorcu 31(2) iz groba 31 premolar which accompanied the other cremated re- so bili prisotni ostanki 12–15 let stare osebe. Staro- mains from Grave 77. stni razpon je bil določen na osnovi povsem razvitega Graves 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 47, 53, 56, and zgornjega sekalca in izraslega, a še ne povsem razvite- 63 all have cranial fragments over 5 mm thick, which ga spodnjega drugega kočnika. Glede na zraščenost indicates adult individuals. lobanjskega šiva je bila ena oseba opredeljena kot Out of the sixty-six total individuals from Brin- »starejši odrasel«. Šestim osebam (grob 28, 31(1), jeva gora, twenty individuals could not be aged as 34(2), 68(1), 68(2) in 77) je bila pripisana mini- they did not have features present, which would have malna starost, osem oseb je bilo »verjetno odraslih« provided an age at death. There were two individuals (grob 1, 3, 32, 38(1), 42, 52, 70 in 72) in 21 oseb (Graves 10 and 31(2)), which could be assigned a (grob 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, narrow age range. Grave 10 contained an individual 44, 47, 51, 53, 56, 62, 63 in 65) je bilo zgolj splošno aged 12–15 years based on the incomplete develop- uvrščenih med »odrasle«. Preostalim osmim osebam ment of a maxillary 2nd premolar and a mandibu- (grob 2, 26, 34(1), 35(1), 38(2) 50, 60, 73) je bila lar 1st premolar and the complete development of ugotovljena najvišja minimalna starost z uvrstitvijo a maxillary canine and maxillary 1st incisor. Grave med »odrasle«. 31(2) contained the remains of a 12–15 year old in- Glavni uporabljeni metodi pri ocenjevanju sta- dividual. This age range was determined based on a rosti v času smrti oseb iz Brinjeve gore sta bili zraščefully developed maxillary incisor and a mandibular nost kostnih okrajkov in debelina odlomkov lobanje. 2nd molar which had erupted but was not complete. Zgolj pri eni osebi iz Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro One individual (Grave 20) was determined to be an so bili ohranjeni odlomki s spolno ugotovljivimi la- ‘older adult’ based on cranial suture closure. Six in- stnostmi, ki so omogočile oceno spola. V grobu 53 dividuals (Graves 28, 31(1), 34(2), 68(1), 68(2), and je prisoten odlomek medenice z delom velikega kolč- 77) were assigned a minimum age, seven individuals nega vozla ( incisura ischiadica major). Morfološko je were queried to be adults (Graves 1, 3, 32, 38(1), 42, kolčni vozel širok, kar kaže na žensko, vendar je kost 52, 70, and 72) and twenty-one individuals (Graves razlomljena in pomanjkljivo ohranjena, tako da za- 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, 44, ključki o spolu niso povsem zanesljivi. 47, 51, 53, 56, 62, 63, and 65) were given a general Na odlomkih lobanje iz grobov 20 in 28 iz Bri- age determination of ‘adult’. The remaining eight in- njeve gore je vidna luknjičasta površina z novimi dividuals (Graves 2, 26, 34(1), 35(1), 38(2) 50, 60, plastmi sklerotične kostnine. 73) were assigned a maximum minimum age and a Temperature žganja v Gračiču pod Brinje- description of ‘adult’. Epiphyseal fusion and cranial vo goro so bile primarno 200–500 °C, s pogosto wall thickness were the main methods utilized when 511 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 511 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 izpostavitvijo kosti temperaturam do 645 °C. Večina attempting to determine age at death for the individ-kosti iz Brinjeve gore je temno rjavih in črnih s sivi- uals from Brinjeva gora. mi robovi, kar kaže izpostavljenost različno visokim Only one individual from Gračič bellow Brin- temperaturam. jeva gora had any sexually diagnostic features from Grobovi 1, 31(2), 33, 39, 49, 50 in 56 kažejo which sex could be determined. Grave 53 has one predvsem temno modre in počrnele kosti z delno pelvic fragment, which is a part of the greater sciatic kalcinacijo in svetlo sivo obarvanostjo robov ter de- notch. It appears to be wide in morphology, indicat- lov zunanjih površin kompaktne kosti. Takšna obar- ing a female individual; however, a portion of the vanost je značilna za kosti, izpostavljene tempera- fragment is broken and missing so this conclusion turam 500–645 °C. Kosti iz grobov 13, 15(2), 19, cannot be made with complete accuracy. 23, 29, 30, 31(1), 36 in 38(2) kažejo postopno rast Cranial fragments from Graves 20 and 28 exhib- temperatur iz približno 200–300 °C do 500–645 °C, it pitting with sclerotic bone growth. kar je vidno s prevladujoče temno rjavimi in črnimi Burning temperatures were primarily between kostmi izpostavljenimi nižjim temperaturam ter te- 200–500°C, many were burned up to 645°C. Most mno in svetlo sivimi in belimi kostmi izpostavljeni- of the bones are dark brown and black with grey edg- mi visokim temperaturam. es, with slight differential burning. Odlomki kosti iz grobov 2, 3, 9, 12, 24, 25, 26, Graves 1, 31(2), 33, 39, 49, 50, and 56 exhibit 27, 28, 34(1), 34(2), 39(2), 40, 42, 43, 51 in 52 so mainly dark blue and blackened bones with slight večinoma rumeno-rjave, rjave, črne in sive barve, kar calcination and light grey coloring appearing on the kaže na izpostavitev predvsem nizkim do zmernim edges and in places along the external cortical surfac- temperaturam med 200–300 °C z mestoma doseže- es. This type of coloration is typical of bones burned nimi 500 °C. Kosti iz grobov 7 in 53 so večinoma between 500–645°C. The bones from Graves 13, temno modre barve in kažejo na temperature med 15(2), 19, 23, 29, 30, 31(1), 36, and 38(2) exhib- približno 500 °C in 645 °C. Vendarle so vidni tudi it progression with temperatures gradually increas- manjši predeli rumeno rjave in sive barve, ki kažejo ing from around 200–300°C up to 500–645°C as na nižji temperaturni razpon, ter predeli bele barve, shown by mainly dark brown and black bones from ki kažejo izpostavljenost temperaturam nad 645 °C. low temperature exposure and dark and light grey Kosti iz grobov 10 in 14 ter iz vzorca 70(2) iz and white bones due to high temperatures. groba 70 so večinoma rumeno-rjave barve. Vendarle Bone fragments from graves 2, 3, 9, 12, 24, 25, so številni odlomki dolgih kosti črne, temno modre 26, 27, 28, 34(1), 34(2), 39(2), 40, 42, 43, 51, and in bele barve, z začetnimi znaki popolne kalcinacije. 52 are mainly tan, brown, black, and grey in color; Kosti iz grobov 6, 17, 22, 44, 47, 57, 60, 61 in 68(1) this shows exposure to mainly low to moderate tem- so rumeno-rjave barve z modrimi, črnimi in sivo-be- peratures around 200–300°C and reaching 500°C in limi robovi. Takšna obarvanost je značilna za nizke places. The bones from Graves 7 and 53 are mainly do srednje visoke temperature, z izpostavljenostjo dark blue in color, suggesting an estimated temper- robov nekoliko višjim temperaturam. Kosti iz groba ature range of 500–645°C; however, there are small 21 so svetlo modre in svetlo sive barve z nekaterimi areas of tan and grey indicating a lower temperature manjšimi odlomki, obarvanimi rjavo-rumeno. Vide- range and areas of white due to exposure to temper- ti je, da so bile temperature zmerne, nekoliko nižje v atures over 645°C. določenih predelih. The bones from Graves 10, 14, and the sample Barve odlomkov dolgih kosti iz vzorca 35(1) iz 70(2) from Grave 70 are mainly tan in color; howev- groba 35 nihajo od rumeno-rjave, črne, modre do er many of the long bone fragments are black, dark bele, čeprav so odlomki lobanje zaradi stalne izpo- blue, and white in color and just starting to reach stavljenosti visokim temperaturam nad 645 °C kal- complete calcination. Bones from Graves 6, 17, 22, cinirani in beli. Kosti iz grobov 15(1), 20, 37 in 58 44, 47, 57, 60, 61, and 68(1) are tan in color with so temno rjave barve, kar kaže na nizke temperature blue, black grey, and white colors along the edges; žganja okrog 200–300 °C. Kosti iz vzorca 38(2) iz this type of coloration is indicative of low to medi- groba 38 so temno modre in temno rjave z rahlo sivo um burning (200–645°C), with exposure to slightly in belo obarvanimi robovi. Odlomki dolgih kosti iz higher temperatures around the edges. Bones from groba 45 so svetlo sivi in beli s črnimi robovi, kar je Grave 21 are light blue and light grey in color, with posledica skorajšnje kalcinacije, medtem ko so pre- the smaller fragments being tan in color. It appears ostale kosti rumeno-rjave in svetlo sive barve. Kosti that temperatures were moderate (200–500°C), with v grobu 59 in 73 so svetlo rjave, temno rjave, sive in lower heat in certain areas. 512 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 512 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 modre. Kosti iz vzorca 68(2) iz groba 68 so predvsem Long bone fragments from sample 35(1) from svetlo sive in rumeno-rjave, kosti iz vzorca 70(1) iz grave 35 range in color from tan, black, blue to white; groba 70 so svetlo sive in rumeno-rjave, pri čemer although the cranial fragments are white due to cal- nekateri odlomki kažejo znake kalcinacije, medtem cination and exposure to constant high temperatures ko so kosti iz groba 77 večinoma kalcinirane z redko over 645°C. Bones from Graves 15(1), 20, 37, and ohranjenimi svetlo sivimi odlomki. V grobovih 32, 58 are dark brown in color, indicating low temper- 35(2), 62, 63, 65 in 72 prisotne kosti so kalcinirane atures around 200–300°C. Bones from Grave 38(2) bele in modro-sive barve. Takšna obarvanost je zna- are dark blue and dark brown with slight grey and čilna za izpostavljenost temperaturam 500–645 °C. white edges. Long bone fragments from Grave 45 are Na Brinjevi gori so bile štiri osebe izpostavlje- light grey and white with black edges due to a state of ne temperaturam v razponu 200–300 °C, 20 oseb near calcination with the other bones being tan and temperaturam v razponu 200–500 °C, 26 oseb tem- light grey in color. Grave 59 and 73 have light brown, peraturam v razponu 200–645 °C, 15 oseb tempe- dark brown, grey and blue bones. The bones from raturam v razponu 500–645 °C in le ena oseba tem- sample 68(2) from Grave 68 are predominately light peraturam nad 645 °C. Čeprav je bila večina kosti grey and tan, those from sample 70(1) from grave 70 izpostavljenih nizkim temperaturam, številni zbiri are light grey and tan, with a few showing signs of kažejo obarvanost, značilno za izpostavljenost tem- calcination, and those from Grave 77 are mainly cal- peraturam nad 500 °C ter do in preko 645 °C. cined with a few light grey bones. Graves 32, 35(2), Vzorci razpok na površini kosti razkrivajo se- 62, 63, 65, and 72 contained bones that are calcined žig s prisotnim mehkim tkivom, medtem ko teža white and blue-grey in color. This coloration is typi- žganih skeletnih ostankov posameznikov niha med cal of burning between 500–645°C. 2,4 g in 544,1 g. Skupna teža zbranih žganih ske- In total from Gračič bellow Brinjeva gora, there letnih ostankov iz Brinjeve gore znaša 5909,6 g, s are four individuals within the 200–300°C range, povpreč jem 89,5 g na posameznika. Teže kosti ni twenty individuals within the 200–500°C range, mogoče neposredno povezati s starostjo v času smrti twenty-six individuals within 200–645°C, fifteen ali spolom oseb, saj nizke vrednosti niso vezane na within 500–645°C, and only one individual at over mlajše osebe temveč na količino za pokop zbranih 645°C. While most of the bones were burned at kosti. Teže odlomkov kosti treh velikostnih razredov lower temperatures, many of the assemblages exhibit iz Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro predstavljajo 51 %, coloring typical of burning over 500°C, up to and 42 % oz. 7 % žganih skeletnih ostankov, pri čemer exceeding 645°C. največji ohranjeni odlomek zastopa lobanjo in meri Fracture patterns revealed in-flesh burning with 73,5 mm. V nekaterih grobovih so bile prisotne tudi weights of cremated remains ranging from 2.4 g živalske kosti. to 544.1 g. The total collected bone weight from Gračič bellow Brinjeva Gora was 5909.6 g with an average of 89.5 g per individual. The bone weights are not directly related to age at death or sex of the individuals as the low weights are directly related to the amounts collected for burial and not younger individuals. Weight proportions for Gračič bellow Brinjeva gora are 51%, 42%, and 7% with a cranial fragment measuring 73.5 mm being the largest bone fragment. Animal bones were discovered in several of the burials. Miklavž na Dravskem polju25 Miklavž na Dravskem polju25 Analiziranih je bilo osem vzorcev žganih skeletnih Eight cremations from eight graves26 representing ostankov iz osmih grobov26, v katerih je bilo devet nine individuals ( App. 1) were analyzed. Five out of oseb ( Pril. 1). V petih izmed šestih grobov je bilo the six graves contained individuals that could be as-osebam mogoče določiti starostni razpon: štiri ose- signed an age estimation: four individuals less than be so bile mlajše od 23 let, dve osebi sta bili starejši 23 years of age, two individuals aged at 14+ years. od 14 let. Obarvanost in vzorci razpok na odlomkih 25 Črešnar, Murko 2014. 25 26 Črešnar, Murko 2014. Two of the samples were acquired from flotations from 26 Dva vzorca iz dveh grobov sta bila pridobljena s flotacijo. two graves. 513 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 513 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 kosti kažejo na sežig ostankov pri nizkih tempera-The coloring and fracturing of the bone fragments turah, verjetno kmalu po smrti in ob prisotnosti indicate that the remains were burned at low tem- mehkega tkiva. Prisotnih ni bilo odlomkov, na osno- peratures, likely soon after death and with the flesh vi katerih bi bilo mogoče zanesljivo določiti spol, attached. There were no fragments from which to ac- prav tako v nobenem primeru ni bilo opaziti jasnih curately assess sex and there were no obvious pathol- patoloških sprememb ali znakov poškodb, ki bi na- ogies or signs of trauma from which to ascertain an kazovali na vzrok smrti. Obarvanost, vzorci razpok idea of the cause of death of any of the individuals. in prisotnost živalskih kosti v grobovih so skladni s The coloration, fracture patterns, and presence of pogrebnimi običaji drugih poznobronastodobnih in animal bones from the graves are consistent with the starejšeželeznodobnih najdišč slovenske Štajerske. burial practices from other Late Bronze and Early Dve značilnosti načina pokopa Miklavža, ki izra- Iron Age sites in Slovenian Styria. Two mortuary fea- zito odstopata napram drugim žganim pokopom v tures discovered from the Miklavž cremations which Sloveniji, predstavljata dvojni pokop iz groba 10 in are remarkably different from other cremation bur- občutno večji zbir žganih skeletnih ostankov iz groba ials in Slovenia includes a double burial from Grave 5. Dvojni pokop vključuje ostanke novorojenčka in 10 and a significantly larger bone assemblage from starejše osebe, stare med 14 in 21 let. Čeprav spola Grave 5. The double burial includes the remains of starejše osebe v grobu ni bilo moč določiti, je možno, a perinate and an older individual, between 14–21 da dvojni pokop predstavlja otroka (novorojenčka) years of age. Although sex could not be determined skupaj z družinskim članom. Teža zbira žganih ske- of the older individual, it is possible that the dou- letnih ostankov iz groba 5 je dovolj visoka, da lahko ble burial represents a child (perinate) together with predstavlja odraslo osebo, četudi ni bil prisoten celo- a family member. The large assemblage of Grave ten skelet. Velikost zbira močno odstopa od drugih 5 contains enough bone by weight to represent an analiziranih žganih skeletnih ostankov, ki so večino- adult individual, despite not all the skeleton being ma tehtali manj kot 100 g. present. This large collection differs from other ana- lyzed cremations in that most burned bone assem- blages are less than 100 g. Rogoza27 Rogoza27 Zbir kosti iz Rogoze sestavlja 26 vzorcev žganih ske- The assemblage of cremated bones from Rogoza letnih ostankov iz dveh ločenih grobov28 ( Pril. 1). V consists of 26 samples of cremated remains from vzorcih so večinoma prisotni povsem kalcinirani in two separate graves28 ( App. 1). The samples are com-nedoločljivi odlomki. V nekaterih vzorcih so priso- prised mainly of unidentifiable fragments, which tni odlomki lobanje in dolgih kosti, predpostavljeno are completely calcined. There are skull and long človeških, vendar v nobenem primeru ni mogoče z bone fragments present in several of the samples; it gotovostjo trditi, ali gre za človeške ali živalske ko- is assumed that these fragments are human but none sti. Prepoznani so bili tudi odlomki človeških zob, of these fragments could definitively be classified pri čemer eden predstavlja stalni spodnji podočnik. as either human or animal. We also identified hu- Korenina le-tega je bila sicer po smrti poškodovana, man tooth fragments with one fragment being from vendar je na osnovi ohranjenega dela zoba mogoče a permanent mandibular canine. The root of this določiti minimalno starost 11 let. Ni pa znano, ali tooth has been lost due to postmortem damage, but zobje najdeni pri flotaciji pripadajo eni ali več ose- a minimum age of 11 years can be established from bam. Na osnovi majhne količine prisotnih in anali- the present development of the tooth. It cannot be ziranih odlomkov je nemogoče z gotovostjo določiti known whether the teeth from the flotation samples spol ali starost, čeprav gre na osnovi morfoloških are from the same individual or multiple persons. značilnosti in velikosti nekaterih odlomkov v zbiru Neither age nor sex could be determined with com- iz gomile 2 najverjetneje za odraslo osebo. plete accuracy from the small amount of fragments Na nobenem izmed odlomkov ni bilo odkritih present for analysis, although it is likely the individ- znakov patoloških sprememb, medtem ko vzorci ual from the barrow 2 is an adult, based on the mor- razpok kažejo na sežig kosti ob prisotnosti mehkega phology and size of several fragments. 27 27 Črešnar 2021 (v tisku); glej tu Črešnar, Rogoza. Črešnar 2021 (in print); see here Črešnar, Rogoza. 28 28 Dva vzorca sta bila vzeta neposredno iz žare (V-8, V-10), Two of the samples were taken directly from the urns (V-medtem ko je bilo preostalih 24 vzorcev pridobljenih s flo-8, V-10), whereas other 24 samples were acquired from tacijo sedimentov iz gomil. flotations of sediments from the two barrows. 514 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 514 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 tkiva. Visoka stopnja kalcinacije večine odlomkov There were no pathologies discovered on any kaže na popolno oksidacijo organskih snovi ob dlje of the fragments and the fracture patterns indicate trajajoči izpostavljenosti temperaturam nad 700– that the bones were burned while the flesh was still 800 °C. attached. The high degree of calcination of the ma- jority of the fragments indicates complete oxidation of the organic components at temperatures above 700–800°C for an extended period of time. Za Raščico pri Krogu29 Za Raščico pri Krogu29 Starosti in spola analizirane ene osebe iz groba Za Age and sex could not be determined for the one Raščico ( Pril. 1) ni bilo mogoče določiti. Večina ko-individual analyzed from the grave from Za Rašči- sti je manjših od 5 mm in tako predstavlja skromno co ( App. 1). Majority of bone fragments are smaller ohranjen zbir z majhnimi do srednje velikimi odlom-than 5 mm, representing small to moderate fragment ki. Kosti so bile izpostavljene visokim temperaturam size and moderate preservation. Bones were burned nad 645 °C. Vzorec razpok je skladen s sežigom te- at high temperatures, over 645°C. Fracture patterns lesa relativno kmalu po smrti. Poleg delov lobanje are consistent with the body having been burned rel- in okončin ni prisotnih drugih skeletnih elementov. atively soon after death. No other skeletal elements aside from cranial and limb bones are present. ZAKLJUČKI CONCLUSIONS Čeprav je bilo skupno analiziranih 186 oseb iz deve- Although a total of 186 individuals were analyzed tih različnih najdišč, izvira večina podatkov o nači- from nine different sites, the majority of the mortu- nu pokopavanja iz grobov iz obdobja kulture žarnih ary data came from Urnfield Culture burials. grobišč. Of the studied samples, only two contained the Med proučenimi vzorci je bila le v dveh prime- remains of more than one individual and it may be rih nedvomno prisotna več kot ena oseba. Rezultati that the deceased individual was placed into their študije torej kažejo, da so bile umrle osebe praviloma own urn and that the remains of more than one in- pokopane vsaka v svoj grob ter da ostanki različnih dividual were not commingled after firing, thus ex- oseb ob sežigu niso bili pomešani.30 Le redko so bili plaining only single burials.30 Very few juveniles were odkriti ostanki mladostnikov, kar je v nasprotju z recovered, which is in contrast to mortality patterns vzorcem umrljivosti pri populacijah v preteklosti.31 of ancient populations.31 Za pokop je bil izbran zgolj manjši delež sežga- Only a small proportion of the cremated re- nih ostankov, saj je večina grobov vsebovala manj mains were collected for burial, as the majority of kot 200 g kosti. Ob upoštevanju ugotovitve, da je the graves contained less than 200 g of bone. With a povprečna teža žganih ostankov v arheoloških konte- cremated body from an archaeological setting weigh- kstih 1625 g,32 je jasno, da je bila za pokop izbrana le ing an average of 1625 g,32 it is apparent that what simbolna količina kostnih ostankov kremirane ose- was collected for inclusion in the urn was a token be, ki pa je predstavljal njen zadosten del.33 deposit and considered an adequate representation Sledovi gorenja na sežganih ostankih niso razkri- of the deceased.33 li ponavljajočega se vzorca izpostavljanja določenih The burning patterns on the remains did not delov telesa drugačnim pogojem sežiga, kar je morda reveal a trend in one area of the body being differ- posledica majhne količine za pokop zbranih ostan- entially burned than others; however, this may be di- kov, saj je celovito razumevanje vzorcev gorenja in rectly related to the small amount collected for buri- položaja telesa na grmadi brez celotnega skeleta moč- al as without the entire skeleton, the comprehensive no oteženo. Ker ostanki kažejo izpostavitev nizkim burnings patterns and placement on the pyre cannot temperaturam ( sl. 1F), je verjetno, da je bil proces be defined. With the low temperatures of burning žganja po propadu mehkega tkiva ustavljen ali pre- exhibited on the remains ( fig. 1F), it is likely that puščen izgorevanju, kar pojasni svetlo rjavo obarva-after the skeletal remains were clear of tissue, it ap- nost ostankov. pears that firing process was stopped or allowed to 29 29 Sankovič, Šavel 2010; Jereb, Sankovič, Šavel 2014. Sankovič, Šavel 2010; Jereb, Sankovič, Šavel 2014. 30 30 Thomas 2011, 115. Thomas 2011, 115. 31 31 Thomas 2011, 118. Thomas 2011, 118. 32 32 McKinley 1993, 284. McKinley 1993, 284. 33 33 Thomas 2011, 171. Thomas 2011, 171. 515 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 515 8. 03. 2021 12:56:10 Žgani ostanki iz vseh obravnavanih najdišč kaže-burn out, thus explaining the light brown coloring jo izrazito upogibanje in sukanje kosti, vzdolžno po- of most of the remains. kanje, nazobčano diagonalno lomljenje ter ukrivlje- The cremated remains from all sites in this study no vzdolžno in prečno drobljenje površine. Zaradi have been subjected to a high level of warping, twist- upogibanja je pri številnih odlomkih lobanje prišlo ing, longitudinal cracking, serrated diagonal fractur- do ločitve notranje in zunanje stene. Takšni vzorci so ing, and curved lateral and transverse splintering. značilni za kosti, sežgane skupaj z mehkim tkivom.34 Separation of the inner and outer tables and along V nekaterih grobovih je bila površina kompakte od- sutures has occurred on many cranial fragments lomkov dolgih kosti prekrita s tanko patino. To je due to warping. This type of fracturing is typical of verjetno posledica luščenja kompakte, značilnega za bones burned with the flesh still adhering.34 There sežig kosti s prisotnim mehkim tkivom.35 Podobne are several graves with slight patina checking on the znake je prepoznati tudi na preostalih odlomkih dol- cortical surface of several long bone fragments; this gih kosti, ki kažejo zlome, skladne s sežigom kosti may be due to cortical exfoliation typical of in-flesh ob prisotnosti mehkega tkiva. Raznolikosti v zlomih burning,35 as the rest of the long bone fragments ex- med različnimi skeletnimi elementi ni bilo. hibit fracturing consistent with burning with flesh V večini grobov je razmerje med določenimi in attached to the bones. There were not any differenc- nedoločenimi odlomki kosti zelo dobro. Zastopane es in fracturing between bone elements. so bile kosti iz vseh delov skeleta, pri čemer je ve- For the majority of the graves, the ratio of iden- čina odlomkov pripadala lobanji in dolgim kostem. tified to unidentified bone fragments was extremely Čeprav slednje morda odraža pristranskost pri zbira- good. The bones from all skeletal areas were iden- nju kosti, se tako lobanja kot dolge kosti ob sežigu tified, with the majority of the bones having been običajno ohranijo bolje kot preostali deli skeleta, kar identified as being skull and long bone fragments. verjetno pojasni njihovo prevlado med žganimi ske- While this may reflect possible collection bias, both letnimi ostanki. the cranium and long bones tend to survive crema- Žgane živalske kosti so bile odkrite na petih iz- tion better than other areas of the body, which may med devetih najdišč. Predpostavljamo, da so bile explain why these fragments comprise the majority živali sežgane na grmadi skupaj z umrlo osebo, saj of the cremations. temperature gorenja živalskih kosti ne odstopajo Cremated animal bones were recovered from od temperatur, ki so jim bili izpostavljeni človeški five of the nine sites; it is presumed the animals were ostanki. Za vključitev živalskih kosti v grobove so burned on the cremation pyre with the deceased in- mogoče številne razlage, denimo daritev hrane, obre- dividual and selected for placement in the urn, as dni ostanki ali živali kot osebni spremljevalci umrlim the temperature of firing of the animal bones is con- osebam.36 Pri tem je potrebno opozoriti, da majhne sistent with that of the human remains. There are količine živalskih kosti podobno kot pri človeških numerous explanations for the inclusion of animal ostankih verjetno predstavljajo le simbolno priso- bones in the funerary urns, such as food offerings, tnost v pogrebnem ritualu.37 ceremonial refuse, or personal companions to the deceased;36 however it is important to note that as with the human remains, the small percentage of in- cluded animal bones may represent a token deposit and an intentional aspect of burial ritual.37 34 34 Thurman, Willmore 1980, 281; Mayne Correia 1997, Thurman, Willmore 1980, 281; Mayne Correia 1997, 279. 279. 35 35 Buikstra, Swegle 1989, 255. Buikstra, Swegle 1989, 255. 36 36 Thomas 2011, 160. Thomas 2011, 160. 37 37 Črešnar, Thomas 2015; glej tu Toškan. Črešnar, Thomas 2015. See here Toškan. 516 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 516 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Priloga 1. Preglednica z vsemi osnovnimi podatki o obravnavanih Appendix 1. Table, containing all the basic data from studied skeletal skeletnih ostankih iz grobov z grobišč Slivnica pri Mariboru, Ptuj – remains from graves from cemeteries of Slivnica near Maribor, Ptuj – Potrčeva ulica, Pobrežje v Mariboru, Ruše II, Gračič pod Brinjevo goro, Potrčeva ulica, Pobrežje near Maribor, Ruše II, Gračič below Brinjeva gora, Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Rogoza pri Mariboru, Za Raščico pri Krogu Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Rogoza near Maribor, Za Raščico near Krog pri Murski Soboti. near Murska Sobota. Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Pozna bakrena doba - zgodnja bronasta doba / Late Copper Age - Early Bronze Age Otrok - zlomi Nedol. / na dlaneh Unident.; in stopalih Slivnica pri Mariboru 12 1335 2 < 14; > 20 > 650°C Ženski / / Juvenile - Female? hand and foot fractures Nedol. / Moški? / Slivnica pri Mariboru 13 28,1 1 > 650°C Unident. Male? Srednja - pozna bronasta doba / Middle - Late Bronze Age Nedol. / Nedol. / Ptuj - Potrčeva ulica 1 40,6 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Kultura žarnih grobišč / Urnfield period Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 1 56,3 1 200-300°C Svinja / Pig Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 3 32,3 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 14 160,3 1 > 16 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 19 146,1 1 500-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 22 543,5 1 > 16 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Osteoartritis / Pobrežje v Mariboru 26 420,4 1 > 20 200-300°C Unident. Osteoarthritis Ženski / Pobrežje v Mariboru 27 130,7 1 21-30 500-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Female Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 32 144,6 1 > 14 200-500°C Unident. Moški / Pobrežje v Mariboru 36 307,9 1 > 15 200-500°C Male Poroznost Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 39 125,9 1 lobanje / 200-300°C Adult? Unident. Cranial pitting Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 55 44,5 1 > 13 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 56 37 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Jelen, svinja / Pobrežje v Mariboru 57 302,3 1 > 15 200-650°C Unident. Red deer, pig Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 59 95,9 1 > 15 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 61 15,3 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 63(1) 130,5 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 63(2) 9,2 1 200-650°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 66 3,9 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 68 176,5 1 > 20 200-650°C Unident. 517 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 517 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 70 35,3 1 Otrok / Infant 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 72 34,2 1 > 15 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 73 152,1 1 > 14 200-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 75 66,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 76 9,6 1 Otrok / Infant > 650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 78 54,8 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 79 130,4 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 80 20 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Moški / Pobrežje v Mariboru 81 136,6 1 21-30 200-650°C Male Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 83 14,7 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Poroznost Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 84 248,6 1 > 16 lobanje / 200-500°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Cranial pitting Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 85 143,4 1 > 13 200-300°C Svinja / Pig Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 86 228,9 1 > 20 200-500°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Poroznost Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 87 57,7 1 Odrasel / Adult lobanje / 200-300°C Unident. Cranial pitting Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 91 259,9 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Poroznost Moški / Pobrežje v Mariboru 94 467 1 > 20 lobanje / Cranial 200-650°C Male pitting Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 96(1) 106,7 1 > 14 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 96(2) 2,5 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 97(1) 41,9 1 > 20 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 97(2) 8,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 98 39,4 1 > 13 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 100 13 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Unident. Neenakomerna debelina Nedol. / gobaste Pobrežje v Mariboru 101 232,7 1 > 16 200-500°C Jelen / Red deer Unident. kostnine lobanje / Varying diploe thickness Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 102 35,8 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 104 2,4 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 105 17,5 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. 518 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 518 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 106 149,3 1 > 16 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 107 196,9 1 > 14 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 108 76,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 109 29,1 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 111 91,9 1 > 13 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 112 156,1 1 > 15 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 113 148,5 1 > 16 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 114b(1) 14,5 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 114b(2) 33 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 116 15,7 1 200-300°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 117(1) 5,1 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 117(2) 5,5 1 Otrok / Infant 200-300°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 120 13,7 1 200-300°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Koza ali ovca / Pobrežje v Mariboru 122 312,6 1 > 50 200-650°C Unident. Goat or sheep Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 134 330,4 1 > 16 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 135 573,7 1 16-20 200-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Kuna / Stone Pobrežje v Mariboru 137(1) 155,4 1 > 20 200-650°C Unident. marten Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 137(2) 163,9 1 > 14 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 138 15,5 1 Otrok / Infant 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 139 62,2 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 141 79,5 1 < 30 200-650°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 144 57,5 1 200-300°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 147 133,6 1 > 13 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 148 117,3 1 > 13 200-500°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 153 111,2 1 200-500°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 156 147,2 1 > 17 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 164 186,1 1 > 15 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 171 295,5 1 > 11 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 173 112,5 1 > 15 200-500°C Unident. 519 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 519 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 175 56,9 1 200-650°C Adult? Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 177 49,8 1 200-500°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Pobrežje v Mariboru 178 57 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 3 9,9 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 4 7,3 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 9 8,4 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Moški? / Ruše II 10 85,7 1 25-45 200-650°C Male? Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 11(1) 27,6 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 11(2) 10,1 1 Infant > 650°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 13(1) 51,2 1 > 15 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 13(2) 17,1 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 14(1) 13,9 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 14(2) 1,1 1 > 650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 16 144,2 1 > 16 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 18 39,6 1 > 14 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 19(1) 129,6 1 > 15 200-300°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 19(2) 2 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Osteoartritis / Ruše II 20 15,8 1 > 20 200-300°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Osteoarthritis Ženski? / Ruše II 21 31,9 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Female? Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 23 63 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 24 19,3 1 < 23 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 26 8,9 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 29(1) 27,5 1 > 14 200-300°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 29(2) 0,4 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 29(3) 12 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Ženski? / Ruše II 32 290,6 1 > 21 200-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Female? Nedol. / Nedol. / Ruše II 34 18,2 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 8-1993 300,4 1 > 17 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Ruše II 9-1993 112 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-300°C Unident. 520 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 520 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 1 85,1 1 500-650°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 2 115,7 1 > 16 200-500°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 3 65,4 1 200-500°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 6 24,0 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 7 43,4 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 9 39,7 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 10 194,7 1 11-15 200-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 12 368,4 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 13 38,5 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 14 15,5 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 15(1) 83,8 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 15(2) 25,3 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 17 32,1 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 19 10,6 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Poroznost Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 20 116,6 1 > 50 lobanje / 200-300°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Cranial pitting Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 21 129 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 22 7,5 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 23 121,3 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 24 105,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 25 112,6 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 26 47,4 1 > 15 200-500°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 27 326,1 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Poroznost Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 28 544,1 1 > 21 lobanje / 200-650°C Unident. Cranial pitting Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 29 8,8 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 30 77,7 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 31(1) 15,6 1 > 15 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 31(2) 48,1 1 12-15 200-650°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 32 39,8 1 200-650°C Adult? Unident. 521 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 521 8. 03. 2021 12:56:11 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 33 2,4 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Koza ali ovca / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 34(1) 401,7 1 > 13 200-500°C Unident. Goat or sheep Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 34(2) 130,9 1 > 14 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 35(1) 126,2 1 > 11 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 35(2) 66,1 1 500-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 36 29,3 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 37 25,1 1 200-300°C Govedo / Cow Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 38(b) 51,8 1 > 9 200-650°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 38(2) 29,4 1 200-650°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 39(1) 19,5 1 500-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 39(2) 2,7 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 40 106,4 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 42 41,6 1 200-500°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 43 25,8 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 44 21,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 45 89,8 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 47 92,2 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 49 37,7 1 500-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 50 70,8 1 > 15 500-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 51 56,1 1 Odrasel / Adult 200-500°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 52 49,9 1 200-500°C Adult? Unident. Ženski? / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 53 129,4 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Female? Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 56 176,4 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 57 37,5 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 58 72,5 1 200-300°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 59 33,0 1 200-500°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 60 97,7 1 > 16 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 61 65,8 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 62 34,6 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Unident. 522 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 522 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 Obdobje / Period Grob št. / Teža / Število oseb / Starost (leta) / Spol / Patologije / Temp. žganja / Živalske kosti / (Najdišče / Site) Grave Nr. Weight (g) No. of ind. Age (years) Sex Pathology Temp. of firing Animal bones Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 63 53,8 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 65 13,2 1 Odrasel / Adult 500-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 68(1) 50,0 1 > 15 200-650°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 68(2) 226,7 1 > 17 200-500°C Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 70(1) 72,7 1 200-650°C Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 70(2) 23,1 1 200-650°C Unident. Unident. Odrasel? / Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 72 45,6 1 500-650°C Nedol. / Unident. Adult? Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 73 60,1 1 > 11 200-500°C Unident. Nedol. / Gračič pod Brinjevo goro 77 385,5 1 > 15 > 650°C Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / 2 110,9 1 < 23 200-300°C polju Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / Nedol. / 4 0,8 1 200-300°C polju Unident. Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / 5 1049,8 1 15-18 200-300°C Govedo / Cow polju Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / 6 160,2 1 > 14 200-300°C polju Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / Nedol. / 7 2,1 1 > 650°C polju Unident. Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / Nedol. / 8 7,6 1 200-> 650°C polju Unident. Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Nedol. / 9 43,6 1 > 14 200-300°C polju Unident. Miklavž na Dravskem Novorojenček / Nedol. / 10 28,8 2 200-> 650°C polju Perinate; > 14 Unident. Starejša železna doba / Early Iron Age Gomila / Nedol. / Nedol. / Rogoza pri Mariboru 43,6 1 200-650°C Tumulus 1 Unident. Unident. Gomila / Nedol. / Rogoza pri Mariboru 97,8 1 Odrasel / Adult > 650°C Tumulus 2 Unident. Nedol. / Nedol. / Za Raščico pri Krogu 1 100,8 1 > 650°C Unident. Unident. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Bass W. M. 1995 Byers S. N. 2002 Human osteology: A laboratory and field manual. – Columbia. Introduction to forensic anthropology: A textbook. – Boston. Buikstra J. E., Swegle M. 1989 Črešnar M. 2006 Bone modification due to burning: Experimental evidence. – Novi žarni grobovi iz Ruš in pogrebni običaji v ruški žarnogro-V/In: R. Bonnichsen, M. H. Sorg (ur./eds.), Bone modification, biščni skupini / Die neuen Urnengräber aus Ruše und das Orono, 247–258. Bestattungsritual in der Ruše-Gruppe der Urnenfelderkultur. ‒ Arheološki vestnik 57, 97‒162. Buikstra J. E., Ubelaker D. H. 1994 Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains, Arkan- Črešnar M. 2021 sas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44, Fayetteville. Rogoza pri Mariboru. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije, Ljubljana (v tisku/in press). 523 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 523 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 Črešnar M., Murko M. 2014 Pahič S. 1957 Miklavž na Dravskem polju. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar Drugo žarno grobišče v Rušah. – Razprave 1. razreda SAZU 4/3, (ur./eds), Absolutno datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Sloven-Ljubljana. skem / Absolute Dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in monografije 40, Ljubljana, 205–214. Pahič S. 1972 Pobrežje. – Katalogi in monografije 6, Ljubljana. Črešnar M., Thomas J.-L. 2013 New data on cremation burials from North-Eastern Slovenia. – Pahič S. 1991 V/In: M. Lochner, F. Ruppenstein (ur./eds.), Brandbestattungen Moji poslednji pobreški grobovi. – Doneski k pradavnini Podrav-von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 ja 6, Maribor. v. Chr, Akten des internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.–12. Febru-Pahič V. 1988–1989 ar 2010, Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 77 = Žarno grobišče na Brinjevi gori. – Arheološki vestnik 39–40, Veröffentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommission 32, Wien, 181–216. 79–97. Ravedoni C., Cattaneo C. 2002 Gejvall N. 1969 Kremiranje in žgani pokop v Tolminu. Antropološka in paleo-Cremations. – V/In: D. R. Brothwell, E. Higgs (ur./eds.), Sci-patološka analiza / Le cremazioni di Tolmin. Analisi antropo-ence in archaeology, London, 468–479. logica e paleopatologica. – V/In: Svoljšak, D., A. Pogačnik, Tolmin, prazgodovinsko grobišče II. Razprave / Tolmin, prehistoric Jereb M., Šavel I., Sankovič S. 2014 cemetery II. Treatises, Katalogi in monografije 35, Ljubljana, Za Raščico. – V/In: B. Teržan, M. Črešnar (ur./eds), Absolutno 113–129. datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute Dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in mono- Šavel I., Sankovič S. 2010 grafije 40, Ljubljana, 141–157. Za Raščico pri Krogu. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije 13, Ljubljana. Jevremov B. 1988‒1989 Grobovi z začetka kulture žarnih grobišč iz Ptuja. – Arheološki Stare F. 1975 vestnik 39–40, (1989), 171–180. Dobova. – Posavski muzej Brežice 2, Brežice. Mayne Correia P. M. 1997 Steele D. G., Bramblett C. A. 1988 Fire modification of bone: A review of the literature. – V/In: The anatomy and biology of the human skeleton. – College Sta-W. D. Haglund, M. H. Sorg (ur./eds.), Forensic taphonomy: The tion. postmortem fate of human remains, Boca Raton, 275–293. Thomas J.-L. 2009 McKinley J. I. 1989 Cremation studies: Developmental research within Slovenian Cremations: Expectations, methodologies, and realities. – V/ osteoarchaeology / Proučevanje kremacij: razvoj raziskav v slo-In: C. A. Roberts, F. Lee, J. Bintliff (ur./eds.), Burial archaeol-venski osteoarheologiji. – Arheo 26, 53–61. ogy: Current research, methods, and developments, BAR International Series 211, Oxford, 65–76. Thomas J.-L. 2011 Late Bronze Age Skeletal Populations from Slovenia. – Doktorska McKinley J. I. 1993 disertacija / Ph. D. thesis, Department of Archaeology, Univer-Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern British sity of Edinburgh (neobjavljeno / unpublished). cremations and the implications for the interpretation of archaeological cremations. – International Journal of Osteoarchae-Thurman M. D., Willmore L. J. 1980 ology 3, 283–287. A replicative cremation experiment. – North American Archaeologist 2, 275–283. McKinley J. I. 1994 The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham, part Tica G. 2021 VIII: The cremations. – East Anglian Archaeology, Report 69, Slivnica pri Mariboru 3. – Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije, Norfolk. Ljubljana (v tisku/in press). McKinley J. I. 1999 Tomazo Ravnik T. 1990 Human bone. – V/In: S. Stevens (ur./ed.), An Archaeological Poročilo o žganih človeških ostankih iz Poštele – antropološka investigation at Kingsborough Farm and Kingsborough Manor, obdelava / A report on cremated human remains from Poštela – Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppay, Kent, 11–13. an anthropological analysis. – V/In: B. Teržan, Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The early Iron Age in Slovenian McKinley J. I. 2004 Styria, Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana, 373. Compiling a skeletal inventory: Cremated human bone. – V/ In: M. Brickley, J. I. McKinley (ur./eds.), Guidelines to the van Beek, G. C. 1983 standards for recording human remains, IFA Paper No. 7, South-Dental morphology: An illustrated guide. – Edinburgh. ampton, 9–13. McKinley J. I. 2008 In the heat of the pyre: Efficiency of oxidation in Romano-British cremations – Did it really matter? – V/In: C. W. Schmidt, S. A. Symes (ur./eds.), The analysis of burned human remains, London, 163–183. 524 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 524 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SEŽGANIH ČLOVEŠKIH ANALYSIS OF THE KOSTI IZ GOMIL STAREJŠE CREMATED HUMAN ŽELEZNE DOBE V OKOLICI REMAINS FROM THE EARLY POŠTELE IRON AGE BURIAL MOUNDS NEAR POŠTELA Tamara Leskovar Tamara Leskovar Med leti 1989 in 2006 so bile v okolici utrjene na- Between 1989 and 2006, three Early Iron Age bur- selbine na Pošteli izkopane tri gomile iz časa starejše ial mounds were excavated near the fortified settle- železne dobe: Velika gomila nad Razvanjem ter go- ment of Poštela: Velika gomila above Razvanje and mili 13 in 14 v Pivoli. V nadaljevanju predstavljamo Mounds 13 and 14 at Pivola. In this paper, we pres- antropološke analize žganih posmrtnih ostankov iz ent anthropological analyses of the cremated skel- grobov teh gomil. etal remains from the graves documented in these Žganina iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem je bila mounds. le deloma odkrita v primarni legi. Gomila je bila na- Not all of the burned remains from Velika gomi- mreč v preteklosti izropana, žganina pa pri tem ra- la above Razvanje were discovered in their original znesena vse do površinske plasti. V grobnici sta bili position. Given that the mound was looted in the odkriti dve ločeni zgostitvi žganih kosti, ena v nje- past, burned remains were moved all the way to the nem zahodnem in ena v vzhodnem delu.1 surface layer. In the burial chamber, two separate V gomili 13 v Pivoli, ki je bila prav tako izropa- concentrations of burnt bones were discovered; one na, je bila žganina odkrita na dveh ločenih mestih na in its western and one in its eastern part.1 dnu grobne kamre2, v gomili 14 pa na treh mestih na In Mound 13 at Pivola, which was also looted, kamnitem tlaku grobne kamre3. the burnt skeletal remains were found in two dif- ferent places at the bottom of the burial chamber2, and in Mound 14 in three different locations on the stone pavement of the burial chamber 3. METODOLOŠKI POSTOPKI METHODOLOGY Iz grobov zbrana žganina je bila očiščena in analizi- Cremains collected from the graves were cleaned and rana po uveljavljenih postopkih.4 Človeške kosti so analysed according to the established procedures.4 bile ločene od živalskih in z uporabo sit z odprtinami By employing sieves with 10 mm, 5 mm and 2 mm velikosti 10 mm, 5 mm in 2 mm razdeljene v štiri openings, human bones were separated from animal velikostne razrede (> 10 mm, 10–5 mm, 5–2 mm bones and classified into four size classes (> 10 mm; in < 2 mm). Izmerjeni sta bili največja ohranjena 10–5 mm; 5–2 mm; and <2 mm). The maximum velikost odlomkov in določena skupna teža vsakega size of the preserved fragments was measured and the izmed velikostnih razredov. Odlomki kosti so bili total weight of each size class determined. The bone nato razvrščeni v podrazrede glede na pripadnost fragments were then divided into subclasses accord- skeletnim elementom (lobanja, rebra, nadlahtni- ing to their affiliation with distinct skeletal elements ca, stegnenica itn.). Če skeletnega elementa ni bilo (e.g. skull, ribs, humerus, femur, etc.). When the af- mogoče natančno določiti, so bili odlomki uvrščeni filiation was impossible to ascertain, the fragments med dolge kosti, kratke kosti ali sklepne površine, v were classified as long bones; short bones; joint sur- primeru popolne neprepoznavnosti pa med nedolo- faces; or, where identification was not possible, as čljive. Vsak od podrazredov je bil tudi stehtan. Na indefinable bones. Each of the subclasses was also osnovi primerjave s težo celotnega zbira kosti je bila weighed. Based on the weight of the total bone col- izračunana zastopanost vsakega velikostnega razreda lection from each grave, the representation of each 1 1 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. See here Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. 2 2 Teržan, Črešnar, Kramberger. See here Teržan, Črešnar, Kramberger. 3 3 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan. See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan. 4 4 McKinley 2004; Schultz et al. 2008. McKinley 2004; Schultz et al. 2008. 525 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 525 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 Razmerje / Pomen / Izračun / Referenca / size class and subclass was calculated. The percentage Ratio Significance Calculation Reference of bones in each layer within the chamber or mound, Vsebnost karbonatov tipa A / ~1540 cm-1 / Sponheimer, and the association of subclasses with a particular API Amount of Type A Carbonates ~605 cm-1 Lee-Thorp 1999 layer were, likewise, calculated. Vsebnost karbonatov tipa B / ~1415 cm-1 / LeGeros, LeGeros All fragments were macroscopically examined BPI Amount of Type B Carbonates ~605 cm-1 1983 and measured and the characteristics used to assess (~605 cm-1 + sex and age at death, possible pathological changes, Faktor cepljenja / Weiner, Bar- SF ~565 cm-1) / Splitting factor Yosef 1990 and the thickness of the preserved cranial bones were ~590 cm-1 noted. The crack patterns and the colour of the out- Razmerje med vsemi karbonati in karbonati tipa B / ~1450 cm-1/ Thompson et al. er, inner and fracture surfaces of the fragments were C/C Ratio between all the Carbonates ~1415 cm-1 2009 also described. and Type B Carbonates Histological sections of a cross section from a Vsebnost organskih snovi Trueman et al. ~1650 cm-1/ (predvsem kolagena) / Amount of 2004; bone fragment from the mound Velika gomila above AmI/P ~1020 cm-1 organic matter (mainly collagen) Lebon et al. 2016 Razvanje were prepared and analysed under a mi- Vsebnost cianamidov / ~2015 cm-1/ Snoeck et al. croscope according to the established methodology5. CN/P Amount of cyanamide ~600 cm-1 2014 Due to their poor preservation, histological analyses of the bones from Pivola were not undertaken. Slika 1. Izbrana in podrazreda. Izračunana sta bila odstotek kosti v Fragments of 1–2 cm of the femoral cortical razmerja med posameznih plasteh znotraj grobnice oz. gomile ter bone from Velika gomila were hardened with epoxy vrhovi spektrov, pripadnost podrazredov določeni plasti. resin and cut into 100 μm slices with a water-cooled pridobljenimi z ATR- FTIR spektroskopijo, Vsi odlomki so bili makroskopsko pregledani in diamond saw. The slices were then ground until they način izračuna in izmerjeni. Zabeležene so bile značilnosti za oceno became translucent (app. 50–60 μm).6 Histological pomen razmerja. spola in starosti, morebitne patološke spremembe ter analysis was performed using a transmitting light Figure 1. Chosen ratios of spectral debelina ohranjenih lobanjskih kosti. Opisani so bili microscope and a range of light sources, including peaks obtained barva zunanje, notranje in prelomne površine od-plane polarised and crossed polarised light at 100x with the ATR- lomkov ter vzorci razpok. magnification. In addition, a 1/4 lambda plate at FTIR spectroscopy, Na odlomku kosti iz gomile nad Razvanjem so 100x magnification was employed to examine the calculation formulae and the meaning of bile po uveljavljenih metodah5 pripravljene in pod bone’s crystalline structure. The age at death was esthe select ratios. mikroskopom analizirane histološke rezine preseka timated using the methods of Hummel and Schut-kosti. Histološke analize na kosteh iz Pivole zaradi kowski and Ericksen:7 the best-preserved parts of the preslabe ohranjenosti niso bile možne. microstructure were identified, photographed and 1–2 cm velika odlomka kortikalne kosti stegne- described for the outer, central and inner part of the nice sta bila utrjena z epoksi smolo ter z diamantno cortex. On each of the photographed parts, a 1 mm2 žago z vodnim hlajenjem razrezana na rezine debe- area was delineated, within which different parts of line 100 μm. Rezine so bile nato zbrušene do debe- the bone microstructure were identified. The ob- line, ki je dovoljevala presevanje svetlobe.6 Histolo- tained data were entered into regression equations ška analiza je bila opravljena z uporabo svetlobnega for age estimation. mikroskopa s presevno in polarizacijsko svetlobo ter Spectroscopic analyses were performed on two z uporabo 1/4 lambda ploščice pri 100-kratni pove- samples to determine the chemical composition of čavi. Starost osebe ob smrti je bila ocenjena po me- the bones and estimate their exposure to high tem- todah Hummel in Schutkowski ter Ericksen.7 Tako peratures. A small fragment of cremated long bone so bili na zunanjem, osrednjem in notranjem delu from Mound 13 from Pivola and another from Ve- kortikalne kosti določeni, fotografirani in opisani lika gomila above Razvanje was scanned with an najbolje ohranjeni deli mikrostrukture. Na vsakem ATR-FTIR8 spectrometer. Each sample was scanned izmed fotografiranih delov je bilo zamejeno območ- 64 times with a resolution of 4 cm-1 in the range je velikosti 1 mm2, znotraj katerega so bili oprede- 5 Wighton et al. 2012, 21–36; Valentine, Piper 2012, 37– ljeni različni deli mikrostrukture kosti. Pridobljeni 50. 6 For their help with the histological analysis, I would like 5 Wighton et al. 2012, 21–36; Valentine, Piper 2012, 37–50. to thank prof. dr. Giseli Grupe and her team from the Fac-6 Za pomoč pri pripravi histoloških rezin se najlepše zahva-ulty of Biology of the Ludwig-Maximiliana University in ljujemo prof. dr. Giseli Grupe in njeni ekipi iz Fakultete za Munich, where I was a guest researcher during my DAAD Biologijo Univerze Ludwig-Maximiliana v Münchnu, kjer scholarship. 7 sem gostovala s pomočjo štipendije DAAD. Hummel, Schutkowski 1993, 111–123; Ericksen 1991, 7 Hummel, Schutkowski 1993, 111–123; Ericksen 1991, 171–179. 8 171–179. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared. 526 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 526 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 podatki so bili vneseni v regresivne enačbe za oceno between 400 and 4000 cm-1. The spectra obtained starosti. were processed and normalised to the highest peak Na dveh vzorcih so bile opravljene tudi spektro- (~ 1020 cm-1). Based on a review of other studies, skopske analize za določitev kemične sestave kosti the most frequently used peak ratios for the analy- in za oceno njihove izpostavitve visokim temperatu- sis of cremated bone using FTIR spectroscopy were ram. Manjši odlomek sežgane dolge kosti iz gomi- determined and calculated ( fig. 1). Comparisons le 13 iz Pivole in iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem were made with data for fresh bone;9 experimentally je bil skeniran z ATR-FTIR8 spektrometrom. Vsak burned animal bones;10 and samples from different vzorec je bil z resolucijo 4 cm-1 v območju med 400 archaeological contexts. in 4000 cm-1 skeniran 64-krat. Pridobljeni spektri so Based on the selected analyses and macroscop- bili nadalje obdelani in preračunani glede na najvišji ic studies,11 the minimum number of individuals vrh (~1020 cm-1). Na podlagi pregleda drugih razi- (MNI) in each collection of cremated remains was skav so bili zbrana in izračunana najpogosteje upora- determined. Where the preservation of the remains bljena razmerja med vrhovi za analize žganih kosti z permitted, the age at death was estimated. Due to the uporabo FTIR spektroskopije ( sl. 1). Opravljene so poor preservation of the bones, it was not possible to bile primerjave s podatki za svežo kost,9 eksperimen- assess the sex and stature of any of the individuals. talno sežganimi živalskimi kostmi10 ter medsebojne No signs of pathological changes were observed. primerjave vzorcev glede na arheološki kontekst. By examining the colours of the bone fragments, Na osnovi opravljenih analiz in makroskopskih the temperature to which the bones were exposed pregledov11 je bilo določeno minimalno število po- during cremation was estimated. It should be noted sameznikov (MNI) v posameznem zbiru žganine. that the colour allows only an approximate estimate Kadar je ohranjenost odlomkov dovoljevala, je bila of the temperature. While the colour of the bone ocenjena starost osebe ob smrti. Zaradi slabe ohra- does, indeed, change with increasing temperature njenosti kosti ni bilo mogoče oceniti spola in telesne from yellow to dark brown, black, blue/grey and višine nobene od oseb. Prav tako ni bilo opaziti zna- white, the progression of the change is influenced kov patoloških sprememb. by various factors such as exposure time, presence of S pregledom barv odlomkov kosti je bila ocenje- other organic or inorganic substances, presence/ab- na višina temperature, ki so ji bile kosti izpostavljene sence of soft tissue and availability of oxygen.12 The ob sežigu. Pri tem velja opozoriti, da barva omogoča temperature assessment was, therefore, supplement- le približno oceno temperature. Četudi drži, da z na- ed by the visual analysis of the histological samples raščanjem temperature kost spremeni barvo iz rume- and the ATR-FTIR spectra, and their comparison ne v temno rjavo, črno, modro/sivo in belo, na potek with the experimentally burned samples. sprememb vplivajo različni dejavniki, kot so denimo Crack patterns on bones were used to explain čas izpostavljenosti, prisotnost drugih organskih ali the burning process and bone changes consequent anorganskih snovi, prisotnost/odsotnost mehkega to their exposure to high temperatures. Considering tkiva in dostopnost kisika.12 Ocena temperature je the subjective nature of the meaning of crack pat- bila zato dopolnjena z vizualno analizo histoloških terns and that the analyses are not fully standard- preparatov in ATR-FTIR spektrov ter njihovo pri- ised,13 their interpretation must be approached with merjavo z eksperimentalno sežganimi vzorci. some caution. Vzorci razpok na kosteh so bili uporabljeni za razlago procesa žganja ter sprememb na kosteh kot posledice izpostavljenosti visokim temperaturam. Opozoriti velja, da mnenja o pomenu vzorcev raz- pok niso povsem usklajena in standardizirana13 ter moramo njihove razlage razumeti z določeno mero previdnosti. 8 Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared. 9 9 Leskovar et al. 2019. Leskovar et al. 2019. 10 10 Thompson et al. 2013; Snoeck et al. 2014. Thompson et al. 2013; Snoeck et al. 2014. 11 11 McKinley 2000, 408–409, 410. McKinley 2000, 408–409, 410. 12 12 Mays, 1998, 217; McKinley 2004, 11; Walker et al. 2008, Mays, 1998, 217; McKinley 2004, 11; Walker et al. 2008, 132–133; Shipman et al. 1984, 307–325; Mayne Correia 132–133; Shipman et al. 1984, 307–325; Mayne Correia 1997, 275–293; McKinley 2000, 404. 1997, 275–293; McKinley 2000, 404. 13 13 Mayne Correia 1997, 275–293; McKinley 2000, 405; Mayne Correia 1997, 275–293; McKinley 2000, 405; Symes et al. 2008, 42–45. Symes et al. 2008, 42–45. 527 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 527 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 Slika 2. Povzetek Najdišče / Gomila / Teža / Starost / Spol / Temp. žganja / MNI Živali / Animals rezultatov analiz. Site Tumulus Weight (g) Age Sex Temp. of firing Figure 2. Summary odrasel / adult, nedoloč. / of the analysis results. Razvanje Velika gomila 117,3 1 > 900 °C konj / a horse14 30–50 let / years unident. gomila 13 / odrasel / adult, nedoloč. / 300–700 °C, vrsta nedoloč. / Pivola 120 1 Mound 13 <30 let / years unident. ~800 °C sp. indet. gomila 14 / nedoloč. / 300–700 °C, Pivola 219 1 odrasel / adult Mound 14 unident. ~800 °C Slika 3. Teža Gomila / Tumulus Kost / Bone Teža / Weight (g) % ohranjenih žganih Razvanje delov skeleta iz lobanja / cranium 9 7,7 Razvanja in Pivole. Figure 3. The vretence / vertebra 1 0,9 weight of the skeletal nadlahtnica / humerus 7,2 6,1 elements from koželjnica / radius 1,1 0,9 Razvanje and Pivola. Velika gomila podlahtnica / ulna 6,7 5,7 stegnenica / femur 6,3 5,4 golenica / tibia 1,2 1 dolga kost / long bone 71,6 61 nedoločljivo / unidentified 13,2 11,3 Pivola lobanja / cranium 7 5,8 rebro / rib 0,5 0,4 Gomila 13 sklepna povrišna / articular surface 1,5 1,25 dolga kost / long bone 33,5 27,9 nedoločljivo / unidentified 77,5 64,6 lobanja / cranium 8 3,7 koželjnica / radius 2 0,9 kolčnici / os coxae 2 0,9 Gomila 14 sklepna povrišna / articular surface 1 0,5 dolga kost / long bone 9 4,1 nedoločljivo / unidentified 197 89,9 REZULTATI IN UGOTOVITVE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Izvidi analiz so povzeti na sl. 2 in 3. Analizirane The results of the analyses are summarised in figs. kosti so bile večinoma bele barve. Na nekaterih no- 2 and 3. The analysed bones were predominantly tranjih in prelomnih površinah so bili opazni svetlo white. Light and dark shades of grey, and rarely blue in temno sivi, redko tudi modri in črni odtenki. and black, were observed on some inner surfaces Izjemoma so bile zunanje površine obarvane sivo and fractures. In only a few instances were the outer ali rdeče-rjavo. Modri, sivi in črni odtenki so bili surfaces grey or reddish-brown. Blue, grey and black zabeleženi predvsem na kosteh iz gomil v Pivoli. Na shades were mainly observed on the bones from the kosteh so bile vidne prečne, vzdolžne, mrežaste in Pivola mounds. Transverse, longitudinal, reticular, U-oblikovane razpoke, izrazito upognjeni odlom- and U-shaped cracks were visible on the bones from ki pa so bili zabeleženi med kostmi iz gomile nad all three locations, while distinctly curved fragments Razvanjem. were identified only among the bones from Velika Histološka analiza kosti iz gomile nad Razva- gomila above Razvanje. njem kaže deloma ohranjeno mikrostrukturo. Prepo- Histological analysis of the bone from Velika znavni so primarni osteoni, sekundarni osteoni s Ha- gomila above Razvanje showed a partially preserved versonovimi kanali, lakune in lamelarna kortikalna microstructure. Primary osteons, secondary osteons kost ( sl. 4). Pod polarizacijsko svetlobo je vidno, da with Haversian canals, lacunae and lamellar cortical dvolomnost ni ohranjena ( sl. 4B in 4C). S histološko bone were all recognizable ( fig. 4). The birefringence analizo in uporabo regresivnih enačb je bila starost of the bone was not preserved, as observed under 14 14 Glej tu Toškan; Thomas, Sežgani človeški ostanki. See here Toškan; Thomas, Cremated human remains. 528 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 528 8. 03. 2021 12:56:12 Slika 4. Mikrografi preseka stegnenice iz Velike Gomile nad Figure 4. Micrographs of the femur cross-section from Velika Razvanjem (100 × povečava). A – Mikrograf pod presevno gomila above Razvanje (100 × magnification). A – Micrograph svetlobo, ki kaže na dobro ohranjeno mikrostrukturo kosti. under the plane polarised light, showing well-preserved bone B – Mikrograf pod polarizacijsko svetlobo, kjer odsotnost microstructure. B – Micrograph under the crossed polarised temnih in svetlih odtenkov kaže na izgubo dvolomnosti. light, lacking dark and bright hues, indicating the loss of C – Mikrograf pod polarizacijsko svetlobo in z uporabo birefringence. C – Micrograph under crossed polarised light lambda filtra, kjer odsotnost različnih barv kaže na urejeno with lambda filter applied. The lack of different colours in poenoteno kristalinsko strukturo različnih delov indicates organised and unified crystalline structure of mikrostrukture kosti. different microstructural parts of the bone. osebe, pokopane v gomili nad Razvanjem, ocenjena crossed polarizing light, indicating that temper- na 30–50 let. atures of some 800 °C were achieved ( figs. 4B and Spektri vzorcev sežganih kosti kažejo izgubo or-4C). Based on the histological analysis and the use ganskih snovi oz. kolagena v kosteh ter spremembe v of regression equations, the age at death of the indi- strukturi minerala ( sl. 5). Vsi vrhovi amidov ( I–III) vidual buried in Velika gomila was estimated to be na območju med ~1150 in ~1700 cm-1, ki v kosti 30–50 years. večinoma predstavljajo kolagen, so z razgradnjo or- The spectra of burned bones indicated the loss of ganskih snovi povsem izginili. Ohranili so se le v tem their organic matter, namely the collagen, and chang- delu spektra zaznavni vrhovi karbonata (CO ), vi- es in their mineral structure ( fig. 5). All the amide 3 dni pri ~1415 in 1460 cm-1. Opazno spremenjeni peaks (I-III) in the range between ~1150 and ~1700 so tudi vrhovi fosfata (PO ) in karbonata (CO ), ki cm–1, which mostly represent the bone’s collagen, had 4 3 so zaradi izgube nekaterih komponent bodisi ožji in completely disappeared with the degradation of or- ostrejši (~480–620 cm-1, ~900–1150 cm-1) bodisi ganic matter. In this part of the spectrum, the only so skoraj povsem izginili (~870 cm-1, ~1300–1500 detectable peaks were those of the carbonates (CO ), 3 cm-1). Z izpostavitvijo visokim temperaturam je v visible at ~1415 and ~1460 cm-1. The peaks of the kosteh prišlo do sprememb minerala, zaradi česar sta phosphates (PO ) and carbonates (CO ) were also 4 3 se pojavila nova vrhova fosfata (PO ) pri ~630 cm-1 noticeably altered: they were either narrower and 4 Slika 5. ATR-FTIR spektri sveže kosti ter vzorcev kosti iz obravnavanih grobov. Figure 5. The ATR- FTIR spectra of fresh bone and bone samples from the analysed graves. 529 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 529 8. 03. 2021 12:56:14 in cianamida (CN/P) pri ~2010 cm-1, slednji jasne-sharper (~ 480–620 cm-1, ~ 900–1150 cm-1) or had je pri vzorcu iz Pivole. V spektru vidne spremembe almost completely disappeared due to the loss of some potrjujejo tudi izračunana razmerja, saj je količina components (~870 cm-1, ~1300–1500 cm-1). With organskih snovi in karbonatov, predvsem karbona- the exposure to high temperatures, mineral changes tov tipa B, jasno upadla, faktor cepljenja, ki odraža led to the appearance of a new phosphate (PO ) peak 4 kristaliničnost in urejenost mineralne mreže, pa se je at ~630 cm-1 and a cyanamide (CN/P) peak at ~2010 močno dvignil ( sl. 6). Vsebnosti cianamida so kljub cm-1, the latter being more pronounced in the Pivo-opaznim vrhovom nizke, pod 0,25, kar kaže na nji- la sample. The observed changes in the spectra were hovo komaj zaznavno prisotnost.15 also confirmed by the calculated ratios, as the amount of the organic matter and carbonates, especially the Slika 6. Razmerja Vzorec / type B carbonates, had decreased significantly, where- API BPI SF C/C AmI/P CN/P (glej sl. 1), izračunana Sample as the splitting factor, representing crystallinity and na podlagi višine Pivola 0,017 0,07 5,89 1,60 0,009 0,05 vrhov spektrov. the order in the mineral lattice has strongly increased Razvanje 0,004 0,02 6,55 1,85 0,002 0,01 Figure 6. Selected ( fig. 6). Despite noticeable peaks, the cyanamide con-ratios (see fig. 1), Sveža kost / 0,673 0,91 3,82 0,85 0,278 0,01 Fresh bone centrations were rather low, below 0.25, indicating calculated based on the spectral peak that they were hardly present.15 heights. ZAKLJUČKI CONCLUSIONS Žgani skeletni ostanki iz gomil nad Razvanjem ( sl. The cremated skeletal remains from the three 7) in v Pivoli ( sl. 8) so bili skromni, zastopani z bolj mounds at Razvanje ( fig. 7) and Pivola ( fig. 8) were ali manj slabo ohranjenimi odlomki žganih kosti, modest, and consisted of poorly preserved fragments zaradi česar so z analizami pridobljeni podatki ome- of cremated bones with limited data potential. Anal- jeni. Analize vseh obravnavanih žganih kosti kažejo yses indicate they were associated with single burials, na posamične pokope, saj v nobenem primeru ni given that neither duplicate skeletal elements nor bilo prepoznati podvojenih skeletnih elementov ali pronounced differences in the development of dif- izrazitih razlik v razvitosti različnih delov skeleta, ki ferent skeletal elements indicating several individuals bi kazale na več oseb različne starosti. Vendarle gre of different ages were identified. However, it should pri Veliki gomili nad Razvanjem opozoriti, da je bila be noted that Velika gomila above Razvanje was loot- gomila v preteklosti izropana in so arheološka izko- ed in the past and that archaeological excavations pavanja odkrila dvoje ločenih, vzhodno in zahodno revealed two separate concentrations of cremains zgostitev žganih ostankov.16 Izpostaviti velja tudi, da in the east and west part of the burial chamber.16 It so bili odlomki lobanje, nadlahtnice in podlahtnice should also be stressed that both concentrations con- zastopani v obeh zgostitvah. Zato pokop dveh oseb tained fragments of the skull, upper arm, and fore- ne more biti povsem izključen. arm. Therefore, the burial of two individuals cannot Kosti vseh analiziranih oseb so bile preslabo be completely excluded. ohranjene, da bi bilo mogoče ugotoviti spol, izraču- The bones of all the examined individuals were nati telesno višino ali opaziti patološke spremembe. too poorly preserved to assess the sex, calculate the Starost v času smrti je bilo makroskopsko mogoče stature, or observe any pathological changes. The le grobo oceniti. Na osnovi debeline (4–6 mm) od- age at death could only be roughly estimated mac- lomkov lobanje je soditi, da so bile v vseh obrav- roscopically. Due to the thickness (4–6 mm) of the navanih grobovih pokopane odrasle osebe. Odpr- cranial fragments, it was concluded that the adults tost lobanjskih šivov pri osebah iz Velike gomile were buried in all the graves examined. The open- nad Razvanjem in iz gomile 13 iz Pivole ( sl. 8A) ness of the cranial sutures in the skull from Velika nadalje kaže, da so bile osebe v času smrti mlajše gomila above Razvanje and the other from Mound od približno 30 let. Histološka analiza je z analizo 13 at Pivola ( fig. 8A) further indicates that the indi-mikrostrukture kosti in uporabo regresivne enačbe viduals were less than approximately 30 years old at omogočila oceno starosti osebe iz Velike gomile nad the time of their death. The histological analysis of Razvanjem na 30–50 let ( sl. 4). the bone microstructure and the regression equation V vseh obravnavanih grobovih so prevladovale place the age at death of the individual from Velika kosti bele barve ( sl. 7 in 8), kar kaže na izposta-gomila above Razvanje within the 30–50 years age vitev temperaturam nad 650 °C. Glede na izgubo range ( fig. 4). 15 15 Snoeck et al. 2014. Snoeck et al. 2014. 16 16 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. See here Strmčnik Gulič. Kajzer, Kramberger. 530 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 530 8. 03. 2021 12:56:14 Slika 7. Ohranjeni odlomki žganih kosti z značilnostmi iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem. A – Odlomek podlahtnice z globoko prečno razpoko. B – Odlomek telesa vretenca. C – Odlomek dolge kosti z belo notranjo in sivo prelomno površino. D – Odlomek lobanje z mrežastimi razpokami na površini. Figure 7. Preserved cremated bone fragments from Velika gomila above Razvanje. A – A fragment of ulna with a deep transverse fracture. B – A fragment of the vertebral body. C – A fragment of a long bone with white inner surface and grey hues in the cross-section. dvolomnosti pri kosti iz gomile nad Razvanjem gre In all the graves considered, white bones pre- D – A fragment of sklepati, da so bile kosti najverjetneje izpostavljene dominated ( figs. 7 and 8), indicating that they the cranium with fine temperaturam nad 800 °C.17 Še bolj oprijemljiva were exposed to temperatures above 650°C. Given mesh fractures on the izhodišča za oceno temperature, ki so ji bile ko-the loss of birefringence in the bones from Velika surface. sti izpostavljene, nudijo rezultati spektroskopije. gomila above Razvanje, it can be concluded that Analiza spektrov oz. pojav vrha pri ~630 cm-1 pri- the bones were most likely exposed to temperatures ča o izpostaviti kosti nad 700 °C. Glede na raz- above 800°C.17 The spectroscopy results made more merja C/C in SF18 ( sl. 6) so bile najvišjim tempe-precise estimates of the firing temperature possible. raturam, verjetno nad 900 °C, izpostavljene kosti The spectral analysis and the appearance of a peak iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem, kosti iz Pivole pa at ~630 cm-1 testify to the exposure of the bones to so bile verjetno izpostavljene temperaturam okoli temperatures above 700°C. According to the C/C 800 °C. Črni, sivi in modri odtenki prelomnih in and SF ratios18 ( fig. 6), the bones from Velika gomila notranjih površin vendarle kažejo, da nekateri deli above Razvanje were exposed to the highest temper- kosti niso bili izpostavljeni tako visokim tempera- ature, probably above 900°C. The bones from Piv- turam ali dovolj dolgo časa, da bi kosti popolnoma ola were probably exposed to temperatures around kalcinirale. Odlomki s sivo in modro obarvanimi 800°C. However, black, grey, and blue shades of the zunanjimi površinami pričajo o izpostavljenosti fractures and the inner surfaces indicate that some temperaturam med 360 °C in 650 °C, sicer redko parts of the bone were not exposed to such high prisotne črne zunanje površine pa temperaturam temperatures, or for too short a time, to completely pod 360 °C. Izpostavljenost različnim temperatu- calcify. Fragments with grey and blue outer surfaces ram je najverjetneje posledica prisotnosti mehkega indicate that they were exposed to temperatures be- tkiva, različne anatomske pozicije kosti ali/in dela tween 360°C and 650°C, while black outer surfaces telesa na grmadi. rarely show temperatures below 360°C. Exposure Vzorci razpok na odlomkih kosti iz vseh grobov to different temperatures is most likely the result of pričajo o hitrih spremembah v vsebnosti kolagena v the presence of soft tissue, the different anatomical 17 17 Mayne Correia 1997, 275–293. Mayne Correia 1997, 275–293. 18 18 Snoeck et al. 2014. Snoeck et al. 2014. 531 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 531 8. 03. 2021 12:56:14 Slika 8. Ohranjeni odlomki žganih kosti iz gomil v Pivoli z značilnostmi: A – Odlomek lobanje iz gomile 13 z deloma ohranjenim in odprtim lobanjskim šivom. B – Del medenice iz gomile 14. C – Odlomki kosti iz gomile 14 z različnimi vzorci razpok na površini. Figure 8. Preserved bone fragments from Pivola mounds with a number of indicative characteristics. A – A fragment of the cranium from the Mound 13 with partially preserved and opened suture. B – Part of the os coxae from the Mound 14. C – Bone fragments kosteh ter kažejo na prisotnost in krčenje mehkega position of the bones and/or the placement of a body from the Mound 14 with different fracture tkiva med sežigom (U-oblikovane razpoke), izhlape-part on the funeral pyre. patterns. vanje in denaturacijo beljakovin (vzdolžne razpoke), Crack patterns on bone fragments from all the postopno napredovanje ognja navzgor ali navzdol graves indicated rapid changes in the collagen content po deblu kosti (prečne razpoke) ter enakomerno iz- of the bones. They also indicated the presence and postavljenost večjih delov kosti visoki temperaturi contraction of soft tissue during burning (U-shaped ali sežig mehkega tkiva (mrežaste razpoke). Ker so cracks); the evaporation and denaturation of proteins temperature presegle 600 °C, je prišlo do vsaj 1–2 % (longitudinal cracks); the gradual progression of fire up krčenja kosti. or down the shaft of the bone (transverse cracks); and Prisotnost različnih delov skeleta, skupaj z razno- the exposure of large parts of the bone to high tempera- liko obarvanostjo in razpokanostjo kosti, nakazuje tures or the burning of the soft tissue (reticular cracks). na sežig celotnega telesa. Med določljivimi elementi At temperatures above 600°C, there was at least 1–2% je sicer opaziti prevlado lobanjskih in dolgih kosti, bone shrinkage. kar je razložljivo z dejstvom, da lobanja in dolge ko- The presence of different parts of the skeleton sti predstavljajo večji delež, 20 % oz. 60 % skele- and the different colouring and cracking of the bones ta. Poleg tega so odlomki lobanje zaradi specifičnih indicates cremation of the whole body. Among the morfoloških lastnosti bolje prepoznavni kot preostali identifiable skeletal elements, the skull and long deli skeleta.19 bones predominate, which can be explained by the Cianamide je zaradi njihove nizke in tako ko- fact that the skull and long bones make up a major maj zaznavne vsebnosti težko razložiti. Običajno je portion of the skeleton: 20% and 60% respectively. njihova prisotnost povezana s sežigom celotnega te- In addition, skull fragments are more easily identifi- lesa, torej skupaj z mehkim tkivom ter redukcijskimi able than the rest of the skeleton due to their specific pogoji.20 Glede na to, da ostali rezultati kažejo sežig morphological characteristics.19 celotnega telesa, nizka vsebnost cianamidov morda The cyanamide results are difficult to interpret kaže na oksidacijske pogoje, torej visoko razmerje due to its low and therefore hardly detectable con- med kisikom in gorivom, kar je značilno za majhne centrations. Its presence is usually associated with a grmade in/ali dobro zračnost.21 cremation of the entire body, i.e. together with soft tissue and reducing conditions.20 Since the other 19 Trotter, Peterson 1962, 669; Gonçalves 2012; Gonçalves 19 et al. 2015, 82–83. Trotter, Peterson 1962, 669; Gonçalves 2012; Gonçalves 20 Snoeck et al. 2014. et al. 2015, 82–83. 21 20 Snoeck et al. 2014; Snoeck et al. 2018. Snoeck et al. 2014. 532 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 532 8. 03. 2021 12:56:15 Teže ohranjenih človeških kosti iz analiziranih results show entire-body cremation, the low cyana-grobov (od 117,3 g do 2019 g) so nizke, močno pod mide content may indicate oxidation conditions, i.e. ocenjenim povprečjem človeških žganih ostankov iz a high oxygen-fuel ratio, characteristic of small pyres arheoloških kontekstov, ki znaša ~1600 g.22 Razlogi and/or good ventilation.21 za nizke teže so verjetno posledica različnih okoliščin, The weight of the preserved human bones from od načina sežiga, zbiranja kosti s pogorišča grmade the individual graves (ranging from 117.3 g to 219 g) in načina pokopa, do kasnejših poškodb gomil. is low – far below the estimated average of 1600 g for the human cremains from various archaeological contexts.22 The reasons for the low values are prob- ably linked to a variety of factors ranging from dis- tinct cremation practices to the selective collection of some bones from the pyre for interment at the burial site. In addition, natural post-depositional processes and looting might also have contributed to the small quantity of bones recovered. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Cavalli F., Innocenti D., Črešnar M., Vinazza M. 2015 Hummel S., Schutkowski H. 1993 Multidetector computed tomography and micro-excavation of Approaches to the Histological Age Determination of Cremat-prehistoric urn from Novine / Hoarachkogel (Slovenia / Aused Human Remains. – V/In: G. Grupe, A. N. Garland (ur./ tria). – V/In: M. Črešnar, M. Mele, K. Peitler, M. Vinazza (ur./ eds.), Histology of Ancient Human Bone: Methods and Diagnosis, eds.), Archäologische Biographie einer Landschaft an der steirisch-Berlin, 111–123. slowenischen Grenze / Arheološka biografija krajine ob meji med avstrijsko Štajersko in Slovenijo, Schild von Steier, Beiheft 6 , Lebon, M., Reiche I., Gallet X., Bellot-Gurlet L., Zazzo A. 2016 238–244. Rapid Quantification of Bone Collagen Content by ATR-FT- IR Spectroscopy. – Radiocarbon 58/01, 131–145. 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B. 2012 A new statistical approach for determining the crystallinity of Plastic Embedding and Polishing of Bone for Reflected Light heat-altered bone mineral from FTIR spectra. – Journal of Ar-and Electron Microscopy. – V/In: L. S. Bell (ur./ed.), Forensic chaeological Science 40, 416–422. Microscopy for Skeletal Tissues: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, Burnaby, 21–36. Tomazo-Ravnik T. 1990 Poročilo o žganih človeških ostankih iz Poštele - antropološka obdelava. – V/In: B. Teržan, Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem / The early Iron Age in Slovenian Styria, Katalogi in monografije 25, Ljubljana, 373. 534 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 534 8. 03. 2021 12:56:15 DODATEK – BREZJE POD ADDENDUM – BREZJE BRINJEVO GORO, SREDNJA BELOW BRINJEVA GORA, BRONASTA DOBA MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I. ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA I. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SKELETOV IZ GOMILE ANALYSES OF THE SKELE- TONS FROM THE TUMULUS Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik Analizirali smo štiri skelete, odkrite v gomili iz sre- This paper presents the results of the analysis of dnje bronaste dobe na Brezju pod Brinjevo goro.1 four skeletons from the Middle Bronze Age tumu- V letih 1957 in 1958 sta kostne ostanke strokov- lus at Brezje near Brinjeva gora.1 Skeletal remains no pregledala antropologinja Vida Brodar in sto- were examined by anthropologist Vida Brodar and matolog Vlado Wolf,2 a celostni rezultati niso bili stomatologist Vlado Wolf as early as 1957 and objavljeni. 1958;2 however, no comprehensive report has yet Za bodoče raziskave so pomembni tudi podatki, been published. kako je bilo kostno gradivo shranjeno, ko smo ga The storage conditions of the skeletal material dobili v obdelavo. Nahajalo se je v treh škatlah. V used in this study may be pertinent to future research, prvi so bili drobni fragmenti štirih lobanj v plastič- and are described here. The bone assemblage was nih vrečkah. Ločeno so bili v vrečkah dve robustni stored in three boxes. Within the first, small fragments spodnji čeljustnici in fragmenti zgornje čeljustnice. of four crania were kept in plastic bags. Separate bags Prav tako so bili ločeno shranjeni lističi z oznako šte- contained two robust mandibles and fragments of a vilke spodnje čeljustnice in lističi z obvestilom, da so maxilla. Also stored separately were a numbered la- čeljustnice z zobmi v obdelavi pri Valterju Krušiču. bel for a mandible, and a note that mandibles with V drugi škatli smo ob prvem pregledu 15. 12. 2011 teeth were sent to Valter Krušič for analysis. On the identificirali skeletne ostanke treh skeletov. Priloženi 15th of December 2011, the first inspection of the sec-so bili označevalni lističi z različnimi oznakami. V ond box revealed skeletal remains of three individuals. tretji škatli so bili v šestih vrečkah skeletni ostanki s Notes with different labels were also enclosed in the priloženimi lističi z različnimi oznakami. box. The third box contained six bags with postcranial S pomočjo opisov in slikovnega gradiva, ki jih remains and accompanying labels with notes. prinaša S. Pahič v svoji objavi, in lističev, ki so spreThe descriptions and illustrations by S. Pahič, mljali gradivo, smo uspeli z veliko verjetnostjo sesta- and the notes accompanying the material, made viti skelete iz grobov 2 do 5.3 it possible to accurately assemble skeletons from Pregled in analize so bile opravljene po stan- Graves 2 to 5.3 dardnih antropometrijskih in antroposkopskih The overview and analyses of the skeletal mate- metodah.4 Rezultati so bili detajlno predstavljeni v rial were performed by following standard anthropo- poročilu,5 na tem mestu pa podajamo le povzetek metric and anthroposcopic methods.4 Whereas de- naših ugotovitev. tailed results were presented in the skeletal report5, this paper summarises its most important findings. 1 Pahič 1962–1963. 1 2 Pahič 1962–1963. I was granted access to the report by Vida Brodar (1957?) 2 Na vpogled mi je bilo gradivo Vide Brodar (1957?) z na- titled Brezje pri Zrečah. It incorporated typescript of her slovom Brezje pri Zrečah. Vsebovalo je tipkopis obdelave skeletal analysis (6 pages without a date); Vlado Wolf`s (6 strani, brez datuma), tipkopis stomatološke obdelave typescript of his stomatological analysis (2 pages dated Vlada Wolfa (2 strani, dne 30. 08. 1958) ter tri strani do-30.08.1958); and 3 pages of correspondence between S. pisov med Pokrajinskim muzejem Maribor (S. Pahič in B. Pahič and B. Teply of the Regional Museum Maribor and Teply med leti 1955 in 1957) in Vido Brodar. Vida Brodar from the years 1955–1957. 3 3 Ker je pri nekaterih grobovih prišlo tudi do razhajanj med As there were discrepancies between the labels for some nekaterimi oznakami, to prinašamo kot opombe pri vsa- of the graves, I include them all in the footnotes for each kem analiziranem skeletu. analysed skeleton. 4 4 Brothwell 1981; Bass 1987; Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Brothwell 1981; Bass 1987; Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Miladinović 2006; Blau, Ubelaker 2009. Miladinović 2006; Blau, Ubelaker 2009. 5 5 Tomazo Ravnik 2012. Tomazo Ravnik 2012. 535 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 535 8. 03. 2021 12:56:15 REZULTATI RESULTS Skelet 26 Skeleton 26 Moški (stopnja seksualizacije je +1.68), maturus II Male (degree of sexualisation +1.68); maturus II (več kot 50 let). (over 50 years). Cranium Cranium Lobanja je robustnega videza, v normi verticalis sphe- The cranium is robust. The vertical norm is spheroi- roidne oblike in v normi occipitalis hišaste oblike. dal; the occipital norm resembles a house-like form. Mere na lobanji: največja dolžina – 18,3 cm, naj- Cranial measurements: maximum length – 18.3 večja širina – 15,1 cm, bigonialna širina – 11,3 cm, cm; maximum width – 15.1 cm; bigonial width – bikondilarna širina – 12,9 cm, sprednja višina corpu- 11.3 cm; bicondylar width – 12.9 cm; anterior cor- sa – 3,4 cm, kranialni indeks – 82,5 (brachycrania), pus height – 3.4 cm; cranial index – 82.5 (brachy- index mandibule – 87,6, debelina lobanjske kosti: na cranic); mandibular index – 87.6. Thickness of the mestu inion – 1,4 cm, tuber frontale – 0,6 cm, tuber cranial bones: at inion – 1.4 cm; at frontal eminence parietale – 0,7 cm. – 0.6 cm; at parietal eminence – 0.7 cm. Os frontale – Nadočesni oboki so zelo močni, izrazita je Frontal bone – Supraorbital ridges are strongly pro-tudi glabella. Rob orbite ima izrazit polkrožno obli- nounced, glabella is pronounced. The supraorbital kovan rob. Znaki, ki kažejo na stopnjo seksualizacije: margin is distinctly rounded. Characteristics for the glabella +2, arcus supercillialis +2, tubera frontalia 0, degree of sexualisation: glabella +2; supraciliary arch inclinatio frontale +1, margo supraorbitalis +2. Sutu- +2; frontal eminences 0; frontal inclination +1; su- ra coronalis je rahlo vidna le eksterno. praorbital ridge +2. Coronal suture is only discern- Os parietale – Oblikovanost obeh tuber parietalia 0. Suible externally. tura sagittalis ni vidna. Obe suturi squamozi vidni in Parietal bone – Morphology of the parietal tubercles 0. nezarasli. Sagittal suture is unobservable. Both squamosal su- Os occipitale – Ohranjena je le squama occipitalis. Podro-tures are visible and open. čje iniona je močno izraženo. Relief planum nucha- Occipital bone– Only the squamous portion is preserved. le +2, protuberantia occipitalis externa +2. Sutura Area of the inion is strongly pronounced. Relief of lambdoidea je rahlo vidna le eksterno. nuchal plane +2; external occipital protuberance +2. Os zygomaticum – Robustnega videza. Izraženost +1. Lambdoid suture is only discernible externally. Os temporale – Ohranjen le fragmenta pars petrosum. Zygomatic bone – Robust. Prominence +1. Mandibula – Ohranjen je corpus, oba angulusa in ramus. Temporal bone – Only a fragment of the petrous portion Je zelo robustna +2. Področje gonionov ni izrazito iz-is preserved. vihano, ima pa izražena narastišča žvekalnega mišičja Mandible – Both angles and ramus of the mandibular cor- +1. Obradek – mentum je močan +2. Spodnji rob pus are preserved. Very robust +2. While the gonial corpusa je debel +2. Foramen mentale se nahaja med angle is not notably everted, the attachments for the prvim in drugim praemolarjem. Dentes – Manjkata mastication muscles are pronounced +1. Mental em-le oba prva inciziva. Ostali zobje so ohranjeni, vključ- inence is massive +2. Inferior border of the corpus is no s tretjimi molarji. Obraba – abrazija je srednja do thick +2. Mental foramen is positioned between the močna pri molarjih. Po Brothwelovi lestvici7 kaže na first and second premolar. Dentition – Both first in- starost več kot 45 let. cisors are missing. The rest of the teeth are preserved, Maxilla – Ohranjena sta levi in desni processus palatinus including third molars. Dental wear of the molars is in processus alveolaris. Levi maxillarni sinus je delno medium to advanced. Brothwell`s scale7 indicates age ohranjen. Dentes – Desno – manjkata oba inciziva in over 45 years. drugi praemolar. Canin ima močno abrazijo, saj je Maxilla – The left and right palatine process and alveolar vidna zobna pulpa. Na mestu prvega molarja je pri-process are all preserved. The left maxillary sinus is sotna atrofija. Drugi molar ima posebno oblikovano only partially preserved. Dentition – Right: both inci- obrabo grizne površine, ki je zelo intenzivna. Bukal- sors and second premolar are missing. Canine is high- na stran je višje ohranjena (5 mm) od lingvalne, ki je ly abraded and the pulp is visible. Alveolus of the first 6 6 Ostale oznake: Pahič – grob 2, Brodar – grob 2, Wolf – Other notes: Pahič – Grave 2; Brodar – Grave 2; Wolf – lobanja 4. Oznake na listkih: grob 2!, grob 2 VB4 (2?) ali Cranium 4. Notes on the labels: Grave 2!; Grave 2 VB4 prečrtana številka 2, skelet št. 4. (2?); crossed out number 2; skeleton No. 4. 7 7 Brothwell 1981. Brothwell 1981. 536 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 536 8. 03. 2021 12:56:15 veliko nižja, kjer sploh ni več sklenine in je prisotna molar is atrophied. The second molar has a specifi-le korenina. Na lingvalni strani obeh drugih molarjev cally shaped and intensively abraded biting surface. je na meji med krono in korenino viden karies. Tretji The buccal side is significantly higher (5 mm) when molar je izrasel, a ni ohranjen. Levo – ohranjena oba compared to the lower lingual side, where the enamel inciziva, canin in prvi praemolar. Na mestu drugega is completely lost and only the root is preserved. On praemolarja je le alveola. Sledi atrofirani del in drugi the lingual side of the second molar, caries is visible molar ter alveola brez tretjega molarja. Drugi molar on the cervical line between the crown and the root. prav tako izkazuje posebno oblikovano grizno površi- The third molar has erupted but is not preserved. no, kot je opisana pri desni strani. Tudi tu je abrazija Left: both incisors, canine and first premolar are pre-srednja do močna. served. Only the alveolus of the second premolar is preserved. It is followed by the atrophied alveoli of the Postcranium first and second molars, and the alveolus of the third Slabo ohranjen. molar without the tooth. The second molar presents a specifically shaped biting surface, similar to that de-Vertebrae – 30 malih fragmentov corpusov in arcusov in scribed for the right side. Likewise, this side of the fragment os sacruma. maxilla has medium to advanced dental wear. Thorax – En fragment manubrium sterni. Costae – 52 fragmentov corpusov costae (velikosti od 2 Postcranium cm do 10 cm). Poorly preserved. Ossa membri superioris Scapula – Ohranjena leva in desna fragmenta cavitas gle-Vertebrae – 30 small fragments of vertebral bodies and noidalis (višina 3,8 in 4,0 cm) in fragment spinae arches, one fragment of the sacrum. scapulae. Thorax – One fragment of the manubrium of the sternum. Clavicula – Desna – srednje izražena, cela z fragmentira-Ribs – 52 fragments of the bodies of the ribs (varying nima sklepnima koncema. Leva – fragment extremi-from 2 cm to 10 cm in size). tas acromialis z močnimi narastišči mišic. Bones of the upper body Humerus – Desni – fragment caputa in corpusa (33 cm) Scapula – Fragments of left and right glenoid cavity in fragment distalne epifize. Caput premer – 4,6 cm (height 3.8 cm and 4.0 cm), and one fragment of the in obod corpusa – 6,5 cm. Levi – fragment corpusa scapular spine. (10,2 cm) in 1 fragment distalne epifize z fragmen- Clavicle – Right: medium built, completely preserved tom capituluma in trochlee. with fragmented medial and lateral ends. Left: one Radius – Dva fragmenta, proksimalni del (2,3 cm) in dis-fragment of the acromial end with pronounced mus- talni del (2,4 cm). Srednje močna. cle attachments. Ulna – Desna – en manjši fragment proksimalne epifize Humerus – Right: a fragment of the head and a diaphysis – acromion. Leva – fragment proksimalnega dela in (33 cm), and a fragment of the distal epiphysis. The corpusa (8,5 cm) z močnimi narastišči. diameter of the head (4.6 cm) and midshaft circum- Manus – Ossa carpi: dve os capitatum, en os lunatum. ference (6.5 cm). Left: a fragment of the diaphysis Ossa metacarpi: pet (leva in desna tretja in trije fra- (10.2 cm) and one fragment of the distal epiphysis gmenti corpusov). Ossa digitorum manus: sedem with partially preserved capitulum and trochlea. proksimalnih, tri medialne in ena distalna phalanga. Radius – Two fragments, a proximal end (2.3 cm) and a Ossa membri inferioris distal end (2.4 cm). Medium built. Os coxae – Del facies auricularis kaže znake starosti okoli Ulna – Right: one small fragment of the proximal epiph-50 in 55 let z delom incisure ischiadice maior; oblika ysis – acromion. Left: a fragment of the proximal end ni določljiva; sledov sulcus praeauricularisa ni. Del and a diaphysis (8.5 cm) with pronounced muscle cristae illiace kaže znake odrasle kosti. Del facies art-attachments. cularis acetabula (facies lunata). Del facies symphyse- Hand – Carpal bones: two capitates, one lunate. Metacar-os os pubis kaže znake za starost, višjo od 50 let. pal bones: five (left and right third, and three frag- Femur – Levi – fragment corpusa (30 cm), caputa in col-ments of the body). Hand phalanges: seven proxi- luma, dva fragmenta condylusa. Linea aspera izrazita. mal, three medial and one distal. Obod sredine corpusa – 8,7 cm. Desni – fragment Bones of the lower body corpusa (13,5 cm). Pelvis– morphological characteristics of the partially pre-Tibia – En fragment osrednjega dela corpusa (11,2 cm). served auricular surface indicate an age around 50 to Fibula – En fragment corpusa fibulae (14 cm). 55 years. Also partially preserved is a greater sciatic 537 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 537 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 Pes – Ossa tarsi: dva fragmenta talusa (trochlea – 3,4 cm), notch, the form of which cannot be assessed. Preau-en fragment calcaneusa, os cuneiforme media. Ossa ricular sulcus is not present. Partially preserved iliac metatarsi: štirje fragmenti in dve tretji, dve četrti in crest indicates bones of an adult. Partially preserved dve peti stopalnici. Ossa digitorum pedis: dve proxi- auricular surface of the acetabulum (the lunate sur- malni (palčevi) phalangi. face). Morphological characteristics of partially pre- served pubic symphysis indicate an age over 50 years. Femur – Left: a fragment of the diaphysis (30 cm); a head and a neck, two fragments of the condyle. Linea aspera is pronounced. Midshaft circumference – 8.7 cm. Right: a fragment of the diaphysis (13.5 cm). Tibia – One fragment of the middle part of the diaphysis (11.2 cm). Fibula – One fragment of the diaphysis (14 cm). Foot – Tarsal bones: Two fragments of talus (trochlea – 3.4 cm), one fragment of calcaneus, medial cuneiform. Metatarsal bones: four fragments and two third, two fourth and two fifth metatarsals. Foot phalanges: two proximal (first) phalanges. Skelet 38 Skeleton 38 Ženski (stopnja seksualizacije je – 2.0), adultus (več Female (degree of sexualisation -2.0); adultus (over kot 20 let). 20 years). Cranium Cranium Kalota je zelo gracilna s podaljšanim zatilnim delom. The cranial vault is very gracile with an extended oc- Nadaljnjih 31 manjših fragmentov lobanjskih kosti cipital part. I was unable to incorporate 31 smaller nismo uspeli vključiti pri rekonstrukciji (velikosti od fragments of the cranial bones (varying between 0.5 0,5 cm do 4,0 cm). cm and 4.0 cm in size) into the reconstruction. Mere na lobanji: največja dolžina – približno Cranial measurements: maximum length – ap- 21,7 cm, največja širina – približno 11,5 cm, debeli- proximately 21.7 cm; maximum width – approxi- na na mestu tuber frontale – 0,3 cm, tuber parietale mately 11.5 cm; thickness at frontal tubercle – 0.3 – 0,5 cm in iniona – 0,9 cm, kranialni indeks 52,9 cm; at parietal tubercle – 0.5 cm; and at inion – 0.9 (hyperdolichocrania). cm; cranial index 52.9 (hyperdolichocrania). Os frontale – Gracilna. Fragmentirana lateralno. Ohra-Frontal bone – Gracile. Laterally fragmented. Only left njen le levi orbitalni del. Arcusi suppracilliaris niso orbital part is preserved. Supraciliary arches are not izraženi -2, glabella gladka -2, margo supraorbitalis pronounced -2; glabella has a smooth contour -2; oster -2, tubera frontalia 0, inclinatio frontale -2. supraorbital ridge is sharp -2; frontal tubercles 0; Sutura coronalis lateralno vidna le eksterno, delno frontal inclination -2. The lateral part of the coronal medialni del. suture is only visible externally, and the medial part Os parietale – Desna in leva gracilni, fragmentirani. Su-is only partially visible. tura sagittalis rahlo obliterirana interno, eksterno še Parietal bone – Right and left, gracile and fragmented. vidna. The sagittal suture is slightly obliterated internally; Os occipitale – Gracilna. Ohranjen le zgornji del squame. externally it is still distinct. Protuberantia occipitalis externa -2. Sutura lambdoi- Occipital bone – Gracile. Only the upper portion of the dea interno rahlo obliterirana, eksterno dobro vidna. squamous part is preserved. External occipital protu- Os zygomaticum – Fragmenta desne in leve – gracilna -2. berance -2. Internally, the lambdoid suture is slightly Mandibula – En fragment corpusa mandibule z delno obliterated; externally it is still distinct. fragmentiranim angulusom (-1), brez ramusa. Pars Zygomatic bone – Fragments of the left and right bone – alveolaris ima na mestu tretjega molarja atrofijo s še gracile -2. 8 8 Ostale oznake: Pahič – grob 3, Brodar – grob 3, Wolf – Other notes: Pahič – Grave 3; Brodar – Grave 3; Wolf lobanja 3. Oznake na listkih: skelet št., VB: 3, skelet št. 3 – Cranium 3. Notes on the labels: Skeleton No. VB: 3; = 4, VB: 3 (4?) ali prečrtana številka 4. skelet No. 3 = 4; VB: 3 (4?); or crossed out number 4. 538 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 538 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 delno ohranjeno alveolo. Na mestu drugega molarja Mandible – One fragment of the mandibular body with pa je popolna atrofija. partially fragmented angle (-1), ramus is not preserved. Maxilla – Dva ohranjena fragmenta. Levi in desni proces-Dentition – At the position of the third molar, alveolar sus alveolaris z alveolami. Levo – ohranjen prvi inci-bone is atrophied with only a partially preserved alveo- ziv brez abrazije. Sledijo delno ohranjene alveole do lus. At the position of the second molar, alveolar bone molarjev. Desno – ohranjen canin z rahlo abrazijo. is completely atrophied. Sledi atrofija do predela molarjev, ki niso ohranjeni Maxilla – Two preserved fragments. Left and right alveo-oz. je ta del fragmentiran. Ohranjen je še en nedolo- lar processes with preserved alveoli. Dentition – Left: čljiv praemolar s kariesom in srednjo abrazijo grizne first incisor is preserved without any wear. It is fol- površine. lowed by partially preserved alveoli all the way to the molars. Right: lightly abraded canine is preserved. Postcranium It is followed by atrophied alveolar bone all the way Vertebrae – 22 drobnih fragmentov, trije fragmenti to the molars, which are not preserved, due to bone sacruma. fragmentation. An indefinable premolar is also pre- Costae – 38 fragmentov corpusov in dorzalnih delov. served, with caries and medium wear on the biting Ossa membri superioris (vsi fragmenti zelo gracilni). surface. Scapula – Desna – fragment cavitas glenoidalis. Leva - cavitas glenoidalis (višina 3,4 cm) in še pet fragmentov. Postcranium Clavicula – Desna in leva – fragment extr. sternalis in cor-Vertebrae – 22 small fragments, three fragments of the pusa ter fragment extr. acromialisa. sacrum. Humerus – Desni in levi fragmenti corpusa (32, cm, 13,5 Ribs – 38 fragments of the bodies and dorsal ends. cm in 7,5 cm) ter mali fragment trochlee. Bones of the upper body (all the fragments are very Radius – Fragment corpusa (11,0 cm). gracile). Ulna – Fragment corpusa (19,5 cm) in še 13 fragmentov Scapula – Right: fragments of the glenoid cavity. Left: gle-corpusov obeh kosti (3,5 cm do 9,0 cm). noid cavity (height 3.4 cm) and five other fragments. Manus – Ossa metacarpi:štirje fragmenti. Clavicle – Right and left: a fragment of the sternal end Ossa membri inferioris (kosti so fragmentirane in zelo with the body and a fragment of the acromial end. gracilnega videza) Humerus – Left and right fragments of the diaphyses Os coxae – Desna – fragmenti acetabula, tuber ossis ischii (32.0 cm, 13.5 cm and 7.5 cm), and a small fragment -2, del alae ossis ilii. Ohranjen del facies auricularis of trochlea. kaže površino za starost okoli 30 let. Incisura ischia- Radius – A fragment of the diaphysis (11.0 cm). dica zelo široka -2. Leva – fragment acetabula, allae Ulna – A fragment of the corpus (19.5 cm) and 13 frag-ossis ilii. In še pet fragmentov allae ossis ilii. ments of the left and right diaphyses (3.5 cm to 9 cm). Femur – Desni – fragment caputa in corpusa (38 cm); Hand – Metacarpals: four fragments. subtrohanterno transv. -2,1 cm, sagitt. – 2,6 cm, in- Bones of the lower body (bones are fragmented and very dex platymericus 123,8 – stenomeria, obod sredine gracile) diafize – 7,3 cm. Linea aspera nežna -2. Premer ca- Pelvis – Right: fragments of the acetabulum; ischial tuber-put femurja – približno 3,9 cm. Fragment distalne osity -2; part of the iliac wing. Morphological charac- diafize z facies patellaris. Levi – fragment corpusa teristics of the partially preserved auricular surface in-in distalnega dela (32,5 cm), fragment caputa. Pri- dicate an age of some 30 years. Greater sciatic notch bližna dolžina stegnenice, če kombiniramo obe je is very wide -2. Left: a fragment of the acetabulum, 40.0 cm. iliac wing, and five fragments of the wing. Tibia – Trije gracilni fragmenti corpus tibiae (6.0 cm, 8,5 Femur – Right: a fragment of the head and diaphysis (38 cm in 16.0 cm), dva fragmenta proksimalne epifize, cm); transverse subtrochanteric diameter – 2.1 cm; fragment distalne epifize. sagittal subtrochanteric diameter – 2.6 cm; platymer- Fibula – Fragmenta corpusa leve in desne (16,0 cm in ic index – 123.8; stenomeric, midshaft circumference 16,5 cm). – 7.3 cm. Unpronounced linea aspera -2. The diam- Pes – Fragment calcaneusa, fragment talusa (trochlea -2,8 eter of the head – approximately 3.9 cm. A fragment cm) oba gracilna. Ossa metatarsi: levi in desni prvi in of distal epiphysis with the patellar surface. Left: a štiri nedoločljivi fragmenti. fragment of the distal end of the diaphysis (32.5 cm); a fragment of the head. The approximate length of Ohranjenih je še 25 fragmentov sten dolgih ce- the femur, based on combining fragments of the left vastih kosti (velikosti od 4,0 cm do 9,0 cm). and right bones, is 40.0 cm. 539 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 539 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 Na osnovi meritev obeh femurjev in primerjave Tibia – Three gracile fragments of the diaphysis (6.0 cm, smo določili približno dolžino 40,0 cm. Po Manou-8.5 cm in 16.0 cm); two fragments of the proximal vrierjevi tabeli9 bi bila domnevna telesna višina žen- epiphysis; a fragment of the distal epiphysis. ske v grobu 3 med 151,3 in 152,8 cm. Fibula – Fragments of the left and right diaphyses (16.0 cm in 16.5 cm). Foot – A fragment of calcaneus; a fragment of talus (trochlea – 2.8 cm); both gracile. Metatarsal bones: left and right first metatarsal and four unidentifiable fragments. In addition, 25 fragments of the long bone di- aphyses (4.0 cm to 9.0 cm in size) are preserved. Based on the measurements and comparisons of both femurs, an approximate length of 40.0 cm was established. Using Manouvrier`s criterions,9 the esti- mated stature of the female individual from Grave 3 is between 151.3 cm and 152.8 cm. Skelet 410 Skeleton 410 Ženski (stopnja seksualizacije je – 1.67), maturus I Female (degree of sexualisation – 1.67); maturus I (med 40 in 50 let). (40 to 50 years). Cranium Cranium Lobanja je gracilna. Dolge oblike. The cranium is long and gracile. Mere na lobanji: največja dolžina – približno Cranial measurements: maximum length – ap- 18,3 cm, največja širina – približno 12,8 cm, os fron- proximately 18.3 cm; maximum width – approxi- tale – coronalno – 10,8 cm in frontotemporalno 9,2 mately 12.8 cm; frontal bone – coronal length – cm, debelina na mestu inion – 1,3 cm, tuber fron- 10.8 cm, and frontotemporal length 9.2 cm; thick- tale – 0,6 cm in tuber parietale – 0,4 cm, kranialni ness at inion – 1.3 cm at frontal tubercle – 0.6 cm indeks 69,9 (dolichocrania). and at parietal tubercle – 0.4 cm; cranial index 69.9 (dolichocrania). Os frontale – Arcus supercilliarisa poudarjena +1; levi močnejši, margo supracilliaris srednji 0, glabella Frontal bone – Prominent supraciliary arches +1, the left gladka 0, tuber frontale izražen -1. Sutura coronalis one is more pronounced; medium supraorbital mar- interno zarasla, eksterno lateralno zarasla, medialno gin 0; glabella has a smooth contour 0; prominence še rahlo vidna. of frontal tubercle -1. Internally, coronal suture is Os parietale – Desna – cela. Izraženost tubera -1. Leva – obliterated; externally, lateral end is obliterated, ohranjena le z zadnjo tretjino, ostalo ni ohranjeno. while medial end is still vaguely visible. Tuber izražen -1. Sutura sagittalis rahlo vidna le eks- Parietal bone – Right: complete. Prominence of parietal terno, interno že obliterirana. tubercle -1. Left: only posterior part of the bone is Os zygomaticum – Fragment leve. preserved. Prominence of parietal tubercle -1. Sagit- Os temporale – Fragmenta levega in desnega dela z pars tal suture is only seen externally; internally, it is com-petrosum in processus mastoideusom -1. Trije mali pletely obliterated. fragmenti squame in predela s fosso mandibularis. Zygomatic bone – A fragment of the left bone. Os occipitale – Ohranjen fragment zgornjega dela squame, Temporal bone – Two fragments of the left and right bone ki je gladka, ohranjen pars basalis in del pars late-with petrous portion and mastoid process -1. Three ralis z levim condylusom. Sutura lambdoidea dobro small fragments of the squama from the area of the vidna. mandibular fossa. 9 Manouvrier 1892. 9 10 Manouvrier 1892. Other notes: Pahič – Grave 4; Brodar – Grave 1; Wolf – 10 Ostale oznake: Pahič – grob 4, Brodar – grob 1, Wolf – Cranium 4. Notes on the labels: skeleton No. .4; VB4 (2?) lobanja 4. Oznake na listkih: skelet št. .4, VB4 (2?) ali or crossed out number 2; vb:1; (3?)3; 3B (crossed out); prečrtana številka 2, vb:1, (3?)3, 3B(prečrtano), 4, vb: l iz 4; VB: l from gr.1. Brodar and Wolf also described two gr.1. Brodarjeva in Wolf opisujeta tudi čeljustnici, ki pa ju mandibles, which were not present among the received v predanem materialu nismo našli. material. 540 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 540 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 Postcranium Occipital bone – A fragment of the superior part of the Vertebrae – Atlas in fragment vratnega vretenca. squama with a smooth contour, the basilar part, and Ossa membri superioris the lateral part with left condyle are preserved. The Scapula – Desna – processus coracoideus, fragment fossae lambdoid suture is distinct. glenoidalis. Leva – fragment processus coracoideus, fragment fossae glenoidalis (višina 3.6 cm). Postcranium Humerus – Desni in levi, dva fragmenta corpusa (21 cm Vertebrae – Atlas and a fragment of cervical vertebrae. in 20 cm). Na obeh corpusih srednje močno izražena Bones of the upper body narastišča. Scapula: right – coracoid process; a fragment of the gle-Radius – Dva gracilna fragmenta: proksimalni del in cor-noid cavity. Left – a fragment of coracoid process; a pus (17,5 cm) in le corpus (16,8 cm). fragment of glenoid cavity (height 3.6 cm). Ulna – En fragment corpusa (16,8 cm). Humerus – Right and left, two fragments of the diaphyses Ossa membri inferioris (kosti so srednje do gracilne) (21 cm and 20 cm). The muscle attachments on both Os coxae – Desno – fragment z incisuro ischiadico maior diaphyses are moderately pronounced. -2, fragment acetabuluma, fragment s facies auricu- Radius – Two gracile fragments: a proximal end with dia-laris (površina kaže na starost okoli 40 let). Levo – physis (17.5 cm) and a diaphysis (16.8 cm). fragment acetabula, fragment tuber ossis ischii, fra- Ulna – One fragment of the diaphysis (16.8 cm). gment allae ossis ilii. Bones of the lower body (bones are moderate to gracile) Femur – Desno – fragment corpusa (27,2 cm) in fragment Pelvis – Right: a fragment with the greater sciatic notch corpusa z distalnim delom (9,5 cm). Linea aspera -2. -2; a fragment of the acetabulum; a fragment with Levo – fragment caputa in colluma, fragment cor- the auricular surface (morphological characteristics pusa (27,0 cm) Subtrohaterno trans. 2,1 cm, sagitt. indicate an age of about 40 years). Left: a fragment of – 2,8 cm, obod sredine diafize – 7,5 cm. the acetabulum; a fragment of the ischial tuberosity; Tibia – Fragmenta desnega in levega corpusa tibiae (18,0 a fragment of the iliac wing. cm in 13,5 cm). Femur – Right: a fragment of the diaphysis (27.2 cm); Fibula – En fragment corpusa fibulae (8,0 cm). and a fragment of the diaphysis with the distal end Pes – Ossa tarsi: desni talus (trochlea – 2.7 cm), fragmen- (9.5 cm). Linea aspera -2. Left: a fragment of the ta desnega in levega calcaneusa (sklepna površina: 1,5 head and neck; a fragment of the diaphysis (27.0 cm). cm). Transverse subtrochanteric diameter – 2.1 cm; sagittal subtrochanteric diameter – 2.8 cm; midshaft circumference – 7.5 cm. Tibia – Two fragments of right and left diaphyses (18.0 cm in 13.5 cm). Fibula – One fragment of the diaphysis (8.0 cm). Foot – Tarsal bones: right talus (trochlea – 2.7 cm); fragments of right and left calcaneus (joint surface 1.5 cm). Skelet 511 Skeleton 511 Moški (stopnja seksualizacije je + 1.82), maturus II Male (degree of sexualisation + 1.82); maturus II (med 50 in 60 leti). (between 50 and 60 years). Cranium Cranium Lobanjo smo delno rekonstruirali iz 16 fragmentov. Cranium was partially reconstructed from 16 frag- Robustnega videza. V normi verticalis romboidne ments. It is robust. Vertical norm presents a rhom- oblike. Močna debelina kosti. boidal form. Bones are very thick. Mere na lobanji: največja dolžina – 17,3 cm, Cranial measurements: maximum length – 17.3 največja širina – 13,4 cm, os frontale – coronalno cm; maximum width – 13.4 cm; frontal bone in cor- 12,3 cm, frontotemporalna širina 10,0 cm, bigonial- onal plane 12.3 cm; frontotemporal breadth 10.0 na širina 8,7 cm, bikondilarna širina 12,5 cm, višina cm; bigonial width 8.7 cm; bicondylar width 12.5 kondila 7,4 cm, širina ramusa 3,9 cm, debelina na cm; condylar height 7.4 cm; ramus width 3.9 cm; 11 11 Ostale oznake: Pahič – grob 5, Brodar – grob 4, Wolf – Other notes: Pahič – Grave 5; Brodar – Grave 4; Wolf – lobanja 1. Oznake na listkih: skelet št 2, skelet št.4, VB 2 Cranium 1. Notes on the labels: skeleton No. 2; skeleton (5?) 5?, grob 5, 4 VB: 2. No. 4; VB 2 (5?) 5?; grave 5; 4 VB:2. 541 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 541 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 mestu tuber frontale 0,6 cm, tuber parietale 0,6 cm, thickness at frontal tubercle 0.6 cm, at parietal tu-kranialni indeks 77,5 (mesocrania), indeks čelnice bercle 0.6 cm; cranial index 77.5 (mesocrania); fron- 81,3, širinski indeks mandibule 69,6. tal index 81.3, mandibular width index 69.6. Os frontale – Delno fragmentirana. Manjka pars orbitalis, Frontal bone – Partially fragmented. Orbital part is miss-viden velik levi sinus frontalis. Ostali deli ohranjeni. ing, and a large left frontal sinus is visible. The rest Arcus supercillialis +2, izražena glabella +2, margo of the bone is preserved. Supraciliary arch +2; pro- supraorbitalis +2, tubera neizrazita +1. Področje leve- nounced glabella +2; supraorbital margin +2; fron- ga arcusa superciliarisa močneje izraženo kot na desni tal tubercles are unpronounced +1. Supraciliary arch strani. Sutura coronalis rahlo vidna le eksterno. is more pronounced on the left side than the right. Os parietale – Desna – cela. Leva - fragmentirana na me-Coronal suture is only discernible externally. Both stu tuber parietale. Sutura sagittalis rahlo vidna le ek-squamous sutures are open. sterno. Sutura squamosa je pri obeh še odprta. Occipital bone – Only the superior part of the squama Os occipitale – Ohranjen le zgornji del squame nad podro-around the inion is preserved. The lambdoid suture čjem iniona, ki pa ni ohranjen. Sutura lambdoidea is only discernible externally. rahlo vidna le eksterno. Zygomatic bone – Right and left. Frontal process width: Os zygomaticum – Desna in leva. Processus frontalis širi-right 1.3 cm; left 1.2 cm. Prominence +1. ne: desno 1,3 cm, levo 1,2 cm. Izraženost +1. Temporal bone – Only a fragment of the zygomatic proOs temporale – Le fragment processus zygomaticusa. cess is preserved. Mandibula – V celoti rekonstruirana iz sedmih delov in Mandible – Completely reconstructed from seven frag-zelo robustna +2. Protuberantia mentalis +2, angu- ments; very robust +2. Mental protuberance +2; strong lusa močna, a ne evertirana +2, močan margo infe- but not everted angles +2; strong inferior margin +2. rior +2. Višina corpus mandibule izrazita. Foramen Pronounced height of mandibular body. Mental fora- mantale je med spodnjim drugim praemolarjem in men is positioned between second premolar and first prvim molarjem. Dentes – Desno – ohranjeni vsi zo-molar. Dentition – Right: all the teeth are preserved. bje. Levo – v alveolah manjkata drugi inciziv in prvi Left: second incisor and first premolar are missing praemolar. Zobje so zelo veliki. Abrazija je močna. from the alveoli. Teeth are very big and strongly abrad- Stanje abrazije nakazuje na starost 45 let in več. ed. Dental wear indicates age over 45 years. Maxilla – Ohranjena leva in desna, vendar fragmentira-Maxilla – Left and right part are preserved but fragment-na; predvsem levi del. Dentes – Desno – oba inciziva, ed, left in particular. Dentition – Right: both inci-canin, prazna alveola, drugi praemolar, prvi in drugi sors, canine, empty alveolus, second premolar, first molar ter prazna alveola. Levo – oba inciziva, canin and second molar and empty alveolus. Left: both in-prazna alveola; nadalje ni ohranjeno. Ohranjen je še cisors, canine, empty alveolus, the rest of the maxilla molar, verjetno levi. Grizna površina je neenakomer- is not preserved. A molar is also present, probably no obrabljena, karies pa prisoten na dveh mestih na left. The biting surface is unevenly abraded, with meji med krono in korenino. caries present in two locations on the cervical line between the crown and the root. Postcranium Costae – 3 fragmenti dorzalnih delov in 13 fragmentov Postcranium corpusov costae (velikosti od 4,0 cm do 16,0 cm). Ribs – three fragments of the dorsal ends and 13 frag-Ossa membri superioris ments of the bodies (4.0 cm to 16.0 cm in size). Scapula – Desna – fragment, cavitas glenoidalis (višina Bones of the upper body 4,4 cm), fragmenti cavitasa, spinae scapulae in pro- Scapula – Right: a fragment of the glenoid cavity (height cessus coracoideusa. Robustno. Leva – ni ohranjena. 4.4 cm); fragments of the cavity, scapular spine and Clavicula – Desna – fragment corpusa in extr. acromialis coracoid process. Robust. Left: not preserved. (12,0 cm). Leva - fragment corpusa (7,8 cm). Clavicle – Right: a fragment of the body with the acromial Humerus – Desni – fragment corpusa in distalnega dela end (12.0 cm). Left: a fragment of the body (7.8 cm). (11,5 cm), biepikondilarna širina 6,2 cm, minimalni Humerus – Right: a fragment of the body with the distal obod corpusa 6,7 cm. Levi – fragment corpusa in dis-end (11.5 cm) and biepicondylar width 6.3 cm; three talnega dela (15,0 cm), biepikondilarna širina 6,3 cm fragments of the diaphysis (2.0 cm to 6.0 cm). in še trije fragmenti stene corpusa (od 2,0 do 6,0 cm). Radius – Fragments of the proximal epiphysis with part Radius – Fragmenti proksimalne epifize z nekaj corpu-of the diaphysis (4.5 cm) and diameter of capitulum sa (4,5 cm), capitulum premer 2,2 cm.; fragment 2.2 cm; fragments of the distal epiphysis and part 542 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 542 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 distalne epifize in nekaj corpusa (3,9 cm), dva fra-of the diaphysis (3.9 cm); two fragments of the dia- gmenta corpusa (9,8 cm in 13,3 cm). Obod diafize physis (9.8 cm and 13.3 cm). The circumference of 4,5 cm. the diaphysis 4.5 cm. Manus – Trije fragmenti phalanx proximalis, dva phalanx Hand – Three fragments of the proximal phalanx, two media. medial phalanges. Ossa membri inferioris Bones of the lower body Coxa – Desna – fragment acetabula, 7 fragmentov allae Pelvis – Right: a fragment of the acetabulum; seven frag-ossis ilii. Leva – fragment acetabula, fragment robu- ments of the iliac wing. Left: a fragment of the acetab- stnega tuber ossis ischii +2, fragment facies auricularis ulum; a fragment of a robust ischial tubercle +2; a part s površino pri starosti okoli 50 let, incisura ischiadica of the auricular surface with morphological character-ozka +2, fossa iliaca globoka +2, arc composee +2. istics indicating age around 50 years; narrow greater Os pubis – Fragmentirana leva in desna. Angulus pubis sciatic notch +2; deep iliac fossa +2; arc compose +2. +2, facies symphyseos površina pri starosti več kot Pubic bone – Fragmented left and right. Pubic angle +2; 50 let. pubic symphysis with morphological characteristics Femur – Desni – fragmenti caput in corpus (26 cm). Levi indicating age over 50 years. – proksimalna epifiza in corpus (41 cm). Caput pre- Femur – Right: fragments of the head and diaphysis (26 mer 4,8 cm. Subtrohanterno trans. 3,2 cm, sagitt. cm). Left – proximal epiphysis and diaphysis (41 2,6 cm, Obod sredine diafize 8,8 cm. Močna linea cm). The diameter of the head 4.8 cm. Transverse aspera +2. subtrochanteric diameter 3.2 cm; sagittal subtro- Patella – Desna – fragmentirana. Leva – cela. chanteric diameter 2.6 cm; midshaft circumference Tibia – Desna – fragment corpusa in distalnega dela (27,5 8.8 cm. Pronounced linea aspera +2. cm). Obod diafize 7,1 cm. Leva – fragment corpusa Patella – Right: fragmented. Left: completely preserved. (20 cm) in fragment distalnega dela. Tibia – Right: a fragment of the diaphysis and distal end Fibula – Desna – fragment corpusa in proksimalnega dela (27.5 cm). Midshaft circumference 7.1 cm. Left: a (23,0 cm). Leva – fragment corpusa in distalnega fragment of the diaphysis (20 cm) and a fragment of dela (29,0 cm). the distal end. Pes – Ossa tarsi: levi calcaneus (sklepna površina 2,4 cm). Fibula – Right: a fragment of the diaphysis and the prox-Fragmenta levega in desnega talusa (trochlea – 3,5 imal end (23.0 cm). Left: a fragment of the diaphysis cm). Ossa metatarsi: fragmenta robustnih leve in de- and the distal end (29.0 cm). sne prve stopalnice in še pet fragmentov corpusov. Foot – Tarsal bones: left calcaneus (joint surface 2.4 cm). Phalanges digitorum pedis: prvi proksimalni in še Fragments of left and right talus (trochlea – 3.5 cm). dva nedoločljiva. Metatarsals: fragments of robust left and right first metatarsal and five fragments of the bodies. Phalan- ges: first proximal and two unidentifiable. ZAKLJUČKI CONCLUSIONS Pri pregledu človeškega kostnega materiala iz srednje- While analysing skeletal material from the Bronze bronastodobne gomile z Brezja pod Brinjevo goro Age tumulus at Brezje below Brinjeva gora, excavat- nad Zrečami, ki ga je v letu 1956 izkopal arheolog ed by the archaeologist Stanko Pahič in 1956, I was Stanko Pahič, smo uspeli sestaviti štiri skelete iz gro- able to reconstruct four skeletons from the Graves 2, bov 2, 3, 4 in 5. 3, 4 and 5. Pri vseh štirih skeletih so spolno značilni znaki Cranium and pelvic bones of all four skeletons na lobanji in kolčnici jasno izraženi. Znaki za toč- have clearly expressed sexually dimorphic traits. nejšo starostno diagnozo niso vsi prisotni ali pa so Meanwhile, skeletal elements with characteristics ohranjeni le fragmentarno ( sl. 1). allowing for an accurate age assessment are either Dva skeleta sta pripadala osebam moškega spola missing or fragmented ( fig. 1). (št. 2 in št. 5), ki sta izredno robustnega videza. Vida Two of the skeletons (No. 2 and No. 5; fig. 1) Brodar je oba tipološko opredelila kot kromanjoidni were identified as males with a very robust appear- tip. Izredno močno je izoblikovana čelnica, robustni ance. Vida Brodar determined both skeletons to be spodnji čeljustnici pa kažeta s svojo obliko arhaične of a Cro-Magnon type. Their frontal bone had a znake. Tudi obraba nekaterih zob je specifična. Sto- strong contour, while the shape of their mandibles matolog Vlado Wolf nadrobno opisuje specifičnost presented archaic characteristics. The two individu- oblikovanja loka v mandibuli v eliptični obliki, kar als also had a specific dental wear on some of their 543 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 543 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 Slika 1. Povzetki Grob št. / Tip skeleta / Ocen. višina / analize kostnega Spol / Sex Starost / Age Grave No. Skeletal type Stature materiala iz srednjebronastodobne Kromanjonski / Moški / Maturus II (več kot 50 let) / Gr. 2 / gomile z Brezja pod Cro-Magnon Male (over 50 years) Brinjevo goro nad Mediteraniden / Ženski / Adultus (več kot 20 let) – okoli 30 let ( Os coxae) / Gr. 3 151,3–152,8 cm Zrečami. Mediterranean Female (over 20 years) – around 30 years ( Os coxae) Figure 1. Summary Ženski / Maturus I (med 40 in 50 let) / of the analysed Gr. 4 / / Female (between 40 and 50 years) skeletal material from the Middle Bronze Kromanjonski / Moški / Maturus II (med 50 in 60 let) / Gr. 5 / Age tumulus at Brezje Cro-Magnon Male (between 50 and 60 years) below Brinjeva gora. nakazuje na primitiven način trganja hrane. Moder- teeth. Stomatologist Vlado Wolf provided a detailed nejša oblika je parabolna. Tudi velikostni razmerji description of a distinctly formed elliptical mandibu- med drugim in tretjim molarjem sta zanimivi, saj lar arch, indicating a primitive food-tearing habit. A osmica po velikosti ne zaostaja za sedmico, kar je modern mandibular form would have been parabolic. primer pri modernem človeku. Also interesting is the size ratio between the second Dva skeleta sta opredeljena kot ženska. Skelet and third molar: in contrast to modern humans, the št. 3 ima značilno zelo dolgo oblikovano lobanjo, third molar is not smaller compared to the second. je zelo gracilen in po Brodarjevi mediteranidnega Two of the skeletons were identified as females. tipa. To je edini skelet, pri katerem smo s pomočjo Skeleton No. 3 has a characteristically long cranium, kombinacije delno ohranjenih dolžin obeh femur- which is very gracile and, according to Vida Bro- jev določili domnevno telesno višino med 151,3 cm dar, of a Mediterranean type. This is the only skel- in 152,8 cm. Ženski je tudi skelet št. 4, ki je imel eton with an assigned stature, which was estimated tudi dolgo oblikovano lobanjo, vendar tipološko ni to 151.3 cm to 152.8 cm based on the combined opredeljiv. length of partially preserved femurs. Skeleton No. 4 Zanimivo je tudi pojavljanje kariesa, ki je za to with a long cranial shape, which was typologically obdobje redkost. Posebnih patoloških sprememb na indefinable, was recognized as the second female. kosteh nismo opazili. The presence of caries in the analysed material is notable, given their rarity in Bronze Age remains. No distinct pathological changes on the bones were observed. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Bass W. M. 1987 Miladinović N. 2006 Human Osteology. A Laboratory and Field Manual. – Missouri. Metodologija utvrđivanja polne pripadnosti skeleta sa arheoloških nalazišta. – Sremska Mitrovica. Blau S., Ubelaker D. H. 2009. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology. – London, Pahič S. 1962–1963 New York. Bronastodobna gomila pod Brinjevo goro. – Arheološki vestnik 13–14, 349–373. Brodar V. 1957 Brezje pri Zrečah (neobjavljeno poročilo / unpublished report). Tomazo Ravnik T 2012 Antropološka analiza skeletnega materiala z Brezja pod Brinjevo Brothwell D. 1981 goro (neobjavljeno poročilo / unpublished report). Digging up Bones. – Oxford. Wolf V. 1958 Buikstra J. E., Ubelaker D. H. 1994 Antropološka obdelava štirih prazgodovinskih skeletov (last mari-Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. – Ar-borskega muzeja), stomatološki del (neobjavljeno poročilo / un-kansas Archeological Survey Research Series 44, Fayetteville. published report). Manouvrier L. 1892 La determination de la taille d'apres les grands os des membres. – Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe d’Anthropologie de Paris 4, 347–487. 544 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 544 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 II. ANTROPOLOŠKA II. ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALIZA ČLOVEŠKIH ANALYSIS OF HUMAN OSTANKOV IZ ŠTIRIH REMAINS FROM FOUR GROBOV IZ GOMILE GRAVES FROM THE TUMULUS Jayne-Leigh Thomas Jayne-Leigh Thomas V maju 2012 je bila opravljena osteološka anali- In May 2012, an osteological analysis was performed za štirih skeletov iz srednjebronastodobne gomile z on a set of four skeletons recovered from the Mid- najdišča Brezje pod Brinjevo goro.1 Skeletni ostanki dle Bronze Age barrow from the site of Brezje below so bili v označenih vrečkah prineseni na Oddelek za Brinjeva gora.1 The remains were brought to the De- arheologijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Pregledana je bila partment of Archaeology at the University of Lju- vsaka kost v vrečki. Natančni opisi analiz so zbrani v bljana in labeled bags. Each bone within the bags neobjavljenem poročilu,2 medtem ko so na tem me- was assessed. Details are provided in an unpublished stu zgolj povzeti rezultati. report,2 whereas the summarized acknowledgements Metode dokumentiranja in ocene starosti, spola are provided below. ter patologij temeljijo na uveljavljenih metodoloških Methods of recording and assessing the age, sex, postopkih.3 and pathology of the individuals are based on the osteological standards.3 Grob 2 Grave 2 V grobu 2 so bili ostanki moškega, starejšega od 50 The individual from Grave 2 was a male, aged 50+ let. Opredelitev temelji na odlomkih lobanje z moč- years. This is evidenced by cranial fragments with no izraženimi nadočesnimi oboki ( arcus supercilia- pronounced supraorbital ridges, a pronounced gla- ris), močno izraženim predelom glabele ( glabella) in bellar region, and a large occipital protuberance. All veliko zatilnično izboklino ( protuberantia ocipitalis of these features are characteristic of a male individ-externa). Vse omenjene lastnosti so značilne za moual. There is a fragment of an obliterated lambdoidal ške. Prisoten je odlomek lobanjske kosti z zabrisanim suture, indicating a mature, older adult, 50+ years lamdoidnim šivom ( sutura lambdoidea), ki kaže na of age. zrelo, starejšo odraslo osebo, staro nad 50 let. This individual has a lesion on one of the right Na eni izmed kosti desnega zapestja so vidne wrist bones and has marked dental disease. Several patološke lezije, opazna je tudi izrazita bolezen zob. teeth were lost prior to death, with resorption of the Več zob je izpadlo pred smrtjo, vidna je tudi resorp- maxillary and mandibular bones. Several of the teeth cija kosti zgornje ( maxilla) in spodnje čeljustnice exhibit caries and there is marked calculus on the ( mandibula). Več zob kaže znake kariesa, na spod-mandibular molars. There are periapical lesions pres- njih kočnikih ( dentes molares) pa je prisoten izrazit ent and extreme periodontal disease, with the enam-zobni kamen. Prisotne so tudi periapikalne lezije el chipped away in places. Most teeth have moderate in izrazita parodontalna bolezen z mestoma od- to extreme uneven wear, indicative of a rough diet or krušeno sklenino. Večina zob je zmerno do močno occupational use. Stature was not attempted due to obrabljenih, kar kaže na grobo hrano ali uporabo the absence of complete long bones. zob pri delovnih opravilih. Zaradi odsotnosti celo- vito ohranjenih dolgih kosti ocena telesne višine ni mogoča. Grave 3 Grave 3 V grobu 3 so bili ostanki mlade ženske, glede na Grave 3 contained the remains of a young female odlomek še ne izraslega spodnjega tretjega kočnika individual, aged approximately 20 years based on a 1 1 Pahič 1962−1963. Pahič 1962–1963. 2 2 Thomas 2012. Thomas 2012. 3 3 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Byers 2002; Bass 1995. Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Byers 2002; Bass 1995. 545 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 545 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 stare okrog 20 let. Opredelitev, da gre za žensko, je mandibular fragment with 3rd molar still in its crypt. osnovana na širokem kolčnem vozlu ( incisura ischi- The determination of ‘female’ was based on a wide adica major). sciatic notch. Dve rebri ( costae) kažeta znake zaceljenega zlo- Two ribs exhibit signs of healed breaks. Several ma. Več zob je izpadlo pred smrtjo, vidna je resorp- teeth were lost prior to death, with bone resorption cija kosti zgornje in spodnje čeljustnice. Več zob kaže along both maxillary and mandibular bones. Several zmerno obrabo in karies. Zobovje kaže znake inten- teeth also exhibit moderate wear and caries. Denti- zivne uporabe in bolezni. tion shows evidence of heavy use and disease. Grob 4 Grave 4 Oseba v grobu 4 je vprašljivo moškega spola, stara The individual from Grave 4 is a male(?), aged 40– 40–50 let. Prisotna sta dva večja odlomka lobanje. 50 years. There are two large skull fragments. The Na desni notranji strani odlomka prednjega dela lo- anterior fragment exhibits small pathological lesions banje so prisotne majhne patološke lezije. Zgornji on the internal side of the bone, along the right side. rob očesne jamice ( margo supraorbitalis) je zaobljen, The orbits are rounded but the glabellar region is not medtem ko predel glabele ni pretirano izrazit. Nado- overly pronounced. Supraorbital region and occipital česni obok in zatilnična izboklina sta zmerno izraže- protuberance are moderate, indicating either gracile na in kažeta na bodisi gracilnega moškega bodisi bolj male or more robust female. There is a fragment of robustno žensko. Ohranjen je tudi odlomek lobanj- an obliterated suture, indicating an older, mature ske kosti z zabrisanim šivom, ki govori o starejši, zreli individual. This individual exhibits slight osteoar-osebi. Na zgornjih vretencih ( vertebrae) so prisotni thritis of the upper vertebrae and has pathological znaki rahle osteoartroze ( osteoarthritis), na lobanji lesions on the skull. It is not possible to determine so vidne patološke lezije. Vzroka slednjih ni mogoče the cause of the cranial lesions; however they may be določiti, a morda kažejo na bolezen metabolizma. metabolic in nature. Grob 5 Grave 5 Oseba v grobu 5 je bila starejši moški, star 40–55 let. The individual from Grave 5 is an older male indi- Opredelitev spola temelji na morfoloških lastnostih vidual, aged 40–55. Sex determination was based the spodnjega dela sramnične zrasti ( ramus inferior ossis morphology of the inferior pubic ramus and the nar-pubis) ter na ozkem kolčnem vozlu. Prisotni so izra-row sciatic notch. This individual has marked dental ziti znaki bolezni zob in sicer karies, zobni kamen ter disease with caries, calculus, and antemortem tooth izguba zob pred smrtjo. Na nekaj zobeh je opazna od- loss. Enamel is missing off of several teeth and many sotnost sklenine, številni zobje so močno obrabljeni in teeth exhibit extreme wear indicating coarse diet kažejo na grobo hrano in/ali intenzivno uporabo zob and/or heavy occupational use. Age was determined pri delovnih opravilih. Ocena starosti temelji na obrabi based on dental attrition and while heavier attrition zob, pri čemer je potrebno opozoriti, da je v splošnem generally can be attributed to older individuals, diet izrazitejša obraba resda pripisana starejšim osebam, and heavy occupational use can lower the younger vendar hrana in intenzivna uporaba pri delovnih opra- end of the age range. vilih lahko znižata spodnjo mejo starostnega razpona. There is also evidence of osteoarthritis, a healed Prisotni so tudi znaki osteoartroze, zaceljen zlom fracture on one rib fragment and on a 2nd intermedi- na enem izmed reber, na distalnem koncu druge sre- ate hand phalanx, with a lesion and bone growth on dnje prstnice roke ( phalanx media manus) pa patolo-the distal end. ške lezije in formacije nove kosti. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Bass W. M. 1995 Byers S. N. 2002 Human osteology: A laboratory and field manual. – Columbia. Introduction to forensic anthropology: A textbook. – Boston. Buikstra J. E., Ubelaker D. H. 1994 Thomas J. L. 2012 Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. – Osteological Analysis of Four Graves from Brezje (neobjavljeno Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series 44, Fayetteville. poročilo / unpublished report), Edinburgh. 546 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 546 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 III. ANALIZA ČLOVEŠKIH III. ANALYSIS OF THE ZOB IN ČELJUSTNIC HUMAN TEETH AND YAWS POKOPOV IZ GOMILE FROM GRAVES FROM THE TUMULUS Iztok Štamfelj Iztok Štamfelj Analizirani so bili človeški zobje in čeljustnice iz groThis paper presents the results of the analysis of bov iz bronastodobne gomile, ki so jo leta 1956 izko- human teeth and jaws from the graves from the pali na Brezju pod Brinjevo goro.1 V gradivu so bile Bronze Age tumulus excavated in 1956 at Brezje čeljustnice skeletov 2, 3 in 5 s skupno 49 stalnimi below Brinjeva gora.1 The analysed material includ- zobmi. Namen raziskave je bil določiti: (i) oblikov- ed jaws from Skeletons 2, 3 and 5, with 49 perma- ne zobne znake, (ii) starost posameznikov na osnovi nent teeth altogether. The aim of this research was rentgenskih posnetkov zob, (iii) obrabo zob, (iv) bo- to determine: (i) the morphological dental traits; lezenske spremembe zob in čeljustnic. Raziskava želi (ii) the chronological age of the individuals based dopolniti izsledke standardne antropološke analize on the radiographic images of their teeth; (iii) the tega gradiva. dental wear; (iv) and the pathological changes of the teeth and jaws. This research seeks to comple- ment findings of the standard anthropological anal- yses of this material. METODE METHODS Lokalno in panoramsko rentgensko slikanje zob Periapical and panoramic Čeljustnice skeletov 2 in 5 smo posneli z digitalnim radiographic imaging of teeth ortopantomografom Kodak 8000C Digital Pano- The jaws from Skeletons 2 and 5 were recorded us- ramic and Cephalometric System (71 KV, 12 mA in ing digital orthopantomograph Kodak 8000C Dig- 13,2 s). Nekatere zobe smo posneli tudi z aparatom ital Panoramic and Cephalometric System (71 KV, za intraoralno rentgensko slikanje Planmeca Prostyle 12 mA in 13.2 s). Additionally, some of the teeth Intra ( Planmeca, Helsinki, Finska) pri nastavitvah 60 were recorded using apparatus for the intraoral radi- kV, 8 mA, 0,160 s. ographic imaging Planmeca Prostyle Intra ( Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) with the following settings: 60 kV, Računalniška tomografija 8 mA, 0.160 s. s stožčastim snopom (RTSS) Za računalniško tomografijo spodnjih čeljustnic ske- Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) letov 2 in 5 smo uporabili aparaturo Veraviewepocs Computed tomography of the mandibles from 3D R100 ( J. Morita Mfg. Corp., Kyoto, Japonska), de-Skeletons 2 and 5 was performed using apparatus lujočo pri 90 kV in 7 mA. Čas ekspozicije je bil 9,4 s, Veraviewepocs 3D R100 ( J. Morita Mfg. Corp., Kyo-velikost voksla 0,125 mm, debelina rezine pa 1 mm. to, Japan) with the following settings: 90 kV and 2D prereze in 3D rekonstrukcije anatomskih struk-7 mA. Time of the exposure was 9.4 s, voxel size tur sem pregledoval na zaslonu osebnega računalnika 0.125 mm, and slice thickness 1 mm. 2D cross-sec- s programom i-Dixel One Volume Viewer 2.0.0 ( J. tions and 3D reconstruction of the anatomical Morita, Kyoto, Japonska). structures were analysed on the personal computer using i-Dixel One Volume Viewer 2.0.0 ( J. Morita, Ugotavljanje oblikovnih zobnih znakov Kyoto, Japan). in obrabe zob Oblikovne zobne znake sem ugotavljal makroskop- Assessment of morphological sko in z zobozdravniškim mikroskopom ( OPMI dental traits and dental wear Pico, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Nemčija). Pri dolo-Morphological dental traits were analysed both čitvi števila zobnih korenin vsakega zoba sem si po- macroscopically and using a dental microscope magal z rentgenskimi slikovnimi metodami. Stopnjo ( OPMI Pico, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). 1 1 Pahič 1962–1963. Pahič 1962–1963. 547 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 547 8. 03. 2021 12:56:16 okluzalne obrabe zob sem določil po 8-stopenjski Radiographic imaging methods were additionally Molnarjevi lestvici (1–8).2 implemented to determine the number of roots per tooth. The degree of occlusal dental wear was de- Izračun kronološke starosti posameznikov termined based on the 8-stage Molnar’s dental wear S programom Adobe Photoshop 5.0 sem na digitali- scale (1–8).2 ziranih lokalnih rentgenskih posnetkih izbranih zob določil relativno obsežnost pulpine votline in izra- Calculating chronological age of individuals čunal starost posameznika po metodi, ki so jo razvili Periapical radiographs of the selected teeth were Kvaal in sodelavci3. inspected in Adobe Photoshop 5.0 to determine the relative size of the dental pulp cavity and to calcu-Ugotavljanje bolezenskih sprememb late the individual’s age as proposed by Kvaal and zob in čeljustnic colleagues3. Skladno s priporočili iz literature je bila merilo pri- sotnosti kariesa s prostim očesom vidna kavitirana Identifying pathological changes of teeth and jaws kariozna sprememba.4 Izgubo marginalne kosti, ki je Following standard protocols, cavitated carious le- eden od znakov parodontalne bolezni, sem vredno- sions observable with the naked eye served as a cri- til na dva načina: i) po absolutni (direktni) metodi, terion for determining the presence of caries.4 Loss pri kateri merimo razdaljo med skleninsko-cemen- of marginal bone, which is one of the signs of perio- tno mejo (SCM) in robom alveolne kosti (RAK) v dontal disease, was evaluated by two complementing mm in ii) po relativni (proporcionalni) metodi, pri methods: i) the absolute (or direct) method, where kateri izražamo višino alveolne kosti, ki obdaja zob, the distance between the cementoenamel junction kot odstotni delež dolžine zoba.5 V tej raziskavi je (CEJ) and the alveolar bone crest (AC) is measured; bilo merilo prisotnosti parodontalne bolezni pove- and ii) the relative (or proportional) method, where čana razdalja SCM-RAK (≥ 4 mm) z znaki vnetne the height of the alveolar bone surrounding the razgradnje kosti, kamor spadajo spremenjena oblika tooth is expressed as a percentage of tooth’s length.5 alveolnega roba, ki ne posnema oblike SCM, manj- In this research, the criteria for diagnosing periodon- kajoča povrhnja kompakta in vidni številni razširjeni tal disease included the extended CEJ-AC distance nutritivni foramni.6 (≥ 4 mm) and signs of inflammatory bone loss. The latter include contour changes of the alveolar crest, so the crest ceases to follow the CEJ; missing upper layers of cortical bone; and increased incidence of expanded nutrient canals. 6 REZULTATI RESULTS Pri preteklih analizah je bila v treh primerih napač- During previous research, three teeth were incorrectly no določena vrsta zoba, v dveh primerih pa so bile identified, and two tooth surfaces were incorrectly de- napačno opisane ploskve zoba. Zobje so bili tako scribed. As a result, these teeth were either paired with pridani napačnemu skeletu, v čeljustnico vstavljeni the incorrect skeleton, put in the incorrect place in the na napačno mesto ali pa so bili napačno obrnjeni. jaws, or incorrectly orientated when put back into the Pravilna identifikacija je podana na sliki 1. jaws. The correct identifications are given in Figure 1. Skelet 2 Skeleton 2 Opis čeljustnic: Ohranjeni sta obe zgornji čeljustni-Description of the jaws: Both parts of the maxil- ci s sedmimi stalnimi zobmi in situ in leva nebnica lae with the left palatine bone and seven permanent ter spodnja čeljustnica s 14 stalnimi zobmi in situ. Po teeth in situ, and the mandible with 14 permanent smrti so bili izgubljeni 2,1I1, 2P2, 3M3, I . V nasprotju teeth in situ, were preserved. Teeth 2,1I1, 2P2, 3M3, I 1 1 1 1 s tem sta bila 1M1 izgubljena za časa življenja, njuni were lost postmortem. The resorbed alveoli of the 1 alveoli sta se preoblikovali in zapolnili s kostnino. M1 indicate antemortem loss of these teeth. 2 2 Molnar 1971. Molnar 1971. 3 3 Kvaal et al. 1995. Kvaal et al. 1995. 4 4 Caselitz 1998. Caselitz 1998. 5 5 Snoj-Cvetko et al. 1994. Snoj-Cvetko et al. 1994. 6 6 Strohm, Alt 1998. Strohm, Alt 1998. 548 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 548 8. 03. 2021 12:56:17 Nepravilna določitev / Pravilna določitev / Slika 1. Preglednica Incorrect identification Correct identification napačnih določitev Opombe / Comments Skelet / Vrsta zoba / Skelet / Vrsta zoba / zob pri gradivu Skeleton Tooth type Skeleton Tooth type iz bronastodobne gomile z Brezja pod 2 I1 3 1C Poleg tega zamenjane ploskve pri I2. / Also, the I2 was reorientated. Brinjevo goro. Figure 1. Incorrectly 1I ? 2I Ne pripada nobenemu od analiziranih skeletov. / Does not belong to any of the analysed skeletons. identified teeth of 3 the skeletal remains C Alveola zoba C ni ohranjena. / 1 3 C 1 from the Bronze Age 1 The alveolus of C is not preserved. 1 tumulus at Brezje 5 M1 ? 1M Ne pripada nobenemu od analiziranih skeletov. / bellow Brinjeva gora. Does not belong to any of the analysed skeletons. Oblikovni zobni znaki: Eno korenino imajo 1,2I1,2, Morphological dental traits: The 1,2I1,2, 1C1, 2P2, 1C1, 2P2, I , C , P , dve korenini 1P1, M , I , C , P are single-rooted; the 1P1 have two 2,1 1,2 1 1 2,1 1,2 3,2,1 1,2,3 2,1 1,2 1 1 2,1 1,2 tri korenine 3,2M2,3. P imata na grizni ploskvi po roots; and the 3,2M2,3 have three roots each. On the 1 1 2 vršička, P po 3 in M po 4. Pri zgornjih lič- occlusal surface, the P each have two cusps; the P 2 2 3,2 2,3 1 1 2 2 nikih in kočnikih zaradi napredovane obrabe števila three; and the M four. The number of cusps on 3,2 2,3 vršičkov na grizni ploskvi ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti. the upper premolars and molars could not be deter- M imata fisurni sistem X oziroma Y, M pa fisurni mined due to the advanced tooth wear. The fissure 2 2 3 3 sistem + oziroma X. system of the M has an X- and Y-shaped configura- 2 2 tion, while the fissure system of the M has a +- and 3 3 Obraba zob: Zgornji zobje so zelo močno obra- X-shaped configuration. bljeni, okluzalna obraba je od 6. do 8. stopnje po Molnarjevi lestvici. Njihove zobne krone so zaradi Dental wear: The upper teeth are severely abrad- obrabe skoraj v celoti uničene. Pri 1P1 je vlogo gri- ed, presenting the 6th to 8th stage of occlusal den- zne ploskve prevzela zobna korenina, le na bukalni tal wear on Molnar’s scale. Due to the wear, the ploskvi je pri P1 2 mm, pri 1P pa 3 mm ohranjene crowns are almost completely missing. The roots sklenine. Obraba je dosegla zobno korenino tudi na of 1P1 functioned as a chewing surface, with only 2 palatinalni strani 2M2. Pri vseh zgornjih zobeh je za- mm of enamel preserved on the buccal surface of radi obrabe izpostavljen terciarni dentin, pri P1 pa je P1 and 3 mm on the buccal surface of 1P. Dental odprta pulpina votlina. Pri ohranjenih interkaninih wear also exposed the roots on the palatal surface zobeh (I2, 1C1) je obraba vodoravna, C1 pa ima na of 2M2. The tertiary dentine of all the upper teeth palatinalni strani še poševno zabrušenje, ki bi skupaj was exposed due to wear, and the pulp cavity of z močno obrabljenostjo sosednjega P1 lahko nastalo P1 is open. The tooth wear of the anterior teeth zaradi uporabe zob pri določenem opravilu. Ohra- (I2, 1C1) is horizontal. In addition, the palatal njeni zgornji transkanini zobje (1P1, 2M2) imajo gri- surface of C1 is abraded obliquely. Considered in zne ploskve obrabljene poševno v palatinalni smeri conjunction with its severely abraded neighbour, pod kotom približno 30°. the P1, this dental wear might be attributable to Pri skeletu 2 je obrabljenost spodnjih zob pre- some specific task. The abraded chewing surfaces cej manjša v primerjavi z zgornjimi zobmi; oklu- of the preserved upper posterior teeth (1P1, 2M2) zalna obraba spodnjih zob je od 3. do 6. stopnje are oblique, leaning towards the palate side at an Slika 2. Panoramski rentgenski posnetek po Molnarjevi lestvici. Najbolj obrabljena spodnja angle of approximately 30°. zgornjih čeljustnic zoba sta M . Okluzijska ravnina v predelu spodnjih The lower teeth of Skeleton 2 are considerably skeleta 2. Puščici 1 1 kočnikov je poševna, vendar bistveno manj kot pri less abraded in comparison to the upper teeth; the (→←) označujeta kariozni spremembi 2M2. Grizne ploskve spodnjih kočnikov so čašasto lower teeth present the 3rd to 6th stage of occlusal na distalni ploskvi oblikovane, ker so predeli z izpostavljenim denti-dental wear on Molnar’s scale. The most abraded zob 2M2. D – desno, nom obrabljeni bolj od okolne sklenine. Povprečna lower teeth are the M . The occlusal wear of the L – levo. 1 1 lower molars is oblique; however, it is markedly less Figure 2. A panoramic discernible when compared to the 2M2. The chewing radiographic image surfaces of the lower molars are cup-shaped, as areas of the maxilla of with the exposed dentine are more abraded than the Skeleton 2. Arrows (→←) indicate surrounding enamel. According to Molnar’s scale, carious lesions on the average dental wear on the upper teeth is 7.0 the distal surface of (49/7), while on the lower it is 4.2 (59/14). the 2M2. D – right, L – left. 549 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 549 8. 03. 2021 12:56:17 Slika 3. Prikaz spodnje čeljustnice skeleta 2 z metodo računalniške Figure 3. A cone beam computed tomography-based image of the mandible tomografije s stožčastim snopom. A – Meziodistalni vzdolžni prerez predela of Skeleton 2. A – the mesiodistal longitudinal cross-section of the right desnih spodnjih ličnikov in kočnikov. Zob M ima kariozni spremembi na lower premolar and molar area. The M has carious lesions on the mesial 1 1 mezialni (←) in distalni ploskvi (→) ter prizadeto koreninsko razcepišče (*). (←) and distal surface (→), and an affected root furcation (*). At the mesial Ob mezialni korenini zoba M je vidna poševna razgradnja alveolne root of the M, oblique alveolar bone loss is visible (↑). B – the mesiodistal 2 2 kosti (↑). B – Meziodistalni vzdolžni prerez predela levih spodnjih ličnikov longitudinal cross-section of the left lower premolar and molar area. The in kočnikov. Zob M ima kariozno spremembo na distalni ploskvi (←) in M has carious lesions on the distal surface (←) and an affected root 1 1 prizadeto koreninsko razcepišče (*). C – Bukolingvalni vzdolžni prerez zoba furcation (*). C – the buccolingual longitudinal cross-section of the M with 2 M s kariozno spremembo na bukalni ploskvi (→). the carious lesion on the buccal surface (→). 2 stopnja obrabe po Molnarjevi lestvici je pri zgor- Pathological changes: Cavitated carious lesions are njih zobeh 7,0 (49/7), pri spodnjih zobeh pa 4,2 present on the distal surfaces of the 2M2( fig. 2); on (59/14). the mesial and distal surface of the M ( fig. 3A); on 1 the distal surface of the M ( fig. 3B); and on the buc-1 Bolezenske spremembe: Kavitirane kariozne spre- cal surface of the M ( fig. 3C). All six of the carious 2 membe so na distalnih ploskvah 2M2( sl. 2), na mezi-lesions appear on the tooth necks. alni in distalni ploskvi M ( sl. 3A), na distalni ploskvi At the tip of the buccal root of the P1, which is 1 M ( sl. 3B) ter na bukalni ploskvi M ( sl. 3C). Vseh worn down to the pulp cavity, macroscopically vis-1 2 šest karioznih sprememb je na zobnem vratu. ible bone loss with a diameter of 3.2 mm is present P1, pri katerem je obraba dosegla pulpino votli- ( fig. 4A). On the radiographic image of the tooth, no, ima ob konici bukalne korenine makroskopsko two small radiolucent areas without a sharp margin vidno razgradnjo kosti premera 3,2 mm ( sl. 4A). are visible at the tips of both buccal and palatal roots Na rentgenskem posnetku tega zoba sta ob konicah ( fig. 4B). The alveoli of the 2P2 (lost antemortem) obeh korenin, bukalne in palatinalne, vidni manj-have irregularly shaped apical ends, which could in- ši neostro omejeni radiolucenci ( sl. 4B). Alveoli po dicate inflammatory bone loss. The bone loss might smrti izgubljenih zob 2P2 sta v apikalnem delu ne- also be causally related to the opening of the pulp pravilno oblikovani, kar dopušča možnost, da gre cavity due to the dental wear. za vnetni razgradnji kosti. Tudi njun nastanek bi bil Mild enamel hypoplasia is present as two hori- vzročno lahko povezan z odprtjem pulpine votline zontal lines on the neck of the labial surface I . The 2 2 zaradi obrabe. distances between the hypoplastic lines and the CEJ I imata v vratni polovici labialne ploskve vsak are 2.6 mm and 3.4 mm on the I , and 2.3 mm and 2 2 2 po dve šibko izraženi vodoravno potekajoči hipopla- 3.4 mm on the I respectively. 2 ziji sklenine. Pri I sta hipoplaziji od SCM oddaljeni Signs of periodontal disease are present in 42.9 2 2,6 mm in 3,4 mm, pri I pa 2,3 mm in 3,4 mm. % (12/28) of the analysed teeth, of which nine are 2 Znaki parodontalne bolezni so prisotni ob molars (3,2M2,3, M ); two premolars (P1,2); and 3,2,1 1,2 42,9 % (12/28) ocenjenih zob, med katerimi so de- one incisor (I2). The root furcation is affected on vet kočnikov (3,2M2,3, M ), dva ličnika (P1,2) in the molars M and 2M2 ( figs. 2, 3A, 3B). At the 3,2,1 1,2 2,1 1 en sekalec (I2). Kočniki M , 2M2 imajo prizadeto mesial root of the M ( fig. 3A) and the root of the 2,1 1 2 550 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 550 8. 03. 2021 12:56:17 Slika 4. Levi zgornji zobje skeleta 2. A – Pogled z bukalne strani. Apikalna razgradnja kosti (→↓←) ob bukalni korenini P1. B – Puščice na rentgenskem posnetku označujejo periapikalni radiolucenci ob koreninah zoba P1. Figure 4. Left upper teeth of Skeleton 2. A – Buccal view. Apical bone loss (→↓←) at the P1 buccal root. B – Arrows on the radiographic image koreninsko razcepišče ( sl. 2, 3A, 3B). Ob mezialni I2, alveolar bone loss is oblique, while at the rest of indicate periapical korenini M ( sl. 3A) in ob korenini zoba I2 je raz-the teeth, the loss is horizontal. The average CEJ- radiolucent areas at 2 the P1 roots. gradnja alveolne kosti poševna, ob ostalih 10 zobeh AC distance is between 4.5 mm and 7.3 mm on pa vodoravna. Ob parodontalno prizadetih zobeh the teeth affected by periodontal diseases, whereas je povprečna razdalja SCM-RAK med 4,5 mm in it is between 3.0 mm and 3.9 mm on the unaffect- 7,3 mm, ob zobeh brez znakov parodontalne bole- ed teeth. Advanced periodontal disease (i.e. alveolar zni pa med 3,0 mm in 3,9 mm. Napredovana paro- bone height < 50% of the tooth length and/or the dontalna bolezen (višina alveolne kosti < 50 % dol- 2nd or 3rd stage of root furcation damage) was pres- žine zoba in/ali prizadetost koreninskega razcepišča ent on five teeth (2M2, I2, M ). 1 1 2. ali 3. stopnje) je bila prisotna pri petih zobeh Discrete formations of dental calculus are pres- (2M2, I2, M ). ent in 66.7% (14/21) of the teeth. Dental calculus 1 1 Otočki zobnega kamna so prisotni pri 66,7 % is present in 28.6% (2/7) of the maxillary teeth, and (14/21) zob. V zgornji čeljusti ima zobni kamen in 85.7% (12/14) of the mandibular teeth. Discrete 28,6 % (2/7) zob, v spodnji čeljusti pa 85,7 % formations of dental calculus appear on the crowns, (12/14) zob. Otočki zobnega kamna ležijo na kro- except on the M , where they are found on the root, 1 1 nah, razen pri M , kjer so na korenini, in pri P, kjer and the P, where they occur on the crown and the 1 1 1 1 so tako na kroni kot na korenini. root. Skelet 3 Skeleton 3 Opis čeljustnic: Ohranjena sta dva manjša dela obeh Description of the jaws: Two small sections of the zgornjih čeljustnic ob incizivni odprtini in dva stalna area around the incisive foramen of the maxilla and zoba (1P in 1C). P1,2 sta bila odstranjena za časa življe-two permanent teeth (the 1P and 1C) are preserved. nja, njuni alveoli sta zapolnjeni s kostnino. V pre- The P1,2 were lost antemortem, and the alveoli are delu alveole manjkajočega zoba 2I je čeljustna kost filled with new bone. The area around the alveolus razgrajena, luknjičasta in brez sledov lamine cribri- of the missing 2I presents alveolar bone loss, pitting formis, zato sklepam, da je bil tudi ta zob izgubljen and lack of cribriform plate, all indicating that the pred smrtjo. Po smrti so bili izgubljeni 2P, 1I1,2, C1. tooth was lost antemortem. The 2P, 1I1,2, C1 were lost Ohranjen je manjši brezzobi kos spodnje čeljustnice postmortem. Also preserved is a small toothless frag- ob desnem čeljustnem kotu. V njem je alveola zoba ment of the right mandibular angle with the alveo- M, ki je bil izgubljen po smrti. M in najverjetneje lus of M, which was lost postmortem. The M, and 3 2 3 2 tudi M sta bila odstranjena za časa življenja, njune most likely the M were lost antemortem, as their 1 1 alveole so zapolnjene s kostnino. alveoli are filled with new bone. Oblikovni zobni znaki in obraba zob: Eno ko- Morphological dental traits and dental wear: the 2,1 renino imajo 2,1I1,2, 1C1, C , dve korenini pa 1P. Po I1,2, 1C1, C are single-rooted, while the 1P has two 1 1 Molnarjevi lestvici je obraba edinih dveh ohranjenih roots. According to Molnar’s scale, the dental wear 551 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 551 8. 03. 2021 12:56:17 zgornjih zob (1P, 1C) stopnje 5, obraba edinega ohra-on the only two upper teeth preserved (1P, 1C) is njenega spodnjega zoba (C ) pa stopnje 4. stage 5, and it is stage 4 on the only lower tooth 1 preserved (C ). 1 Bolezenske spremembe: Zob 1P ima kavitirano kariozno spremembo na mezialni ploskvi v predelu Pathological changes: 1P has a cavitated carious le-zobnega vratu. Ostala dva zoba (1C in C ) nimata sion on the mesial surface of the tooth neck. The rest 1 kariesa. Alveola po smrti izgubljenega M kaže zna- of the teeth (the 1C and C ) are caries-free. Horizon- 3 1 ke vodoravne razgradnje alveolne kosti, ob ostalih tal alveolar bone loss occurred in the alveolus of the zobeh pa je čeljustna kost tako slabo ohranjena, da M (lost postmortem). The rest of the mandible is 3 ni bilo mogoče oceniti prisotnosti/odsotnosti paro- too poorly preserved for the assessment of the pres- dontalne bolezni. 1C ima otoček zobnega kamna na ence/absence of periodontal disease. On the distal distalni ploskvi anatomske krone, ostala dva zoba (1P surface of the anatomical crown of the 1C, a discrete in C ) nimata zobnega kamna. formation of the dental calculus is present, whereas 1 the rest of the teeth (the 1P and C ) are calculus-free. 1 Skelet 5 Skeleton 5 Opis čeljustnic: Obe zgornji čeljustnici sta deloma Description of the jaws: The maxilla is partially ohranjeni in imata devet stalnih zob in situ. Delno preserved and has nine permanent teeth in situ. Par-ali v celoti ohranjene alveole zob 3M, 1P1, kažejo, tially or completely preserved alveoli of the 3M and 1 da so ti zobje izpadli po smrti. Zobiščni odrastek z P1 indicate postmortem loss of these teeth. Even zobmi P2, M1,2,3 ni ohranjen, vendar bi iz normalne- though the alveolar bone of the P2 and M1,2,3 is not ga položaja grizne ravnine v predelu levih spodnjih preserved, the normally positioned chewing surface transkaninih zob (antagonistov) lahko sklepali, da of the left lower anterior teeth (antagonists) also in- so bili tudi ti zobje izgubljeni šele po smrti. Za časa dicates the postmortem loss of teeth. It is likely that življenja pri tem posamezniku najverjetneje ni bil iz- this individual never experienced antemortem loss of gubljen noben stalni zob. Palatinalni torus ima obli- any permanent teeth. The palatal torus has a shape ko 2−3 mm visoke podolgovate kostne izbokline of a 2–3 mm high elongated bony protrusion along vzdolž sredinskega nebnega šiva. Spodnja čeljustni- the palatine suture. The mandible is completely pre- ca je ohranjena v celoti skupaj s 14 stalnimi zobmi served, together with 14 permanent teeth in situ. in situ. I in P sta se izgubila po smrti. Mandibul-The I and P were lost postmortem. The mandibu- 2 1 2 1 ni torus ima obliko vozličastih kostnih izboklin na lar torus has a shape of a nodular bony protrusions lingvalni strani C in PM . on the lingual side of the C and PM . 1 1,2 1 1,2 Oblikovni zobni znaki: 2I2 imata na palatinalni plo-Morphological dental traits: On the palatal surface skvi slepo jamico. Pri 2,1M ter M število vršičkov of 2I2, a blind cavity is present. Due to the advanced 1 1 na grizni ploskvi zaradi napredovane obrabe ni do- dental wear, the number of cusps on the 2,1M and M 1 1 ločljivo, M imata po štiri vršičke, M pa po pet. is undeterminable. The M have four and the M 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 Fisurni sistem ima pri M in M verjetno obliko X, have five cusps each. The fissure system configura- 2 2 3 pri M pa verjetno obliko +. M imajo na bukalni tion of the M and M is probably X-shaped, while 3 2,1 1,2 2 2 3 ploskvi približno 2 mm dolg skleninski jezik. Eno the configuration of the M is +-shaped. The M 3 2,1 1,2 korenino imajo 2,1I1,2, I , 1C1, C , 2,1P, P , 3M, have approximately 2 mm long enamel pearls on the 2,1 1,2 1 1 2,1 1,2 dve korenini M , tri pa 2,1M in M . Posnetki z buccal surfaces. The 2,1I1,2, I , 1C1, C , 2,1P, P , 3,2,1 1,2 3 2,1 1,2 1 1 2,1 1,2 RTSS so pokazali, da ima M poleg dveh rednih ko- and 3M are single-rooted; the M have two roots 3 3,2,1 1,2 renin (mezialne in distalne korenine) še nadštevilno each; and the 2,1M and M each have three roots. The 3 korenino radix entomolaris (RE) ( sl. 4A in 4B). RE CBCT showed that the M possesses, in addition to 3 izhaja iz koreninskega debla na lingvalni strani med the two regular roots (the mesial and the distal), a su- obema rednima koreninama, je skoraj ravna in 2−3 pernumerary root radix entomolaris (RE; figs. 4A and mm krajša od obeh rednih korenin. 4B). The RE originates from the root trunk on the lingual side between both roots, is almost straight, Obraba zob: Zobje skeleta 5 so močno obrabljeni, and 2–3 mm shorter than both regular roots. okluzalna obraba je 3. do 7. stopnje po Molnarjevi lestvici. Najbolj obrabljeni zobje so zgornji in spod- Dental wear: Dental wear on the teeth of Skeleton 5 nji prvi kočniki (1M, M ). Po Molnarjevi lestvici je is advanced, presenting the 3rd to 7th stage of occlusal 1 1 552 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 552 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 Slika 5. Računalniški tomogrami spodnje čeljustnice skeleta 5. A – meziodistalni vzdolžni prerez zoba M . 3 B – vodoravni prerez zoba M . 3 Nadštevilna korenina radix entomolaris je označena s puščico. C – predel levih spodnjih kočnikov z lingvalne strani. D – predel desnih spodnjih kočnikov z lingvalne strani. Puščice (↑↑) označujejo mizasto oblikovan, luknjičav alveolni rob na lingvalni ploskvi zob M . Na zobnem 3 3 vratu M je debelejša 2 plast zobnega kamna, označena z zvezdico (*). Figure 5. Computed tomograms of the mandible of Skeleton 5. A –the mesiodistal longitudinal cross- section of the M3. B –the horizontal cross-section of the M . The 3 povprečna stopnja obrabe zgornjih zob 5,2 (47/9), wear on Molnar’s scale. The upper and lower first arrow indicates a supernumerary root spodnjih zob 4,3 (60/14). Okluzijska ravnina v pre- molars (1M, M ) are most abraded. According to 1 1 radix entomolaris. delu kočnikov je poševna. Grizne ploskve kočnikov Molnar’s scale, the average dental wear is 5.2 (47/9) C – area of left lower so čašasto oblikovane, ker so predeli z izpostavljenim on the upper teeth and 4.3 (60/14) on the low- molars from the lingual side. dentinom obrabljeni bolj od okolne sklenine. er teeth. In the molars, occlusal surface is oblique. D – area of right Chewing surfaces of the molars are cup-shaped, as lower molars from the Bolezenske spremembe: Zobovje skeleta 5 je brez areas with the exposed dentine are more abraded lingual side. Arrows kavitiranih karioznih sprememb in apikalnih razgra-than the surrounding enamel. (↑↑) indicate the boardlike, pitted denj kosti. Marginalna alveolna kost ob 19 ocenje- alveolar crest at the nih zobeh z izjemo obeh spodnjih modrostnih zob Pathological changes: The teeth have no cavitated lingual surface of the ne kaže sprememb, ki so značilne za parodontalno carious lesions or apical bone loss. Except for both M . The asterisk (*) 3 3 marks a thick layer bolezen. Alveolni rob je oster in posnema obliko lower wisdom teeth, the marginal alveolar bone at of dental calculus SCM. V nasprotju s tem je na lingvalni ploskvi spo-the 19 analysed teeth does not present changes char- present on the tooth dnjih modrostnih zob alveolni rob širok (3 mm), mi-acteristic of the periodontal disease. The alveolar neck of the M2. zasto oblikovan in ima luknjičavo površino ( sl. 5C, crest is sharp and follows the CEJ. In contrast, the 5D). Takšna oblika alveolnega roba je znak prisotno-alveolar crest at the lingual surface of the lower wis- sti parodontalne bolezni in se pojavlja zlasti ob koč- dom teeth is wide (3 mm), board-like, with pitting nikih. V angleški literaturi jo označujejo z izrazom on the surface ( figs. 5C and 5D). These characteris-mizasti rob ( boardlike border).7 Na lingvalni ploskvi tics of the alveolar crest are a sign of periodontal dis-spodnjih tretjih kočnikov je razdalja med SCM in ease and occur, in particular, at the molars. In Eng- RAK 4 mm, koreninska razcepišča niso prizadeta. lish literature, such an alveolar crest is characterised Zobni kamen je prisoten pri 87,0 % (20/23) zob. V as a boardlike border.7 The distance between the CEJ zgornji čeljusti ima zobni kamen 88,9 % (8/9) zob, and the AC on the lingual surface of the lower third 7 7 Strohm, Alt 1998. Strohm, Alt 1998. 553 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 553 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 v spodnji čeljusti pa 85,7 % (12/14) zob. Pri vseh 20 molars is 4 mm; the root furcations are not affected. zobeh leži zobni kamen na kroni. Gre za otočke zob- Dental calculus is present in 87.0% (20/23) of the nega kamna, le na lingvalni ploskvi M ( sl. 5C) in na teeth. 88.9% (8/9) of the upper teeth and 85.7% 2 palatinalnih ploskvah 1C1, I2 je prisoten v debelejši (12/14) of the lower have dental calculus. On all 20 plasti vzdolž SCM. teeth, dental calculus occurs on the crown. It is pres- ent in discrete formations; only the lingual surface of V gradivu sta bila dva zoba (2I in 1M), ki ne pripa- the M ( fig. 5C) and palatal surfaces of the 1C1 and I2 2 data nobenemu od analiziranih treh skeletov ( sl. 1). have a thicker layer along the CEJ. 2I ima eno korenino, na zobni kroni pa kronsko-ko- reninsko palatinalno brazdo. 1M ima tri korenine, Two teeth among the examined material (the 2I and na obrabljeni grizni ploskvi pa so vidna razgaljena the 1M) do not belong to any of the three analysed dentinska jedra štirih vršičkov. Grizna ploskev 1M je skeletons ( fig. 1). The 2I is single-rooted and has a obrabljena poševno v palatinalni smeri pod kotom palato-radicular groove on its crown. The 1M has približno 15°. Po Molnarjevi lestvici je obraba 1M three roots and exposed dentine cores of four cusps 5. stopnje, obraba 2I pa 3. stopnje. 1M ima kavitira- on the abraded chewing surface. The abraded chew- ni kariozni spremembi na obeh aproksimalnih plo- ing surface of the 1M is oblique, leaning towards the skvah v predelu zobnega vratu. Oba zoba imata na palate side at an angle of approximately 15°. Accord- kroni manjšo količino zobnega kamna. ing to Molnar’s scale, the dental wear of the 1M is stage 5, and the dental wear of the 2I is stage 3. On both approximal surfaces of the tooth neck of the 1M, cavitated carious lesions are present. Both teeth have small amounts of dental calculus on their crowns. SPLOŠNE ZNAČILNOSTI IN RAZPRAVA COMMON CHARACTERISTICS Izračun starosti posameznikov AND A DISCUSSION Pri skeletu 2 sem starost izračunal iz rentgenskih me- Calculations of the individuals’ age ritev pri drugem zgornjem sekalcu (53 ± 10 let), pri Age at death was calculated using radiographical skeletu 3 iz meritev pri spodnjem podočniku (33 ± measurements of the second upper incisor of Skele- 11,5 let), pri skeletu 5 pa iz meritev pri vseh šestih ton 2 (53 ± 10 years); the lower canine of Skeleton 3 zobeh (58 ± 8,6 let). Zob 2I, ki ne pripada nobenemu (33 ± 11.5 years); and all six teeth of Skeleton 5 (58 od treh analiziranih skeletov, je glede na relativno ± 8.6 years). Based on the relative size of the pulp obsežnost pulpine votline pripadal človeku, staremu cavity, tooth 2I (which was not from any of the an- 27 ± 10 let, kar se sklada z majhno obrabljenostjo alysed skeletons), belonged to a 27 ± 10 years old tega zoba (3. stopnja po Molnarjevi lestvici). individual, which is consistent with the early stage of dental wear (stage 3 on Molnar’s scale). Oblikovni zobni znaki Oblikovni zobni znaki analiziranih skeletov so zna- Morphological dental traits čilni za kavkazijsko prebivalstveno skupino. Prese- Morphological dental traits of the analysed skeletons netila pa je ugotovitev, da ima M skeleta 5 poleg are characteristic of Caucasian populations. The dis- 3 dveh rednih korenin (mezialne in distalne) še nad- covery of a supernumerary root, radix entomolaris številno korenino radix entomolaris (RE). Anali- (RE), in addition to the two regular roots (mesial and za lokalnih rentgenskih posnetkov je pokazala, da distal) on the M of Skeleton 5 is surprising. Analy- 3 ima pri sedanjih prebivalcih Slovenije tri korenine sis of the periapical radiographs of modern Sloveni- 1,32 % (18/1361) prvih, 0,25 % (4/1573) drugih in ans showed that only 1.32% (18/1361) of the first, 1,77 % (13/734) tretjih spodnjih stalnih kočnikov.8 0.25% (4/1573) of the second, and 1.77% (13/734) Raziskava na ekstrahiranih zobeh pri Nizozemcih je of the third lower permanent molars are three-root- pokazala, da ima RE 1,07 % prvih, 0,14 % drugih ed.8 Research on the extracted teeth of Dutch peo- in 0,85 % tretjih spodnjih stalnih kočnikov.9 Opisi ple showed that REs occur on 1.07% of the first, spodnjih kočnikov z RE pri ljudeh iz predzgodovin- on 0.14% of the second, and on 0.85% of the third skih obdobij so v literaturi maloštevilni, kar je pove- lower permanent molars.9 Lower molars with REs zano tudi z dejstvom, da so v večini raziskav število from prehistoric people are rarely mentioned in the 8 8 Strmšek, Štamfelj 2019. Strmšek, Štamfelj 2019. 9 9 Visser 1948. Visser 1948. 554 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 554 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 korenin določali z makroskopskim pregledom gradi-literature, which is partially related to the fact that va. Tudi pri M skeleta 5 sem makroskopsko in celo most research only employs macroscopic analyses of 3 z lokalnim rentgenskim posnetkom lahko ugotovil the material when determining the number of roots. le prisotnost dveh rednih korenin, tretjo korenino Macroscopic analysis and periapical radiography of (RE) pa je pokazala šele RTSS. Prednost te meto- the M of Skeleton 5 allowed for the recognition of 3 de pred klasičnim rentgenskim slikanjem zob je, da just two roots, whereas the third root (the RE) was omogoča natančen prikaz anatomskih struktur v only identified with CBCT. The advantage of this vseh treh razsežnostih. Najdba spodnjega kočnika method over conventional radiographic imaging is z RE posredno dokazuje, da je bil dedni zapis, ki the capacity for detailed representation of anatom- omogoča razvoj te koreninske različice, na obmo- ical structures in all three dimensions. The discov- čju današnje Slovenije prisoten že v srednji bronasti ery of the lower molar with an RE indirectly proves dobi. V nasprotju s tem v vzhodni Anatoliji še pri that the genotype allowing for the development of skeletih iz železne dobe (1100–600 pr. n. št.) niso this root variation was already present in the area of ugotovili nobenega mlečnega (0/15) ali stalnega modern-day Slovenia in the Middle Bronze Age. In spodnjega kočnika (0/144) z RE, ugotovili pa so jih contrast, not a single deciduous (0/15) or perma- pri skeletih iz srednjega veka (10. stol. n. št.), in sinent (0/144) lower molar with an RE was discovered cer pri obeh skupinah spodnjih kočnikov. Domneva among the Early Iron Age (1100–600 BC) skeletons se, da so ustrezni dedni zapis na to območje prinesli in Eastern Anatolia; however, REs were present in migracijski tokovi iz Azije šele v srednjem veku.10 both groups of the lower molars of the Middle Age (10th century AD) skeletons from this area. It is pre- Obraba zob sumed that the appropriate genotype was only intro- Skeleta 2 in 5 imata skoraj enako povprečno stopnjo duced to Eastern Anatolia by the wave of migration obrabe spodnjih zob po Molnarjevi lestvici ( 4,2 vs. from Asia during the Middle Ages.10 4,3), kar kaže na primerljivo starost obeh posameznikov. Pri skeletu 2 je zelo nenavadna precej večja Dental wear povprečna stopnja obrabe zgornjih zob v primerjavi Lower teeth of Skeletons 2 and 5 present almost s spodnjimi zobmi ( 7,0 vs. 4,2). Nenavaden je tudi the same ( 4.2 vs. 4.3) average dental ware stage on večji naklon grizne ravnine pri zgornjih kot pri spo-Molnar’s scale, which indicates a comparable age at dnjih kočnikih. Posledica je okluzijsko neujemanje death of both individuals. The significantly more ad- zgornjih in spodnjih zob. Pri žvečenju hrane se zgor- vanced dental wear on the upper teeth of Skeleton nji in spodnji zobje obrabljajo približno enako hitro, 2 compared to its lower teeth ( 7.0 vs. 4.2) is highly zato gre pri skeletu 2 bolj verjetno za posledico neke unusual. Also unusual is a greater chewing surface dodatne dejavnosti, morda uporabe zgornjih zob pri inclination of the upper than lower molars. The re- določenem opravilu. Druga možna razlaga je, da se sult is an occlusal discrepancy of the upper and lower je pri delu s skeletnim gradivom zgodila zamenjava teeth. When chewing food, upper and lower teeth in čeljustnici ne pripadata istemu skeletu. are abraded at a similar pace. Thus, the teeth of Skel- eton 2 might indicate an additional activity; perhaps Zobni karies the use of upper teeth for a specific task. It is also Zobni karies je razgradnja trdih zobnih tkiv zaradi possible that while handling skeletal material, the re- delovanja kariogenih bakterij. Od treh bronastodob- mains were commingled and the jaws do not belong nih skeletov je le eden brez kariesa (moški skelet 5). to the same skeleton. V analiziranem gradivu je 14,3 % (7/49) karioznih zob: pet zob pri skeletu 2 (5/21), en zob pri skeletu 3 Dental caries (1/3), nič zob pri skeletu 5 (0/23), poleg tega ima ka- Dental caries is a breakdown of hard dental tissues ries še eden od dveh izoliranih zob. Dva zoba imata due to the activity of cariogenic bacteria. Out of the po dve kariozni spremembi, pet zob pa po eno kario- three Bronze Age skeletons, only one is caries-free zno spremembo. Med sedmimi karioznimi zobmi so (male Skeleton 5). There are 14.3% (7/49) of carious trije prvi kočniki (1M, M ), trije drugi kočniki (2M2, teeth in the analysed material: five teeth of the male 1 1 M) in en prvi ličnik (1P). Po rentgenski oceni nobe- Skeleton 2 (5/21), one tooth of the female Skeleton 2na kariozna sprememba ne sega do pulpine votline. 3 (1/3), and zero teeth of the male Skeleton 5 (0/23). Prevladujoča prizadetost kočnikov ni presenetljiva, Additionally, caries is present in one of the unasso- saj se je karies v vseh obdobjih najpogosteje pojavljal ciated teeth. Two teeth have two carious lesions, and 10 10 Erkman, Kaya 2014. Erkman, Kaya 2014. 555 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 555 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 pri tej zobni skupini, zlasti pri prvem in drugem koč- five teeth have one carious lesion. Among the seven niku, manj pogosto pri ličnikih, karies na sekalcih in carious teeth are three first molars (1M, M ), three 1 1 podočnikih pa je bil redkost vse do obdobja po letu second molars (2M2, M), and one first premolar 2 1000 n. š..11 (1P). According to the radiographic evaluation, none Pričujoča paleostomatološka raziskava daje pred- of the carious lesions has extended into the pulp cav- vsem vpogled v ustno zdravje štirih odraslih posame- ity. That molars are predominantly affected is hardly znikov, rezultatov pa zaradi majhnega vzorca ne mo- surprising, considering that in all periods caries are remo neposredno prenesti na celotno prebivalstveno most common for this group of teeth. The first and skupino, ki so ji ti posamezniki pripadali. Analiza ob- second molars are particularly prone to them, and sežnejšega skeletnega gradiva bi lahko dala bistveno the premolars less so. Caries of the incisors and ca- drugačne podatke. Kakorkoli, če rezultati dejansko nines remained a rarity until post-1000 AD.11 predstavljajo vpogled v ustno zdravje prebivalstvene This palaeostomatological research predomi- skupine, je ugotovljeni delež karioznih stalnih zob nantly provides an insight into the oral health of four (14,3 %) značilen za način preživljanja, ki temelji na adult individuals. Given the small sample size, the poljedelstvu (2,2–26,9 %),12 se pa uvršča v zgornji results cannot be directly linked to the entire popu- del razpona vrednosti za evropska bronastodobna lation to which these individuals belonged. An anal- najdišča (1,1–17,1 %).13 ysis of a larger skeletal sample might provide signifi- Pri zobeh iz Brezij pod Brinjevo goro je vseh de- cantly different data. Nevertheless, if the sample does vet karioznih sprememb na zobnem vratu (osem na reflect the general population trends in oral health, aproksimalnih ploskvah in ena na bukalni ploskvi) the determined portion of carious permanent teeth in vse so bile omejene na posamezno zobno ploskev. (14.3%) would have been characteristic of the agri- Za razliko od tega se pri sedanjem prebivalstvu kari- cultural way of life (2.2–26.9%),12 and would have es najpogosteje razvije na zobnih kronah kočnikov fallen within the upper range for European Bronze in ličnikov, in sicer največkrat v fisurnem sistemu Age sites (1.1–17.1%).13 na griznih ploskvah, nato na njihovih aproksimal- On the teeth from Brezje below Brinjeva gora, nih ploskvah. Pojavljanje kariesa na zobnem vratu all nine carious lesions are on the tooth necks (eight in koreninah namesto na griznih ploskvah pri pred- on the approximal surfaces and one on the buccal zgodovinskih prebivalstvenih skupinah povezujejo z surface) and limited to a single tooth surface. In veliko obrabo zob.14 Okluzalna obraba je povzročila contrast, caries in modern populations develop most zgodnje preoblikovanje griznih ploskev kočnikov in often on the crowns of molars and premolars, com- ličnikov, predvsem izgubo fisur, ki so predilekcijsko monly in the fissure system of chewing surfaces, and mesto za razvoj okluzalnega kariesa. Poleg tega se je lees often on their approximal surfaces. The occur- obraba zobnih kron delno izravnavala z izraščanjem rence of caries on the tooth neck and roots instead zob, kar je razgalilo vratni del zobne korenine, ki ga of on the chewing surfaces in prehistoric populations sicer pokrivajo obzobna tkiva. is related to advanced dental wear.14 Occlusal dental wear caused early modification of chewing surfaces Kronični apikalni parodontitis of molars and premolars, particularly loss of fissures, Apikalni parodontitis je vnetje, ki se razvije ob ko- which would have presented a site of predilection for reninski konici okuženega avitalnega zoba. Na če- the development of occlusal caries. Furthermore, the ljustni kosti se kaže kot apikalna osteolitična spre- abrasion of dental crowns offset the eruption of teeth, memba. Apikalni parodontitis se v večini primerov exposing the necks of their roots, which would nor-razvije ob zobeh, pri katerih sta karies ali obraba mally have been covered by the periodontal tissues. dosegla zobno pulpo. Apikalno kostno razgradnjo, ki je nastala zaradi kroničnega apikalnega paro- Chronical apical periodontitis dontitisa (KAP), sem makroskopsko in rentgensko Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory lesion that ugotovil pri skeletu 2 ob koreninah P1. Nastanek develops around the apex of a root of an infected KAP je bil v tem primeru vzročno povezan z od- avital tooth. On the jawbone, it presents as an apical prtjem pulpine votline zaradi močne obrabe, kar je osteolytic change. Apical periodontitis most often 11 11 Caselitz 1998. Caselitz 1998. 12 12 Turner II, 1979. Turner II, 1979. 13 13 Przystánska et al. 2015; Ubelaker, Pap 1996; Brabant, Przystánska et al. 2015; Ubelaker, Pap 1996; Brabant, Cordier 1966; Polo-Cerdá et al. 2007; Nicklisch et al. Cordier 1966; Polo-Cerdá et al. 2007; Nicklisch et al. 2016; Cucina et al. 1999. 2016; Cucina et al. 1999. 14 14 Maat, Van der Velde 1987; Meinl et al. 2010. Maat, Van der Velde 1987; Meinl et al. 2010. 556 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 556 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 mikroorganizmom iz ustne votline omogočilo vstop develops at teeth where the dental pulp has been v notranjost zoba. Pri istem skeletu je bil KAP mor- exposed by caries or dental wear. Apical bone loss da prisoten tudi ob zobeh 2P2, vendar to zaradi slabe caused by chronical apical periodontitis (CAP) was ohranjenosti alveol in izgube zob po smrti ni povsem macroscopically and radiographically determined at jasno. V analiziranem bronastodobnem gradivu je the roots of the P1 of Skeleton 2. In this case, the de- 1,5 % (1/67) zob s KAP, kar je upoštevaje majhnost velopment of CAP was causally related to the open- vzorca primerljivo z 0,42 % deležem (17/4032) pri ing of the pulp cavity caused by the advanced dental bronastodobnih prebivalcih na območju današnje wear which allowed microorganisms from the oral Madžarske,15 vendar precej manj od 6,6 % deleža cavity to enter the interior of the tooth. It is possible (23/349) pri zgodnjebronastodobnih prebivalcih that CAP might also be present at the 2P2 in this današnjega Trentina v Italiji.16 skeleton. However, poor preservation of the alveo- li and postmortem tooth loss prevents unequivocal Parodontalna bolezen diagnosis. In the analysed material, 1.5% (1/67) of Prisotnost znakov parodontalne bolezni se kaže pri teeth has CAP. Whilst acknowledging the small sam- skeletih 2 in 5, pri skeletu 3, pa je ohranjenost če- ple size, this is comparable to the 0.42% (17/4032) ljustne kosti preslaba. Znaki parodontalne bolezni presence determined for the Bronze Age populations so prisotni na čeljustni kosti ob 11 kočnikih (štirih of modern-day Hungary.15 On the other hand, it is zgornjih in sedmih spodnjih), dveh zgornjih ličnikih significantly smaller than the 6.6% (23/349) pres- in enem zgornjem sekalcu. Prevladujoča prizadetost ence in the Early Bronze Age population of mod- čeljustnice ob kočnikih se ujema z rezultati drugih ern-day Trentino in Italy.16 raziskav, prav tako njihova neenakomerna porazdeli- tev. Pri moškem s skeletom 5 so znaki parodontalne Periodontal disease bolezni prisotni le ob dveh zobeh ( M ), pri moškem Changes indicating periodontal disease were present 3 3 s skeletom 2 pa ob 12 zobeh in pri skoraj polovici on the Skeletons 2 and 5, while the jaws of Skeleton teh zob je bila bolezen napredovana (2M2, I2, M ). V 3 were too poorly preserved for such observations. 1 1 gradivu je 75,5 % (37/49) zob z zobnim kamnom. Signs of periodontal disease were present adjacent to Pri zobovju skeleta 5 je zobni kamen pritrjen na kro- 11 molars (four upper and seven lower), two pre- ne (supragingivalni zobni kamen), kar se sklada z molars and one upper incisor. The predominant zdravo alveolno kostjo pri tem posamezniku. Tudi occurrence of periodontal disease in the molars is pri zobovju skeleta 2 je bil zobni kamen pritrjen na consistent with the results of other studies, as is its krone, le pri M in P je bil (tudi) na korenini (sub- irregular occurrence amongst the teeth of different 1 1 1 gingivalni zobni kamen). Znano je, da subgingivalni individuals. The signs of periodontal disease are only zobni kamen nastane v predelu parodontalnega žepa present adjacent to two teeth (the M ) of the male 3 3 kot stranski proizvod vnetja.17 Prisotnost zobnega Skeleton 5, whereas bone adjacent to 12 teeth of the kamna olajša kopičenje bakterijskega zobnega plaka, male Skeleton 2 is affected, with an advanced stage vendar ni neposredni vzročni dejavnik parodontalne of the disease identified in almost half of the cas- bolezni, zato ne preseneča, da sta se moška kljub pri- es (the 2M2, I2, M ). Dental calculus is present in 1 1 bližno enaki količini supragingivalnega zobnega ka- 75.5% (37/49) of the examined teeth. On the teeth mna in primerljivi starosti močno razlikovala glede of Skeleton 5, it is attached to the crowns (i.e. su- parodontalnega zdravja. pragingival dental calculus) which is consistent with the healthy alveolar bone of the individual. On the Linearne hipoplazije sklenine teeth of Skeleton 2, it also appears on the crowns; on Linearne hipoplazije sklenine (LHS) so nespecifi- the M and P, it is also attached to the roots (i.e. 1 1 1 čen odraz delovanja okoljskih škodljivih dejavnikov subgingival dental calculus). Subgingival calculus is na otrokov razvoj.18 Lahko so posledica neustrezne known to develop around the periodontal pocket prehrane pri otroku, sistemskih in infekcijskih bo- as a by-product of inflammation.17 The presence of lezni.19 Pri skeletu 2 imata I v sklenini vratne po- dental calculus facilitates the accumulation of bac- 2 2 lovice labialne ploskve vsak po dve šibko izraženi terial dental plaque, although it is not a direct cause linearni hipoplaziji. Vsak par hipoplazij je približno of periodontal disease. It is not surprising, then, that 15 the periodontal health of both men was significantly Ubelaker, Pap 1996. 16 Cucina et al. 1999. 17 15 Lang et al. 2008. Ubelaker, Pap 1996. 18 16 Baume, Crawford 1980. Cucina et al. 1999. 19 17 Schultz et al. 1998. Lang et al. 2008. 557 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 557 8. 03. 2021 12:56:18 enako oddaljen od SCM, zato ga lahko povežemo z different despite having roughly the same amount of istim vzročnim dejavnikom. Iz časovnih določil pri supragingival dental calculus. razvoju drugega spodnjega stalnega sekalca lahko določim, da je en par LHS nastal pri starosti 2,5 let, Linear enamel hypoplasia drug par pa pri starosti 3 let. Menijo, da je pri pre- Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a nonspecific in- teklih ljudstvih to obdobje sovpadalo s prekinitvijo dicator of harmful environmental factors affecting dojenja in prehodom na mešano prehrano.20 the development of a child.18 It can be attributed to malnutrition, or systemic and infectious diseas- Primerjava oralnega zdravja posameznikov es.19 Skeleton 2 has two mildly expressed hypoplas- Analiza je pokazala, da je bilo oralno zdravje precej tic lines on the enamel of the neck half of the I22 slabše pri moškem s skeletom 2 kot pri moškem s labial surfaces. Each pair of the hypoplastic lines is skeletom 5, čeprav sta oba iz iste starostne skupine approximately equidistant from the CEJ. Thus, it (50–60 let). Moški s skeletom 5 za časa življenja can be attributed to the same cause. Based on the de- najverjetneje ni izgubil nobenega zoba, ni imel zob- velopmental timing of the second lower permanent nega kariesa, apikalnega parodontitisa in hipoplazij incisor, the first pair of the LEH developed at 2.5 sklenine. Parodontalna bolezen je bila prisotna le years of age and the second at 3 years of age. In past na lingvalni strani obeh spodnjih tretjih kočnikov. populations, this age range generally coincides with Moški s skeletom 2 je za časa življenja izgubil oba the weaning process.20 zgornja prva kočnika, imel je najmanj pet karioznih zob, najmanj en zob z apikalnim parodontitisom in Comparisons of oral health of individuals najmanj dva zoba z LHS. Poleg tega je bila ob 12 zo- The analyses showed that the male Skeleton 2 had beh prisotna parodontalna bolezen, ob petih zobeh significantly poorer oral health compared to the male je bila napredovana. Oba moška sta imela supragin- Skeleton 5, even though both individuals belonged givalni zobni kamen na več kot polovici zob. Nista to the same age group (50–60 years). Teeth and jaws se razlikovala po povprečni stopnji obrabe spodnjih of Skeleton 5 indicate that in his lifetime, this male zob (4,2 vs. 4,3 po Molnarjevi lestvici); v nasprotju s individual did not suffer from tooth loss, dental car- tem je povprečna stopnja obrabe zgornjih zob precej ies, apical periodontitis or enamel hypoplasia. Perio- večja pri moškem s skeletom 2 (7,0 po Molnarjevi dontal disease was only present on the lingual side of lestvici) kot pri moškem s skeletom 5 (5,2 po Mol- his lower third molars. The teeth and jaws of Skele- narjevi lestvici). ton 2 indicate that, during his lifetime, this man lost Zobovje ženske s skeletom 3 je zelo slabo ohra- both upper first molars; had a minimum of five cari- njeno (odlomki čeljustnic s tremi zobmi), razpolo- ous teeth; at least one tooth had apical periodontitis; žljivi podatki pa navajajo k domnevi, da je bilo njeno and LEH occurred on at least two teeth. Addition- ustno zdravje najslabše, čeprav je bila približno 20 ally, periodontal disease was present adjacent to 12 let mlajša od obeh moških. Preseneča zlasti to, da of his teeth, with advanced stages identified in five je za časa življenja izgubila najmanj pet zob, kar je cases. Both males had supragingival dental calculus v nesorazmerju z njeno starostjo (okrog 30 let), pa on more than half of their teeth. The average dental tudi to, da so med izgubljenimi zobmi dva zgornja wear of the lower teeth did not differ between the ličnika (P1,2) in en zgornji sekalec (2I), kar bi zla- two males (4.2 vs. 4.3 on Molnar’s scale); on the oth- sti pri slednjem težko pripisali posledicam kariesa. er hand, Skeleton 2 had a significantly higher aver- Ugotovljene razlike med žensko in obema moškima age dental wear on the upper teeth (7.0 on Molnar’s bi deloma lahko bile odraz spolnih razlik glede po- scale) than Skeleton 5 (5.2 on Molnar’s scale). gostnosti kariesa pri takratnem prebivalstvu. Obstoj Dentition of the female Skeleton 3 is poorly pre- takšnih razlik potrjujejo raziskave na številnih arhe- served (i.e. a fragment of the mandible with three oloških gradivih, vzroki za večjo pogostnost kariesa teeth), yet the available data suggests the poorest oral pri ženskah kot pri moških pa so verjetno socialne in hygiene of the three, even though the woman was ne fiziološke narave.21 about 20 years younger than both men. Particular- ly surprising is the antemortem loss of at least five teeth, which is disproportionate to her age (around 30 years). Furthermore, among the lost teeth are two 18 Baume, Crawford 1980. 20 19 Goodman et al. 1980. Schultz et al. 1998. 21 20 Larsen et al. 1991. Goodman et al. 1980. 558 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 558 8. 03. 2021 12:56:19 premolars (P1,2) and one upper incisor (2I), which can hardly be attributed to caries, especially in the case of the latter. Differences between the female and both males might partially reflect a distinct gender bias in the prevalence of dental caries within the population, which was confirmed by numerous studies of archaeological material. A higher rate of caries in females was likely a result of social, and not physiological, factors.21 ZAKLJUČKI CONCLUSIONS i) Starost ob smrti, izračunana na osnovi rentgen- i) Based on the radiographic images, age at death skih posnetkov zob, je bila najvišja pri moškem was calculated to be the highest for the male s skeletom 5 (58 ± 8,6 let), sledita moški s ske- Skeleton 5 (58 ± 8.6 years), followed by the male letom 2 (53 ± 10 let) in ženska s skeletom 3 (33 Skeleton 2 (53 ± 10 years), and the female Skel- ± 11,5 let). eton 3 (33 ± 11.5 years). ii) Računalniška tomografija spodnje čeljustnice ii) The computed tomography of the mandible of skeleta 5 je pokazala, da ima levi modrostni zob Skeleton 5 presented a supernumerary root – poleg dveh rednih korenin (mezialne in distalne) radix entomolaris (RE) on the lingual side of his še nadštevilno korenino na lingvalni strani – ra-left wisdom tooth in addition to the two regular dix entomolaris (RE). Najdba posredno dokazuje, roots (the mesial and the distal). The discovery da je dedni zapis, ki usmerja razvoj te dodatne indirectly proves that the genotype that directs korenine, na območju današnje Slovenije med supernumerary root development in the area of prebivalstvom prisoten najmanj 3.500 let. modern-day Slovenia has been present in the iii) Močno obrabljenost in razmeroma velik delež population for at least 3,500 years. karioznih zob v vzorcu (14,3 %) bi lahko pove- iii) The advanced dental wear and relatively high zali z abrazivno prehrano pretežno rastlinskega proportion of carious teeth in the sample izvora. Pri skeletu 2 preseneča precej večja ob- (14.3%) might be related to an abrasive, pre- rabljenost zgornjih zob v primerjavi s spodnjimi dominantly plant-based diet. The surprising and zobmi, kar bi lahko nastalo kot posledica upora- significantly higher abrasion of the upper teeth be zgornjih zob pri določenem opravilu. of Skeleton 2 might be consequential to the use iv) Rezultati kažejo, da so se analizirani bronasto- of upper teeth for some specific task. dobni posamezniki zelo razlikovali glede oralne- iv) Results show that the oral health of the ana- ga zdravja. Zobje in čeljustnici skeleta 5 kažejo, lysed Bronze Age individuals differed signifi- da je moški do konca svojega življenja obdržal cantly. The teeth and jaws of Skeleton 5 indicate popolno in nekariozno zobovje ter z izjemo dveh that this male individual kept all his caries-free zob zdravo alveolno kost. Zobje in čeljustnici teeth until the end of his life and, apart from skeleta 2 kažejo, da je moški za časa življenja iz- two teeth, a healthy alveolar bone. The teeth gubil dva kočnika, imel je najmanj pet karioznih and jaws of Skeleton 2 indicate that this man zob, najmanj en zob z apikalnim parodontiti- lost two molars antemortem; had a minimum som, najmanj dva zoba z linearnimi hipoplazi- of five carious teeth; at least one tooth with the jami sklenine in 12 parodontalno obolelih zob, apical periodontitis; at least two teeth with lin- med katerimi je bilo pet zob z napredovano obli- ear enamel hypoplasia; and 12 teeth affected by ko bolezni. Zobje in čeljustnici skeleta 3 kažejo, periodontal disease, five of which presented an da je ženska, ki je umrla približno 20 let mlajša advanced stage of the disease. The teeth and jaws od obeh moških, za časa življenja izgubila naj- of Skeleton 3 indicate that this female individu- manj pet zob, med katerimi sta celo en zgornji al died about 20 years younger than both male sekalec in dva zgornja ličnika. Kljub zelo slabi individuals and lost a minimum of five teeth ohranjenosti zobovja in čeljustnic rezultati na- antemortem, including one upper incisor and vajajo k sklepu, da je bilo njeno oralno zdravje two upper premolars. Despite the poor preserva- najslabše. tion of the jaws and dentition, this indicates the poorest oral health of the three individuals. 21 Larsen et al. 1991. 559 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 559 8. 03. 2021 12:56:19 Zahvala Acknowledgements Iskreno se zahvaljujem inženirjem radiologije Boštjanu I sincerely thank radiology engineers from the Clinic of Frlanu, Mojci Lah, Marjani Longar, Tadeji Salkič in Na-Stomatology of the Ljubljana University Medical Centre taši Torner s Stomatološke klinike Univerzitetnega klinič- Boštjan Frlan, Mojca Lah, Marjana Logar, Tadeja Salkič, nega centra Ljubljana za izdelavo rentgenskih posnetkov and Nataša Torner for producing the radiographic images skeletnega gradiva ter Zobnemu rentgenu Rudnik iz Lju- of skeletal material and Zobni rentgen Rudnik ( Tooth X-ray bljane, še posebej inženirju radiologije Urošu Horjaku za Rudnik), Ljubljana, radiology engineer Uroš Horjak in par-računalniško tomografijo spodnjih čeljustnic. ticular, for the computed tomography of the mandibles. 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D. thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (neobjavljena/unpublished). 560 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 560 8. 03. 2021 12:56:19 SKLEPNA BESEDA CONCLUSION POHORSKO PODRAVJE THE POHORSKO PODRAVJE V POZNI BRONASTI IN REGION DURING THE LATE STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar PROLOG INTRODUCTION Poselitev Pohorskega Podravja v pozni bronasti in The settlement dynamics in the Pohorsko Podravje zgodnji železni dobi kot tudi v drugih arheoloških region during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, obdobjih1 je bila v večji meri soodvisna tako od geo- as well as in other archaeological periods,1 depended, morfoloških kot geografskih danosti, kajti Pohorsko to some extent, on the area’s geomorphological and Podravje se nahaja na stičišču vzhodnih obronkov geographical affordances. Located at the junction of Centralnih Alp in subpanonskega sveta. Gre za do- the eastern edges of the Central Alps and the Sub- kaj zaključeno geografsko enoto, saj jo na severu in pannonian region, Pohorsko Podravje functioned as vzhodu zamejuje gričevje Kozjaka in Slovenskih go- a rather distinct geographical unit. It is delineated by ric, na zahodu pa obronki Pohorja, ki se spustijo v the Kozjak and Slovenske gorice hills in the north and nižave Dravskega polja, tam, kjer gorska reka Drava east, and by the Pohorje massif in the west. In the area iz ozke Dravske doline preide v širjave Dravskega po-where the latter’s fringes reach into the Dravsko polje lja in naprej Panonske nižine. Takšna lega pogojuje plain, the river Drava, until that point a mountainous tudi pomen tega prostora kot križišča različnih poti river running through the narrow Drava valley, be- iz vseh nebesnih smeri, na eni strani tistih, ki pote- comes wider whilst flowing across the Dravsko polje kajo vzdolž Drave od vzhoda proti zahodu, na drugi and onwards to the Pannonian plain. This geographi- strani tistih, ki vodijo preko dobro prehodnih gričev cal position made communication in any of four car- in nato nižav vzdolž Pohorja od severa proti jugu ali dinal directions possible, which means that various obratno. V teh naravnih danostih je verjetno iskati routes intersected in the area, including, for instance, vzroke za to, da je bilo to območje intenzivno po-those that accompany the Drava river eastwards/west- seljeno tudi v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi. wards, and others that lead northwards/southwards O raziskavah arheoloških najdišč v Mariboru in across the easily traversable hills of Slovenske gorice njegovi okolici je v svojih izredno izčrpnih in zani- and further along the lowlands at the edges of Pohor- mivih razpravah pisal najboljši poznavalec štajerske je massif to the south or vice versa. These natural af- prazgodovine – Stanko Pahič, dolgoletni kustos – ar- fordances need to be considered, then, as one of the heolog v Pokrajinskem muzeju v Mariboru. Njego- factors contributing to the region’s dense settlement vemu spominu posvečamo tudi naše študije, zbrane during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. v pričujočem zborniku. Njegovi temeljni znanstveni The archaeological research in the region of Po- sestavki o prazgodovini Maribora z okolico so izšli v horsko Podravje, especially in the vicinity of Maribor, različnih publikacijah. Naj na tem mestu omenimo had been, for many years, conducted by Stanko Pahič, zlasti prispevke v zvezkih Časopisa za zgodovino in the archaeologist-curator of the Regional Museum narodopisje 2 ter zbirki Doneski k pradavnini Podravja (Pokrajinski muzej) of Maribor. He was an outstand-in Naši kraji v pradavnini 3, ki ju je sam tudi izdajal. ing and leading expert on the prehistory of Styria, who Vendar se ni zadovoljil samo z njimi, temveč je že- discovered and excavated a large number of archaeo- lel arheologijo približati tudi širši javnosti. Tako je logical sites and discussed them in detailed, thorough objavil vrsto poljudnih člankov, med katerimi naj and captivating treatises, which enormously enriched posebej opozorimo na tiste, ki so izšli v društvenem our knowledge about the discussed area. Pahič’s papers letopisu Planinskega društva Maribor Matica Plani- were published in several different publications, of ne ob meji 4. which only the various issues of the Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje 2 historical journal and a number of 1 Glej tu Črešnar, Zgodovina raziskav in npr. Teržan, Čreš- nar, Mušič 2012. 2 Pahič 1966; isti 1968. 1 See here, for example Črešnar, History of research, or 3 Pahič 1985a; isti 1985b; isti 1987 itd. Teržan, Črešnar, Mušič 2012. 4 Pahič 1965–1967; isti 1972–1973. 2 Pahič 1966; id. 1968. 561 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 561 8. 03. 2021 12:56:19 V zadnjih dveh oz. treh desetletjih so potekala volumes within the Doneski k pradavnini Podravja and številna arheološka izkopavanja, zlasti zaradi gradnje Naši kraji v pradavini 3 series are highlighted here. The avtoceste in drugih večjih gradbenih del na maribor-latter two were, in fact, self-published by the author. skem področju, ki jih je povečini vodila Mira Strmč- Furthermore, aspiring to bring archaeology to the nik-Gulič5, arheologinja – konservatorka na mari- general public, Pahič wrote a number of papers for borskem spomeniškovarstvenem zavodu. Odkrita je a lay audience with some of his most notable texts bila vrsta novih arheoloških najdišč iz različnih ob- appearing in the Planine ob meji 4 almanac of the local dobij, med katerimi prevladujejo najdišča iz bronaste mountaineering society Planinsko društvo Maribor dobe. Te raziskave so bistveno dopolnile arheološko Matica. Therefore, we would like to dedicate this vol- podobo Pohorskega Podravja, zato bomo v nada- ume of studies to his memory. ljevanju poskusili podati povzetek naših raziskav, Owing to a highway construction and several predstavljenih v pričujoči monografiji, ter trenutni large infrastructure construction projects, a number of pogled na njegovo poseljenost, tokrat le v pozni bro- extensive archaeological excavations took place in the nasti in zgodnji železni dobi ( sl. 1). wider area of Maribor over the last two to three dec- ades. Most of these were led by Mira Strmčnik-Gulič,5 an archaeologist-conservator at the Maribor Regional Office of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia. While a number of new archaeo- logical sites from different periods were discovered, the Bronze Age sites predominated in the area. Over the years, their research has substantially contributed to- wards a better understanding of the Pohorsko Podrav- je region in the past. Building on these findings, we aim, first, to summarize the results of our own research presented in this monograph, and second, to discuss the current understanding of the settlement dynamics in the region during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages ( fig. 1). POZNA BRONASTA DOBA THE LATE BRONZE AGE V pozni bronasti dobi, tj. v obdobju kulture žarnih During the Late Bronze Age, the Urnfield culture grobišč, ki je zajela skorajda vso evropsko celino, kar gradually spread across most of the European conti- je povezano s širjenjem novih religioznih predstav nent and brought about new religious imagery, ideas in z njimi povezanih obredov kot tudi z različnimi and cult practices, as well as triggered various migra- migracijami, je prišlo do intenzivne poselitve tudi v tions, including within the region discussed here. As Pohorskem Podravju. Kot je razvidno iz uvodnega elaborated in the introductory chapter on the histo- poglavja o zgodovini raziskav,6 so bila že v zadnjih ry of research,6 the first Late Bronze Age sites were desetletjih 19. in v prvih 20. stol. v Podravju odkrita discovered in the region of Pohorsko Podravje in the številna arheološka najdišča, predvsem obsežna pla- last decades of the 19th century and the first decades na žgana grobišča, za katere je v strokovni literaturi of the 20th century. One of the most notable sites uveljavljeno poimenovanje »ruška skupina kulture unearthed at that time was the extensive first Urn- žarnih grobišč« in ki sodi predvsem v obdobje mlajše field cemetery at Ruše, which became eponymous of kulture žarnih grobišč, tj. v stopnjo Ha B. Z njo je the Ruše Urnfield cultural group, dated to the late vzdolž Drave med Rušami in Ormožem izpričana so- phase of the Urnfield culture, namely the Ha B pe- razmerno gosta poselitev nižinskih predelov in tudi riod. The Ruše-group settled the lowland area along na nekaterih izpostavljenih strateških legah, kot je the Drava river between Ruše and Ormož relatively Ptujski grad nad ugodnim prehodom čez Dravo, ter densely. Its settlements also appeared on some hill- z izjemo Brinjeve gore, umaknjene na južne obronke tops, including Ptuj Castle above a convenient Dra- Pohorja. V ta čas datiramo tudi tu predstavljeni naj- va river crossing and Brinjeva gora hill, hidden on dišči, naselbino s pripadajočimi grobovi na Pobrežju 3 Pahič 1985a; id. 1985b; id. 1987 etc. 4 Pahič 1965–1967; id. 1972–1973. 5 5 Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ista 2003; Koprivnik, Strmčnik Strmčnik Gulič 2001; ead. 2003; Koprivnik, Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2009. Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2009. 6 6 Glej tu Črešnar, Zgodovina raziskav. See here Črešnar, History of research. 562 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 562 8. 03. 2021 12:56:19 Slika 1a. Zemljevid Novine severovzhodne Gornja Radgona Slovenije z izbranimi Plački vrh najdišči iz časa Murska pozne bronaste in Sobota starejše železne dobe (krog – naselje, krog s piko – višinsko Benedikt Mura oz. utrjeno naselje, pravokotnik – plano grobišče, polkrog – gomilno grobišče, zvezda – depo, križ Ščavnica – posamezna najdba; Pobrežje Poštela odebeljen napis – tukaj objavljena najdišča). Figure 1a. A map of Rogoza Drava north-eastern Slovenia Orehova vas with selected Late Hotinja vas Bronze and Early Iron Age sites (circle – settlement, circle Hajdina Ptuj with dot – hilltop or Velenik fortified settlement, Srednica Zavrč Ormož rectangle – flat Brinjeva Lancova vas cemetery, semicircle Ptujska gora gora – tumulus cemetery, star – hoard, cross – individual find; bold Dravinja text – sites published in this volume). Slika 1b. Zemljevid Pohorskega Podravja z izbranimi najdišči 7 iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe (krog – naselje, krog s piko – višinsko 8 oz. utrjeno naselje, 18 5 9 pravokotnik – plano 4 6 grobišče, polkrog – Drava gomilno grobišče, 10 zvezda – depo, križ 3 11 – posamezna najdba; 1 2 rdeče – pozna bronasta 16 doba, zelena – starejše železna doba, rumena 20 – obe obdobji oz. 19 23 prehodno obdobje). 21 Figure 1b. A map of 12 the Pohorsko Podravje 22 24 region with selected 13 Late Bronze and Early Iron Age sites (circle 14 – settlement, circle with dot – hilltop or fortified settlement, 26 17 rectangle – flat 25 cemetery, semicircle 15 – tumulus cemetery, 27 star – hoard, cross – individual find; red – Late Bronze Age, Seznam najdišč na sl. 1b / List of sites on fig. 1b: 1–3 – Ruše, 4 – Limbuš, 5–6 – Maribor, 7 – Pekel, 8 – Meljski hrib, 9 – Malečnik, green – Early Iron Age, 10–11 – Pobrežje, 12 – Hočko Pohorje, 13 – Rogoza, 14 – Miklavž na Dravskem polju, 15 – Orehova vas; 16 – Razvanje, 17 – yellow – both phases Slivnica (Ob Polanskem potoku); 18 – Mariborski otok, 19 – Poštela, 20 – Habakuk/Lepa ravna, 21 – Razvanje, 22 – Pivola, 23 – or transitional period). Bohova (E.Leclerc), 24 – Rogoza, 25–26 – Čreta pri Slivnici, 27 – Hotinja vas (glej tudi / see also: Teržan 1990, 255–353; Črešnar 2010, 74–80; Dular 2013, 101–110; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019; Vinder, Ciglar 2018). 563 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 563 8. 03. 2021 12:56:24 v Mariboru in grobišče Gračič pod Brinjevo goro the southern fringes of Pohorje massif. The two sites nad Zrečami ( sl. 1; 8).7 presented in this volume – the settlement and its ac- Nekoliko drugačno je bilo doslej stanje raziska- companying graves at Pobrežje in Maribor and the nosti, ki se je navezovalo na starejše obdobje kultu- cemetery at Gračič below Brinjeva gora near Zreče re žarnih grobišč. Če smo na poselitev v Podravju v (on the edge of the Pohorje massif) – both date, like- stopnji Ha A v Müller-Karpejevem smislu8 še v 90. wise, to the Ha B period ( Figs. 1; 8).7 letih 20 stol. lahko sklepali le na osnovi depojskih Somewhat different was the state of research najdb, kot sta npr. tisti, odkriti na Hočkem Pohorju on the early phase of the Urnfield culture that has in Peklu pri Košakih,9 pa jo sedaj dokazujejo na novo undergone a radical change in recent years. Until odkrita arheološka najdišča, zlasti tista naselbinskega the 1990’s, the settlement dynamics of the Pohor- značaja, ki se vrstijo ob severozahodnem robu Dra- sko Podravje region during the Ha A period (sensu vskega polja in od katerih tu objavljamo rezultate ar- Müller-Karpe8) could only be inferred on the basis of heoloških raziskav iz Orehove vasi10. some hoard finds such as those discovered at Hočko Zanimivo je, da je kar nekaj naselbin nastalo na Pohorje and Pekel near Košaki.9 The recently discov- krajih, ki so bili poseljeni že v starejših obdobjih, boered sites, most notably various settlements at the disi že v eneolitiku bodisi v zgodnji bronasti dobi oz. edge of the Dravsko polje plain, now unequivocally na njenem prehodu v srednjo bronasto dobo, v času confirm the Ha A settlement of the area. In this vol- tako imenovane kulture s pramenasto keramiko (oz. ume, we present results of archaeological research at Litzen – licensko keramiko), čeprav nikakor ne gre one of those settlements, namely Orehova vas.10 za poselitveno kontinuiteto na enem in istem kraju. Interestingly, several settlements of the Urnfield To velja tako za Rogozo11 kot za Orehovo vas12, pa culture were located in places that had already been tudi za nekoliko mlajše Pobrežje13. Očitno je pri iz- occupied in earlier periods such as the Eneolithic boru za naselitev botrovala ustrezna konfiguracija te- and the Early Bronze Age or during transition of the rena, morda na kakšni nizki vzpetini, dvignjeno nad latter to the Middle Bronze Age (i.e. in the period ravnico in morebitno močvaro, kot to velja za Rogo- of the “Litzen” culture). Whilst in no way proving a zo.14 Pomembno vlogo je morala imeti tudi bližina long-term settlement continuity, the resettlement of tekoče pitne vode, saj sta bili obe omenjeni naselbini such sites as those at Rogoza,11 Orehova vas12 and the – tako Rogoza kot tudi Orehova vas – postavljeni tik somewhat younger Pobrežje13, indicated a number of ob potoku, Pobrežje pa je stalo na visoki terasi nad distinct settlement preferences that persisted across reko Dravo.15 millenia. It appears that people continued to favour Večinoma so bile to naselbine »raztresenega slightly elevated points in the landscape, which were gručastega tipa«, ki so temeljile na kmečkem gospo- chosen due to their raised position above the plain darstvu. Kot so pokazale natančne analize stavbnih that might have been, as in the case of Rogoza,14 ostalin, zlasti razporeditev jam za nosilne lesene ste- marshy at the time. Considering that both Rogoza bre, kot najboljših arheoloških indikatorjev za raz- and Orehova vas were erected close to a stream, an- poznavanje stavbnih tlorisov, so obstajale v vsaki od other important factor in the selection of the settle- obravnavanih naselbin stavbe različnih velikosti in ment site would have been the proximity of running 7 7 Glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar; Koprivnik, Pobrežje in Gračič. See here Kramberger, Črešnar; Koprivnik, Pobrežje and 8 Müller-Karpe 1959, 108, 226–229, Abb. 64; Taf. 131 Gračič. 8 (depo iz Hočkega Pohorja je voden pod imenom Špure). Müller-Karpe 1959, 108, 226–229, Abb. 64; Taf. 131 9 Teržan 1995, 335–338, Abb. 9; Kajzer 1995, 177–197, T. (Note that the hoard from Hočko Pohorje is documented 74–87; Čerče, Šinkovec 1995, 206–211, T. 120–123. under the name of Špure). 10 9 Glej tu Grahek. Teržan 1995, 335–338, Abb. 9; Kajzer 1995, 177–197, Pls. 11 Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 122; Črešnar 2009; isti 2010a; isti 74–87; Čerče, Šinkovec 1995, 206–211, Pls. 120–123. 10 2014, 228–231. See here Grahek. 12 11 Grahek 2014, 250–255, sl. 14.1.3; 14.1.5–7; Grahek Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 122; Črešnar 2009; id. 2010a; id. 2015. 2014, 228–231. 13 12 V neposredni bližini žarnogrobiščne naselbine na Pobrežju Grahek 2014, 250–255, figs. 14.1.3; 14.1.5–7; ead. 2015. 13 sta bila odkrita tudi dva grobova iz pozne srednje bronaste Notably, two graves from the late phase of the Middle dobe, ki pripadata horizontu Oloris–Podsmreka in služita Bronze Age were discovered in the direct proximity of the kot indikatorja, da je morala v bližini obstajati istočasna Urnfield settlement site at Pobrežje. Considering they are naselbina. Glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar. dated into the Oloris–Podsmreka chronological horizon, a 14 Zaradi intenzivne poljedelske izrabe v zadnjih desetletjih concurrent settlement site would have existed in the area 20. stol. je območje povsem izravnano in je pokrajina iz-nearby. See here Kramberger, Črešnar. 14 gubila svojo nekdanjo valovitost. The once slightly undulating area has been, due to the 15 Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 122–125, sl. 9 b; 11; Črešnar intensive agricultural practices of the last decades of the 2010b, 9, pril. 2–3; glej tu Grahek. 20th century, completely flattened. 564 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 564 8. 03. 2021 12:56:24 verjetno namembnosti. Nekatere izmed njih izkazu- – i.e. drinkable – water, besides that also Pobrežje jejo tudi popravila in predelave, kar dopušča pred- stood on the high terrace above the Drava river.15 postavko o večfaznosti bodisi le posameznih stavb With their subsistence based on farming, most bodisi celotnih naselbin. Na primeru Rogoze je tako of the sites functioned as “semi-compact, dispersed moč sklepati, da so bile stavbe različnih velikosti po- settlements”. Data on their building remains were gosto razporejene okrog razmeroma praznega pro- rigorously analysed by examining the layouts of nu- stora – dvorišča ter da lahko na ta način grupirane merous post holes, especially those associated with stavbe pripišemo posameznemu gospodarstvu oz. the load bearing wooden posts. Such features are, in kmetiji ( sl. 2). Na območju arheološko raziskane po-fact, one of the best archaeological indicators for rec- vršine za avtocesto v Rogozi so bila tako vsaj štiri ta- ognising distinct ground plans of various buildings. kšna gospodarstva, katerim lahko pripišemo večino According to the analysis, each settlement had build- od razpoznanih 33 stavb. Zagotovo jih je bilo še več, ings of different sizes and most likely, of different saj je bil raziskan le ozek pas po obsegu mnogo večje functions. Given that some structures were repaired naselbine. Omeniti velja tudi večji prazen predel v and sometimes even re-modelled, they (and perhaps naselbini, ob katerem so nanizane kmetije in ki daje even the entire settlements) would have been mul- vtis, da gre za namenoma nepozidan osrednji pro- ti-phased. As demonstrated at the Rogoza site, build- stor v naselbini.16 Ureditev naselja po gručah se kaže ings of varying sizes were clustered around a relatively tudi v Orehovi vasi, kjer sta bili severno od potoka empty central space that functioned as a courtyard. vsaj dve grupaciji stavb z domnevno pripadajočimi Such clusters belonged to individual households or dvorišči, na katerih so bile razporejene jame različ- farmsteads ( Fig. 2). During the archaeological exca-nih namembnosti, medtem ko na južni strani poto- vation preceding the highway construction at Rogo- ka izstopa skupina krožno razporejenih stavb, ki jo za, for example, some 33 buildings, most of them prav tako razumemo kot gospodarsko enoto v smislu split among four individual households, were iden- večje kmetije.17 V Orehovi vasi po gradnji odstopa tified. Given that only a rather narrow belt of the le en objekt, za katerega pa ni gotovo, ali gre za po- settlement area was unearthed, the site of Rogoza sebno stavbo ali morda celo za mostič čez potok, ki would most likely have consisted of a much greater je povezoval kmetije na desni in levi strani potoka. number of such households. Notably, the settlement Rogoza in Orehova vas sta predstavnici stopnje also had a large, central empty space that would Ha A v Pohorskem Podravju, hkrati pa eponimni have intentionally been left without buildings with najdišči za tako imenovan radiokarbonsko datiran the individual farms nested around it.16 A similar, horizont Rogoza–Orehova vas, ki zaobjema čas 12.– semi-compact settlement structure has also been un- 11. stol. pr. n. št.18 Ob tem je pri Rogozi moč pre- earthed at Orehova vas: there, two clusters of build- poznati tudi notranji razvoj oz. rast naselja. Kot že ings with associated courtyards and a number of pits opaženo, se večfazne stavbe pojavljajo le v osrednjem of different functions were identified north of the delu naselbine ( sl. 2), podobno pa velja za keramične stream. On the stream’s southern bank, meanwhile, najdbe, saj so bile tiste s primerjavami v predhodnem there was a group of buildings arranged in a semi-cir- horizontu Oloris–Podsmreka oz. v virovitiški kultur- cular fashion, which most probably belonged to a ni skupini najdene le tam.19 Takšno tezo podpirajo large farmstead. 17 A single structure at the Orehova tako najdbe, ki so značilne za sledečo stopnjo Ha B, vas site stood out due to its unusual construction. kot tudi dodatne radiokarbonske datacije, ki so bile Its position close to the stream may suggest that it narejene predvsem na vzorcih oglja iz objektov juž- functioned either as a special building or as a bridge nega in severnega dela najdišča ( sl. 2–3). connecting the farms on both banks. Nekoliko drugačen tip naselbine glede na raz- The two settlements, Rogoza and Orehova vas poreditev stavb predstavlja naselbina na Pobrežju, ki are representative of the Ha A period in the Pohor- pa je nekaj mlajša od Rogoze in Orehove vasi. Na- sko Podravje region and are eponymous for the radi- selbina na Pobrežju namreč okvirno sodi v mlajšo ocarbon dated Rogoza – Orehova vas chronological stop njo kulture žarnih grobišč, tj. v čas Ha B, čeprav horizon corresponding with the 12th–11th centuries 16 15 Črešnar 2010b, 59–70, 97–98, pril. 2–3; isti 2014, 231– Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 122-125, figs. 9 b; 11; Črešnar 243. Podobno organizacijo je imela tudi na primer nasel- 2010b, 9, pril. 2–3; see here Grahek. 16 bina Pince pri Lendavi (Kerman 2018, sl. 16). Črešnar 2010b, 59–70, 97–98, Appx. 2–3; id. 2014, 231– 17 Grahek 2014, 250–251, sl. 14.1.4; glej tu Grahek. 243. Similar settlement organisation was also identified at 18 Črešnar 2014; Grahek 2014; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 689– Pince near Lendava, for example (Kerman 2018, e.g. fig. 695, sl. 30. 16). 19 17 Črešnar 2010b. Grahek 2014, 250–251, fig. 14.1.4; see here Grahek. 565 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 565 8. 03. 2021 12:56:24 Slika 2. Rogoza pri Mariboru. Naselbina iz pozne bronaste dobe s stavbami, razporejenimi v gruče – levo (po Črešnar SE 554 2010b, pril. 2). SE 557 Posebej so označena mesta odvzema izbranih vzorcev za radiokarbonske datacije – desno (glej tudi sl. 3). Figure 2. Rogoza near Maribor: the SE 1511 Late Bronze Age SE 226 settlement with clustered buildings, SE 1246 i.e. farmsteads – left (after Črešnar 2010b, Appx. 2). The locations of radiocarbon samples are marked separately on the map – right (see also Fig. 3). SE 1338 SE 933 SE 948 SE 731 SE 727 SE 370 SE 1100 SE 1103 SE 208 0 10 50 m 566 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 566 8. 03. 2021 12:56:32 OxCal v4.4.2 Bronk Ramsey (2020); r:5 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2020) OxCal v4.4.2 Bronk Ramsey (2020); r:5 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2020) Slika 3. Rogoza Sequence Sequence pri Mariboru. Start 1 Boundary Start 1 Boundary Radiokarbonske 1 Phase 1 Phase datacije naselbinskih KIA37296, SE 731 R_Date(2975,25) KIA37296, SE 731 R_Date(2975,25) KIA37293, SE 554 R_Date(2950,20) KIA37293, SE 554 R_Date(2950,20) ostalin iz pozne KIA37307, SE 1338 R_Date(2930,25) KIA37307, SE 1338 R_Date(2930,25) bronaste dobe, DeA24346, SE 933 R_Date(2921,24) DeA24346, SE 933 R_Date(2921,24) obdelane kot ena KIA37297, SE 933 R_Date(2900,25) KIA37297, SE 933 R_Date(2900,25) (levo) ali potencialno KIA37294, SE 610 R_Date(2915,30) KIA37294, SE 610 R_Date(2915,30) KIA37298, SE 1100 R_Date(2910,30) KIA37298, SE 1100 R_Date(2910,30) dve (desno) fazi KIA37295, SE 727 R_Date(2905,25) KIA37295, SE 727 R_Date(2905,25) poselitve (dodelano KIA37291, SE 370 R_Date(2895,30) KIA37291, SE 370 R_Date(2895,30) po Črešnar 2014, KIA37288, SE 208 R_Date(2890,25) KIA37288, SE 208 R_Date(2890,25) 231–243; glej tudi DeA24366, SE 948 R_Date(2882,23) DeA24366, SE 948 R_Date(2882,23) KIA37305, SE 1511 R_Date(2875,25) KIA37305, SE 1511 R_Date(2875,25) sl. 2). KIA37290, SE 006 R_Date(2865,25) KIA37290, SE 006 R_Date(2865,25) Figure 3. Rogoza DeA24368, SE 1246b R_Date(2857,23) Transition 1/2 Boundary near Maribor: DeA24346, SE 226 R_Date(2844,24) 2 Phase radiocarbon dates of DeA24365, SE 557 R_Date(2823,24) DeA24368, SE 1246b R_Date(2857,23) DeA24367, SE 1103 R_Date(2823,23) DeA24346, SE 226 R_Date(2844,24) settlement remains End 1 Boundary DeA24365, SE 557 R_Date(2823,24) modelled as either 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 DeA24367, SE 1103 R_Date(2823,23) one (left) or two End 2 Boundary Modelled date (BC) settlement phases 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 (right) (modified Modelled date (BC) after Črešnar 2014, 231–243; see also je morda iskati njene začetke že v stopnji Ha A2.20 BC.18 During this period, an internal development in Fig. 3). Takšno datacijo podpira tudi časovni razpon doslej the form of gradual settlement expansion is assumed odkritih grobov na pripadajočem grobišču. Le-to je for the settlement of Rogoza. It is noteworthy that bilo odkrito že v času med obema svetovnima voj- all multi-phase buildings were placed exclusively in nama, a kot kažejo vedno znova na dan prihajajoče the central part of the site ( Fig. 2). The pottery finds najdbe, še ni bilo raziskano v celoti.21 Na pobreški with parallels in the preceding Oloris – Podsmreka naselbini je bilo odkritih najmanj 21 stavb. Med se- chronological horizon and the corresponding Viro- boj se delno razlikujejo tako glede na velikost, tlori- vitica cultural group were, likewise, found only in sne zasnove in usmeritev kot tudi po načinu gradnje, the settlement’s central area.19 The supposed expan- saj lahko prepoznamo pet osnovnih tipov.22 Pri tem sion of the settlement is indicated by several ceramic se nam zdi vredno opozoriti, da sta glede na način finds with parallels among the Ha B ware as well as gradnje zastopani predvsem dve vrsti stavb. with radiocarbon dated charcoal samples obtained Prevladujejo stavbe, ki so bile grajene na enak primarily from the buildings located in the southern način kot v obeh omenjenih starejših naselbinah – v and northern part of the excavated area ( Figs. 2–3). Rogozi in Orehovi vasi, kar govori v prid navezavi Considering its buildings’ arrangement, the Po- na starejšo tradicijo. Stavbna konstrukcija je bila brežje settlement represented a somewhat different iz lesenih stebrov, na kar kažejo v zemljo vkopane settlement type. Compared to Rogoza and Orehova jame, večinoma razporejene v vzporednih vrstah, vas, the slightly younger site dates into the late stage v katerih so bile pogosto ohranjene tudi kamnite of the Urnfield culture, the Ha B period; its begin- zagozde. Razen tega so bile jame večkrat obložene nings, however, might be traced into the preceding tudi s keramičnimi črepinjami, morda kot poseb- Ha A2 period.20 This dating is further supported nim elementom, ki je, če gledamo zgolj iz funkcio- by the chronological frame of graves found in the nalnega vidika, omogočal boljšo drenažo ter s tem accompanying cemetery nearby. Whilst discovered prispeval k daljši življenjski dobi lesenih stebrov. between the two World Wars, the frequent chance Kljub podobnosti v načinu gradnje je treba omeni- finds from the graves indicate that the burial ground ti, da so stavbe na Pobrežju večjih dimenzij, saj jih has not been excavated in full yet.21 Nevertheless, več presega 10 m dolžine, nekaj tudi za več metrov some 21 buildings discovered at the Pobrežje settle- ( sl. 5), stavbe pa so grajene tudi z dvema vrstama ment differed in their size, ground plan and orienta-notranjih stebrov, kar je bilo doslej v Podravju opa- tion, as well as their construction methods. There- ženo le v sočasni utrjeni »protourbani« naselbini v fore, five basic building types were recognised at the Ormožu ( sl. 4–5).23 18 Črešnar 2014; Grahek 2014; Črešnar, Teržan 2014, 689– 20 Glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar. 695, fig. 30. 21 19 Pahič 1972; Črešnar, Bonsall, Thomas 2014; glej tu Črešnar 2010b. 20 Koprivnik, Pobrežje. See here Kramberger, Črešnar. 22 21 Glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar. Pahič 1972; Črešnar, Bonsall, Thomas 2014; see here 23 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 88–97. Koprivnik, Pobrežje. 567 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 567 8. 03. 2021 12:56:34 site.22 It should also be mentioned that the majority of buildings were erected according to two types of Tipi stavb construction. / Most were erected following the same method as Types of buildings those from the two earlier sites of Rogoza and Oreho- va vas; it therefore appears that the older, well-estab- Brinjeva gora Rogoza Orehova vas Pobrežje Ptuj (grad / castle) Ormož Poštela Ptuj (Rabelčja vas) Hajndl Hotinja vas lished building tradition was also adopted at Pobrežje. 1 ? Numerous post-holes, most often arranged in parallel lines and regularly accompanied by stone wedges, in- 2 dicated that the basic building structures consisted of 3 a b wooden posts. The insides of the post-holes would fre- quently have been lined with ceramic sherds. From a 4 a b functional perspective, this distinct structural element allowed for better drainage of the holes and enabled a 5 longer lifespan of the wooden posts. Notwithstanding similarities in the building method, houses at Pobrež- Drugo / Other je had significantly larger dimensions, with several of them exceeding 10 m in length ( Fig. 5). In addition, Slika 4. Različni tipi Drugo vrsto gradnje predstavljajo stavbe s ka- two rows of posts inside some of the buildings indi- stavbnih ostalin (poln mnitimi temelji, ki so jih tvorili skupki kamnov v cate a special building type, which has so far been at-krog – prevladujoč vzporednih vrstah. To pomeni, da so bile te stavbe tested only at one other site – the contemporaneous tip, prazen krog – posamezni ali zgrajene z lesenimi sohami kot opornimi stebri kon- “protourban” settlement at Ormož ( Figs. 4–5).23 redki primeri), ki se strukcije, ki so stale na kamnitih podstavkih in ne v The second building type at Pobrežje is repre-pojavljajo na izbranih jamah, kot t. i. skeletne konstrukcije (oz. predalčja). sented by the structures with foundations made of najdiščih Pohorskega Podravja (1 – jame za Ali so bile tako grajene stavbe namenjene kakšnim clusters of stones aligned in parallel lines. It appears stebre, 2 – temeljno posebnim gospodarskim ali stanovanjskim potrebam that such buildings would have had a timber frame bruno, 3 – temeljni ali pa morda predstavljajo kakšno mlajšo novost gra-combined with wattle and daub panels. Their weight jarki (a) ali jarki dnje, trenutno ni mogoče ugotoviti, dejstvo pa je, bearing posts, rather than fixed within post-holes, v kombinaciji z jamami za stebre (b), da takšnih konstrukcij v obeh starejših naselbinah would have stood on stone foundations. It is unclear, 4 – suhozidni temelji – niti v Rogozi niti v Orehovi vasi – niso zasledili, at present, whether this type of building would have (a) ali posamezni kar pomeni, da gre za nek nov način, katerega izvor-had a distinct economic or residential function, or kamni v vrstah (b), 5 – vkopana tla). no področje še vedno ostaja nejasno. Primerjave jim whether it merely represented a constructional nov- Figure 4. Examples je moč najti na vsaj delno sočasni višinski naselbini elty. In any case, it was conspicuously absent from of different building na Brinjevi gori24 ( sl. 4), kjer pa bi bilo brez dvoma the two earlier settlements of Rogoza and Orehova types documented potrebno natančno preučiti tako predlagane obrise vas, thus indicating a new type of house construction at the selected sites in the Pohorsko stavb kot njihove datacije. Prav zato jih v razpravo o in the Ha B period. While its origin has not yet been Podravje region (full pojavu tega tipa stavbe v tem trenutku še ne moremo ascertained, some parallels can be found at the partly circle – the dominant vključiti. contemporary Brinjeva gora hillfort24 ( Fig. 4). type, empty circle – singular or rare Tudi usmerjenost stavb v pobreški naselbini se The building orientation at Pobrežje differed from examples at the site). razlikuje od zgoraj opisanih, kjer je smer stavb pothe earlier settlement sites mentioned here, where it 1 – post-holes; gojena predvsem z razporeditvijo po posameznih was most often dependent on the building arrange-2 – foundational logs; 3 – foundational kmetijah. Usmeritev je torej, razen na nekaterih ment within individual farmsteads. The orientation ditches (a), delih, kot je skupina tik severno ob nekdanji stru-of most of the buildings, with the exception of the foundational gi potoka v naselbini Orehova vas, precej raznolika group of buildings north of the stream at Orehova vas, ditches coupled ( sl. 6). Nasprotno pa so stavbe na Pobrežju večinoma was rather heterogeneous ( Fig. 6). In contrast, most with post-holes (b); 4 – dry stone wall usmerjene v dveh glavnih smereh, in sicer ZSZ–VJV of the buildings at Pobrežje followed two main ori- foundations (a); in SSV–JJZ, kar kaže na drugačen koncept ureditve entation patterns: either WNW–ESE or NNE–SSW. rocks and stones naselja, ki pa v mnogo čem ponovno spominja na This implied intentional spatial planning; one that aligned in lines (b); 5 – sunken floor. »protourbano« zasnovo istočasnega, a utrjenega na-resembled, in many ways, the “proto-urban” concept selja v Ormožu, kjer pa sta prevladujoči smeri S–J in of the concurrent yet fortified lowland settlement at V–Z ( sl. 6).25 22 See here Kramberger, Črešnar. 24 23 Pahič 1981, 79–98. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 88–97. 25 24 Glej tu Kramberger, Črešnar. Pahič 1981, 79-98. 568 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 568 8. 03. 2021 12:56:35 Skupno vsem trem naselbinam, tako iz časa Ha A, 25 kot sta Rogoza in Orehova vas kot tudi iz Ha B, kot je (m) 20 Pobrežje, pa je, da očitno niso bile posebej zavarovane, th 15 saj z arheološkimi raziskavami doslej niso bili odkriti / Leng 10 niti obrambni obodni jarki niti nasipi ali palisade. Čeprav so vse omenjene naselbine temeljile na 5 Dolžina kmetovanju, predvsem na poljedelstvu, s tem da so 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 izkoriščale plodne ravnice v njihovi neposredni oko- Širina / Width (m) lici ter so se ob poljedelski dejavnosti ukvarjale tudi z Orehova vas Rogoza Pobrežje Ormož živinorejo,26 pa so se posvečali tudi drugim obrtem. V Rogozi na primer so bili odkriti pogača surovega 40,0 35,0 bakra, amorfni koščki bakra, na katerih so bili tudi 30,0 ostanki žlindre, in kamnito orodje, za katere domne- 25,0 vamo, da kažejo na livarsko dejavnost ( sl. 7).27 Spek-20,0 trometrične kemijske analize rogoške pogače in dru- 15,0 gih predmetov pozne bronaste dobe iz Pohorskega (%) 10,0 Podravja28 nam še ne nudijo odgovora, ali so takratni 5,0 rudosledci že poznali in tudi črpali rud na ležišča na 0,0 južnih pobočjih Pohorja, kot npr. pri Okoški gori, S‐J V‐Z SZ‐JV SV‐JZ SSZ‐JJV ZSZ‐VJV SSV‐JJZ VSV‐ZJZ ali pri Remšniku na Kozjaku.29 Vendar pa te analize Orehova vas Rogoza Pobrežje Ormož kažejo, da so bili predmeti, ki so bili med grobnimi pridatki iz žarnih grobišč na Gračiču, Pobrežju in v Ormož. There, the dominant building orientations Slika 5. Prikaz Rušah, izdelani iz bakra, ki se glede vsebnosti neči-included N–S and E–W ( Fig. 6).25 velikosti (dolžina stoč razlikuje od tistega, ki je bil sočasno v uporabi All three settlements, the Ha A Rogoza and in širina) stavb na izbranih najdiščih v predelih zahodne Slovenije, kot npr. za izdelke v Orehova vas, as well as the Ha B Pobrežje, shared a Pohorskega Podravja. depojih s Kanalskega vrha. To morda pomeni, da so common feature: considering no defensive ditches, Figure 5. Dimensions v Pohorskem Podravju pri izdelavi bronastih pred-ramparts or palisades were discovered during the ar- (length and width) of buildings at selected metov uporabljali baker, ki je izviral iz nekih še ne chaeological research, it appears the three sites had sites of the Pohorsko lokaliziranih rudišč v vzhodnih Alpah, pri čemer ne no particular defensive boundaries put in place. Podravje region. gre pozabiti na potencial Pohorja in Kozjaka. Po pri- The subsistence of all three settlements was based Slika 6. Prikaz merjavah vsebnosti nečistoč pa se kljub (pre)majh-on farming, agriculture in particular, as may be in- usmeritev stavb po nemu vzorcu morda nakazuje tudi, da so se na tem ferred from the fertile plains in the vicinity of the smereh neba na izbranih najdiščih območju ohranili stiki, ki so bili vzpostavljeni že v sites, although livestock breeding was also common.26 Pohorskega Podravja. času predhodnih obdobij kulture žarnih grobišč oz. v In addition, several distinct crafts were also practiced. Figure 6. Building Ha A.30 Na tukaj živeče rokodelce, vešče metalurških At Rogoza, for example, a copper plano-convex in- orientation in relation skrivnosti in spretnosti, kažejo tudi nekateri izdelki, got, amorphous pieces of copper, some of them even to the four cardinal directions at the kot so kosi nakita, npr. očalaste fibule tipov Maribor, with slag remains, and stone tools indicate that copper selected sites of the Wels, Ruše in morda celo tipa Hallstatt (po Pabst), smelting took place at the site ( Fig. 7).27 The spectro- Pohorsko Podravje ki predstavljajo, kot smo pokazali v okviru analize metric analyses of neither the Rogoza ingot nor other region. nekropole na Gračiču pod Brinjevo goro,31 inovativ- bronze objects from the Pohorsko Podravje region28 ne rokodelske izvedbe spiralnega žičnatega nakita, have provided a clear answer as to whether the pre- lastne prav ruški kulturni skupini. historic mining prospectors had already discovered Na metalurško dejavnost v teh krajih lahko the copper ore sources on the southern slopes of the morda sklepamo tudi na osnovi zakladne najdbe, Pohorje massif at locations such as the Okoška gora hill or Remšnik in the Kozjak hills at that time.29 26 Glej na primer: Toškan, Dirjec 2010; Črešnar et al. 2019; 25 Omahen et al. 2019; Toškan, Črešnar 2021. See here Kramberger, Črešnar. 27 26 Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 124 s, sl. 12; Črešnar 2010b, 52 ss, Glej na primer: Toškan, Dirjec 2010; Črešnar et al. 2019; sl. 27–30, T. 6: 5; 14: 1–2; Črešnar 2014, 237, sl. 13.11. Omahen et al. 2019; Toškan, Črešnar 2021. 28 27 Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 219–223, 231–232 itd., pril. A; Strmčnik Gulič 2001, 124 s. fig. 12; Črešnar 2010b, 52 Črešnar 2010, 52–53, Fig. 25; 28; 29 (analize pogače); glej ff, figs. 27–30, Pls. 6: 5; 14: 1–2; Črešnar 2014, 237, fig. tudi tu Urankar, Črešnar. 13.11. 29 28 Glej npr. Teržan 1983. Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 219–223, 231–232 etc., App. 30 Glej tu Urankar, Črešnar; glej npr. tudi Lippert 2005, A; Črešnar 2010, 52–53, figs. 25; 28; 29 (the ingot analy-205–207, Abb. 2. ses); see also here Urankar, Črešnar. 31 29 Glej tu Teržan, Gračič, kronologija. See, for example, Teržan 1983. 569 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 569 8. 03. 2021 12:56:35 Nevertheless, the geochemical analyses of the impu- rity patterns detected in bronze grave goods from the Urnfield cemeteries at Gračič, Pobrežje and Ruše, con- firm the use of a distinct ore in the region that differed significantly from the copper concurrently employed in western Slovenia for objects such as those deposited in the Kanalski vrh hoards. It appears that people in the Pohorsko Podravje region utilised copper from as yet unidentified ore deposits in the eastern Alps; the copper ore deposits in Pohorje and Kozjak hills thus remain viable contenders as source deposits. Notwith- standing the rather small sample of objects analysed for impurity patterns, the results might indicate the perseverance of contacts with mining districts, first established in the early phase of the Urnfield culture, the Slika 7. Rogoza. odkrite že v 30-tih letih prejšnjega stoletja na Hoč- Ha A.30 The presence of skilled craftsmen and masters Izbor bakrenih in kem Pohorju. Zanjo je Franjo Baš,32 ki jo je uspel of the metallurgical art in the area was further sug-bronastih predmetov, odkritih v naselbini le delno rešiti, a je raziskoval tudi na kraju najdbe, gested by a number of various jewellery items, includ- (1 – planokonveksna menil, da je preostanek livarske delavnice. Sestavlje-ing the spectacle fibulae of several types, namely the bakrena pogača, 2, na je namreč iz velike količine različnih bronastih Maribor, Wels and Ruše types, and perhaps even the 4 – brezobličen kos predmetov, celih izdelkov in polizdelkov, ingotov Hallstatt type (sensu Pabst). As demonstrated by the bakra, 3 – brezobličen kos bakra z ostanki in drugih le delno ohranjenih predmetov deloma analysis of the grave goods from the Gračič cemetery žlindre, 5 – kos domače, deloma tuje provenience, ob tem pa je na of Brinjeva gora,31 these various spiral-shaped jewel-bronastega obroča). kraju odkritja prepoznal tudi kose bronaste žlindre lery items made of bronze wire represented a distinct Figure 7. Rogoza. A selection of copper in ožgano kamenje. Iz neposredne okolice Maribo-innovation of the Ruše cultural group. and bronze objects ra je znana še ena zakladna najdba iz istega časa, in The metallurgical activity in the area is perhaps discovered at the site sicer iz Pekla pri Košakih33, prav tako sestavljena iz also evidenced by the Hočko Pohorje hoard discov- (1 – copper plano- večjega števila celih in razlomljenih predmetov, med ered in the 1930’s. Franjo Baš32, who succeeded in convex ingot, 2, 4 – amorphous katerimi naj omenimo meče, sekire, srpe in drugo recovering part of the hoard and conducted further piece of copper, 3 orodje ter nakit. Ne glede na to, da o pomenu za-investigations at the site of the discovery, suggested – amorphous piece kladnih najdb kot posebnega fenomena kulture žar-there should have been a copper-smelting workshop, of copper with slag remains, 5 – piece of nih grobišč še vedno teče intenzivna diskusija, saj given that a number of copper slag fragments and a bronze ring). jih imajo nekateri za daritve božanstvom, drugi za burnt stones were identified at the site. The hoard zaklade, posvečene umrlim, tretji za skrite tovore consisted of a large quantity of bronze objects, either potujočih obrtnikov in trgovcev, četrti za »staro že- in finished or semi-finished form, a number of ingots lezo«, peti za posledico nemirnih, vojnih časov itd., and several other partly preserved finds. The objects pa obe omenjeni zakladni najdbi kažeta na bogastvo were of both local and non-local provenance. Another tistih, ki so zbrali in posedovali tako velike količine contemporaneous hoard was discovered in the direct dragocenih bronastih predmetov ter jih bodisi daro- proximity of Maribor, at Pekel near Košaki.33 Like the vali bodisi skrili ali v sili zapustili na tako samotnih Hočko Pohorje hoard, it consisted of a large number krajih, kot sta Pekel in Hočko Pohorje. of whole and fragmented objects, including swords, Kot v uvodu že omenjeno, leži Pohorsko Podrav- axes and sickles, as well as other tools and jewellery je na križišču različnih poti, zato sta morala določeno items. The meaning of such hoards is a contested top- vlogo pri blagostanju ruške skupine igrati tudi izme- ic with different scholars arguing in favour of differ- njava različnih dobrin in trgovanje tako s sosednjimi ent interpretations. These include votive offerings to kot tudi z bolj oddaljenimi kraji. Na to kažejo npr. different deities; treasures assembled to honour the nekateri predmeti iz depoja iz Hočkega Pohorja, kot 30 See here Urankar, Črešnar; also Lippert 2005, 205–207, so kos ingota tipa »volovske kože« verjetno ciprske Abb. 2. 31 See here Teržan, Gračič, Chronology. 32 32 Baš 1933; Pahič 1968, 26 ss, T. 6: 3–11; Pahič 1987; Baš 1933; Pahič 1968, 26 ff, Pl. 6: 3–11; Pahič 1987; Kajzer 1995, 177–196, T. 74–87; Trampuž Orel et al. Kajzer 1995, 177–196, Pls. 74–87; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 219–223. 1996, 219–223. 33 33 Pahič 1968, 26 ss, T. 6: 1–2; Pahič 1984; Čerče, Šinkovec Pahič 1968, 26 ff, Pl. 6: 1–2; Pahič 1984; Čerče, Šinkovec 1995, 206–211, T. 120–123; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 1995, 206–211, Pls. 120–123; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 231–232. 231–232. 570 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 570 8. 03. 2021 12:56:35 provenience,34 fragmenti koncentrično okrašenih deceased; hidden cargos of the itinerant craftsmen plošč srebrnega sijaja iz tako imenovanega belega and merchants; collections of old items to be recycled; brona35 in fragmenti pozamenterijskih fibul36, torej treasures hidden during periods of instability and un- izdelkov umetno-obrtnih delavnic iz osrednjih in rest; etc. Whatever their original purpose, both hoards vzhodnih predelov Karpatskega bazena. Podobno undoubtedly suggested the great wealth of those who velja za nakitne pridatke iz grobov z Gračiča, kot so assembled them and then deliberately deposited them, npr. očalaste fibule tipa Maribor in bronasta tordira- either to appease deities or, alternatively, to hide them na ločna fibula, ki na eni strani nakazujejo poveza-in the truly desolate places, such as Pekel and Hočko ve z južno balkanskim prostorom (med Jadranskim Pohorje were, of the time. in Egejskim morjem) in na drugi strani z italskim As described in the introduction, the Pohorsko svetom.37 Podravje region was located at the junction of several Depojske najdbe predstavljajo akumulacijo dra- different routes. The prosperity of the Ruše cultural gocenih kovinskih predmetov, ki jih verjetno lahko group would, to a certain degree, have been associated razumemo kot zbir kolektivne lastnine in kažejo na with lively trade and exchange, either with neighbour- določeno blagostanje posameznih skupnosti v Pohor- ing or more distant lands. For instance, the hoard of skem Podravju. Po drugi strani pa tako na osnovi tu- Hočko Pohorje contains a fragment of what may be kaj predstavljenih naselbin, predvsem glede na njiho- an ox-hide ingot of probably Cypriot origin34 as well vo notranjo organiziranost, kot glede sestavov grobnih as a number of expertly crafted objects made in the pridatkov in strukturiranosti pripadajočih žarnih gro- workshops of the central and eastern Carpathian Ba- bišč sklepamo, da prebivalstvo kulture žarnih grobišč sin. These items, including several fragments of con- tega območja ne kaže znakov večje socialne razsloje- centrically decorated plates with a white sheen made nosti.38 Kljub temu ni dvoma, da je obstajala določena of “white copper”35 and various fragments of passe- delitev dela, kar se deloma kaže tudi v grobnih pridat- menterie fibulae36, all suggest long-distance trade and kih, in da so morali med njimi biti tudi specializirani exchange with the cultural group in Pohorsko Podra- rokodelci, metalurgi, rudosledci … vje. In addition, the jewellery items from the graves V poznem 9. in zgodnjem 8. stol. pr. n. št. se je at Gračič, such as the Maribor type spectacle fibulae začel rušiti svet kulture žarnih grobišč. Večina nižin- and a bronze, spirally twisted bow fibula, for example, skih naselbin in grobišč je bilo opuščenih ( sl. 1; 8; also point to contacts of the group with places in the 12), na kar kažejo tudi, čeprav maloštevilne, radio-southern Balkan (between the Adriatic and the Aege- karbonske datacije grobov iz Pobrežja in Gračiča pod an) and Italian sites at that time.37 Brinjevo goro.39 The hoards discussed above represented collec- tions of metal objects with inherent value. At the time, they might have functioned as an assembled collective property that would have reflected the overall wealth of the individual communities in the Pohorsko Podravje region. On the other hand, the distinct internal structuring of settlements and cemeteries, as well as specific combinations of grave goods, exhibited few signs of social stratification.38 Nevertheless, as indicated by a very few specific grave finds, there was at least some labour division with- in the individual communities, and the existence of 34 Kajzer 1995, T. 86: 206; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 178– specialised craftsmen, ore prospectors and metallur- 179. V strokovni literaturi se uporabljata za tovrstne ingo-te dva izraza: »ox-hide« ali pa Keftiu- ingot. gists may perhaps be inferred. 35 Kajzer 1995, T. 81: 127–132; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 34 187–188. Cfr. tudi König 2004, 71–73, 179–180, Taf. Kajzer 1995, Pl. 86: 206; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 178– 88. 179. In addition to the “ox-hide ingot”, these items are 36 Kajzer 1995, T. 80: 113–118. Cfr. Bader 1983, 41–51, T. also known as “Keftiu ingots”. 35 5–8; 43; Pabst 2012, 403–405, Karte 35. Kajzer 1995, Pl. 81: 127–132; Trampuž Orel et al. 1996, 37 Glej tu Teržan, Gračič, kronologija, sl. 2: karta očalastih 187–188. Cfr. also König 2004, 71–73, 179–180, Taf. 88. 36 fibul tipa Maribor. Kajzer 1995, Pl. 80: 113–118. Cfr. Bader 1983, 41–51, 38 Teržan 1987, 67 ss; Teržan 1999, 114–119, 138–139, sl. Pls. 5–8; 43; Pabst 2012, 403–405, Karte 35. 37 9–13; glej tu Koprivnik, Teržan, Gračič. See here Teržan, Gračič, Chronology, fig. 2: map of the 39 Črešnar, Bonsall, Thomas 2014, 215–219; Črešnar, Ko- spectacle fibulae, type Maribor. 38 privnik, Bonsall, Thomas 2014, 305–311; Črešnar, Teržan Teržan 1987, 67 ff; Teržan 1999, 114–119, 138–139, figs. 2014, 695–699; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 455, sl. 17. 9–13; see here Koprivnik, Teržan, Gračič. 571 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 571 8. 03. 2021 12:56:35 The late 9th and early 8th centuries BC, however, witnessed the collapse of the Urnfield culture in vas the area: most of the lowland settlements and ceme- za va rad / castle) abelčja vas) ežje vž ž ela eho la teries were abandoned ( figs. 1; 8; 12). The evidence ik Brinjeva gora Rogo Or Pobr M Pošt Hotinja vas Ptuj (g Ptuj (R Ormo Hajndl of a decline is also supplied by the rare yet unambig- uous radiocarbon dates from graves of the Pobrežje Ha A1 and Gračič near Brinjeva gora cemeteries.39 Ha A2 Ha B1 Ha B2 Ha B3 Ha C0 Ha C1 Ha C2 Ha D1 Slika 8. Prikaz STAREJŠA ŽELEZNA DOBA THE EARLY IRON AGE trajanja poselitve Vzrokov za spremembe, ki so v prvih stoletjih 1. tisoč- The reasons behind the significant change, which najpomembnejših najdišč Pohorskega letja pr. n. št. ponovno zajele večje predele evropske swept across the European continent during the first Podravja v pozni celine, še ne poznamo do podrobnosti. Vendar se kaže, centuries of the first millennium BC are only broadly bronasti in starejši da je bil eden izmed poglavitnih dejavnikov občutno known. One of the major factors might have been a železni dobi poslabšanje klimatskih razmer (prehod iz subboreala substantial worsening of the climatic conditions (i.e. (sklenjena črta – naselbine, drobne v subatlantik), kar je sprožilo »efekt domin«, zlom the transition from the Subboreal to the Subatlantic) pike – žarni grobovi, »starega žarnogrobiščnega sistema«, čemur je morala which would have led to the “domino effect” and the večje pike – gomile). slediti prilagoditev nastalim razmeram. Le-te so pogo-collapse of “the old Urnfield culture system”. People Figure 8. Duration of some of the most jevale tudi iskanje novih virov, tako prehrambenih kot would have responded with a series of adaptations important Late drugih, potrebnih za preživetje, kar se je odražalo tudi such as seeking out new subsistence and economic Bronze and Early v novih migracijskih tokovih. Nastopila je nova doba resources. These changes were, in turn, associated Irone Age sites in the – železna doba in z njo halštatska kultura. with a new series of migration waves. All this, in ef- Pohorsko Podravje region and the Značilnost nove dobe predstavlja tudi nov pre- fect, led to the start of the new era – the Early Iron neighbouring area vladujoči tip naselbin – gradišč, čeprav utrjene na-Age and the Hallstatt culture. of Ptuj and Ormož. selbine z dozdevno poselitveno kontinuiteto na tem Hillforts – the newly dominant settlement type Uninterrupted line – settlements; pecked prostoru poznamo vsaj od 12. oz. 11. stol. pr. n. št., were a typical feature of the new period. Notably, line (small dots) – flat kot je na primer Brinjeva gora (glej sl. 1; 8). Večino-some of the hillfort sites in the area, e.g. Brinjeva urn graves; pecked ma gre za višinske naselbine, postavljene na vzpeti-gora (see Figs. 1; 8), would have been continuously line (large dots) – nah, gričih in hribih, ki se bolj ali manj dominantno settled since at least the 12th or 11th century BC. burial mounds. dvigujejo nad bližnjo okolico. Z obrambnega stališča The elevated settlements were most often placed on so bile praviloma dobro utrjene, bodisi z zemljenimi various slopes and hilltops rising dominantly above nasipi in leseno palisado bodisi s kamnitim obzidjem, the landscape nearby. From a defensive perspective, kar so pogojevale naravne danosti. V Pohorskem Po- the sites were well-protected by either a combina- dravju predstavlja takšno novo naselbino Poštela, ki tion of earth ramparts and a wooden palisade, or a je bila postavljena na iztekajočem se jugovzhodnem defensive stone wall, with the fortification type de- pohorskem grebenu, ki se terasasto spušča proti rav- pending on the natural features of the site. One such nici Dravskega polja.40 Bila je razmeroma velika, saj novel settlement in the Pohorsko Podravje region was Poštela: it was erected at the end of the Pohorje 40 O Pošteli obstaja zelo obsežna literatura, predvsem izpod 39 peresa S. Pahiča, zato glej Pahič 1966; isti 1968; isti 1970; Črešnar, Bonsall, Thomas 2014, 215–219; Črešnar, Ko-isti 1972–73; isti 1985b; isti 1985c; zadnji sintetični pre-privnik, Bonsall, Thomas 2014, 305–311; Črešnar, Teržan gled pri Teržan 1990, 13 ss, 26 ss, 56 ss, 256 ss. 2014, 695–699; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 455, fig. 17. 572 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 572 8. 03. 2021 12:56:35 se je razprostirala na bolj ali manj ploskem pohor-massif’s south-eastern ridge which gradually de- skem hrbtu na nadmorski višini med pribl. 540 in scended, in the form of several terraces, towards the 495 m v dolžini slabih 350 m in širini 280 m, torej Dravsko polje plain.40 Stretched across the relatively na dobrih 6 ha. Obdana je bila z mogočnim nasi- flat ridge-top at some 495 m to 540 m above the sea pom, njena notranjost pa je bila razčlenjena s šte- level, it was a rather large hillfort, measuring some vilnimi umetno narejenimi terasami, zlasti v spodnji 350 m in length and some 280 m in width, and just polovici, kjer so stale stavbe različnih velikosti in na-over 6 ha in size. An extensive rampart enclosed the membnosti ter drugi objekti. Glede na površino, or- settlement, while a number of man-made terraces ganiziranost notranje poselitve in utrdbeni sistem se dissected its interior, in the lower part of the site, in Poštela uvršča med velike naselbine svoje dobe in se particular. Buildings of varying sizes and functions bistveno razlikuje od predstavljenih starejših, nižin- as well as other non-domestic structures and features skih naselbin na Pobrežju, v Rogozi in Orehovi vasi. stood on these terraces. Considering its size, inter- Tudi njena lega je s strateškega stališča izjemno nal structuring of space, and its fortification system, dominantna, saj vizualno obvladuje celotno Dravsko Poštela belonged among large settlements of the pe- polje z obrobjem Slovenskih Goric vse do Ptuja in riod. It also differed significantly from the older low- Haloz, proti severu pa spodnji del Dravske doline s land settlements of Pobrežje, Rogoza and Orehova Kozjakom in severnim predelom Slovenskih Goric, vas discussed herewith. kjer so potekali prehodi preko Drave. Eden takih je The hillfort had a dominant strategic position bil gotovo pri Mariborskem otoku, kot kažejo najd- by affording visual control across the panorama of be, odkrite pri gradnji elektrarne,41 drugi verjetno Dravsko polje plain, all the way up to the outskirts pri Malečniku, morda pa med njima še kakšen. Od of the Slovenske Gorice hills, Ptuj and the Haloze Drave so vodili preko nizkih prelazov v Slovenskih hills. Northwards, the unobstructed view stretched goricah dalje proti dolinam reke Mure in Solbe. Do- across the lower part of the Drava valley, Kozjak and mnevamo, da je celotno območje Pohorskega Po- northern section of the Slovenske Gorice hills. This dravja sodilo pod neposredni vpliv oz. nadvlado te was the area where several of the Drava river cross- dominantne naselbine. ings would have been located: one was, undoubt- Kdaj natančno je prišlo do preselitve iz nižin- edly, at the site of Mariborski otok, as attested by skih predelov Dravskega polja v višinsko utrjeno the finds discovered during the electric power plant naselbino na Pošteli, v tem trenutku še ne moremo construction.41 Whilst the second was most likely dati dokončnega odgovora. Pred leti smo na osnovi at Malečnik, there might have been others between keramičnih najdb iz naselbine kot tudi žganih pla- the two. Once the Drava river was crossed, trails nih grobov, odkritih na Lepi ravni oz. Habakuku, would have led northwards, across the low passes oblikovali tezo, da je bila naselbina ustanovljena in of the Slovenske gorice hills, and, further, into the hkrati tudi utrjena z zemljenim nasipom in palisado Mura/Mur and Solba/Sulm river valleys. Here, we že v času stopnje Ha B3, kar smo označili kot prvo hypothesise that the hillfort of Poštela dominated fazo naselitve – Poštela 1.42 To bi odgovarjalo tudi the entire Pohorsko Podravje region. radiokarbonskim datacijam, ki jih imamo na razpo- At present, it remains uncertain when the re-set- lago iz nižinskih grobišč, npr. iz Pobrežja in Miklavža tlement from the lowland areas of the Dravsko ( sl. 12), na osnovi katerih, kot omenjeno, sklepamo, polje into the Poštela hillfort took place. Based on da so bile nižinske naselbine opuščene okoli l. 800 the combination of settlement pottery and flat urn pr. n. št.43 Ker pa so nove raziskave na Pošteli in nje- graves at Lepa ravna/Habakuk, we suggested, some nih grobiščih odkrile, da gre na Habakuku za veliko years ago, that the hillfort was established, and its večjo plano žgano grobišče,44 kot smo prvotno do- rampart constructed during the Ha B3 period. At mnevali, se sedaj zastavlja vprašanje, kakšen je njen the time, we marked this settlement phase as the časovni razpon. Ker raziskave še niso zaključene, to- Poštela 1 period.42 The dating is further supported rej še ni odgovora na to, kako hitro se je odvijal pro- by the radiocarbon dates available for the lowland ces priseljevanja iz nižine v zavetje pohorskih višin in cemetery sites, such as Pobrežje and Miklavž ( fig. s tem nastajanja nove nekropole. Ali se je začelo mo- 40 Extensive literature, most notably by S. Pahič, is available rebiti že pred stopnjo Ha B3 ali pa se je pokopavanje on Poštela. See Pahič 1966; id. 1968; id. 1970; id. 1972– 41 Teržan 1990, 344, T. 69. 73; id. 1985b; id. 1985c; the final synthetic overview is 42 Teržan 1990, 27–36, 60–66, 308–316, sl. 1; 11; T. 53–59. available in Teržan 1990, 13 ff, 26 ff, 56 ff, 256 ff. 43 41 Glej opombo 39. Teržan 1990, 344, Pl. 69. 44 42 Glej Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 444–445, sl. 2–3; 5; T. 2: Teržan 1990, 27–36, 60–66, 308–316, figs. 1; 11; Pls. 5–9. 53–59. 573 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 573 8. 03. 2021 12:56:36 v plane žgane grobove na Habakuku nadaljevalo tudi 12), which indicate, as mentioned earlier in the še v čas razvite stopnje Ha C oz. stopnje Poštela 2–3, chapter, the abandonment of the lowland settlement podobno kot se je ta način pokopavanja ohranil na around 800 BC.43 The recent research at Poštela and višinskih halštatskodobnih grobiščih na Rifniku,45 its cemeteries, nevertheless, revealed that the flat, pa v tem trenutku še ne moremo reči. cremation cemetery at Habakuk had a much greater Poštelski naselbini je poleg pravkar omenjenega extent44 than originally anticipated. This, in effect, planega žganega grobišča na Habakuku, ki leži na raises the question of the cemetery’s timespan. Given pohorski terasi tik pod naselbino, pripadalo tudi več that the research is ongoing, no unequivocal answer gomilnih nekropol. Gomile kot nagrobni spomeni- on the speed of both the resettlement process and ki predstavljajo namreč značilni razpoznavni pojav the consequent upland necropolis development is nove dobe – halštatskega obdobja, ne le v Pohorskem presently available. It thus remains uncertain wheth- Podravju, temveč širom Evrope. Vendar izkazujejo er the practice of interment into the flat, cremation gomile na območju štajersko-panonske skupine kot graves at Habakuk began before the Ha B3 period or sestavnem delu vzhodno halštatskega kulturnega whether it continued into the Ha C/the developed kroga, kamor spada tudi Pohorsko Podravje, kot smo settlement phase of the Poštela 2–3 period, similar pokazali v okviru analize poštelskih gomil,46 vrsto lo- to the upland cemeteries associated with the Rifnik kalnih značilnosti. Gre za gomile z žganimi grobovi, hillfort.45 kar nedvomno kaže navezavo na tradicijo kulture In addition to the flat, cremation cemetery of žarnih grobišč, v primeru Poštele na običaje pred- Habakuk on the first Pohorje terrace just below hodnega življa iz nižinskih naselbin. Na Lepi ravni the settlement, the Poštela hillfort had a number oz. Habakuku se vzhodno od plane žgane nekropole of tumulus cemeteries. Conspicuous grave-mark- širijo gomile, ki so glede na konfiguracijo terena raz- ers, tumuli, represented a distinct Hallstatt peri- porejene v dve večji skupini. Glede na dosedanjo raz- od feature not only in the Pohorsko Podravje re- iskanost teh gomil sklepamo, da so najstarejše nastale gion, but Europe-wide. Notably, the analysis of the že v stopnji Poštela 1, torej so bile deloma sočasne Poštela tumuli46 demonstrated that the tumuli of s planimi žganimi grobovi, medtem ko ena izmed the Styrian-Pannonian cultural group exhibited, mlajših gomil, gomila 4, sodi v stopnjo Poštela 3. To within the wider context of the eastern Hallstatt pomeni, da je bila gomilna nekropola v rabi v časov- cultural circle, a number of distinct peculiarities. nem okviru celotnega obstoja naselbine.47 Zanimive The tumuli contained graves with cremains which nove vidike so prinesle pred nedavnim izvedene geo- suggests a connection with the local Urnfield cul- fizikalne raziskave. Pokazale so, da so bile gomile v tural tradition that would have been, in the case severni od obeh skupin obdane z manjšimi jarki, ka- of Poštela, associated with the customs and rites of terih delno prekrivanje ali sekanje omogoča ugotav- people from the earlier, lowland settlements. East ljanje širjenja grobišča in s tem relativnega zaporedja of the Poštela’s flat, cremation cemetery, a num- nastanka posameznih gomil ( sl. 9).48 ber of tumuli were scattered across the Lepa ravna/ Razen gomil na Lepi ravni oz. Habakuku je bilo Habakuk plateau. Given the local topography, they nekaj večjih gomil raztresenih tudi po jugovzhodnem were organised into two large groups. The availa- pohorskem pobočju vse do velike Kosove gomile v ble research data on the burial site indicate that the dolini tik ob Razvanjskem potoku. Med temi je tudi earliest tumuli date into the Poštela 1 settlement Velika gomila nad Razvanjem,49 raziskave katere so phase, making them partly contemporaneous with dale odličen vpogled v gradnjo gomile. Zemljena go- the settlement’s flat, cremation graves. One of the mila je prekrivala masivno grobno kamro, grajeno iz youngest tumuli, Tumulus 4, on the other hand, kamnov lomljencev, ugotovljeni pa so bili tudi sledo- dates into the Poštela 3 phase. This indicates, then, vi lesene konstrukcije. Čeprav je bila gomila že v ne- that the tumulus cemetery continued to function znani preteklosti izropana, pa vendarle daje vpogled throughout the entire settlement’s existence.47 The v pogrebno obredje ter bogastvo grobnih pridatkov, recent geophysics research notably revealed that zlasti edinstvenih keramičnih posod. Tako velikost small ditches encircled the tumuli. Since ditches gomile kot njena osamljena lega na dominantni točki partly intersected and cut each other, it is possible pod naselbino ter grobni pridatki pričajo o družbeni 43 See Footnote 39. 45 44 Teržan 1990, 90–106, 365–367, sl. 113: 2–3. See Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 444–445, sl. 2–3; 5; Pl. 2: 46 Glej tu Teržan, Poštela, kronologija. 5–9. 47 45 Teržan 1990, 66–70, 316–326, sl. 41, T. 60–62. Teržan 1990, 90–106, 365-–367, fig. 113: 2–3. 48 46 Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 445–446, sl. 6. Glej here Teržan, Poštela, Chronology. 49 47 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. Teržan 1990, 66–70, 316–326, fig. 41, Pls. 60–62. 574 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 574 8. 03. 2021 12:56:36 Slika 9. Habakuk / Lepa ravna pod 34 35 Poštelo. Severna skupina gomil na senčenem modelu 33 38 reliefa z označenimi gomilami (levo) in Harrisova matrika 52 47 39 gomil (desno), ki ponazarjata faze 29 30 31 51 37 49 nastajanja grobišča (od najstarejših do najmlajših: rumena 28 32 48 40 50 36 – oranžna – rdeča – vijoličasta – modra; prazen krog – podatki ne zadoščajo za časovno opredelitev) pomembnosti v gomili pokopanih oseb,50 ki so – kot to trace the growth of the cemetery and the relative (po Črešnar, Vinazza kažejo tudi kostni ostanki dveh konjev51 – sodili v sequence of the construction of the individual tu- 2019, sl. 6). Figure 9. Habakuk / sam vrh takratne elite.52 muli ( Fig. 9).48 Lepa ravna below Naslednja gomilna nekropola, ki je pripada- In addition to Lepa ravna/Habakuk, several oth- Poštela. The northern la Pošteli, se je širila od Razvanjskega potoka proti er large tumuli are scattered across the south-east- tumulus group on a shaded digital surface jugu vse do Pivole in Spodnjih Hoč. Zadnje gomile ern Pohorje slope, all the way down to the large Kos model with individual v tej smeri tako ležijo več kot 2 km stran od nasel-tumulus standing in the valley near the Razvanje tumuli marked in bine. Tudi tu so bile gomile razporejene v večje in stream. The research of Large tumulus above Raz- different colours (left). manjše skupine, vendar je danes večina že povsem vanje49 yielded some excellent data on the tumulus The Harris matrix of the tumulus group izravnana in uničena. Pred nedavnim sta bili razi- construction. The earthen tumulus covered a mas- (right) illustrating the skani dve izmed njih, gomili 13 in 14.53 V obeh gosive burial chamber built from various stones and cut distinct phases of the milah sta bili grobni kamri skoraj kvadratne oblike, rocks that would have been, based on the preserved cemetery development (from the earliest to ki sta bili enako kot kamra v Veliki gomili zgrajeni iz remains, combined with a wooden construction. the latest: yellow – večjih in manjših kamnov, razen tega pa so bili od- Whilst the tumulus was looted at some unknown orange – red – purple kriti tudi elementi lesene konstrukcije. Med grob-point in the past, it nevertheless gives insight into – blue; empty circle nimi pridatki posebno pozornost vzbujajo posode z distinct burial customs and the wealth of accompa- – insufficient data for relative dating) (after meandroidno ornamentiko in bojna oprema, sestav- nying grave goods, particularly the unique pottery. Črešnar, Vinazza ljena iz bimetalne sekire, železnega meča in delov The barrow’s size and its solitary location in a dom- 2019, sl. 6). konjske opreme trakokimerijskega tipa. Ta komplet inant place on the slope under the hillfort, as well as bojne opreme priča, da so tudi v teh gomilah poko- the grave goods that also included skeletal remains pane osebe pripadale vrhnjemu družbenemu sloju of two horses,50 all indicate that individuals51 of sig- poštelske skupnosti in da so bile dobro vpete v širši nificant social standing, most likely belonging to the srednjeevropski kulturni prostor. local elite,52 were buried inside. O visokem družbenem statusu nekaterih oseb, Another tumulus group belonging to Poštela pokopanih v pivolski nekropoli, govore tudi gomi- spread from the Razvanje stream southwards, all the le impozantnih velikosti, ki so ohranjene v okviru way to Pivola and Spodnje Hoče, with the distance Botaničnega vrta, predvsem v gozdiču ob njegovem between the farthest tumuli and the settlement be- jugozahodnem robu, ki se kar ponujajo za nadaljnje ing more than 2 km. Similar to other groups, the raziskave. Nedavno so bili tako z geofizikalnimi me- tumuli in the area were clustered into larger and ritvami kot izkopavanjem tudi ob robu te skupine smaller groups, although most have been, over the gomil odkriti plani grobovi, ki pa še niso celostno years, flattened and destroyed. Recently, Tumulus 13 50 48 Čeprav antropološka analiza ni pokazala na več pokopov Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 445–446, fig. 6. 49 (glej tu Leskovar), pa lahko glede na razporeditev žganine See here Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer, Kramberger. 50 na dnu grobne kamre in glede na grobne pridatke domne- See here Toškan. 51 vamo, da je bilo v grobni kamri pokopanih več oseb, ver- Although anthropological analysis revealed no evidence of jetno moški, ženska in otrok. multiple burials (see here Leskovar), the arrangement of 51 Glej tu Toškan. the burial remains on the floor of the burial chamber and 52 Glej npr. tudi Teržan 2011. the grave goods may indicate multiple burials, perhaps 53 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan; Teržan, Črešnar, that of a man, a woman, and a child. 52 Kramberger. See, for example, Teržan 2011. 575 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 575 8. 03. 2021 12:56:36 objavljeni.54 V vsakem primeru lahko organiziranost and Tumulus 14 were both excavated. 53 They both tega prostora vzporejamo s planoto Habakuk, kjer contained a roughly square-shaped burial chamber sta bila prav tako v rabi oba načina pokopa, v planih which was, similar to Large tumulus, built with larg- grobovih in pod gomilami. er and smaller rocks that were supported by a wood- Domnevamo lahko, da se je poštelska nekropola en construction. Particularly noteworthy among širila tudi proti vzhodu, saj je bil pri gradnji trgovske their grave goods were pottery items with meandroid hiše E.Leclerc, od Poštele oddaljene le malo več kot ornaments, and a warrior’s equipment consisting of grobišče v Pivoli, odkrit obročast nakit, ki verjetno a bimetal axe, iron sword and several pieces of Thra- izvira iz povsem uničenega žganega groba.55 Štiri go- co-Cimmeriean horse gear. These warrior items tes- mile so bile odkrite tudi pri Rogozi,56 pribl. 4 km tify to the fact that the deceased buried in the two stran, a zanje ni povsem jasno, ali pripadajo Pošteli tumuli were among those who belonged to the upper ali kakšnemu manjšemu zaselku v bližini ( sl. 1).57 social class of the Poštela community too and were, Poštelska naselbina torej s svojo dominantno vi- moreover, immersed in the wider Middle-European šinsko lego, z mogočno utrdbo in s svojimi prostor- cultural space of the time. sko razvejanimi gomilnimi grobišči kaže vse značil- The high social status of several individuals nosti večjega regionalnega središča, kot jih poznamo from the Pivola cemetery is further indicated by iz sosednjih pokrajin iz istega časovnega obdobja.58 the extraordinary size of a number of tumuli pre- To še posebej velja, če njej nasproti postavimo na served in the area of the Botanic Garden at Pivo- novo odkrite nižinske zaselke ob vznožju Pohorja in la. Most of these are located in the small forest on Slovenskih goric. the south-western edge of the Garden and would Poleg višinskih naselbin, kot sta Poštela in Čreta require thorough research in the future. Recently, nad Slivnico,59 predstavljajo namreč pomembno do- a combination of geophysical prospection and ex- polnitev slike o poseljenosti Pohorskega Podravja v cavation work revealed the existence of flat, crema- starejši železni dobi novo odkrite nižinske naselbine, tion graves at the edge of these tumuli. Whilst still kot je npr. Hotinja vas.60 Gre za raztreseni tip nasel- awaiting detailed publication, 54 they, nevertheless, bine ali pa za več gručastih zaselkov, razporejenih ob indicate a similar spatial organisation of the Pivo- robu Dravskega polja,61 ki sicer v mnogočem spomi- la cemetery to the Habakuk site where both burial njajo na tu že predstavljene nižinske naselbine iz časa types were likewise discovered. kulture žarnih grobišč. Vendar je potrebno pouda- The necropolis at Poštela might also have spread riti, da nikakor ne gre za poselitveno kontinuiteto. eastwards: during the construction of the E. Leclerc Raziskave v Hotinji vasi so namreč pokazale na več grocery shop located only slightly farther from the bistvenih razlik. Tako je bil že način gradnje stavb settlement than the Pivola cemetery, several circlet povsem drugačen, prevladujejo namreč zemljanke jewellery items (most likely from a completely de- oz. stavbe, ki so bile delno vkopane ( sl. 4). Podobno stroyed cremation grave55) were discovered in the velja za notranjo ureditev naselja, ki odstopa od tiste area. Another four tumuli were detected at Rogoza,56 iz obdobja kulture žarnih grobišč, tako od tiste sta- some 4 km away, but it remains uncertain whether rejših naselbin v bližnji Orehovi vasi in Rogozi kot they belonged to Poštela or another, smaller hamlet tudi od tiste mlajše na Pobrežju. Tako tip stavb v Ho- nearby ( fig. 1).57 tinji vasi kot organiziranost naselja nedvomno kažeta With its dominant position, its mighty hillfort, na priliv novih priseljencev z novimi koncepti biva- and its extensive tumulus cemeteries, the Poštela nja in gospodarjenja, podobnosti pa bi lahko videli settlement presented all the characteristics of a ma- jor regional centre and was, at the time, comparable 54 Glej Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448, sl. 8. 55 to others in the neighbouring regions.58 Its region- Kavur 2008; glej tudi tu Teržan, Poštela, kronologija. 56 Glej tu Črešnar, Rogoza. ally important character is particularly apparent 57 Plani grobovi, ki naj bi sodili v pozno bronasto in starejšo when compared to the recently discovered lowland železno dobo, so bili odkriti tudi pri gradnji industrijskega 53 kompleksa Magna pri Orehovi vasi, a obdelava gradiva še See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan; Teržan, Črešnar, Kram- ni zaključena (Vinder, Ciglar 2018). berger. 58 54 Glej npr. Teržan 2019. See Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 447–448, fig. 8. 59 55 Teržan 1990, 340, T. 72: 1–9; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, Kavur 2008; see also here Teržan, Poštela, Chronology. 56 448–449, sl. 10. See here Črešnar, Rogoza. 60 57 Glej tu Gerbec in tudi Gerbec 2014; ista 2019. Flat cremation graves, supposedly from the Late Bronze 61 O podobnih zaselkih iz območja arheoloških najdišč v and Early Iron Ages were also discovered during the con-Slivnici in na Malečniku, ki naj bi sodili v starejšo železno struction of the industrial complex Magna near Orehova dobo, je poročal B. Kramberger na strokovnem srečanju vas. Their analysis is ongoing (Vinder, Ciglar 2018). 58 »Dan bronaste dobe« 5. decembra 2018. See, for example, Teržan 2019. 576 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 576 8. 03. 2021 12:56:36 v nekaterih naselbinah v Prekmurju, kot sta Nova sites at the foot of the Pohorje massif and Slovenske Tabla pri Murski Soboti in Pri Muri pri Lendavi.62 gorice hills. Pomenljivo se tudi zdi, da je bilo naselje pri Hotinji In addition to hillforts such as Poštela and Čre- vasi obljudeno le sorazmerno kratko obdobje, kot je ta above Slivnica,59 the newly discovered lowland prepričljivo pokazala Teja Gerbec, v času Ha C2/D1, sites, including Hotinja vas,60 complement our kar odgovarja stopnji Poštele 3. Čeprav je naselbini v understanding of the settlement dynamics in the Hotinji vasi možno pripisati izrazito ruralni značaj, Early Iron Age Pohorsko Podravje. The lowland pa se zdi omembe vredno, da so poleg arheoloških site appears to have been dispersed or, alternative- tudi naravoslovne analize izbranih predmetov poka- ly, organised into small hamlets clustered on the zale, da so se v naselbini odvijale različne gospodar- edges of the Dravsko polje plain.61 Whilst in many ske dejavnosti, med drugim naj posebej omenimo ways resembling the Late Bronze Age lowland set- kovaštvo.63 tlements discussed above it in no way proves set- Zakaj se zdi pomembno prav kovaštvo? Med tlement continuity in the area. In fact, research at novimi viri, ki so pogojevali nastanek in vzpon Hotinja vas suggests several important differences. nove ere – starejše železne dobe, je pomembno vlo- To begin with, the building construction differed go odigrala tudi lažje dostopna in sorazmerno raz- significantly from the earlier sites, considering that širjena železova ruda, ki jo je v obliki rdečega in rja- pit-houses or partly sunken buildings represented vega železovca najti tudi na Hočkem Pohorju – na the dominant construction type ( Fig. 4). The in- Rdečem bregu,64 hkrati pa seveda osvojitev novih ternal settlement arrangement also deviated from tehnoloških znanj. Taljenje železove rude je namreč the spatial pattern documented either at the earlier zahtevalo drugačne postopke in temperaturo kot Ha A settlements at the nearby Orehova vas and bakrove, pa tudi predelava nove kovine – železa je Rogoza, or at the later Ha B settlement at Pobrežje. drugačna, zato se je razvila nova obrt – kovaštvo. The building type and the settlement arrangement Če so železnodobni prebivalci Pohorskega Podravja at Hotinja vas both indicate the influx of newcom- dejansko že izkoriščali pohorsko rudo, je še odprto ers that would have brought with them some novel vprašanje, vendar pa je pokazatelj za to dejavnost dwelling concepts and subsistence strategies. Sev- najdba večjega kosa rjavega železovca v gomili 4 na eral parallels for these can be found in some of the Habakuku.65 Da pa se je izdelava predmetov iz že- contemporaneous settlements in the Prekmurje re- leza začela v Podravju že zelo zgodaj, namreč že v gion, such as Nova Tabla near Murska Sobota and času stopenj Ha B2/B3,66 kažejo npr. kosi orodja in Pri Muri near Lendava.62 As convincingly demon- nakita, zlasti železne ovratnice iz Ruš67 in Miklav- strated by Teja Gerbec, the Hotinja vas settlement ža68 ter fibule in zapestnice iz žganih grobov na Lepi was in use for a relatively short period during the ravni pod Poštelo.69 Razen tega pa prav iz Poštele Ha C2/D1 period (the Poštela 3 phase). Whilst the oz. njej pripadajočih grobov izvirajo železne sekire, settlement had a distinct rural character, a combi- ki sodijo k tipu železnih tulastih sekir z razporkom nation of the archaeological and the archaeometric in ločno oblikovanim robom tula ( sl. 10).70 Ta tip research on a number of select artefacts showed that sekir namreč predstavlja najzgodnejše oblike tula- various economic activities, including blacksmith- stih sekir, izdelanih iz železa, katerih izvorno po- ing, all took place at Hotinja vas.63 dročje je iskati v Transilvaniji oz. vzhodnih prede- Why does blacksmithing appear to have been of lih Karpatskega bazena, od koder se je železarsko particular importance at the time? Amongst various in kovaško znanje razširilo proti srednji Evropi in novel resources employed, iron ore was easily acces- doseglo tudi Pohorsko Podravje ( sl. 11).71 Visoko sible and relatively widespread in the form of red and 62 yellow limonite, which could also be found in the Guštin et al. 2017; Kerman 2019. 63 Glej tu Gerbec. area of Hočko Pohorje at the Rdeči breg site.64 In 64 Teržan 1983, 52. combination with the mastering of new technologies, 65 Teržan 1990, 317. 66 59 Teržan 2017, 117–119, Abb. 1. Teržan 1990, 340, Pl. 72: 1–9; Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 67 Wurmbrand 1879, 55–58, T. 3; 4: 28; Teržan 2017, 118. 448–449, fig. 10. 68 60 Črešnar, Murko 2014, 206–213, sl. 10.4: 1; 10.8: 1. Glej here Gerbec; also Gerbec 2014; ead. 2019. 69 61 Teržan 1990, 61–64, T. 53, 1–3; 58: 6–8; 59: 9. Similar Iron Age hamlets from the area of Slivnica and 70 Teržan 1990, 299, T. 45: 2–3; Teržan 2017, 120–127, Malečnik were reported by B. Kramberger on 5th Decem- Abb. 3. ber 2018, at the thematic conference meeting “Dan bro- 71 Seznam tulastih sekir in njihovo karto razprostranjenosti naste dobe” (Eng. “The Bronze Age Day” ). 62 Teržan 2017, 134–135 (Liste 1), Abb. 5 lahko dopolni- Guštin et al. 2017; Kerman 2019. 63 mo še s sekiro iz Kaptola pri Slavonski Požegi, glej Pavli-See here Gerbec. 64 čić, Potrebica 2013, 29, št. 1; glej sl. 11: 21. O povezavah Teržan 1983, 52. 577 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 577 8. 03. 2021 12:56:36 Slika 10. Poštela, it therefore played a vital role in the emergence and železni tulasti sekiri development of a new era – the Early Iron Age. Com- z razporkom in pared to copper ore, iron smelting required disparate usločenim robom tula (po Teržan 2017, procedures and different smelting temperatures. The 122, Abb. 4). forms of iron refining, forging and annealing were, Figure 10. Poštela, likewise, different and led, effectively, to the devel- iron socketed axes with a slit and an opment of a new craft – blacksmithing. It remains arch-shaped socket uncertain whether the Early Iron Age inhabitants of rim (after Teržan Pohorsko Podravje exploited the local iron ore from 2017, 122, Abb. 4). the Pohorje massif. A large piece of brown limonite from Tumulus 4 at Habakuk65 may indicate this was the case. Several tools and jewellery items, most no- tably ring necklaces from Ruše66 and Miklavž,67 as well as fibulae and bracelets from the flat, cremation graves from Lepa ravna, below the Poštela hillfort68 suggest an early start for the production of iron ob- jects going back to the Ha B2/B3.69 Furthermore, a number of socketed axes with a slit and an arch- shaped socket rim ( Fig. 10)70 were discovered at Poštela or, more specifically, in a number of graves in its accompanying cemeteries. Significantly, this axe type represents the earliest form of socketed axes made of iron; it originated in Transylvania/eastern areas of the Carpathian basin and gradually spread, stopnjo obvladovanja tako metalurško-livarskih72 along with iron work and blacksmithing, towards kot kovaških spretnosti ne nazadnje nakazuje tudi Central Europe, also reaching Pohorsko Podravje bimentalna tulasta sekira iz gomile 14 v Pivoli.73 ( Fig. 11).71 A high level of metalworking mastery, Skratka, naša teza je, da sta železarstvo in z njim ko-including casting72 and blacksmithing skills, are vaštvo v Pohorskem Podravju v času starejše železne further attested by a bimetal socketed axe from Tu- dobe predstavljala nezanemarljivo gospodarsko pa- mulus 14 at Pivola.73 Accordingly, we argue that in nogo, ki morda ni zadovoljevala le domačih potreb. the Early Iron Age Pohorsko Podravje, the ironwork and blacksmithing represented a significant pillar of Za sam zaključek. V poselitvi Pohorskega Podravja se the local economy that might also have catered for med pozno bronasto in zgodnjo železno dobo kažejo non-local needs. velike spremembe, ki zadevajo tako izbiro prostora za naselitev kot tudi načina gradnje stavb ter varo- To conclude: with the transition from the Late vanja naselbin, v starejši železni dobi z obrambnim Bronze into the Early Iron Age, the settlement of Po- sistemom. Osnova nižinskih naselbin v času kulture horsko Podravje changed significantly. At the time, žarnih grobišč je bilo kmečko gospodarstvo, a so se v 65 njih odvijale tudi druge dejavnosti, med katerimi se Teržan 1990, 317. 66 Wurmbrand 1879, 55–58, Pls. 3; 4: 28; Teržan 2017, 118. nam zdijo s tehnološkega vidika posebej pomembne 67 Črešnar, Murko 2014, 206–213, sl. 10.4: 1; 10.8: 1. metalurške obrti. V starejši železni dobi vidimo v vi- 68 Teržan 1990, 61–64, Pls. 53, 1–3; 58: 6–8; 59: 9. šinski utrjeni naselbini na Pošteli regionalno središče 69 Teržan 2017, 117–119, Abb. 1. 70 Teržan 1990, 299, Pl. 45: 2–3; Teržan 2017, 120–127, Pohorskega Podravja, ki bi mu morda lahko pripisali Abb. 3. tudi »protourbani« značaj. Ob njej so v nižini obsta- 71 The list of socketed axes and their distribution map in jali tudi manjši zaselki ruralnega značaja, verjetno v Teržan 2017, 134–135 (Liste 1), Abb. 5 can be further satelitski soodvisnosti. supplemented with the axe from Kaptol near Slavonska Požega; see Pavličić, Potrebica 2013, 29, nr. 1; see fig. 11: 21. Connections between the eastern parts of the Car-med vzhodnimi predeli Karpatske kotline in Podonavja pathian Basin, the Danube region and the eastern Alps ter z vzhodnoalpskim prostorom govori tudi keramika s are also suggested by the pottery finds of the Basarabi cul-področ ja kulture Basarabi, ki izvira iz ene izmed gomil v ture that were discovered in one of the Pivola tumuli; see Pivoli: glej Teržan 1990, 70–71, 333, T. 65: 1. Teržan 1990, 70–71, 333, Pl. 65: 1. 72 Glej tu Urankar, Črešnar, sl. 6. 72 See here Urankar, Črešnar, fig. 6. 73 Glej tu Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, T. 16: 12; Teržan, Poštela, 73 See here Strmčnik Gulič, Teržan, Pl. 16: 12; Teržan, kronologija. Poštela, Chronology. 578 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 578 8. 03. 2021 12:56:37 Slika 11. Karta razprostranjenosti železnih sekir z razporkom (dopolnjeno po Teržan 2017, str. 123, Abb. 5). Figure 11. Distribution map of iron socketed axes with a slit and an arch-shaped socket rim (supplemented after Teržan 2017, 123, Abb. 5). Vendar je potrebno poudariti, da je vsaj na za- some of the most notable changes pertained to the četku nove porajajoče se dobe, starejše železne dobe, shifts in the settlement site preferences, building opazna neposredna navezava na tradicijo kulture žar- construction types and settlement defence strategies nih grobišč, kar se odraža predvsem v religiozni sferi, that would have involved, during the Early Iron Age, torej v načinu pokopavanja – sežiganju preminulih distinct fortification systems. During the Urnfield in v spremnih pogrebnih običajih, morda pa tudi v culture period, the lowland settlements relied on nekaterih gospodarskih dejavnostih, kot je npr. me- farming that was supplemented by a number of oth- talurška. Hkrati pa ni za spregledati najdb in novo- er economic activities, including metallurgical crafts, sti v tipih naselbin in pojavu gomil, ki dovoljujejo which seem, from the technological perspective, to predpostavko, da je prišlo tudi do priliva novih pri- be an important one. In the Early Iron Age Pohorsko seljencev. Zlasti nove oblike nagrobnih spomenikov Podravje, the Poštela hillfort acted as a regional cen- – gomile s povečini kamnitimi grobnimi kamrami tre which might have had a “protourban” character in z drugačnimi ter pretežno bolj bogatimi sestavi with several smaller rural settlements in the lowland grobnih oprav, med katerimi predstavljata pomemb- coexisting as its satellites. no novost orožje in konjska oprema ali pa celo žrtvo- Nevertheless, during the early phase of the grad- vani konji, so značilne označevalke nove dobe, nove ually emerging new era – the Early Iron Age – a local družbene ureditve z veliko bolj razslojeno družbo, Urnfield cultural tradition was still observable. The kot je bila tista v pozni bronasti dobi. latter was mainly reflected in the religious sphere, Kljub navidezno razmeroma tekočem prehodu with continuity of some distinct burial customs and med pozno bronasto in starejšo železno dobo pa zelo rites that would have entailed cremation of the de- verjetno govorimo o obdobju več desetletij ali morda ceased. In addition, there would also have been con- celo celem stoletju med sredino oz. drugo polovico tinuity in several economic activities, such as metal- 9. in zgodnjim 8. stol. pr. n. št. ( sl. 8; 12), ko se je lurgy. At the same time, new settlement and artefact oblikoval nov svet starejše železne dobe. Kot prikaza- types, as well as the emergence of tumuli, all suggest no, se tako imenovani železni horizont, ki z novimi there was most likely also an influx of newcomers oblikami nakita in orožja, izdelanimi iz železa, poja- into the area during the period. Tumuli – the novel vi – kot kažejo radiokarbonske datacije – že sredi 9. form of grave markers – very often contained stone stol. pr. n. št. Sledimo mu lahko v nižinskih najdiščih burial chambers and various rich grave goods. These 579 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 579 8. 03. 2021 12:56:37 OxCal v4.4.2 Bronk Ramsey (2020); r:5 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2020) included, as a novelty of the time, distinct weapons Sequence and horse gear, and, in some instances, even the sac- Late UFC/Beginning EIA Phase rificed horse itself. As notable markers of the new Late UFC/Beginning EIA era and new social organisation, tumuli suggested a Miklavz Gr. 2 - KIA39670 R_Date(2770,35) society that was much more stratified than the Late Gr. 6 - KIA39672 R_Date(2740,35) Bronze Age one. Gr. 5 - KIA39671 R_Date(2735,25) Despite a seemingly smooth transition between Ptuj the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, the process Gr. 1 - Z-3117 R_Date(2795,85) would have taken place over the course of several Pobrežje decades, perhaps even an entire century, from the Gr. 27 - OxA-21482 R_Date(2680,26) middle of the 9th to the early 8th century BC as the Gr. 171 - OxA-21483 R_Date(2636,26) new, Early Iron Age world was gradually emerging Novine ( Figs. 8; 12). The so-called iron horizon associated Gr. 2 - Beta-403785 R_Date(2710,30) with new forms of iron-made jewellery and weap- Tum._trench 1 - Beta-403784 R_Date(2660,30) onry began in the area, according to the radiocarbon Rogoza Tum. 2 - KIA37309 R_Date(2570,30) dates, in the middle of the 9th century BC. The iron Tum. 1 - OxA-21485 R_Date(2516,26) items appeared at a number of lowland sites along Late UFC/Beginning EIA Sum the Drava river, including Ormož, Ptuj, Miklavž, 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 and Ruše, and perhaps somewhat later at Habakuk, Modelled date (BC) at the necropolis of Poštela. During this transitional phase, the lowland settlements such as Ruše and Po- brežje languished; finds typical of the iron horizon Slika 12. ob Dravi, od Ormoža, Ptuja in Miklavža vse do Ruš, were lacking at both the Pobrežje settlement and its Radiokarbonske verjetno nekoliko kasneje pa tudi v grobovih na Ha-cemetery. This suggests a gradual and non-simulta- datacije mlajše bakuku pod Poštelo. V tem prehodnem obdobju še neous abandonment of the lowland settlements in kulture žarnih grobišč in začetka nekaj časa obstajajo oz. vegetirajo nižinske naselbine, Pohorsko Podravje. starejše železne dobe kot npr. v Rušah in Pobrežju, čeprav v slednjem do-Addressing the phenomenon of a transitional najdišč v Pohorskem slej niti v naselbini niti na nekropoli ni bilo odkritih phase, it is worth mentioning the recently obtained Podravju in severnih najdb, ki bi jih lahko povezali z železnim horizon-data from the Novine settlement above Šentilj and Slovenskih goricah. Figure 12. tom. Zato sklepamo, da so bile naselbine v nižinskih its accompanying graves located at the n orthern Radiocarbon dates predelih Pohorskega Podravja opuščene postopoma edges of the Slovenske gorice hills in the Pomurje for the sites of the in ne vse povsem istočasno. region. The site underwent a process similar to that Urnfield culture and the early phase of Morda je ob tej problematiki vredno omeni- in Pohorsko Podravje. Several typical finds and radi- the Early Iron Age. ti tudi nove raziskave v naselbini na Novinah nad ocarbon dates all indicate the presence of flat, crema-Sites from Pohorsko Šentiljem in pripadajočih grobov, ki tudi na severnih tion graves next to the newly established hillfort in Podravje and the obronkih Slovenskih goric in Pomurju orisujejo po-northern part of the 9th century BC. Soon after, a tumulus cemetery Slovenske gorice hills. dobno dogajanje kot v Pohorskem Podravju. Značil- also appeared at the site ( Fig. 12).74 ne najdbe in radiokarbonske datacije kažejo na žarne If the transitional period between the Late grobove ob na novoustanovljeni utrjeni naselbini v Bronze Age (the Urnfield culture) and the Early Iron 9. stol. pr. n. št., ob kateri je kmalu nastala tudi go- Age (the Hallstatt culture) is relatively well defined milna nekropola ( sl. 12).74 for the Pohorsko Podravje region thanks the radio- Če lahko prehodno obdobje med pozno brona- carbon dates ( Figs. 8; 12), the final stages of the Early sto dobo oz. kulturo žarnih grobišč in starejšo žele-Iron Age in the area, on the other hand, remain more zno dobo in začetki halštatske kulture v Pohorskem ambiguous. The recent research indicates that the lo- Podravju časovno razmeroma zanesljivo opredeli- cal Iron Age communities underwent a collapse in mo zlasti na osnovi radiokarbonskih datacij ( sl. 8; the middle of the 6th century BC (at the latest) and 12), pa je veliko bolj zagoneten čas njenega konca. never recovered from it. During this dissolution, the Po dosedanjih raziskavah se namreč kaže, da so že- Pohorsko Podravje region shared its faith with the leznodobne skupnosti tega območja najkasneje sre- wider area of the Styrian-Pannonian cultural group. di 6. stol. pr. n. št. doživele svoj zlom, od katerega The reasons for the decline of the eastern Hallstatt si niso več opomogle. Pri tem pa je Pohorsko Po- cultural circle and the Styrian-Pannonian cultural dravje delilo usodo s širšim kulturnim prostorom group as its eminent representative may, according 74 74 Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 449–454. Črešnar, Vinazza 2019, 449–454. 580 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 580 8. 03. 2021 12:56:37 štajersko-panonske kulturne skupine. Naša teza je, to our hypothesis, be traced back to plundering cam-da je vzroke za zaton vzhodnohalštatske kulture in z paigns by the Scythian and other associated nomad- njo štajersko-panonske skupine, kot njene eminen- ic, horse-riding groups. Their lootings began around tne predstavnice, iskati v plenilskih pohodih skitskih 600 BC and were ongoing, as it is evident from a in njim pridruženih nomadsko-konjeniških band, ki number of sites in the Carpathian Basin, most prob- so se začeli okoli l. 600 pr. n. št. in katerih sledovi v ably for an entire century.75 Future research, includ-Karpatski kotlini se kažejo skozi celotno 6. stol. pr. ing that of the finds recently discovered at Poštela n. št.75 Bodoče raziskave, tudi gradiva, odkritega na and Čreta, is required to address the question of Pošteli in Čreti v zadnjih letih, bodo morda pokaza- what happened in the Pohorsko Podravje region be- le, če in kaj se je dogajalo v Pohorskem Podravju med tween the decline of the Hallstatt cultural group in zatonom halštatske kulture sredi 6. stol. in prvimi the middle of the 6th and the late 4th century BC, prišleki keltskega porekla proti koncu 4. stol. pr. n. when newcomers of Celtic origin appeared in the št., kajti trenutno se zdi, da je dežela v veliki meri area. 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Chr.), Südosteuropa-Schriften 20 – Prähisto-objavljeno poročilo / Unpublished report, Slovenska Bistrica. rische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 12, München-Rahden/ Westf., 511–560. Graf Wurmbrand G. 1879 Das Urnenfeld von Maria-Rast, Archiv für Anthropologie 11, Teržan B. 2010 Braunschweig. Hallstattzeitliche Kriegereliten an der westlichen Grenze der skythischen Welt. – V/ In: J. Leskovar, M. Ch. Zingerle (ur./ eds.), Goldener Horizont. 4000 Jahre Nomaden in Ukraine, Linz, 86–94. 583 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 583 8. 03. 2021 12:56:37 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 584 8. 03. 2021 12:56:37 IMENSKO KAZALO / NAME INDEX A Č Adámek, František 116, 119 Čambal, Radoslav 161 Alt, Kurt W. 548, 553 Čerče, Peter 13, 16, 23, 564, 570 Andraschko, Frank M. 119 Čižmár, Miloš 160 Arh, Monika 354 Črešnar, Matija 10, 12–13, 20, 23–25, 33–34, 37, 39, Artner, Wolfgang 140–141 41, 43–45, 55, 57–58, 61–62, 65, 67, 69–70, 72– 73, 76, 79–82, 84–86, 88–89, 134–135, 142, 154– B 155, 181, 218, 299–300, 302–303, 306–310, 316, Bachner, Margit 159 325, 329, 333–335, 343–345, 351, 358, 404–405, Bader, 321, 571 411–412, 429–430, 439–440, 469, 476, 484, 487, Balen Letunić, Dubravka 137, 142 493, 504, 513–514, 516, 525, 561–578, 580 Barth, Fritz Eckart 425 Bartosiewicz, László 22–23 D BarYosef, Ofer 526 Dämmer, Heinz Werner 143–144 Bass, William M. 494, 535 Deicke, Aline J.E. 430 Baš, Franjo 13, 15, 177, 570 Delpino, Filippo 129 Baume, R.M. 557 Depalmas, Anna 144 Bayliss, Alex 152–153 Di Fraia, Tomaso 134–135 Bekić, Luka 156 Dirjec, Janez 569 Belanová, Tereza 144–145, 160–162 Djura Jelenko, Saša 61 Berg, Friedrich 425, 454 Djurić, Bojan 10, 19, 21–22, 31, 55, 109, 111 Bertani, Maria Giovanna 142 Dobiat, Claus 68, 88, 130–133, 135–145, 334, 427– Betzler, Paul 301, 304, 314–315 428, 432–435, 438–453, 457–458 Bianchin Citton, Elodia 129, 142 Dolinar, Nejc 429 Bizjak, Ivo 56, 61 Donat, Peter 118–119 Blau, Soren 535 Dreslerová, Dagmar 118, 121, 133, 145, 149, 159–160 Blaznik, Pavle 109 Drglin, Tihana 23–24 Blečič Kavur, Martina 21, 301–302, 318 Dular, Janez 13–14, 16, 18, 24, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 41– Boer, Hans H.H. de 489 42, 57–59, 61–62, 65, 67–74, 76–82, 84–88, 132, Bogataj, Janez 430–431 134–144, 148–149, 154, 156, 179, 216, 309–310, Bolta, Lojze 16–17 436, 439–440, 443–447, 451, 454, 456–458, 483, Bond, Julie M. 482 563, 567–568 Bonniere, Maryse 488 Dungel, Adalbert 425, 441 Bonsall, Clive 567, 571–572 Dušek, Mikuláš 74–75, 133, 443, 445, 455–456 Brabant, Hyacinthe 556 Dušek, Sigrid 133, 443, 445, 455–456 Bramblett, Claud A. 494 Bratina, Patricija 143–144 E Bräuning, Andrea 301, 303–304 Egg, Markus 424–434, 437–438, 443–445, 450–451, Bricelj, Maja 21–22 457, 483 Brodar, Vida 487–490, 535–536, 538, 540–541, 543– Eibner, Clemens 67, 135–136, 440, 454–456, 458 544 Eibner-Persy, Alexandrine 455, 458 Bronk Ramsey, Christopher 152–153, 567, 580 Eles Masi, Patrizia von 314–315 Brosseder, Ursula 424, 439–443, 445–448, 450, 452 Ericksen, Mary Frances 489, 526 Brothwell, Don 535–536 Erkman, Ahmet Cem 555 Buck, Caitlin E. 152–153 Buikstra, Jane E. 494, 516, 535, 545 F Bujna, Jozef 160–161 Farkas, Csilla 162, 444 Byers, Steven N. 494, 545 Fekete, Mária 432–433, 441, 444–446, 448 Felgenhauer, Fritz 112–113, 162 C Ferk, Franc 14 Carancini, Gian Luigi 301–302, 316–318 Filipidis, Enej 20–21 Caselitz, Peter 548, 556 Fischer, Calista 438–439 Chapelot, Jean 118–120 Fossier, Robert 118–120 Chaume, Bruno 424–425 Foster, Giraud 488 Ciglar, Iva 563, 576 Frey, Otto–Herman 431–434, 436–437, 439–440, Clausing, Christof 430 442 Colonna, Cecilia 302, 314–318, 323 Fridrichová, Marie 159–160 Cordier, Gérard 556 Frlan, Boštjan 560 Crawford, M.H. 557 Cucina, Andrea 556–557 G Culiberg, Metka 22–23, 44, 152 Gaberz, Stefanie 140, 148–149, 443–445 585 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 585 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38 Gabrovec, Stane 16–18, 68, 133, 299, 306–307, 426– J 427, 435–436, 439, 441, 444, 447 Jablonka, Peter 143 Gallus, Sandor 425, 430–431 Jarc, Valentin 150 Garner, Jennifer 148–150 Javornik, Marija 124 Gauthier, Marie 488 Jayne-Leigh, Thomas 11, 215, 487, 489, 493 Gebhard, Kirsten 438–439 Jelenc, Danilo 124 Gejvall, Nils-Gustaf 494 Jereb, Mojca 21, 431–432, 476, 493, 515 Gennaro, Francesco di 144 Jerem, Erzsébet 162 Gerbec, Teja 20–21, 44, 109–111, 123, 127, 143–145, Jerin, Barbara 147, 334 152, 332, 334, 337, 345, 449, 453–454, 456, 576– Jockenhövel, Albrecht 302, 323 577 Jung, Reinhard 315 Gerdsen, Hermann 424–426, 428–429 Jurković, Ivan 124 Gleba, Margarita 144–145 Gleirscher, Paul 332, 427–428 K Gocha, Timothy P. 489 Kaerner, Juliane 14–15, 309–310, 314 Goetze, Bernd–Rüdiger 129 Kajzer Cafnik, Mihela → glej Kajzer, Mihela Gojkovič, Stanko 11, 23, 347–348, 350, 355, 402 Kajzer, Mihela 11, 31, 69–70, 321, 343, 347, 404, 481, Golec, Martin 114, 116, 119–122, 124, 132–134, 160, 535, 530, 562, 564, 570, 571, 574–575 457 Kalicz Schreiber, Rózsa 39, 41–42, 302 Gonçalves, David Miguel da Silveira 532–533 Karavanić, Snježana 307–308, 317–319 Goodman, Alan H. 558 Kasseroler, Alfons 301–302 Grahek, Lucija 20, 31, 33–39, 41–47, 57, 59–62, 65, Kastelic, Jože 431–432 70, 76, 79, 82, 111, 134, 138–140, 143–144, 564– Kaube, Franc 177 565, 567 Kaya, Ferhat 555 Grassmann, Guntram 150 Kazdová, Eliška 124 Gregnanin, Rossana 143–144 Kemenczei, Tibor 441, 444 Gregor, Miloš 161 Kerman, Branko 21–22, 116, 118, 120, 122–123, 137, Griebl, Monika 112, 119, 121–122, 135–136, 142, 139, 155, 337, 456, 565, 577 144–145, 147, 158, 161–162 Kilian–Dirlmeier, Imma 301, 303 Grill, Christoph 433–434, 484 Kimmig, Wolfgang 424–425 Grosman, Darja 19 Kläntschi, Niklaus 474–475 Grupe, Gisela 526 Klemenc, Josip 16 Guštin, Mitja 21, 118, 130–131, 135–136, 138–140, Klemm, Susanne 448 143–144, 147, 156, 337, 435–436, 441, 451, 457– Kmeťová, Petra 433, 435, 483 458, 577 Knez, Tone 441 Gutman, Maja 148 Kocijan, Aleksandra 469 Gyucha, Attila 456–457 Kodrič, Zdenko 351 Kolenko, Štefan 124 H König, Peter 160, 571 Hack, Silvia 435–437, 451, 457–458 Koprivnik, Vesna 10, 16, 55, 68, 76, 78, 82, 177, 215, Hänsel, Bernhard 303–304, 454–455 279, 299–300, 303–305, 308, 315–316, 320–321, Heath, David J. 23–24, 472, 474–475 323–325, 347, 470, 493, 495, 508, 562, 564, 567, Hebert, Bernhard 443–445 571–572 Hellerschmid, Irmtraud 142, 158–159, 455–456 Koren, Mirjana 10 Hennig, Hilke 424, 427–428, 430 Korošec, Josip 16, 132 Hložek, Martin 124 Kossack, Georg 424, 427–430, 432–434, 446–447, 454 Hodson, Frank Roy 321–432 Kovač, Otmar 20–21, 111, 118, 130, 132 Holodňák, Petr 144–145 Kovačević, Saša 114, 116–117, 120–123, 131, 136–142, Holport, Ágnes 441–443 156–157 Holzer, von H. 124 Krajnc, Nina 12 Hoops, Johannes 129 Kramberger, Bine 11, 20, 23, 55, 69–70, 178–179, 215, Horejs, Barbara 129 334, 343, 345, 347, 351, 358, 411, 417, 447, 481, Horjak, Mojca 120, 560 525, 530, 564, 567–569, 574–577, 581 Horjak, Uroš 560 Kramer, Diether 307, 332, 427–428, 433–434, 437– Horváth, István 425–426, 430–431, 442–443 438, 441, 443–448, 450–452, 483 Horvat-Šavel, Irena → glej Šavel, Irena Kraskovská, Ľudmila 160 Hršak, Tomislav 156 Krasnik, Barbara 129 Hummel, Susanne 526 Križ, Borut 451 Kromer, Karl 425 I Krušič, Valter 535 Ilon, Gábor 302–303 Kubach, Wolf 318–319 Işcan, Yasar 488 Kunstelj, Miha 12 Islam, Meez 488 Kvaal, Sigrid I. 548 586 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 586 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38 L Molnar, Stephen 162, 444, 548–552, 554–555, 558 Lah, Mojca 560 Montagnari Kokelj, Emanuela 321–322 Lamut, Branko 18, 37, 39, 62, 72–73, 79, 82, 84–86, Moser, Bernd 124 122, 130–132, 135–136, 139–141, 143, 332, 334, Moszolics, Amália 302–303, 314 428–429, 443, 445, 453–456 Motyková, Klara 149 Lang, Niklaus P. 557 Müller, Sebastian 120–123, 132, 134, 138, 140, 142– Langenecker, Ursula 162 143, 146–147, 158, 161 Lantschner, Monika 159 Müller-Karpe, Hermann 14–17, 65, 69, 72–74, 76, 79, Larsen, Clark Spencer 558–559 80–81, 84–88, 289, 301–302, 308–311, 318, 320– Lauermann, Ernst 112–113, 119–121, 136, 142–143, 321, 323–324, 332, 426–429, 470, 564 158–159, 161 Müllner, Alfonz 14–15 Lazar, Jeno 441 Murgelj, Ida 150 Lee-Thorp, Julia 526 Murko, Miha 65, 67, 72–73, 80–81, 84, 88, 439–440, LeGeros, John 526 493, 513, 577–578 LeGeros, Racquel Mušič, Branko 148, 151, 411–412, 561 Leghissa, Elena 14 Lehner, Manfred 443–445 N Leskovar, Tamara 11–12, 24, 358, 402, 413, 417, 487, Nadbath, Barbara 10 525, 527, 575 Nagy, Marcella 302–303 Lippert, Andreas 569–570 Nas, Eline 179, 215 Lobnik, Franc 347 Nebelsick, Louis D. 72, 140–141, 332, 427–428, 443, Lochner, Michaela 39, 41, 133 458 Longar, Marjana 560 Nekvasil, Jindra 120–121, 160 Lorber, Alojz 401 Nicholson, Rebecca A. 482–483 Lorber, Vlado 17 Nicklisch, Nicole 556 Ložnjak Dizdar, Daria 156–157 Novaković, Predrag 18–19 Lubšina Tušek, Marija 18, 20–21, 80, 82, 84, 131, 134, Novotna, Maria 307, 314, 317, 319–321 141–142, 309–310, 337, 347, 354–355, 404, 439– 442, 444–447, 450–451, 454, 456 O Lucke, Wolfgang 431–432 Ogrinc, Nives 143–144 Lyman, R. Lee 482 Omahen Gruškovnjak, Manca 12 Oman, Drago 11, 16, 37, 78, 84, 139, 143, 177, 218, M 299, 306, 309–310, 347, 354, 404, 417 Maat, George J.R. 556 Ondruš, Vladimir 160 Magdič, Andrej 20–21, 118, 130–131, 135, 137–142, Orel, Boris 469 148–149, 155 Majnarić-Pandžić, Nives 442–443, 447–448 P Mannering, Ulla 144–145 Pabst, Sabine 301–304, 306–313, 321, 569–571 Manouvrier, Léonce 540 Pahič, Stanko 10, 15–18, 31, 37, 39, 55, 65–70, 72– Marchesetti, Carlo 432 76, 78–82, 84–88, 109, 122, 132, 142, 148–149, Marinis, Raffaele de 317–318, 430 177–181, 183–192, 193–194, 196–199, 215–218, Marković, Zorko 156–157 221, 223, 226, 235, 240, 242, 251, 253, 255, 299, Mašić, Boris 157 301–303, 308, 310–311, 313, 316–317, 321–324, Matajič, Jana 411 343, 347, 425–426, 441, 470, 488–490, 493, 495, Maver, Andreja 12 504, 508, 535–536, 538, 540–541, 543, 545, 547, Mayne Correia, Pamela 516, 527, 531 561–562, 567–568, 570, 572–573 Mays, Simon 527 Pahič, Vitko 299 McKinley, Jacqueline I. 481, 493–494, 515, 525, 527, Pankau, Claudia 430 533 Pap, Ildiko 556–557 Medarić, Igor 151 Pare, Christopher 79, 88, 302, 313, 318, 321, 324, 424, Medović, Predrag 120, 122, 158 429–431 Meinl, Alexandra 556 Pászthory, Katharine 320 Mele, Marko 21–21, 118, 130, 135, 138–142, 148–149, Patek, Erzsébet 39, 69, 74–75, 332, 425–427, 430–434, 155, 308, 332, 443–445, 447, 456 441–443, 452, 455–456, 458 Merhar, Dušan 12 Paulík, Jozef 39, 41, 121, 161 Merwe, A.E. Lida van der 489 Pavličić, Mirela 441, 577–578 Metzner-Nebelsick, Carola 74, 429–430, 438–441, Pavlovič, Daša 127, 130–131, 138, 140–141, 156 456–457 Perc, Bernarda 16–17, 136, 156 Mihelić, Miha 132 Percan, Tihomir 156 Miladinović, Nataša 535 Pernicka, Ernst 471, 473 Millard, Andrew R. 152–153 Peterson, Roy R. 532 Mioč, Pero 124, 142 Pichler, Friedrich 15 Mirnik, Ivan 428–429, 433–434 Pichlerová, Magda 445, 458 Mlinarič, Jože 109 Piper, Kim 526 587 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 587 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38 Pirkmajer, Darja 16–17, 122, 137, 142, 149, 332, 334 Steel, D. Gentry 494 Pleiner, Radomir 149–150 Stegmann-Rajtár, Susanne 144–145, 160–161, 452–455 Pleinerová, Ivana 119–120 Stewart, Nicolas Andre 489 Plestenjak, Ana 21 Steyn, Maryna 488 Podborský, Vladimir 120, 122, 142, 160, 301–302 Stjernquist, Berta 438–443 Pogačnik, Ana 302, 315–316 Stone, Anne C. 489 Polo-Cerdá, Manuel 556 Stout, Sam D. 489 Porekar Kacafura, Irena 290 Strmčnik Gulič, Mira 9–11, 22–23, 31, 55, 57, 67–68, Potrebica, Hrvoje 426, 441–443, 577–578 94, 109, 329, 332–333, 343, 345, 347–348, 351, Predan, Primož 111, 118 354–355, 401–402, 438, 470, 481, 525, 530, 562, Predovnik, Katarina Katja 347 564, 569, 574–576, 578 Preinfalk, Fritz 119, 133, 158, 162, 438–439 Strohm, Thomas F. 548, 553 Preložnik, Andrej 129, 347 Studeníková, Etela 114, 160, 432–433, 441, 445, 448 Prešeren, Damjana 19–20 Svetličič, Vesna 304, 307, 424–425 Prijatelj, Agni 12 Svoljšak, Drago 143–144, 302, 315–316 Przystánska, Agnieszka 556 Swegle, M. 516 Symes, Steven A. 483, 527 R Szombathy, Josef 425, 427, 441, 448 Ramsl, Peter C. 120–123, 142, 158 Ranseder, Christine 119–120, 158–159, 161 Š Ravnik, Barbara 12, 109 Šalkovský, Peter 118–120 Rebay, Katharina C. 133, 140–141, 448, 454–455 Šavel, Irena 13, 18, 21–22, 37, 39, 141, 149, 337, 444, Reimer, Paula J. 152, 567, 580 493, 515 Reinhart, Silvia 436–437 Šimek, Marina 114, 156–157, 429–430, 441–443, 447– Rendić–Miočević, Ante 142 448, 483 Révész, Józse 302–303 Škvor Jernejčič, Brina 433–435 Rice, Prudence M. 69–70 Šmid, Žiga 438–439, 441 Richter, Isa 320 Štamfelj, Iztok 12, 17, 299, 487–490, 547, 554 Rife, Joseph L. 483 Říhovský, Jiří 41–42, 301–302, 319, 332 T Roberts, F. Lee 493 Takács, Miklós 119–120 Robling, Alexander G. 489 Tankó, Károly 137 Romsauer, Peter 129, 160–161 Tarbay, János Gábor 307, 312–313 Rudolf, Matevž 12 Tecco Hvala, Sneža 147, 156, 435–437, 444 Ruttkay, Matej 119 Teply, Bogo 535 Rychner, Valentin 301, 311–312, 324–325, 474–475 Teržan, Biba 9, 12–18, 20–24, 37, 39, 41, 45, 61–62, 65, 67–68, 70–71, 78–82, 84, 86–88, 130–145, 147– S 149, 154–157, 161–162, 181, 218, 279, 283–284, Sabján, Tibor 112, 119 289–292, 296, 299–305, 308–311, 315, 320–325, Sakara Sučević, Maša 143–144 329, 332, 334–335, 337, 343–345, 347, 351, 401, Salkič, Tadeja 560 405, 411–412, 420, 423, 425–442, 444, 446–459, Sankovič, Samo 21, 118, 130–131, 135–136, 141, 337, 470, 478, 525, 561, 563–565, 567, 569–579, 581 444, 493, 515 Thurman, Melburn D. 516 Saria, Balduin 16 Tica, Gojko 21–22, 493–494 Sauer, Norman J. 488 Tichý, Rudolf 120, 160 Scheffer, Charlotte 129 Tiefengraber, Georg 21, 118, 130, 135–136, 138–141, Schlosser, Paul 347, 401 143, 147, 156, 307, 337, 427–428, 437–438 Schmid, Walter 15–16, 122, 142, 347, 441 Tolar, Tjaša 31, 44 Schoeninger, Margaret 488 Tomanič Jevremov, Marjana 14, 18, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 57, Schultz, John J. 525, 557–558 59, 61–62, 65, 68, 70–74, 78–79, 81–82, 84–88, 132, Schutkowski, Holger 526 135–143, 354, 439–447, 451, 454, 456–458, 567–568 Schwellnus, Franka 162 Tomanič, Marjana → glej Tomanič Jevremov, Marjana Sedlmayer, Helga 143 Tomazo Ravnik, Tatjana 11–12, 17, 22–23, 299, 487– Shipman, Pat 482–483, 488, 527 490, 535 Siegfried–Weiss, Anita 445 Tomažič, Simona 20 Skoglund, Pontus 489 Tomedi, Gerhard 425–428, 435–437, 441, 444 Smolnik, Regina 130–131, 136–143 Tomičić, Željko 156–157 Snoeck, Christophe 488, 526–527, 530–532 Torbrügge, Walter 432–433 Snoj-Cvetko, Erika 548 Torner, Nataša 560 Soudská, Eva 159–160 Toškan, Borut 11, 358, 433–435, 481, 483–484, 516, Sponheimer, Matt 526 528, 569, 575 Sraka, Marko 152 Trampuž Orel, Neva 11, 18, 22–24, 469–470, 472–476, Stare, France 14, 17–18, 320, 426, 431, 436 569–571 588 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 588 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38 Trotter, Mildred 532 Vrdoljak, Snježana 39, 41 Trueman, Clive 526 Vrenčur, Iztok 16–17, 21–22, 136, 441–442, 451, 454, Truhelka, Ćiro 133 456–458 Turk, Peter 12–13, 16, 23–24, 426–427 Vulpe, Alexandru 133 Turner, Christy G. 556 Tušek, Ivan 347, 355 W Tušek, Marija → glej Lubšina Tušek, Marija Walker, Phillip L. 482–483, 527 Wankmiller, Jane C. 488 U Weber, Claus 302, 308, 310, 323 Ubelaker, Douglas H. 483, 494, 535, 545, 556–557 Wedenig, Reinhold 143, 444 Urankar, Rafko 11, 23–24, 404–405, 429–430, 469, Weihs, Andreas 446–447, 449–451 476, 569–570, 578 Weiner, Stephen 526 Urban, Otto H. 135–136, 142, 159, 307, 328 Wells, Peter S. 435–436 Urek, Maruša 120 Whyte, Thomas R. 482–483 Urminsky, Jozef 445 Wieland, Günther 150 Wighton, A. H. J. 526 V Willmore, L. James 516 Valentine, Gail 526 Wiltschke–Schrotta, Karin 433–434, 484 Valoh, Tine 482–483 Wittwer–Backofen, Ursula 489 Van Beek, Geoffrey C. 494 Wolf, Vlado 487, 535–536, 538, 540–541, 543–544 Vasić, Rastko 158, 299, 307, 311, 317 Wollák, Katalin 162 Vejvoda, Vera 428–429, 433–434 Wurmbrand, Gundaker 14, 308–310, 577–578 Veliačik, Ladislav 160 Velušček, Anton 55, 80, 354 Z Vidović, Josip 156–157 Zimmermann, Wolf H. 118–120, 150 Vikić-Belančić, Branka 156 Zupan, Guido 13, 15 Vinazza, Manca 140, 143, 148–149, 343–345, 412, Zupančič, Nina 31, 41–42, 150 453, 456, 563, 571–577, 580 Vinder, Jasna 563, 576 Ž Vinski Gasparini, Ksenija 137, 307–308, 311, 314, Žibrat Gašparič, Andreja 143–144 317–319, 439, 441–444, 447–448 Žižek, Tadeja 20–21 Visser, Jan Bernardus 554 Žorž, Zmago 124 589 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 589 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38 Pohorosko Podravje FINAL.indd 590 8. 03. 2021 12:56:38