ACTA GEOGRAPHICA
SLOVENICA GEOGRAFSKIZBORNIK
2023
63
2
0101661851779
ISSN 1581-6613
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GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK
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Contents
SPECIAL ISSUE – Old maps in geography and cartography
POSEBNA IZDAJA – Stari zemljevidi v geografiji in kartografiji
Blaž Komac, Primož GašPerič
Cartographic time travel: Reflecting the past, defining the present, and challenging
the future using old maps 9
Primož GašPerič
A new standardized methodology for analyzing cartographic information on old maps 23
Primož GašPerič, Saša BaBič
The semiotics of cartographic symbols on old maps 51
rožle Bratec mrvar, Primož GašPerič
Traditional and modern cartographic materials for geography teaching: 
From Blaž Kocen to the present 73
Drago PerKo
The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases 91
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ACTA GEOGRAPHICA
SLOVENICA GEOGRAFSKIZBORNIK
2023
63
2
0101661851779
ISSN 1581-6613
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23ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA
GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK
63-2 • 2023
Contents
SPECIAL ISSUE – Old maps in geography and cartography
POSEBNA IZDAJA – Stari zemljevidi v geografiji in kartografiji
Blaž Komac, Primož GašPerič
Cartographic time travel: Reflecting the past, defining the present, and challenging
the future using old maps 9
Primož GašPerič
A new standardized methodology for analyzing cartographic information on old maps 23
Primož GašPerič, Saša BaBič
The semiotics of cartographic symbols on old maps 51
rožle Bratec mrvar, Primož GašPerič
Traditional and modern cartographic materials for geography teaching: 
From Blaž Kocen to the present 73
Drago PerKo
The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases 91
naslovnica 63-2_naslovnica 49-1.qxd  4.12.2023  6:29  Page 1
ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA
63-2
2023
ISSN: 1581-6613
UDC: 91
2023, ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika
International editorial board/mednarodni uredniški odbor: Zoltán Bátori (Hungary), David Bole (Slovenia), Marco Bontje (the Netherlands),
Mateja Breg Valjavec (Slovenia), Michael Bründl (Switzerland), Rok Ciglič (Slovenia), Špela Čonč (Slovenia), Lóránt Dénes Dávid
(Hungary), Mateja Ferk (Slovenia), Matej Gabrovec (Slovenia), Matjaž Geršič (Slovenia), Maruša Goluža (Slovenia), Mauro Hrvatin
(Slovenia), Ioan Ianos (Romania), Peter Jordan (Austria), Drago Kladnik (Slovenia), Blaž Komac (Slovenia), Jani Kozina (Slovenia),
Matej Lipar (Slovenia), Dénes Lóczy (Hungary), Simon McCarthy (United Kingdom), Slobodan B. Marković (Serbia), Janez Nared
(Slovenia), Cecilia Pasquinelli (Italy), Drago Perko (Slovenia), Florentina Popescu (Romania), Garri Raagmaa (Estonia), Ivan Radevski
(North Macedonia), Marjan Ravbar (Slovenia), Aleš Smrekar (Slovenia), Vanya Stamenova (Bulgaria), Annett Steinführer (Germany),
Mateja Šmid Hribar (Slovenia), Jure Tičar (Slovenia), Jernej Tiran (Slovenia), Radislav Tošić (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Mimi Urbanc
(Slovenia), Matija Zorn (Slovenia), Zbigniew Zwolinski (Poland)
Editors-in-Chief/glavna urednika: Rok Ciglič, Blaž Komac (ZRC SAZU, Slovenia)
Executive editor/odgovorni urednik: Drago Perko (ZRC SAZU, Slovenia)
Chief editors/področni urednik (ZRC SAZU, Slovenia):
• physical geography/fizična geografija: Mateja Ferk, Matej Lipar, Matija Zorn
• human geography/humana geografija: Jani Kozina, Mateja Šmid Hribar, Mimi Urbanc
• regional geography/regionalna geografija: Matej Gabrovec, Matjaž Geršič, Mauro Hrvatin
• regional planning/regionalno planiranje: David Bole, Janez Nared, Maruša Goluža
• environmental protection/varstvo okolja: Mateja Breg Valjavec, Jernej Tiran, Aleš Smrekar
Editorial assistants/uredniška pomočnika: Špela Čonč, Jernej Tiran (ZRC SAZU, Slovenia)
Journal editorial system manager/upravnik uredniškega sistema revije: Jure Tičar (ZRC SAZU, Slovenia)
Issued by/izdajatelj: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU
Published by/založnik: Založba ZRC
Co-published by/sozaložnik: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti
Address/naslov: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU, Gosposka ulica 13, p. p. 306, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija;
ags@zrc-sazu.si
The articles are available on-line/prispevki so dostopni na medmrežju: http://ags.zrc-sazu.si (ISSN: 1581–8314)
This work is licensed under the/delo je dostopno pod pogoji: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Ordering/naročanje: Založba ZRC, Novi trg 2, p. p. 306, SI – 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija; zalozba@zrc-sazu.si
Annual subscription/letna naročnina: 20 € for individuals/za posameznika, 28 € for institutions/za ustanove
Single issue/cena posamezne številke: 12,50 € for individuals/za posameznika, 16 € for institutions/za ustanove
Cartography/kartografija: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU
Translations/prevodi: DEKS, d. o. o.
DTP/prelom: SYNCOMP, d. o. o.
Printed by/tiskarna: Present, d. o. o.
Print run/naklada: 300 copies/izvodov
The journal is subsidized by the Slovenian Research Agency and is issued in the framework of the Geography of Slovenia core research pro-
gramme (P6-0101)/Revija izhaja s podporo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije in nastaja v okviru raziskovalnega
programa Geografija Slovenije (P6-0101).
The journal is indexed also in/revija je vključena tudi v: Clarivate Web of Science (SCIE – Science Citation Index Expanded; JCR –
Journal Citation Report/Science Edition), Scopus, ERIH PLUS, GEOBASE Journals, Current geographical publications, EBSCOhost,
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Design by/Oblikovanje: Matjaž Vipotnik
Front cover photography: The image shows part of the cartouche of the map Ducatus Carnioliae tabula chorographica by Janez Dizma
Florjančič from 1744. The personified Carniola is surrounded by the coats of arms of noble families and a mountainous landscape
showing the entrance to a mine, a waterfall, a river gorge, and people on stilts (Geographical Museum GIAM ZRC SAZU).
Fotografija na naslovnici: Na sliki je predstavljen del kartuše zemljevida Ducatus Carnioliae tabula chorographica Janeza Dizme
Florjančiča iz leta 1744. Personificirano Kranjsko obdajajo grbi plemiških rodbin in gorska pokrajina, kjer so upodobljeni vhod
v rudnik, slap, rečna soteska in osebi na hoduljah (Zemljepisni muzej GIAM ZRC SAZU).
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Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023, 91–139
thE fIrSt WOrLD AtLAS IN SLOvENIAN,
AND SLOvENIAN tErrItOrY IN SOmE
EArLY WOrLD AtLASES
Drago Perko
The 2005 reissue of Matej Cigale’s Atlant consists of a facsimile of all the maps,
a seven-chapter supplemental volume, and a handmade cardboard case
that protects the inserted maps and book.
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Drago Perko, The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.13067
UDC: 912.44(100):811.163.6’21(091)
528.9:912.44(100)(091)
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Drago Perko1
The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases
ABSTRACT: Atlant was the first world atlas in Slovenian. It was published between 1869 and 1877, when
most Slovenians lived in Austria-Hungary. The first-ever world atlas was authored by Abraham Ortelius
and published in 1570, and the first Austrian world atlas was published in 1796 by Franz Johann Joseph
von Reilly. In both of them, the territory of what is now Slovenia is depicted on several maps. Atlant was
edited by Matej Cigale, who carried out pioneering work in Slovenianizing geographical names and pre-
serving Slovenian exonyms. The Slovenian geographical names used in the atlas reflect the relationships
at the time between Slovenian and other languages. Atlas is important because it uses Slovenian geographical
names on the maps. It also influenced later world atlases, especially the first school atlases in Slovenian.
A facsimile of Atlant with accompanying studies was published in 2005.
KEYWORDS: cultural geography, cartography, map, geographical name, Matej Cigale, Slovenia, Austria-
Hungary
Prvi atlas sveta v slovenščini in slovensko ozemlje v nekaterih zgodnjih atlasih sveta
POVZETEK: Atlant je prvi atlasa sveta v slovenskem jeziku. Izhajal je med letoma 1869 in 1877, ko je večina
Slovencev živela v Avstro-Ogrski. Prvi atlas sveta Abrahama Orteliusa je izšel leta 1570 in prvi avstrijski
atlas sveta Franza Johanna Josepha von Reillyja leta 1796. V obeh je ozemlje današnje Slovenije prikazano
na več zemljevidih. Atlant je uredil Matej Cigale, ki je opravil pionirsko delo pri slovenjenju zemljepisnih
imen in ohranjanju slovenskih eksonimov. V slovenskih zemljepisnih imenih se kažejo takratna razmer-
ja med slovenščino in drugimi jeziki. Atlas je pomemben zaradi uporabe slovenskih zemljepisnih imen
na zemljevidih. Vplival je tudi na poznejše atlase sveta, še posebej prve šolske atlase v slovenskem jeziku.
Leta 2005 je izšel faksimile Atlanta s spremnimi študijami.
KLJUČNE BESEDE: kulturna geografija, kartografija, zemljevid, zemljepisno ime, Matej Cigale, Slovenija,
Avstro-Ogrska
This article was submitted for publication on June 30th, 2023.
Uredništvo je prejelo prispevek 30. junija 2023.
92
1 Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Anton Melik Geographical Institute,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
drago.perko@zrc-sazu.si (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-9268)
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1 Introduction
This article presents the significance of the first world atlas published in Slovenian as a vital element of
Slovenian cultural heritage and promoter of Slovenian national identity. It is connected with the first world
atlases published in the sixteenth century, when the foundations for the development of Slovenian lan-
guage and culture were laid through the first books printed in Slovenian. In addition, the article describes
the first two Austrian world atlases because Austria was where nearly all ethnic Slovenians lived in the eigh-
teenth century, when the first world atlas was published in Slovenian, and, also through this atlas, they
began to place themselves on a more equal footing with other European nations. Using examples from
various maps, the article illustrates how the territory of what is now Slovenia was depicted in these atlases.
Most of the article focuses on presenting the author of the first Slovenian world atlas, Matej Cigale
(1819–1889), his work in geography, and, first and foremost, an evaluation of his atlas and the atlas’s impor-
tance for Slovenian world and school atlases. Special attention is dedicated to Slovenian geographical names.
This review article thus contextualizes the first Slovenian world atlas within the history of world atlases,
as well as the history of Slovenian geography, cartography, linguistics, and culture in general.
1.1 Material and methods
A variety of atlases and other old materials were examined for this study. Non-Slovenian world atlases were
available in digital form, and Slovenian atlases and books were largely available in both digital and print
versions. Most digital world atlases in languages other than Slovenian were obtained from the David Rumsey
Map Collection website (www.davidrumsey.com), which provides access to over 150,000 maps, and most
Slovenian materials were obtained from the National and University Library and especially its website Digital
Library of Slovenia (www.dlib.si), and from the Geographical Museum and Geographical Library at the
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Geographical Institute. The title pages of the most relevant pub-
lications reviewed are provided in the figures.
In all atlases, the maps on which Slovenian territory was depicted in greatest detail were identified.
Special attention was dedicated to the first two world atlases, the first two Austrian world atlases, and the
first two Slovenian world atlases (Table 1).
In reviewing non-Slovenian atlases, special focus was placed on finding similarities with the maps in
Cigale’s atlas to determine which world atlases he based his Atlant on.
The review of other materials followed the development of school atlases and world atlases in
Slovenian, and it examined the influence of Cigale’s atlas on Slovenian geographical names. The gazetteer
of geographical names produced while preparing the facsimile of Cigale’s atlas in 2005 (the original had
no gazetteer; Fridl et al. 2005) was also used in the process.
In evaluating Cigale’s atlas and his work, it was vital to take into account the historical, political, and
cultural contexts in which atlases and other materials were created. To better understand Cigale’s atlas, a brief
review of the development of the Slovenian nation and language, or some important points on this path,
are presented below.
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
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Table 1: List of world atlases reviewed in detail.
Works examined Title Year
First two world atlases Theatrum orbis terrarum (A Representation of the World) 1570
Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura 1595
(Atlas or Cosmographical Meditations upon the Creation of the Universe,
and the Universe as Created)
First two Austrian world atlases Grosser deutscher Atlas (Great German Atlas) 1796
Allgemeiner Grosser Atlass (Great General Atlas) 1800
First two Slovenian world atlases Atlant (Atlas) 1877
Velika atlas sveta (Great World Atlas) 1972
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1.2 Cultural-geographical introductory overview: Young Slovenia, old Slovenians
Atlant, the first Slovenian world atlas produced by Matej Cigale in the second half of the nineteenth cen-
tury, holds a special place in the history of the Slovenians and their language, and especially Slovenian
geography and cartography.
Slovenians thus obtained the first world atlas in Slovenian three centuries after the publication of the
first world atlas, and they obtained the second one another century later. The heyday of Slovenian world
atlases was the 1990s (Perko 2005b), when several atlases were published to place independent Slovenia
on world maps.
Slovenia is among the youngest countries in the world. It declared independence on June 25th, 1991,
and it became a member of the United Nations on May 22nd, 1992, and of the European Union on May
1st, 2004.
Before it became independent, Slovenia was a Yugoslav republic with a constitutionally guaranteed right
to secede. Most Slovenians lived in Yugoslavia’s Drava Province before the Second World War and in the
Austrian crown lands of Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, and the Littoral before the First World War.
The principality of Carantania was established in the seventh century. This was the first state of the
ancestors of today’s Slovenians, who settled the area between the sources of the Enns, Mura, and Drava
rivers to the west, the Danube to the north, Lake Balaton to the east, and the Adriatic to the south in the
sixth century (Perko et al. 2020).
Slovenians and their language are hence significantly older than the Slovenian state. The Freising man-
uscripts (Figure 1) are the oldest document in Slovenian and, at the same time, the oldest Slavic text written
in Latin script. They were created at the end of the tenth century and are composed of three separate doc-
uments on nine parchment pages featuring religious content (Bernik et al. 2004). They are now held by
the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) in Munich.
The Slovenian used in the Klagenfurt (or Rateče) manuscript (Figure 2) is of similar age. This is a copy
of an older original from the period of early Christianization of the Slovenians, but it was only created in
the second half of the fourteenth century. It comprises one parchment leaf with three prayers. It was used
in Rateče, a Slovenian village right next to today’s Austrian and Italian borders, and it is now held by the
Carinthian Provincial Archives (Kärntner Landesarchiv) in Klagenfurt (Orel 1996).
An atlas is like a cartographic bible, but Slovenians obtained a printed Slovenian translation of the Bible
much earlier than the first Slovenian atlas. Slovenian belongs to languages that was among the first into
which the Bible was translated in full. As early as 1578, the Protestant writer and theologian Jurij Dalmatin
(1547–1589) translated the Old and New Testaments into Slovenian (Figures 3 and 4). It was printed five
years later in Wittenberg with the title Biblia, tu ie, vse Svetu pismu, Stariga inu Noviga Teſtamenta (The
Bible, i.e. the Entire Old and New Testaments). The Bible was first printed in German in full in 1534 in
Wittenberg, and it was translated by the Augustinian friar Martin Luther (1483–1546). The first English
translation was printed in 1535, most likely in Antwerp, and it was translated by Myles Coverdale (1488–1569),
also an Augustinian friar (Cain et al. 2023).
Slovenians thus obtained a printed copy of the entire Bible in Slovenian less than half a century later
than the English or Germans, and only three decades after the first book in Slovenian, Catechiſmus
(Catechism), printed in 1550. It was written by the Protestant priest and writer Primož Trubar (1508–1586),
who dubbed himself Philopatridus Illiricus (an Illyrian patriot) in the book. With this work, Trubar estab-
lished Slovenian as a standard language, and five years later, in his foreword to the Gospel of Matthew, he
was the first in history to refer to his compatriots as Slovenians (Figures 5 and 6).
This was also the period of Jacobus Gallus (a.k.a. Jacobus Handl or Händl in German and Slovenianized
as Jakop Petelin Kranjski), a late-Renaissance Slovenian composer (1550–1591), who authored numerous
motets and madrigals (Figures 7 and 8).
Hence, the sixteenth century, which was of great significance for the development of atlases, was also
of exceptional importance for the development of Slovenian and the consolidation of Slovenian culture
and identity. That, however, was also one of the key roles of Cigale’s Atlant three centuries later.
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Figure 1: The Freising manuscripts from the end of the tenth century are
the earliest known Latin-script document in Slovenian and any Slavic lan-
guage. The first page of the second Freising manuscript, which calls on
churchgoers to confess and repent, starts with Eccȩ bi detd na∫ nezegre∫il
‘If our forefather had not sinned’.
Figure 2: The Klagenfurt manuscript from the second half of the fourteenth
century comprises one parchment leaf with three prayers. The first is the
Our Father, and it begins with Ot∫cha na∫s kyr ∫y wnebe∫∫ich po∫∫wet∫chenu
body twoye yime ‘Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name’.
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Figure 3: Jurij Dalmatin (1547–1589) translated the entire Bible into
Slovenian in 1578.
Figure 4: Title page of Dalmatin’s Biblia (Bible) printed in 1583 in
Wittenberg, Germany.
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Figure 5: Primož Trubar (1508–1586) authored the first two books
printed in Slovenian.
Figure 6: Title page of Trubar’s Catechi∫mus (1555). Its first edition
was printed in 1550 in Germany.
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Figure 7: Jacobus Gallus (1550–1591), probably the best-known
Slovenian late-Renaissance composer.
Figure 8: The three-volume collection Harmoniae morales features fifty-
three madrigals by Gallus. It was published in 1589 and 1590 in Prague.
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2 The first two world atlases
The credit for the modern meaning of the term atlas ‘systematic collection of maps’ goes to the famous Flemish
cartographer, geographer, and mathematician Gerhard Kremer (1512–1594), better known as Gerardus
Mercator (Figure 9), who in 1569 began preparing maps of individual parts of the world for his Atlas sive
Cosmographicæ meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura (Atlas or Cosmographical Meditations upon
the Creation of the Universe, and the Universe as Created). The work was finished after his death by his
son Rumold (1545–1599), who published it in 1595 (Figure 10). After Rumold’s death, the atlas was first
reissued in 1602, and then several times by 1641, including in extended editions and various languages. The
atlas was 50 × 33 cm in size. The title page features the mythological Titan Atlas, which is why these types
of books have been referred to as atlases ever since (Krogt and Koeman 2003; Perko 2005b).
The territory of what is now Slovenia is depicted in greatest detail on the maps Forum Iulium, Karstia,
Carniola, Histria Et Windorum Marchia (Friuli, Karst, Carniola, Istria, and the Windic March; Figure 11)
at an approximate scale of 1:750,000 (47 × 35 cm) and Stiria (Styria) at an approximate scale of 1:1,500,000
(41 × 31 cm).
However, Mercator was not the author of the first world atlas. This was Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598),
a Flemish geographer of German descent (Figure 12), who published the book Theatrum orbis terrarum
(A Representation of the World) a quarter of a century earlier, in 1570, in Antwerp. The atlas (Figure 13)
was 42 × 30 cm in size, and it contained 288 pages. Copperplate maps, approximately 45 × 32 cm in size,
predominate. He created them based on earlier maps produced by eighty-seven cartographers. The first
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
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Figure 9: Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) was the first to call a systematic
collection of maps an atlas.
Figure 10: Title page of Mercator’s atlas, published in 1595 by his son
Rumold.
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Figure 11: Reduced-scale map of Friuli, Karst, Carniola, Istria, and the Windic March, depicting the majority of what is now Slovenia except its easternmost
part.p p. 98–99
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Figure 12: Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) did not yet refer to his
map collection as an atlas.
Figure 13: Title page of Ortelius’s 1570 atlas, featuring the title
Theatrum orbis terrarum.
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Figure 14: Augustin Hirschvogel (1503–1553) worked in Ljubljana
from 1536 to 1543.
Figure 15: János Zsámboki (1531–1584) was a Hungarian physician,
linguist, and historian.
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edition featured fifty-three maps, the 1587 edition contained a further fifty, the 1593 edition already
featured 137, and the 1612 edition contained a full 167. At least thirty-seven editions were published
altogether, including in other languages, the last one in 1641 (Broecke 1986; Krogt and Koeman 2003;
Perko 2005b).
Ortelius depicted the territory of what is now Slovenia in detail on four maps: its northern part on the
map Austriae (Austria) at an approximate scale of 1:1,000,000 (47 × 34 cm), its northeastern part on the
map Hungariae (Hungary) at a scale of 1:3,000,000 (51 × 36 cm), its western part on the small map Fori
Iulii (Friuli) at a scale of 1:1,500,000 (16 × 12 cm), and nearly its entire territory on the map Schlavoniae,
Croatiae, Carniae, Istriae, Bosniae Finitimarumque regionum nova descriptio (A New Description of Slavonia,
Croatia, Carniola, Istria, Bosnia, and Neighboring Regions; Figure 16) at a scale of 1:600,000 (46 × 34 cm).
This last map was created by the German artist Augustin Hirschvogel or Augustino Hirsvogelio (1503–1553),
who worked as a cartographer in Ljubljana between 1536 and 1543 (Figure 14). Based on it, the Hungarian
humanist János Zsámboki or Johannes Sambucus (1531–1584; Figure 15) created the map Illyricum (Illyria),
which Ortelius first published in the 1573 edition of his atlas (Figure 17) at a scale of 1:660,000 (48 × 37 cm).
The map covers all of what is now Slovenia and all its neighboring areas where ethnic Slovenians still live
today (Perko 2005b; Fridl and Šolar 2011).
3 The first two Austrian world atlases
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the territory of what is now Slovenia was part of Austria: until
1804 it was part of the Habsburg Monarchy, until 1867 it belonged to the Austrian Empire, and until 1918
to Austria-Hungary.
The first Austrian world atlases are over two hundred years younger than Ortelius’s first world atlas
and just under one hundred years older than the first Slovenian world atlas. An important factor in
their creation was the establishment of an engraving school in Vienna in 1766, thanks to which in just
a few years Vienna became the cartographic capital of central Europe in terms of the number and qual-
ity of maps published. Twenty years later, Franz Anton Schrämbl (1751–1803) began preparing the first
Austrian world atlas, but it was Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1766–1820) that completed one first
in 1796 (Dörflinger 1981).
In 1786, Schrämbl announced the publication of a world atlas in German. He entitled it Allgemeiner
Grosser Atlass (Great General Atlas; Figure 18). In 1787, he established a bookstore together with Reilly
and got to work. He planned to publish thirty-six large sheets with full-page copper engravings per year
and complete the atlas in three years (Dörflinger 1981).
To promote sales, he set the pre-order price for an individual leaf at only twenty kreuzers, or a third of
a gulden, even though maps printed abroad cost between one and three guldens or even more. By sacrific-
ing his entire fortune, he published over a hundred sheets by 1790, after which he had to sell the project to
another publisher, Philipp Joseph Schalbacher. The atlas was ultimately completed in 1800 (Dörflinger 1981).
It was 65 × 51 cm in size, and it contained 133 sheets with 31–61 × 53–81 cm maps. Because of the
various sources used, the maps vary greatly in terms of size, scale, design, and quality.
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
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Figure 16: The reduced-scale map Schlavoniae, Croatiae, Carniae, Istriae, Bosniae Finitimarumque regionum nova descriptio from the 1570 edition of
Ortelius’s atlas. It was created based on Augustin Hirschvogel’s map and shows the entire territory of present-day Slovenia, except its northeastern-
most part. p p. 102–103
Figure 17: The reduced-scale map Ilirija (Illyria) from the 1608 edition of Ortelius’s atlas. It was created based on János Zsámboki’s map and shows the
territory of what is now Slovenia and all its neighboring regions where ethnic Slovenians still live today. p p. 104–105
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Present-day Slovenia is depicted in greatest detail on three maps: its western part on the map Deutschland
XXIV (Germany XXIV; Figure 19) at a scale of 1:530,000 (41 × 55 cm), its northeastern part on the map
Ungarn Siebenbürgen, Sclavonien N.72.D (Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia N.72.D) at a scale of 1:1,140,000
(44 × 56 cm), and its southeastern part on the map Ungarn Siebenbürgen, Sclavonien N.72.F (Hungary,
Transylvania, and Slavonia N.72.F) at a scale of 1:1,140,000 (44 × 56 cm).
Hearing about the success of Schrämbl’s atlas, Reilly embarked on a similarly extensive project. He inher-
ited a substantial fortune from his father, which allowed him to focus on printing and cartography. Between
1789 and 1806, he published a map almost every week for his world atlas Schauplatz der fünf Theile der
Welt (A Representation of Five Parts of the World). In seventeen years, this added up to 830 maps, which,
however, only depict Europe. In contrast to Schrämbl’s atlas, the maps are only 22–28 × 31–43 cm in size
(Dörflinger 1981).
In 1791, when Schrämbl was facing bankruptcy and further publication of his world atlas was under
threat, Reilly decided that his world atlas would contain fewer maps. He entitled it Grosser deutscher Atlas
(Great German Atlas; Figure 20). He prepared all the maps between 1794 and 1796, modeling them on
the relevant maps from Schrämbl’s atlas. Even though the price of an individual sheet was thirty-six kreuzers,
compared to twenty kreuzers for a sheet in Schrämbl’s atlas, because of fewer sheets the total price of his
atlas was lower than that of Schrämbl’s atlas, and the number of copies printed was larger (Dörflinger 1981).
Figure 18: Title page of Allgemeiner Grosser Atlass by Franz Anton Schrämbl (1751–1803) published in 1800.
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Figure 19: Reduced-scale map of Germany, sheet XXIV from Schrämbl’s world atlas. The map was created in 1797 and printed in 1800. It shows roughly
two-thirds of what is now Slovenia west of Celje. p p. 108–109
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The atlas was 69 × 50 cm in size, and it contained twenty-seven double-page maps 40–48 × 50–80 cm
in size. They were all hand colored. The first map showed the western and eastern hemispheres, followed
by five maps of the continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia) and twen-
ty-one maps of Europe.
The atlas comprises a total of thirty double-page sheets: in addition to twenty-seven sheets of maps,
the title page, a page with explanations and an index, and a sheet with data on the population and area in
square miles for European countries.
Present-day Slovenia is depicted in detail and in full on the map Deutschland (Germany, Figure 21)
at a scale of 1:1,900,000 (56 × 78 cm) and its eastern part also on the map Ungarn (Hungary) at a scale of
1:1,470,000 (56 × 74 cm).
Because it took Schrämbl thirteen years to complete his atlas in 1800, and it only took Reilly two years
to finish his in 1796, Reilly’s atlas is considered the first Austrian world atlas.
Even though the two world atlases by both Viennese authors from the end of the eighteenth centu-
ry did not introduce any important new features in terms of cartography, they contributed to the spread
of maps to a wider circle of people, improvements in creating maps in Austria, and subsequently also the
creation of the first world atlas in Slovenian.
Figure 20: Title page of Grosser deutscher Atlas (1796), which Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1766–1820) allegorically dedicated to the development
of cartography.
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Figure 21: Reduced-scale map of Germany from Reilly’s 1797 world atlas. It shows the territory of what is now Slovenia and all its neighboring regions
where ethnic Slovenians still live today, except the northeasternmost corner between the Rába and Mura rivers, which belonged to Hungary. pp. 110–111
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4 The first world atlas in Slovenian
4.1 Matej Cigale and his works
The author of the first world atlas in Slovenian, Matej Cigale (Figures 22 and 23), was born on September
2nd, 1819, to a rural family in the mountain village of Lome near Idrija. He attended high school in Gorizia
from 1834 and 1839, and the lyceum there from 1840 to 1841. In 1841, he entered the seminary in Ljubljana,
but he decided to drop out the next year and study law instead. He first studied in Graz until 1843, and
then in Vienna until 1846 (Atelšek 2022).
In 1847, Cigale started working as an apprentice judge at the city and provincial court in Gorizia. The
following year he passed the judicial exam in Klagenfurt. In 1849, he returned to Vienna, where he worked
in the editorial office for the official gazette until his death on April 20th, 1889. He was buried in Vienna
(Atelšek 2022).
In 1894, a monument commemorating Cigale was unveiled in the center of Črni Vrh above Idrija
(Figure 24) along with a plaque on his birthplace in nearby Lome (Urbanc 2005), which describes him as
a writer (Figure 25).
Cigale spent over four decades translating legislation and hence developing Slovenian legal terminology,
in which his knowledge of classical, Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages acquired during his school-
ing and later professional career proved very useful (Urbanc 2005).
In 1853, Juridisch-politische Terminologie für die slavischen Sprachen Österreich (Legal and Political
Terminology for the Slavic Languages of Austria), a German–Croatian–Serbian–Slovenian dictionary, was
published in Vienna as the basis for translating the Austrian official gazette (Germ. Reichsgesetzblatt, Sln.
Državni zakonik). Cigale wrote the Slovenian foreword for this dictionary and edited most of its Slovenian
112
Figure 22: The only known photo of Matej Cigale. Figure 23: A drawing of Matej Cigale in the newspaper Slovan (1887).
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material. He sought to use terms that would be readily understood in all the Austrian crown lands where
ethnic Slovenians lived. That same year, he also translated the Austrian penal code (Germ. Strafgesetz) into
Slovenian (Kazenska postava) in addition to the civil code (Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die
gesammten Deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie / Občni deržavljanski zakonik za vse nemške
dedne dežele avstrijskega cesarstva), which was published in three parts comprising 668 pages. In 1887, he
produced a new translation of the civil code based on the terminology used in Državni zakonik. His trans-
lations laid the foundations for modern Slovenian legal terminology and influenced the development of
terminology in other disciplines.
Cigale’s most important lexicographical work was his two-volume German–Slovenian dictionary
(Deutsch-slovenisches Wörterbuch) published in Ljubljana in 1860. It comprised 2,025 pages with 103,000
German headwords. It also included an appendix with German–Slovenian lists of male and female names,
historical figures, and Slovenian and foreign geographical names. In 1880, he produced the dictionary titled
Znanstvena terminologija s posebnim ozirom na srednja učilišča / Deutsch-slovenische wissenschaftliche
Terminologie (Technical Terminology with Special Reference to Secondary Schools / German-Slovenian
Technical Terminology), which was also published in Ljubljana and featured the terminology of twenty-
four disciplines.
Cigale also helped produce school textbooks. In 1859, he simply added Slovenian terms in parenthe-
ses to the German text in Lehrbuch der Physik für Unterrealschulen (Physics Textbook for Secondary Schools)
by Franz Josef Pisko (1827–1888). In 1861, he translated the geographical textbook on Austria and its crown
lands into Slovenian. He also served as advisor for the second edition of Anton Janežič’s (1828–1869) Slovenska
slovnica za domačo in šolsko rabo (Slovenian Grammar for School and Home Use), which was published
in 1863 and became the most important Slovenian grammar in the second half of the nineteenth centu-
ry. In 1885, he wrote a German grammar for the first grade of primary school, followed by one for the
second and third grades in 1886 (Atelšek 2022).
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
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Figure 24: In 1894, the residents of Črni Vrh erected a monument to Matej
Cigale, who came from the area.
Figure 25: In 1894, a plaque commemorating Matej Cigale was installed
on the house where he was born.
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Drago Perko, The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases
Outstanding was also Cigale’s work in geography, especially in relation to textbooks, maps, and geo-
graphical names. In 1860, he published the aforementioned appendix with geographical names in his
German–Slovenian dictionary (Figure 26). It includes twenty-four pages from pages 1989 to 2012 (Cigale
1860) and 2,175 German headwords, for which he provided the corresponding Slovenian endonyms (e.g.,
Laibach/Ljubljana) and exonyms (e.g., Deutschland/Nemčija). To some names, he also added demonyms in
the singular male and female forms and the corresponding adjectives (e.g., Deutscher/Nemec, Deutsche/Nemka,
Deutsch/nemšk).
In 1861, Cigale translated the geographical textbook Österreich und seine Kronländer: ein geographis-
cher Versuch / Kratek popis cesarstva avstrijanskega sploh in njegovih dežel posebej (Austria and its Crown
Lands: A Geographical Overview / A Brief Inventory of the Austrian Empire in General and its Crown
Lands in Particular, Figure 27), written by Ludwig Heufler (1817–1885), comprising four hundred pages
(Heufler 1861), followed by the textbook Grundzüge der allgemeinen Erdkunde / Početni nauk o zemljepisu
(Basics of General Geography) in 1863, which was, however, never published (Žigon et al. 2017).
In 1865, Cigale arranged the geographical names and terminology for the textbook Vévodství Korutany
a  Krajina v  geograficko-statistickém i historickém přehledu (The Duchy of Carinthia and Carniola in
a Geographical-Statistical and Historical Overview), written by the Czech geographer and statistician Josef
Erben (1830–1908) and translated by France Rebec (1841 – after 1887). It was published in two parts a year
later: the first part was entitled Vojvodstvo Koroško v zemljepisnem, statističnem in zgodovinskem spregle-
du (The Duchy of Carinthia from a Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Perspective; Figure 28) and
it contained sixty-nine pages (Erben 1866a), and the second part was entitled Vojvodstvo Kranjsko v zeml-
jepisnem, statističnem in zgodovinskem spregledu (The Duchy of Carniola from a Geographical, Statistical,
and Historical Perspective) and it contained eighty-six pages (Erben 1866b).
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Figure 26: First page of the appendix featuring geographical names in the
1860 German–Slovenian dictionary.
Figure 27: Title page of Cigale’s translation of the geographical textbook
on Austrian crown lands published in 1861.
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4.2 Atlant
Cigale’s most important geographical work was Atlant (Atlas), which was published in individual sheets
from 1869 to 1877. Relevant for its creation were primarily the conditions under which Slovenians lived
in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the status of their native language. Ever since the early
Middle Ages, Slovenians had not been politically united in a nation state. Until the revolutionary year of
1848, the Slovenian national movement largely had a cultural character. In 1848, Slovenians formulated
the United Slovenia political program in Vienna, in which, first and foremost, they requested that all eth-
nic Slovenian territories be united within a kingdom of Slovenia through an administrative reorganization
of the Austrian Empire, that Slovenian become equal to German in all areas, and that a Slovenian university
be established.
Their program was cartographically supported by Zemljovid slovenske dežele in pokrajin (Map of the
Slovenian Land and Its Regions) published by the lawyer, geographer, and politician Peter Kosler
(1824–1879), a Gottschee German by birth. He drew the ethnic Slovenian border on the map, explaining
the grounds for it in an accompanying booklet. Even though the map was already printed in 1853, it was
only released in 1861 because censorship prevented it from being published based on the fact that it
depicted a non-existing political entity (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b).
In 1861, when Franz Joseph I reorganized the Austrian half of the monarchy through the February
Patent, reading rooms began to be established, where ethnically conscious Slovenians from all classes
gathered and held plays, concerts, talks, parties, and balls. The reading rooms became the center of Slovenian
cultural and political activities (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b). The first ones were founded in 1861
in Trieste, Maribor, Ljubljana, and Celje, totaling fifty-seven by 1869, when the first three maps of Cigale’s
Atlant were published. Slovenian ethnic identity was promoted by new newspapers and newly founded
societies. In addition, connections between Slovenian provinces and the center of the monarchy were
boosted by the newly constructed railroad between Vienna and Trieste, which reached Ljubljana in 1849
and Trieste in 1857.
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
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Figure 28: Title page of the 1866 textbook on Carinthia.NA
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The main association in charge of printing demanding works from a variety of areas, developing Slovenian
terminology, and raising Slovenian cultural awareness was the Slovenian Association (Slovenska matica
or simply Matica; initially Matica slovenska). It was established in 1864 through voluntary contributions
from intellectuals and businessmen, including a generous donation of five hundred guldens (or 50,000
kreuzers) from Emperor Franz Joseph. For comparison, a mug of beer at that time cost twelve kreuzers
and an egg cost two (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b). The Slovenian Association tried to connect the
ethnic Slovenian territories as much as possible, and to transcend the division of Slovenians into provinces.
As early as 1867 – that is, only three years after its inception – the Slovenian Association decided to
publish Atlant, which indicates how important it thought it was to also deliver the first world atlas in Slovenian
to Slovenians. It planned to publish one fascicle with a few maps per year. The following year it held unsuc-
cessful negotiations with printing houses in Olomouc, Bohemia, and in Hildburghausen and Gotha, Germany.
At Cigale’s proposal, it ultimately selected the printing house of the Köke Lithography Institute
(Lithographische Anstalt Köke) in Vienna, whose owner, Friedrich Köke (1823–1882), demanded 565 guldens
for the first fascicle, 270 of which (i.e., nearly half) he requested for the map of Austria alone. Between
1866 and 1872 (i.e., when the first three fascicles of Atlant were printed), his nephew Gustav Freytag
(1852–1938) worked for him as a lithography apprentice. Freitag later became a well-known German-Austrian
cartographer and publisher, and the cofounder of the Freytag & Berndt Cartographic Institute (Kartografische
Anstalt Freytag & Berndt), which by the early twentieth century grew into one of the most important car-
tographic publishers in Europe and still operates in Vienna today (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b).
The atlas was published for nine years in fascicles of three maps each. The fascicles were numbered
with Roman numerals from I to VI. The first three were printed in 2,000 copies each, and the fourth, fifth,
and sixth in 3,000 copies each, which was only slightly more than the number of members of the Slovenian
Association. For example, when the first fascicle was published in 1869, the association had 1,633 mem-
bers. The cost of producing an individual fascicle ranged from 1,000 to 1,200 guldens, and Cigale was paid
between 170 and 200 guldens per fascicle for his work, which covered everything from translation to print-
ing supervision (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b).
The atlas was 38 × 24 cm in size, with individual sheets measuring 38 × 48 cm. The first fascicle, pub-
lished in December 1869, included the following maps:
• Face of the Entire Earth in Hemispheres (Obraz cele Zemlje v polutah) at a scale of 1:120,000,000 (the
scale is not provided on the map; 26 × 36 cm),
• A 1:18,000,000 map of Europe (30 × 38 cm) and
• A 1:3,300,000 map of Austria (33 × 42 cm).
The second fascicle, published in January 1871, comprised the following:
• A 1:30,000,000 map of Asia (34 × 42 cm);
• A 1:30,000,000 map of North America (34 × 42 cm); and
• A 1:30,000,000 map of South America (34 × 42 cm).
The third fascicle was published in February 1872, and it included the following:
• A 1:25,000,000 map of Africa (the scale is not provided on the map; 34 × 43 cm);
• A 1:30,000,000 map of Australia (the scale is not provided on the map; 34 × 44 cm); and
• A 1:9,600,000 map of Russia (34 × 41 cm).
The fourth fascicle, published in August 1874, included:
• A 1:3,800,000 map of the German Empire (33 × 43 cm);
• A 1:3,300,000 map of Italy (34 × 42 cm); and
• A 1:4,000,000 map of Turkey and other eastern lands (the scale is not provided on the map; 34 × 41 cm).
The fifth fascicle was published in December 1875, and it included:
• A 1:3,800,000 map of Great Britain and Ireland (33 × 41 cm);
• A 1:3,200,000 map of France (the scale is not provided on the map; 33 × 43 cm); and
• A 1:5,300,000 map of Scandinavia (33 × 41 cm).
The last fascicle was published in December 1877, and it included the following maps:
• A 1:800,000 map of Switzerland (29 × 44 cm);
• A 1:3,000,000 map of Spain and Portugal (33 × 42 cm); and
• A 1:1,200,000 map of the Netherlands and Belgium (31 × 40 cm).
The map of Austria (Figure 29) is a typical example of how the maps in the atlas were cartographi-
cally outfitted. The legend (Figure 30) contains the map’s title, along with a numerical scale and two graphic
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scales (in German geographical miles to the left and in Austrian miles to the right) below it. Provided below
the scales are the symbols and labels for towns based on the size of their population, and the symbols for
roads, railways, and various types of borders.
Hachures – a  method perfected in 1799 by the Saxon cartographer Johann Georg Lehmann
(1765–1811) – are used to represent relief. The thickness and length of the strokes indicate the slope, and
their orientation and distribution communicate specific shapes of terrain (Perko 2001). Seas and lakes are
blue, and rivers are black.
Land outside Austria, which had been renamed Austria-Hungary two years before the map was pub-
lished, is depicted in black and white, and land inside the empire is represented in color (e.g., Carinthia
in brown, Styria in light green, Carniola in dark green, and the Littoral in yellow; Figure 31). All geographical
names in Carniola and the Littoral are Slovenian. They are also all Slovenian in Carinthia, except one that
is provided in German, and in Styria half of the names are Slovenian and half are German. Outside the
provinces populated by ethnic Slovenians, both within and outside the empire, the names of major towns
are provided in Slovenian (e.g., Mnihov for Munich, Karlovec for Karlovac, Osek for Osijek, Zader for Zadar,
and Belgrad for Belgrade), as are the names of major lakes (e.g., Blatno jezero for Lake Balaton, Nežidersko
jezero for Lake Neusiedl (Germ. Neusiedler See, Hung. Fertő), and Skadersko jezero for Lake Skadar (SCr.
Skadarsko jezero, Alb. Liqeni i Shkodrës)) and rivers (e.g., Ina for the Inn, Naba for the Naab, and Adiža
for the Adige). Some of these exonyms are practically no longer used today (e.g., Mnihov, Zader, Belgrad,
Ina, and Naba).
The map features a degree grid with marked latitudes and longitudes, measured from the Ferro merid-
ian. Ferro is the French name for El Hierro, the westernmost of the Canary Islands, also referred to as the
Meridian Island.
An interesting feature is the addition in the upper right corner of the map (Figure 32), where Cigale
provided instructions on how Slovenian readers should read specific letters or their combinations in
Hungarian names (e.g., zs as ž, ly as lj, and gy as dž or gj). Cigale provided similar instructions on other
maps, such as instructions on how to pronounce the Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English,
Scandinavian, and Russian geographical names.
The label Založila in izdala Matica Slovenska (Published and issued by the Slovenian Association) appears
in the left corner below the map, along with the label Vrezal na kamen in tiskal F. Köke na Dunaji (Etched
on stone and printed by F. Köke in Vienna) in the right corner. The label on the right thus reveals that
Atlant’s maps were printed using lithography, a  technique invented in 1796 by the Bavarian Alois
Senefelder (1771–1834), who used limestone plates for printing. Lithography is a printing procedure in
which an image is drawn with a greasy substance onto the surface of a smooth stone plate. The ink from
the roller sticks only to the oil-based drawing and so, when the plate and paper are run through a press,
only the drawing is printed onto the paper. Various chemical substances are used to improve the quality
of the printed image. Great progress was achieved through this technique because, compared to copper
engraving, which Orteli’s and Mercator’s world atlases were based on, and woodcut, it made printing cheap-
er and faster, while also making color printing easier. Specifically, it made it possible to apply various colored
areas in a drawing onto separate stone plates and print them on the same sheet of paper. Stone plates were
used to print maps until the mid-twentieth century, which means that Cigale’s atlas was printed in what
was the most state-of-the-art technique at the time, but it was also comparable to other atlases of that time
in terms of cartographic quality (Fridl 2005).
The Slovenian Association distributed the maps to its members together with other books, but they
were also available for general sale. Each fascicle of three maps cost one gulden and five kreuzers. In 1871,
the association considered reprinting the atlas in five hundred copies. Even though, according to the stock
inventory, only 2,132 individual maps of the total of 27,000 printed as part of the first four fascicles were
still available in 1876, and even though by 1880 the first fascicle had already run out, the atlas was never
reprinted (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005a).
After all the fascicles had been published, the Slovenian Association never printed the title page or bound
the maps into a single volume. Therefore, individual sheets were often lost, and so the complete sets of all
eighteen maps have rarely been preserved and the atlas has nearly fallen into oblivion. Two complete sets
Figure 29: The reduced-scale map of Austria in Cigale’s atlas was published in 1869 (at a scale of 1:3,300,000). p p. 118–119
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Figure 30: Lower right corner of the map of Austria featuring the legend and information conveying that the map was printed by F. Köke.
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Figure 32: Upper right corner of the map of Austria with added instructions on how to properly pronounce Hungarian letters.
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are held by the National and University Library in Ljubljana, and one is held by the Geographical Museum
at the ZRC SAZU Geographical Institute. The full set discovered by Milan Orožen Adamič (1946–2018)
among his great-aunt’s estate (Orožen Adamič 2005) provided the impetus for publishing a facsimile. One
of the sets held by the National and University Library was used as the basis for preparing the 2005 fac-
simile edition of the atlas because it is the best preserved of all the remaining known copies.
4.3 Atlant’s facsimile
A facsimile edition of Atlant was published in 2005 by the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Slovenian
Academy of Sciences and Arts’ Research Center to mark its sixtieth anniversary (Fridl et al. 2005). The
institute presented it to the professional community and the press on September 28th, 2005, at its Geographical
Museum in Ljubljana, where it also launched an exhibition dedicated to the atlas and Matej Cigale.
The facsimile is composed of three parts:
• A color facsimile of all eighteen maps (379 × 482 mm) folded in half (379 × 241 mm);
• An accompanying ninety-six-page volume (381 × 245 mm); and
• A cardboard case (402 × 260 mm) for the folded maps and the accompanying volume; ten cases were
leather-bound (Figure 33).
The accompanying volume is also composed of three parts.
The three introductory pages are followed by seven two-page chapters:
• Zemljevid in atlas, kartografija in geografija: od okostja do vezja (A Map and an Atlas, Cartography and
Geography: From a Framework to Connections; Perko 2005b);
• Politična in družbena podoba druge polovice 19. stoletja: dom in svet Cigaletovega Atlanta (Politics and
Society of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Home and World of Cigale’s Atlant; Šum-
rada 2005);
Figure 33: Cover of the 2005 leather-bound facsimile of Cigale’s Atlant. DR
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• Okoliščine nastanka Atlanta: od zamisli zanesenjakov do knjižnih polic narodno zavednih Slovencev (The
Circumstances Surrounding Atlant’s creation: From Enthusiasts’ Ideas to the Bookshelves of Ethnically
Conscious Slovenians; Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b);
• Matej Cigale 1819–1889: Petričev dohtar (Matej Cigale, 1819–1889: Doc Petrič; Urbanc 2005);
• Kartografska podoba zemljevidov 19. stoletja: vrezal na kamen in tiskal (The Cartographic Character of
Nineteenth-Century Maps: Etched on Stone and Printed; Fridl 2005);
• Zemljepisna imena v Atlantu in njihov pomen za sodobno imenoslovje: gora Balkan se imenuje bolgarski
Stara planina (Geographical Names in Atlant and Their Significance for Modern Onomastics: In Bulgarian
the Balkans Are the Old Mountains; Kladnik 2005);
• Odzivi na Atlant in njegovo mesto v slovenski geografski literaturi: od ene strani hudo grajane, od druge
pa toplo hvaljene (Atlant’s Reception and Its Place in Slovenian Geographical Literature: Strongly Criticized
on the One Hand and Highly Praised on the Other; Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005a).
This is followed by a set of black-and-white reproductions of the maps (thirty-six pages). The maps
are numbered, with the number printed above the upper left corner of each map. The coordinates A, B,
C, and so on and 1, 2, 3, and so on are added along the edges; they formed the basis for compiling the gazetteer
of geographical names appearing on the maps. The accompanying volume concludes with a forty-three-
page index of all geographical names in the atlas. They are listed in alphabetical order, in full forms, and
they are printed in bold. Each geographical name is followed by a label in italics, indicating its type. There
are seventeen types altogether (e.g., continent, country, settlement, natural landscape, and landform). To
find a geographical name on the map more easily, the map number (and a lower-case letter for smaller
maps included on larger maps) is provided with each name, followed by a quadrant label after a slash, con-
sisting of a letter and number. The quadrant grid is made up of the meridians and parallels drawn on the
map. If a geographical name appears on several maps, it comes with the corresponding number of quad-
rant labels.
For example, this is how the Soča River is listed in the index: Soča, kopenski hidronim, 3/C3; 10/N11.
This means that the Soča River is defined as a land hydronym (kopenski hidronim) and that its name appears
twice: on map no. 3 (i.e., the map of Austria), in quadrant C3, and on map no. 10 (i.e., the map of the German
Empire), in quadrant N11.
In producing the facsimile, the compilation of this index took the longest. The atlas contains a total
of 28,075 instances of names (or tokens), but, because many names appear more than once, the actual num-
ber of different names (or types) listed in the index is 22,233, of which 4,651 or 20.9% are Slovenianized.
The largest number of names (2,298) appear on the map of Austria, followed by four other maps that
include over 2,000 names: the Netherlands and Belgium, France, Turkey and other eastern lands, and the
German Empire. The maps of South America and North America contain the fewest names (636 and 791,
respectively; Kladnik 2005).
The largest share of Slovenianized geographical names in general appear on the maps of the continents.
This share is the highest on the maps of North America (45.3%) and Europe (44.7%), and the smallest on
the map of South America (19.8%). The largest share of Slovenianized names overall (56.5%) appears on
the map Face of the Entire Earth in Hemispheres and the smallest share overall (2.0%) appears on the map
of Spain and Portugal (Kladnik 2005).
It remains unclear which atlases Cigale used as the basis for his atlas. A comparison of the maps of
the hemispheres, Europe, and Austria in Atlant against the same three maps in the world atlases that were
published up to one hundred years before Atlant (i.e., from 1770 to 1869) and are available online did not
reveal an evident source.
Based on the geographical names used, it can be concluded that Cigale modeled his work on Czech
and German (Austrian) atlases because he Slovenianized several names following the Czech example –
for instance, Mnihov (Cz. Mnichov, Germ. München ‘Munich’), Moguč (Cz. Mohuč, Germ. Mainz), and
Bazileja (Cz. Bazslej, Germ. Basel) – or the German model – for example, Lutih (Germ. Lüttich, Fr. Liège,
Du. Luik) – or he simply used the Czech and German names – for example, Jakin (Cz. Jakin, Ital. Ancona),
Tiflis (Germ. Tiflis, Georg. Tbilisi), or Oporto (Germ. Oporto, Port. Porto). Cigale also Slovenianized seve -
ral names outside the Slavic-speaking world, such as Kraljevec (Germ. Königsberg, now Kaliningrad), Branibor
(Germ. Brandenburg), Devin (Germ. Magdeburg), and Kraljevo (Rom. Craiova), which demonstrates the
strong influence of the pan-Slavic movement (Kladnik 2005).
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5 The importance and evaluation of Atlant
Even though Atlant, as the first Slovenian world atlas, was a pioneering work and an exceptional promoter
of Slovenian identity and the development of Slovenian as a native language, its received very little cover-
age. The newspaper Novice reported in 1872 that the Slovenian Association had published three »attractive«
maps, and in 1878 that the Slovenian Association commended Cigale for his »beautiful« maps and
thanked him for nine years of effort and high-quality work (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005a).
The first proper review was only published in 1925, when Slovenian was no longer under such a threat.
In the opening article on the development of geography published in the first issue of Geografski vestnik,
Valter Bohinec (1898–1984) wrote that Atlant had contributed to the development of Slovenian geographical
names, but that it had not introduced any new features in the cartographic and methodological sense
(Bohinec 1925).
In 1964, Silvo Kranjec (1892–1976) described the history of Atlant’s creation in detail in the chapter
Geografija (Geography) in the volume Slovenska matica 1864–1964 (Kranjec 1964). He concluded that the
maps’ content focused excessively on political elements, while neglecting physical and human elements.
He believed that Cigale went too far in Slovenianizing geographical names, but he nonetheless confirmed
that Atlant was a great achievement, especially compared to similar cartographic works produced by other
Slavs in Austria-Hungary at that time.
Atlant was also overlooked by the extensive volume Atlantes Austriaci published in 1995, which pro-
vides the most comprehensive overview of all cartographic publications in the former and present
territory of Austria and depictions of this territory (Dörflinger and Hühnel 1995). The volume, does, how-
ever, mention all the editions and language versions of the school atlas by the Slovenian geographer and
cartographer Blasius Kozenn (1821–1871), as well as some Czech and Hungarian world atlases from that
period (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005a).
Atlant was also mentioned by Branko Korošec (1927–1999) in his book on cartography (Korošec 1978),
as well as in volume 1 of Enciklopedija Slovenije (1987) under the entry Atlas, but with only one sentence.
In turn, the publication of Atlant’s facsimile was covered twice by Geografski vestnik. In the first issue
of volume 77, published in 2005, this journal presented Atlant and its facsimile edition (Rojc 2005), and
in the second issue of the same volume it reported on the opening of the exhibition on Atlant and Matej
Cigale (Perko 2005a). Both articles were distinctly positive, highlighting the versatile importance of the
atlas.
It was only with the publication of Atlant’s facsimile that Slovenians again became aware of the impor-
tance of this atlas and Cigale’s work. Moreover, because Atlant is not only a collection of maps, but also
a reflection of the second half of the nineteenth century and the people from that period, it is important
not only for cartography (Fridl and Šolar 2011), but also for disciplines like geography, linguistics, and his-
tory, to name just a few.
Maps reflect social, cultural, and political development, political power, and appropriation of land, and
they also serve as propaganda material because, due to their visual power, they are generally a very use-
ful medium for communicating information (Fridl and Urbanc 2006).
In evaluating Atlant, it is first and foremost vital to highlight the following:
• As the first world atlas published in Slovenian, it became an important part of Slovenian cultural heritage;
• It strengthened Slovenian national identity;
• It was the first to introduce Slovenian maps to schools and influenced the first Slovenian school atlases;
• It also influenced other Slovenian world atlases; and
• It laid the foundations for Slovenian geographical names.
Cigale’s Atlant has already been presented as an important publication for Slovenian identity, ethnic
consciousness, and cultural heritage by several research articles (Kladnik et al. 2006; Fridl and Urbanc 2006;
Urbanc et al. 2006). Therefore, more attention is given below to a detailed presentation of its geographi-
cal significance, especially its role in school atlases, world atlases, and geographical names.
5.1 Atlant and Slovenian school atlases
As the first Slovenian world atlas, Atlant also partly played the pioneering role of a school atlas (Orožen
Adamič and Urbanc 2005a) because, for a quarter of a century, it was the only source that provided Slovenian
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maps to Slovenian students and teachers. The first proper Slovenian school atlas, Zemljepisni atlas za ljudske
šole s  slovenskim učnim jezikom (Geographical Atlas for Primary Schools with Slovenian-Language
Instruction, Figure 34), was not published until 1899. The maps for this atlas were prepared and printed
by the Eduard Hölzel Geographical Institute (Eduard Hölzel Geographisches Institut) in Vienna (or, as writ-
ten on the maps, Ed. Hölzlov zemljep. zavod na Dunaju), which from 1877 to 1896 was headed by the Viennese
military cartographer Vinzenz Haardt von Hartenthurn (1843–1914). The atlas cites Haardt as the author,
and the geographers and historians Simon Rutar (1851–1903) and Fran Orožen (1853–1912) as coeditors.
The first edition contained seven maps (Haardt 1899), and the second edition published in 1902, which
was edited only by Orožen, featured fourteen maps (Haardt 1902). Orožen kept approximately three-quar-
ters of the exonyms that Cigale had used in Atlant.
During the interwar period, Slovenian schools used Croatian adaptations of Kozenn’s school atlas. Kozenn
produced his first school atlas in 1861. Nearly three hundred editions of his atlases were published in six
languages (i.e., German (Figure 35), Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Croatian (Figure 36), and Italian), but never
in Slovenian. However, four Croatian editions of the atlas were published between 1934 and 1940, with
the introductory pages translated into Slovenian (Bratec Mrvar et al. 2011; Bratec Mrvar and Gašperič 2023).
At the beginning of the Second World War in Yugoslavia (i.e., in 1941), the first extensive Slovenian
school atlas, Zemljepisni atlas za srednje in njim sorodne šole (Geographical Atlas for Secondary and Similar
Schools; Figure 37), was published. It contained fifty-six color maps and 350 black-and-white photographs
(Visintin 1941b). It was produced and printed by the De Agostini Geographical Institute (Istituto
Geografico De Agostini) in Novara, which was headed by the Italian geographer Luigi Visintin (1892–1958)
from 1920 to 1958. The atlas lists Visintin as the author, and the Slovenian geographers Valter Bohinec,
Ciril Bernot (1900–1961), France Planina (1901–1992), and Roman Savnik (1902–1987) as coeditors. The
atlas was reprinted in 1942 and 1948.
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Figure 34: Title page of the 1902 edition of the school atlas, translated and edited by Fran Orožen.
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Figure 35: Title page of the German edition of Blasius Kozenn’s atlas
(Kozenn 1880).
Figure 36: Title page of the Croatian edition of Blasius Kozenn’s atlas
(Kocen 1934).
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Figure 37: Cover of De Agostini’s 1941 school atlas, which was
adapted by Valter Bohinec et al.
Figure 38: Cover of De Agostini’s 1941 school atlas, which does not
provide the names of its translators.
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An abridged version of this atlas was published in 1941 and 1942. It was titled Zemljepisni atlas za ljudske
šole (Geographical Atlas for Primary Schools; Figure 38) and it contained twenty maps and ninety-one
photos (Visintin 1941a).
The number of Cigale’s exonyms used in this atlas decreased significantly, especially on the maps depict-
ing Italy, which was connected with the Italian annexation of a major part of Slovenia, including Ljubljana,
during that time. Thus, only two exonyms, Benetke ‘Venice’ and Rim ‘Rome’, were still used in Italy, and
even these two were provided together with the endonyms Venezia and Roma; the well-established Slovenian
endonyms Trst, Gorica, and Videm were absent, and only the Italian names appeared (i.e., Trieste, Gorizia,
and Udine). However, it is interesting that Slovenian names on maps depicting Austria did not bother the
Italian publisher: on all maps of various scales, the towns of Klagenfurt, Graz, Villach, and Vienna were
only provided in Slovenian (i.e., Celovec, Gradec, Beljak, and Dunaj).
After the Second World War, when the modern period of Slovenian school atlases began, Valter Bohinec
was involved in most of them. The first one was published in 1950, with the simple title Šolski atlas (School
Atlas; Figure 39). Bohinec translated it and coedited it with the Croatian geographer Josip Roglić (1906–1987).
Like Cigale’s Atlant, it contains folded two-page maps. All ten maps in it are bound into a book with a cover.
Bohinec was among the harshest critics of Atlant (Orožen Adamič and Urbanc 2005b). In general, he
criticized the geographical names the least, but in the many atlases that he produced he nonetheless refused
to use many exonyms introduced by Cigale. He even provided the name for the Croatian town of Rijeka
in Croatian only, and the name of the Italian town of Udine in Italian only. Bohinec’s atlases practically
put an end to the influence of Cigale’s Atlant.
5.2 Atlant and Slovenian world atlases
Despite the deficiencies it was criticized for, Atlant was only surpassed in Slovenian by Veliki atlas sveta (Great
World Atlas) published by Mladinska Knjiga in 1972 (Medved and Ingolič 1972) – that is, over a century
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Figure 39: Cover of the school atlas translated and coedited by Valter Bohinec
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Figure 40: Map of Slovenia in the 1972 Veliki atlas sveta. Small-scale maps are provided in color, and most large-scale maps are provided in black-
and-white or brown. p p. 128–129
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Drago Perko, The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases
after Atlant. The geographer Jakob Medved (1926–1978) and linguist Janko Moder (1914–2006) were involved
as expert advisors in the creation of this first Slovenian general world atlas in the twentieth century. Moder
made a significant contribution to geographical onomastics with a valuable article on the orthography and
pronunciation of geographical names in the appendix to the atlas (Moder 1972). This atlas is of course much
more extensive than Atlant, and it is an atlas in the true sense of the word because, in addition to maps of
various parts of the world, it also contains a variety of thematic maps, a comprehensive gazetteer, and other
content typical of modern atlases. However, this atlas, too, received criticism, especially for its predominant
use of black-and-white or brownish large-scale maps, including the 1:1,452,400 map of Slovenia (Figure 40).
Hence, from 1570, when the first world atlas was published, to 1972, Slovenians only obtained two
Slovenian world atlases. After Slovenia’s independence in 1991, a decade-and-a-half »heyday« of Slovenian
atlases started. A translation of De Agostini’s world atlas was published in 1992, followed by five more world
atlases until 2005, when the last one was published (Hrvatin, Kladnik and Perko 2005). In addition, the
extensive Geografski atlas Slovenije (Geographical Atlas of Slovenia) was published in 1998 (Figure 41),
followed by Nacionalni atlas Slovenije (National Atlas of Slovenia) in Slovenian and English in 2001 (Figure 42),
and the first Slovenian census atlas in 2007 (Popisni atlas; Figure 43). The work Slovenia in Focus (Figure 44)
was published at the start of Slovenia’s EU presidency in 2008. In terms of geographical names, all these
atlases, even though they are not world atlases, follow the orientation of Cigale’s Atlant much more than
the school atlases published after the Second World War or the 1972 world atlas.
These high-quality works (Fridl et al. 1998, 2001, 2007; Dolenc et al. 2007) placed Slovenians on an
equal footing not only with the »Austrian Slavs,« as Cigale termed them (Cigale 1880), but also much larg-
er nations with a longer literary tradition in their native languages.
However, it is interesting that, for example, the 1:800,000 map of Switzerland in Atlant has remained
the most accurate and detailed Slovenian map of this central European country to date, even though
a variety of Slovenian world atlases have been published since then (Kladnik 2005).
130
Figure 41: Cover of Geografski atlas Slovenije published in 1998. Figure 42: Detail from the cover of the 2001 English edition of Nacionalni
atlas Slovenije.
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Figure 43: Cover of the first Slovenian census atlas, published in 2007.
Figure 44: A special atlas was published at the start of Slovenia’s EU presidency in 2008.
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5.3 Atlant and Slovenian geographical names
Atlant’s most significant achievement is the use of Slovenian geographical names on its maps. Through
this work, Cigale laid the foundations for Slovenian exonyms. He provided many Slovenian and Slovenianized
names of foreign geographical features for the first time, and he Slovenianized the names of these features
in a planned and critical manner. As a linguist, he took into account linguistic rules when forming the names,
and he also made good use of his knowledge of foreign languages.
Prior to Cigale, Slovenian geographical names had only been systematically dealt with by the geog-
rapher Janez Jesenko (1838–1908), who recorded the Slovenian names of most major geographical features
in his textbook Zemljepisna začetnica za gimnazije in realke (An Introduction to Geography for High Schools
and Secondary Schools; Figure 45), such as the continents, regions, mountain ranges, mountains, islands,
seas, straits, gulfs, lakes, and rivers. He added three tables at the end of the textbook in which he provid-
ed the names of the largest towns in Austria, Europe, and beyond (Jesenko 1865).
He provided predominantly Slovenian names for the Austrian towns of that time (e.g., Benetke for Venice,
Italy, Dunaj for Vienna, Austria, Krakov for Kraków, Poland, and Segedin for Szeged, Hungary), or bilingual
names separated with an equals sign (e.g., Gorica = Görz (Slovenian–German) for Gorizia, Italy, Reka =
Fiume (Slovenian–Italian) for Rijeka, Croatia, Pečuh = Fünfkirchen (Slovenian–German) for Pécs, Hungary,
or Braševo = Kronstadt (Slovenian–German) for Braşov, Romania). He also provided bilingual pairs for
certain towns in what is now Slovenia; for example, Maribor = Marburg (Slovenian–German) or Koper =
Capo d’ Istria (Slovenian–Italian). In contrast, Cigale used only the Slovenian names for all ten of these
towns, and they were the same as the ones provided by Jesenko.
In the table with the names of European towns, the names in the languages of the respective country
predominate, but a few Slovenian names are also provided (e.g., Belgrad for Belgrade, Serbia, Draždane
132
Figure 45: Cover of Janez Jesenko’s 1865 textbook Zemljepisna začetnica
za gimnazije in realke.
Figure 46: Page 104 from Jesenko’s geography textbook, containing a table
of the names of the largest towns outside Europe.
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R
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A
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A
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for Dresden and Mnihov for Munich, Germany, Rim for Rome, Italy, and Varšava for Warsaw, Poland).
The first three exonyms are no longer used in Slovenian today, whereas the last two are now standard.
Something similar applies to the table with the names of towns outside Europe (Figure 46). It contains only
few Slovenian names (e.g., Nov-Orleans for New Orleans in the US, which is also no longer used today).
There are no bilingual names in these two tables. Cigale used the same names on his maps for the five towns
mentioned above, and he used the form Novi Orleans instead of Nov-Orlenas.
Based on the analysis of geographical names used by Jesenko, it can be concluded that his selection
of several hundred geographical names must have been an important source and model for Cigale in cre-
ating Atlant.
Atlant is an important source for studying Slovenian geographical names, including their foundations.
Certain Slovenianized forms of foreign names now sound awkward in Slovenian (Kladnik 2005); for exam-
ple, the names of certain countries: Cigale referred to Switzerland as Švajca (now Sln. Švica), China as Kitaj
(now Kitajska), and Japan as Japonija (now Japonska). In addition, he Slovenianized certain major towns
for which only endonyms are used in modern Slovenian (e.g., Novi Jork for New York, Kodanj for Copenhagen,
Kolin for Cologne, Germany, Antverpa for Antwerp, Marsilja for Marseille, Curih for Zurich, or Jakin for
Ancona, Italy).
However, some of his solutions are absolutely remarkable from today’s perspective. One of them is the
use of the Slovenian common noun dežela ‘land, country’ for a cohesive piece of territory, such as a coun-
try, part of it, or a region; for example, Viktorijina dežela for Victoria Land or Wilkezova dežela for Wilkes
Land in Antarctica, Bafinova dežela for Baffin Land (now Baffin Island) in Canada, Washingtonova dežela
for Washington Land in Greenland, Aleksandrina dežela for Alexandra Land in Russia, and Van Diemenova
dežela for Van Diemen’s Land (now Tasmania) in Australia. During the period of the pan-Slavic move-
ment and the influence of Russian, and especially later, during the period of Yugoslavia and the influence
of Serbo-Croatian, the word zemlja predominated over dežela until the last decade of the twentieth cen-
tury, even though the primary meaning of this word in Slovenian is ‘soil’ or ‘upper layer of earth’. The Slovenian
term for a foreign country or geographical unit is tuja dežela ‘foreign land’ or tuja država ‘foreign coun-
try’, and the Croatian expression is strana zemlja.
Cigale used the word dežela twenty-eight times, and he only used the word zemlja outside Russia in
the geographical name Ognjena zemlja (Sp. Tierra del Fuego). In Russia, he used the word three times (e.g.,
Nova Zemlja for Novaya Zemlya).
Examination of geographical names used in Atlant and later atlases makes it possible to follow the changes
in Slovenian and in the political situation, which are also associated with chronological changes in the ratio
between exonyms and endonyms.
By examining the names of thirty-six major towns in Slovenia’s vicinity (Table 2), for which Slovenian
exonyms and endonyms are more commonly used in various atlases, it can be established that Cigale used
the Slovenian name for as many as thirty-four, or 94% of them. He only kept the original forms of the names
for Sarajevo and Kotor, which already sounded »Slovenian« enough. The share of Slovenian names decreased
over the years, reaching the lowest value (33%) in the 1972 world atlas, after which it began to increase
again. In the latest world atlas, published in 2005, this share was 44%.
Only seven Slovenian names appear in all seven atlases examined. These are Benetke ‘Venice’ and Rim
‘Rome’ in Italy, Celovec ‘Klagenfurt’, Beljak ‘Villach’, and Dunaj ‘Vienna’ in Austria, Budimpešta ‘Budapest’
in Hungary, and Solun ‘Thessaloniki’ in Greece. The names Trst ‘Trieste’ and Gorica ‘Gorizia’ in Italy, Gradec
‘Graz’ in Austria, and Lvov ‘Lviv’ in Ukraine appear six times, and the names Videm ‘Udine’ in Italy and
Monošter ‘Szentgotthárd’ in Hungary appear five times. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kotor,
Montenegro, are always referred to with their original names.
Figure 47: Reduced-scale map of the southern part of central Europe (at a scale of 1:2,500,000) from the latest Slovenian world atlas (Veliki atlas sveta),
published in 2005. The geographical names on it are written in full compliance with the recommendations by the United Nations Group of Experts on
Geographical Names (UNGEGN), which is why multilingual endonyms are separated with a slash (e.g., the Italian–German endonyms Bolzano/Bozen
or the Italian–French endonyms Aosta/Aoste), and Slovenian exonyms are added to the original names in parentheses: e.g., Wien (Dunaj) ‘Vienna’ or
Roma (Rim) ‘Rome’. The name of Brussels, which is bilingual (French–Flemish) and for which Slovenian uses an exonym, is written as Bruxelles/Brussel
(Bruselj). This atlas again contains a substantial number of exonyms (i.e., Slovenian names of foreign geographical features) in the form used by Matej
Cigale, which were neglected in the world atlases published after the Second World War (e.g., Rijeka (Reka) in Croatia). p p. 134–135
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136
Ta
ble
 2:
 O
ve
rv
iew
 of
 ch
an
ge
s i
n t
he
 na
m
es
 of
 ce
rta
in 
m
ajo
r t
ow
ns
 in
 co
un
tri
es
 cl
os
e t
o S
lov
en
ia 
in 
ind
ivi
du
al 
atl
as
es
 (t
he
 na
m
e a
da
pt
or
s a
re 
pr
ov
ide
d i
n p
are
nt
he
se
s i
n t
he
 fir
st 
row
).
Fo
rei
gn
-la
ng
ua
ge
Co
un
try
En
do
ny
m
Cig
ale
 18
69
–1
97
7
Ha
ard
t 1
90
2
Vis
int
in 
19
41
Bo
hin
ec
 an
d R
og
lić
M
ed
ve
d a
nd
 In
go
lič
De
 A
go
sti
ni 
19
92
De
 A
go
sti
ni 
20
05
en
do
ny
m
lan
gu
ag
e
(C
iga
le)
 
(O
rož
en
) 
(B
oh
ine
c e
t a
l.)
 
19
50
 (B
oh
ine
c) 
19
72
 (M
ed
ved
, M
od
er)
(K
lad
nik
 et
 al
.)
(H
rva
tin
, K
lad
nik
, P
erk
o)
Tri
es
te
Ita
ly
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lia
n
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t
Trs
t
Tri
es
te
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t
Trs
t
Trs
t
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t
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riz
ia
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ly
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lia
n
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ric
a
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ric
a
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riz
ia
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ric
a
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ric
a
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ric
a
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ric
a
Ud
ine
Ita
ly
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lia
n
Vid
em
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em
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ine
Ud
ine
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em
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em
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em
Ve
ne
zia
‘Ve
nic
e’
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ly
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lia
n
Be
ne
tke
Be
ne
tke
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ne
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ne
tke
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ne
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ne
tke
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ne
tke
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ma
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om
e’
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ly
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lia
n
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ün
ch
en
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un
ich
’
Ge
rm
an
y 
Ge
rm
an
M
nih
ov
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ün
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en
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ün
ch
en
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ün
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en
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ün
ch
en
M
ün
ch
en
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ün
ch
en
Nü
rnb
erg
 ‘N
ure
m
be
rg’
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rm
an
y 
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rm
an
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rim
be
rk
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rn
be
rg
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be
rg
–
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be
rg
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rn
be
rg
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be
rg
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em
nit
z
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rm
an
y 
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rm
an
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me
nic
e
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z
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z
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em
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rl-
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dt
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es
de
n
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rm
an
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Ge
rm
an
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až
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ne
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es
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n
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es
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n
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es
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es
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n
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es
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n
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es
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ig
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rm
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y 
Ge
rm
an
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sko
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ipz
ig
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ipz
ig
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ipz
ig
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ipz
ig
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ipz
ig
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ipz
ig
Kla
ge
nfu
rt
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str
ia
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rm
an
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lov
ec
Ce
lov
ec
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lov
ec
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lov
ec
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lov
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lov
ec
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lov
ec
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lac
h
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str
ia
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rm
an
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lja
k
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az
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str
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rm
an
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az
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sb
ru
ck
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str
ia
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rm
an
Ins
pr
uk
Inn
sb
ru
ck
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sb
ru
ck
–
Inn
sb
ru
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Inn
sb
ru
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sb
ru
ck
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ien
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ien
na
’
Au
str
ia
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rm
an
Du
na
j
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na
j
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na
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na
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na
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rn
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itz
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rm
an
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a
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rn
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rn
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rn
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eň
 ‘P
ils
en
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he
m
ia,
 Cz
ec
hia
 
Cz
ec
h
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lze
nj
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en
j
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se
n
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eň
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eň
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eň
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eň
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at
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a
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kia
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va
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n
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at
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av
a
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at
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isl
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a
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kó
w
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lan
d
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lis
h
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ko
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ko
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w
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kó
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ko
v
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ko
v
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cs
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ng
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ng
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an
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ču
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ču
h
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h
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cs
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cs
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cs
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cs
Sz
eg
ed
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ng
ar
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ng
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an
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ge
din
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in
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st
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ng
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ng
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an
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dim
, P
eš
ta
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da
 Pe
šta
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dim
pe
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dim
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ng
ar
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ng
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ur
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en
tgo
tth
árd
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ng
ar
y
Hu
ng
ari
an
M
on
os
tu
r
S. 
Go
tth
ard
M
on
oš
ter
–
M
on
oš
ter
M
on
oš
ter
M
on
oš
ter
Os
ije
k
Cro
ati
a
Cro
ati
an
Os
ek
Os
ek
Os
ije
k
Os
ije
k
Os
ije
k
Os
ije
k
Os
ije
k
Rij
ek
a
Cro
ati
a
Cro
ati
an
Re
ka
Re
ka
Fiu
me
Rij
ek
a
Rij
ek
a
Re
ka
Re
ka
Ka
rlo
va
c
Cro
ati
a
Cro
ati
an
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rlo
ve
c
Ka
rlo
ve
c
Ka
rlo
va
c
Ka
rlo
va
c
Ka
rlo
va
c
Ka
rlo
va
c
Ka
rlo
va
c
Za
da
r
Cro
ati
a
Cro
ati
an
Za
de
r
Za
de
r
Za
ra
Za
da
r
Za
da
r
Za
da
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Za
da
r
Du
bro
vn
ik
Cro
ati
a
Cro
ati
an
Do
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Du
bro
vn
ik
Sa
raj
ev
o
Bo
sn
ia 
an
d
Bo
sn
ian
Sa
raj
ev
o
Se
raj
ev
o
Sa
raj
ev
o
Sa
raj
ev
o
Sa
raj
ev
o
Sa
raj
ev
o
Sa
raj
ev
o
He
rze
go
vin
a
Ko
tor
M
on
ten
eg
ro
M
on
ten
eg
rin
Ko
tor
Ko
tor
Ca
tta
ro
Ko
tor
Ko
tor
Ko
tor
Ko
tor
Sh
ko
dë
r
Al
ba
nia
Al
ba
nia
n
Sk
ad
er
Sk
ad
er
Sk
ad
er
Sk
ad
ar
Sk
ad
ar
Sk
ad
ar
Sk
ad
er
Th
es
sa
lon
íkī
Gr
ee
ce
Gr
ee
k
So
lun
So
lun
So
lun
So
lun
So
lun
So
lun
So
lun
Be
og
rad
 ‘B
elg
rad
e’
Se
rb
ia
Se
rb
ian
Be
lgr
ad
Be
lig
rad
Be
og
rad
Be
og
rad
Be
og
rad
Be
og
rad
Be
og
rad
Br
aş
ov
Ro
m
an
ia
Ro
m
an
ian
Br
aš
ev
o
Br
aš
ev
o
Br
aş
ov
Br
aş
ov
Br
aş
ov
Br
aş
ov
Br
aş
ov
L’v
iv 
‘Lv
iv’
Uk
rai
ne
Uk
rai
nia
n
Le
vo
v
Le
vo
v
Lw
ów
Lv
ov
Lv
ov
Lv
ov
Lv
ov
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The first world atlas after the Second World War, published in 1950, only retained nine Slovenian forms
introduced by Cigale, and the last one from 2005 (Figure 47) retained fifteen, which is two-thirds more
(including the forms Levov ‘Lviv’ and Monostur ‘Szentgotthárd’ that Cigale used and their modern Slovenian
variants Lvov and Monošter). This most likely cannot be attributed to Atlant’s resurgent influence, but to
the fact that, after Slovenia became independent, the producers of new world atlases thought along the
same lines as Cigale, who also prepared his atlas during a period of Slovenian emancipation.
6 Conclusion
Atlant received some well-founded, primarily linguistic, criticism when it was published. In addition, it
did not represent any technological progress in cartography and the publication of maps, and it initially
received very little coverage from geographers, despite promoting Slovenian ethnic identity and devel-
oping Slovenian as a native language, which is why it gradually sank into oblivion. Nonetheless, it is a priceless
source for studying Slovenian geographical names, including their foundations. Namely, it reflects the geo-
graphical, linguistic, and political situation that determined the degree of Slovenianizing geographical names
and the language the Slovenianized forms were based on. Thus, already a century and a half ago, Atlant
enriched Slovenian with many exonyms that have been retained in Slovenian until today, which is an impor-
tant value during a time of globalization and the great predominance of English (Urbanc et al. 2006).
In metaphorical sense, the importance of the first Slovenian world atlas can also be inferred from its
title. In Slovenian, Atlant means ‘Atlas’ (Gr. Ἄτλας), a Titan in Greek mythology. Because he helped other
Titans fight the Olympians, he was condemned by Zeus to hold up the heavens for eternity (Figure 48). Mercator
depicted him on the cover of his atlas holding the globe (Figure 10). In architecture, an atlas (plural: atlantes)
is a large male sculpture that gives the impression that it is supporting the entire building (Figure 49).
Acta geographica Slovenica, 63-2, 2023
137
Figure 48: Statue of Atlas (Sln. Atlant) on the roof of the main railway
station in Frankfurt, Germany.
Figure 49: Four atlantes on the facade of the Bank of Slovenia main
building, symbolizing the strength of this financial institution.
O
LE
K
S
II 
S
E
R
G
IE
IE
V,
 A
D
O
B
E
 S
TO
C
K
M
A
R
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O
 Z
A
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LA
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L
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Drago Perko, The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases
At the time it was published, Matej Cigale’s Atlant promoted the development of Slovenian as well as Slovenian
ethnic consciousness and identity through Slovenian geographical names, and, well over a century later,
its facsimile continues to do the same. From the Slovenian perspective, this is especially important con-
sidering that Slovenians were without their own nation state for over 1,200 years.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The author acknowledges financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency
(program no. P6-0101: Geography of Slovenia).
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