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Naklada / Printum 150 Naslov uredništva / Editorial Office Address INŠTITUT ZA SLOVENSKO IZSELJENSTVO IN MIGRACIJE ZRC SAZU p. p. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija Tel.: (+386 1) 4706 485; Fax (+386 1) 4257 802 E-naslov / E-mail: spelam@zrc-sazu.si Spletna stran / Website: http://isim.zrc-sazu.si © ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije Revija izhaja s pomočjo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije in Urada vlade Republike Slovenije za Slovence v zamejstvu in po svetu. Izdaja Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije ZRC SAZU Published by Slovenian Migration Institute at the ZRC SAZU Ljubljana 2015 Revija Dve domovini • Two Homelands je namenjena objavi znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, poročil, razmišljanj in knjižnih ocen s področja humanističnih in družboslovnih disciplin, ki obravnavajo različne vidike migracij in z njimi povezane pojave. Revija, ki izhaja od leta 1990, je večdisciplinarna in večjezična. Revija izhaja dvakrat letno. Članki so recenzirani. The journal Dve domovini • Two Homelands welcomes the submission of scientifi c and professional articles, reports, debates and book reviews from the fi elds of humanities and social sciences, focusing on migration and related phenomena. The journal, published since 1990, is multidisciplinary and multilingual. The journal is published biannually. All submited articles are subject to double – blind peer review. Povzetki in indeksiranje / Abstracs and indexing: FRANCIS (Sociology/Ethnology/Linguistics of Francis), IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, IBR – International Bibliography of Book – Reviews, Sociological Abstracts, IBSS – International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, MSH-Maisons des Sciences de l’Homme, SCOPUS, SSCI – Social Sciences Citation Index, Social SciSearch, Journal Citation Reports / Social Sciences Edition. Letna naročnina 18 € za posameznike, 28 € za institucije. Annual subscription 18 € for individuals, 28 € for institutions. Master Card / Euro Card and VISA accepted. Naročila sprejema / Orders should be sent to: Založba ZRC, p. p. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija Fax: (+386 1) 425 77 94; E-mail: zalozba@zrc-sazu.si VSEBINA / CONTENTS TEMATSKI SKLOP / THEMATIC SECTION Lifestyle migrationŽivljenjsko-stilske migracije MICHAELA BENSON, NATAŠA ROGELJA Editorial Uvodnik 7 MICHAELA BENSON Lifestyle Migration: From the State of the Art to the Future of the Field Življenjsko-stilske migracije: od trenutnega stanja k prihodnosti področja raziskovanja 9 NICK OSBALDISTON A Cultural Sociological Reading of Lifestyle Migration Sociološkokulturni pogled na življenjsko-stilske migracije 25 TOBIAS WEIDINGER, STEFAN KORDEL German Spa Towns as Retirement Destinations: How (pre)Retirees Negotiate Relocation and Locals Asses In-Migration Nemška zdraviliška mesta kot želeni kraji upokojitve: kako se (pred)upokojenci soočajo s preselitvijo in kako jo ocenjuje lokalno prebivalstvo 37 HILA ZABAN The Effects of Lifestyle Migration of Jews from Western Countries on Jerusalem Učinki življenjsko-stilskih migracij Judov iz Zahodnih držav na Jeruzalem 55 NATAŠA ROGELJA “Sail Away”: The Biographical Approach as a Tool to Understand the Concept of Temporarily Unbelonging »Odjadraj«: biografski pristop kot orodje za razumevanje koncepta začasnega nepripadanja 69 MARCO EIMERMANN Lifestyle Migration beyond Consumption – Production Binaries: Dutch Migrants and Multifunctional Rural Land Use in Sweden Življenjsko-stilske migracije onkraj dvojice potrošnja – proizvodnja: nizozemski migranti in večnamenska uporaba kmetijskih zemljišč na Švedskem 81 RAZPRAVE IN ČLANKI / ESSAYS AND ARTICLES FRANCESCO DELLA PUPPA Home between bidesh and shodesh: Domestication of Living Spaces, Identity and Gender Experiences in the Bangladeshi Diaspora 97 Dom med bidesh in shodesh: domestifikacija življenjskih prostorov, identiteta in spolne izkušnje v bangladeški diaspori JANJA ŽITNIK SERAFIN Recipročnost ali simetrija? Primerjava kulturnih interesov in možnosti dveh manjšin 113 Reciprocity or Symmetry? A Comparison of Cultural Interests and Possibilities of Two Minorities KSENIJA ŠABEC Reprezentacije neevropskega sveta v izobraževalnem sistemu: Učbeniki kot akter etnocentrične in rasistične socializacije 127 Representations of Non-European World in Educational System: Textbooks as an Actor of Ethnocentric and Racist Socialization MAJA RAMOVŠ Razprave v ameriškem senatu o reformi priseljenske zakonodaje v ZDA v obdobju 2012–2013 141 Debates in the U.S. Senate on Immigration Reform 2012–2013 KNJIŽNE OCENE / BOOK REVIEWS Javier P. Grossutti, Via dall'Istria: L'emigrazione istriana dalla seconda meta dell'Ottocento ai primi anni Quaranta del Novecento, Universita Popolare di Trieste, Unione Italiana – Fiume, Trieste, 2014 (Aleksej Kalc) 155 179 Vera Kržišnik Bukić, Damir Josipovič (ur.), Zgodovinski, politološki, pravni in kulturološki okvir za definicijo narodne manjšine v Republiki Sloveniji, Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja, Ljubljana, 2014; Vera Kržišnik Bukić (ur.), Kdo so narodne manjšine v Sloveniji, Zveza zvez kulturnih društev narodov in narodnosti nekdanje SFRJ v Sloveniji, Ljubljana, 2014 (Janja Žitnik) 159 xxx Jasna Čapo, Caroline Hornstein Tomić, Katica Jurčević (ur.), Didov san: Transgranična iskustva hrvatskih iseljenika, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, 2014 (Nataša Rogelja) 162 xxx LIFESTYLE MIGRATION ŽIVLJENJSKO-STILSKE MIGRACIJE THEMATIC SECTION EDITORIAL Michaela BENSON| , Nataša ROGELJA|| This thematic section is focused on lifestyle migration, a social phenomenon that foregrounds the role of lifestyle considerations within migration (Benson and O’Reilly 2009; Knowles and Harper 2009). For the large part, this theoretical and conceptual framework has been used to explain the migration of the relatively affluent and is part of a more general shift within migration studies to increase the visibility of the migration of the more privileged, a population flow that, as Amit (2007) has argued, is poorly understood and collectively conceptualized. It has precursors—international retirement migration, lei­sure migration, counterurbanization, second-home ownership, amenity migration—within migration research, but these rarely captured the full complexity of this phenomenon, delimited around concerns such as aging, and privileging place to the exclusion of subjectivities (for an overview of this discussion see Benson and O’Reilly 2009). The development of the concept of lifestyle migration, primarily identi­fied through rich ethnographic research (see for example Hoey 2005, 2006; Knowles and Harper 2009), sought to “examine both the similarities and differences within this growing trend as well as to begin to draw attention to its location in wider structural and historical forces and its local and global impacts” (Benson and O’Reilly 2009), with lifestyle migration defined “as a spatial mobility of relatively affluent individuals of all ages, moving either part-time or full-time to places that are meaningful because, for various reasons, they offer the potential of a better quality of life” (ibid). The contributions to this thematic section emerged from discussions taking place at the latest meeting of scholars working on lifestyle migration, a workshop entitled “The Future of Lifestyle Migra­tion Research”, that took place October 2014 at Goldsmiths, University of London. This event provided opportunities to reflect on the state of the art in this field of research, for people to share and dis­cuss new empirical data, develop new research synergies between different scholars from around the globe, but also to consider the possible lacunae in this field of research and how it might develop as a field in the future. The discussions were attentive not only to the migrants themselves, but broadened to consider the wider structural contexts that facilitate migration and, in turn, the impact of such mi­gration on both migrant lives and the destination. Crucially, the discussions highlighted the social and political circumstances of lifestyle migration for people and places. This is a theme that is particularly prominent in the papers in this section. Discussions also highlighted how the intersections of culture | PhD in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London SE14 6NW; Michaela.benson@gold.ac.uk || PhD in Social Anthropology, Research Fellow, Slovenian Migration Institute, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana; natasa.rogelja@zrc-sazu.si and migration that lifestyle migration inherently observes offer a specific contribution to wider studies of migration. The six contributions to this thematic section build on these discussions, reflecting on new di­rections—theoretically, conceptually, and methodologically—in which the field might progress, but also considering bringing other fields of research, particularly their approaches to understanding social transformation, into discussions about lifestyle migration, how this structured within particular con­texts, but also how in-migration of the relatively affluent might impact on destinations and popula­tions. In this way, they raise important questions about the future of the field and its intersections with and value for other areas of research. As the guest editors of this thematic section, we would like to thank everyone involved in the process: the authors of the articles, reviewers and editors, as well as the coordinators of the Lifestyle Migration Hub, of which most authors are members and from which the initial idea for the event in London came. LIFESTYLE MIGRATION: FROM THE STATE OF THE ART TO THE FUTURE OF THE FIELD Michaela BENSON| COBISS 1.01 ABSTRACT Lifestyle Migration: From the State of the Art to the Future of the Field This introductory article provides an overview of the predominant themes that have been explored within the field of lifestyle migration research. In this way, it seeks to locate the contributions to this special section within a wider field, showcasing their innovation. It highlights longstanding interests in migrant subjectivities, cultural narratives of place and migration, alongside a consistent focus on understanding the structural conditions that promote and facilitate lifestyle migration. This overview introduces the field of research to a non-specialist audience and organizes existing theoretical and conceptual concerns within the field. KEY WORDS: lifestyle migration, migrant subjectivities, cultural imaginaries, migration and social transformation IZVLEČEK Življenjsko-stilske migracije: od trenutnega stanja k prihodnosti področja raziskovanja Uvodni članek prinaša pregled najpomembnejših tem, s katerimi se ukvarjajo raziskave življenjsko­-stilskih migracij, in tako prispevke v pričujoči posebni številki umešča v širše področje in dokazuje njihovo inovativnost. Osvetljuje tudi dolgotrajno zanimanje za migrantske subjektivitete, kulturne na­racije kraja in migracije, in to skupaj s konsistentnim fokusom na razumevanje strukturnih pogojev, ki promovirajo in olajšujejo življenjsko-stilsko migracijo. Pregled omenjene raziskave predstavlja nestro­kovnemu bralstvu in organizira teoretska in konceptualna vprašanja, ki se ob tem pojavljajo. KLJUČNE BESEDE: življenjsko-stilske migracije, migrantske subjektivitete, kulturni imaginariji, migracije in družbena transformacija | PhD in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, London SE14 6NW; Michaela.benson@gold.ac.uk INTRODUCTION The definition of lifestyle migration as a social phenomenon is intended to capture the movement and (re)set­tlement of relatively affluent and privileged populations in search of a better way of life. Rather than a focus on production and the involuntary nature of many migrations, lifestyle migration appears to be driven by con­sumption and is optional and voluntary, privileging cultural imaginings of destinations and mobilities. (Benson and Osbaldiston 2014: 2-3; emphasis added) To date, the central focus of the field of research into lifestyle migration has been in working through conceptual and theoretical framings, identifying lifestyle migration as a distinct social phenomenon made possible by particular structural and material conditions (Benson and O’Reilly 2009; O’Reilly and Benson 2009; Benson and Osbaldiston 2014). While this is undoubtedly an exercise that has helped to establish and develop the field, this introductory article argues that there is an urgent need to consider how lifestyle migration research might intersect with other areas of social science research. This is both necessary as an exercise in extending the relevance of the field, and developing the analytical purchase of the research conducted in this area. The articles in this special issue play an important role in open­ing up these conversations. The articles all hold in common reflections on the cultural significance of place within lifestyle mi­gration, innovating in relation to this well-established theme within lifestyle migration research in one of two ways: (1) their consideration of destinations that have not so readily been the focus of lifestyle migration research—urban (Zaban, this issue), rural locations in Northern Europe (Eimermann, this is-sue)—or (2) locating the cultural significance of these landscapes within the longue durée (Osbaldis­ton, this issue; Rogelja, this issue; Weidinger and Kordel, this issue). The cultural significance of place additionally serves as an anchor from which each contribution explores the intersections of lifestyle migration research alongside other social science concerns. Across several of the contributions, the relationship between lifestyle migration and social and economic restructuring within destinations is particularly prominent (Weidinger and Kordel, this issue; Eimermann, this issue; Zaban, this issue). Cre­ating a firmer dialogue between lifestyle migration research and cultural sociology is the ambition of Osbaldiston’s (this issue) contribution, while Rogelja (this issue) presents a methodological intervention that argues for biographical narrative methods in the study of lifestyle migration. These contributions represent the state of the art in lifestyle migration research, each uniquely challenging predominant themes and conceptualizations that have characterized the study in this area. Read together they lay down the gauntlet for future understandings of this social phenomenon. In the article below, I provide a brief overview of recent theoretical and conceptual framings of lifestyle migration research. This is by no means comprehensive, but intends to highlight the key directions that research in this area has taken. In particular, it highlights longstanding interests in migrant subjectivities, cultural narratives of place and migration, alongside a consistent focus on un­derstanding the structural conditions that promote and facilitate lifestyle migration. It is set up in this way to showcase the contributions of the articles in this special issue, laying the groundwork for their innovations. However, it also, at times, gives a sense of the possible lacunae in this field of research— the need for a more sustained focus on the impacts of these migration flows, for the recognition of its location within wider global processes of social and economic transformation—and its need to develop better intersections with other areas of research, namely, the broader literatures on migra­tion and social transformation. UNDERSTANDING LIFESTYLE MIGRANTS Lifestyle migrants are relatively affluent individuals of all ages, moving either part-time or full-time to places that, for various reasons, signify, for the migrant, a better quality of life. Ethnographic accounts especially have revealed a narrative of escape permeating migrants’ accounts of the decision to migrate, further emphasised by their negative presentations of life before migration … Lifestyle migration is thus a search, a project, rather than an act, and it encompasses diverse destinations, desires and dreams (Benson and O’Reilly 2009: 609-10) The theoretical and conceptual framings of lifestyle migration research, such as that presented in the quotation above, have, for the large part, been derived through the analysis of ethnographic research. Often bound around the migrant experience, scholarship derived from these methodological framings has largely focussed on providing description and explanation of (lifestyle) migrant subjectivities (see for example O’Reilly 2000; Hoey 2005, 2006, 2014; Oliver 2008; Oliver and O’Reilly 2010; Benson 2011, 2013b; Korpela 2009, 2010; Osbaldiston 2012). In this respect, publications in this area of the field have been focussed on how the decision to migrate and the location selected reframes lives, with lives led within destinations often defined in contrast to the lives left behind. The lifestyles sought gain their sig­nificance through this opposition but are also intrinsic to the ways that social identities are (continually) remade following migration. Central to understanding these migrant subjectivites are the relationships between consumption and identity, privilege and precarity as I outline below. Consumption and identity The link between consumption and migration that lies at the core of conceptualisations of lifestyle migration (see for example Benson and O’Reilly 2009; Knowles and Harper 2009), leads to its common misrecognition as a form of tourism; in an era when most migration is presented as a form of produc­tion, phenomena which seem to be best characterised as consumption—with destinations (and imag­inings thereof) consumed through the act of migration and everyday lives—do not fit the mould. This dualism between tourism and migration, consumption and production breaks down however, if it is acknowledged that migration often contains some elements of consumption and tourism, production (Bell and Ward 2000; Williams and Hall 2000, 2002). In the case of lifestyle migrants, the decision to migrate is predominantly presented and understood as a lifestyle choice but one that is part of an ongoing lifestyle trajectory stretching from before migration and into settlement (Knowles and Harper 2009; Benson and O’Reilly 2009; Benson 2011). It thus re­flects the sense of migrant subjectivities as ‘in process, neither fixed nor straightforwardly transformed through migration’ (Benson and Osbaldiston 2014: 17; original italics; see also Halfacree and Boyle 1993). However, this image of linear progression is complicated somewhat by Rogelja’s contribution to this issue. Her longitudinal ethnographic study of ‘liveaboards’, families living on board boats that trav­erse and moor in the Mediterranean, renders visible the possible turbulence of this process. Different sites and living conditions are devalued and reevaluated for what they can offer over the life course. At times, living aboard is not sustainable; while it once offered the promise of a better way of life, this imagining is ruptured in response to particular family circumstances. Indeed, what she reveals is how, while living aboard might once have represented lifestyle, people find themselves in a position where they might fall