Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1, 1–8, Ljubljana 2023 doi:10.14720/aas.2023.119.1.2900 Review article / pregledni znanstveni članek Increased occurrence of five Noctuidae species in Slovenia in the period 2019-2022: presentation of the species and preliminary results of their occurrence and damage Monica NOVLJAN 1, Dejan V. STOJANOVIĆ 2, Tanja BOHINC 1, Stanislav TRDAN 1, 3 Received November 02, 2022; accepted December 13, 2022. Delo je prispelo 2. novembra 2022, sprejeto 13. decembra 2022 1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Ljubljana 2 Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Novi Sad, Serbia 3 Corresponding author, e-mail: stanislav.trdan@bf.uni-lj.si Increased occurrence of five Noctuidae species in Slovenia in the period 2019-2022: presentation of the species and prelimi- nary results of their occurrence and damage Abstract: In this paper, we present five species of owlet moths (Noctuidae), whose greater abundance was found in Slo- venia in the period 2019-2022 as part of research and expert work in the field of plant protection. The greatest economic importance is attributed to the tomato looper (Chrysodeixis chalcites), which two years after its first strong appearance on the Slovenian coastal area is already causing major problems for tomato growers. We did not confirm the harmfulness of the cat- erpillars on cultivated plants for the silver-Y moth (Autographa gamma), the adult males of which are caught in large numbers using pheromone traps in central Slovenia, and the less numer- ous beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). We can confirm the same for the shark moth (Cucullia umbratica), whose adult males are caught in pheromone traps of the EU quarantine pest Spodoptera frugiperda and the copper underwing (Amphipyra pyramidea), for which we suggest the Slovenian name ‘bakreni podkrilec’, which appeared in, on or in the immediate vicinity of the pheromone traps of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) in the oak-hornbeam forest in Prekmurje. Key words: Noctuidae, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Autogra- pha gamma, Spodoptera exigua, Cucullia umbratica, Amphipyra pyramidea, Slovenia Številčnejši pojav petih vrst sovk (Noctuidae) v Sloveniji v ob- dobju 2019-2022: predstavitev vrst in preliminarni rezultati njihovega pojavljanja in škodljivosti Izvleček: V prispevku predstavljamo pet vrst sovk (Noc- tuidae), katerih večjo številčnost smo v Sloveniji ugotovili v obdobju 2019-2022 v okviru raziskovalnega in strokovnega dela na področju varstva rastlin. Največji gospodarski pomen pripisujemo paradižnikovi sovki (Chrysodeixis chalcites), ki dve leti po prvem močnejšem pojavu v Slovenski Istri že povzro- ča večje težave pridelovalcem paradižnika. Za glagolko (Auto- grapha gamma), katere samci se v feromonske vabe v osrednji Sloveniji lovijo v velikih številih in manj številčno pesno sovko (Spodoptera exigua), nismo potrdili škodljivosti gosenic na go- jenih rastlinah. Podobno lahko potrdimo tudi za škrbinkinega meniha (Cucullia umbratica), katerega odrasli samci se lovijo v feromonske vabe karantenske sovke Spodoptera frugiperda in sovko Amphipyra pyramidea, za katero predlagamo slovensko ime ‚bakreni podkrilec‘, ki se je pojavljal v, na ali v neposredni bližini feromonskih pasti gobarja (Lymantria dispar) v hrasto- vo-gabrovem gozdu v Prekmurju. Ključne besede: Noctuidae; Chrysodeixis chalcites; Auto- grapha gamma, Spodoptera exigua, Cucullia umbratica, Amphi- pyra pyramidea, Slovenija Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 20232 M. NOVLJAN et al. 1 INTRODUCTION Noctuidae is the second largest family in the super- family Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species (Zhang, 2011; Simonović et al., 2020). In Slovenia only some Noctuidae species are occasionally important pests of cultivated plants, for example three species from the genus Agrotis, which are known as soil pests, and Ma- mestra brassicae (L., 1758), Lacanobia oleracea (L., 1758) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1808]), which cat- erpillars feed with the aboveground parts of the plants (Devetak et al., 2010). More than 300 Noctuidae species occur in Slovenia (Database of invertebrate pictures, 2022), which means that about 2 % of them are pests of cultivated plants. In our research and expert work over the past three years, we have become aware of the more massive occur- rence of five Noctuidae species, which could become eco- nomically important in the future due to climate change, the extension of agricultural production as well as the fact that most noctuids are polyphagous and at a certain mo- ment they can find certain plant species as more suitable host and attack it more strongly than other host species. In the paper we present Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, [1808]), Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789), Autographa gamma (L., 1758), Amphipyra pyramidea (L., 1758) and Cuculia umbratica (L., 1758), whose massive occurrence has been recorded in the Slovenian agricultural or forest environment since 2020, but have never been described in details until now. 2 DESCRIPTION OF FIVE SPECIES OF Noctuidae 2.1 BEET ARMYWORM / SMALL MOTTLED WIL- LOW MOTH (Spodoptera exigua [Hübner]) Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) is a tropical insect na- tive to Southeast Asia (Capinera,  2008), and presently found in all continents, except on Antarctica (Falsafi et al., 2022). It was named (sugar) beet armyworm, because it colonized sugar beet plantations in America around the late 1800s and early 1900s (Wilson, 1932). Nowadays this species is present in most countries in Asia, Africa, Eu- rope, North America, and Oceania (CABI, 2022a). Par- ticularly in Europe, S. exigua has been reported to feed in some important crops from the family Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, and also in some other plants such as as- paragus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and cotton (Gossypium spp.) (EPPO, 2022). Larvae of this insect feed on young leaves and fruits and might skeletonize foliage. They like to form a colony while feeding and as they mature, they become more solitary and cause large, irregular holes in foliage (Capinera, 2008). The adult of S. exigua (Figure 1.1) is a moth of moderate size, with a wingspan measuring 25–30  mm. The forewings are colored grayish brown while the hind wings are usually gray or white color with a black line at the margins. The eggs are deposited in a clump of 50–250 eggs, colored white or greenish white, and covered with whitish scales that has a cotton-like appearance. The in- dividual egg looks circular from above, but the top looks a little pointy from the side. Normally, there are five stag- es of instar. The larvae are pale green to yellow during the first two stages, and they obtain strips on the dorsal as they mature. In the last (fifth) stage larvae have va- riety in their appearance, with the most common ones being green dorsally with pink or yellow color ventrally and white stripe laterally. Pupation occurs in the soil at Figure 1.1: Adult of Spodoptera exigua (photo: Dejan V. Stojanović) Figure 1.2: First male adults of Spodoptera exigua caught in the pheromone traps in Ljubljana in 2022 (photo: Stanislav Trdan) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 2023 3 Increased occurrence of five Noctuidae species in Slovenia in the period 2019-2022: ... preliminary results of their occurrence and damage around 1 cm from the soil surface. The pupa color is light brown and 15–20 mm in length (Capinera, 2008). Life cycle of S. exigua can be completed in 24 days, and six completed cycles can be achieved in a warm loca- tion such as Florida. The eggs hatch in 2–3 days in warm summer and took longer when it is cold, with the devel- opment threshold around 12.4 °C. The duration for each instar stage varies between 1 to 3 days, depending on the temperature, with the threshold around 13.6 °C. On summer days the duration of the pupal stage is 5–7 days (Capinera, 2008). Maharjan et al. (2022) reported that the total time for each stage of development decreased between the temperature of 15–35 °C, and that the eggs failed to hatch in the temperature above that range. As for the adaptation to the colder temperature, Zheng et al. (2011) concluded that S. exigua can either migrate to the warmer place or overwinter the season with hibernation. So far, not enough data are available for its bio- nomics in Slovenia, therefore in 2022 we have started the monitoring of this insect at the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana. At the second half of April, we have placed three pheromone traps (producer: CSalomon, Budapest, Hungary). The first adults (Figure 1.2) were captured in the traps in the middle of June, and in the beginning of October last adults were found in the traps. During this period, 40 males were caught in the traps, of which the maximum was in the first two weeks of July (0.4 males/trap/day). Since 2015 Spodoptera exigua is being mentioned also in Technological guide- lines for integrated vegetable production (2015). Its oc- currence in Slovenia has been also reported at collection at Slovenian Museum of Natural History (Database of invertebrate pictures, 2022). In 2015 Jež et al. reported the occurrence of S. exigua in Goriška Brda and Pohorje, while in 2018, Gomboc and Zakšek (2018) reported the occurrence of Spodoptera exigua in Ljubljana. In Slo- venia, we have not yet recorded information about the greater harmfulness of this noctuid in agricultural pro- duction, however, we must pay attention to this species in the future, as increasingly pronounced climate changes and the reduction in the number of insecticides for its suppression could be the causes of its greater economic importance. 2.2 TOMATO LOOPER / GOLDEN TWIN-SPOT MOTH (Chrysodeixis chalcites [Esper]) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) is a native species in the area between 45  °N and 35  °S, which is including southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and southern Africa, and now its distribution has been reaching some countries in Oceania, North America, and South America. This species is present in northern Europe, but winter mortality prevents its establishment outside this area. However, it has managed to extend its distribution area in southern Europe by establishing greenhouse areas. Nowadays, with global trading, the risk of its distribution is also increasing with the inter- national transport of its host plants (CABI, 2022b). Lar- vae mostly fed on leaves and sometimes also on flowers, and the main host are including vegetables like tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), cultivated plants of Brassica oleracea L., pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.), and ornamental plants like pelargonium, amaryllis, and hosta (Simonović et al.,2020). Early larvae feed on the bottom surface of leaves and leave upper leaf cuticles as a whole, while later larvae eat all parts of leaves (Munippan, 2012). The adult moth (Figure 2.1) has a moderate size, with a wingspan measuring 32-37 mm and a body length of around 20 mm. The forewings are golden brown, with two oval silver freckles, approximately the same size, in the central part. The hindwings are brownish-gray, darker toward the outer edge, with distinctive dark gray veins. The male has two tufts of black hair at the end of the abdomen, while in the female moth this character- istic is missing (Simonović et al., 2020). The larvae have twelve legs, and their color is pale green and darker on the back, with some white lines and dots along the body. The pupa is enclosed between two dead leaves on or near the ground and surrounded by a cocoon of white silk (Hudson, 2022). Eggs are laid singly onsite of leaves and hatch in 3–4 days, and each female can lay up to 200 eggs. There Figure 2.1: Adult of Chrysodeixis chalcites (photo: Dejan V. Stojanović) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 20234 M. NOVLJAN et al. are five larval instars with around 13 days total larval period. The adult moth takes 7 days to emerge from the cocoon (Muniappan et al., 2012). In nature with favour- able conditions, nine generations per year were recorded (Harakly and Farag, 1975). The temperature thresholds for the development of eggs, larvae, and pupae are 4.8, 2.7, and 4.6 °C, respectively. The length of one life cycle, starting from the incubation period of eggs until the end of pupation, is recorded at 60.4 days at 20 °C, and 37.4 days at 30 °C (Abd Allah, 2013). We first recorded adults of C. chalcites in 2020 within surveillance of Spodoptera frugiperda, an EU A1 quarantine pest. Greater injuries caused by feeding of caterpillars and caterpillars itself were detected in 2021 on tomato leaves in greenhouses in the Slovenian Coast (wider area of Koper, Western Slovenia, Figure 2.2) in late summer. In Slovenia, the species was recorded in 2001 for the first time (Lesar, 2001), but then for nearly twenty years there were no reports of its harmfulness. In the past two years, the pest has been reported to occur in tomato greenhouses almost all over the country. There- fore we have started with its monitoring in 2022 at two different areas, Western Slovenia (Dekani) and Central Slovenia (Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty, Lju- bljana). 3 pheromone traps (producer: Russel IPM Ltd, Flintshire, United Kingdom) were placed at each of se- lected areas. In Dekani the first males were recorded in the traps in the end of May, and the peak was established in August with almost 10 males/trap/day. In Ljubljana, the first males were caught in the traps in July 20 and at the time this article was submitted for publication (end of October 2022), an average of two males were caught in the traps per day. This data represents one of the two peaks of occurrence of the pest in Ljubljana, where the first peak with the same number of males (2/trap/day) was reached in mid-August. 2.3 SILVER-Y MOTH (Autographa gamma [L.]) Autographa gamma (L.) is an important pest wide- spread throughout Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and some countries in north and south America. It has around 300 host plants known with some of them being important crops. It mainly spreads through population migration and international transport of plant materials (CABI, 2022c). Its main hosts are sugar beets, lettuces, cabbages, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, and peas. The larvae feed on leaves and can skeletonize the leaves, and as they mature, the older caterpillars can eat the whole leaves. When there is a population explosion of A. gamma, the whole crops can be easily destroyed (Hill, 1987). Female moths lay eggs at the bottom of the leaf sur- face of low-growing plants, either singularly or in a lump of a few eggs. The eggs are round, ribbed, and white. The larvae are ‘semi looper’, with two pairs of abdominal legs. The larvae are usually colored green with a darker color in the back, dorsal white line, and yellow lateral line. On maturity, larvae reach the size of 20–30 mm, then started pupation. The pupas are black and wrapped in a silk-like cocoon. The adult moths (Figure 3.1) are grey with some darker patterns and distinctive silvery gamma (γ) shaped in the middle of both forewings. The wingspan measures 35–48 mm (Hill, 1987). Depending on the location, this moth can make up to four generations in one year. The moth is known as a good migrant, and it favours warm and moist conditions. The optimum temperature for larvae is 23–30 °C, around 25 °C for pupae, and 20–25 °C for the moth, and the op- timum humidity is 80–95 % (Chumakov and Kuznetova, 2022). One female moth can lay 500–1000 eggs in the Figure 2.2: Strong attack of Chrysodeixis chalcoides caterpillars in the tomato leaves in Dekani (Slovenian Coast) in September 02 2021 (photo: Stanislav Trdan) Figure 3.1: Adult of Autographa gamma (photo: Dejan V. Stojanović) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 2023 5 Increased occurrence of five Noctuidae species in Slovenia in the period 2019-2022: ... preliminary results of their occurrence and damage whole season. After 10–12 days, the eggs hatch into lar- vae. Larvae develop for around 3–4 weeks before drop- ping into the soil and starting the pupation period, which lasts 10–14 days (Hill, 1987). While the larvae are mostly feeding during the night, the adult moths are mostly active at dusk and feed on the nectar in the flowers of many wild-growing and cultivated plants. Under favourable conditions, breeding continues, but most adults reared in northern Europe migrate south to a warmer area (Alford, 2012). In Ljubljana, this moth completed three generations in 2019 (April–October) and 2020 (April–November), with the peak of population happening when plants were in full growth. It was also proven that population dynam- ics are influenced by temperature, humidity, rainfall, and solar radiation (Gornik, 2021). This was the first study known for Slovenia, and it was based on pheromone dispensors and pheromone traps (VARL+) produced by CSALOMON® (Budapest, Hungary). Despite the large number of males (2019: a total of 418 or maximum daily catch/trap of 3.4 males in the middle of July; 2020: a total of 594 or max daily catch/trap of 3.3 males in the end of April) caught in the traps (Figure 3.2), we did not find any major injuries on its hosts in the immediate vicinity of the traps. 2.4 COPPER UNDERWING (Amphipyra pyramidea [L.]) Amphipyra pyramidea (L.) (Figure 4.1) is a common moth recorded from up to 50 species of deciduous trees and bushes and is very commonly attacking pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The species hibernate as an egg in winter, and then hatches in spring and is fed on fo- liage (Roslin and Salminen, 2009). Some of its alterna- tive hosts are ash tree (Fraxinus spp.), privet (Ligustrum spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), apple (Malus spp.), Rhododendron spp, and roses (GBIF, 2022a). According to CABI (2022d) this moth is present in some countries in Asia and Europe. The fully grown larvae are plump with green or whitish green colored with white or pale yellow dots. The body consisted of eight abdominal parts that measure up to 45 mm long. It has three incomplete lines, one along the back and one along each left and right side. Adults are longer than larvae (45–55 mm) and have brownish fore- wings with black or pale yellow marks, while the hind wings are coppery red (Alford, 2012). It is a univoltine species, meaning that it produces only one brood in the season. Eggs started to hatch in June and can be as late as October (GBIF,  2022a). The adult moths are attracted to sugar and light, and from August until October they are rearing around and in- habit woodland, parkland, and hedgerow (Skinner and Wilson, 2009). Amphipyra pyramidea has been detected in Slovenia in 1993 for the first time (Titovšek, 1993), and so far, no major damage caused by the larvae has been recorded in the country. The copper underwing is considered as an interesting nocturnal butterfly, as mentioned by Jež et al. (2015). In 2022, we have detected massive occurrence of A. pyramidea in the pheromone traps for monitoring the males of spongy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) within the LIFE eGYMER research project (funded by EU in the pe- riod 2021-2024). We have placed different types of pher- omone traps containing pheromone dispensor, produced by CSalomon (Budapest, Hungary), into the forest Ginje- vec near Slovenian border with Hungary. The dominant tree species in the forest Ginjevec are oak (Quercus spp.) and European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). The first adult males of copper underwing in or on (Figure 4.2) the traps or their immediate vicinity was recorded in last 10-day period of June, and they also appeared during the Figure 3.2: Numerous catch of Autographa gamma males in pheromone trap in Ljubljana in 2019 (photo: Stanislav Trdan) Figure 4.1: Adult of Amphipyra pyramidea (photo: Dejan V. Stojanović) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 20236 M. NOVLJAN et al. last inspection of the traps (September 01 2022). Males were caught on pheromone traps in the highest numbers from the beginning of July to the beginning of August, when we found more than 1 male/trap/day in five con- secutive 7-day intervals. We did not notice injuries from caterpillars on the deciduous trees caused by the caterpil- lars of A. pyramidea, but it is true that our attention was mainly focused on monitoring of the spongy moth. 2.5 SHARK MOTH (Cuculia umbratica [L.]) Cuculia umbratica (L.) is present in some countries in Asia, Europe, and North America (CABI, 2022e). The caterpillars, which emerge from the eggs laid on the leaves of lettuce (Lactuca spp.) and sowthistle (Sonchus spp.), devour the leaves of these species and can cause great injury to the plants (Newman, 1869). The moth (Figure 5.1) is fairly big, with a wingspan measuring 52–59 mm (Skinner and Wilson, 2013). The forewings color is smokey-gray with a slender but very distinctive black line from the middle of the base to the middle of the wing. The wing rays are also black but the fringe is lighter. The hindwing’s color is also smokey-gray, with the wing rays darker and the base paler. The head is smokey black while the thorax and body are smokey- gray (Newman, 1869). The moth is known as single brooded and not mi- grating. It overwinters as a pupa and starts emerging every year around June to July, inhabiting waste ground, sandhills, shingle beaches, marshy places, and gardens. Larvae cause a problem around late July to Septem- ber. They feed at night and hide during the day under the leaves of the bottom plant canopy. Comes regularly to light and is attracted to various flowers, for example honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), sweet-william (Dianthus barbatus L.), valerians (Valeriana officinalis L.), and this- tles (group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae) (Skinner and Wilson, 2013). Until now, it is not presented as important agricultural insect pest. The results of the occurrence of Cucullia umbratica in Slovenia in the period 2011-2013 are given by Jež et al. (2015). They found that the butterfly occurs in different areas of Slovenia, from Goriška Brda to Slovenske Gorice and Pohorje. In Slovenian coastal region, massive occur- rence of Cuculia umbratica was confirmed in 2020 for the first time. Massive occurrence was recorded with phero- mone traps (Figure 5.2) for surveillance of Spodoptera frugiperda. Pheromone dispensors and pheromone traps (funnel trap [green lid/green funnel/transparent bucket]) were produced by Pherobank (Belgium). Within survey of S. frugiperda in 2022, in Slovenian Coastal area and central Slovenia the first males of C. umbratica was re- Figure 4.2: Adult male of Amphipyra pyramidea on the phero- mone trap for the monitoring of Lymantria dispar in the forest Ginjevec (NE Slovenia), August 17 2022 (photo: Stanislav Trdan) Figure 5.1: Adult of Cucullia umbratica (photo: Dejan V. Stojanović) Figure 5.2: Four adult males of Cucullia umbratica in the pheromone trap for the monitoring of Spodoptera frugiperda, Sečovlje (Slovenian coast), July 17 2020 (photo: Stanislav Trdan) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/1 – 2023 7 Increased occurrence of five Noctuidae species in Slovenia in the period 2019-2022: ... preliminary results of their occurrence and damage corded in pheromone traps since the first half of May. By the end of August, a total of 150 males were caught in three baits in Ljubljana, with two peaks (the last week of May and the beginning of August), when on average al- most 1 male/bait/day was caught in the baits. Despite the large number of males caught in pheromone traps, we did not find any damage due to the feeding of caterpillars on the cultivated plants. 3 CONCLUSIONS In this article, we present five species of owlet moths that we have been paying attention to since 2020, when in our research and expert work we found some cases of increased occurrence of butterflies or injuries due to feeding caterpillars. In connection with the latter state- ment and as potentially the most important pest among the five species, we highlight the tomato looper (Chryso- deixis chalcites), which occur in Slovenia for at least 20 years, but we found a greater extent of damage on tomato leaves, which the caterpillars feed on, in greenhouses in the Slovenian coastal area in 2021. In 2022, the occur- rence of this pest on tomatoes in greenhouses was also reported from other areas of Slovenia, even from Prek- murje (NE Slovenia). Currently, the search for suitable solutions to limit the spread and harmfulness of this greenhouse pest is among the priorities of phytomedical experts and tomato growers. In some European coun- tries, the pest is already effectively controlled with egg parasitoids from the genus Trichogramma (Polaszek et al., 2012) and C. chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus (Bernal et al., 2018) and these or other biological control agents should be considered for implementation in our country for reducing the economic importance of this pest. In the period 2019-2020, silver-Y moth (Autographa gamma) was caught on a very large scale using phero- mone traps in central Slovenia, but interestingly, we did not notice any major damage to the cultivated plants, which these extremely polyphagous caterpillars nor- mally feed on. We did not find any records on the bio- nomics and harmfulness of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) in Slovenia, so in 2022 we decided to study its seasonal dynamics in central Slovenia. Males were caught in traps from mid-June 2022 onwards, but in relatively small numbers, and even for this species we have not yet confirmed the harmfulness of caterpillars on cultivated plants. Since 2020, we have identified a significant number of captured adult males of the shark moth (Cucullia um- bratica) in pheromone traps for fall armyworm (Spodop- tera frugiperda) on the Slovenian coast, but we have not found damage caused by caterpillars on cultivated plants, for example on lettuce. The reason for this may be the fact that we have set up pheromone traps right next to greenhouses with monoculture tomato production, near which there is otherwise a fairly widespread sowthistle (Sonchus spp.), the leaves of which the caterpillars like to feed on. We were surprised by the continuous appear- ance of copper underwing (Amphipyra pyramidea) in the oak-hornbeam forest in Prekmurje, namely in, on or in the immediate vicinity of pheromone traps for monitor- ing spongy moth (Lymantria dispar). They are species from different families, as the spongy moth belongs to the Erebidae family. And perhaps the results of our re- search indicate a greater relationship between the species Amphipyra pyramidea and Lymantria dispar than their current taxonomic classification otherwise indicates. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was carried out within Horticulture (P4- 0013-0481), a program funded by the Slovenian Research Agency, and within Expert Tasks from the Field of Plant Protection, a program funded by the Ministry of Agri- culture, Forestry, and Food - Administration for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection. 5 REFERENCES Abd Allah, G. E. S. (2013). 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