A. RAMASWAMY et al.: PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ...
265–270
PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND
GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB SUBJECTED TO
STATIC AND CYCLIC LOADS
OBNA[ANJE PREIZKU[ANCEV IZDELANIH IZ BETONA OJA^ANEGA S
STEKLENIMI IN BAMBUSOVIMI VLAKNI, IZPOSTAVLJENEGA STATI^NIM
IN DINAMI^NIM OBREMENITVAM
Anandakumar Ramaswamy
1*
, Maria Rajesh Antony
2
, Murugan Madasamy
3
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering Department, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariyapatti, TN, India
2
Faculty of Civil Eng. University of Technology and applied Sciences-Shinas, Oman
3
Assistant Professor-Civil Engg., Government Engineering College,Tirunelveli, TN, India
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2023-07-27; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2024-02-29
doi:10.17222/mit.2023.959
In the construction field, mild steel is using as reinforcement in concrete, which can easily corrode and destroy the environment.
So, the construction industries are focusing on alternate materials like natural and synthetic fibres for sustainability. In this study
bamboo, glass-fibre bars were used as reinforcement and compared with a normal reinforced concrete slab subject to static and
cyclic incremental loading conditions. According to this, the experimental studies were carried out on 9 slab elements of size
600 mm × 450 mm with different forms of reinforcement. The slab elements’ deflection, deformation, load-carrying capacity,
stress, strain, crack patterns, stiffness and energy absorption were determined and compared. The ultimate load-carrying capac-
ity of elements like conventional, GFRP and bamboo are 28.90 kN, 29.31 kN and 5.50 kN respectively; similarly, deflection
12.70 mm, 13.50 mm and 8.60 mm were found under static load. In the same way, the ultimate load-carrying capacities of the
elements are 24.23 kN, 25.00 kN and 6.80 kN under cyclic loading conditions; deflections of 10.10 mm, 13.50 mm and
3.60 mm, respectively, on conventional, GFRP and bamboo elements. From the test results the stress, strain, energy absorptions
were calculated and compared and the energy absorption of bamboo was 9.38% less than conventional and GFRP was 22.49 %
higher than conventional elements. The study proved that GFRP material has a significant impact than conventional and bamboo
elements and the bamboo reinforcement can be used in light-loading conditions.
Keywords: GFRP bar, bamboo, static load, cyclic load
Za gradbene konstrukcije se obi~ajno uporablja malolegirano konstrukcijsko jeklo, ki lahko rjavi in uni~uje okolico ter kot
oja~itvena faza oja~an cementni beton. Zato so se v industriji gradbenih konstrukcij za~eli ozirati po alternativnih novih
trajnostnih materialih kot so na primer naravna in umetna vlakna. V tem ~lanku avtorji opisujejo {tudijo za katero so uporabili
vzorce betona oja~anih z bambusovimi in steklenimi vlakni ter jih primerjali z normalno oja~anim betonom. Iz izbranih
materialov so izdelali preizku{ance in jih testirali pod stati~nimi in dinami~nimi obremenitvami. V ta namen so uporabili devet
(9) oz. 3 krat po 3 preizku{ance enakih dimenzij (600 × 450 × 50 mm) z razli~nimi oja~itvami. Vse vzorce so skrbno pregledali,
jih analizirali in primerjali med seboj glede na stanje po{kodb, nosilnost, deformacijo v odvisnosti od obremenitve, kon~no
deformacijo, potek razpok, togost in absorpcijo energije. Ugotovljene vrednosti kon~ne kvazi stati~ne obremenitve pri poru{itvi
so bile naslednje: konvencionalni beton 28,9 kN, GFRP beton 29,31 kN in z bambusom oja~an beton 5,5 kN. Podobno so bile
ugotovljene vrednost za upogib 12,7, 13,5 in 8,6 mm. V primeru dinami~nih obremenitev so dobili naslednje vrednosti za
nosilnost 24,23 kN, 25,00 kN in 6.80 kN ter za upogib 10,1 mm, 13,5 mm in 3,6 mm. Iz rezultatov testiranja napetosti,
deformacije in izra~unov energije absorpcije je jasno razvidno da ima konvencionalni beton za 9,38 % manj{o nosilnost kot
GFRP beton. Z bambusovimi vlakni oja~ani vzorci betona pa so imeli nosilnost, ki je bila manj{a kar za 22, 49 % v primerjavi z
vzorci iz konvencionalnega betona. Ta {tudija je pokazala, da imajo polimerna vlakna uporabljena v GFRP betonu pomemben
pozitiven vpliv na njegove mehanske lastnosti v primerjavi z oja~itvijo uporabljeno pri konvencionalnem betonu, ali betonu
oja~anem z bambusovimi vlakni. Od tod sledi, da se beton oja~an z bambusom lahko uporablja le za mesta, kjer so obremenitve
precej manj{e.
Klju~ne besede: preizku{anci iz betona oja~anega s polimernimi vlakni (GFRP), bambus, stati~na in cikli~na obremenitev
1 INTRODUCTION
Natural and artificial fibre-reinforced-polymer (FRP)
bars are increasingly being used as an alternative to con-
ventional steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
structures. This is because FRP bars offer several advan-
tages over steel bars, including high strength-to-weight
ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and electromagnetic
neutrality. This research investigates the strength,
stiffness, crack propagation, and durability of steel-fi-
ber-reinforced-concrete (SFRC) wall-slab joints under
cyclic loading conditions.
1
The research focuses on the
performance of repaired reinforced concrete slabs under
static and cyclic loading. The results can be used to
guide the design and implementation of repairs for rein-
forced concrete slabs subjected to a variety of load con-
ditions.
2
The research examines the static and cyclic
properties of structural lightweight concrete at cryogenic
temperatures. The findings may shed light on how light-
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 3, 265–270 265
UDK 625.821.5:676.034.26 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 58(3)265(2024)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
dr.ranandakumar@gmail.com (Anandakumar Ramaswamy)

weight concrete behaves in a cryogenic environment.
3
The study investigates factors like strength, stiffness,
crack resistance, and durability to better understand the
effectiveness of glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP)
dowels in jointed concrete pavements, taking into ac-
count their performance under various load conditions.
4
The research involves an experimental evaluation of
bamboo-reinforced concrete slab panels and the effec-
tiveness of using bamboo as a reinforcement material in
concrete slabs, potentially contributing to sustainable
construction practices.
5
The research focuses on the fea-
sibility and effectiveness of using bamboo reinforcement
in concrete masonry shear walls, potentially offering sus-
tainable and resilient alternatives in construction.
6
The
research investigates the bond performance of the bam-
boo-steel interface after cyclic loading. It aims to assess
factors such as bond strength, durability, and potential
degradation of the interface between bamboo and steel
under repeated loading.
7
The research examines the flex-
ural behavior of untreated, plain, bamboo-reinforced
concrete beams under four-point loading and determines
the strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics of
these beams.
8
The research focuses on the fatigue perfor-
mance of sea-sand concrete slabs reinforced with ba-
salt-fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars.
9
The research
employs nonlinear finite-element analysis to predict the
cyclic behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete
(UHPC) shear walls reinforced with both fiber-rein-
forced polymer (FRP) and steel bars. It aims to assess
factors such as strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation
under cyclic loading conditions.
10
The research investi-
gates reinforced concrete slabs that are strengthened with
externally bonded carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer
(CFRP) strips under long-term environmental exposure
and sustained loading conditions.
11
The research focuses
on the behavior of one-way concrete slabs reinforced
with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) grid rein-
forcements, evaluating factors such as strength, stiffness,
crack resistance, and the load-carrying capacity of these
slabs.
12
2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
From a literature survey it is observed that the studies
on the performance of natural, synthetic-fibre-reinforced
slabs subjected to static and cyclic loads are limited. So,
the aim of study is to restore the absence through this ex-
periment. The aims of th work are given below.
• To study the behaviour of conventional, bamboo,
glass-fibre-reinforced slabs under static loads
• To study the behaviour of conventional, bamboo,
glass-fibre-reinforced slabs under cyclic loads
• To study the failure pattern of slabs under static and
cyclic loads
• To compare the conventional, bamboo and glass-fi-
bre-reinforced slabs’ behaviour.
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
For this experiment, the locally available building
materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
water, bamboo, glass-fibre and mild-steel bars were col-
lected and used with relevant Indian Standard (IS) codes
recommendation. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 53
grade, Coarse aggregate (CA) 20 mm, river sand used as
fine aggregate (FA), potable water, Fe 500–8 mm and 12
mm diameter rods are the main ingredients, those were
tested as per IS Codes 8112-1989,
13
383-1970,
14
456–2000,
15
1786-1985,
16
respectively, and the results
were tabulated in Table 1. Glass-fibre rods’
17
properties
were collected from the manufacturer’s data sheet from
literatures and tabulated in Table 1. Experimental works
were initially carried out from cube, cylinder and prism
specimens as per IS code 516-1959,
18
with M30-grade
designed concrete,
19
also analyzed and confirmed the
characteristic strength results and then main tests were
carried out on the reinforced slabs.
3.2 Experimental Investigation
The main aim of the research study was to test the
RCC slabs with different forms of reinforcement and
compare the performance and behaviours. From Table 2,
the experiment slabs were 3 conventional, 3 bamboo-re-
inforced slabs and 3 glass-fibre-reinforced slabs were
cast with 600 mm length, 450 mm breadth and 50 mm
thick in the same area of reinforcement the practice is
shown in Figure 1. After 28 d curing, the elements were
tested in the 50-kN capacity loading frame. In addition,
stain and dial gauges were fixed at the middle span for
observing the deflection and deformation of the elements
during loading.
A. RAMASWAMY et al.: PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ...
266 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 3, 265–270
Table 1: Properties of Building Materials
Description
of materials
Specific
gravity
Initial setting
time
Final setting time
Fineness
modulus
Water
absorption
Yield strength of
reinforcement
Cement 3.14 30 min 360 min ….. ….. …..
Fine Aggregate 2.66 ….. ….. 2.64 0.54% …..
Coarse Aggregate 2.70 ….. ….. 6.80 0.50% …..
Fe 415 Mild Steel ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. 472 N/mm
2
Bamboo ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. 195 N/mm
2
Glass Fibre Rod ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. 526 N/mm
2

Then static compressive load is applied to the centre
of the slab with a simply supported condition at a rate of
20 kN/min in 2 kN intervals up to the ultimate load-car-
rying capacity of the slabs for the conventional and
glass-fibre-rod slabs; similarly a 0.5-kN-interval series
up to the ultimate load-carrying capacity for the bam-
boo-reinforced slab. For every 2 kN loading interval the
strain, dial gauge readings were observed and failure pat-
tern also studied under static load. Similarly, the cyclic
loads were applied as incremental loading; that is 0 kN
to 2.5 kN applied and observe the readings then release
the load from 2.5 kN to 0 kN, again applied the load 0
kN to 5 kN then release the load 5 kN to 0 kN, again ap-
plied the load 0 kN to 7.5 kN then released processes up
to ultimate load-carrying capacity for conventional and
glass-fibre-reinforced slabs; similarly, the cyclic load
was applied at 0.5 kN intervals for the bamboo-rein-
forced slab. A data-acquisition system is used to record
the load, strain, and deflection data at regular intervals
during the test.
The control system is used to control the loading
frame and to apply the cyclic load according to the pre-
determined load range and number of cycles. Besides,
from the test results the stress, strain, stiffness, energy
absorptions were calculated, tabulated in Table 2 and
cracks pattern were shown in Figure 1 and compared.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 RC Slabs Experimental Test Subjected to Static
Loads
In this study, the behaviour of RC slabs with different
form of reinforcements was observed subject to the static
load. The glass-fibre-reinforced slabs performed well in
vertical compression static loading by enchasing the
load-carrying capacity, resistance to deformation and de-
flection than conventional and bamboo slabs. Compari-
sons are as follows. Figure 2 shows that the conventional
slab carries an ultimate mean load of 28.90 kN with cor-
responding displacement 12.7 mm. The bamboo-rein-
forced slab carries an ultimate load of 5.5 kN with corre-
sponding displacement of 8.6 mm, it is shown in
Figure 3. The glass-fibre-reinforced slab carries an ulti-
mate load of 29.310 kN with a corresponding displace-
ment of 19.8 mm; it is shown in Figure 4. Figures 2 to 4
show the load vs. vertical displacement of elements sub-
jected to static loads. From the test results, the stress,
strain and stiffness were calculated, i.e., 0.963 N/mm
2
,
0.0000352 and 2275.591 N/mm, respectively, for the
conventional slab.
Similarly, the stress, strain and stiffness is
0.183 N/mm
2
, 0.0000067 and 647.059 N/mm respec-
tively for the bamboo-reinforced slab. Likewise, the
stress, strain and stiffness is 0.997 N/mm
2
,
0.0000357 N/mm and 1480.303 N/mm, respectively, for
the glass-fibre-reinforced slab. Figure 1 shows the crack
A. RAMASWAMY et al.: PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 3, 265–270 267
Figure 1: Element testing set up and cracks pattern under static load
Table 2: Testing details of the elements
Description of Element Size in mm
Reinforcement
In mm
2
Nos. Ele-
ment used
for Testing
First crack accrue
in kN
Mean ultimate strength
in kN
Main Distributor Static Cyclic Static Cyclic
Conventional slab
600×450×50
201.06 301.60 3 18.80 15.75 28.90 24.23
Bamboo-reinforced slab 201.06 301.60 3 3.30 4.15 5.50 6.80
Glass-Fire-Reinforced slab 201.06 301.60 3 19.75 16.90 29.31 25.00
Figure 2: Vertical displacement of conventional slab under static ver-
tical load

patterns of the slabs, with all slabs failing in the middle
of the span along to the breadth of slab because the max-
imum bending moment and deflection are occurred at
center of a simply supported span.
Because of the glass-fibre rod having excellent me-
chanical properties, such as high tensile strength, light
weight, strong corrosion resistance, strong materials
bonding, strong design ability and strong magnetic
waves permeability compared to the mild steel and bam-
boo. From these calculations the bamboo-reinforced
slab’s performance is less than the glass-fibre-rod slab
and the conventional. The conventional slab’s perfor-
mance is better than bamboo-reinforced slab because Fe
415 steel was used as a reinforcement in this slab. The Fe
415 steel has outstanding mechanical properties, like a
high yield strength, good ductility, and better elongation
than bamboo. But the bamboo-reinforced slab can be
used in the precast slab, light weight structures, pave-
ments, cover slabs, pathway, partitions, sill slab, fin wall
and nominal reinforcement areas. In addition the bamboo
is free from corrosion, heat and electric conductivity,
pollution and has lower cost than mild steel.
4.2 RC Slabs Subjected to Cyclic Vertical Loads
The loading setup and the support conditions for cy-
clic loading were maintained similar to that of the static
loading. A load with an increment of 2.50 kN for each
cycle was applied at a constant rate of 140 kg/cm
2
per
minute manually (as per IS 516 1959) and then released
to the šno load’ condition after reaching the peak load of
the cycle. The conventional slab attained an ultimate
load-carrying capacity of 24.23 kN with a corresponding
displacement of 10.1 mm under the action of incremental
loads. Similarly, the glass-fibre-reinforced slab carried
an ultimate load of 25.0 kN with corresponding displace-
ment of 13.5 mm. Likewise the bamboo-reinforced slab
was loaded with 0.5 kN intervals from the same pro-
ducer; the bamboo slab withstood an ultimate load-carry-
ing capacity of 6.80 kN with a corresponding displace-
ment of 3.60 mm. During every cycle of loading the
deformation, deflection, cracks pattern were observed;
from these results the stress, strain, stiffness, stiffness
degradation, energy dissipation and cumulative energy
dissipation are calculated and tabulated in Table 3. Fig-
ure 7 shows that ultimate load vs displacement curve for
the conventional slab; from this curve the energy dissipa-
tion and cumulative energy dissipation are arrived at with
the help of AutoCAD software.
From Table 3, the ultimate stiffness, stiffness degra-
dation, energy dissipation and cumulative energy dissipa-
tion of the conventional slab are 2399 N/mm, 23.23 %,
36153 N-mm and 118403 N-mm respectively. From Fig-
ure 6 and Table 3, the ultimate stiffness, stiffness degra-
dation, energy dissipation and cumulative energy dissipa-
tion of the bamboo reinforced slab is 1889 N/mm,
33.89 %, 5780 N-mm and 11379 N-mm, respectively.
From Figure 7 and Table 3, the ultimate stiffness, stiff-
ness degradation, energy dissipation and cumulative en-
ergy dissipation of the glass-fibre-reinforced slab is
1851 N/mm, 48.15 %, 75000 N-mm and 152750 N-mm,
respectively.
A. RAMASWAMY et al.: PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ...
268 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 3, 265–270
Figure 5: Vertical displacement of conventional slab under cyclic ver-
tical load
Figure 3: Vertical displacement of bamboo-reinforced slab under
static vertical load
Figure 6: Vertical displacement of bamboo-reinforced slab under cy-
clic vertical load
Figure 4: Vertical displacement of FRP-bar reinforced slab under
static vertical load

The test results proved that the glass-fibre-reinforced
slab has 1.03 times and 3.67 times more strength than the
conventional and the bamboo-reinforced slab, respec-
tively. Because the glass-fibre rod has a high tensile
strength, the fatigue strength, dimensional stability, high
heat resistance, good thermal conductivity, great fire and
chemical resistance, dielectric permeability and great du-
rability.
These properties are inducing the load-carrying ca-
pacity, energy dissipation and cumulative energy dissipa-
tion capacity of the glass-fibre-reinforced slab. Besides
bamboo enhancing the stiffness up to glass-fibre rod
level; moreover it had 26 % higher stiffness than the con-
ventional slab. But, the bamboo-reinforced slab had
more stiffness than the conventional slab because the
bamboo has a high Young’s modulus, stiffness.
Table 3: Stiffness degradation and energy dissipation of elements
CONVENTIONAL
Cycle
Number
Peak
Load in
kN
Displace-
ment in
mm
Stiffness
in
kN/mm
Stiffness
Degrada-
tion in %
Energy
Dissipa-
tion in
kN-mm
Cumulative
Energy
Dissipation
in kN-mm
1 2.5000 0.500 5.000 ..... ..... .....
2 5.000 1.600 3.125 37.50 0.500 0.500
3 7.500 2.75 2.727 45.46 5.820 6.320
4 10.000 3.900 2.564 48.72 8.000 14.320
5 12.500 4.900 2.55 49.00 10.950 25.270
6 15.000 6.000 2.469 50.62 28.000 53.270
7 17.500 7.100 2.464 50.72 38.650 91.920
8 20.000 8.200 2.439 51.22 45.750 137.67
9 22.500 9.300 2.419 51.62 40.952 178.622
10 24.230 10.100 2.399 52.02 36.154 214.776
BAMBOO
1 0.5 0.100 5.000 ...... ..... ......
2 1.00 0.25 4.000 20.00 0.199 0.199
3 1.50 0.45 3.333 33.40 0.300 0.499
4 2.00 0.70 2.857 42.86 0.399 0.898
5 2.50 0.9 2.77 44.60 0.749 1.647
6 3.00 1.00 3.000 40.00 1.099 2.746
7 3.50 1.30 2.692 46.16 1.449 4.195
8 4.00 1.50 2.666 46.80 1.800 5.995
9 4.50 1.85 2.432 51.36 2.200 8.195
10 5.00 2.150 2.325 53.50 2.600 10.795
11 5.50 2.475 2.222 55.56 3.000 13.795
12 6.00 2.80 2.142 57.16 3.400 17.195
13 6.50 3.05 2.131 57.38 4.887 22.082
14 6.80 3.60 1.888 62.24 5.780 27.862
GLASS-FIBRE-ROD REINFORCEMENT
1 2.50 0.500 5.000 …. ….. …..
2 5.00 1.400 3.571 28.58 1.500 1.500
3 7.50 2.50 3.000 40.00 5.625 7.125
4 10.00 3.60 2.777 44.60 9.750 16.875
5 12.50 4.80 2.604 47.92 19.125 36.000
6 15.00 6.00 2.500 50.00 28.500 64.500
7 17.50 7.20 2.430 51.40 33.250 97.750
8 20.00 8.40 2.380 52.40 38.000 135.750
9 22.50 10.95 2.054 58.92 56.500 192.250
10 25.00 13.50 1.851 62.98 75.000 267.250
The stiffness degradation of the slab is 23.23 %,
33.89 % and 48.15 % for the conventional, bamboo- and
glass-fibre-reinforced slab, respectively; from this, the
conventional slab’s performance is less than the bamboo
and the glass-fibre slab. The energy-dissipation perfor-
mance of the glass fibre slab is 2 times more than con-
ventional and 12.95 times more than bamboo slab. Like-
wise, the conventional slab’s energy dissipation is 6.25
times higher than the bamboo slab.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The experimental study was carried out on a conven-
tional slab, a bamboo-reinforced slab and a glass-fi-
bre-reinforced slab. All three slabs were tested under
static and cyclic vertical loads. The static results showed
that the glass-fibre-bar reinforced slab has a higher
load-carrying capacity than the conventional slab. The
ultimate load-carrying capacity of the fibre-reinforced
slab is 1.12 times and 2.08 times higher than the ultimate
load-carrying capacity of the conventional and bamboo
slabs, respectively. Similarly, the glass-fibre-reinforced
slab’s ultimate load-carrying capacity is 1.03 times and
3.67 time more than the conventional and bamboo slabs
respectively. The bamboo slab’s stiffness is 1.27 times
more than the conventional and similar to the glass-fibre
slab. From this research study we confirmed that the
glass-fibre reinforcement is enhancing the load-carrying
capacity, energy dissipation subjected to static and cyclic
loading conditions than conventional and bamboo. Bam-
boo is enhancing the stiffness more than the conven-
tional. Hence, the bamboo reinforcement can used in
nominal reinforcement areas, precast slabs, cover slabs,
sill slabs, lightweight structures, pavements, pathways,
partitions and fin walls, no load RCC structures and ele-
vation drops. From this practice further research study is
required for the development of bamboo structural ele-
ments under impact load.
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IS 8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
14
IS 383 : 1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natu-
ral sources for concrete
15
IS 456 : 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
16
IS 1786 : 1985 Specification for high strength deformed steel bars
and wires for concrete reinforcement (superseding IS: 1139-1966)
17
Website:http://rjdindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Fiber-
glass-Rebar-Data-Sheet.pdf
18
IS 516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of concrete
19
IS 10262 : 1982 Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design
A. RAMASWAMY et al.: PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO- AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ...
270 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 3, 265–270