Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3, 1–9, Ljubljana 2024 doi:10.14720/aas.2024.120.3.14751 Original research article / izvirni znanstveni članek Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray compost and mycor- rhiza on cultivation of Allium ascalonicum L. grown on post-mine sand- pits soil Cecep HIDAYAT 1, 2, Yati Setiati RACHMAWATI 1, Hasna MARHAMA 1, Hikmaya Aji NINGRUM 1, and Sofiya HASANI 1 Received June 27, 2023; accepted July 08, 2024 Delo je prispelo 27. Junij 2024, sprejeto 8. Julij 2024 1 Agrotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, AH. Nasution street No. 105, 40614, Bandung, Indonesia. 2 Corresponding author (cephidayat62@uinsgd.ac.id). Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray compost and mycorrhiza on cultivation of Allium ascalonicum L. grown on post-mine sandpits soil Abstract: Post-mine sandpits C soil has a potential to be used for vegetable cultivation, nevertheless needs improvement on its physical, chemical, and biological properties through the input of microbial application technology and organic matter. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Arbuscu- lar Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) and compost (bokashi) of Titho- nia diversifolia in improving soil physical properties and yield of Allium ascalonicum. The study used a two-factor Random- ized Block Design. The first factor was AMF provision (control 0 g plant-1, 4 g plant-1, 6 g plant-1, 8 g plant-1, and 10 g plant-1). The second factor was bokashi of T. diversifolia (control 0 t ha-1, 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1, and 9 t ha-1). The results showed that the ap- plication of AMF together with bokashi generated soil porosity and permeability that were suitable for the growth of shallot bulbs. The application of bokashi 9 t ha-1 increased bulbs di- ameter and bulbs fresh mass, although still below its potential due to unfavorable environmental factors. Thus, the successful application of AMF and organic materials need to pay attention on environmental factors in order to produce maximum effect. Key words: AMF, compost (bokashi), shallot, T. diversi- folia. Uporaba biomase mehiške sončnice (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.)  A.Gray) in mikorize pri gojenju šalotke (Allium ascalonicum L.) na tleh nastalih iz jalovine po rudarjenju Izvleček: Tla nastala iz jalovine po rudarjenju imajo po- tencial uporabe za gojenje zelenjave, a potrebujejo izboljšanje fizikalnih, kemijskih in bioloških lastnosti z dodatki mikrobov in organske snovi. Namen te raziskave je bil preučiti učinek do- datka mikorize in komposta iz biomase mehiške sončnice (bo- kashi) (Tithonia diversifolia) za izboljšanje fizikalnih lastnosti tal in pridelka šalotke. Poskus je bil izveden kot dvofaktorski naključni bločni poskus. Prvi factor je bil dodatek mikoriznih gliv (AMF) v odmerkih: kontrola 0 g rastlino-1, 4 g rastlino-1, 6 g rastlino-1, 8 g rastlino-1in 10 g rastlino-1. Drugi factor so bili dodatki komposta v odmerkih: kontrola 0 t ha-1, 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1, and 9 t ha-1). Rezultati so pokazali, da sta dodatka mikoriznih gliv in komposta iz mehiške sončnice povzročila poroznost in propustnost tal, kar je bilo primerno za rast šalotke. Dodatek komposta iz mehiške sončnice v odmerku 9 t ha-1 je povečal premer čebulic šalotke in njihovo svežo maso, čeprav so bile vrednosti teh dveh parametrov še vedno pod potencialom za to vrsto zaradi neugodnih okoljskih dejavnikov. Iz tega sledi, da je za doseganje maksimalnih učinkov potrebno posvečati po- zornost pri dodajanju odmerkov mikoriznih gliv in organske snovi. Ključne besede: aurbuskularna mikoriza, compost iz bio- mas mehiške sončnice, šalotka, T. diversifolia. 2 C. HIDAYAT et al. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 2024 1 INTRODUCTION The land-use change of agricultural land to non- agricultural occurs in several regions of Indonesia. In the highlands, there are many changes in land use from veg- etable cultivation to hotels, housing or tourist areas. This leads to the narrowing of fertile agricultural land for the production of high economic value vegetables, therefore it requires search alternative soils even with not optimal carrying capacity, one of which is post-mine sandpits C soil. Post-mine sandpits C soil can widely be found in various regions in Indonesia as a source of gravel and sand for building purposes and a source of regional in- come. The further activity of these minerals mining causes damage to the ecosystem and is vulnerable to ero- sion, consequently the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia no. 78 of 2010 requires that min- ing C land be reclaimed to function again according to its allotment. Post-mine sandpits land reclamation using revegetation has a dual function, namely increasing the area of agricultural production land and remedying the ecology. Post-mine sandpits C soil has several obstacles when used for plant cultivation, such the low C-organic content, sand-dominating texture (Hidayat et al., 2020), low water binding capacity (Ginting et al., 2018), and has not yet formed aggregates so that sensitive to erosion. Agricultural cultivation activities on post-mine sandpits C soil should be initiated by eliminating the inhibiting factors. The addition of organic matter is a necessity considering that post-mine sandpits C soil has very low organic C (0.86  %) (Hidayat et al., 2020). To support optimal plant growth requires a minimum of C- organic content > 2.5  % (Patrick et al., 2013). Organic matter has been proven to improve soil density, soil po- rosity, and soil permeability (Hidayat et al., 2020), main- tain water availability and improve soil aeration (King et al., 2020). In addition, organic matter is an energy source to support the development of soil decomposer micro- organisms (Yin et al., 2019) and as the main ameliorant (Maftu’ah et al., 2014). One source of organic matter that can be utilized is Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray which is a weed from the Asteraceae family. Tithonia di- versifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray was used as bokashi. Bokashi is compost fertilizer produced from a fermentation pro- cess using effective microorganisms 4 (EM4) technology so the time required to make it is relatively shorter. EM4 contains Azotobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp.. T. diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray can grow in extreme environments, so that its availability is abundant because the adaptability of the plant is high, moreover, it can grow at various al- titudes (Obiakara & Fourcade, 2018). This plant can also increase soil nutrients, improves soil physical properties, and leads to crops productivity enhancement (Hafifah et al., 2016). The problem of fertilisation with organic matter is the high dose of organic matter, which ranges from 10 t ha-1 to 30 t ha-1 (Ginting et al., 2018). In this study, we tried to reduce it based on the principle that organic mat- ter is not positioned as a source of nutrients, but as a source of carbon and energy for beneficial soil microbes, namely arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF is a fungus that can be associated with almost all cultivated plants. This type of fungus has a special form of long external hyphae. According to Smith & Read (2008) the external hyphae of AMF can reach up to 30 meters per gram of soil, which is useful in post-mine sandpits C soil with high sand content to increase the bonding among the particles to make the soil more sta- ble. Nurbaity et al. (2013) found that AMF increases the stability of andisol aggregates. Xiao et al. (2019) added that AMF can improve soil fertility in post-mine sandpits C soil. The application of T. diversifolia organic matter to- gether with AMF inoculation is expected to be synergis- tic. Organic matter improves soil physical properties and supplies carbon for AMF survival. Furthermore, AMF works in increasing aggregate stability, porosity, and soil permeability. AMF also plays a role in the decomposition of organic matter and releases high total P in the post- mine sandpits C soil so that the nutrients become avail- able for the shallot plants that grow in porous conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the ef- fect of T. diversifolia bokashi and AMF on the improve- ment of post-mine sandpits C soil properties and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) Batu Ijo variety. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was carried out in Kutamandiri Tan- jungsari Village, Bandung Regency with an altitude of 800 m above sea level from February to May 2019. The materials used in this study were post-mine sandpits C soil from sandstone mining in Giri Asih Village, Batu- jajar District, West Bandung Regency, mixed AMF in- oculum (Gigaspora sp., Glomus sp., and Aclauspora sp.), 60  % glucose solution, EM4, alcohol, HCl (2  %), KOH (10 %), blue writing ink, onion bulbs of Batu Ijo variety, plant parts (leaves and young stems) of T. diversifolia, bran, urea fertilizer, TSP, KCl, and water. The tools used during the research were sample rings, soil sifter, polybag of 30 x 40 cm, 500 ml rinse bottle, soil sample weighing paper, oven, tissue paper, 250 ml Beaker glass, hoe, knife, microscope, digital scale, watering bucket, scissors, ana- lytical balance, spore clamp, Petridish, spore net, shovel, 3 Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray compost ... on cultivation of Allium ascalonicum L. grown on post-mine sandpits soil Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 2024 caliper, thermometer, pH meter, permeability unit, label, plastic rope, stationery, pest trap, paranet, and camera. In this study, two factorial randomized block design (RBD) was used with 20 treatment levels and three repli- cations. The first factor was the addition of bokashi T. di- versifolia and the second factor was the addition of AMF. Factor 1, addition of Tithonia diversifolia bokashi (b): b0: Control (without bokashi) b1: Bokashi doses of 3 t ha-1 (9.37 g polybag-1) b2: Bokashi doses of 6 t ha-1 (18.75 g polybag-1) b3: Bokashi doses of 9 t ha-1 (28.12 g polybag-1) Factor 2, addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (m) m0: control (without AMF) m1: AMF inoculum of 4 g polybag-1 m2: AMF inoculum of 6 g polybag-1 m3: AMF inoculum of 8 g polybag-1 m4: AMF inoculum of 10 g polybag-1 Observation carried out in this research: – The degree of AMF infection in plant roots at harvest time was calculated in units (%), using the grid line intersect method (Brundrett et al., 1996). – Soil porosity was observed by calculating the to- tal pore space of the soil with units of percent (%) and the formula (Kurnia et al., 2006): – Soil permeability in saturated solution in labora- tory based on Darcy’s law (Kurnia et al., 2006) in units (cm hour-1): Q: Water debit (cm3 hour-1) L: Thickness of soil sample (cm) hL: Water surface height of soil sample and soil thick- ness (cm) A: Surface area of the soil sample (cm2) – Number of bulbs per clump, observation was done after harvest on each plant. – Bulb diameter (cm), the measurement was car- ried out using a caliper. This observation was done after harvest on each plant. – Fresh mass of tubers per clump (g) observation was carried out at the end of the research by weighing the tubers harvested from each plant sample. Before weighing, the soil attaching the bulbs was cleaned. Observation parameters were analyzed by Anova to determine the effect of treatment. If there was an effect of treatment, it was continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for further testing at the 5 % level. The study started with making bokashi of T. di- versifolia with 40 kg of plant material, 4 kg of bran, 25 g of glucose solution, and 100 ml of EM4 in December 2018 at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung campus. Soil from mining C was taken at a depth of 0-50 cm, and sieved with a 1 x 1 cm sieve diameter to separate the soil from the carried rock. The sifted soil was started additional bokashi according to the treatment. Prepara- tion of planting media was carried out two weeks before planting. Moreover, the mixture of soil and bokashi was put into a polybag measuring 30 cm x 40 cm as much as 10 kg. Bokashi mixed with mining soil C one week before planting. The doses of bokashi used were 9.37 g polybag-1, 18.75 g polybag-1, and 28.12 g polybag-1. Mean- while, AMF inoculation was carried out at the same time as planting shallot bulbs at doses of 4 g polybag-1, 6 g polybag-1, 8 g polybag-1, and 10 g polybag-1 bokashi with mixed AMF types. The inoculum was applied with the carrier medium fine zeolite. The onion bulbs used were Batu Ijo variety of medi- um size (10-15 g), healthy and fresh, not wrinkled, dense, and bright in color. Before planting, the dried outer skin of the tubers was cleaned. The bulb seedling was cut at ¼ part of the end of the bulb. Furthermore, 2/3 part of the tuber was immersed into the ground and covered with soil. Each polybag was planted with one tuber. The maintenance of shallot plants included water- ing, replanting, weeding, fertilizing and controlling of plant pests and diseases. Watering was carried out 2 times a day, if it rained then it was done according to the con- ditions. Replanting was done when the plant was 7 day after planting (DAP), weeding was done manually. Fer- tilization was carried out at the age of 21 DAP according to BALITSA (Vegetable Research Centre) recommenda- tions i.e. 0.21 g polybag-1 urea, 0.14 g polybag-1 TSP, and 0.1125 g polybag-1 KCl. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 DEGREE OF ROOT INFECTION There was no interaction effect of AMF inoculants and T. diversifolia bokashi on the degree of root infec- tion in the late vegetative and generative observation 4 C. HIDAYAT et al. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 2024 times. At the end of vegetative phase observation, the value of the degree of infection was below 20 %, which was included to the low category. The value of the degree of infection increased to above 30 % in the AMF and T. diversifolia bokashi treatments during the late generative phase (Table 1). AMF inoculation increased the degree of root infec- tion in the late vegetative phase, though not significantly. Likewise, the addition of T. diversifolia bokashi increased the degree of infection not significantly. In the treat- ment without inoculants, it was observed that there was a root infection. This was because in mining soil C there were indigenous AMF (Dodd, 2000). The results of wet screening analysis of soil samples taken from the rhizo- sphere of weeds growing in the mining area of excava- tion C found AMF spore. Most of the spores were found in the rhizosphere of T. diversifolia, Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., and Impatiens balsamina L.. The presence of AMF spores on T. diversifolia was the answer why un- der the independent influence of this weed bokashi gen- erated a degree of infection. Suharno et al. (2014) also found indigenous AMF infecting several plants found on post-mine sandpits soil in Timika Papua, namely Brach- aria sp. by 73.33 %, Setaria sp. by 23.33 % and Bidens pi- losa L. by 63.33 %. This informs that AMF has the poten- tial to improve the remedy post-mine sandpits soils. The root infection by AMF can be identified in the presence of mycorrhizal organs such as internal hyphae, vesicles, and spores observed under a microscope (Figure 1). The low value of infection degree in onion plants (Table 1) was influenced by environmental factors. The research conditions during the vegetative phase were often raining which resulted in wet soil and a relatively low average temperature of 24 ºC. In this condition, the development of AMF was hampered since AMF will be able to infect host plants effectively and produce mycelia in relatively dry soil conditions with a temperature range of 28-35 ºC. This is in line with the research of Hifnalisa et al. (2018) who found a low degree of mycorrhizal in- fection in coffee seedlings due to high rainfall and a tem- perature range of 22 ºC. Wu & Ying-Ning (2017) stated that in dry soil conditions, AMF can maintain contact with roots, so that AMF will infect plant roots. High soil moisture inhibits spore germination in line with Brun- drett & Tedersoo (2018) which states that spore germi- nation and AMF workability are closely related to envi- ronmental conditions, especially temperature and soil moisture levels. Another factor that caused a low degree of infec- tion was the pH of the soil. In this study, the soil pH Treatments Average of infection degree (%) Average number of bulbs per clump (pcs) Average of Bulbs Di- ameter (cm) Average of fresh weight of bulbs per clump (g)Late vegetative Late generative T. diversifolia bokhasi b0 (0 t ha-1) 13.97 a 27.75 a 3.93 a 1.02 a 11.63 a b1 (3 t ha-1) 15.43 a 30.41 a 4.67 a 1.67 b 26.43 b b2 (6 t ha-1) 16.83 a 31.41 a 5.13 a 1.41 ab 20.11 ab b3 (9 t ha-1) 14.64 a 31.60 a 5.40 a 1.89 b 32.01 b AMF m0 (0 g polybag-1) 10.09 a 16.05 a 4.83 a 1.37 a 21.13 a m1 (4 g polybag-1) 13.39 a 28.39 b 4.75 a 1.43 a 18.53 a m2 (6 g polybag-1) 18.35 a 34.39 c 4.67 a 1.52 a 23.11 a m3 (8 g polybag-1) 16.90 a 35.13 c 5.08 a 1.56 a 24.68 a m4 (10 g polybag -1) 17.36 a 37.51 c 4.58 a 1.60 a 25.28 a Table 1: Effect of Tithonia diversifolia bokhasi and AMF on infection degree, growth and yield Allium ascolicum L. Explanation: The average numbers in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 2024 5 Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray compost ... on cultivation of Allium ascalonicum L. grown on post-mine sandpits soil was relatively neutral (6.9). According to Sudheer et al. (2021), AMF has “acidophilis” properties, means actively develops in acidic conditions. Likewise, spores are found in a greater numbers under acidic conditions. Entering the generative phase, the environmental conditions were undergoing to change. Rainfall decreased and tempera- ture increased, so that environmental conditions began to match the conditions desired by AMF, which led to an increase in the degree of root infection to a moderate category (Jerbi et al., 2020). 3.2 SOIL POROSITY The application of AMF and T.diversifolia bokashi had an effect on soil porosity. The lowest average poros- ity percentage was 24.67 % and the highest was 81.67 % (Figure 1). The provision of T. diversifolia bokashi start- ing at a dose of 3 t ha-1 to 9 t ha-1 and AMF 6 g plant-1 was able to increase the average percentage of soil porosity compared to other treatments. This is in line with the re- search of Hidayat et al. (2017), namely the provision of AMF and various types of manure compost can improve soil porosity. According to Rahayu et al. (2018), the soil pore needed for shallots is around 60-75 % until the end of the generative period. The results of the study were treated with AMF 6 g polybag-1 + T. diversifolia 6 t ha-1 achieved soil pore 74.00 %, AMF 8 g polybag-1 + without T. diversifolia 65.33 %, and AMF 10 g polybag-1 + T. diver- sifolia 3 t ha-1 62.00 %. These values were sufficient for the pore needs of the shallot plant. The addition of organic matter can determine the pore volume and size of the soil (Malik & Lu, 2015). The content of organic matter can improve the quality of soil’s physical properties through the stimulation of soil mi- crobes, which makes the soil structure stable. Organic matter also helps the process of soil granulation, the more granulation of the soil formed, the more total of available soil pores. The large amount of available organic C becomes a source of microbial food that makes the life of micro- fauna in the soil increase. According to Yang et al. (2017), the addition of AMF to the soil can help the formation of aggregates. AMF has hyphae that can release gloma- lin, which is able to make the soil particles patch to one another. In sandy soil, glomalin from AMF hyphae acts as an adhesive (binder) of soil particles so that the soil structure becomes granular and many pores are formed. In soils that have low porosity, AMF hyphae are also able to penetrate the soil layer to find sources of water and soil nutrients. When AMF-infected roots grow lengthwise, these roots will break down the soil layer and new pores will be formed inside the soil. 3.3 SOIL PERMEABILITY The application of AMF together with T. diversifo- lia bokashi had an effect on soil permeability. The lowest average value of soil permeability was 0.52 cm hour-1 and the highest was 2.57 cm hour-1. The maximum point of soil permeability is found at T. diversifolia bokashi 3 t ha-1 and at AMF 10 g polybag-1 (Figure 2). Figure 2: Maximm point AMF and Tithonia diversifolia bokashi on soil permeability (cm hour-1) External hyphae Internal hyphae Vesicles C Spores Figure 1: Shallot root infection degree (late vegetative phase); a) Spores that develop in the root tissue; b) AMF organs that are inside and outside the root tissue; c) Degree of generative infection due to 40x microscope magnification A B Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 20246 C. HIDAYAT et al. The application of T. diversifolia bokashi of 3 t ha-1 without AMF and with AMF 10 g polybag-1 generated the highest permeability value and successfully entered the criteria for the medium permeability class (2.01-6.25 cm hour-1) based on the permeability class criteria of Uh- land and O’Neil (Kurnia et al., 2006). These data are consistent with the effect of AMF application and T. diversifolia bokashi on soil porosity (Figure 2) where AMF inoculation of 8 g polybag-1 without organic matter and lower AMF inoculation (6 g polybag-1) with T. diversifolia bokashi resulted in higher soil po- rosity, which was sufficient for the soil pore needs of the onion. The application of T. diversifolia bokashi affected the binding of soil particles into soil aggregates. As well as the formation of soil aggregates, it will produce pores that function as a way for water to enter the soil body (Nichols & Halvorson, 2013). According to King et al. (2020), organic matter that has undergone weathering has the ability to absorb water, which is twice higher than the mass. In addition, organic mat- ter also helps in binding water in the soil so that it can be utilized by plants. Besides organic matter, AMF is involved in the process of aggregate formation (Nur- baity et al., 2013) which will affect the pores formed. When the application of T. diversifolia bokashi and AMF simultaneously, organic matter from T. diversi- folia will provide carbon for AMF living needs and ac- tivity in binding soil aggregates carried out by external hyphae (Curaqueo et al., 2010) thereby improving the percentage of porosity which ultimately increases soil permeability. 3.4 NUMBER OF BULBS PER CLUMP The application of AMF and T. diversifolia bokashi did not significantly affect the number of tubers (Table 1). The results showed that the average number of bulbs per clump was 3-5, appropriate to the potential for the number of bulbs per clump of 2-5 clumps. The application of T. diversifolia increased the num- ber of bulbs, though not significantly. Organic mat- ter has a slow-release property which causes the availability of nutrients in the soil takes a long time to be absorbed by plants (El-Ramady et al., 2014), so tuber propagation did not increase significantly. AMF inoculation also did not increase the number of bulbs significantly. This was related to unfavorable en- vironmental conditions. According to Chandra (2018), AMF can develop at low soil moisture, which is 50-60 %. This research took place in conditions of high rainfall, which resulted in increased soil moisture so the AMF did not work optimally in increasing the uptake of P and K nutrients needed for bulbs formation. Yusriadi et al. (2017) Stated that AMF works well at acidic pH, while in this study the pH was neutral. 3.5 BULB DIAMETER Figure 3: Effect of AMF and T. diversifolia bokashi on soil porosity (%) Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 120/3 – 2024 7 Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray compost ... on cultivation of Allium ascalonicum L. grown on post-mine sandpits soil The application of AMF and bokashi did not affect the diameter of shallot bulbs, but there was an independ- ent effect from the provision of T. diversifolia bokashi. The increase of the doses increased the diameter of shal- lot bulbs and reached the highest value at a doses of 9 t ha-1. Unlike the number of bulbs, T. diversifolia bokashi was able to provide the P and K elements needed for the formation of bulbs diameter, although it was not maxi- mal, as seen the value was still below the plant descrip- tion. The formation of bulb diameter was also influenced by the planting medium used. Crumbly soil, lots of pores, and high nutrient content can help the tuber develop- ment process (Suprapto et al., 2018). The results of the research on the level of soil porosity, the combination of AMF inoculation and T. diversifolia bokashi resulted in the 60-75 % porosity required for bulbs enlargement (Table 1). Referring to the description of the potential of the shallot bulbs diameter namely 3-4.5 cm, while the results of the study only produced an average tuber diameter of 1.2-1.6 cm (Table 1), this indicates that the diameter of the onion bulbs produced in this study was low. The small diameter of the tubers was caused by the bokashi T. diversifolia which nutrients were not readily available for the plants. The slow-release nature of organic matter causes the supply of nutrients needed by plants during the generative period to be hampered (El-Ramady et al., 2014), hence the diameter of the tubers produced was not too large. Based on the characteristics of the shallot plant, the bulbs will have a diameter of 3-4 cm in the optimal cli- mate conditions, with a temperature of 25-32 oC and gets sunlight for more than 12 hours (Firmansyah & Bher- mana, 2019). However, in the study, the average daily air temperature only reached 23.3  oC with high humidity (93.3 %), and ± 8 hours of sun exposure, thus the tuber growth was hampered. 3.6 FRESH MASS OF BULBS PER CLUMP As in the observation of other tuber parameters, the application of AMF and T. diversifolia bokashi did not af- fect the fresh mass of shallots. The addition of bokashi T. diversifolia increased the fresh mass of shallot bulbs. The highest fresh mass was shown by giving 9 t ha-1 (Table 1). Bokashi T.diversifolia provides P and K that can be absorbed by plants (Isrun et al., 2018). The results of the bokashi T.diversifolia analysis showed that there was a P content of 1.89 % and K of 3.50 % which were able to sup- port bulbs growth. Then the nutrients obtained by plants will be used for the formation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats stored in the bulbs so that the fresh mass of the bulbs will increase (Jeptoo et al., 2013). Referring to the description of the potential fresh mass of tubers per clump, it was ± 92 g clump-1. While the results of the study only produced an average fresh mass of 20-25 g clump-1, these results showed that the fresh mass of tubers per clump produced in this study was relatively low (Table 1). 4 CONCLUSIONS The application of AMF and Tithonia diversifolia bokashi generated appropriate soil porosity and perme- ability for the formation of shallot bulbs, but both were not able enhance production of shallot bulbs yield com- pared to the potential yield. The adding of T. diversifolia bokashi 9 t ha-1 increased the bulbs diameter and fresh mass of shallots, but still below its potential. 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