Elektrotehniški vestnik 82(4): 161-168, 2015 Original scientific paper
Phase to Ground Fault Analysis of a High Voltage Transmission Line Equipped with Resistive and Inductive SFCL
Mohamed Zellagui 1, Heba Ahmed Hassan 23
1	Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
2	Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
3	College of Engineering/Quality Assurance Unit, Dhofar University, Sultanate of Oman E-mail: m.zellagui@univ-batna.dz, heba_hassan@du.edu.om/hebahassan@ieee.org
Abstract. Advanced technologies in power electronics have always been a prominent factor in the development of new devices in power systems. Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) can be regarded as a key component for future electric power systems. It is capable of eliminating the hazards during faults by increasing the short-circuit power of the network. SFCL devices can be either resistive (R-SFCL) or inductive (I-SFCL). They show negligible resistance or reactance, respectively, under normal operating conditions and they reliably switch to a high impedance state in the case of a high current. This paper studies the use of R-SFCL and I-SFCL by investigating their impacts on the short-circuit calculations of a high voltage line. The case study is for a 220 kV transmission line in the northern transmission network of Algeria which is subjected to a phase to ground fault in the presence of a fixed fault resistance. The impact of SFCL impedance (ZSFCL) of R-SFCL and I-SFCL on short-circuit parameters (symmetrical current components, transmission line currents, voltage symmetrical components, and transmission line voltages) is presented using a developed MATLAB program. Analysis and comparison of the obtained simulation results lead to the conclusion that using R-SFCL offers a better system performance than I-SFCL for the system under study.
Keywords: Power systems, Superconducting fault current limiter, Short-circuit calculations, Symmetrical components, Ground fault.
Analiza napak faza ozemljitev pri visokonapetostnih daljnovodih v prisotnosti uporovnih in induktivnih SFCL
Superprevodni tokovni omejevalnik (SFCL) je lahko ključen gradnik pri bodočih elektroenergetskih sistemih, saj omogoča izločitev rizičnih dejavnikov pri kratkostičnih tokovih. SFCL je lahko ali uporovni (R-SFCL) ali induktivni (I-SFCL). Ti gradniki izkazujejo zanemarljivo upornost in induktivnost pri pravilnem delovanju in visoko impedanco v primeru kratkostičnega toka. V prispevku analiziramo uporabo R-SFCL in I-SFCL ter njun vpliv na izračun kratkostičnih tokov na visokonapetostnih vodih. Izvedli smo študijo na primeru 220 kV napetostnega voda v Alžiriji. Vpliv impedance SFCL na parametre kratkostičnega toka je predstavljen s pomočjo računalniškega programa MATLAB. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov ugotavljamo, da za analizirano visokonapetostno omrežje R-SFCL zagotavlja boljšo uporabnost kot I-SFCL.
1 Introduction
Short-circuit analysis has always been a vital research topic that has been frequently addressed by researchers in the power engineering field. Nowadays, short-circuit calculations are being investigated particularly in the presence of rapidly growing loads and highly complicated networks which are frequently subjected to
various types of faults. As an electrical power system continues to expand in size, generation capacity and transmission network expansion may be restricted by the fault current limit which can affect the reliability of the power system adversely [1]. Nowadays, options available for utility companies to reduce fault currents in a power grid are not only few but they also have some significant drawbacks. For example, using high i mpedance transformers and earthing reactors will compromise the efficiency and increase the cost. Splitting existing networks to reduce fault currents has an adverse effect on the grid stability and efficiency [2].
The Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) has been used in power systems in order to reduce fault currents. A decreased fault current results mainly in the need for a change in the settings of overcurrent relays, coordination and nuisance trip.
SFCL is basically a variable impedance that is installed in series with a circuit breaker. In the case of a fault, the impedance rises to a value at which the fault current is correspondingly reduced to a lower level that the circuit breaker can cope with [3, 4]. SFCL can offer cost-effective means to limit the high level fault currents to lower levels which allow circuit breakers contact to
Received 30 June 2015
Accepted 20 July 2015
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open quickly and safely [5]. In [6], effects of different types of SFCL on the successful interruption of circuit breakers are investigated using the Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV), where the simulation results showed that the TRV can be damped in the presence of the resistive and bridge type SFCL during fault clearing period.
An existing medium voltage network in the United Kingdom is considered in [7]. It incorporates a distributed generation capacity and the performance of overcurrent and distance protection schemes in the presence of SFCL. In [8], based on the structure and theory of voltage compensation in SFCL, the effect of the SFCL on the current relay is studied in details, and a solution was proposed and applied to 10 kV isolated neutral distribution network system. In [9], dynamic characteristics of hybrid SFCL are studied for short-circuit test considering a simple coordination of relays in distribution networks. A study on correction of protective devices settings in a power distribution system with a Distributed Generation (DG) using SFCL is represented in [10]. Another study on the coordination of protection relays between primary feeder and interconnecting transformer grounded by SFCL in wind farms is presented in [11]. In [12], the application of multiple resistive solid state SFCL for fast fault detection in highly interconnected distribution systems, based on current division discrimination, is proposed as a potential cost-efficient candidate to minimize the effect of exposing DG to the distribution system. A genetic based algorithm is employed to obtain SFCLs optimum number, location and size [13].
In this paper, the effect of using resistive and inductive SFCL devices on short-circuit calculations is studied and compared by varying the device impedance (Zsfcl). A practical case study is considered for a 220 kV transmission line which connects two 220/60 kV substations in Algeria, namely Batna and Biskra. The line is subjected to a phase to ground fault while maintaining a fixed fault resistance. System modeling and simulations obtained from the developed program are presented. Finally, the results are compared to demonstrate the difference between using R-SFCL and I-SFCL devices on system performance under short-circuit states.
2 Modeling of SFCL
There are several types of SFCLs but they fall into two basic categories of either resistive or inductive. The simplest superconducting limiter concept in both categories exploits the nonlinear impedance of superconductors (ZSFCL) in a direct way. A superconductor is inserted in the circuit. Many models or SFCL device have been developed as resistor, reactor, and transformer type, etc.
In this paper, the model used for resistive and inductive SFCL is based on [14, 15]. This represents the experimental side for the superconducting elements of
SFCL as well as the quench and recovery characteristics. Impedance of SFCL as a function of time t is given by:
zsfcl (0 _ "
0
Z,.
1 - e
1/2
Aj (t - tj)+b a2 (t - h ) + b
(t < t0 )
(t0 ^ t < tl) (1)
(to ^ t < t2 ) (t > t2 )
Zn and Tf are the convergence impedance being saturated at normal temperature and the time constant respectively. t0, t1 and t2 denote the starting time of the quench, starting time of the first recovery, and starting time of the second recovery, respectively. a1, a2, b1 and b2 are the coefficients of the first-order linear function used for representing the experimentally obtained recovery characteristics of SFCL [16].
3 Phase to Ground Fault Calculations in the Presence of SFCL Devices
Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit of a transmission line of impedance ZL that connects between bus-bars A and B in the case of a phase to ground fault occurring at phase (A). The fault location is denoted by nF which takes the value of zero if the fault occurs at bus-bar A and 100% if it occurs at bus-bar B.
Figure 1. Phase to ground fault equivalent circuit with SFCL.
As shown in the figure, the line is equipped with either R-SFCL or I-SFCL of impedance ZSFCL which is connected in series with the line impedance. A fault resistance (RF) is also used as shown in the equivalent circuit diagram while the internal impedance of the generator Zs is ignored due to its small magnitude.
While having the SFCL device installed, the new impedance of the transmission line (ZL-SFCL) becomes:
PHASE TO GROUND FAULT ANALYSIS OF A HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUIPPED WITH RESISTIVE
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ZL-SFCL ZL + ZSFCL
(2)
Zl = ZL, + ZL, + ZL.2	(11)
7 = 7 + 7 +7	(12)
SFCL SFCL.	SFCL. ^ SFCL. 2	V '
where;
Z„.
RSFCl for resistive SFCL (R-SFCL) jXSFCLfor inductive SFCL (I-SFCL)
(3)
Basic equations for this type of fault at phase A are given by, [16-21]:
IB = Ic = 0
V = V +V + V =R I
VA V0+Vl + V2 rF .A
(4)
(5)
The symmetrical components of line currents are given by [16, 21]:
l l l
l a a2 l a2 a
(6)
I = I = I = -A-
10 -M I2 ^
(7)
From Figure 1, V1 , V0 and V2 take the following form:
V = V "(nf -zl\ + Zsfcl.l ) .Il	(13)
V2 ="( nf 'Zl.2 + Z sfcl.2 ) . I2	(14)
V0 = ~(nf .ZL.0 + zsfcl.0 ) . I0	(15)
Substituting by the above equations (13), (14) and (15) in equation (9) using equation (7) yields:
Vs = (nF ZL + Zsfcl + 3.Rf)
(16)
From equation (16), the current of phase (A) in the presence of a SFCL device is given by:
From equations (4) and (6), the current symmetrical components take the following form:
I A =
3.V
( nF ZL + ZsfcL + 3 . RF )
(17)
From equations (7) and (17), the current symmetrical components in the presence of a SFCL device take the following form:
The voltage symmetrical components are given by [16, 21]:
K
'0 "M 2
3 ( nF ZL + ZSFCL + 3 . RF )
(18)
l l l
l a a2 l a2 a
(8)
From equation (5), the direct voltage component is given by:
Substituting by I from equation (18) into equation (13) while using equations (11) and (12), the direct voltage component takes the following form:
V =
_ vs. [nf.(zl.0 + ZL.2) + (Zsfcl.0 + zsfcl.2) + 3 rf ]
( nf zl + zsfcl + 3 rf )
(19)
V	= R I - V - V
VI	RF .iA v0 v2
(9)
Similarly, using equations (14) and (18), the inverse voltage component becomes:
The impedances symmetrical components are given by [16, 21]:
(10)
Therefore, the symmetrical components of the transmission line impedance ZL and the apparent impedance of the SFCL device ZSFCL are defined according to equation (10) as follows:
Zo Zl		l	l	l	Z
	_ l = 3	l	a	a2	Za
Z2 _		l	a2	a	Z
_ vs. \_nf .zl.2 + zsfcl.2 ]
V =-
( nf zl + zsfcl + 3 . rf )
(20)
U sing equations (15) and (18), the zero component of the voltage becomes:
y _ vs. \_nf 'zl.0 + Zsfcl.0 ] 0 ( nf zl + zsfcl + 3 .rf )
(21)
In o rder to obtain the phase voltages at the fault point in the presence of SFCL device and fault resistance, the following equation is used [16, 21]:
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		1	1	1 "	
Vb	=	1	a2	a	V
Vc _		1	a	a2	V2 _
(22)
Substituting equations (19), (20) and (21) into equation (22) yields:
Va =
3R Vs
(nP ZL + ZSFCL + 3.Rf)
VB =
V . [(a2 - a)Z '+(a2 -1)Z0 '+ 3.a2.RF)'
Vc =
(np zl +zspcl +3 rp)
V. [(a - a2 )Z '+(a -1) Z0 '+ 3.a.R)
(np zl + zspcl + 3.rp)
(23)
(24)
(25)
Coefficients Z2' and Z0' are defined as:
Z2 nfzl.2 + zsfcl.2
Z0 nfzl.0 + zsfcl.0
(26) (27)
This analysis shows that short-circuit calculations in this case are mainly related to the impedance of used SFCL (ZSFCL), fault location (nF) and fault resistance (RF). Below, the effect of changing ZSFCL on short-circuit parameters is studied in the case of using either R-SFCL or I-SFCL, while both fault location and fault resistance are maintained at constant values.
4 Case Study and Simulation Results
In this paper, the selected case study is for a 220 kV transmission line in the Algerian transmission network, Sonelgaz group [22]. The line connects bus-bar A at Batna and bus-bar B at Biskra. The relay measuring the fault current is located at Batna to protect the line. The system is modeled using MATLAB where obtained simulation results are presented and discussed.
Transmission line parameters are given as follows: length = 113 km, frequency = 50 Hz, direct and inverse sequence impedances ZLA = ZL2 = 0.121 + j 0.421 Q/km and zero sequence impedance ZLo0 = 0.361 + j 1.263 Q/km. The ranges of R-SFCL and I-SFCL impedances are given by 0-3.5 Q and 0 - 4.5 Q, respectively. These ranges are determined based on practical considerations related to the understanding of the system operation.
For the given results, the fault location is assumed to occur at bus-bar B (nF = 100 %) in the presence of a fixed fault resistance RF which takes the value of 30 Q.
Figures 2.a, b, c represent the variations in the current symmetrical components, Ij, I2 and I0, as a
function of ZSFCL while using either R-SFCL or I-SFCL. It is noticed that the three symmetrical current components are equal for each case, according to equation (7). It is also noticed that increasing Zsfcl leads to a decrease in the current components which is expected whenever using SFCL devices. When comparing the magnitudes of the two cases, it is clear that the magnitudes of the current symmetrical components in the case of using R-SFCL are less than those obtained when using I-SFCL.
160
150
140
130
120
110
150
140
130
120
110
						-With R-SFCL -With L-SFCL			
									
									
									
									
0.5
1.5
2.5 P)
3.5
4.5
						-With R-SFCL -With L-SFCL		
								
								
								
								
0.5
1.5
2.5
P)
3.5
4.5
(c)
Figure 2. Impact of ZSFCL on current symmetrical components: (a). Ij = f (Zsfcl), (b). I2=f (Zsfcl), (c). Io=f (Zsfcl)-
PHASE TO GROUND FAULT ANALYSIS OF A HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUIPPED WITH RESISTIVE
165
15 14.5 14 13.5 13 12.5 12 11.5 11
0.5
									
									
									
									
									
									
									
								With R-SFCL -With L-SFCL	
									
1.5
2 2.5 zsfcl iq>
(a)
3.5
4.5
						i i i			
								With R-SFCL With L-SFCL "	
									
									
									
									
									
									
									
							>		
Figure 3. Impact of ZSFCL on voltage symmetrical components: (a). V1 = f (Zsfcl), (b). C = f (Zsfcl), (c). Vo=f (Zsfcl)-
Figures 3.a, b, c represent the variations in the voltage symmetrical components, Vj, V2 and V0, as a function of ZSFCL for both cases. Increasing ZSFCL leads to an increase in the direct voltage component and a decrease in the inverse and zero voltage components for both cases, as in equations (19), (20) and (21). This reflects an improvement in the system performance when using SFCL. Results obtained for the voltage symmetrical components when using R-SFCL are shown to be better than those obtained when using I-
SFCL. This is represented in the larger voltage magnitudes exhibited by the direct sequence component and the smaller voltage magnitudes exhibited by both the indirect and zero sequence components in the case of using R-SFCL and when compared with their corresponding values when using I-SFCL, for the same
zsfcl.
480 460 440
420 400 380 360 340
-10
-10
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
sfcl
(a)
2.5 P)
1.5
2 2.5 zsfcl(q> (b)
								With R-SFCL With L-SFCL -	
									
									
									
									
									
									
									
1.5
2 2.5 sfcl
(C)
3.5
4.5
						-With R-SFCL -With L-SFCL			
									
									
									
									
3.5
4.5
						-With R-SFCL -With L-SFCL			
									
									
									
									
3.5
4.5
Figure 4. Impact of ZSFCL on transmission line currents: (a). IA = f (Zsfcl), (b). Ib = f (Zsfcl), (c). Ic = f (Zsfcl).
Figures 4.a, b, c represent the variations in the line currents, IA, IB and IC, as a function of ZSFCL for both cases. The line currents of phases B and C are always zero since the phase to ground fault occurs at phase A,
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ZELLAGUI, HASSAN
as in equation (4). While using R-SFCL or I-SFCL, the increase of ZSFCL leads to a reduced magnitude of the line current of the faulty phase (A) which is an advantage gained from using SFCL devices. Comparing the magnitudes of the fault current in both cases, it is shown that less magnitude is exhibited when using R-SFCL than that obtained when using I-SFCL for the same ZSFCL, particularly for significant values of ZSFCL. This means that R-SFCL leads to a reduced magnitude of fault current.
(b)
(c)
Figure 5. Impact of ZSFCL on transmission line voltages: (a). VA = f (Zsfcl), (b). Vb = f (Zsfcl), (c) Vc = f (Zsfcl).
Figures 5.a, b, c represent the variations in the voltages, VA, VB and VC, as a function of ZSFCL for both cases. It is clear that the increase in ZSFCL leads to an increase in the system phase voltages under fault conditions. R-SFCL shows better performance than I-SFCL which is represented in the exhibited higher magnitudes of the system three phase voltages under short-circuit.
5 Conclusions
This research work investigates the effect of using two Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCL), one resistive and the other inductive (R-SFCL and I-SFCL), on short-circuit calculations of a 220 kV transmission line operating in the Algerian power network in the case of a phase to ground fault and a fixed fault resistance.
The presented theoretical analysis shows that the short-circuit calculations for this type of fault are directly related to the magnitude of the impedance of the used SFCLs device, whose effect was explored in this research work, as well as to the fault location and fault resistance which are both maintained at fixed values in this paper.
The simulations results obtained by using the developed MATLAB program, highlight the advantages of using both SFCL devices presenting from their reducing the fault current and increasing the system phase voltages under fault conditions while increasing the impedance of the device.
Furthermore, it was concluded that R-SFCL offers a better system performance under fault than I-SFCL for the considered case. Increasing the impedance of R-SFCL was met by a less magnitude of the fault current and higher magnitudes of the system phase voltages than those noticed when using I-SFCL for the same device impedance. This can be mainly attributed to the direct effect of using pure resistance in controlling the magnitude of the fault current.
Further research studies are currently conducted towards determining an optimal location of SFCL devices using suitable optimization algorithms in meshed and radial power systems.
References
[1]	M. Zellagui, and A. Chaghi, "Impact of Apparent Reactance Injected by TCSR on Distance Relay in Presence Phase to Earth Fault", Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AEEE), Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 156-168, 2013.
[2]	Sonelgaz Group, "Rapport: Statistics of Faults on Transmission Electrical Networks 220", Algerian Company of Electrical Transmission, GRTE, Algiers, Algeria, December 2013.
[3]	M. Steurer, K. Frohlich, W. Holaus, and K. Kaltenegger, "A Novel Hybrid Current Limiting Circuit Breaker for Medium Voltage: Principles and Test Results", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 946-949, 2003.
[4]	L. Ye, and A. Campbell, "Case Study of HTS Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in Electrical Distribution Systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, pp. 534-439, 2007.
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[5]	L. Ye, and A. Campbell, "Behavior Investigation of Superconducting Current Limiters in Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 662-666, 2006.
[6]	M. Firouzi, S. Aslani, G. B. Gharehpetian, and A. Jalilvand, "Effect of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters on Successful Interruption of Circuit Breakers", International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ), Santiago -Spain, 28-30 March, 2012.
[7]	J. Kincaid, I. Abdulhadi, A. S. Emhemed, and G. M. Burt, "Evaluating the Impact of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters on Distribution Network Protection Schemes", 46th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Soest - Germany, 5-8 September, 2011.
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Mohamed Zellagui was born in Constantine, Algeria, in 1984. He received the engineering degree (Honors with first class) and M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering (Power System) from the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Constantine, Algeria in 2007 and 2010, respectively. He received Doctor Degree in Power Systems from the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Batna, Algeria in 2014. He is a member of LSP-IE research laboratory at Batna University, Algeria. In 2012, Dr. Zellagui obtained the national award for the best PhD student in science and technology. He has membership at International Association of Engineers (IAENG), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Power and Energy Society (PES), Smart Grid Community (SGC) and The Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET). He is a Senior Member of the Universal Association of Computer and Electronics Engineers (UACEE), International Scientific Academy of Engineering & Technology (ISAET) and International A ssociation of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT). His research interests include power systems protection, power electronics; short-circuit calculations, distance relays, overcurrent relays, renewable energy, and FACTS devices.
Heba Ahmed Hassan, received her B.Sc. and M.Sc. with Distinction First Honors degree from Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Ulster, UK, in 2004 when she was selected to present her Ph.D. work at the House of Commons, Parliament House, Westminster, London, UK. She joined Dhofar University, Sultanate of Oman in 2008 where she was promoted to several senior leadership positions. She was the Acting Dean and Assistant Dean of College of Engineering, Dhofar University. Currently, she is an academic member in the Quality Assurance Unit of Dhofar University. She is also the university representative at Oman Academic Accreditation Authority (OAAA). She has been appointed to OAAA's Register of External Reviewers in June 2014. Dr. Hassan is a full-time faculty in Electrical Power and Machines Department, Cairo University, currently on leave. She was an Academic Visitor at the Imperial College, London, UK (1998), a Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Ulster, UK (2001-2005), and a part-time faculty at many respectable private engineering universities in Egypt (20052008). During that period, she worked as a quality auditor for the Quality Assurance and Accreditation Project (QAAP) and a consultant for several Egyptian MoHE development projects financed by IBRD. She co-supervised master Students in Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University (2005-2012). Dr. Hassan was selected by reputable universities in India as an External Ph.D. Examiner and as a Keynote Speaker in several international conferences. She was appointed by the Omani
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MoHE as a Reviewer of newly submitted academic programs. Dr. Hassan is a Senior IEEE member (SMIEEE), an IET Member (MIET), an Associate Fellow of the Higher Education Academy-UK (AFHEA) and a Certified Associate Academic Trainer by the International Board of Certified Trainers (IBCT). She is the Chief Editor of two international referred journals in the field. She is also serving as an Associate Editor, an Editorial Board Member and a Reviewer for many international journals and conferences in power engineering. Dr. Hassan research interests include electrical power systems stability and control, FACTS modeling, optimal and robust adaptive control and quality of higher education related studies.