C ZVEZA ZA TEHNIČN® KULTUR® SLOVENIJE NATURA SLOVENIAE Revija za terensko biologijo • Journal of Field Biology Letnik • Volume 5 Številka • Number 2 Ljubljana 2003 NATURA SLOVENIAE Revija za terensko biologijo • Journal of Field Biology Izdaja • Published by Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije Lepi pot 6, SI-1111 Ljubljana Številka žiro računa: 50101-678-51259 Tel.: (01) 251 37 43, 425 07 69; Telefax: (01) 252 24 87 Glavna in odgovorna urednika • Editors in Chief Rok Kostanjšek, Aleksandra Lešnik Uredniški odbor • Editorial Board Matjaž Bedjanič (Slovenia), Nicola Bressi (Italy), Marijan Govedič (Slovenia), Nejc Jogan (Slovenia), Toni Nikolic (Croatia), Katja Poboljšaj (Slovenia), Chris Wan Swaay (Netherland), Peter Trontelj (Slovenia), Rudi Verovnik (Slovenia) Naslov uredništva • Address of the Editorial Office NATURA SLOVENIAE, Večna pot 111, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenija Izvlečki prispevkov so zavedeni v zbirkah ASFA, AGRIS, COBBIS in Zoological Records. ISSN: 1580-0814 UDK: 57/59(051)=863=20 Lektorji • Language Editors za angleščino (for English): Henrik Ciglič za slovenščino (for Slovene): Henrik Ciglič Oblikovanje naslovnice • Layout Daša Simčič akad. slikarka, Atelje T Natisnjeno • Printed in 2003 Tisk • Print Solidarnost d.d., Murska Sobota Naklada • Circulation 500 izvodov/copies Kazalo vsebine ZNANSTVENI ČLANKI / SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps in relation to environmental factors / VPLIV OKOLJSKIH DEJAVNIKOV NA ZDRUŽBE VELIKIH VODNIH NEVRETENČARJEV V KRAŠKIH IZVIRIH V JULIJSKIH ALPAH............................................................5 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegaster heros Theischinger 1979, new for the fauna of Italy (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) / VELIKI STUDENČAR CORDULEGASTER HEROS THEISCHINGER 1979, NOVA VRSTA ZA FAVNO ITALIJE (ODONATA: CORDULEGASTRIDAE)...........19 Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze, East Slovenia / RAZŠIRJENOST DNEVNIH METULJEV (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) V HALOZAH, VZHODNA SLOVENIJA.................................................................................................................................31 Primož PRESETNIK & Matilda CERAR: Opazovanja kolonije belorobega netopirja Pipistrelluskuhliiv Krašnji (osrednja Slovenija) v letu 2002 - spremembe številčnosti, čas izletavanja in prehranjevalni habitati / MONITORING OF THE KUHL'S PIPISTRELLE PIPISTRELLUS KUHLII COLONY AT KRAŠNJA (CENTRAL SLOVENIA) IN 2002 - CHANGES IN THEIR NUMBERS, EMERGENCE TIME AND FORAGING HABITATS ..................................................................................................................................................47 KRATKE NOTICE / SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Marijan GOVEDIČ & Franc JANŽEKOVIČ: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti močvirske sklednice (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) ob reki Dravi v Sloveniji / A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EUROPEAN POND TURTLE (EMYS ORBICULARIS (LINNAEUS, 1758)) DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE DRAVA RIVER IN SLOVENIA.......................................................................................................................59 Gregor TORKAR: Najdba laškega gada Vipera aspisv Breginjskem kotu poleti 2001 / OBSERVATION OF THE ASP VIPER VIPERA ASPIS AT BREGINJSK KOT (W SLOVENIA)..................................................65 NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 2-29 Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2003 Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps in relation to environmental factors Nataša MORI National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: natasa.mori@nib.si Abstract. Karst springs in the Julian Alps were investigated from May to September 1999 to examine the influence of physical and chemical characteristics on macroinvertebrate community composition. The study revealed a great heterogeneity of environmental characteristics and highly variable taxonomic composition and abundance of taxa among individual springs. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that spring altitude and periphyton coverage were the only environmental parameters significantly influencing the macroinvertebrate community composition. Key words: macroinvertebrates, karst springs, Julian Alps, spring ecology Izvleček. VPLIV OKOLJSKIH DEJAVNIKOV NA ZDRUŽBE VELIKIH VODNIH NEVRETENČARJEV V KRAŠKIH IZVIRIH V JULIJSKIH ALPAH - Preučevali smo združbe velikih vodnih nevretenčarjev v 16 kraških izvirih na območju Julijskih Alp v povezavi z fizikalnimi in kemijskimi lastnostmi izvirskih habitatov v obdobju od maja do septembra 1999. Primerjava okoljskih dejavnikov in združb med posameznimi izviri je pokazala velike razlike tako v fizikalnih in kemijskih značilnostih kot v sestavi združb med posameznimi izviri. Rezultati kanonične korelacijske analize (CCA) kažejo, da sta edino nadmorska višina in pokritost substrata s perifitonom značilno vplivala na sestavo izvirskih združb. Ključne besede: veliki vodni nevretenčarji, kraški izviri, Julijske Alpe, ekologija izvirov Introduction Springs, compared to headwater streams of comparable size, have reduced annual and diurnal fluctuations in water temperature (Mc Cabe 1998). The mean water temperature is nearly equal to the mean annual temperature for the area (van der Kamp 1995). Spring communities demonstrate the majority of structural and functional properties seen in other lotic communities, yet they are significantly less complex (Williams & Williams 1998). NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 5-29 Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2003 lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Discharge and substrate particle size has been found as factor controlling spring communities (Bonettini & Cantonati 1996). Other studies showed correlation between spring macroinvertebrate communities and pH (Glazier 1991), alkalinity and macrophyte cover (Glazier & Gooch 1987). Recently, Smith et al. (2003) demonstrated that the flow permanence has a dominant control over community composition. However, some studies found no correlation between single environmental parameters and the spring community structure (Lindegaard et al. 1998). The aim of our study was to define environmental factors controlling the macroinvertebrate communities of 16 karst springs in the Julian Alps, Slovenia. Study area The springs examined were located within the Soča and Sava catchments at the foothills of the eastern part of the Julian Alps (NW Slovenia) (Fig. 1). The climate of the region is mountainous, with a mean annual temperature of 8°C and annual rainfall from 1600 to 3000 mm per year (Ogrin 1998). Mainly Triassic limestone underlies the area. The springs were situated along deep narrow Alpine valleys at altitudes from 410 to 955 m. Most of the springs were rheocrenes, only Kropa was limnocrene and Tresli hygropetric rheocrene. Nine springs were perennial, two were intermittent and in five of them the emergence of groundwater fluctuated up or down in the channel depending on local precipitation and groundwater levels (linear springs). NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 5-17 7 Figure 1. Map of the eastern part of the Julian Alps, indicating the location of sampling sites (1= spring in the Vrata valley, 2 = Krma, 3 = Frčkov rovt, 4 = Zatrep, 5 = Lipnik, 6 = Črna rečica, 7 = spring in Soteska, 8 = Nomenj, 9 = Kropa, 10 = Voje, 11 = spring at Lake Bohinj, 12 = Tolminka, 13 = Tresli, 14 = Kršovec, 15 = Roja, 16 = Krajcarica). Slika 1. Zemljevid Julijskih Alp z označenimi vzorčnimi mesti (1 = izvir v dolini Vrat, 2 = Krma, 3 = Frčkov rovt, 4 = Zatrep, 5 = Lipnik, 6 = Črna rečica, 7 = izvir v Soteski, 8 = Nomenj, 9 = Kropa, 10 = Voje, 11 = izvir pri Bohinjskem jezeru, 12 = Tolminka, 13 = Tresli, 14 = Kršovec, 15 = Roja, 16 = Krajcarica). Material and methods The sampling of spring fauna was conducted in May, July and September 1999. Physical characteristics of the springs were noted on the spot (spring type, flow permanence, flow rate, substrate, periphyton, moss and organic matter cover) and temperature was measured. Water samples were collected at each spring-source, and analysed in the laboratory for pH, conductivity (pScm-1), alkalinity (peql-1) and nitrate (mgl-1) following standard methods (APHA 1998). Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from each spring using a hand net (mesh size 100 pm) and standardised kicking technique (APHA 1998). Samples were preserved in 4 % formaldehyde solution. In the laboratory, organisms were identified to the lowest taxonomic lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER level possible by means of identification keys (Bole 1969, Karaman & Pinkster 1977, Rivosecchi 1984, Graf & Waringer 1997, Studeman et al. 1992). Since many of the organisms belonged to taxonomically difficult groups and many of them were immature, taxonomic units used were mostly above the species level. To examine differences between the macroinvertebrate communities of the springs, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index were calculated. Bray-Curtis index of similarity was calculated to compare degree of resemblance among springs. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to correlate community data to environmental variables. Data on taxa abundance were transformed by natural logarithms ln(x + 1) to down weight high abundant taxa. Significance of environmental variables in CCA was tested by Monte Carlo permutation test (999 permutations) in forward selection of variables. CCA was run by CANOCO 4.5 program (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002). Results The mean temperatures of the 15 spring sources were between 5.6 and 8.7 °C, but the temperature of spring not shadowed by forest vegetation (Tresli) was 15.2 °C (Tab. 1). Mean flow rates were higher than 0.3 ms-1 in four springs (Zatrep, Lipnik, Črna rečica, Roja) and lower than 0.1 ms-1 in Krma, Frčkov rovt, Tresli and Kršovec springs. Substrate composition varied between springs, but boulders and cobbles prevailed in most of the springs studied. Mean pH varied by 0.3 (range 7.7-8.0), mean conductivity by 205 pScm-1 (range 200-405 pScm-1), mean alkalinity by 1887 peql-1 (range 1633-3520 peql-1) and mean nitrates by 4 mgl-1 (range 0.4-4.4 mgl-1). During the study period, a total of 72 taxa were recorded from the 16 springs (Tab. 2). Protonemura sp. (Plecoptera), Chironomidae (Diptera), Gammarus cf. fossarum (Amphipoda), Limnephilidae (Trichoptera) and Tricladida (Turbellaria) were the most abundant taxa. The most widespread taxa, collected from the majority of sampling sites were Chironomidae, Nematoda, Limnephilidae, Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta), Tricladida and Belgrandiella kuesteri (Gastropoda). NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 5-17 9 Table 1. Environmental parameters in 16 karst springs in the Julian Alps. Spring type: R = rheocrene; L = limnocrene; HR = hygropetric rheocrene. Flow permanence: 0 = intermittent; 1 = linear; 2 = perennial. Flow rate: 1 = < 0.1 ms-1; 2 = 0.1-0.3 ms-1; 3 = 0.3-0.55 ms-1; 4 = > 0.6 ms-1. Organic matter, periphyton, moss coverage: 1= < 10 %; 2 = 10-50 %; 3 = > 50 %. Tabela 1. Okoljski dejavniki v 16 kraških izvirih v Julijskih Alpah. Vrsta izvira: R = reokren; L = limnokren; HR = higropetrični reokren. Stalnost pretoka: 0 = občasen; 1 = spreminjajoč; 2 = stalen. Hitrost toka: 1= < 0.1 ms-1; 2 = 0.1-0.3 ms-1; 3 = 0.3-0.55 ms-1; 4 = > 0.6 ms-1. Pokritost z organskim drobirjem, perifitonom in mahovi: 1 = < 10 %; 2 = 10-50 %; 3 = > 50 %. Vrata Krma Frčkov rovt Zatrep Lipnik Črna rečica Soteska Nomenj Kropa Voje at the lake Tolminka Tresli Kršovec Roja Krajcarica altitude (m) 730 955 S90 SSO S 50 S50 550 S20 700 S85 530 S90 S20 410 480 720 spring type R R R R R R R R L R R R HR R R R mean temperature 5.8 S.4 8.7 S.4 S.9 7.7 S.S 8.4 S.9 S.8 8.2 5.7 15.2 7.9 S.3 5.S flow permanence 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 1 mean flow rate 2 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 substrate (%) boulders and cobbles 0.4 0.8 0.S 0.1 0.8 0 0.7 0 0.8 0.1 0 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.S 0.1 pebbles and gravel 0.S 0 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.S 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 O.S 0 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 sand and silt 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0 0 0 0.3 organic matter 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 mean pH 8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.9 7.8 8 8 7.9 7.9 8 conductivity (pScm-1) 228 25S 3S3 27S 31S 3S3 285 331 330 22S 292 203 405 257 200 210 alkalinity (Meql"1) 179S 2112 29S4 2314 253S 2933 228S 281S 2738 2044 2428 1S33 3520 2094 1S44 1SS7 nitrate (mgl-1) 1.4 2.0 3.0 1.4 1.9 1.8 4.4 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.4 2.S 0.4 2.S 2.2 1.7 periphyton 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 moss 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 Table 2. Aggregated macroinvertebrate data indicating presence or absence and abundance for the 16 springs. Key to abundance: R = rare (1-10 individuals); O = occasional (11-30 individuals); C = common (31-100 individuals); A = abundant (> 100 individuals). Tabela 2. Podatki o prisotnosti, odsotnosti in abundanci makroinvertebratov v 16 izvirih. Razlaga: R = redek; O = občasen; C = pogost; A = množičen. Taxa t ra n E S o r > o je >u Zatrep £ Ë a. a au >ü a ^ a C a je tfí e t ■n C a E n p o e ■¡7 e je a a •C t a je C 1 M er u a > o a a au 'Z n u ar > * LL .j >u to z * > at 1- rT * 2. * TURBELLARIA Tricladida C C C C R A O R O R C Polycelis sp. A A NEMATODA R R R R R R R O C R R R R R lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER H o a u a je « a 4-1 a je a a •C 4-1 a a u Taxa re 4-1 re re E > o je > o >M a 'iT re u (D > * UL N >u U) z * S (D 1- T * 2 * GASTROPODA Ancylus fluviatllis R Belgrandiella kuesteri R C R R O R R C O O Belgrandiella fontinaiis C O C O Bythinella schmidti R C O R R A R Iglica hauffeni R Lymnaea truncatulla R R OLIGOCHAETA Enchytraeidae C A R R O O R R R O C Lumbriculidae O O R R C R R Eiseniella tetraedra R R R Naididae R C R R AMPHIPODA Gammarus cf. fossarum C A C R A C Niphagus sp. R 0 R R C Niphargus gr. kochianus O R Niphargus gr. longidactylus R Niphargus gr. stygius R R R R R R ISOPODA Proasselus deminutus agg. R R ACARIÑA Hydracarina R R PLECOPTERA Chloroperlidae R Leuctra sp. C C R C O Leuctra nggra R R Nemouridae O O O R R Nemoura sp. C R R R R R R Nemoura cf. marginata R Protonemura sp. R O O A R C O C A Perlodidae C C Dyctiogenus sp. R R O Dyctiogenus cf. alpinus R Isoperlasp. R R Per/odes sp. R Brachyptera sp. O C O R Brachyptera risi R TRICHOPTERA Lithax niger R Limnephilidae R O R R C A O A O R R C Allogamus uncatus R Drusus sp. R O Drusus chrysotus R Potamophylax sp. R R R O Potamophylax nigricornis R Polycentropodidae R Plectrocnemia conspersa R Psychomyiidae R Tinodes sp. R Tinodes dives R R Ryacophilidae R Ryacophila sp. R R R R NATURA SLOVENIAE 4(1): 21-30 11 Taxa Vrata Krma Frčkov rovt Zatrep Lipnik Črna rečica Soteska Nomenj Kropa Voje at the lake Tolminka Tresli Kršovec Roja Krajcarica Sericostoma sp. R EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae R Baetis sp. R R R Baetis melanonyx O O Baetis rhodani O R R Ecdyonurus sp. R Ecdyonurus picteti R A Ecdyonurus zelleri O Rhithrogena sp. R DIPTERA Ceratopogonidae R R R R R R R R R Chironomidae C C C C O O R O C O R C C R C C Culicidae R Dixidae R R R R Empididae R R R R R R Limonidae R R Psychodidae R R R Simulidae R Stratiomyidae R Thaumaleidae R R R R Tipulidae R R R R R R COLEOPTERA Elmidae R R Elmis sp. R Dryops sp. R R Agabus sp. R The number of taxa per spring was between 8 and 26, while the number of individuals per spring varied between 35 and 907 (Tab. 3). Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness were between 1.51 and 3.54, and 0.43 and 0.81 respectively. The lowest taxa richness and number of specimens were observed in the spring located at the highest altitude (Krma), in two intermittent springs (Kršovec, Zatrep), and in two springs with high flow rates, poor food resources and lower water temperatures than others (Roja, Tolminka). The highest taxa richness and abundances were recorded in limnocrene spring (Kropa) and in rheocrene springs with rich food resources (Vrata, Frčkov rovt, Črna rečica, Nomenj, Voje). However, Lipnik is among the richest in taxa number, but poor in food resources and with high flow rate. The lowest Shannon-Wienner diversity and also Pielou's evenness was measured in the spring Zatrep and in the Soteska valley. The latter was a linear spring with moving water emergence and mostly with Limnephilidae present. lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Table 3. Summary of taxa richness, total abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Pielou's evenness for all 16 springs. Data represent aggregated macroinvertebrate samples for the entire study period (May 1999-September 1999). Tabela 3. Vrstna pestrost, skupna abundanca, Shannon-Wienerjev diverzitetni indeks in Pieloujev indeks enakosti za združbe 16 izvirov. Podatki temeljijo na združenih vzorcih iz obdobja od maja do septembra 1999. Spring Taxa richness Total abundance ShannonWiener diversity Pielou evenness spring in the Vrata valley 24 258 3.34 0.73 Krma 10 122 2.03 0.61 Frčkov rovt 26 590 3.54 0.75 Zatrep 8 229 1.51 0.50 Lipnik 24 409 3.39 0.74 Črna rečica 19 873 2.50 0.59 spring in the Soteska valley 12 234 1.54 0.43 Nomenj 19 560 2.83 0.67 Kropa 26 907 3.50 0.74 spring in the Voje valley 20 194 3.28 0.76 spring at the Lake Bohinj 11 439 2.46 0.71 Tolminka 9 104 1.67 0.53 Tresli 15 144 2.72 0.70 Kršovec 9 35 2.56 0.81 Roja 8 79 1.67 0.56 Kraj carica 12 313 2.70 0.75 Each spring appeared to have a distinct macroinvertebrate community (Fig. 2). The highest coefficient of similarity was up to 67 %, but the similarity between springs was mostly up to 29 %. >o > o > Vrata Krma less than 10% Frčkov rovt 10-29% 30-49% 50-67% Zatrep Lipnik Črna rečica V soteski Nomenj at the lake Voje Kropa Tolminka Tresli Kršovec Roja Figure 2. Similarity between 16 springs, based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index. Slika 2. Podobnost med 16 izviri na osnovi Bray-Curtisovega indeksa podobnosti. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 5-17 13 CCA accounted for 85.9 % of the total variance of the taxa data from the 16 springs. The eigenvalue for the first axis was 0.411 and for the second 0.333 (Fig. 4, Tab. 4). These two axes explained 30.1 % of the species-environment relation. The first CCA axis was primarily a positive gradient of altitude and negative gradient of periphyton coverage. The second axis was primarily a positive gradient of substrate and negative gradient of altitude. The only environmental variables found to be significant when examined using the Monte Carlo permutation test with the forward selection procedure were altitude and periphyton coverage. CCA clearly separated the spring Krma from others, primarily due to higher elevation and some taxa present only there. The Nomenj spring and the spring at the lake, and the springs Roja and Tolminka felt close together in the CCA ordination diagram. Figure 3. CCA ordination diagram based on taxa composition and abundance data of macroinvertebrates from 16 springs in relation to twelve environmental variables (only three are displayed). The eigenvalues of axis 1 (horizontally) and axis 2 (vertically) are 0.411 and 0.333 respectively. The first two axes account for 30.1 % of all variance explained by CCA. Sampling sites (circles); taxa (triangles); environmental variables (lines). Slika 3. CCA ordinacijski diagram na osnovi makroinvertebratov, najdenih v 16 izvirih v povezavi z dvanajstimi okoljskimi dejavniki (trije so prikazani na sliki). Lastna vrednost prve osi je 0.411 in druge 0.333. Prvi dve osi pojasnjujeta 30.1 % celotne variance razložene z CCA. Vzorčna mesta (krogi); taksoni (trikotniki); okoljski dejavniki (črte). lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Table 4. Summary of CCA analysis. Tabela 4. Povzetek kanonične korespondenčne analize. Axes 1 2 3 4 Total inertia Eigenvalues 0.411 0.333 0.294 0.292 2.88 Species-environment correlations 0.991 0.994 0.998 0.995 Cumulative percentage variance of species data 14.3 25.9 36 46.2 of species-environment relation 16.6 30.1 42 53.8 Sum of all eigenvalues 2.88 Sum of all canonical eigenvalues 2.474 Discussion The fauna recorded in the 16 springs was composed of mainly lotic taxa, occurring in the rest of the river continuum, and to a lesser extent of hypogean taxa, belonging to the Gastropoda, Amphipoda and Isopoda groups. Chironomids and trichopterans turned out to be the most successful taxa in the spring environments, occurring frequently and in high abundances. Dipterans were recognised as the major part of the spring fauna in central Europe (Wagner et al. 1998) and chironomids as the taxonomic group richest in species in alpine springs (Gerecke et al. 1998). Similarity between community composition was low (normally up to 29 %) due to the highly variable number of taxa and abundances among springs and due to the fact that most of the taxa found were recorded from only one or two springs. The geographical distance and isolation of those habitats, together with different combinations of environmental factors in individual spring, were probably the reasons for the great heterogeneity of macroinvertebrate communities. The results suggested that the key environmental factors defining the macroinvertebrate spring communities were different among springs. No universal environmental factor determining all communities studied was recognised. Smith et al. (2003) showed that flow permanence, variation in water temperature and the input of leaf litter had dominant influence on the spring macroinvertebrate communities. We presume that spring morphology (type of spring), flow permanence and rate of discharge play the major role in shaping other environmental parameters. In limnocrene spring, permanent springs, springs with moderate flow rates, rich in organic matter, periphyton and moss cover, higher taxa number and density NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 5-17 15 was found than in intermittent or linear springs, or in springs with high flow rates, low organic matter, periphyton and moss cover. The communities from Roja and Lipnik springs were similar in all environmental factors mentioned above, but Lipnik had a considerably higher taxa richness, abundance and diversity. We presume that discharge and consequently the spring area are the main reasons for these differences. Lipnik is a much larger spring, with estimated discharge twice as great as Roja's. The positive correlation between diversity and discharge recorded in the springs of Finland demonstrated the general rule that larger ecosystems (springs) have a greater number of species than the smaller ones (Sarkka et al. 1997). In the CCA analysis, the spring Krma (the most elevated spring) was separated from others due to Allogamus uncatus, Nemoura cf. marginata, Polycentropodidae and Plectrocnemia conspersa present only here. The CCA ordination diagram clearly showed ordination of taxa and sample points along the periphyton gradient. Povzetek Na območju Julijskih Alp so bile maja, julija in septembra 1999 v 16 kraških izvirih opravljene raziskave združb velikih vodnih nevretenčarjev. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kateri so okoljski dejavniki, ki vplivajo na sestavo združb velikih vodnih nevretenčarjev v izvirskih habitatih. Raziskave združb so bile opravljene z metodo vzorčevanja, imenovano "kick sampling". Poleg bioloških analiz so bile opravljene tudi meritve kemijskih in fizikalnih dejavnikov. Izbrani izviri ležijo na nadmorskih višinah od 410 m do 955 m. Vsi izviri, razen dveh, od katerih je eden limnokren, drugi pa higropetrični reokren, so reokreni. Za izvire so bila značilna različna nihanja pretokov in relativno stabilne temperature vode. Izmerjene vrednosti pH so bile v bazičnem območju. Prevodnost in alkaliteta sta bili zaradi karbonatne podlage relativno visoki. V posameznih izvirih smo izmerili od 0 do 4,82 mgl-1 nitratov. V izvirih smo ugotovili najmanj 72 različnih taksonov velikih vodnih nevretenčarjev. Vrbnice (Plecoptera), dvokrilci (Diptera), postranice (Amphipoda), mladoletnice (Trichoptera) in vrtinčarji (Turbellaria) so bili najpogostejši predstavniki izvirskih združb. V posameznih izvirih je bilo število taksonov od 8 do 26. Največje število taksonov, visoke abundance in diverziteto smo zabeležili v izvirih s stalnim pretokom, bogatih z organskim materialom, perifitonom in mahovi. Nizke vrednosti števila taksonov, abundanc in diverzitetnih indeksov so bile v izvirih z nestalnim pretokom ali pa v izvirih, revnih z organskim materialom, perifitonom in mahovi in višjimi hitrostmi vodnega toka. Podobnost med izvirskimi združbami na osnovi Bray-Curtisovega indeksa je bila večinoma nižja od 29 %. Preučevanje vpliva okoljskih dejavnikov na sestavo združb velikih vodnih nevretenčarjev s kanonično korespondenčno analizo je pokazalo, da na sestavo združbe v največji meri vplivata nadmorska višina in perifiton. lO Nataša MORI: Macroinvertebrate communities of karst springs in the Julian Alps ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Prof Dr Boris Sket, France Velkovrh, Dr Ignac Sivec, Dr Daša Zabric and Gorazd Urbanič for their help in determining some taxa, and Andreja Jerebic for chemical analyses of the water samples, to Milijan Šiško for his help in computer work, and to Gregor Muri for his help during the fieldwork. References APHA (1998): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Clesceri L.S., Greenberg A.E. and Eaton A.D. (ed.). American Public Health Association, Washington DC. Bole J. (1969): Mehkužci (Mollusca). Ključi za določevanje živali. Inštitut za Biologijo Univerze v Ljubljani in Društvo biologov Slovenije, Ljubljana, 67 pp. Bonettini A.M., Cantonati M. (1996): Macroinvertebrate assemblages of springs of the river Sarca catchment (Adamello-Brenta Regional Park, Trentino, Italy). Crunoecia 5: 71-78. Gerecke R., Meisch C., Stoch F., Acri F., Franz H. (1998): Eucrenon/Hypocrenon ecotone and spring typology in the Alps of Berchtesgaden (Upper Bavaria, Germany). Glazier D.S (1991): The fauna of Norh American temperate cold springs: patterns and hypotheses. Freshwater Biology 26: 527-542. Glazier D.S., Gooch J.L. (1987): Macroinvertebrate assemblages in Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) springs. Hydrobiologia 150: 33-43. Graf W., Waringer J. (1997): Atlas der Österreichischen Kocherfliegen larven. Facultas Universitetverlag, Wien, 286 pp. Karaman G.S., Pinkster S. (1977): Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia. Part 1: Gammarus pulex group. Bijdr Dierk 47(1): 1-97. Lindegaard C., Brodersen K.P., Wiberg-Larsen P., Skriver J., (1998): Multivariate analyses of macrofaunal communities in Danish springs and springbrooks. In: Botosaneanu L. (Ed.), Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Bachuys Publishers, Leiden, 261 pp. Mc Cabe D.J. (1998): Biological communities in springbrooks. In: Botosaneanu L. (Ed.), Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Bachuys Publishers, Leiden, 261 pp. Ogrin M. (1998): Podnebni tipi v Sloveniji. Geogr. vestn. 68: 39-56. Rivosecchi L. (1984): Ditteri. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque interne italiane. Stamperia Valdonega, Verona, 176 pp. Särkkä J., Levonen L., Mäkelä J. (1997). Meiofauna of springs in Finland in relation to environmental factors. Hydrobiologia 347: 139-150. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(1): 27-41 17 Smith H., Wood P.J., Gunn J. (2003): The influence of habitat structure and flow permanence on invertebrate communities in karst spring systems. Hydrobiologia 510: 53-66. Studeman D., Landolt P., Sartori M., Hefti D., Tomka I. (1992): Ephemeroptera. Insecta helvetica, fauna 9. Imprimerie Mauron & Tinguely & Lachat SA, Friburg, 175 pp. ter Braak C.J.F., Smilauer P. (2002): CANOCO - Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York, USA. van der Kamp G. (1995): The hydrogeology of springs in relation to the biodiversity of spring fauna: a review. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. Suppl. 68: 4-17. Wagner R., Fischer J., Schnabel S. (1998): The Dipteran community of central European springs: a summary. In: Botosaneanu L. (Ed.), Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Bachuys Publishers, Leiden, 261 pp. Williams D.D., Williams N.E. (1998): Invertebrate communities from freshwater springs: what can they contribute to pure and applied ecology? In: Botosaneanu L. (Ed.), Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Bachuys Publishers, Leiden, 261 pp. Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegaster heros Theischinger 1979, new for the fauna of Italy (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) Matjaž BEDJANIČ1 & Ali ŠALAMUN2 1 Kolodvorska 21/b, SI-2310 Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenia; E-mail: matjaz.bedjanic@guest.arnes.si 2 Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Podružnica Ljubljana, Zemljemerska 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: ali.salamun@ckff.si Abstract. The species has been recorded at three localities in the extreme eastern part of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, north-eastern Italy, thus bringing the number of Italian dragonfly species to 89. The distribution of C. heros in Slovenia and Italy is mapped and discussed from the zoogeographical point of view. Additionally, the collected faunistic data on other dragonfly species and sympatric occurrence of endangered frog species Rana latastei Boulenger are given. Due to inclusion of C. heros and R. latasteito the Annexes II and IV of the Habitat Directive of EU, the conservation of their habitats in Italy and western Slovenia is proposed within the European network of protected areas NATURA 2000. Keywords: dragonflies, zoogeography, Habitat Directive, Natura 2000 Izvleček. VELIKI STUDENČAR CORDULEGASTER HEROS THEISCHINGER 1979, NOVA VRSTA ZA FAVNO ITALIJE (ODONATA: CORDULEGASTRIDAE) - Vrsta je bila ugotovljena na treh lokalitetah v skrajnem vzhodnem delu Furlanije-Julijske krajine, severovzhodna Italija, kar dviguje število zabeleženih vrst kačjih pastirjev v Italiji na 89. Razširjenost vrste C. heros v Sloveniji in Italiji je prikazana na zemljevidih ter prediskutirana z zoogeografskega stališča. Dodatno so navedeni tudi zbrani favnistični podatki o drugih vrstah kačjih pastirjev ter podatki o simpatičnem pojavljanju ogrožene laške žabe Rana latastei Boulenger. Zaradi vključitve vrst C. heros in R. latastei na Dodatka II in IV Habitatne Direktive EU je predlagano, da se njuna bivališča v Italiji in zahodni Sloveniji ohranijo v okviru evropskega omrežja zavarovanih območij NATURA 2000. Ključne besede: kačji pastirji, zoogeografija, Direktiva o habitatih, Natura 2000 Introduction According to Utzeri (1995), altogether 88 dragonfly species occur in Italy. Despite its size, the country is odonatologically relatively well explored, and in the easternmost Italian region NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2003 20 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegasterheros... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (NE Italy) some dragonfly research has also been carried out in the past. More than 30 years ago, a comprehensive overview of dragonfly fauna of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region was made by Kiauta (1969a), following a similar study in the neighbouring Primorska region in Slovenia (Kiauta 1969a). In addition, only a few years ago Bognolo & Pecile (1995) thoroughly studied dragonfly fauna of the Trieste and Gorizia Karst in Italy and published an annotated list of species occurring in the region. As far as the genus Cordulegaster is concerned, only C. bidentata (Selys) and C. boltonii (Donovan) have been recorded from Friuli-Venezia Giulia so far (Kiauta 1969a, Bognolo & Pecile 1995). Until now, however, one of the most enigmatic European dragonfly species, Cordulegaster heros Theischinger, escaped the notice of odonatologists and has not been reported for Friuli-Venezia Giulia or for Italy as a whole yet (Utzeri 1995, Galletti & Pavesi 1985). According to Wasscher & Bos (2000), C. heros is one of the ten dragonfly species endemic to Europe. Two additional Cordulegaster species, viz. C. trinacriae and C. helladica, are also confined to Europe, whereby the range of the first is limited to Sicily and southern Italy and that of the later to Greece. C. heros also has a relatively small range, occurring in Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. Recently it was discovered in Slovakia (Blaškovič et al., in print), and the present article formally extends its distribution range to Italy. In Slovenia, the species is quite common and it has been recorded by the members of the Slovene Odonatological Society from more than 340 localities (Fig. 1), whereas development of the species has been documented in more than 260 localities (Kotarac et al. 2003). The exceptional number is even more impressive by the fact that the number of all other known European localities of the species is by far lower. If the proportion of unsuitable habitat for C. heros in most of the Pannonian lowlands is taken into account, the speculation that Slovenia actually represents the core area of the species' distribution range in Europe is not far from reality. However, in western Slovenia, close to the border to Italy, where C. heros reaches the extreme north-western edge of its European range, the suitable habitat is much scarcer and limited only to few stream catchments in the wider surroundings of the Vipava valley. The distribution of the species in this part of Slovenia has been described in detail by Bedjanič & Pirnat (2000), gathering their observation with the faunistic data from Pirnat (1996), Červek (1997), Kotarac (1997), Šalamun et al. (1997) and Bedjanič (2000). Few additional localities NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 21 have been added by Pirker (2002), and a very comprehensive overview has been presented by Kotarac et al. (2003). Since the distribution of any living species is rarely limited by the state borders, the idea that C. heros might also occur in north-eastern Italy is not new in the minds of Slovene odonatologists. Kotarac (1997) has already predicted this possibility with the following words: "We started to collect the data about C. heros in the eastern parts of Slovenia. In five years we harrowed the species to two spots about 1 km away from the national border with Italy. It is the turn of Itaiian odonatologists now."In addition, Bedjanic & Pirnat (2000) stated in a similar way: "It is interesting that so far C. heros has not been found in Italy, although it goes without saying that its already mentioned north-western distribution edge probably extends also to the western side of the Soca River." Quite surprisingly, nobody took over the pleasant challenge for years and there was no other possibility than to finally clear the situation by ourselves. 78901234567890123456789012 Figure 1: Distribution of Cordulegaster heros in Slovenia. Members of the Slovene Odonatological Society recorded the species from more than 340 localities and documented its development at more than 260 localities. Slika 1: Razširjenost velikega studenčarja v Sloveniji. Člani Slovenskega odonatološkega društva so vrsto popisali na več kot 340 lokalitetah ter potrdili razvoj na več kot 260 lokalitetah. 22 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegasterheros... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Localities and faunistic data On March 23rd, 2003, a number of streams between the Isonzo (Soča) and Iudrio (Idrija) rivers in the extreme eastern part of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (NE Italy) were systematically checked by the authors for the presence of dragonflies and frogs. Special interest was dedicated to the dragonfly species Cordulegaster heros Theischinger and the frog species Rana aatastei Boulenger, which both are endangered and listed on the Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitat Directive. The dragonfly fauna was sampled randomly at subjectively defined suitable places by the means of larvae collecting with a home-made water net. Larvae of C. heros were determined on the spot, checking specific characters by the help of magnifier (e.g. the presence and size of lateral spines on the ninth abdominal segment) and released afterwards. Individual frogspawns of R. latastei were visually counted at each locality at approximate stream length of 100-200 m. Although a number of streams were checked, only the ones with recorded presence of dragonflies and frogs are listed in further text. Beside exact geographical description, the UTM square and approximate altitude are given for each of the sites (Fig. 2). The voucher material of C. heros was taken at the Rio Sniardar stream only. One dried final instar larva is deposited in the collection of the first author. The second larva from the same locality was reared in aquarium but died during the final shedding. The specimen is deposited in the second author's collection. LOC 1A: Stream Groina (Grojnica) NW of Gorizia, 750 m above the place where it joins the Isonzo river (Soča); Gorizia (Gorica); Friuli-Venezia Giulia; NE Italy; UTM UL 99; alt. 80 m; DRAGONFLIES: Cordulegaster heros 1 lar. LOC 1B: Stream Groina (Grojnica) NW of Gorizia, 1 km above the place where it falls into the Isonzo river (Soča); Gorizia (Gorica); Friuli-Venezia Giulia; NE Italy; UTM UL 99; alt. 80 m; DRAGONFLIES: Somatochlora meridionalisl lar. FROGS: Rana latastei25 spawns LOC 2A: Left tributary of the stream Groina (Grojnica) close to the road to Scedina (Ščedno), 100 m above the spot where it joins the Groina; Gorizia (Gorica); Friuli-Venezia Giulia; NE Italy; UTM UL 99; alt. 80 m; DRAGONFLIES: Calopteryx virgo 1 lar. FROGS: Rana latastei5 spawns NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 23 LOC 2B: Left tributary of the stream Groina (Grojnica) close to the road to Scedina (Scedno), 700 m above the spot where it joins the Groina; Gorizia (Gorica); Friuli-Venezia Giulia; NE Italy; UTM UL 99; alt. 90 m; DRAGONFLIES: Cordulegasterherosl lar. FROGS: Rana latastei 10 spawns LOC 2C: Left tributary of the Groina (Grojnica) at the bridge on the road to Scedina (Scedno), 950 m above place where it joins the Groina; Gorizia (Gorica); Friuli-Venezia Giulia; NE Italy; UTM UL 99; alt. 90 m; DRAGONFLIES: Cordulegaster herosl lar. FROGS: Rana latastei26 spawns LOC 3: Stream Rio Sniardar (Smjardar) NE of Brazzano (Bracan), 100 m above the place where it joins the Rio Fidri stream (Fedrih); Brazzano; Cormons (Krmin); Friuli-Venezia Giulia, NE Italy; UTM UL 89; alt. 80 m; DRAGONFLIES: Cordulegaster heros 13 lar., Calopteryx virgo 2 lar., Platycnemispennipes 1 lar. FROGS: Rana latastei7 spawns Figure 2: Distribution of Cordulegaster heros in western Slovenia and eastern part of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy, with numbers indicating the three new Italian localities, where the species has been recorded recently. Slika 2: Razširjenost velikega studenčarja v zahodni Sloveniji ter vzhodnem delu Furlanije-Julijske krajine, severovzhodna Italija. Nove najdbe vrste so označene s številkami. 24 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegasterheros... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Discussion As already stated in the introductory part, the occurrence of Cordulegaster heros in the eastern part of Friuli-Venezia Giulia has been predicted and expected and is therefore not surprising at all. Even more, based on the experience from numerous Slovenian localities, the suitable places for C. heros were determined with the aid of a 1:50000 map in advance with great certainty and later on merely confirmed in the field. The recipe for such "map remote sensing" planning is quite simple: (1) stream in hilly to lowland landscape, (2) only gentle slope of the field, (3) altitude 100-400 m and (4) presence of forest. Such predispositions logically originate in ecological demands of the species. C. heros is essentially a dragonfly of small forest streams in the hilly country down to the flatlands. The strongest populations can be found in slow to moderate flowing agitated streams, where their bottoms consist of fine sand covered by a thin layer of fine organic detritus. These structures enable the larvae to burrow themselves in the bottom and, on the other hand, ensure a rich supply of invertebrate prey. Three new localities of C. heros in Italy are quite different in this respect. The Groina stream near Gorizia and its tributaries seem to be a suboptimal habitat for C. heros due to their stony beds and their drying up in the hot summer months (Fig. 3). Scarcity of other water invertebrates and very poor dragonfly fauna, consisting of single Calopteryx virgo and Somatochlora meridionalis larvae, could confirm the last assumption. On the other hand, the Rio Sniardar stream near Brazzano is an optimal habitat for C. heros. Its shallow water, slow current, appropriate fine substrate, rich water invertebrate fauna and natural bank vegetation agree well with the ecological demands of the species (Figs. 4, 5). Sympatric occurrence of common dragonfly species Calopteryx virgo and Platycnemispennipes is not surprising either. According to literature, both other Cordulegaster species, viz. C. bidenatata and C. bottonii, are rare in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (Kiauta 1969b, Bognolo & Pecile 1995). The latter has been recorded only in the vicinity of Pontebba in the Alpine northeastern part of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, some 60 km north of newly discovered C. heros localities. Since C. bottonii and C. heros are closely related, it would be very interesting to work out the exact limits of their range in this part of Europe. It is worth mentioning that the well established list of Slovene odonate fauna may be incomplete in this respect. Although numerous old records of C. bottonii from Slovenia have been attributed only to C. heros described in 1979 (Kotarac 1997), it is quite possible that C. boltoniioccurs somewhere in northwestern Slovenia. In any case, western Slovenia and the eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia almost definitely constitute the extreme north-western edge of C. heros European range. Further to the west, the landscape flows into intensively farmed deforested plains, and not far to the north there are the Alps, both with almost no suitable habitat for this particular species. Although the NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 25 three new Italian localities in the surroundings of Gorizia and Cormons are certainly not the only ones, the potential habitat of C. heros in Italy is very limited and the species therefore definitely rare and endangered. South of Gorizia, there are no streams due to the area's karst landscape, but to the north some streams around Corno di Rosazzo and east of Cividale look very promising - at least on the map. In the field, there is indeed "...the turn of Italian odonatoiogssts now." Figure 3: Groina Stream NW of Gorizia, 750 m above the place where it joins the Isonzo river (Loc 1a). Suitable Cordulegaster heros microhabitat in the stream is very scarce, the bottom is too stony and at least some stream sections probably dry up during the summer. (Photo: M. Bedjanič) Slika 3: Potok Grojnica SZ od Gorice, 750 m nad izlivom v Sočo (Lok 1a). Za velikega studenčarja primernih mikrohabitatov je malo, saj je struga kamnita, vsaj nekateri odseki potoka pa se poleti verjetno posušijo. (foto: Matjaž Bedjanič) 26 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordulegasterheros... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Figure 4 (left) and Figure 5 (right): Two aspects of the Rio Sniardar stream near Brazzano (Loc 3) above the place where it joins the Rio Fidri stream. Its shallow water, slow current, appropriate fine substrate and natural bank vegetation constitute an ideal habitat for Cordulegaster heros. (Photo: M. Bedjanič) Slika 4 (levo) in Slika 5 (desno): Dva pogleda na potok Smjardar pri Bračanu nad izlivom v potok Fedrih (Lok 3). Plitva voda, miren tok, droben substrat ter naravna obrežna vegetacija sestavljajo idealen habitat za velikega studenčarja. (foto: Matjaž Bedjanič) Nature conservation aspect As mentioned earlier, a special attention was paid, in addition to Cordulegaster heros, to the frog species Rana latastei. Both species are endangered and listed on the Annexes IIand IVof the EU Habttat Directive (The Council Directive 92/43 EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habttats and on Wild Fauna and Flora, Off. Journal of the EC, No.L.206/7). They are stenotopic and live or breed almost exclusively in primary habitats, such as smaller forest streams and rivulets. The inclusion of C. heros and R. latastei to the Annexes II of the above-mentioned directive demands conservation of their habitats and obligates all member states, including Italy and Slovenia, to ensure long-term favourable conservation status for the NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 27 species in their territories. Their sympatric occurrence can therefore be of a great nature conservation importance. As far as the newly discovered localities of C. heros in Italy are concerned, the Rio Sniardar stream near Brazzano (LOC 3) can definitely be proposed as future SITE OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE (SCI), since it presents an ideal habitat for C. heros and R. latastei as well. On the other hand, additional faunistic research is needed in order to clear the status of C. heros in Italy. A study of the species' occurrence in the streams around Corno di Rosazzo and east of Cividale should be accomplished as soon as possible. Only then an assessment of the size and stability of the Italian C. heros population as well as an evaluation of potential threats and planning of appropriate conservation measures will be possible. According to the strict provisions of the European Habitat Directive, Italy too should provide for a long-term survival of the C. heros population in its territory and effectively protect the species' selected habitats. Due to the fact that the eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia constitutes the extreme north-western edge of C. heros European range, this obligation is even more important. In this respect, the sympatric occurrence of C. heros and R. latastei can serve as an additional argument. It can facilitate the designation of suitable habitats of both species as SITES OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE (SCI) and herewith ensure their inclusion in European NATURA 2000 network. In this respect, the action already undertaken by Slovenia can serve as a good example (Kotarac et al. 2003, Poboljšaj & Lešnik 2003). Povzetek Italija je z vidika favne kačjih pastirjev razmeroma dobro raziskana in tudi v njenem severovzhodnem delu - Furlaniji-Julijski krajini - je v preteklosti potekalo nekaj odonatoloških aktivnosti (npr. Kiauta 1969b, Bognolo & Pecile 1995). Iz rodu studenčarjev Cordulegaster sta bila doslej v Furlaniji-Julijski krajini zabeležena le povirni studenčar C. bidentata in prodni studenčar C. boltonii. Veliki studenčar C. heros doslej še ni bil zabeležen v omenjeni regiji in Italiji nasploh (Utzeri 1995, Galletti & Pavesi 1985). Veliki studenčar je razširjen na razmeroma majhnem območju, ki se razteza prek Slovaške, Avstrije, Slovenije, Madžarske, Hrvaške, Srbije, Makedonije, Bolgarije, Romunije in Grčije, s pričujočim prispevkom pa se območje znane razširjenosti vrste razteza tudi v Italijo. V Sloveniji velja veliki studenčar C. heros za dokaj pogosto vrsto, saj je bil doslej zabeležen na prek 340 lokalitetah (Fig. 1), njegov razvoj pa potrjen na prek 260 lokalitetah (Kotarac et al. 2003). V zahodni Sloveniji, blizu meje z Italijo, dosega veliki studenčar C. heros skrajno severozahodno mejo območja razširjenosti in je mnogo redkejši (Kotarac et al. 2003). Kljub temu je bila najdba vrste v Italiji pričakovana in so jo napovedovali že Kotarac (1997) ter Bedjanič & Pirnat (2000). V okviru raziskav kačjih pastirjev in dvoživk sta avtorja 23. marca 2003 pregledala nekaj potokov med rekama Idrijo (Iudrio) in Sočo (Isonzo) v skrajnem vzhodnem delu Furlanije-Julijske krajine. Posebna pozornost je bila namenjena potrditvi pojavljanja velikega studenčarja C. heros in laške žabe Rana latastei, ki sodita med evropsko ogrožene vrste in sta uvrščena na Dodatka II in IV Habitatne direktive EU. Vrsti sta bili zabeleženi na skupno treh lokalitetah v okolici Gorice (Gorizia) in Krmina (Cormons) (Fig. 2). 28 Matjaž BEDJANIČ & Ali ŠALAMUN: Large golden-ringed dragonfly Cordu/egasterheros... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Potok Grojnica (Groina; Lok. 1A-B in 2A-C; Fig. 3) in njegovi pritoki zaradi neustreznega kamnitega substrata ter zelo verjetne poletne izsušitve niso ocenjeni kot najustreznejši habitat velikega studenčarja C. heros. Po drugi strani je potok Smjardar (Rio Sniardar, Lok. 3; Figs. 4, 5) pri Bračanu (Brazzano) ocenjen kot optimalen habitat te vrste. Gre za razmeroma plitev in počasi tekoč nižinski potok, katerega dno je pokrito z ustreznim drobnim substratom, kar se skupaj z bogato favno vodnih nevretenčarjev ter naravno obvodno vegetacijo v celoti pokriva z ekološkimi zahtevami velikega studenčarja C. heros. Po podatkih iz literature sta tako povirni studenčar C. bidentata kot prodni studenčar C. boltonii v Furlaniji-Julijski krajini zelo redka (Kiauta 1969b, Bognolo & Pecile 1995). Ker je slednji v taksonomskem oziru zelo soroden velikemu studenčarju C. heros, bi bilo v prihodnosti zelo zanimivo podrobneje raziskati meje območij njune razširjenosti v severovzhodni Italiji in severozahodni Sloveniji. Novo odkrite lokalitete velikega studenčarja C. heros v Italiji nedvomno ležijo na skrajnem severozahodnem robu območja njegove razširjenosti. Sicer pa bo treba razširjenost in ogroženost velikega studenčarja v Italiji ter potencialno možnost, da se pojavlja tudi še nekoliko severneje, v okolici Korena (Corno di Rosazzo) in Čedada (Cividale del Friuli), preveriti z novimi raziskavami. Z naravovarstvenega vidika je še posebej pomembno simpatrično pojavljanje velikega studenčarja C. heros in laške žabe Rana latastei. Gre namreč za evropsko ogroženi vrsti z relativno ozko ekološko valenco, ki naseljujeta skoraj izključno naravno ohranjene nižinske gozdne potoke. Direktiva o habitatih zavezuje Italijo in Slovenijo k ustreznemu ohranjanju njunih bivališč in zagotavljanju dolgoročno ugodnega ohranitvenega stanja njunih populacij. V tem oziru avtorja predlagata, da se njuna bivališča v Italiji in zahodni Sloveniji ohranijo v okviru evropskega omrežja zavarovanih območij NATURA 2000. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to all members of the Slovene Odonatological Society, who submitted their faunistic data for Slovenia. Thanks are also due to Mr Mladen Kotarac (Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Slovenia) for his critical review of the manuscript, and to Mr Henrik Ciglič (Kranj, Slovenia) for kindly checking the English language. References Bedjanič M. (2000): Mladinski ekološki raziskovalni tabor Vogrsko 2000. Erjavecia 10: 7-10. Bedjanič M., Pirnat A. (2000): Prispevek k poznavanju favne kačjih pastirjev (Insecta, Odonata) Vipavske doline (zahodna Slovenija). Natura Sloveniae 2(2): 29-45. Blaškovič T., Šibl J., Bulankova E. (2003): First record of Cordulegasterherosssp. heros Theischinger, 1979 (Cordulegastridae, Odonata) from Slovakia. Biologia, Bratislava: 2, in press. Bognolo E., Pecile P. (1995): La fauna odonatologica del Carso triestino, del Carso Goriziano e di alcune localita limitrofe. Atti Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Trieste 46: 145-171. Červek U. (1997): Poročilo odonatološke skupine. V: Kodele Krašna, I. (ured.), Raziskovalni ekološki tabor "Goče 97", str. 36-40, Zveza prijateljev mladine Ajdovščina, Ajdovščina. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 29 Galletti P.A., Pavesi M. (1985): Ulteriori considerazioni sui Cordulegaster italiani (Odonata, Cordulegasteridae). G. it. Ent. 2: 307-326. Kiauta B. (1969a): Zbirka kačjih pastirjev z notranjskega krasa in Primorske v tržaškem Prirodoslovnem muzeju s seznamom in zoogeografsko analizo favne tega ozemlja. BBiol. Vestn. 17: 101-111. Kiauta B. (1969b): Survey of the Odonate Fauna of the autonomus region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Northern Italy). Atti Mus. civ. Stor. nat Trieste 26(6)8: 177-247. Kotarac M. (1997): Atlas kačjih pastirjev (Odonata) Slovenije z Rdečim seznamom: projekt Slovenskega odonatološkega društva. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavž na Dravskem polju. 205 str. Kotarac M., Šalamun A. & Weldt S. (2003): Strokovna izhodišča za vzpostavljanje omrežja Natura 2000: Kačji pastirji (Odonata) (končno poročilo). Naročnik: MOPE, ARSO, Ljubljana. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavž na Dravskem polju. 104 str., digitalne priloge. Pirker P. (2002): Mladinski raziskovalni tabor Vogrsko 2001. Erjavecia 13: 11-14. Pirnat, A. (1996): Hitri lepotci - Poročilo odonatološke skupine. V: I. Šinkovec (ured.), Ekološki raziskovalni tabor "Gora 96", str. 14-17, Zveza prijateljev mladine Ajdovščina, Ajdovščina. Poboljšaj K., Lešnik A. (2003): Strokovna izhodiša za vzpostavljanje omrežja Natura 2000: Dvoživke (Amphibia) (končno poročilo). Naročnik: MOPE, ARSO, Ljubljana. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavž na Dravskem polju. 144 str., digitalne priloge. Šalamun A., Pirnat A., Bedjanič M., Kotarac M. (1997): Prispevek k poznavanju favne kačjih pastirjev (Odonata) jugozahodne Slovenije. V: Bedjanič, M. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentovbiologijePodgrad '96, str. 55-74, ZOTKS - Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana. Utzeri C. (1995): Odonata. In: A. Minelli, S. Ruffo & S. La Posta (Eds.), Checklistdellespecie della fauna italiana, pt 35, pp. 1-7, Calderini, Bologna. Wasscher M.T., Bos F.G. (2000): The European dragonflies: notes on the checklist and on species diversity. Odonatologica 29(1): 31-43. The distribution Rhopalocera) in of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Haloze, East Slovenia Rudi VEROVNIK University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, BF, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: rudi.verovnik@uni-lj.si Abstract. Almost nothing has been known about the butterfly fauna of Haloze prior to our survey. During our field trips, including an extensive survey carried within the framework of the Student Research Camp Videm 2002, surprisingly high butterfly diversity was established. Altogether, 96 butterfly species were recorded at 67 studied sites. The highest butterfly diversity was registered in dry grasslands in the western part of the studied area. Due to the presence of rare and endangered species, such as Maculinea arion (Linne, 1758), Meleageria daphnis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), and Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1825), these habitats would require more conservation efforts and a suitable management. The few remaining humid grasslands in the eastern part of the region still host the majority of specialized hygrophilous butterflies, including Maculinea nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779), Maculinea teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779), and Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1802). Some of these sites are proposed to be included into the Natura 2000 network, which could enable their suitable protection and management. Keywords: distribution, Rhopalocera, endangerment, conservation, dry grasslands Izvleček. RAZŠIRJENOST DNEVNIH METULJEV (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) V HALOZAH, VZHODNA SLOVENIJA - Do teh raziskav ni bilo o dnevnih metuljih Haloz znanega skoraj nič. Med terenskim delom, vključno z obsežnimi raziskavami med Študentskim raziskovalnim taborom Videm 2002, je bila ugotovljena presenetljivo visoka pestrost metuljev. Skupaj je bilo opaženih 96 vrst na 678 raziskanih lokalitetah. Največja pestrost je bila zabeležena na suhih travnikih v zahodnem delu regije. Ker tu živijo nekatere redke in ogrožene vrste, kot na primer Maculinea arion (Linne, 1758), Meleageria daphnis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) in Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1825), ti habitati terjajo več naravovarstvenih naporov in pravilno upravljanje. Majhno število ohranjenih vlažnih travnikov v vzhodnem delu regije še vedno omogoča preživetje večini specializiranih higrofilnih metuljev, vključno z Maculinea nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779), Maculinea teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779) in Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1802). Nekatera izmed teh območij so predlagana za vključitev v območje Natura 2000, s čimer bi omogočili njihovo trajno zaščito in pravilno upravljanje. Ključne besede: razširjenost, Rhopalocera, ogroženost, varovanje, suha travišča NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 31-46 Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2003 32 Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Introduction The area of Haloze is one of the least faunistically explored parts of Slovenia. Although it belongs to the Styria (Štajerska) region, there are no references to its butterfly fauna in the so far most comprehensive overview of the Styrian Lepidoptera by Hoffmann and Klos (1914). In his characterization of the butterfly fauna of the Podravje region, Jež (1983) gives mostly generalized remarks (e.g. "common throughout the region") about the species distribution, with few exceptions for Haloze. The most noteworthy is his observation of Everse decoloratus (Staudniger 1886) at Šega, south of Makole in the westernmost part of Haloze. The only available list of species has been given for a single locality in the western part of Haloze by Verovnik (1996). During the single visit at the end of July 1995, a total of 24 species were encountered near the village of Sitež (loc. no. 44). The next visit made by the author to Haloze at the beginning of June 1999 was dedicated mostly to the search of Colias myrmidone (Esper 1780), whose presence was expected. Despite an unsuccessful search, the region proved to hold many promising sites with rich butterfly fauna. The greater part of our fieldwork was carried out during the Student Research Camp Videm 2002, where special attention was given to the diverse types of grasslands. The objective of the two subsequent visits in August 2002 and beginning of May 2003 was to discover further large satyrids and to supplement the list with early spring species. Altogether, 67 sites were visited enabling a good overview of the butterfly distribution in this region. Geographical definition and description of the region Haloze is a remote area in the eastern part of Slovenia situated south of the Dravinja and Drava Rivers. In the south it reaches the foothills of Boc and Macelj and continues along the Croatian border to the east. Its western border is less evident and usually generalised as "south of Makole", a town in the Dravinja valley. Haloze is approximately 30 km long and six to ten kilometres wide hilly country. Geologically, the area is entirely of Miocene deposits of sandy clay and marl (Gams & Vriser 1998). The only small karst area near Zetale is covered entirely by woods. The western part is characterised by higher hills (400 to 600 m) with steep slopes that are predominantly covered with mixed and deciduous forests. Most of the open land is situated either in deep shadowy valleys or on top of the ridges, where the majority of the steeper NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 33 cultivated grasslands have been abandoned. In some areas, the slopes are so steep that the open grasslands are maintained by occasional natural erosion. These habitats hold the highest number of butterfly species in the area. The only flatter part with humid grasslands is situated around the town of Zetale. Due to the intensive farming, these meadows are faunistically impoverished. The central part around the Rogatnica stream valley is the flattest part of Haloze. Due to easier access, the flatlands and the nearby hills are intensively cultivated; they are mostly covered by vineyards or turned into arable land. Some small remnants of once humid grasslands are scattered along the Rogatnica stream. The eastern part of the region is a gently undulating hilly country with hills reaching from 280 to 400 meters. The valleys are wider as in the western part, and in some of them small humid grasslands have been preserved. In certain areas, the humid grasslands are succeeded by dry grasslands on the southern exposed slopes. The intensification in the northern part and abandonment in the less accessible southern part of the area pose the major threat to the currently still abundant open grasslands. Results List of localities The alphabetical list of localities contains a short description of the habitat, coordinates (Gauss-Kruger), UTM square and date of the observations. The observations were made by the author if not otherwise stated. 1. Belavsek at Videm, humid meadow S of the village Repisce, along the road Dolnji Leskovec-Cirkulane, coordinates - X: 573985, Y: 132644, UTM square: WM73, 224 m, 06.06.1999 2. Belavsek at Videm, humid meadows below the village, SE of Zgornji Leskovec, coordinates - X: 573491, Y: 131424, UTM square: M73, 235 m, 06.06.1999 3. Belski Vrh at Zavrc, cultivated grasslands on top of the Vrbanjsak hill, coordinates - X: 578863, Y: 136837, UTM square: WM73, 397 m, 14.07.2002 and 02.05.2003 4. Borl at Gorisnica, cultivated meadows SE of Borl Castle, coordinates - X: 577859, Y: 137194, UTM square: WM73, 249 m, 13.07.2002 5. Brezovec at Cirkulane, dry grassy slope E of the Osnik farm, coordinates - X: 577809, Y: 134606, UTM square: WM73, 237 m, 06.06.1999, 13.07.2002, 09.08.2002 and 02.05.2003 6. Dobrina near Zetale, dry grassy slope 500 m E of the village of Globocec, coordinates - X: 563353, Y: 128007, UTM square: WM62, 275 m, 10.07.2002, 09.08.2002 and 02.05.2003 34 Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER 7. Dolence at Podlehnik, cultivated grassland and forest verge at the Ornik farm, 500 NW of the village, coordinates - X: 569226, Y: 132445, UTM square: WM63, 327 m, 12.07.2002 8. Dravinjski Vrh near Videm, cultivated grasslands on the Zdolcusak ridge, S of the farm Hegedis, coordinates - X: 569843, Y: 134524, UTM square: WM63, 305 m, 12.07.2002 9. Dravinjski Vrh near Videm, humid meadows along the stream N of the Kranjc farm, coordinates - X: 570619, Y: 134751, UTM square: WM73, 240 m, 12.07.2002 10. Duga at Cirkulane, humid meadow and forest edge in the valley of the Duga stream, E of the village, coordinates - X: 578286, Y: 133866, UTM square: WM73, 224 m, 15.06.2002 and 14.07.2002, observations on 15.06.2002 by Rebeusek Franc 11. Gorca at Podlehnik, cultivated grassland and forest verge N of the road to Gorca, coordinates - X: 565312, Y: 133503, UTM square: WM63, 390 m, 11.07.2002 and 02.05.2003 12. Gorenjski Vrh at Zavrc, dry grasslands in the Kojuhovski stream valley, N of the Repicak farm, coordinates - X: 580886, Y: 135693, UTM square: WM83, 226 m, 14.07.2002 13. Goricak at Zavrc, dry and cultivated meadows on the slopes S of the Masten farm, coordinates - X: 582327, Y: 135557, UTM square: WM83, 230 m, 14.07.2002 14. Grdina at Majsperk, dry grasslands on the slope NW of the village of Vrhe, coordinates - X: 557515, Y: 128488, UTM square: WM52, 438 m, 10.07.2002 and 09.08.2002 15. Gruskovec at Cirkulane, cultivated grasslands and fields on S slope of the Zgornji Hun hill, coordinates - X: 578970, Y: 131858, UTM square: WM73, 305 m, 13.07.2002 16. Jablovec at Podlehnik, forest verge in the valley E of the Krusic farm, coordinates - X: 565769, Y: 131144, UTM square: WM63, 254 m, 11.07.2002 17. Janski vrh near Majsperk, cultivated grasslands and forest edge on the ridge S of the village of Zgornje Lipno, coordinates - X: 559886, Y: 132028, UTM square: WM53, 415 m, 11.07.2002 18. Janski vrh near Majsperk, dry and cultivated meadows near the road NW of the Peskov breg hill, coordinates - X: 560028, Y: 131519, UTM square: WM63, 413 m, 11.07.2002 19. Jelovice at Majsperk, dry and cultivated grasslands around the Church of St. Bolfenk, coordinates - X: 558228, Y: 130324, UTM square: WM53, 531 m, 10.07.2002 20. Jelovice at Majsperk, dry grasslands N of the Church of St. Bolfenk, coordinates - X: 558296, Y: 130477, UTM square: WM53, 495, 10.07.2002 21. Jelovice at Majsperk, forest road W of the Lah farm, coordinates - X: 557642, Y: 129398, UTM square: WM52, 499 m, 10.07.2002 22. Jelovice at Majsperk, Rocky scree along the road 300 m N of the village of Plate, coordinates - X: 558281, Y: 129994, UTM square: WM52, 498 m, 10.07.2002 23. Kocice at Zetale, bushes and cultivated meadows on a steep slopes on the ridge N of the Frajmezna farm, coordinates - X: 560347, Y: 128853, UTM square: WM62, 385 m, 11.07.2002 24. Kocice near Zetale, forest verge in the Peklaca stream valley, SW of the village of Kroslji Vrh, coordinates - X: 560887, Y: 129078, UTM square: WM62, 307 m, 11.07.2002 25. Korenjak at Cirkulane, cultivated meadows on the ridge 400 m S of the farm Koren, coordinates - X: 579547, Y: 133241, UTM square: WM73, 311 m, 14.07.2002 26. Kozminci at Podlehnik, cultivated meadow near small stream SE of the Hronek farm, coordinates - X: 566244, Y: 128040, UTM square: WM62, 251 m, 11.07.2002 27. Kupcinji vrh at Majsperk, dry grassland and bushes along a small stream S of the village, coordinates - X: 557075, Y: 126582, UTM square: WM52, 344 m, 10.07.2002 NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 19-29 35 28. Kupčinji Vrh at Majšperk, dry grassland S of the Church of St. Mohor, coordinates - X: 557214, Y: 126917, UTM square: WM52, 430 m, 02.05.2003, observed by Rebeušek Franc 29. Ljubistava at Podlehnik, humid meadows E of the Topolovec farm, coordinates - X: 570705, Y: 133320, UTM square: WM73, 230 m, 12.07.2002 30. Ljubistava at Podlehnik, humid meadows in the Črna valley near the Junger farm, coordinates - X: 569777, Y: 133580, UTM square: WM63, 247 m, 12.07.2002 31. Majski Vrh at Videm, dry cultivated meadow and forest verge on the slope 200 m SE of the Zorinč farm, coordinates - X: 569252, Y: 135085, UTM square: WM63, 308 m, 16.07.2002 32. Mala Varnica at Podlehnik, humid meadow in the Psičina stream valley along the village, coordinates - X: 573714, Y: 129830, UTM square: WM72, 237 m, 12.07.2002 33. Medribnik at Cirkulane, humid meadow along the Bela stream, UTM square: W of the Church of St. Florjan, coordinates - X: 578030, Y: 131300, UTM square: WM73, 235 m, 13.07.2002 34. Nadole at Žetale, dry, partially cultivated meadow S of the village of Zlaka, coordinates - X: 559835, Y: 127059, UTM square: WM52, 366 m, 09.08.2002 35. Pestike at Zavrč, dry and cultivated meadows W of the Potočjak farm, coordinates - X: 579936, Y: 134133, UTM square: WM73, 261 m, 14.07.2002 36. Planjsko near Majšperk, dry grasslands on the ridge N of the village of Vinarje, coordinates - X: 560611, Y: 129621, UTM square: WM62, 413 m, 11.07.2002 and 09.08.2002 37. Planjsko near Majšperk, humid meadow W of the Šerbak farm, coordinates - X: 560800, Y: 130545, UTM square: WM63, 471 m, 11.07.2002 38. Podlehnik, dry cultivated grassland below the dam of Lake Dežno, coordinates - X: 567568, Y: 132234, UTM square: WM63, 233 m, 15.06.2003, observed by Rebeušek Franc 39. Podlehnik, humid meadows SW of the town, coordinates - X: 567981, Y: 132684, UTM square: WM63, 229 m, 10.07.2002 40. The village of Pohorje near Cirkulane, dry and humid meadows in the Belana stream valley near Mali Okič, coordinates - X: 575924, Y: 130836, UTM square: WM73, 255 m, 13.07.2002 41. Rodni Vrh at Podlehnik, cultivated meadow on the ridge S of the Hrvat farm along the road to the village of Rovce, coordinates - X: 564168, Y: 130827, UTM square: WM63, 370 m, 11.07.2002 42. Rodni Vrh at Podlehnik, dry grassland 100 m N of the Vindiš farm, coordinates - X: 564746, Y: 132356, UTM square: WM63, 373 m, 02.05.2003 43. Sedlašek at Videm, dry grasslands on the ridge E of the Kamen farm, Zgornje Gruškovje, coordinates - X: 568997, Y: 128946, UTM square: WM62, 448 m, 06.06.1999 44. Sitež at Majšperk, steep dry grassy slope W of the Dolič farm, coordinates - X: 559419, Y: 129237, UTM square: WM52, 294 m, 06.06.1999 and Verovnik (1996) 45. Skorišnjak at Cirkulane, cultivated meadow SW of Pristava, coordinates - X: 575854, Y: 132892, UTM square: WM73, 225 m, 13.07.2002 46. Skorišnjak at Cirkulane, pastures bellow the village on the slopes to Mali Okič, coordinates - X: 574644, Y: 130053, UTM square: WM73, 323 m, 06.06.1999 47. Skorišnjak at Cirkulane, ridge with dry grasslands E of the Frajglač farm, coordinates - X: 574588, Y: 130835, UTM square: WM73, 301 m, 13.07.2002 48. Soviče at Videm, cultivated meadow along a small tributary of the Psičina stream N of the village, coordinates - X: 572592, Y: 135350, UTM square: WM73, 226 m, 13.07.2002 36 Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER 49. Spodnje Gruškovje at Podlehnik, dry grassy slope between the Lipnica stream and the Cigler farm, coordinates - X: 569554, Y: 130514, UTM square: WM63, 352 m, 12.07.2002 50. Stanošina at Podlehnik, dry meadow along a path S of the village of Vranušek, coordinates - X: 567013, Y: 128876, UTM square: WM62, 341 m, 11.07.2002 51. Strajna at Videm, dry meadow and forest verge 200 m W of the Mlakar farm, coordinates - X: 565960, Y: 129894, UTM square: WM62, 295 m, 02.05.2003 52. Trdobojci near Videm, dry grasslands around the Oteno farm, coordinates - X: 570450, Y: 131306, UTM square: WM73, 370 m, 06.06.1999 53. Turški Vrh at Zavrč, Dry and cultivated meadows on the slope SE of the Habjanek farm, coordinates -X: 581575, Y: 134102, UTM square: WM83, 252 m, 14.07.2002 and 02.05.2003 54. Vareja at Videm, humid meadow along the Dravinja river N of Jaševar hill, coordinates - X: 571546, Y: 136372, UTM square: WM73, 211 m, 13.07.2002 and 09.08.2002 55. Velika Varnica at Podlehnik, humid meadows in the Psična stream valley SW of the Koštrunč farm, coordinates - X: 571286, Y: 127672, UTM square: WM72, 290 m, 12.07.2002 56. Veliki Okič at Cirkulane, humid meadow along the stream near the road to Veliki Okič, coordinates -X: 574094, Y: 132532, UTM square: WM73, 226 m, 13.07.2002 57. Veliki Okič at Cirkulane, humid meadow at the confluence of two small streams, on the road to Belavšek, coordinates - X: 573639, Y: 132499, UTM square: WM73, 225 m, 13.07.2002 58. Zakl at Podlehnik, cultivated meadow 100 m SW of the Vevečnik farm, coordinates - X: 566738, Y: 130538, UTM square: WM63, 263 m, 02.05.2003 59. Zakl at Podlehnik, humid and cultivated meadow on the E side of the road to Stanošina, coordinates -X: 566980, Y: 130283, UTM square: WM63, 240 m, 10.07.2002 60. Zavrč, sandbanks of the Drava River with willow forests NW of the town, coordinates - X: 580741, Y: 139217, UTM square: WM83, 199 m, 14.07.2002 and 09.08.2002 61. Zgornje Gruškovje at Podlehnik, dry grassland on the ridge 700 m NE of a small chapel, coordinates -X: 569284, Y: 129382, UTM square: WM62, 428 m, 12.07.2002 62. Zgornji Leskovec at Podlehnik, pastures and cultivated grasslands W of the town, near the Lipnica stream, coordinates - X: 571855, Y: 131841, UTM square: WM73, 229 m, 12.07.2002 and 02.05.2003 63. Zgornji Leskovec at Podlehnik, pastures and forest verge on the slopes 300 m E of the town, coordinates - X: 572770, Y: 132095, UTM square: WM73, 248 m, 15.6.2002, observed by Rebeušek Franc 64. Žetale, bushes and dry grassy slopes near the road 400 m W of the Church of St. Marija, coordinates - X: 560470, Y: 125649, UTM square: WM62, 356 m, 09.08.2002 and 02.05.2003, observed by Rebeušek Franc 65. Žetale, dry grasslands and bushes on the S slope to the Church of St. Marija W of the town, coordinates - X: 560957, Y: 125443, UTM square: WM62, 306 m, 17.07.2003 66. Žetale, dry meadow and forest verge E of the village of Podpeč, coordinates - X: 562676, Y: 126374, UTM square: WM62, 308 m, 17.07.2003 67. Žetale, humid cultivated meadow NW of the village of Čret, coordinates - X: 562520, Y: 125754, UTM square: WM62, 284 m, 10.07.2003 NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 31-46 37 List of localities Table 1: Distribution of butterflies in the Haloze area. The localities are numbered as in the List of localities chapter. The threat status in Slovenia (SLO) according to the new Red Data Book (Ur.l. RS, MP82/02: 8893-8975) and the inclusion in the FFH directive (FFH) annexes are indicated (CouncilDirective 92/43/EEC on the conservation ofnaturalhabitats and ofwlld fauna and flora). The taxonomy and nomenclature are according to Karsholt & Razowski (1996). Tabela 1: Razširjenost vrst dnevnih metuljev v Halozah. Lokalitete so oštevilčene kot v seznamu lokalitet. Prikazana sta še varstveni status v Sloveniji (SLO) na podlagi novega Rdečega seznama (Ur.l. RS, MP82/02: 8893-8975) in vključitve v sezname Direktive o habitatih (FFH) (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation ofnatural habitats and of wild fauna and flora). Taksonomija in nomenklatura sta povzeti po Karsholt & Razowski (1996). Species I Localities I SLO | FFH PAPILIONIDAE Papilio machaon 3, 5, 6, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 41, 51, 61, 63, 63, 65 Iphiclides podalirius 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67 Parnassius mnemosyne 3 V ♦ PIERIDAE Pieris brassicae 14, 17, 27, 36, 46, 50, 65 Pieris rapae 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67 Pieris mannii 5, 6, 11, 15, 18, 21, 25, 27, 40 V Pieris napi 2, 3, 10, 11, 22, 24, 27, 42, 54, 58, 60, 63, 65 Antocharis cardamines 3, 5, 6, 11, 28, 42, 51, 53, 58, 63, 65 Pontia daplidice 5, 17, 18, 49, 50, 61 Coiias croceus 5, 6, 13, 14, 30, 33, 34, 44, 45, 53, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Coiias hyaie 4, 62 Coiias aifacariensis 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 29, 30, 36, 37, 44, 47, 49, 50, 53, 57, 61, 68 Gonepteryx rhamni 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 50, 53, 54, 57, 65 Leptidea sinapss/reaii 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 LYCAENIDAE Caiiophrys rubi 5, 53 Thecia betuiae 15 Satyrium acaciae 11, 14, 21, 23, 36 Satyrium spini 17, 23, 36, 37 Satyrium pruni 65 Satyrium w-aibum 11, 21, 40 Lycaena phiaeas 5, 14, 36, 54, 63, 64, 65, 66 Lycaena dispar 1, 2, 5, 10, 33, 38 V ♦ Lycaena virgaureae 2, 6, 19, 21, 27, 32, 62 Lycaena tityrus 5, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 44, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 65, 66 Lycaena aiciphron 2 V Lycaena hippothoe 10, 29, 57 V Leptotes pirithous 54 Everes decoioratus 3 R 38_Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Species Locaiities SLO FFH Everes argiades 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Cupido minimus 31, 66 Ceiastrina argioius 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 21, 29, 31, 32, 38, 51, 53, 54, 57, 60, 65 Glaucopsyche aiexis 52 Macuiinea teleius 10, 26, 29, 30, 32, 39, 45, 54, 59 V ♦ Macuiinea nausithous 10, 29, 30, 32, 54 V ♦ Macuiinea arion 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31, 36, 37, 40, 44, 50, 53, 65, 66, 67 V ♦ Piebeius argyrognomon 6, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 40, 53 V Piebeius argus 6, 44, 66 Piebeius idas 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 23, 25, 32, 34, 35, 36, 44, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 V Aricia agestis 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 37, 49, 66 Cyaniris semiargus 2, 3, 13, 29, 33, 47, 56, 57, 67 Poiyommatus thhersites 5, 6, 11, 14, 18, 19, 23, 27, 34, 36, 37, 47, 50, 53, 61, 66 E Poiyommatus doryias 14, 40, 43, 52, 54, 67 Poiyommatus icarus 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 V Meieageria beiiargus 5, 14, 36 Meieageria daphnis 5, 6, 12, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 36, 44, 47, 49, 53, 61 RIODINIDAE Hamearis iucina 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 40, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 65, 67 NYMPHALIDAE Apatura iris 16, 32 Apatura iiia 27, 54, 60 V Limenitis reducta 4, 31, 54 Limenitis camiiia 60 Neptss sappho 11, 16, 24, 27, 48, 54, 56, 60, 62 Neptss rivuiaris 16, 55 Nymphaiis antiopa 33 Inachis io 9, 14, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 39, 50, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 65 Vanessa ataianta 5, 6, 9, 16, 21, 23, 24, 31, 36, 38, 40, 53, 54, 60, 65 Vanessa cardui 3, 5, 7, 14, 15, 19, 28, 30, 33, 36, 42, 51, 53, 58, 63, 65, 66, 68 Agiais urticae 5, 21, 27, 52, 62 Poiygonia c-aibum 2, 3, 6, 13, 16, 21, 24, 29, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 62 Araschnia ievana 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65, 68 Argynnis paphia 21, 44, 62 Argynnis agiaja 29 Argynnis adippe 21 Argynnis niobe 2 Issoria iathonia 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 27, 29, 30, 35, 47, 63, 65, 68 Brenthis daphne 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 49, 52, 56, 64, 68 Ciossiana seiene 2, 29 V NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 31-46 39 Species Localities SLO FFH Clossiana dia 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 28, 33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 64, 65, 67 Melitaea phoebe 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 40, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 63, 66, 67, 68 Melitaea didyma 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 29, 30, 34, 36, 43, 44, 47, 48, 53, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66 Melitaea diamina 57 V Melitaea britomartis 43, 44 V Melitaea athalia 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Melanargia galathea 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68 Hipparchia fagi 5, 6, 14, 17, 21, 34, 46, 49, 61, 62 Minois dryas 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 44, 47, 49, 54, 61, 66 Brintesia circe 14, 18, 20, 32, 47, 52, 64 Erebia aethiops 16, 24, 27, 62 Maniola jurtina 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Aphantopus hyperantus 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 47, 50, 55, 60, 66, 67 Coenonympha pamphilus 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Coenonympha arcania 42, 43, 44, 52 Coenonympha glycerion 2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 34, 36, 38, 44, 46, 52, 54, 64, 65, 66 Pararge aegeria 3, 24, 54 Lasiommata maera 52 Lasiommata megera 5, 11, 14, 17, 19, 28, 35, 36, 37, 42, 49, 50, 54, 58, 59, 64, 65, 66 HESPERIIDAE Pyrgus malvae 6, 13, 32, 35, 44, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 63, 65, 66, 67 Pyrgus armorccanus 6, 9, 14, 33, 57, 65 V Spaaiia sertorius 5, 6, 18, 28, 36, 49, 53 Carcharodus alceae 6, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 27, 40, 44, 49, 53, 57 V Erynnis tages 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68 Carterocephalus palaemon 28, 51, 53 Heteropterus morpheus 6, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 32, 35, 40, 41, 44, 49, 50, 55, 61, 67 Thymelicus lineola 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 20, 29, 30, 33, 40, 44, 46, 47, 52, 56, 61, 63 Thymelccus sylvestris 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 29, 36, 38, 40, 45, 49, 64, 65, 66, 68 Hesperia comma 5, 65 Ochlodes venata 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 67 40 Rudi VEROVNIK: The distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Haloze ... / SCIENTIFIC PAPER Diversity distribution and coverage of the region W ^THALOZE ■Cj Slovenia / V crO Ptuj lake^B WM73 0 wmo?,-, * 17 10 specimens). Kuhl's pipistrelle was seen feeding exclusively around street lamps, along with less numerous common pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and serotines (Eptesicus serotinus) (Tab. 3). With the use of heterodine bat detector, Nyctalus noctula/lasiopterus was also recorded at Krasnja and its vicinity. 56 Primož PRESETNIK & Matilda CERAR: Opazovanja kolonije belorobega netopirja .../ ZNANSTVENI ČLANEK Zahvala Ana Čehovin, Luka Kremžar, Janez Prešern in Uroš Žibrat so sodelovali pri terenskem delu. Uroš Žibrat je dovolil tudi objavo predhodnih rezultatov analize prehrane. Društvo študentov biologije je posodilo potrebno opremo. Agencija RS za okolje MOPE je dovolila lov netopirjev. Viri Ahlen I. (1990): Identification of bats in flight. Swedish Society for Conservation of Nature, Stockholm. 50 pp. Barataud M. (1996): The World of Bats. Sittelle Publishers, 47 pp. Beck A. (1994-1995): Fecal analyses of European bat species. Myotis 32-33: 109-119. Bullock D. J., Combes B.A., Eales L.A. (1987): Analysis of the timing and pattern of emergence of the pipistrelle bat (Pipistrelluspipistrellus). J. Zool. London 211: 267-274. Duverge P.L., Jones G., Rydell J., Ransome R.D. (2000): Functional significance of emergence timing in bats. Ecography 23: 32-40. Feyerabend F., Simon M. (2000): Use of roost and rost switching in a summer colony of 45 kHz phonc type pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774). Myotis 38: 51-59. Haffner M, Stutz H.P. (1985-1986): Abundance of Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus kuhlii foraging at street-lamps. Myotis 23-34: 167-172. Jones G., Rydell J. (1994): Foraging strategy and predation risk as factors influencing emergence time in echolocating bats. Philosophical Transcription of the Royal Society of London B 346: 445-455. Gottfried W. (1996): Zum ektoparasitenbefall der Fledermäuse und den potentiallen auswirkungen. Myotis 34: 85-92. Koselj K. (2000): Poročilo o delovanju skupine za netopirje. V: Govedič M. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije - Šalovci '99. Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije - Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana, 21-22. Koselj K. (2001): Poročilo o delovanju skupine za netopirje. V: Govedič M. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije - Cerkno 2000. Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije - Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana, 11-12. Koselj K., Aupič N. (2001): Prispevek k poznavanju favne netopirjev (Mammalia: Chiroptera) vzhodne Slovenije. Natura Sloveniae 3(2): 41-62. Kryštufek B. (1991): Sesalci Slovenije. Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana: 65-66. Limpens H.J.G.A., Roschen A. (1995): Bestimmung der mitteleuropäischen Fledermausarten anhand ihrer Rufe. NABU-Umweltpyramide, Bremervörde, 48 pp. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 47-57 57 Norberg U.M., Rayner J.M.V. (1987): Ecological morfology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transcription of the Royal Society of London B 316: 335-427 Petrželkova K., Zukal J. (2001): Emergence behaviour of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) under predation risk. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 51 (4): 395-414. Presetnik P. (2001): Popis netopirjev v okolici Turjaka. Natura Sloveniae 3(1): 5-18. Presetnik P. (2002a): Poročilo o delovanju skupine za netopirje. V: Gergeli A. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije - Semič 2001. Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije - Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana, 48-50. Presetnik P. (2002b): Poročilo o delovanju skupine za netopirje. In: Planinc G., Presetnik P. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije - Videm pri Ptuju 2002. Društvo študentov biologije, Ljubljana, 61-64. Racey P.A. (1990): Reproductive Assessment in Bats. In: Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats. Kunz T.H. (Ed.). London, Smithsonian Institution Press: 31-45. Racey P.A., Swift S.M. (1985): Feeding ecology of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during pregnancy and lactacion. I. Foraging behaviour. Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 205-215. Razinger P., Dintijana B., Mikuž H. (2002): Naše nebo: Astronomske efemeride. Oddelek za fiziko FMF. 55: 56 pp. Russo D., Jones G. (1999): The social calls of Kuhl's pipistrelle Pipistrelluskuhl/i(Kuhl, 1819): structure and variation (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). J. Zool. London 249: 476-481. Schober W., Grimmberger E. (1993): Bats of Britain and Europe. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, London: 224 pp. Vernier E. (1995): Versitilita nell'utilizzo di strutture umane da parta del pipistrello albolimbado, Pipistrellus kuhiii(Natteree, 1819). Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Ml/ano 134/1993 (I): 13-16. Vernier E., Bogdanovicz. W. (1999): Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817). In: The atlas of European mammals. Mitchell-Jones A.J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Kryštufek B., Reijnders P., H.J., Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J.B.M., Vohralik V., Zima J. (Eds.). London, T & AD Poyser: 120-121. Wolz I. (1986): Wochen stuben-Quartirwechechsehl bei Bechsteinfledermaus. Z Saugetierk. 51: 6574. Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti močvirske sklednice (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) ob reki Dravi v Sloveniji Marijan GOVEDIČ1 & Franc JANŽEKOVIČ2 1 Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Podružnica Ljubljana, Zemljemerska 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija; E-mail: marijan.govedic@ckf.si 2 Oddelek za biologijo, Pedagoška fakulteta - Univerza v Mariboru, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija; E-mail: franc.janzekovic@uni-mb.si Izvleček. Predstavljene so nove in že objavljene najdbe močvirske sklednice v Podravju. Prvič v Sloveniji je bila potrjena podvrsta Emys orbicularis orbicularis. Ključne besede: močvirska sklednica, Emys orbicularis orbicularis, Podravje, Slovenija Abstract. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EUROPEAN POND TURTLE (EMYS ORBICULARIS (LINNAEUS, 1758)) DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE DRAVA RIVER IN SLOVENIA - New discoveries together with published data on European pond turtle along the Drava river in Slovenia are presented. Subspecies Emys orbicularis orbicularis was comfirmed for the first time in Slovenia. Key words: European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis orbicularis, Drava river, Slovenia Močvirska sklednica (Emys orbicularis) je danes razširjena po večjem delu Evrope, ni je le v Skandinaviji in na Britanskem otočju. Na vzhodu je razširjena do Kaspijskega jezera in Urala, na jugu pa do podsaharske Afrike (Fritz 1992, Gasc et al. 1997, Mršic 1997). Geografska variabilnost močvirske sklednice je dobro izražena. Opisanih je več podvrst, v srednji Evropi in na Balkanu sta poznani E. o. orbčcuaaris (Linnaeus, 1758) in E. o. hellenica (Valenciennes, 1832), stično območje med obema podvrstama pa bi naj potekalo tudi prek Slovenije (Fritz 1992). Še nedolgo tega je bila močvirske sklednica poznana samo na Ljubljanskem barju, v Beli krajini, Krški kotlini in ob reki Krki (Mršic 1997), v zadnjih letih pa se je poznavanje razširjenosti precej izboljšalo (Tome 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003). NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 59-63 ZOTKS Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana, 2003 60 Marijan GOVEDIČ & Franc JANŽEKOVIČ: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti močvirske... / SHORT COMMUNICATION V porečju reke Drave v Sloveniji so bili v zadnjih sedmih letih na različnih lokalitetah ugotovljeni trije osebki močvirske sklednice (Sl. 1). Podatki o teh treh najdbah pa so trenutno tudi edini novejši podatki o pojavljanju močvirske sklednice v tem območju. Prva najdba je z dne 4.8.1997, ko je močvirsko sklednico na cesti ob cerkvi v vasi Središče ob Dravi našel domačin Jože Zemljič (Sl. 1: najdišče št. 1). Najdbo navajajo Planinc (1999) in Tome (2003) kot podatek za kvadrat WM94, Štumberger (2001) za mrtvice pri Središču ob Dravi v območju IBA Drava, in Kočevar (2003) za območje bodočega Krajinskega parka Središče ob Dravi. Želva je bila s ceste odnešena v manjši opuščeni glinokop 500 m S od mesta najdbe. Biometrični podatki na dan najdbe: masa 0,11 kg, širina carapaxa (CL) 72 mm, dolžina carapaxa (CB) 87 mm (meritve po Fritz 1995). Drugi primerek močvirske sklednice je bil opazovan 24.8.1998 v Slivniških ribnikih (Milan Vogrin, ustno; Sl. 1: najdišče št. 2). Ta podatek je predstavljen tudi v Tome (2003). Tretji primerek sklednice je našel domačin Bojan Mihelač poleti 2002, ko je prečkala cesto Stojnci-Borl JV od Ptuja (Sl. 1: najdišče št. 3). Želvo je odnesel domov, kjer je na vrtu uspešno prezimila. Izpuščena je bila 10.5.2003 ob reki Dravi blizu mesta najdbe. Ob izpustitvi je bila masa sklednice 0,45 kg, CL 154 mm (meritve po Fritz 1995). Na podlagi rjavih oči sklepava, da je bil samec. Temen carapax brez rumenih pik in relativno temen trebušni ščit (plastron) podpirata uvrstitev osebka v podvrsto E. o. orbicularis(Fritz 1992, 1995; Sl. 2). Edini starejši literaturni vir, ki obravnava močvirsko sklednico na območju reke Drave, je Jež (1983), ki jo navaja za Pragersko (Sl. 1: najdišče št. 4). To informacijo je dobil od nekdanjega direktorja Mariborskega akvarija, biologa Rehbergerja, ki bi naj bil med obema vojnama močvirske sklednice videval v jarkih ob železniški progi od Pragerskega proti Mariboru (Jež, ustno). Ti jarki so bili skopani med graditvijo železnice Pragersko-Maribor, ki je bila odprta leta 1846, zasuti pa po drugi svetovni vojni, ko je bil zgrajen drugi tir. Jež (1983) dodaja, da sam močvirske sklednice tam več ni našel. Kljub temu da močvirska sklednica živi zelo skrito življenje in jo je težko odkriti, sklepava, da so najdbe ostanek nekoč številne populacije sklednice v Podravju. Ker so bili v zadnjih letih na obravnavanem območju opaženi samo trije primerki, o populaciji močvirskih sklednic v Podravju ne moreva govoriti. V Sloveniji je trgovanje z močvirskimi sklednicami in prenos čez mejo prepovedan, vendar obstaja tudi možnost vnosa. Domnevava, da najdene močvirske sklednice niso izpuščene ujete živali, in napovedujeva nove najdbe. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 47-57 61 Slika 2: Hrbtni in trebušni ščit močvirske sklednice Emysorbicularisorbicularis, najdene pri Borlu. (foto F. Janžekovič) Figure 2: Carapax and plastron of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularss orbicularis found at Borl. (photo F. Janžekovič) 62 Marijan GOVEDIČ & Franc JANŽEKOVIČ: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti močvirske... / SHORT COMMUNICATION Summary According to literature data, a juncture area of E. o. orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) and E. o. hellenica (Valenciennes, 1832) subspecies of the European pond turtle should run across Slovenia. Only three specimens of this turtle have been found so far along the Drava river in Slovenia in the last few years, i.e. at Središče ob Dravi (1997), Slivniški ribniki (1998), and Borl (2002). Some older literature sources refer to pond turtles occurring near Pragersko between the two world wars, but they are no to be found there any more. The specimen found at Borl was determined as subspecies Emys orbicularis orbicularis and is the first record of the European pond turtle at the subspecies level for Slovenia. The authors believe that the found turtles are in fact remains of once numerous population living in the Drava region, and predict new finds. Literatura Fritz U. (1992): Zur innerartlichen Variabilität von Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2. Variabilität in Osteuropa und Redefinition von Emys orbicularis orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) und E o. hellenica (Valenciennes, 1832) (Reptilia, Testudines: Emydidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden 47(5): 37-77. Fritz U. (1995): Zur innerartlichen Variabilität von Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) 5a. Taxonomie in Mittel-Westeuropa, auf Korsika, Sardinien, der Apenninen-Halbinsel und Sizilien und Unterartengruppen von E. orbicularis (Reptilia, Testudines: Emydidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden 48(13): 185-242. Gasc J.P., Cabela A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic J., Dolmen D., Grossenbacher K., Haffner P., Lescure J., Martens H., Martinez Rica J.P., Maurin H., Oliveira M.E., Sofianidou T.S., Veith M., Zuiderwijk A. (Eds.) (1997): Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Sociates Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d'Historie Naturelle (IEGB/SPN). Paris. 496 str. Jež M. (1983): Živalstvo na Slovenjebistriškem. V: Šerbelj F. (ured.), Zbornik občine Slovenska Bistrica I, str. 479-482, Skupščina občine Slovenska Bistrica: Kulturna skupnost, Slovenska Bistrica. Kočevar B. (2003): Krajinski park Središče ob Dravi. Lovska družina Središče, Središče ob Dravi. 26 str. Mršič N. (1997): Plazilci (Reptilia) Slovenije. Zavod republike Slovenije za šolstvo. Ljubljana. 167 str. Planinc G. (1999): Prispevek k poznavanju plazilcev (Reptilia) severovzhodne Slovenije. V: Govedič M. (ured.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije Središče ob Dravi '97, str. 23-30, Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana. Štumberger B. (2000): Reka Drava. V: Polak S. (ured.), Mednarodno pomembna območja za ptice v Sloveniji, str. 149-159, Monografija DOPPS št. 1, Društvo za opazovanje in proučevanje ptic Slovenije, Ljubljana. NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 59-63 63 Tome S. (1996): Pregled razširjenosti plazilcev v Sloveniji. Annales Ser. Hist. Nat., Koper6(9): 217228. Tome S. (1998): Plazilci (Reptilia). V: Zupančič M. (odgovorni nosilec), Biotopska in biocenotska valorizacija reke Mure in zaledja z oceno ranljivosti (zaključno poročilo o rezultatih opravljenega znanstveno-raziskovalnega dela na področju aplikativnega raziskovanja), str. 178-182, Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Tome S. (2001): Plazilci (Reptilia). V: Kryštufek B. & Kotarac M. (ured.), Raziskava razširjenosti evropsko pomembnih vrst v Sloveniji, str. 481-545, Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana. [http://www.gov.si/mop/aktualno/cbd/sodel/poro/porocilo.pdf] Tome S. (2003): Strokovna izhodišča za vzpostavljanje omrežja Natura 2000: Močvirska sklednica Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Ljubljana. [http://www.gov.si/mop/podrocja/uradzaokolje_sektorvarstvonarave/projekti/natura2000/proje ktivec/sklednica.pdf] Najdba laškega gada Vípera aspisv Breginjskem kotu poleti 2001 Gregor TORKAR Prekomorekih brigad 14, 5220 Tolmin, Slovenija, E- mail: gnsgor.torkar@guest.arnes.si Izvleček. Članek opisuje najdbo laškega gada (Vipera aspis), ki je bil junija 2001 opažen in fotografiran v bližini vasi Logje južno od Breginja. Gre za eno redkih najdb v novejšem času, ki potrjuje pojavljanje te vrste v Sloveniji. Poleg laškega gada smo na območju Breginjskega kota zabeležili še štiri vrste kač. Ključne besede: plazilci, kače, Vipera aspis, razširjenost, Slovenija Abstract. OBSERVATION OF THE ASP VIPER VIPERA ASPIS AT BREGINJSKI KOT (W SLOVENIA) - The article presents the results of the snake fauna survey carried out at Breginjski kot in July 2001. Five snake species were recorded, the most important among them being the Asp Viper Vipera aspis. It was found and photographed in the vicinity of the village of Logje, south of Breginj. This very rare observation of Vipera aspis confirms the occurrence of this species in Slovenia. Key words: reptiles, Vipera aspis, snakes, distribution, Slovenia Na skrajnem zahodu Slovenije, v Breginjskem kotu, so bile doslej zabeležene štiri vrste kač: navadni gož Elaphie longissima, smokulja Coronelía austríaca, beloluška Natrx natríx in laški gad Vipera aspis (Mršic 1997, Tome 1996, 2002). Ob popisu kač na prisojnih pobočjih Kobariškega Stola in Muzca, v okolici kraja Breginj in na obrežjih zgornjega toka reke Nadiže (UTM kvadrata UM82 in UM72) smo v obdobju med 2. in 20.7.2001 poleg omenjenih vrst zabeležili še kobranko (Natrix tessel/ata) ter potrdili pojavljanje laškega gada, ki je v Sloveniji izredno redko opažena vrsta. Navadnega goža smo našli na pobočjih Kobariškega Stola in Muzca kot tudi v širši okolici Breginja. V okolici Breginja smo opazili še smokuljo in laškega gada, na obrežjih Nadiže pa kobranko in belouško. Posebno pomembna je najdba laškega gada. Najstarejše najdbe te vrste na ozemlju Slovenije datirajo v začetek 20. stoletja (Dolce 1979, Tome 1996). Po letu 1932 ga navaja Brelih (1954), vendar pa potrjenih najdb ni bilo že več kot pol stoletja (Brodmann 1987, Mršic 1992, 1997; Tome, 1996). Mršic (1992) ga je na Rdečem seznamu ogroženih plazilcev v NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 65-67 ZOTKS Gibanje znanost miadini, Ljubijana, 2003 66 Gregor TORKAR: Najdba laškega gada Vipera aspisv Breginjskem kotu poleti 2001 / SHORT COMMUNICATION Sloveniji uvrstil med domnevno izumrle vrste. V zadnjih letih je bil laški gad nekajkrat opažen na območju Kobariškega Stola (Tome, ustno), zato ima v Pravilniku o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastiinskih in živalskih vrst v rdeči seznam (Ur! RS 12(82)): 8994-8975 (24.9.2002) zdaj status prizadete vrste (E). Kulturna krajina na območju Breginjskega kota se hitro spreminja, še posebno po potresu leta 1976, ki je povzročil izseljevanje prebivalstva in posledično opuščanje ter zaraščanje travnikov in pašnikov. V obravnavanem območju je zaradi večje osenčenosti vedno manj suhih in toplih prisojnih leg, nujnih za laškega gada, z izjemo pobočij Kobariškega Stola in Muzca. Zmanjševanje ugodnih habitatov bi lahko vplivalo na razširjenost laškega gada v Sloveniji, zato bi bili smiselno ohraniti kulturno krajino tudi z vidika te prizadete živalske vrste. Za boljše poznavanje razširjenosti in ekoloških zahtev laškega gada v Sloveniji bi bilo nujno več časa posvetiti usmerjenim raziskavam. Slika 1. Laški gad (Vipera aspiS), fotografiran v bližini vasi Logje poleti 2001. Figure 1. Asp Viper (Vipera aspiS), photographed in summer 2001 near the village of Logje (W Slovenia). Summary The article presents the results of the snake fauna survey carried out in July 2001 at Breginjski kot. Five snake species were found: Asculapian Snake Elaphe longissima, Smooth Snake Coronella austriaca, Grass Snake Natrix natrix natrix, Dice Snake Natrix tessallata, and Asp Viper Vipera aspis. The observation of Asp Viper is certainly the most important among them. It was found and pictured in the vicinity of the NATURA SLOVENIAE 5(2): 65-67 67 village of Logje, south of Breginj. This rare observation confirms the occurrence of Vipera aspis in Slovenia. Literatura Brelih S. (1954): Prispevek k poznavanju favne plazilcev slovenskega ozemlja. Biološki vestnik, Ljubljana 3: 128-131. Brodmann P. (1987): Die Giftschlangen Europas und die Gattung Vipera in Afrika und Asien. Kümmerly und Frey, Bern, 148 pp. Dolce, S. (1979): L'erpetofauna del Friuli, Venezia Giulia, Istria e Dalmazia nella collezione del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste - Catalogo regionato - Parte II: Reptilia, Serpentes. Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, Trieste 31(3): 201-232. Mršic N. (1992): Rdeči seznam ogroženih vrst plazilcev (Reptilia) v Sloveniji. Varstvo narave 17: 4144. Mršic N. (1997): Plazilci (Reptilia) Slovenije. Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo, Ljubljana, 167 pp. Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst vrdeči seznam. Ur.l. RS 12(82): 8994-8975 (24.9.2002) Tome S. (1996): Pregled razširjenosti plazilcev v Sloveniji. Annales9: 217-228. Tome S. (2002): Kače: Zakaj se jih bojimo ?!? Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, 72 str. NAVODILA AVTORJEM 69 NAVODILA AVTORJEM NATURA SLOVENIAEobjavlja izvirne prispevke, ki imajo za ozadje terensko delo s področja biologije in/ali prispevajo k poznavanju favne in flore Slovenije. Prispevki so lahko v obliki znanstvenih člankov ali kratkih notic. Znanstveni članek je celovit opis izvirne raziskave in vključuje teoretično ozadje tematike, območje raziskav in metode uporabljene pri delu, podrobno predstavljene rezultate in diskusijo, sklepe ter pregled literature. Dolžina naj ne presega 20 strani. Kratka notica je izvirni prispevek, ki ne vsebuje podrobnega teoretičnega pregleda. Njen namen je seznaniti bralca z delnimi ali preliminarnimi rezultati raziskave. Dolžina naj ne presega 5 strani. Vsi prispevki bodo recenzirani. Avtorji lahko v spremnem dopisu sami predlagajo recenzente, kljub temu pa urednik lahko izbere tudi kakšnega drugega recenzenta. Recenziran članek popravi avtor oz. avtorji sami. Po objavi prejme prvi avtor vsakega prispevka brezplačno 50 separatov. V primeru zavrnitve se originalne materiale skupaj z obrazložitvijo glavnega urednika vrne prvemu avtorju. Prispevki, objavljeni v reviji Natura Sloveniae, ne smejo biti predhodno objavljeni ali sočasno predloženi in objavljeni v drugih revijah ali kongresnih publikacijah. Avtorji se s predložitvijo prispevkov strinjajo, da ob njihovi potrditvi, ti postanejo last revije. Prispevke lahko oddate na naslov Natura Sloveniae, Oddelek za biologijo Univerze v Ljubljani, Večna pot 111, 1111 Ljubljana, Slovenija, (telefon: (01) 423 33 88, E-mail: rok.kostanjsek@uni-lj.si). FORMAT IN OBLIKA PRISPEVKA Prispevki naj bodo napisani v programu Word for Windows, v pisavi "Times New Roman CE 12'', z levo poravnavo in 3 cm robovi na A4 formatu. Med vrsticami naj bo dvojni razmak, med odstavki pa prazna vrstica. Naslov prispevka in naslovi posameznih poglavij naj bodo natisnjeni krepko v velikosti pisave 14. Latinska imena rodov in vrst morajo biti pisana ležeče. Uredniku je potrebno prispevek oddati v dveh izvodih, ter na priloženi 3.5''disketi (1.44 Mb) v Rich text formatu (.rtf). Naslov prispevka (v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku) mora biti informativen, jasen in kratek. Naslovu naj sledijo celotna imena avtorjev in njihovi naslovi (po možnosti tudi E-mail naslovi). Izvleček v slovenskem jeziku mora na kratko predstaviti namen, metode, rezultate in zaključke. Dolžina izvlečka naj ne presega 200 besed za znanstveni članek oziroma 100 besed za kratko notico. Pod izvlečkom naj bodo ključne besede, ki predstavljajo področje raziskave. Njihovo število naj ne bo večje od 10. Sledi abstract in key words v angleškem jeziku, za katere velja enako kot za izvleček in ključne besede. Glavnina prispevka naj bo pisana v slovenskem ali angleškem jeziku. Prispevek, ki je pisan v slovenskem jeziku mora vsebovati obširnejši angleški povzetek-summary, prispevek pisan v angleškem jeziku pa obširnejši slovenski povzetek (200-500 besed). SLIKE IN TABELE Skupno število slik in tabel v prispevku naj ne bo večje od 10, njihovo mesto naj bo v članku nedvoumno označeno. Posamezne tabele z legendami naj bodo na ločenih listih. Naslovi tabel naj bodo nad njimi, naslovi slik in fotografij pa pod njimi. Naslovi in legenda slik in tabel naj bodo v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Pri navajanju slik in tabel v tekstu uporabljajte okrajšave (npr. angl: Tab. 1 ali Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 ali Figs. 1-2 in slo.: Tab. 1 in Sl. 1). NAVAJANJE LITERATURE Navajanje literature v besedilu mora biti na ustreznem mestu. Kadar citiramo enega avtorja, pišemo Schultz (1987) ali (Schultz 1987), če sta avtorja dva (Parry & Brown 1959) in če je avtorjev več (Lubin et al. 1978). Kadar navajamo citat večih del hkrati, pišemo (Ward 1991, Pace 1992, Amman 1998). V primeru, ko citiramo več del istega avtorja objavljenih v istem letu, posamezno delo označimo s črkami (Lucas 1988a, b). Literatura naj bo urejena po abecednem redu. Primeri: - članke iz revij citiramo: Schultz J.W. (1987): The origin of the spinning aparatures in spiders. Biol. Rev. 62: 123-134. Parry D.A., Brown R.H.J. (1959): The hydraulic mechanysm of the spider leg. J. exp. Biol. 36: 654657. Lubin Y.D., Eberhard W.G., Montgomery G.G. (1978): Webs of Miagrammopes (Araneae: Araneaidae) in the neotropics. Psyche 85: 1-13. Lucas S. (1988a): Spiders in Brasil. Toxicon26: 759-766. Lucas S. (1988b): Spiders and their silks. Discovery 25: 1-4. - knjige, poglavja iz knjig, poročila, kongresne povzetke citiramo: Foelix R.F. (1996): Biology of spiders, 2. edition. Harvard University Press, London, pp. 155-162. Nentwig W., Heimer S. (1987): Ecological aspects of spider webs. In: Nentwig W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 211 pp. Edmonds D.T. (1997): The contribution of atmospheric water vapour to the formation of a spider's capture web. In: Heimer S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17 European Colloquium of Arachnology. Oxford Press, London, pp. 35-46. 70 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS NATURRA SLOVENIAE publishes original papers in Slovene and English which contribute to the understanding of the natural history of Slovenia. Papers may be submitted as "Scientific Papers" or as "Short Notes". Scientific Paper is a complete description of the original research including theoretical review, research area, methods, detailed presentation of the results obtained and discussion, conclusions and references. The length of the Scientific Paper may not exceed twenty (20) pages. Short Communication is an original paper without detailed theoretical review. Its purpose is to introduce partial or preliminary results of the research. The length of the Short Note may not exceed five (5) pages. All papers will be subject to peer review by one referee. Authors are invited to suggest the names of referees, although the editor reserves the right to elect an alternative referee to those suggested. The reviewed paper should be corrected by author or authors themselves. After the publication fifty (50) reprints of each article will be sent to the first-named author free of charge. In the case of the rejection, the original materials will be sent back to the first-named author with the editors explanation. The submitted papers should not have been previously published and should not be simulatenously submiteed or published elsewhere (in other journals, bulletins or congress publications). By submitting a paper, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the publisher if and when the article is accepted for publication. Papers should be submitted to NATURA SLOVENIAE, Oddelek za biologijo Univerze v Ljubljani, Večna pot 111, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia (telephone: (++386 1) 423 33 88, E-mail: rok.kostanjsek@uni-lj.si). FORMAT AND FORM OF ARTICLES Papers should be written with Word for Windows using "Times New Roman CE" size 12 font, align left and margins of 3 cm on A4 pages. Double spacing should be used between lines and paragraphs should be separated with a single empty line. The title and chapters should be written bold in font size 14. The latin names of all genera and species must be written italic. Two copies of all submissions should be sent to the editor together with the copy on the 3.5''diskette (1.44 Mb) in Rich text format (rtf). Title of paper should be informative, understandable, and concise. The title should be followed by the name(s) and full adress(es) of the author(s), and if possible E-mail adresse(s). Abstract must give concize information about the objectives, methods used, results and the conclusions. The abstract length should not exceed 200 words for "Scientific Papers" and 100 words for "Short Notes". There should be no more than ten (10) keywords which must accurately reflect the field of research covered in the paper. ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES Papers should not exceed a total of ten (10) illustrations and/or tabels, with their positon amongst the text clearly indicated by the author(s). Tables with their legends should be submitted on separate pages. Titles of tables should appear above them, and titles of illustrations and photographs below. Illustrations and tables should be cited shortly in the text (Tab. 1 or Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 or Figs. 1-2). LITERATURE References should be cited in the text as follows: a single author is cited, as Schultz (1987) or (Schultz 1987); two authors would be (Parry & Brown 1959); if a work of three or more authors is cited, (Lubin et al. 1978); and if the reference appears in several works, (Ward 1991, Pace 1992, Amman 1998). If several works by the same author published in the same year are cited, the individual works are indicated with the added letters a, b, c, etc. (Lucas 1988a, b). The literature should be arranged in alphabetical order. Examples (use the the following forms): - articles from journals: Schultz J.W. (1987): The origin of the spinning aparatures in spiders. Biol. Rev. 62: 123-134. Parry D.A., Brown R.H.J. (1959): The hydraulic mechanysm of the spider leg. J. exp. Biol. 36: 654657. Lubin Y.D., Eberhard W.G., Montgomery G.G. (1978): Webs of Miagrammopes (Araneae: Araneaidae) in the neotropics. Psyche 85: 1-13. Lucas S. (1988a): Spiders in Brasil. Toxicon26: 759-766. Lucas S. (1988b): Spiders and their silks. Discovery 25: 1-4. - for books, chapters from books, reports, and congress anthologies: Foelix R.F. (1996): Biology of spiders, 2. edition. Harvard University Press, London, pp. 155-162. Nentwig W., Heimer S. (1987): Ecological aspects of spider webs. In: Nentwig W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 211 pp. Edmonds D.T. (1997): The contribution of atmospheric water vapour to the formation of a spider's capture web. In: Heimer S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology. Oxford Press, London, pp. 35-46.