DOI: 10.2478/v10028-008-0008-1 HACQUETIA 7/2 • 2008, 141-159 the tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA in the subalpine belt of the krivanska mala fatra mts (slovakia) Ivana SIBÎKOVÂ*, Jozef ŠIBK* & Ivan JAROLÎMEK* Abstract The following paper reports the results of phytosociological research of tall-herb and tall-herb plant communities within the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt of the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts. The data set of 209 relevés was sampled and analysed using numerical classification and ordination. Major ecological gradients were interpreted using Ellenberg's indicator values and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Ten associations within five alliances were distinguished and characterised: Aconitetum firmi, Digitali ambiguae-Ca-lamagrostietum arundinaceae, Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Potentillo aurei-Calamagrosti-etum arundinaceae, Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae, Festucetum carpaticae, Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris, Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae, Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elati and Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini. Relationships between the floristic composition of the communities and environmental variables were analysed by canonical correspondence analysis. Key words: alpine vegetation, classification, ordination, phytosociology, tall-herb plant communities. Izvleček V članku so prikazani rezultati fitocenološke raziskave rastlinskih združb visokih steblik in trav razreda Mulge-dio-Aconitetea v subalpinskem pasu gorovja Krivânska Malâ Fatra. Podatkovni niz sestavlja 209 popisov, ki smo jih analizirali z numerično klasifikacijo in ordinacijo. Glavne ekološke gradiente smo interpretirali z Ellenber-govimi indikacijskimi vrednostmi in Shannon-Wienerjevim indeksom diverzitete. Ločili smo deset asociacij znotraj petih zvez in jih opisali: Aconitetum firmi, Digitali ambiguae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Allio victorialis-Calama-grostietum villosae, Festucetum carpaticae, Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris, Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae, Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elati in Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini. Povezavo med vrstno sestavo rastlinskih združb in rastiščnimi dejavniki smo analizirali s kanonično korespondenčno analizo. Ključne besede: alpinska vegetacija, klasifikacija, ordinacija, fitocenologija, rastlinske združbe visokih steblik. INTRODUCTION The class Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika 1948 comprises tall-herb and tall-grass communities in the altimontane to alpine belt found mainly on mesophilous habitats along mountain streams and on sheltered habitats with a sufficient supply of moisture and nutrients and with thick snow cover in winter. Near the tree line, they occur predomi- nantly on edaphically or mechanically conditioned natural (primary) tree-less places (talus cones, avalanche glens). These relatively species-rich communities are conspicuously multicoloured during the flowering period. In large depressions or small cirques, on convex or concave slopes on marl limestone, and more rarely in moist rocky glens among dwarf-pine stands, they form vegetation complexes with the subalpine deciduous shrub communities * Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dubravskâ cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia. E-mail: ivana.sibikova@savba.sk, jozef.sibik@savba.sk, ivanjarolimek@savba.sk 141 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 142-176 of the class Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis Rejmânek in Huml et al. 1979 (Kliment et al. 2007a). Although the National Park Mala Fatra Mts covers an area of only 226.3 km2, it is very diverse and miscellaneous. Even though the highest peak (Mt. Velky Krivân) reaches only 1,709 m a. s. l., several plant communities typical for an alpine vegetation belt occur there. Many various vegetation types are spread on such a small area in mosaics along the altitudinal gradient and according to geological bedrock, orientation and relief. The species diversity and the uniqueness of the regional flora is a result of specific evolution of vegetation during the postglacial era, as well as during the last centuries, conditioned by Walachian colonisation (cf. Jamk 1971, Plesmk 1955). METHODS The data set of 209 phytosociological relevés was used for the analysis: 143 relevés were sampled by the authors and 66 relevés were excerpted from Slovak National Vegetation Database (http://ibot. sav.sk/cdf; see Šibfkova et al. 2009). All relevés were gained following standard procedures of the Zürich-Montpellier School (Braun-Blanquet 1964, Westhoff & van den Maarel 1978), mostly using the modified 9-degree Braun-Blanquet sampling scale (Barkman et al. 1964), and older relevés by Bèlohlâvkovâ using the 7-degree Old Braun-Blan-quet sampling scale (Braun-Blanquet 1964) and stored in a TURBOVEG database (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001). Before performing the numerical synthesis, the cryptogam layer was excluded (due to the uneven determination of cryptogams in individual relevés), as well as the taxa determined only to genus level. Several taxa were included into the higher or broadly considered taxonomical units: Achillea millefolium agg. (subsp. alpestris, A. setacea), Alchemilla spec. div. (A. crinita, A. monticola, A. vulgaris, A. xanthochlora), Anthoxanthum alpinum (A. odoratum), Arabis hirsuta agg. (A. sagittata), Bup-leurum longifolium (subsp. vapincense), Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. (C. borbasii, C. borbasii subsp. carpatica), Carex flacca (subsp. flacca), Crepis mollis (subsp. mollis), Dactylis glomerata (subsp. slovenica), Dryopteris dilatata s. l. (D. carthusiana, D. expansa), Galeobdolon luteum s. l. (G. montanum), Galium mollugo agg. (G. album), Galium anisophyllon (G. pumilum), Helianthe-mum grandiflorum s. l. (subsp. grandiflorum, subsp. obscurum), Heracleum sphondylium (subsp. trachycar-pum), Jovibarba globifera (subsp. hirta), Knautia ar- vensis agg. (K. kitaibelii), Leontodon hispidus (subsp. hispidus), Leucanthemum vulgare agg. (L. marga-ritae), Lotus corniculatus s. l. (var. alpicola Beck), Luzula luzuloides (subsp. rubella, subsp. luzuloides), Myosotis scorpioides agg. (M. nemorosa), Pimpinella major (subsp. rhodochlamys), Polygala amara (subsp. brachyptera), Senecio nemorensis agg. (S. hercynicus, S. ovatus), Solidago virgaurea (subsp. minuta), Thymus pulcherrimus (subsp. pulcherrimus, subsp. sudeticus, T. x pseudocarpaticus), Trifolium pratense (subsp. prat-ense, subsp. kotulae). The subspecies in the tables (given without the species name) are marked with asterisks (*). Numerical classification was performed using the program PC-ORD (McCune & Mefford 1999). Ward's method with the Euclidean distance similarity coefficient was used. To decrease the difference between close values of higher absolute cover (cf. Lepš & Šmilauer 2000, Herben & Münzbergova 2003), data were transformed by square root transformation. The diagnostic taxa were calculated using a statistically defined coefficient of fidelity (phi coefficient, O; cf. Chytry et al. 2002) for particular groups of relevés, created by the cluster analysis of all 209 relevés, which represent individual syn-taxa. Since the fidelity calculations for individual clusters are dependent on the number of relevés in the clusters, the standardisation of the size of all site groups was performed (with the target group being of the same size as the others; cf. Tichy & Chytry, 2006). To reduce the effect of coinciden-tally occurring species in the data set, Fisher's exact test was used (cf. Chytry et al. 2002, Chytry 2007) with the significance level p < 0.001. These diagnostic groups of species have local applicability, since they reflect the results of the analysis of data gained only from the area of the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts (cf. Šibfkova 2006). Within them, the diagnostic species (fidelity value 0.30), constant species (frequency 60 %) and dominant species (cover > 50 %) were determined, corresponding to the results of numerical analysis of tall-grass and tall-herb plant communities of the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts (cf. Šibfkova 2006). Diagnostic species for individual communities of the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts are discussed and compared with the results of huge syntaxonomical revision of high mountain vegetation from the area of Western Carpathians (Kliment et al. 2007a). The synoptic table was generated in JUICE 6.4, the software for analysis and classification of ecological data (Tichy 2002) and finally arranged in the programme Microsoft Word. In the tables with 142 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... few relevés (< 5) the frequency was replaced by the values of presence (P) of individual taxa. The synoptic table encompasses only those syntaxa which include more than three phytosociological relevés. Syntaxa supported by less than three relevés are stated in the text together with the citation of a recent paper, which deals with the syntaxon, or together with the relevés. The syntaxonomical classification of the vegetation follows the results of broader syntaxonomical revisions of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea within the Western Carpathians (Kliment & Jarohmek 2003, Kliment et al. 2004, 2007a). The results of the regional synthesis from the Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts were interpreted in accord with the results of adduced broader revisions, whilst the regional particularities and differences were highlighted. The main gradients in species composition of tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities in the Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts were analysed by detrend-ed correspondence analysis (DCA) in the CANOCO 4.5 program package (ter Braak & Šmilauer 2002). For the interpretation from the ecological point of view, not only the floristic composition, but also the Ellenberg's indicator values (Ellenberg et al. 1992) and the Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (Hill 1973, Tichy & Holt 2006) were used as supplementary data. However, both data sets were analysed as non-dependent variables to avoid tautological argumentation, i.e. the problem of "multiple testing" (cf. Herben & Münzbergova 2003). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyse the relations of the species composition of the vegetation and the environmental variables - altitude, slope, pH (H2O), cover of cryptogam layer and geological bedrock (calcite, granite, quartzite, marl and sandstone). Only the relevés with all chosen environmental variables available (57 relevés) were analysed by CCA. The geological bedrock was identified directly in the field and checked in Regional Geological Maps of the Slovak Republic (Haško & Polak 1980). The nomenclature of the taxa generally follows the Checklist by Marhold & Hindak (1998), except for these taxa: Carex sempervirens subsp. tatrorum (Zapal.) Pawl., Hieracium valdepilosum Vill., Lotus corniculatus var. alpicola Beck. The names of syntaxa and lists of their diagnostic taxa follow the outline of Kliment & Jarohmek (1995), Valachovič et al. (1995), Valachovič et al. (2001), Šibik et al. (2005) and Kliment et al. (2007b). Abbreviations are used in the text as follows: agg. = aggregate taxa, cf. = compare, spec. div. = various species, r. = relevé. Abbreviations of the syntaxa names used in table are: aa Adenostylion alliariae, ar Arabidion alpinae, ca Calamagrostion arundinaceae, cf Caricion firmae, cr Calamagrostion variae, cv Calamagrostion villosae, de Delphinenion elati, fc Festucion carpaticae, pm Pinion mugo, po Petasition officinalis, pt Papaverion tatrici, sa Astero alpini-Seslerion calcariae, ss Salicion silesiacae, st Seslerion tatrae, tf Trisetion fusci, Cv Calamagrosti-etalia villosae, Gp Galio-Parietarietalia officinalis, Mc Montio-Cardaminetalia, Pc Potentilletalia caulescentis, AT Asplenietea trichomanis, ES Elyno-Seslerietea, LV Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, MC Montio-Cardaminetea, MU Mulgedio-Aconitetea, NS Nardetea strictae, TR Thlaspi-etea rotundifolii. Abbreviations of the taxa names used in figures (Figure 5 & 7) are: Acetarif - Acetosa arifolia, Achimila - Achillea millefolium subsp. alpestris, Aconfirm - Aconitum firmum subsp. moravicum, Adenalli - Adenos-tyles alliariae, Alchsp.d - Alchemilla spec. div., Allivict - Allium victorialis, Astrmajo - Astrantia major, Athydist - Athyrium distentifolium, Avenflex - Avenella flexuosa, Bistmajo - Bistorta major, Calaarun - Calamagrostis arundinacea, Calavari - Calamagrostis varia, Calavill - Calamagrostis villosa, Campserr - Campanula serrata, Careflac - Carex flacca, Caresemt - Carex * tatrorum, Chaehirs - Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Cicealpi - Cicerbita alpina, Cortmatt - Cortusa matthioli, Creppalu - Crepis paludosa, Cyanmoll - Cyanus mollis, Dactglom - Dacty-lis glomerata, Daphmeze - Daphne mezereum, Delpoxys - Delphinium oxysepalum, Desccesp - Deschampsia cespitosa, Doroaust - Doronicum austriacum, Epilalpe - Epilobium alpestre, Epilangu - Epilobium angustifo-lium, Festcarp - Festuca carpatica, Gentascl - Gentiana asclepiadea, Gerasylv - Geranium sylvaticum, Geumriva - Geum rivale, Heraspho - Heracleum sphondylium, Homoalpi - Homogyne alpina, Hypemacu - Hypericum maculatum, Knauarve - Knautia arvensis agg., Ligu-muta - Ligusticum mutellina, Luzuluzo - Luzula lu-zuloides, Luzusylv - Luzula sylvatica, Milieffu - Milium effusum, Myosnemo - Myosotis nemorosa, Myossylv - Myosotis sylvatica, Pimpmajo - Pimpinella major, Poa chai - Poa chaixii, Primelat - Primula elatior, Rubuidae - Rubus idaeus, Rumealpi - Rumex alpinus, Saxirotu - Saxifraga rotundifolia, Seneherc - Senecio hercynicus, Senenemo - Senecio nemorensis agg., Senesuba - Sene-cio subalpinus, Sesltatr - Sesleria tatrae, Siledioi - Silene dioica, Soldcarp - Soldanella carpatica, Stelnemo - Stellaria nemorum, Swerpere - Swertia perennis, Thalaqui - Thalictrum aquilegiifolium, Trisflav - Trisetum flaves-cens, Vaccmyrt - Vaccinium myrtillus, Valetrip - Valeriana tripteris, Veralobe - Veratrum * lobelianum, Violbfl - Viola bflora. 143 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, 141-159 STUDY AREA Mala Fatra National Park lies in the northwest part of Slovakia (Figure 1). The geographical coordinates range within 49°08'00" - 49°19'30" of the latitudes and 18°50'30" - 19°14'45" of the longitude (Pagâc et al. 1983). The total area of the national Figure 1: Map of the studied area (Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts) located within Slovakia and Europe. Slika 1: Karta raziskovanega območja (gorovje Krivânska Malâ Fatra) na Slovaškem in položaj v Evropi. park covers 226.30 km2. The longest distance from west to east is 35 km and from north to south 20 km. The highest peak (1,709 m a. s. l.) is Mt. Velky Krivân (http://www.sopsr.sk/malafatra). According to the phytogeographical division of Slovakia (Bertovâ 1984), the area belongs to the West Carpathian's flora region (Carpaticum occidentale) and to the high Central Carpathian's flora district (Eucarpaticum). The geomorphologi-cal character of Malâ Fatra Mts was formed during the postglacial era. It is marked out by the great altitudinal differences, steep slopes and hence by the relatively small mass of the mountains (Ložek 1972). These facts, together with the specific position within high mountain ranges of the central Carpathians (Malâ Fatra Mts is the most northwestern mountain range and hence the first wind-breaking barrier to strong north-western winds), miscellaneous geological bedrock and landscape heterogeneity contribute to an exceptional variability of natural ecosystems in the area. The map of the study area with depicted localities of individual recent phytosociological relevés used in this work is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Map of the studied area (Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts) and the localities of individual recent phytosociological relevés. Slika 2: Karta raziskovanega območja (gorovje Krivânska Malâ Fatra) in kraji posameznih (recentnih) fitocenoloških popisov. 144 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Classification Based on the broader syntaxonomical revisions of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea within the whole area of the Western Carpathians (Kliment & Jarohmek 2003, Kliment et al. 2004, 2007a), we decided to accept this concept of the class, although it differs in some aspects from the phytosociological systems published in neighbouring countries (cf. Pott 1995, Karner & Mucina 1993, Theurillat et al. 1995). In the interpretation of the dendrogram (Figure 3), the fifth highest level of dissimilarity was taken into account. Individual clusters in the dendrogram represent particular, floristically well 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 differentiated vegetation units, clearly interpretable also on the level of higher syntaxa. Cluster C, which represents the alliance Festucion carpaticae and its only association Festucetum carpaticae, was formed on the highest level of dissimilarity. The uniqueness of this association caused in the past the disunited classification into higher syntaxa, for example into the alliances Seslerion coerulae (cf. Braun-Blanquet 1930) or Seslerion tatrae (cf. Hadač et al. 1969, Dûbravcovâ & Hajdûk 1986). The second cluster represents the alliance Calamagrostion arundinaceae (Figure 3, cluster B). Cluster A is identified as the order Adenostyletalia alliariae and the alliance Adenostylion alliariae. Within this cluster, a group of relevés was formed on the highest level of dissimilarity, identified as the sub-alliance Adenos- 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Figure 3: Dendrogram of the numerical classification of the tall-herb plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the area of Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts. Parameters used: Ward's method, Euclidean distance, Square root transformation. Symbols used: 1., 2., 3. Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 4. Aconitetum firmi; 5. Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini; 6. Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini, floating phytocoenose towards the association Aconitetum firmi; 7. Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris; 8. Phytocoenoses dominated by Athyrium distentifolium, floating towards the association Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 9. Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae; 10. Digitali ambiguae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, 11. Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 12. Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, floating phytocoenose towards the association Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 13. Potentillo aurei-Calama-grostietum arundinaceae; 14. Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elati; 15., 16., 17. Festucetum carpaticae. Slika 3: Dendrogram numerične klasifikacije rastlinskih združb visokih steblik razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea v območju gorovja Krivanska Mala Fatra. Uporabljeni parametri: Wardova metoda, Evklidska razdalja, transformacija s kvadratnim korenom. Uporabljeni simboli: 1., 2., 3. Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 4. Aconitetum firmi; 5. Aconito firmi-Rumice-tum alpini; 6. Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini, floating phytocoenose towards the association Aconitetum firmi; 7. Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris; 8. Phytocoenoses dominated by Athyrium distentifolium, floating towards the association Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 9. Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae; 10. Digitali ambiguae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, 11. Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 12. Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, floating phytocoenose towards the association Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 13. Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 14. Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elati; 15., 16., 17. Festucetum carpaticae. 145 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 146-176 tylenion alliariae (A2). The second sub-alliance Delphinenion elati is represented by cluster A1. Within this cluster, relevés representing the associations Aconitetum firmi (the alliance Trisetion fusci, cluster D) and Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini (the alliance Petasition offcinalis, cluster E) were clustered on a lower level of dissimilarity (in comparison with other groups of association rank). This happened due to very similar ecological characteristics of the habitats, and hence close syngenetical relations and floristic composition (the occurrence of hygrophilous to spring species), as well as due to the disproportionately smaller number of relevés in comparison with other associations. Another important factor is the absence of relevés from the most related associations of particular alliances (Trisetion fusci, Petasition officinalis), in latter case also of particular order (Petasito-Chaerophylletalia). Based on the dendrogram, the synoptic table (Tab. 1) of the associations of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea from the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts was created. The diagnostic taxa in the table are ordered according to decreasing fidelity value (phi coefficient x100; the significance level of the Fisher's exact test is p < 0.001). Detrended correspondence analysis To display the relations between phytosociological relevés, individual taxa and ecological gradients, the detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used. The total variability of the plant communities of Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts is best explained by the first two axes (12.5 %), the cumulative percentage of variability explained by four axes is 19.7 %. The first axis also explains the highest cumulative percentage (31.4 %) of direct relations between taxa and supplementary environmental variables (in this case Ellenberg's indicator values and Shannon-Wiener's index of diversity). Together with the second axis, they explain 53.1 % of variability (Figs. 4 & 5). Figure 5: Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination diagram of the species. Eigenvalues: 1st axis 0.673; 2nd axis 0.514; Lengths of gradient: 1st axis 4.874; 2nd axis 3.643. Ordination scores of the most important species (species weight range is > 4 %). Slika 5: Ordinacijski diagram, narejen s kanonično analizo z odstranjenim trendom (DCA) s prikazanimi vrstami. Lastne vrednosti: 1 os 0.673; 2 os 0.514; dolžina gradienta: 1 os 4.874; 2 os 3.643. Ordinacijske vrednosti najbolj pomembnih vrst (rang teže vrst > 4 %). Figure 4: Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination diagram of 209 relevés from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea from the area of Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts. Ellenberg's indicator values and Shannon-Wiener's index of diversity were used as supplementary variables. Eigenvalues: 1st axis 0.673; 2nd axis 0.514; Lengths of gradient: 1st axis 4.874; 2nd axis 3.643. Symbol used: see Fig. 3. Slika 4: Ordinacijski diagram, narejen s kanonično analizo z odstranjenim trendom (DCA) iz 209 popisov razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea iz gorovja Krivanska Mala Fatra. El-lenbergove indikacijske vrednosti in Shannon-Wienerjev diverzitetni indeks so uporabljeni kot dodatne variable. Lastne vrednosti: 1 os 0.673; 2 os 0.514; dolžina gradienta: 1os 4.874; 2os 3.643. Pomen simbolov je opisan pod sliko 3. Àthydis Moisture ^ Nutrients Vac n , Veralobe Lïgumu üoroaust r, m , ■ n , Homoalpi Rubuidae Gentascl ^ Senenemo Hypemac Acetari) Milie))u üescesp AdenaUi Epilalpe,^.-sss*""^ Stelnemo^^^J-^AćOnirm Saxirotu Luzusylv Alchsp. d Pi Rumealpi Geu Allivict Avenflex Calavill Calaarun cmyrt e Luzuluzo Achimila u Campserr Temperature ldcarp Herapho Violbih Continent Sesltatr ^ Bùtmâfo ^^^ Caarnri melat \ Light mriva \ ^ Shan-Win ü Caresemt cestcarp Cortmatt actglom * pH 146 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... The temperature- as well as light-requirements-correlates positively with the first (horizontal) axis, the negative correlation shows soil moisture and nutrients (Figs. 4 & 5). This is why the clusters, which represent some communities of the alliance Calamagrostion arundinaceae are depicted in the right-hand part of the ordination diagram (Figure 4). Those are the tall-grass plant communities, which occur on more dry and warm soils, mostly on slopes exposed to south. The narrow leaves of the grasses do not protect the ground and soil sufficiently enough against the sunshine, as well as they do not prevent the evaporation of soil moisture. The habitat conditions are highlighted by the occurrence of the taxa Sesleria tatrae, Carex *tatrorum, Calamagrostis arundinacea and C. varia (Figure 5). On the left side of the ordination diagram (Figure 4), there can be identified the tall-herb plant communities, typical with the occurrence and dominance of several broad-leaved herbs, e.g. Adenostyles alliariae or Rumex alpinus (Figure 5), which explains the negative correlation of the group with light-requirements and a positive correlation with soil moisture, hence the broad leaves prevent the sunshine from reaching the lower herb layers, and also protect the soil from soil moisture evaporation. Also the occurrence of these communities is bound mainly to avalanche glens and margins of snow beds, hence moister habitats. The soil pH values correlates negatively with the second (vertical) axis (Figure 4). Along this gradient, the cluster representing the association Festucetum carpaticae (alliance Festucion carpati-cae) is clearly differentiated against the tall-grass plant communities of the alliance Calamagrostion arundinaceae. Since the phytocoenoses dominated by Festuca carpatica belong in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts to the most species-rich plant communities above the timberline, they positively correlate with the Shannon-Wiener index of diversity values. Conversely, the negative correlation is shown by the species-poorest tall-herb plant communities of the Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris (Figure 4). The important factor is the lack of sunshine, due to the formation of very dense, closed phytocoenoses and also very dense litter on soil surface, both of which keep other species from infiltration and catching on in the stands. Along the gradient of soil moisture and nutrients content, the differences between the stands of the communities Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini and Aconitetum firmi can be clearly pointed out. Hence, we consider their classification into two dif- ferent syntaxonomical units as necessary, despite their connection on a lower level of dissimilarity in the dendrogram (Figure 3, other arguments see above). Canonical correspondence analysis The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to test the relations between the environmental variables and the floristic composition of plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts. The variability of the floristic composition is best explained by the first two axes (15.6 %), the cumulative percentage of the explained variability by all four axes is 25.8 %. The first axis also explains the highest cumulative percentage (26.2 %) of direct relations between taxa and environmental variables. Together with the second axis, they explain 45.7 %; the cumulative percentage of total variability is 75.7 %. In the ordination diagram (Figure 6 & 7), the quantitative environmental variables are depicted as the arrows in the direction of increasing values. Categorical variables (geological bedrock) are in the diagram depicted as a point. Similarly, the individual species are shown as points, which represent the apex of the convex curve of their optimal occurrence. The most relevant variables are the cryptogam layer, pH-values and altitude, the latter one being strongly correlated with slope. The more moist stands of the tall-herb plant communities of the associations Aconito firmi-Adeno-styletum alliariae (Figure 6, symbol 3) and Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini (Figure 6, symbols 7 & 8) are clearly differentiated along the gradient of the cryptogam layer against the tall-grass communities, which are characterised by dense and close vegetation, and thick layer of litter on the soil surface, which prevents the development of the cryptogam layer. The relevés representing the association Fes-tucetum carpaticae (Figure 6, symbol 6) are positively correlated with the pH-values, which logically explains the fact, that they are usually bound to calcareous bedrock. A similar relation can be found between the stands of the association Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris (Figure 6, symbol 1), occurring on quartzite bedrock and their negative correlation with pH- gradient. The phytocoenoses dominated by Calamagrostis villosa (Figure 6, symbol 4) or C. arundinacea (Figure 6, symbol 5) are bound rather to marly bedrock with mostly southerly exposed slopes. 147 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 148-176 Figure 6: Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of 57 relevés from the class Mulgedio-Ack-onitetea from the area of Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts. Eigenvalues: 1st axis 0.583; 2nd axis 0.434. 1 - Adenostylo-Athyrietum, 2 - Phytocoenoses dominated by Athyrium distenti-folium, transition towards the association Aconito-Adenostyletum, 3 - Aconito-Ade-nostyletum, 4 - Allio-Calamagrostietum villlosae, 5 - relevé with close syngenetic relation to the association Helianthemo-Calamagrostietum villosae, 6 - Festucetum carpaticae, 7 - Aconito-Rumicetum alpini, 8 - transitional phytocoenose between the associations Aconito-Rumicetum alpini and Aconitetum firmi. Slika 6: Ordinacijski diagram narejen s ka-nonično korespondenčno analizo (CCA) iz 57 popisov razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea iz gorovja Krivanska Mala Fatra. Lastne vrednosti: 1 os 0.583; 2 os 0.434. 1 - Adenostylo-Athyrietum, 2 - Združbe z dominantno vrsto Athyrium distentifolium, prehod k asociaciji Aconito-Adenostyletum, 3 - Aconito-Adenostyletum, 4 - Allio-Ca-lamagrostietum villlosae, 5 - popis singe-netsko soroden asociaciji Helianthemo-Calamagrostietum villosae, 6 - Festucetum carpaticae, 7 - Aconito-Rumicetum alpini, 8 - prehodna združba med asociacijama Aconito-Rumicetum alpini in Aconitetum firmi. Figure 7 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of the species. Eigenvalues: 1st axis 0.583; 2nd axis 0.434. Ordination scores of the most important species (species weight range is > 6 %). Slika 7: Ordinacijski diagram, narejen s ka-nonično korespondenčno analizo (CCA) s prikazanimi vrstami. Lastne vrednosti: 1 os: 0.583; 2 os 0.434. Ordinacijske vrednosti najbolj pomembnih vrst (rang teže vrst > 6 %). granite A i V A 2 □ 03 + 04 1 quartzite -0.8 0.6 -0.8 0.6 148 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... Brief characteristics of the plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea occuring in the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika 1948 Tall-herb communities in the altimontane to alpine belt Calamagrostietalia villosae Pawlowski et al. 1928 Tall-grass communities of mesophilous high mountain meadows in the subalpine and alpine belt Trisetion fusci Krajina 1933 Tall-grass communities on alluviums of mountain streams Aconitetum firmi sokolowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 Tab. 1, column 2 Diagnostic taxa: Caltha * laeta Constant taxa: Acetosa arifolia, Aconitum *moravi-cum1, Alchemilla spec. div.1, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Crepis paludosa, Deschampsia cespitosa1, Geranium syl-vaticum, Geum rivale, Heracleum sphondylium, Hyperi-cum maculatum, Senecio subalpinus, Stellaria nemorum, Viola biflora1 Dominant taxa: Aconitum *moravicum, Alchemilla spec. div., Caltha *laeta, Stellaria nemorum 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant Floriferous, tall-herb, closed plant communities, whose most characteristic feature during the optimal vegetation season is the occurrence of the abundant to dominant taxon Aconitum *moravicum. Its occurrence is rather rare and bound to moist avalanche glens, with occasionally funnelling torrential water from melted snow or rains. The typical stands occur near mountain streams on granite bedrock. For more details see Šibfkova et al. (2007). Calamagrostion arundinaceae (Luquet 1926) Jemk 1961 Tall-grass species-rich communities on drier and warmer slopes in the supramontane and subalpine belt Digitali ambiguae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae sillinger 1933 Dominant taxa: Calamagrostis arundinacea A species-rich, tall-grass plant community of mesophilous high mountain meadows, whose typical floriferousness is given by the occurrence of many species with apparent flowers, such as Aconitum variegatum, Campanula elliptica, Cyanus mollis, or Solidago * minuta. The phytocoenoses occur mainly on the footslopes of scree-cones below the cirques or side slopes of avalanche paths on steep, rocky slopes, where moderately deep, skeletal, densely rooted soils (Kliment 1998) have developed. The stands are usually protected by the thick snow cover in winter - up to 140 cm (Kliment 1995). This association, typical with the occurrence of several forest species, is supported from the area of the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts by the single phytosociological relevé (Šibikova et al. 2008a). Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundina-ceae Hadač et al. 1969 Tab. 1, column 6 Diagnostic taxa: Allium * montanum2, Asarum euro-paeum, Dianthus carthusianorum, Fragaria vesca, Ru-bus saxatilis Constant taxa: Achillea *alpestrisi, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Campanula elliptical, C. serrata, Cardami-nopsis arenosa agg., Carlina acauliss, Cirsium erisitha-les3, Crepis mollit, Epilobium alpestre, Festuca carpati-ca2, Geranium sylvaticum3, Heracleum sphondylium, Knautia arvensis agg., Linum extraaxillare3, Luzula *rubella3, Potentilla crantzii1, Sesleria tatrae2, Trisetum flavescens2 Dominant taxa: Calamagrostis arundinacea3 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential 3 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant A typically species-rich and diverse tall-grass plant community. The characteristic aspect is formed by vigorous tufts of dominant Calamagrostis arundinacea together with many prominent-flowering tall-forb species. The optimal biotopes of the community are the upper parts of avalanche paths on moderately convex crests on steep (35-45°) and south facing, mostly leeward slopes below the ridge. In the Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts, the stands are confined to a relatively narrow altitudinal range (1,585-1,600 m a. s. l.). For more details see Šibfkova et al. (2008a). Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Kliment 1993 Tab. 1, column 7 Diagnostic taxa: Avenella flexuosa1, Avenula planicul- 149 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 150-176 mis1, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Phyteuma spicatum Constant taxa: Achillea millefolium agg.2, Campanula serrata2, Geranium sylvaticum, Heracleum sphondylium, Hypericum maculatum-, Luzula * rubella 2, Vaccinium myrtillus2 Dominant taxa: Calamagrostis arundinacea2 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential against the communities dominated by Calamagrostis arundinacea. 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant A tall-grass plant community with several well-developed herb sub-layers. The phytocoenoses of the association in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts are confined to moderately convex crests and the side slopes of avalanche glens of predominantly S-W aspect. The stands are open, sunny and always protected against the strong winds. In winter they are protected by the thick snow cover which, due to the morphology of the terrain accumulates, but in spring melts down quicker than from the stands of other tall-grass communities (Belohlâvkovâ 1980). Probably the phytocoenoses were originally confined to relatively small areas in canopy gaps of the scarce upper part of the forests, around and above the timberline with the possibility of expanding, e.g. into the avalanche paths (Belohlâvkovâ 1980). For more details see Sibîkovâ et al. (2008a). Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae Kliment 1997 Tab. 1, column 5 Diagnostic taxa: Allium victorialis1, Calamagrostis vil-losa2, Ligusticum mutellina2, Solidago * minuta Constant taxa: Avenella flexuosa3, Geranium sylvaticum, Homogyne alpinas, Luzula * rubella3, Vaccinium myrtillus3, Veratrum * lobelianum Dominant taxa: Avenella flexuosa, Calamagrostis vil-losa, Vaccinium myrtillus 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential 3 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant A closed, species-poorer tall-grass plant community dominated by Calamagrostis villosa. The phyto-coenoses show the marginal position in transition to the plant communities of the alliance Calama-grostion villosae, which are not present in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts. The phytocoenoses of the association are usually situated on leeward, moderately concave slopes, mainly on marl limestone. The suitable biotopes are also shallow terrain depressions or canopy gaps in the dwarf pine shrubs. The altitu- dinal range of the occurrence of sampled localities is 1,350-1,650 m a. s. l. The stands are protected by thick snow cover in winter. For more details see Sibîkovâ et al. (2008a). Festucion carpaticae Belohlâvkovâ et ^erovâ 1989 Tall-grass chionophilous communities in moist craggy glens on carbonates in the higher montane to alpine belt Festucetum carpaticae domin 1925 Tab. 1, column 8 diagnostic taxa: Astrantia major2, Bartsia alpina1, Bel-lidiastrum michelii, Biscutella laevigata, Carex * tatrorum, Cortusa matthioli3, Crepis mollis, Festuca carpatica1, Galium anisophyllon, Knautia arvensis agg., Lotus corniculatus s. l., Phyteuma orbiculare, Primula elatior2, Scabiosa lucida, Sesleria tatrae3, Soldanella carpatica, Swertia * alpestris, Tithymalus amygdaloides, Valeriana tripteris Constant taxa: Achillea * alpestris, Alchemilla spec. div.2, Campanula serrata, Geranium sylvaticum2, Geum rivale, Heracleum sphondylium2, Hypericum maculatum2, Luzula sylvatica3 dominant taxa: Calamagrostis varia, Carex *flacca, Dactylis * slovenica, Festuca carpatica 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant 3 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential for the alliance Festucion carpaticae A tall-grass plant community, that belongs in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts to one of the most species-rich communities above the timberline. The phytocoenoses are ecologically confined to stabilized soils of calcareous screes, mainly of rendzina type. They occur mostly on northern slopes, in shaded depressions, protected by rocky fences of cirques, in avalanche glens or canopy gaps in the dwarf pine shrubs. The altitudinal range of the studied phytocoenoses was 1,270-1,687 m a. s. l. The stands are profusely watered during the vegetation season by periodical torrential rainwater, which on the other hand prevents the accumulation of humus in the soil. The snow cover on such stands is usually quite deep and long-lasting, it may unexceptionally last until May (cf. Belohlâvkovâ 1980). For more details see Sibîkovâ et al. (2008b). Adenostyletalia alliariae br.-bl. 1930 Communities of tall herbs and ferns in the subalpine and alpine belt 150 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... Adenostylion alliariae Br.-Bl. 1926 Communities of tall broadleaved herbs and ferns in the subalpine and alpine belt Adenostylenion alliariae Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944 communities of tall broadleaved herbs and ferns in the subalpine (to alpine) belt on silicates Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris (Zlatnik 1928) Jenfk 1961 Tab. 1, column 4 Diagnostic taxa: Athyrium distentifolium1, Calamagros-tis villosa3, Dryopteris dilatata s. l., Oxalis acetosella2, Rubus idaeus2 Constant taxa: Acetosa arifolia3, Homogyne alpina3, Vaccinium myrtillus, Veratrum *lobelianum3 dominant taxa: Athyrium distentifolium 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential 3 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant A species-poor (on average 12 higher taxa per relevé) tall-fern plant community. owing to the thick layer of litter, consisting mostly of dense tangle of dead leaves of alpine lady-fern (Athyrium distentifolium) from the previous year, the ground herb layer and cryptogam layer are strongly underdeveloped. The typical stands are on shaded and stabilised silicate screes of leeward slopes with ample snow accumulation in winter, which afterwards provides sufficient soil moisture. The phytocoenoses also occupy the canopy gaps in the dwarf pine shrubs, although they are gradually receding as a result of successive process of dwarf pine spreading. For more details see Krajciovâ-Sibfkovâ et al. (2005). Delphinenion elati (Hadač ex Hadač et al. 1969) Bo^cmu et Mihailescu 1997 Communities of tall broadleaved herbs in the montane to alpine belt on carbonates Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae domin 1930 nom. invers. propos. Tab. 1, column 1 diagnostic taxa: Adenostyles alliariae3, Alchemilla spec. div.2, Chaerophyllum hirsutum3, Doronicum austriacum, Filipendula ulmaria, Milium effusum, Myosotis scor-pioides agg., Saxifraga rotundifolia1, Senecio nemorensis agg.3, Silene dioica Constant taxa: Acetosa arifolia3, Deschampsia cespi-tosa2, Geranium sylvaticum3, Geum rivale, Heracleum sphondylium, Hypericum maculatum3, Luzula sylvatica, Primula elatior3 dominant taxa: Adenostyles alliariae, Alchemilla spec. div., Cortusa matthioli, Doronicum austriacum, Geranium sylvaticum, Luzula sylvatica 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as differential 3 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant A species-rich, floriferous, tall-herb plant community. The optimal biotope of these chionophil-ous phytocoenoses are stabilised calcareous screes with deeper soil and a sufficient amount of unrot-ted humus and organic matter. The typical stands are confined to steep, narrow and long, NW facing avalanche paths; moist, concave depressions on the lower parts of glens, or in the canopy gaps in the dwarf pine shrubs. The important ecological factor is the periodical torrential water during the rains and snow melting. The snow cover is quite deep and lasts up to late spring. For more details see Sibfkovâ et al. (2008c). Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elati Kliment et al. 2004 dominant taxa: Delphinium elatum1 One of the most beautiful, but also one of the most rare (with only two recent localities) plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts. The phytocoenoses occur on rocky calcareous screes at the bottom of moist, steep avalanche paths. The stands are protected by the rocky fences of cirques or by the dwarf pine shrubs on the side slopes of the glens. For more details and for the second recent relevé see Kliment et al. (2004). Relevé 1 Locality: Krivanska Mala Fatra Mts, Mt. Vefky Krivan, eastern slope above the end of Révayovska dolina Valley; the edge of the avalanche glen within the dwarf pine stands, which divides the limestone and quartzite part of the mountain; the area of the relevé was disconnected in the middle by the depression dominated by Alchemilla sp.; 1 495 m a. s. l.; 49°11'15,8" N; 19°02'10,8" E; aspect: N, slope: 25°, geology: contact of quartzite scree with limestone, area: 18 m2 (comprises 2 close smaller areas), total cover: 100 %, cover E1: 100 %, cover E0: 55 %; date: 1. 8. 2003; authors: Šibikova & Šibik. Ej: Delphinium elatum1 4, Alchemilla sp. 2b, Festuca carpat-ica 2b, Geranium sylvaticum 2b, Hypericum maculatum 2b, Calamagrostis villosa 2a, Cortusa matthioli 2a, Heracleum sphondylium2 2a, Pimpinella major 2a, Primula elatior 2a, Saxifraga rotundifolia 2a, Acetosa arifolia 1, Achillea * alpestris 1, Astrantia major 1, Deschampsia cespitosa 1, Geum rivale 1, Rubus idaeus 1, Senecio hercynicus2 1, Aconitum *moravicum +, Adenostyles alliariae +, Athyrium distentifolium +, Bart- 151 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 152-176 sia alpina +, Campanula serrata +, Cardaminopsis borbasii +, Carex sempervirens +, Chaerophyllum hirsutum2 +, Crepis mollis +, Daphne mezereum +, Epilobium alpestre +, Galium anisophyllon +, Gentiana asclepiadea +, Knautia arvensis agg. +, Leontodon *hispidus +, Leucanthemum margaritae +, Lotus corniculatus s. l. +, Myosotis sylvatica +, Phyteuma orbiculare +, P. spicatum +, Poa alpina +, Potentilla aurea +, P. crantzii +, Scabiosa lucida +, Senecio subalpinus +, Sesleria tatrae +, Silene vulgaris +, Solidago *minuta +, Trisetum flavescens +, Valeriana tripteris +, Viola biflora2 +. E0: Leskea polycarpa 3, Tortula ruralis 1, Schistidium apocar-pum +, Ptychodium plicatum +. 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as constant Petasito-Chaerophylletalia Morariu 1967 Natural tall-herb nitrophilous riparian communities along rivers and streams in the submontane and montane (subalpine) belt Petasition officinalis sillinger 1933 Tall-herb broadleaved natural riparian communities on alluviums and banks of mountain streams in the Carpathian and Hercynian region Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini Unar in Unar et al. 1985 Tab. 1, column 3 Diagnostic taxa: Rumex alpinus1 Constant taxa: Acetosa arifolia2, Aconitum *moravi-cum2, Alchemilla spec. div.3, Athyrium distentifolium2, Deschampsia cespitosa2, Hypericum maculatum, Luzula * rubella Dominant taxa: Rumex alpinus, Stellaria nemorum3 1 species defined by Kliment et al. (2007a) as characteristic 2 species defined by Kliment et al. 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Pott, R. 1995: Die Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. Eugen ulmer, Stuttgart, 427 pp. Sibik, J., Valachovič, M. & Kliment, J. 2005: Plant communities with Pinus mugo (alliance Pinion mugo) in the subalpine belt of the Western Carpathians - a numerical approach. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., Wroclaw, (74) 4: 329-343. Sibîkovâ, I. 2006: Vysokobylinné spoločenst^ (trie-da Mulgedio-Aconitetea) v subalpmskom stupni Krivânskej Malej Fatry. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava. Sibikovâ, I., Sibfk, J. & Jarolfmek, I. 2007: Zriedkavé rastlinné spoločenstro. triedy Mulgedio-Aconitetea v Krivânskej Malej Fatre. Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn., Bratislava, 29: 158-168. Sibîkovâ, I., Sibfk, J. & Jarolfmek, I. 2008a: Plant communities of the alliance Calamagrostion arun-dinacea in the Krivânska Malâ Fatra Mts. Thais-zia-Journal of Botany, submitted. Sibîkovâ, I., Sibfk, J. & Jarolfmek, I. 2008b: Asociâ-cia Festucetum carpaticae Domin 1925 v Krivân-skej Malej Fatre. Zborn. Slov. Nâr. Mûz., Prir. Vedy, Bratislava, in press. Sibîkovâ, I., Sibfk, J. & Jarolfmek, I. 2008c: Asociâ-cia Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae Domin 1930 v Krivânskej Fatre. Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn. 30 (1): 69-88. Sibîkovâ, I., Sibfk, J., Jarolfmek, I. & Kliment, J. 2009: Current knowledge and phytosociologi-cal data on the high-altitude vegetation in the Western Carpathians - a review. Biologia 64: in press. ter Braak, C. J. F. & Smilauer, P. 2002: CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide. Software for canonical community 153 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 154-176 ordination (version 4.5). Biometris, Wageningen & Ceské Budejovice, 500 pp. Theurillat, J.-P., Aeschimann, D., Kupfer, Ph. & Spichiger, R. 1995: The higher vegetation units of the Alps. Colloques Phytosociologiques 23(1994): 189-239. Tichy, L. 2002: JUICE, software for vegetation classification. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 451-453. Tichy, L. & Chytry, M. 2006: Statistical determination of diagnostic species for site group of unequal size. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 809-818. Tichy, L. & Holt, J. 2006: JUICE, program for management, analysis and classification of ecological data. First part of the program manual. Veg- etation Science Group, Masaryk University Brno, 68 pp. [http://www.sci.muni.cz/botany/ juice/jc05_man.htm] Valachovič, M. (ed.), O ahelovâ, H., Stanovâ, V. & Maglocky, S. 1995: Rastlinné spoločenst^ Slovenska. 1. Pionierska vegetâcia. Veda, Bratislava, 185 pp. Valachovič, M. (ed.), Hâberovâ, I., Hâjek, M., Hrivnâk, R., Jarolfmek, I., O ahelovâ, H, Soltés, R. & Zâliberovâ, M. 2001: Rastlinné spoločenst^ Slovenska. 3. Vegetâcia mokradf. Veda, Bratislava, 435 pp. Westhoff, V. & van den Maarel, E. 1978: The Braun-Blanquet approach. In: Whittaker, R. H. (ed.). Classification of plant communities. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 289-399. Recieved 13.6.2008 Revision recieved 28.10.2008 Accepted 3.11.2008 154 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... Table 1: Synoptic table of the tall-herb plant communities from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea from the area of Krivânska Mala Fatra Mts. Diagnostic species (O > 0.300; Fisher's exact test significance p < 0.001) are ordered according to decreasing fidelity values (phi coefficient x 100, upper index) and are regionally applicable. In the columns of the synoptic table with few relevés (< 5) the percentage of the frequency (F) was replaced by the values of presence (P) of individual taxa. 1 - Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 2 - Aconitetum firmi; 3 - Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini; 4 - Adeno-stylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris; 5 - Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae; 6 - Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 7 - Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 8 - Festucetum carpaticae. Tabela 1: Sinoptična tabela rastlinskih združb visokih steblik razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea iz območja gorovja Krivânska Malâ Fatra. Diagnostične vrste (O > 0.300; Fisherjev test signifikantnosti p < 0.001) so razvrščene po padajočih vrednostih navezanosti (fi koeficient x 100, zgornji indeks) in so uporabne regionalno. V stoplcih sinoptične tabele z manj popisi (< 5) je odstotna frekvenca (F) nadomeščena s prisotnostjo (P) posameznih vrst. 1 - Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae; 2 - Aconitetum firmi; 3 - Aconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini; 4 - Adeno-stylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris; 5 - Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae; 6 - Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 7 - Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae; 8 - Festucetum carpaticae. Column number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of relevés 51 4 4 13 35 3 25 67 Average number of taxa 30 27 19 12 21 44 26 38 Fphi Pphi Pphi Fphi Fphi Pphi Fphi Fphi (%°) ("*) ("*) (%°) (%°) ("*) (%°) (%°) Diagnostic group of species for particular associations aa Adenostyles alliariae 98514 2 --- 1 --- 54 --- 20 --- 8 --- 15 --- aa Doronicum austriacum 6948,4 31 --- 29 --- 20 --- 1 --- aa Silene dioica 55456 1 --- 6 --- 8 --- 15 --- aa Milium effusum 69439 1 --- 23 --- 14 --- 28 --- 10 --- Saxifraga rotundifolia 6541,5 2 --- 1 --- 24 --- po Chaerophyllum hirsutum 67409 3 --- 6 --- 4 --- 24 --- Filipendula ulmaria 16 374 Senecio nemorensis agg. 8433 2 --- 2 --- 8 --- 23 --- 2 --- 24 --- 25 --- Alchemilla sp. div. 98327 4 --- 3 --- 26 --- 1 --- 36 --- 72 --- Myosotis scorpioides agg. 35309 1 --- 6 --- 8 --- 9 --- MC Caltha *laeta 6 - 3 59,9 2 --- Rumex alpinus 20 ^ 1 --- 4 80,5 Oxalis acetosella 14 - 85734 11 --- 8 --- 3 --- Dryopteris dilatata s. l. 22 --- 7773 3 --- aa Athyrium distentifolium 43 8,2 1 --- 3 --- 100539 9 --- 12 --- Rubus idaeus 45 --- 1 --- 1 --- 100526 29 --- 28 --- 21 --- cv Calamagrostis villosa 27 - 1 --- 2 --- 85 31,5 100432 1 --- 4 --- 22 --- ca Allium victorialis 8 - 60524 24 --- 13 --- Ligusticum mutellina 59 - 2 --- 2 --- 8 --- 83 342 28 --- 33 --- Cv Solidago virgaurea 22 --- 1 --- 8 --- 57331 44 --- 15 --- Fragaria vesca 3 96,2 4 --- 3 --- ca Dianthus carthusianorum 3 95,9 7 --- Rubus saxatilis 3 95,2 9 --- ES Allium *montanum 3 94,4 10 --- Asarum europaeum 3 82,4 24 --- 15 --- Avenula planiculmis 40593 1 --- ca Calamagrostis arundinacea 12 --- 23 --- 37 --- 3 --- 100497 21 --- Phyteuma spicatum 14 --- 9 --- 44 41,2 18 --- Avenellaflexuosa 29 --- 1 --- 1 --- 31 --- 77 29,8 1 --- 8032 9 --- 155 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 156-176 Column number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of relevés 51 4 4 13 35 3 25 67 ES Carex *tatrorum 8 - 4 --- 4858 fc Festuca carpatica 39 - 1 --- 11 --- 3 --- 8 --- 99 50 Pc Valeriana tripteris 8 --- 6 --- 39493 Cv Astrantia major 29 - 11 --- 8 --- 54462 Cortusa matthioli 18 --- 1 --- 3 --- 4 --- 52448 Swertia *alpestris 10 - 3 --- 33443 MU Primula elatior 61 - 2 --- 1 --- 11 --- 20 --- 844226 Bartsia alpina 3 --- 1 --- 12 --- 48416 ES Scabiosa lucida 6 --- 3 --- 2741,1 Lotus corniculatus s. l. 4 --- 22 40 4 ES Galium anisophyllon 10 --- 11 --- 1 --- 43 35,8 ES Bellidiastrum michelii 2 --- 4 --- 1935 Knautia arvensis agg. 4 - 9 --- 3 --- 40 --- 69 347 Soldanella carpatica 57 - 2 --- 1 --- 40 --- 20 --- 7634 1 st Sesleria tatrae 12 --- 1 --- 29 --- 3 --- 16 --- 73335 ES Biscutella laevigata 12326 ES Phyteuma orbiculare 4 --- 2 --- 43314 Tithymalus amygdaloides 8 --- 18313 Cv Crepis mollis 10 --- 6 --- 3 --- 4 --- 55 30,5 Calamagrostietalia villosae Luzula luzuloides 41 --- 2 --- 3 --- 9424 3 --- 100285 49 --- Campanula serrata 37 --- 1 --- 1 --- 51 --- 3 --- 76 --- 67 --- tf Rhodiola rosea 18 --- 2 --- 14 --- 8 --- 25 --- Achillea millefolium agg. 16 --- 1 --- 43 --- 3 --- 68 --- 61 17,1 Cirsium erisithales 12 --- 14 --- 3 --- 40 --- 39 --- Pimpinella major 8 --- 6 --- 2 --- 4 --- 39245 ca Hieracium prenanthoides 4 --- 9 --- 1 --- 32261 7 --- Phleum hirsutum 2 --- 9 --- 2 --- 20 --- 3317 Linum extraaxillare 9 --- 3 --- 32 --- 19 --- ca Vicia oreophila 9 --- 2 --- 18 --- Crepis conyzifolia 6 --- 1 --- 6 --- Cyanus mollis 3 --- 1 --- 28 --- 18 --- cv Trommsdorfia uniflora 3 --- 12 --- 1 --- ca Vicia sylvatica 3 --- 4 --- 3 --- Campanula elliptica 3 --- 8 --- 45 24,7 Anemone narcissiflora 1 --- 12 --- 18 14 Bupleurum longifolium 12 --- 10 --- cr Calamagrostis varia 4 --- 13291 cr Laserpitium latifolium 4 --- 10 --- Delphinenion, Adenostylion, Adenostyletalia de Epilobium alpestre 55 18,5 1 --- 1 --- 3 --- 28 --- 24 --- Cicerbita alpina 3110,5 2 --- 1 --- 38 --- 9 --- 8 --- Ranunculus platanifolius 16 --- 23 --- 12 --- 3 --- de Delphinium elatum 10 --- 1 --- 9 --- Petasition, Petasito-Chaerophylletalia Stellaria nemorum 5926,6 3 --- 2 --- 31 --- 4 --- Carduus personata 18 189 1 --- 4 --- Chrysosplenium alternifolium 6 --- 1 --- 1 --- 3 --- Valeriana *sambucifolia 4 --- 1 --- 6 --- 15 --- Mulgedio-Aconitetea Acetosa arifolia 92251 4 --- 4 --- 77 --- 49 --- 24 --- 34 --- 156 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. ŠiBffi, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... Column number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of relevés 51 4 4 13 35 3 25 67 Geranium sylvaticum 86 - 4 --- 2 --- 69 --- 3 --- 84 --- 96 191 Senecio subalpinus 5718 4 --- 2 --- 15 --- 9 --- 16 --- 27 --- Aconitum *moravicum 55 - 4 --- 3 --- 20 --- 1 --- 28 --- 36 --- Gentiana asclepiadea 55 --- 1 --- 2 --- 46 --- 51 --- 2 --- 48 --- 28 --- Veratrum *lobelianum 51 --- 2 --- 69 --- 66 --- 56 --- 31 --- Poa chaixii 39263 1 --- 23 --- 12 --- 18 --- Thalictrum aquilegiifolium 37228 1 --- 6 --- 1 --- 22 --- Aconitum variegatum 6 --- 1 --- Elyno-Seslerietea Ranunculus breyninus 4 - 1 --- 6 --- 19 19 Dianthus nitidus 2 - 6 --- 20 --- 10 --- Euphrasia salisburgensis 2 - Thymus pulcherrimus 3 --- 1 --- 6 --- Carduus glaucinus 2 --- 12 --- Helianthemum grandiflorum s. l. 1 --- 25 26,1 Anthyllis *alpestris 4 --- Polygala *brachyptera 3 --- Gentianella fatrae 1 --- Other species Hypericum maculatum 82 --- 4 --- 3 --- 15 --- 57 --- 1 --- 88 --- 78 --- Deschampsia cespitosa 69 171 4 --- 4 --- 31 --- 40 --- 28 --- Geum rivale 65 21,5 4 --- 1 --- 3 --- 1 --- 8 --- 6421 Heracleum sphondylium 65 --- 3 --- 1 --- 29 --- 3 --- 72 --- 75 14,9 Luzula sylvatica 65 --- 1 --- 15 --- 40 --- 32 --- 66 --- Viola biflora 43 --- 3 --- 2 --- 37 --- 1 --- 12 --- 60 16,2 Bistorta major 43 --- 2 --- 2 --- 43 --- 1 --- 28 --- 48 --- Homogyne alpina 41 --- 2 --- 2 --- 92 --- 7722 28 --- 46 --- LV Vaccinium myrtillus 31 --- 1 --- 1 --- 85 --- 83273 76 --- 49 --- MC Crepis paludosa 25 --- 3 --- 1 --- 11 --- 4 --- 22 --- Trisetum flavescens 25 --- 2 --- 1 --- 6 --- 3 --- 31 --- Epilobium montanum 20 - 1 --- 3 --- 6 --- Dactylis glomerata 18 --- 1 --- 4 --- 19 --- NS Potentilla aurea 18 --- 1 --- 1 --- 43 --- 48 --- 39 --- Cardaminopsis arenosa agg. 18 --- 1 --- 3 --- 30 76 Urtica dioica 18278 8 --- 4 --- Dryopteris filix-mas 16 176 1 --- 1 --- Myosotis sylvatica 14 --- 1 --- 3 --- 2 --- 24 --- 13 --- MC Epilobium angustifolium 14 --- 15 --- 16 --- 6 --- Vicia sepium 14 --- 3 --- 1 --- 32 --- 13 --- Ranunculus lanuginosus 14 --- 3 --- 8 --- 10 --- Galium schultesii 14 --- 12 --- 12 --- Polygonatum verticillatum 12 --- 8 --- 43 --- 1 --- 28 --- 36 --- ss Salix silesiaca 12 --- 17 --- 24 --- 33 --- Adoxa moschatellina 10 --- 1 --- 3 --- NS Phleum rhaeticum 10 --- 1 --- 1 --- Symphytum tuberosum 10 --- 1 --- 18 --- Daphne mezereum 10 --- 7 --- pt Delphinium oxysepalum 10 --- 1 --- pm Pinus mugo 2 --- 1 --- 15 --- 11 --- 8 --- 16 --- Picea abies 23 --- 8 --- 12 --- LV Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2 --- 23 --- 36 --- 13 --- 157 Hacquetia 7/2 • 2008, Knjižno poročilo/Book review, 158-176 Column number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of relevés 51 4 4 13 35 3 25 67 Lilium martagon 17 - 44 --- 33 24,8 Sorbus aucuparia 8 - 8 --- 17 --- 12 --- 7 --- sa Sesleria albicans 11 --- 6 --- Carlina acaulis 9 - 3 --- 40 - 22 --- Leucanthemum vulgare agg. 3 --- 2 --- 36 --- 34 16,8 Ranunculus nemorosus 2 - 9 --- 28 --- 19 - Vicia cracca 6 --- 2 --- 28 --- 13 --- Digitalis grandiflora 3 --- 2 --- 24 --- 9 --- Pilosella aurantiaca 9 --- 20 --- 1 --- Ranunculus pseudomontanus 4 - 3 --- 16 --- 10 --- Thymus alpestris 2 --- 1 --- 16 --- 6 --- Agrostis capillaris 6 - 1 --- 6 --- 16 --- 4 --- Leontodon hispidus 6 --- 6 --- 1 --- 12 --- 33 25,9 Anthoxanthum alpinum 8 --- 1 --- 2 --- 12 --- 18 --- Stachys alpina 1 --- 12 --- 6 --- Hieracium lachenalii 12 --- 4 --- Potentilla crantzii 6 --- 3 --- 4 --- 2473 Tragopogon orientalis 1 --- 8 --- 2220,1 ss Lathyrus vernus 2 --- 8 --- 16278 Botrychium lunaria 1 --- 8 --- 16 134 Paris quadrifolia 8 --- 1 --- 4 --- 19 --- Mercurialis perennis 1 --- 15 141 Parnassia palustris 2 --- 8 --- 15 --- cf Salix alpina 2 --- 6 --- 13 --- Myosotis alpestris 6 --- 12 --- Athyrium filix-femina 8 --- 1 --- 3 --- 1 --- Galeobdolon luteum s. l. 8 --- 1 --- 9 --- AT Cystopteris fragilis 6 --- 1 --- 6 --- ar Arabis alpina 6 --- 4 --- 6 --- Acer pseudoplatanus 6 --- 6 --- Poa alpina 6 --- 4 --- Pc Asplenium viride 6 --- 3 --- Streptopus amplexifolius 4 --- 15 --- Rosa pendulina 4 --- 9 --- 4 --- 3 --- Taraxacum sp. 4 --- 7 --- Polystichum lonchitis 4 --- 1 --- Festuca *versicolor 2 --- 6 --- 6 --- Campanula cochlearifolia 2 --- 3 --- Coeloglossum viride 2 --- 9 --- ar Cystopteris montana 2 --- 4 --- Scrophularia scopolii 2 --- 4 --- pt Saxifraga wahlenbergii 2 --- 3 --- Sorbus aria agg. 2 --- 3 --- Gymnocarpium dryopteris 2 --- 1 --- Pedicularis verticillata 2 --- 1 --- Petasites albus Carex ovalis Salix caprea Cruciata glabra Galium mollugo agg. Poa nemoralis 1 158 I. SiBÏKovÂ, J. Srnrn, I. Jaroumek: The tall-herb and tall-grass plant communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the subalpine belt ... Column number 12345 678 Number of relevés 51 4 4 13 35 3 25 67 Origanum vulgare . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 8 --- 6 --- Thalictrum minus . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 4 --- 4 --- Galium verum . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 4 --- 3 --- Rhinanthus pulcher . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 7 --- Maianthemum bifolium . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 3 --- Galeopsis speciosa . --- . --- . --- . --- 3 --- 1 --- Carex flacca . --- . 2 - 7 --- Arabis hirsuta agg. . --- . 2 - 6 --- Clinopodium vulgare . --- . 1 --- 3 --- Hippocrepis comosa . --- . 1 --- 1 --- Pc Saxifraga paniculata . --- . 1 --- 1 --- Ranunculus acris . --- . 4 --- 4 --- Trifolium pratense . --- . 4 --- 4 --- Pedicularis hacquetii . --- . 4 --- 3 --- Viola canina . --- . 4 --- 3 --- Cirsium eriophorum . --- . 4 --- 1 --- Phleum pratense . --- . 4 --- 1 --- Species found in one column: Column 1: Agrostis stolonifera 6, Cardamine flexuosa 2, Carex sylvatica 2, Epilobium collinum 4, Festuca rubra 2, Lamium maculatum 2, Lonicera nigra 2, Omalotheca norvegica 6, Ranunculus alpestris 2, Tussilago farfara 2, Valeriana officinalis 2. Column 2: Festuca picturata 1, Poa pratensis 1. Column 3: Epilobium roseum 1, Juncus filiformis 1. Column 5: Hypochaeris radicata 6, Nardus stricta 3, Silene nemoralis 3. Column 7: Fagus sylvatica 4, Libanotis pyrenaica 8, Omalotheca sylvaticum 4, Rhinanthus serotinus 8, Saxifraga aizoides 4, Silene *alba 4, Traunsteinera globosa 4. Column 8: Acetosa scutata 4, Aconitum vulparia 1, Aegopodium podagraria 1, Ajuga reptans 4, Anemone ranunculoides 1, Angelica archangelica 3, Angelica sylvestris 3, Aquilegia vulgaris 1, Bistorta vivipara 1, Brachypodium pinnatum 1, Brachypodium sylvaticum 4, Briza media 4, Carum carvi 1, Convallaria majalis 9, Festuca pratensis 1, Festuca supina 3, Festuca tatrae 3, Gentianella lutescens 1, Gymnadenia conopsea 4, Gymnocarpium robertianum 3, Hesperis *nivea 4, Hieracium bifidum 6, Hieracium stygium 1, Huperzia selago 1, Hypericum hirsutum 1, Isopyrum thalictroides 3, Jovibarba globifera 1, Laserpitium archangelica 1, Linum catharticum 4, Listera ovata 1, Prenanthespurpurea 1, Prunella vulgaris 1, Pulmonaria mollis 1, Pulmonaria obscura 3, Rhinanthus minor 1, Salix reticulata 1, Selaginella selaginoides 3, Silene vulgaris 9, Tofieldia calyculata 3, Veronica fruticans 1, Veronica chamaedrys 3, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 1. 159