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UDK 821.161.1.09-3Dostoevskij F. M.
Urša Zabukovec
Granada
rHOCTHHECKHH CnACHTE^b HHH »PEBHOCTHMH XPHCTHAHHH«? OB OAHOM nPO^TEHHH POMAHA »HflHOT« ^OCTOEBCKOrO
B CTaTte aBTop KpHTHHecKH paccMaTpuBaeT pa3MHmneHHa H3BecTHoro coBpeMeHHoro gocToeBHCTa KapeHa CTenaHSHa o MnmKHHe KaK o caM03BaH^e, ®:enaro^eM nocpegcTBOM npHHSTHa Ha ce6a rpexoB gpyrux trogen cnacTU Mup, a npHHHHy ero Heygann ycMaTpuBaeT B ero HeageKBaTHOM BocnpnaTHH peantHoCTH. AHanH3 H306paxeHH0H b poMaHe geftcTBHTentHoCTH no3BonaeT ycoMHHTtca b npaBH^tHocTH Te3HcoB CTenaHSHa u b HeKoTopoft CTeneHH nogTBepxgaeT BepHocTt »anonoreTHHecKHX« npoHTeHHH poMaHa.
KaMHeBwe caoBa: M^imKHH, ropogHBHH, caM03BaHe^, MupoBugeHue, »peanH3M b BHcmeM CMHcne«
The article discusses the ideas of a famous contemporary Russian dostoevskologist Karen Stepanjan about the protagonist of The Idiot as an imposter, who wants to redeem the world by taking the sins of others upon himelf. Stepanjan believes the reason Myshkin does not succeed in this mission is his distorted perception of reality. Our analysis of the novel, however, casts doubts on Stepanjan's conclusions and more or less agrees with the so called »traditional« reading of the novel.
Key words: Myshkin, fool for Christ, imposter, worldview, »realism in the highest sense«
Ho bot BaM npHHocaT »Fonoc«, u Bgpyr b HeM bh HHTaeTe Beet ^^H3og o6 HameM CTpe^Ke u - u hto xe: CHanana bh HUTaeTe c yguB^eHueM, c yxacH^iM yguB^eHueM, gaxe TaK, hto, noKa HuTaeTe, bh HuHeMy He BepuTe; ho HyTt bh nponuTanu go nocnegHeft tohku, bh oTK^ag^iBaeTe ra3eTy u Bgpyr, caMu He 3HaH noHeMy, pa3oM roBopuTe ce6e: »ga, Bce ^To HenpeMeHHo TaK u gonxHo öh^o cnyHuTtca«. A uhoh TaKxe npu6aBuT: »a ^To npegnyBCTBoBan«. noHeMy TaKaa pa3HU^a b BneHaT^eHuax ot poMaHa u ot ra3eTH - He 3Haro, ho TaKoBa yx npuBunerua geftcTBuTentHocTu. O. M. flocToeBcKuft
0 Hs Bcex poMaHoB M. ^octocbokofo cerogHa Hauöontmue gucKyccuu BHSHBaex poMaH »HguoT«. B BocnpuaTuu ero gonroe BpeMa goMuHupoBana anonorcTuKa rnasHoro repoa: MnmKuH noHuManca uccnegoBaTenaMu KaK nonoxuTcnbHHH nepcoHax, KaK ugean ^ocToeBcKoro. 3a nocnegHee BpeMa Ha cMeHy TaK HasHBaeMHM »Tpagu^uoHanucTaM« npumnu uccnegoBaTenu, HaHasmue cnopuTt o öesycnoBHoft ugeantHocTu 3Toro oöpasa, coMHeBaro^ueca b ero »nonoxuTentHoft npeKpacHocTu«, o hcm cBugeTentcTByroT onyönuKoBaHHHe
cöopHHKH, nocBa^eHHHe ^TOMy npoH3BegeHHM.' B ^THx cöopHHKax raaBeHCTBywT gBa nogxoga, aBTopoM pe^eH3HH ogHoro h3 hhx HasBaHHwe »nog^HHHO HaynHHH H MH^oTBopnecKHH« (ApcEHTtEBA 2005: 398). ec^h »nog^HHHo HayHHHH« nogxog ocHoBHBaeTca Ha ^HgogornnecKoM aHagH3e TeKCTa, yHHTHBaa npu ^TOM »gHHHocTt H MHpoBo33peHHe aBTopa, paBHo kbk h ^CTeTHKy ero TBopnecTBa« (tbm ®e: 377), to »MH^oTBopnecKHH« nogxog xapaKrepH3yeTca »HHTeggeKTyagtHoH nrpon, geMOHCTpa^HeH HanHTaHHocTH b oögacTH mhpoboh KygtTypH h gHTepaTypa«, a ToHHHe gaHHHe nogMeHSMTca gaBHHon cyöieKTHBHHx npegcTaBgeHHH, oTpa^aro^HH MHpoBo33peHHe KpuTUKa, ero caMoco3HaHHe h^h HaynHwe HHTepecH B gaHHHH MoMeHT BpeMeHH (TaK, HanpHMep, b HBanoBCKoM cöopHHKe oöpas KHa3a MamKHHa oneHt nacTo HHTepnpeTHpyeTca b gyxe mhcthkh h co^nogorHH pyccKHx chmbo^hctob HgH g3eH-6yggH3Ma). HHTepecHee Bcero to, hto npegcTaBgeHHwe b CTaTtax HHTep^peTa^HH poMana h/h^h rgaBHoro repoa He npocTo pa3HHe, ho nopon H BnogHe npoTHBonogo^Hwe.
B ^Ty gHCKyccHM HMeeT, KoHenHo, CMHcg BK^MnaTtca, ho gnmb npu ycgoBHH Hcnogb3oBaHHa gga HHTep^peTa^HH poMaHa h yacHeHHa asTopcKon KOH^e^^HH He cto^bko HoBoro, cko^bko KoHCTpyKTHBHoro MeToga, kotophh 6ygeT coBMe^aTt ^HgogorHHecKHH aHagH3 c HHTyHTHBHHMH npo3peHHaMH KpHTHKa. HccgegoBaTegt, BCTynaa b TeKcT gpyroro, npu BceM HoBaTopcTBe cBoero nogxoga h 6oraTcTBe Boo6pa®eHHa, gog^eH »yBa^aTt 'MepTBHx'«, »npncgymHBaTbca gpyrocTH gpyroro« (Kocijančič 2009: 161-69), cTago 6HTb, npHHHMaTb bo BHHMaHHe MHponoHHMaHHe aBTopa, ero 3aMHceg h KygbTypHo-o6^ecTBeHHHH KoHTeKcT npoH3BegeHHa.
^TOMy ^pHH^H^y cgegyeT b cbohx HegaBHo ony6gHKoBaHHHx HaynHHx HccgegoBaHHax, nocBa^eHHHx ^ocToeBcKoMy h, b nacTHocTH, poMaHy »HgnoT«, BHgaro^HHca pocchhckhh gocToeBucT KapeH CTenaHSH. Ero HHTepecyeT npe^ge Bcero BHyTpeHHaa cy^HocTb TBopnecKoro MeToga, kotophh oh, nogb3yacb caMoonpegegeHHeM nncaTega, Ha3HBaeT »peagH3MoM b BHcmeM cMHcge« (CTenaHSH 2005). CyTb ^T0^0 MeToga coctoht b »xygo^ecTBeHHoM Bocco3gaHHH peagbHoro Mupa b npegegbHo o6ieMHoM $H3HHecKoM h MeTa$H3HHecKoM H3MepeHHH H H3o6pa®eHHH gHHHocTH B MaKcUMagbHo bo3mo®hoh oHTogorHHecKon rgy6HHe« (CTEnAH^H 2010: 17), a onpegegaeTca oHa MupoBugeHueM nncaTega, KoTopoe B cbom onepegb 3aBHcHT ot ero MHpoBo33peHHa, ho He cBoguTcs k HeMy -oho mupe, TaK KaK »onpegegaeTca BceM MHoroo6pa3HeM HegoBenecKon gHHHocTH, ee gyxoBHon 6Horpa$HeH, $H3HHecKoH npnpogon (oTHacTu), o6cToaTegbcTBaMH ®H3HH« (TaM ®e: 8). HTaK, yHHTHBaa Bce BHme cKa3aHHoe, CTenaHSH b cBoen nocgegHen KHure »^ocToeBcKHÖ h CepBaHTec: guagor b 6ogbmoM BpeMeHH« (2013) npuxoguT k BecbMa cMegHM Te3HcaM, Ha^egeHHHM, b HacTHocTu, TaK^e npoTHB »TpagH^H0HagHCT0B« (KaK b HHTep^peTa^HH o6pa3a KHa3a MnmKUHa, TaK H repos CepBaHTeca).
1 Cm.: »PoMaH ^octoceckofo 'HguoT': coBpcMCHHoe cocToaHue H3yHeHHa«. T. KacaTKUHa (peg.). MocKBa: 2001. »PoMaH ^octoceckofo 'Hahot': pasgyMba, npo6geMU«. r. r. EpMugoBa (peg.). HBaHoBo: H3gaTegbcTBo HBaHoBcKoro yHUBcpcuTCTa, 1999.
1 PaccMaTpHBaa TBopnecKHe ÖHorpa^HH o6ohx nHcaTe^en, CTenaHHH oöpa^aeT BHHMaHHe Ha TO, HTO OHH o6a 6hi^u npnroBopeHH k CMepTHOH Ka3HH - CepBaHTec ga^e Tpn^ga, Haxogact b a^^npcKOM n^eHy. ^TOT $aKr, no MHeHHM HCC^egoBaTena, OTKpHfl nHcaTe^HM MHorue TaHHCTBeHHHe rjiy6HHH 6HTHa, o neM CBHgeTe^bCTByeT o6pa3 HejOBeKa b hx npoHSBegeHHax. B ^eHTpe hx poMaHOB noHTH Bcerga HaxogHTca TaK Ha3HBaeMaa »goHKHxoTCKaa CHTya^Ha« (^ejaHHe BMemaTtca b Mup c ^egbM ero H3MeHeHHa k jynmeMy), a hx ocHOBHaa TeMa - ^TO »onpegejeHue ^paHH^ 3eMHOH BjacTH HejOBeKa«, CTaBa^ero CBoen ^egM »npeo6pa3HTb ag b pan« (CTEnAH^H 2013: 57). rjaBHyw npHHHHy Heygann 6garHx HaMepeHHH repoeB asTop BuguT b hx HeageKBaTHOM BocnpuaTuu gencTBUTegtHocTu, b HeyMeHuu oTjunaTt peajbHocTb ot CBoeH HggM3HH (TaM ®e: 239). MamKUH 6ygTO 6h He xoHeT uju He cnoco6eH npH3HaTb »rpexoBHyM nopa^eHHOCTt HejOBenecKOH npupogH u, cooTseTCTseHHO, pacno3HaTb ee npoasjeHua b ce6e, npegyragnsaTb ee sjuaHue Ha HejoseKa« (149). 06a rjaBHHx repoa gja uccjegoBaTeja asjaMTca OTpH^aTegbHHMH nepcoHa^aMu (^TO, KOHeHHO, He O3HaHaeT, hto TaK^e HeygasmuMuca), a b ^anposoM CMHCje oh npuHucjaeT poMaHH k xpucTuaHCKUM TpareguaM.
noHeMy poMaH »HguoT« Hegb3a npoHUTHsaTb b anojoreTUHecKOM KjMne u noHeMy Tparegua KHa3a gejaeT ^TOT poMaH b sHcmen CTeneHu xpucTuaHCKUM, CTenaHaH o6iacHaeT c noMO^bM aHagH3a gyxoBHOH 6Horpa$HH nucaTeja.
PaHHUH ^ocToescKUH npugep^uBajca rHOCTUHecKux BO33peHHH, o HeM cBugeTejbcTByMT ero 3anHcH, a uMeHHo: onucaHue b »neTep6yprcKHx cHOBugeHuax« BugeHua Ha Hese, b KOTopoM peHb ugeT Bosce He o KapHasaje hjh MacKapage, KaK Toro xoTej 6h EaxTUH, a o »MucTUHecKOM y^ace«, ucnHTHsaeMOM nucaTejeM npu co3HaHHH OHTOjoruHecKOH peajbHocTu 3ga (CTEnAH^H 2013: 93), u nucbMO ®OHBH3HHOH, B KOTopoM roBopuTca O XpucTe BHe hcthhh.2 nocje KaTopru nucaTejb OTKasHsaeTca ot noucKOB »^3OTepHHecKOH hcthhh« pagu XpucTa, ho k nogjuHHOMy npasocgasHOMy MuponoHUMaHUM, yTsep^gaeT uccjegoBaTejb, oh npuxoguT He cpa3y.
HTaK, BO BpeMa pa6oTH Hag poMaHOM »HguoT« nucaTejb npeogojesaeT cboh poMaHTUKO-yTonuHecKue BO33peHHa, hto h HaxoguT csoe B^ipa^eHue b ^pHH^H^ax H3o6pa®eHHa HejoseKa, b KOM^O3H^HH u cM^eTe poMaHa. MamKUH, no MHeHUM CTenaHaHa, scTynaeT Ha c^eHy KaK MpoguBHH, npH3BaHHHH cnacTu Mup, ho HapymuB gse 3anoBegH Mpogusax - He ^eHUTbca u He 6paTb geHer gja ce6a (TaM ®e: 333), OTKa3HBaeTca ot csoen mhcchh h KOHHaeT KaK 6e3yMe^. EMy He ygajocb »cnacTu« hh ogHoro HejoseKa, KaK pa3 Hao6opoT: H3-3a Hero MHorue ga^e nocTpagaju $H3HHecKH h/hjh gyxoBHO. CjegosaTejbHO, MamKUH Bosce He KHa3b »XpucToc«, a caMO3BaHe^, »rHocTUHecKUH cnacuTejb, KOToporo nponosegosaj goKeTH3M« (TaM ®e: 196). PoMaH »HguoT«, nogHTO^usaeT CTenanaH, ^TO OTseT ^ocToescKoro PeHany u fflTpaycy, pa3o6gaHeHHe epecu »He3yaHH3Ma«, TaK KaK b HeM »OT o6paTHoro« noKasHsaeTca, hto CnacuTejb He Mor 6HTb npocTO HejoseKOM.
2 CTenaHaH »XpucTa BHe hcthh^i« b 3tom nucbMe noHUMaeT hmchho KaK PHocTHHecKoro XpucTa, KaK HgeajbHoro HejOBeKa, ocBo6o®geHHoro OT Bcex 6o®ecTBeHH^ix KaHecTB h aTpH6yTOB. Ha Ham B3rjjag, otbct Ha Bonpoc, hto ^octocbckhh noHUMaj nog »XpucTOM BHe hcthhh«, BOBce He TaK npocT h ogHO3HaHeH.
2	^pygH^HH u ^p0HH^aTeflbH0CTb poccHHCKoro HCC^egoBaTena BH3HBaroT, KOHeHHO ®e, yBa^eHHe, TeM He MeHee BgyMHHBoe HTeHue poMana 3acTaBnHeT Hac C HeKOTopHM coMHeHueM oTHecTHCb K ero BHBogaM, KOTopHe HaM Ka^yTca ec^H He »MH^OTBOpneCKHMH«, TO nO KpaHHeH Mepe HeCOOTBeTCTByM^UMU pOMaHHOMy o6pa3y repoa u BnenaT^eHuaM, nog kotophmh HaxoguTca ne^OBeK noc^e npoHTeHua poMaHa (xoTa noc^egHee, pa3yMeeTca, cy6ieKrHBHo).
CHanaga nonuTaeMca pa3o6paTbca b »MpogcTBe« KHa3a MamKUHa, b KOTopoM, Ha Ham B3rgHg, mo^ho coMHeBaTtca ga^e b caMOM Hanage poMaHHoro gencTBua. »ropoguBHM« MamKHHa Ha3HBaeT Poro^uH b OTBeT Ha ero cgoBa, hto oh »no npupo^geHHOH 6oge3HH CBoen« coBceM ^eH^uH He 3HaeT (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 16).3 He cnopuM, b repoe ecTt Koe-HTO ot MpoguBoro - oh npuexag b Poccum H3 fflBeH^apHH (nepBae MpoguBHe Ha Pycu 6HgH Hy®ecTpaH^aMH) u oh, no KpaHHen Mepe B HaHage poMaHa, BO36y^gaeT b gwgax CMex, HacMemKy. Ho b OTgunue ot MpoguBHx OH He BH3HBaeT y^aca, He pyraeTca, He o6gHHaeT rpexoB co3HaTegbHO. Oh geHCTBuTegtHO HaxoguTca khk 6h BHe Mupa, »Ha KacaTegtHOM k ®H3HH Kpyry« (Baxthh 2002: 196), ho He no CBoeH Boge, kbk ^TO 6HBago c MpoguBHMu. A 3HaHHT, KHa3b He MO^eT OTKa3aTbca ot cBoen muccuu MpogcTBOBaHua, b HeM ynpeKaeT ero CTenaHSH, TaK khk thkoh muccuu y Hero HuKorga u He 6Hgo.
Me^gy nepBOH u ocTagtHMMu nacTSMu poMaHa cy^ecTByeT 6ogbmaa pa3HH^a - KaK B cnoco6e noBecTBOBaHua, TaK u b aggM3HOHHOM $OHe rgaBHoro repoa. Bo BTopoH HacTu Ha cMeHy eBaHregtcKOMy cTugw npuxoguT »peHaHOBcKun cTugt« (CTEnAH^H 2010: 180), a MamKuH noTuxoHtKy npeBpa^aeTca b 6e3yM^a. npunuHy ^TOMy uccgegoBaTegt ycMaTpuBaeT b ero 6paHHOM npeggo^eHuu HacTacte ©ugunnoBHe, KOTopoe 6ygTO 6h »BnycKaeT 3go b poMaHHHH Mup« (CTEnAH^H 2013: 155). C ^TOH tohku HanuHaeTca ge^paga^Ha rgaBHoro repoa.
OnaTt ®e, 3gecb Hegb3a corgacuTtca co CTenaHaHOM. npu BHuMaTegtHOM npoHTeHuu MO^HO y6egHTtca, hto 6paHHoe npeggo^eHue Hunero He MeHaeT, TaK KaK OHO OKpy^aro^uMu He npuHaTO Bcepte3:
»Bot hob^ih aHCKgoT!« npo6opMOTag reHepag. [...] »Hy, 3to TaM... H3 poMaHOB! 3to,
KHa3t ^ogy6HHK, cTapae 6pegHH, a h^ihhc gbct noyMHeg, u Bce 3to B3gop! fla u Kyga Te6e
xcHuTtca, 3a to6oh caMuM e^e HaHtKy HyxHo!« (gocioEBCKHH 1982/6: 177)
To, HTO gencTBuTegtHO MeHaeT cygt6y MamKuHa, BBoga ero b ^TOT Mup u gegaa H3 Hero ^0TeH^HagtH0^0 ^eHuxa, ^TO - ^eHb^u, kotophmu gopo^uT 6ogtmHHCTBO repoeB (KpoMe MamKuHa).4 B poMaHe o6 ^T0M cKa3aHO npaMo:
3	KpoMe »ropoguBMM«, MamKuH b nepBOH HacTu repoaMu Ha3BaH e^e »pe6eHKOM«, »uguoTOM«, »cyMacmegmuM«, »ngyTOM«, »goKTopoM«, »0B^0H«. Ka^cTca, Bce aTu o6o3HaHeHHa aBgaroTca 6ogee ugu MeHee cuhohumuhh^imu, 03HaHaro^HMH HegoBeKa Heo6MHaHHoro, ^KC^eHTpHHecK0^0, He co6grogaro^ero o6^HX npaBug noBegenua, MMmgenua, HyBcTBOBaHua.
4	B poMaHe geHtru urparoT 3HaHHTegbHyro pogt, o geHtrax pa3^0BapHBaroT y^e b nepBOH c^eHe, e^e He 6ygyHH 3HaK0MMMH, mmokuh, Poro^un u .ne6egeB. Poro^un, y3HaB, hto MamKuH geHugca b ^BeH^apHH, rge ero Bce-TaKu He Bugenugu, a3BHTegtH0 3aMeHaeT: »Xe! flener hto, gog^Ho 6uTt, gapoM nepengaTugu, a Mu-To um 3gect BepuM.« H neMHoro cnycTa e^e: »'H He6oct b 3tom y3egKe Bca Bama cyTt 3aKgroHaeTca?' cnpocug HepH0Ma3UH. 'O6 3aKgag roTOB 6HTtca, hto TaK,' nogxBaTug Hpe3BUHaHH0 goBogtH^iM BugoM KpacHOHocuH huhobhuk, 'u HTO gagtHeHmeH noKga^u b 6ara®H^ix BaroHax He uMeeTca, xoTa 6egHocTt u He nopoK, Hero onaTt-TaKu Hegt3a He 3aMeTHTt.'« (gocxoEBCKHö 1982/6: 7-8)
flentru u ^agnocTt - 3to gBa ochobhux ageMeHTa »MaTepuagucTuHecKoro nogTeKcTa« poMana. (Andersen 1988: 77-91)
»ypa!« KpHKHyjio MHOxecTBO ronocoB. [...] Ho xotb ohh u KpHHanH u roTOBH KpHHaTt, ho MHorue U3 Hux, HecMoxpa Ha Bcro cTpaHHocTt oöcToaTentcTB u oöcTaHoBKH, nonyBCTBoBanu, htq geKopa^Ha nepeMeHaeTca. flpyrue 6^mu b cMy^eHuu u xganu HegoBepnuBo. A MHorue menTanu gpyr gpyry, hto Begt geno caMoe oö^iKHoBeHHoe, hto Mano Ha kom KHa3a ®:eHaTca, u ^^I^aHOK u3 Ta6opoB 6epyT (TaM 189)
Ecnu paHtme MamKuH, öegHHH u öonbHon, He rogunca b ^chhxh, to nocne HSBCCxua o HacnegcTBe oKpy^aro^HC HanHHaroT coMHCBaTtca b tom, nogxoguT nu HacTacta ©ununnoBHa TaKoMy ^eHuxy KaK oh. K ^TOMy Hago e^e goöaBuTt, hto MamKuH cTaHoBuTca nacTtro ^T0^0 Mupa KaK 6h nexomn - ^TO neTepöyprcKun Mup y3HaeT ero, KHasa c öontmuM HacnegcTBoM, 3a cBoero, a oh khk nunHocTt He MeHaeTca (Ha to, hto ^T0 npoucxoguT »hohtu npoTuB ero Bonu«, oöpa^aroT BHuMaHue TaK^e HeKoTopwe gpyrue uccnegoBaTenu (CantBECTPOHH 2001: 64)).
^to ®e KacaeTca usMeHeHua noBecTBoBaTentHoro cTuna b poMaHe, to oho, no HameMy MHeHuro, cBasaHo He TontKo unu He cTontKo c npegnonaraeMHM »paguKantHHM usMeHeHueM saMwcna poMaHa« (CTEnAH^H 2013: 193), cKontKo c usMeHeHueM caMonyBcTBua u caMocosHaHua rnaBHoro repoa, c nepeMeHon ero BHyTpeHHero, gyxoBHoro cocToaHua.5 HsMeHeHue BHyTpeHHero Mupa repoa, KoHeHHo, oöycnoBneHo TaK^e usMeHeHuaMu nucaTentcKoro nnaHa, o kotophx mm xopomo 3HaeM no ero nuctMaM u nogroToBuTentHHM MaTepuanaM,6 ho usMeHeHue nnaHa u oöpasa rnaBHoro repoa HeoöasaTentHo ÖMno TaK paguKantHMM, khk ^T0 npegcTaBnaeTca CTenaHaHy (us ropoguBoro b caM03BaH^a).
3 rnaBHHM ynpeK0M, kotophh poccuncKun uccnegoBaTent cTaBuT MnmKuHy (u reporo CepBaHTeca), 3to ero HeageKBaTHoe BocnpuaTue peantHocTu. 3gect ^03B0nHTentH0 cnpocuTt - hto TaKoe peantHocTt b noHuMaHuu aBTopa? Y peantHocTu ecTt »ocoÖHe ^pHBHne^HH« (gocTOEBCKHH 2004/1: 262, cm. TaK^e Mommo k HacToa^eö cTaTte), uHorga 0Ha BBepraeT Hac b »y»:acHoe yguBneHue«, TaK KaK M0»:eT Ka3aTtca goHent3a ^aHTacTunecKoH, ho cnycTa HeK0Topoe BpeMa, mm caMu roBopuM ce6e, hto »3T0 HenpeMeHHo TaK u gon»:H0 6^ino cnynuTtca«. KHa3t MnmKuH b fflBeH^apHH »Haynunca cM0TpeTt« unu, b TepMuHax Ban. HBaH0Ba u M. BaxTuHa, »npoHuKaTt«, a 3HaHHT - BugeTt »npoaBneHua rpex0BH0H nopa^eHHocTu HenoBenecKoH npupogH« (b HeM eMy 0TKa3HBaeT CTenaHaH). KHa3t HuneMy He yguBnaeTca, peaK^HH u nocTynKu gpyrux nepcoHa»:eH ero He cMy^aroT (unu, no KpanHen Mepe, ero cMy^aroT HeHagonro), Hao6opoT, uHorga oh, xopomo 3Haa o6pa3 MHcnen u HyBcTBya cocToaHue gymu gpyroro HenoBeKa, ux ga»:e npegyragHBaeT. TaK, HanpuMep, oh no raa3aM 6ontHoro HnnonuTa yragHBaeT, hto tot ye3»:aeT c ero KoMnaHtoHaMu:
5	^T0T MexaHH3M ^octocbckuh npuMCHaex BectMa Hacxo: Hauöonee BMpa3HTenbH^IH npuMep xaKoro H3MeHeHHa b ero TBopHecTBe - aro anunor »npecTynneHua u HaKaBaHua« (Zabukovec 2014: 141). B »BpaTtax KapaMa30BMX« noBecrBoBarent H3MeHaer cBoe orHomeHue k K0HKperH0My reporo b 3aBHCHM0-cru or ero gyxoBHoro cocroaHua, o HeM nogpoÖHo numer P. BenHan (Belknap 1989). nogoÖHMÖ cgBur, xora MeHee o^yruMMH, BcrpeHaeM raK^e b anunore poMaHa »Hguor«, rge HHH^HarHBy nepeHuMaer raK Ha3MBaeMMH »HegeKnapupoBaHHMH aBrop« (Khpah 1987: 112). ^enb aroH nogMeHM - »orcrpaHurt noBe-crB0Barena, HecnocoÖHoro npoHuKHyrt b cy^Hocrt coömtuh« (Kobah 2008: 78).
6	^ocroeBcKuH b nuctMe MaÖKoBy or 2 (14) Mapra 1868 HacHur^iBan rpu H3MeHeHHa nnaHa 3. u 4. Hacru. (gocTOEBCKHH 1985/2: 273).
»'Hy, BOT ^T0^0 a u öoanca!' BOCK^HKHyn KHa3t. 'TaK u gonxHO öhtb!' [...] 'Cne3
CBOHX 3acT^igunca!' npomenTan ^eöegeB ^u3aBeTe npoKO^teBHe, '»TaK u gonxHO
6htb!« Ah ga KHa3t! HacKB03t npoHUTan...'« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 320)
npHBcgcM e^e oguH npuMep, xoxa hx Ha caMOM gene MHoro:
»KHa3t e^e u He 3Han, hto EnaHHUH^i BHexanu; oh nopaxeH u no6negHen; ho Hepe3
MUHyTy noKanan ronoBon, b cMy^eHUu u pa3gyMte, u co3Hanca, hto 'TaK u gonxHO 6^mo
6htb'; 3aTeM 6hctpo ocBegoMunca, 'Kyga xe BHexanu'?« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/7: 274)
^anee, repon oneHt xopomo pacnosHaeT npoaBneHua 3toh »rpexoBHon nopaxeHHocTu« TaK^e b ceöe, o HeM cBugeTentcTByeT ero osaöoneHHocTb coöcTBeHHHMu »gBoHHHMu MHcnaMu« h »geMoHoM«. ^TO cBasaHo, Bo-nepBHx, c ero cnocoÖHocTbM npoHUKHoBeHua, KoTopaa npeBpa^aeTca b chocoöhoctb npegBugeHua, »insight becomes foresight« (Danow 1980: 53). Bnarogapa öonesHu u HeBUHHocTu (HeoHMTHocTu) MamKUH cnocoöeH npegBugeTt unu, nynme cKasaTt, npegnyBcTBoBaTb Macnu, xenaHua u HaMepeHua oKpyxaro^ux, a uHorga oh npocTo nponuTHBaeT öygy^HocTt c ux nH^a (na^e Bcero, c nH^a HacTactu ©ununnoBHH). Ero HegocTaToK - 3to He HeageKBaTHocTt BocnpuaTua peantHocTu unu ogepxuMocTt cBoen unnMSuen, KaK yTBepxgaeT CTenaHaH, a to, hto H. Hocckhh onpegenun KaK »npesMepHaa ^M0^u0HanbH0 BoneBaa MarKocTt ero xapaKTepa« (noccKHH 1953: 303). MamKUH sapaxaeTca HyxuM cTpagaHueM, hto u cnocoöcTByeT pe^uguBy ero öonesHu. Bo-BTopax, pasMHmneHua MamKUHa Hag »gBonHHMu MacnaMu« cBugeTentcTByMT o ero rnyöoKo xpucTuaHcKoM noHUMaHuu nenoBenecKoro ÖHTua. ^paHu^a Mexgy goöpoM u 3noM b xpucTuaHcKon aHTpononoruu npoTeKaeT uMeHHo BHyTpu nenoBenecKoro cy^ecTBa, »geMoH«, c kotophm öopeTca repon, HaxoguTca BHyTpu Hero (oTKpoBeHHo oö 3tom cKaxeT ^MUTpun KapaMa3oB: »TyT gtaBon c öoroM öopeTca, a none 6utbh - cepg^a nMgen.«), a He BHe nenoBeKa, khk 3to rnacuT
rHOCTU^U3M.
B 3tom nyHKTe xoTenoct öa KocHyTtca e^e pa3MHmneHUH gpyroro u3BecTHoro poccuncKoro gocToeBucTa, T. A. KacaTKUHon, TaKxe TpaKryM^en o6pa3 MamKUHa B cBeTe rHOCTu^u3Ma (cnupuTyanu3Ma), KaK nagmero XpucTa. B cBoen cTaTte (Kacatkhha 1999: 151) uccnegoBaTenbHu^a yTBepxgaeT, hto KpuK ocna npu Bte3ge KHa3a b fflBeH^apuM npoöyxgaeT b HeM caMoco3HaHue, »caMocTt«, u hto c 3Toro MoMeHTa HaHUHaeTca ero HucxoxgeHue: ero gyma cxoguT b Teno, a KHa3b 3aMaKaeTca Ha ceöe caMoM, ocTaeTca b rpexoBHoM Mupe »TontKo nenoBenecKoro«, goKasaTentcTBoM neMy cnyxuT, cpegu nponero, oTcyTcTBue oTBeTa Ha Bonpoca PoroxuHa u HnnonuTa, »peBHocTHan nu oh xpucTuaHUH?« (Kacatkhha 1996: 105). KacaTKUHon moxho Bo3pa3UTb, ccanaact Ha noBegeHue u cnoBa caMoro repoa. Bo-nepBax, 3nu3og c ocnoM, KaK ero paccKasaBaeT MamKUH, He gaeT noBoga gna nogoÖHax TonKoBaHun: Hepe3 cuMnaTUHHoe xuBoTHoe (BnocnegcTBuu KHa3b HasaBaeT ero »HenoBeKoM«), KoTopoe BaBeno ero U3 gymeBHoro MpaKa, oh nonMÖun fflBeH^apuM, rge u Hanan Ba3gopaBnuBaTb. Bo-BTopax, MamKUH He xoneT TeopeTUHecKu pacnpocTpaHaTtca o cboux oTHomeHuax c BoroM, no KpanHen Mepe He c aTeucTaMu: »CKontKo a hu BcTpenanca c HeBepyM^uMu u cKontKo He HUTan TaKux KHur, Bce MHe Kaaanoct, hto u roBopaT ohu u b KHurax numyT coBceM öygTo
He npo TO, xoTa c Bugy Ka^eTca, hto npo to.« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 232-33) Ha Bonpoc O ero xpHCTHancTBe eMy He c^egyeT OTBenaTt, TaK KaK Bonpoc ^TOT »coBceM öygTO He npo to«.7
4 »CocTpagaHHe - Bce xpHCTHaHCTBO«
OTBeT Ha ^TOT Bonpoc 3aKgMHaeTca, KaK y^e CKa3aHO, b nocTynKax repoa. KaK HaHÖo^ee noKa3aTeflbHoe b ^TOM OTHomeHHH npuBegeM onncaHHe mhc^h H noBegeHHa KHa3a b naBgoBcKOM napKe, rge eMy xoTegoct yexaTt, hh c KeM He nonpo^asmncb:
Ho 3TOT »mar« He h3 Tex, Koxopne o6gyM^iBaroTca, a h3 Tex, Koxopne HMenno He o6gyM^iBaroTca, a Ha KOTopne npocTO pemaroTca: eMy yxacHO Bgpyr 3axoTenoct ocTaBHTt Bce 3TO 3gect, a caMOMy yexaTt Ha3ag, OTKyga npnexan. [...] Oh npegnyBcTEOBan, ^to ec^H TontKO ocTaHerca 3gect xoTt e^e HecKontKO gHeft, to HenpeMeHHO BTaHeTca b 3tot Mup 6e3BO3BpaTHO, u 3TOT 5Ke MHp B^mageT eMy Bnpegt Ha gonro. Ho oh He paccyxgan u gecaru MHHyr u TOTHac pemnn, hto 6exaTB 'HeBO3MOxHo', hto 3to 6ygeT hohth Manogymne. [...] B raKux M^icnax Boporunca oh goMoft. [...] Oh BnonHe HecnacreH b 3Ty MuHyry. (gocTGEBCKHH 1982/6: 329)
B ^roM orpHBKe mm HMeeM geno c napagoKcoM xpHcrnaHcKoft cBOÖogw. B MHcnax KHa3a oöpa^aer BHHMaHHe nognepKnyroe cnoBO »HeBO3MO®HO«, Koropoe acco^HHpyerca c orcyrcrBHeM BHÖopa. Ho c tohkh 3peHHa »Bo^neft npasga« geno oöcroHT uHane: nocne nepBopogHoro rpexa uHryuruBHaa Bona npeBpa^aerca b gucKypcuBHyro, Koropaa yxe He 3Haer, hto raKoe go6po, He cnocoÖHa BHÖpart ero 6e3 oögyMHBaHua (Evdokimoy 2003: 77). B ^roM cMwcne caMwe cBo6ogHHe nocrynKu, »maru«, ^ro re, Ha Koropwe nrogu »npocro pemarorca«, crano 6Hrb, uHryuruBHO 3Haror, hto ohu raK gonxHM u nocrynurt (^ro, Kcraru, HanoMuHaer BOCKnu^aHue »raK u gonxHO 6Hno cnyHurbca!«, o KoropoM roBopunoct BMme).8 MamKuH, yrparuB Bepy b B03M0®H0crb »BoccraHOBneHua« Hacractu ®ununnoBHH, b HeM u npu3Haerca Arnae, npogonxaer ucnonHart cboh gonr b coorBercrBuu c »rnasHHM 3aK0H0M 6Hrua Bcero nenoBenecrBa« - bo uMa ^ro^o oh roroB noxeprBOBart gaxe nro60Bbro u cboum nuHHMM cnacrteM (npaKruHecKu Bca Bropaa Hacrt poMaHa npegcrasnaer co6oh ucropuro B3auMH0H nro6Bu MamKuHa u Arnau; nocne roro, KaK y6egunca b ee nro6Bu, b Koropyro oh He cMen gaxe u Bepurt, KHa3t nepexuBaer caMMe cnacrnuBHe MuHyra cBoeft xH3Hu Ha poMaHHOM nonpu^e).
7	He KaxgMft, kto np0B03rnamaeT ce6a »peBHocTHMM KpucTuaHuHOM«, geftcTBuTentHO xuBer no-KpucTuaHcKu. H Hao6opoT: noHeMy noHTu Bce uccnegoBarenu cornacH^i b tom, hto ^ocToeBcKuft xpu-cTuaHcKuft nucarent, ho ero repou noHTu He xogar b ^epK0Bb, a EBanrenue HuraeT npocTuTyTKa? MOXHO cKasaTt, HTO MonHaHue MamKuna BMecro OTBera Ha nocraBnenHMH HnnonuroM Bonpoc, 3to uMeHHO to, »HT0 gonxHO 6Mno cnyHuTtca«.
8	C aruM MexaHH3M0M BcrpeHaeMca yxe b »npecTynneHuu u HaKasaKuu«. nucarent b nuctMe Kar-KOBy numeT o tom, hto nocne y6HHCTBa CTapyxH-^po^eHT^H^M y repoa »pasBepr^iBaerca Bect ncuxono-ruHecKuft ^po^ecc npecrynneHua. HepaBpemuMMe BonpocM BcraroT nepeg y6HH^eH, Henogo3peBaeMMe u HeoxugaHHMe HyBcTBa MyHaror ero cepg^e. Boxua npaBga, 3eMH0H 3aK0H 6epeT cBoe, u oh KOHHaer TeM, HTO npunyxden caM Ha ce6a goHecru.« (gocxoEBCKHö 1982/5: 534-35, nogHepKHyro ^ocroeBcKuM.)
CMy^eHHe HCC^egoBaTe^eH, khk HaM Ka^eTca, BH3BaH0 npe^ge Bcero TeM, hto repoH - HyBCTBya, mto noMont repoHHe y®e HeB03M0®H0 - npogo^^aeT c^egoBaTb CBoeMy nopHBy. MHorue b ^TOM - b »mhcchh BOCKpemeHHa«, b »MaHHaKa^bHOH Hgee« - BugaT npuHUHy ero TparnnecKoro KOH^a, ynpeKawT ero b caMo3BaHCTBe, ga^e cpasHHBaroT c BegHKHM Hhkbh3htopom: ero gencTBHe öygTo 6h ocHoBaHo Ha »B3rgHge Ha negoBeKa KaK cy^ecTBo cga6oe, He cnoco6Hoe k caMocToaTegtHoMy BHyTpeHHeMy npeo6pa®eHHM, KoTopoMy ugu Hago npo^aTb Bce, ugu ®e cngon BecTH K npaBugbHoMy o6pa3y MHcgen u gencTBHH« (CTEnAH^H 2013: 179). ^encTBHTegbHo, MnmKHH roBopuT HacTacte ®ugunnoBHe, hto oHa »Hu b HeM He BUHoBaTa« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 181), ho ^To e^e He 3HaHUT, hto oh 6epeT Ha ce6a ee rpexu (^T0 gencTBUTegtHo 6Hgo 6h He no cugaM ero). Ero nocTynoK npunoMUHaeT Agemy KapaMasoBa, Korga tot roBopuT HBaHy »OT^a y6ug He th!«, a MuTe, kotophh BMecTo KaTopru pemaeTca 6e®aTb, cKa^eT cgegyw^ee: »Ho th HeBuHeH, u TaKoro KpecTa cgumKoM gga Te6a MHoro. Th xoTeg MyKon Bo3poguTb b ce6e gpyroro HegoBeKa; no-MoeMy, noMHu TogbKo Bcerga, bo bcm ®H3Hb u Kyga 6h th hu y6e®ag, o6 ^T0M gpyroM HegoBeKe - u bot c Te6a u goBogbHo.« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/12: 297). OTHomeHue ^Tux repoeB k »rpemHuKaM« - ^T0 He npuHaTue 3ga b ce6a, ho npuHaTue Bcero, hto nopa^eHHo 3goM - a ^T0 »cooTBeTcTByeT npasocgasHoMy noHuMaHuw npeo6pa3oBaHua nopa^eHHon 3goM npupogH«, o HeM roBopuT CTenaHaH b cBa3u c nocgegHuM poMaHoM ^ocToeBcKoro, b kotopom, no ero ®e MHeHuM, nucaTegM HaK0He^ ygagoct Bo3o6HoBuTb nogguHHoe pasHoBecue (TaM ®e: 299-300).
MHmKuH (KaK u Agema) He npeTeHgyeT Ha pogb XpucTa, Ha »cnaceHue« HegoBeKa, Ha »BocKpeceHue« ero b peguru03H0-HpaBcTBeHH0M cMHcge, KaK ^T0 Tpe6yMT 0T Hero HeK0T0pHe uccgegoBaTegu, ero ^egb HaMHoro cKpoMHee: oh cTapaeTca »B0ccTaH0BuTb« HegoBeKa, BepHyTb repouHe nonpaHHoe HegoBeHecKoe g0cT0uHcTB0, ugu, KaK caM roBopuT, »B03BpaTuTb en cn0K0HcTBue u cgegaTb ee cHacTguB0H« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/7: 124).
MHmKHHy He ygagocb npegoTBpaTuTb Tpareguu, u Hy^oe cTpagaHue, BepoaTHee Bcero, u aBgaeTca npuHuH0H ero nogHoro norpy^eHua b 6e3yMue. EMy HegocTasago »guc^u^guHup0BaHH0H cug^i gyxa« (Hocckhh 1953: 303) ugu, KaK B^ipa3ugca ^ocToeBcKHH b cBa3u c ^oh Kuxotom - »senuR, hto6h ynpasuTb BceM 6oraTcTB0M ^Tux gapoB u BceM M0ry^ecTB0M ux« (gocTOEBCKHH 2004/2: 272). Ho guc^u^guHupoBaHHaa cuga gyxa B^ipa6aTHBaeTca ®H3HeHHHM 0nHT0M, a KHa3b MHmKuH 6Hg 3agyMaH uMeHHo KaK »uesunen« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 348), t. e. HeonHTHHH, geBcTBeHHHH, hucthh HegoBeK. nucaTegb, KaK u3BecTH0, xoTeg, hto6h HuTaTegu nogM6ugu ero, KaK gM6aT ^oh KuxoTa.
5 HaK0He^, cgegyeT cKasaTb e^e HecKogbKo cgoB o ^H0CTu^u3Me u Boo6^e o
ceKTaHTcKHx M0TuBax B poMaHe »HguoT«. TaKHe motubh b TBopHecTBe ,n,ocToeBcKoro,
K0HeHH0, ecTb (HaH6ogee HacH^eHa umu noBecTb »Xo3aHKa«), npucyTcTBywT TaK^e B poMaHe »HguoT«, ho ohu cBa3aHH B0Bce He c MHmKuHHM, a c Poro^HHHM
(u HnnoguT0M). nap$eH npuHagge^HT k cTapon, 6oraT0H KyneHecK0H ceMbe (cpegu xgHcT0B u CK0^^0B 6Hgo MHoro 6oraTHx Ky^^0B, gga ^Tux ceKT B006^e xapaKrepHa cTpacTb K HaKonuTegbcTBy u Ha^HBe), a u3 pa3roBopa MHmKHHa c Poro^HHHM MH y3HaeM, hto ero 0Te^ xoTa u xogug b ^epK0Bb, »ho gyMag, hto no cTapon Bepe
ÖHno npasuntHee. CKO^^OB Toxe yBaxan« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 220). Bce epecu ocHoBaHH Ha tom unu uhom pasMexeBaHuu MaTepuu u gyxa, Ha npespeHuu k Teny. XnHcToB HacTo oÖBuHanu b ceKcyantHoM pasBpaTe (cBantHMH rpex), Mexgy tcm KaK gna CKO^^OB (kotophc c caMoro HaHana xunu b goMe PoroxuHa, »ga u Tenept [y Hac] HaHuMaroT« (gocTOEBCKHH 1982/6: 220)) ^enbro ÖHna aöconroTHaa pe^yna^ua ceKcyantHoft xushu, hto Ha npaKruKe osHaHano aM^yTa^uro nona KaK TaKoBoro (^TKHHfl 1998: 83). B yöuftcTBe HacTactu OununnoBHH moxho ÖHno öh BugeTt umchho nonHTKy nonHoro KoHTpona Hag TenoM (BosnroöneHHoft), aöconroTHoft aM^yTa^uu nona.
KHasro MHmKuHy, HaoöopoT, HyxgH cTpacTt k hbxubc, npespeHue k nnoTcKoMy Mupy unu o^y^eHue ceöa npuHagnexa^uM k ysKoMy Kpyry usöpaHHHx. Ero öonesHt He MemaeT eMy BnroöuTtca u nepexuBaTt caMHe oöhkhobchhhc HyBcTBa no oTHomeHuro k Monogoft xch^uhc. Ero npoöneMa hc ^usuhcckoc oTBpa^eHue K Teny u ceKcyantHocTu unu xenaHue nonHoro KoHTpona Hag hum, ero TaKxe He BonHyeT co^uonoruHecKoe usMepeHue nonoBon nroÖBu, to, o hcm nucan ^octocbckuh bo bccm naMaTHon sanucKe y noxa yMepmeft xchh - usöupaTentHocTt TaKoft nroÖBu (»Mano ocTaeTca gna Bcex« (gocTOEBCKHH 1980: 173)). 3aKoHy »a« Ha 3eMne repoft hc npegnoHen KoMMyHantHoro HaHana (oh xoTen »BoccoagaTt« gpyryro xeH^uHy), oh npocTo coönrogan xpucTuaHcKuft 3aKoH cocTpagaHua, u cnegoBan eMy go caMoro KOH^a.9 H b 3tom cMHcne moxho noHaTt onpegeneHue repoa KaK »nonoxuTentHo npeKpacHoro HenoBeKa«: eMy hc HyxgH caMHe HenoBeHecKue HyBcTBa u nepexuBanua, oh, 6narogapa cBoeft hcbuhhoctu, HageneH ocoöoft np0Hu^aTentH0CTtro u gaxe gapoM npegBugeHua, u HecMOTpa Ha cboc BnonHe ageKBaTHoe BocnpuaTue peantHocTu (a moxct ÖHTt, umchho önarogapa 3TOMy), ocTaeTca cnocoÖHHM noxepTBOBaTt cboum »a« gna gpyroro.10 Ero eguHcTBeHHHft HegocTaTOK - 3to OTcyTcTBue guc^unnuHupoBaHHoft cun^i gyxa, u b 3tom cMHcne ^aöyntHHft K0He^ poMana BnonHe 3aKOHOMepeH. "^uTaTent cHaHana HuTaeT poMan »c yxacHHM yguBnenueM«, no npoHuTaB ero go nocnegneft ctpohku, roBopuT ce6e: »ga, Bce 3TO HenpeMenno TaK u gonxno ÖHno cnyHuTtca«. Tparegua na ypoBne $a6ynH (cMepTt repounu, noMemaTentcTBO repoeB) ypaBHOBemuBaeTca neBepöantHHM ypoBneM poMana: poMannoft uKonoft »nonoxenua bo rpoö« b 3nunore (Kacatkhha 1996: 112-116), 3K$pa3oft u KonopuTOM, o hcm mh nogpoöno nucanu b gpyroM mcctc (Zabukovec 2014: 145-183). nocne HTenua poMana y HuTaTena ocTaeTca BneHaTnenue, hto »HenoBeK ecTt ^enoe numt b öygy^eM, a bobcc ne ucHepnHBaeTca Bect nacToa^uM« (gocTOEBCKHH, 1982/24: 247). H co3gaBaTt TaKoe BneHaTnenue - 3TO npuBunerua ne TontKO peantnocTu, no u poMana, B^igepxannoro b cTune »peanu3Ma b BHcmeM cMHcne«.
9	»H36upaTenbHocTb« nonoBoft nroÖBu BonnoBana ^octocbckofo bo BpeMa cMepTu nepBoft xchh. Ho yxe B »Becax« nogoÖHue pasMumnenua oTBegeHH KupunnoBy, hto moxho noHuMaTt KaK »3HaK Toro, HTO ugea yxe He Öuna TaK 6nu3Ka aBTopy«. (^TKHHg 1998: 94)
10	CTenaHaH npunucuBaeT rpoMagHoe 3HaHeHue ^aKTy, hto MumKuH u CTaBporuH HepBonanantHo pa3BuBanucb u3 ogHoro Kopna, u yTBepxgaeT, hto poManu »HguoT« u »Becu« - »3TO gBa nyTu pa3pemeHua ogHoft npoöneMu« (t. e. pa3o6naHeHua fhoctuhcckux ugeft [CTEnAH^H 2010: 214]). ®aKT, hto repou pa3BuBanucb u3 ogHoro Kopna, e^e Hunero ne npegonpegenaeT, a MumKun u CTaBporuH - nenoxoxue gpyr na apyra repou. ^pyroe geno poMan »Becu« - TaM rHocTunecKux motubob HaMHoro Öontme. Ho 3Ta uHTepecnaa TeMa (rHocTunecKue motubh y ^ocToeBcKoro), Bce e^e xgeT cBoero uccnegoBaTena.
BHEnHOrPAOHa
David Danow, 1980: Semiotics of Gesture in Dostoevskian Dialogue. Russian Literature 8. 41-75.
Gorazd Kocijančič, 2009: Razbitje. Sedem radikalnih esejev. Ljubljana: Študentska založba (Koda).
Paul EvDOKiMov, 2003: Prawoslawie. Warszawa: PAX.
Robert L. Belknap, 1989: The Structure of The Brothers Karamazov. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
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Povzetek
V sestavku avtorica kritično pretresa razumevanje romana Idiot oziroma njegovega glavnega junaka kneza Miškina v zadnjih monografijah znanega sodobnega ruskega dostojevskologa Karena Stepanjana.
Na splošno se je v zadnjih letih oziroma desetletjih povečalo število »netradicionalnih«, »neapologetskih« interpretacij tega romana oziroma njegovega junaka, mednje sodi tudi Stepanjanova. V svojem zadnjem delu Dostojevski in Cervantes: dialog v velikem času (2013) ruski raziskovalec ugotavlja, da sta oba pisatelja v svojih delih skušala prikazati meje človeka oziroma človeškosti. V romanu Idiot je v središču tako imenovana donkihotska situacija, se pravi junak, ki vstopa v svet z namenom, da bi ga odrešil, spremenil v raj. Miškin naj bi na začetku romana deloval kot »norec v Kristusu«, a se s tem, ko zaprosi za roko Nastasjo Filipovno, tej misiji odreče, s čimer se začne njegova degradacija in posledično padec v blaznost.
Dostojevski naj bi se v času pisanja romana boril s svojimi starimi romantično-utopičnimi predstavami, roman Idiot pa naj bi bil odgovor Renanu in Straussu ter njuni koncepciji Jezusa kot zgolj človeka, brez božanskih primesi. Knez Miškin kot zgolj človek ne more odreševati, je samozvanec, gnostični odrešenik, ki ga zaradi neustrezne percepcije resničnosti doleti kazen (blaznost).
Avtorica ob analizi romana pokaže, da knez Miškin ni »norec v Kristusu« (ne vzbuja groze, ne izloči se zavestno iz kulture, ne želi razkrinkavati in zasmehovati), da ga v peterburški svet, prežet s pohlepom in intrigami, vpotegne nepričakovana dediščina, predvsem pa, da je njegova percepcija resničnosti več kot ustrezna - Miškin je zahvaljujoč svoji čistosti in bolezni sposoben posebne prenikljivosti, ki mestoma meji na preroškost. Njegovo dojemanje človeka in sveta je povsem krščansko, sam pa v svojem delovanju ne sledi »manični ideji«, temveč notranjemu, »večnemu zakonu človekove biti na zemlji«, o katerem je pisatelj zapisal, da tvori bistvo krščanstva -sočutju. Njegova romaneskna pot se konča tragično, to pa zato, ker junak ne premore disciplinirane sile duha, ki bi se uprla destruktivni moči tujega trpljenja. A tak konec
je pričakovan in verodostojen, saj je bil junak zamišljen kot nedolžen, se pravi, neizkušen, čist. Protiutež tragediji na ravni zgodbe v romanu predstavlja neverbalni nivo, poleg ekfraze in koloristike predvsem jezikovna ikona v epilogu.