LUTETIAN CORALS FROM ČRNI KAL IN YUGOSLAVIA Gabriel Kolosvary, Szeged
Preface
In the year 1963 I received the material with corals from the Lutetian layers near Črni Kal. It had been gathered and sent to me by colleague Mr. Rajko P a v 1 o v e c from the Paleontological Institute of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana.
All the corals have been found in the hard limestone in the quarry by the main road Kozina—Koper (North Istria). On the same place the Young-Pleistocene Paleolithic station (B r o d a r and R a k o v e c , 1958) has also been discovered.
In the limestone besides corals there occur Nummulites, Assilinas, Alveolinas, Hydrozoans and Bryozoans. It is petty that the corals are bad preserved — partly because of the crushed rocks and also because of the conglomerate character of the limestone. In the most part of the material I could determine neither species nor genera. But without any doubt the corals belong to the Middleeuropean fauna of the Middle-eocene (Lutetian) age.
Taxonomy
23 calcareous pieces have been examined; some big pieces have been broken to small parts, nevertheless, they keep the same number.
1.	Calamophyllia pseudoflabellum Catullo; Stylophlora cf. distans Levmerie; Manicina cf. flexuosa (D'Achiardi)
2.	Dendracis sp.; Dendracis cf. seriata Reuss; ? Fldbellum sp.; Acti-nacis cognata Oppenheim
3.	Heliastraea bosniaca Oppenheim
4.	Calamophyllia pseudoflabellum Catullo
5.	Euphyllia sp.; Heliastraea cf. bosniaca Oppenheam; Dendracis sp.; Stylophora distans Leymerie
6.	NiwimuZites sp.
7.	Hydrozoans
8.	Heliastraea cf. bosniaca Oppenheim
9.	Hydrozoans
10. Calamophyllia sp.; Stylophora distans Leymerie; Astrocoenia cf. subreticulata D'Achiardi
11.	Euphyllia cf. forojuliensis (D'Achiardi); Heliastraea bosniaca Oppenheim; Cylicosmilia n. sp.
12.	Placosmilia cf. multisinuosa (Michelin); Euphyllia contorta Ca-tullo; Calamophyllia sp.; Stylophora conferta Reuss
13.	Euphyllia cf. contorta Catullo
14.	Euphyllia cf. contorta Catullo
15.	Calamophyllia sp.; Euphyllia contorta Catullo-; Stylophora cf. distans Leymerie
16.	Hydrozoans
17.	Calamophyllia sp.; Euphyllia cf. forojuliensis (D'Achiardi)
18.	Calamophyllia sp.; Calamophyllia crenaticostata (Reuss); Placosmilia multisinuosa (Michelin); Stylophora italica D'Achiardi
19.	Placosmilia multisinuosa (Michelin); Actinacis cf. cognata Oppenheim; Calamophyllia pseudoflabellum Catullo; Calamophyllia crenaticostata (Reuss); Placosmilia sp.
20.	Euphyllia contorta Catullo; Placosmilia cf. bilobata D'Achiardi; Actinacis cognata Oppenheim
21.	Euphyllia contorta Catullo
22.	Stylophora distans Leymerie; Euphyllia sp.
23.	Heliastraea bosniaca Oppenheim
Stratigraphy
Species	Countries after literary particulars (Kolosviry, 1949)	Eocene		
		Lower	Middle	Upper
Stylophora italica	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary	+	+	
Placosmilia multisinuosa	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary, Egypt	+	+	+
• Euphyllia contorta	Italy, Hungary, East India	+	+	---
• Dendracis seriata	Italy, Hungary		+	
Heliastraea bosniaca	Yugoslavia, Hungary		+	
Manicina flexuosa	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary		+	
Euphyllia forojuliensis	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary		4-	
• Placosmilia bilobata	Italy, Hungary		+	
Stylophora conferta	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary		-j-	
Calamophyllia pseudoflabellum	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary, Greece		+	+
Calamophyllia crenaticostata	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary		+	■f
Stylophora distans	Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary, Greece, East Pyrenees			+
• Astrocoenia subre-ticulata	Italy, Hungary		-i-	-t-
• = for the first time found in Yugoslavia
Classification (Kolosv£ry, 1960) Ordo: Madreporaria
I. Conservativi Kolosvdry 1960
Subordo Amp hiastraeida Alloiteau 1952
II.	Elastici KolosvAry 1960
Subordo Styliniida Alloiteau 1952
Subordo Archaeocaeniida Alloiteau 1952 Fam. A cr opor id ae Verrill 1902 Dendracis
Fam. Actinastraeidae Alloiteau 1952
Astrocoenia Fam. Stylophoridae M. Edw. 1817 Stylophora
Subordo Meandriida Alloiteau 1949 Fam. Meandriidae Alloiteau 1952 Euphyllia
Fam. Placosmiliidae Alloiteau 1952
Placosmilia Fam. Smilotrochiidae Alloiteau 1952 CyZicosmilia
III.	Gressivi Kolosvary 1960
Subordo Astraeoida Alloiteau 1952
Fam. Heliastraeidae Alloiteau 1952
Heliastraea Fam. Faviidae Gregory 1900 Manicina
Fam. Astrangiidae M. Edw. 1837 Calamophyllia
Subordo Caryophylliida Vaughan & Wells 1943 Fam. F1 a b e 11 i d a e Alloiteau 1952 Flabellum
Subordo Fungiida Duncan 1889
Fam. Actinacididae Vaughan & Wells 1942 Actinacis
Subordo Eupsammida Alloiteau 1952
There have been found 11 genera and 16 species. Archaeotypes (a cardinal group: I. Conservativi) but regresive Eupsammiidae have not been found up to now.
Notes on the species
1. Dendracis sp. (cf. seriata Henss). (Fig. 1, 2) Two the best preserved branches have approximately 28 respectively 4 cups, with a diameter of 1 mm. The polyps stick rather firmly out over the surface of the coenosteum.
Fig. 1. Dendracis sp., a branch with the cup, coenosteum is dotted
Fig. 2. Dendracis sp., a branch with 4—5 cups (the contour sketch)
2. Astrocoenia cf. subreticulata D'Achiardi. (Fig. 3). The size of the cups of the colonial coral is 1 mm, but sometimes also biger. Coenenchyme is granular, and in thin section lagunary developed. The number of septa
Fig. 3. Three cups of the species Astrocoenia cf. subreticulata (1 mm)
of the first and second cycle is 6, but the septa of the third cycle are rudimentary. Columella is present.
3. Stylophora distans Leymerie. (Fig. 4). The cups are far from each other. Their diameter 3 mm. The number of the whole septa is 22. Coenosteum in a thin section is lagunary developed. This species occurs pretty frequent among the described fauna.
4. Stylophora cf. italica D'Achiardi. (Fig. 5). Some rare strong septa are joined together. The diameter of the oval cups is 1 X 1,5 mm, the number of septa 12—14. The septa of the third cycle are firmly rudimentary. Coenosteum is fine granular, it means lagunar in the thin section. The cups are sometimes very close to each other and more or less round.
5. Stylophora cf. conferta Reuss. (Fig. 6). The oval cups are very close to each other. Their diameter is 1mm. Septa disappear in the
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13 — Geologija 10	1"
Fig. 4. Stylophora distans, the cup with coenosteum (hatched), 3X3 mm in diameter

Fig. 5. Stylophora cf. italica, the cup (1 X 1,5 mm), coenosteum is not drawn
middle. The number of the septa is 18, the third cycle is rudimentary. Six septa reach the centre of the cup.
6. Heliastraea bosniaca Oppenheim. (Fig. 7, 8). There have been found more colonial fragments. The diameters of the cups are 1—2 mm. Co-
Fig. 6. Stylophora cf. conferta, three cups with coenosteum
0
lumella is present. The septa number in the second cycle is 12, in all three cycles 24. The outer edges of the polyp cups are 24 too. Specimens are very calcified, so that all the polyps can not be clearly seen.
Fig. 7. Heliastraea bosniaca, the cup Fig. 8. The part of colony of the 1,5 X 2 mm	species Heliastraea bosniaca is
showed shematically (the upper parts of the cups are hatched)
7. Calamophyllia pseudoflabelluni Catullo. (Fig. 9, 10). The diameter of the cup is 10 X 10 mm. More fragments of the colony have been found. Endotheca is very strong. The septa of the first cycle are firmly pointed out in the middle of the cups. The septa number of all cycles is more
Fig. 9. Calamophyllia pseudoflabel-lum, the cup 10 X 10 mm, the wall dotted
Fig. 10. Calamophyllia pseudoflabel-lum, the cup with the trace of the lateral thorny offsets
than 52, but it is impossible to count them exactly. Pseudocolumella very thin and very variable. The number of the cardinal septa is 14—16.
8. Calamophyllia crenaticostata (Reuss). (Fig. 11, 12). There have been found two fragments in a transverse section with the diameter 6 X 7 and 6 X 6 mm. The number of the septa is 32—52, endotheca can be sometimes easily seen, but now and then it seems to be lacking. I have not found any colony, but only individual polyps. This species, which
Fig. 11. Calamophyllia crenaticostata the cups (6X7 mm) with the wholly developed endothecal system
Fig. 12. Calamophyllia crenaticostata, the cup (6 mm)
Fig. 13. Euphyllia cf. contorta, a longitudinal section of the colony with secondary calcifications (dotted)
appears in the Upper Eocene in acmic phylogenetic stadium, still occurs in the Middle Eocene in the epacmic stadium. Septa are very often joined one with another. Columella is lacking. The number of the cardinal septa is 16.
9. Euphyllia cf. contorta CatuUo. (Fig. 13). The small colony is approximately consisted of 3—4 individuums. This species is very variable. The
specimen is very poorly preserved. It has been examined only in the moulded condition. The size of the colony is 20 X 20 mm. The shape is very variable, the growth stage various. The diameter of cup is 5 X 2,7 mm, 4,5 X 3 mm, and 4X4 mm. The meandrous joins are very frequent. The number of the septa is over 160.
Fig. 14. The central endings of septa at Euphyllia cf. foro-juliensis (very enlarged)
Fig. 15. Euphyllia cf. forojuliensis, the parts of the cups with the endings of septa in the middle of the cups
10. Euphyllia cf. forojuliensis (D'Achiardi). (Fig. 14, 15). Polyps have been found by the breaking of the pieces. It is characteristic, that the central endings of the septa are thorny fattened in a transverse section. The number of the cardinal septa is 14. The centre of cup is mostly not in the middle.
11. Manicina cf. flexuosa (D'Achiardi). (Fig. 16, 17). The specimen is very poorly preserved and broken. The cups are meandrous gyrate. The septa are strong, well developed and in the middle joined together. On the many places they are bent. The wall is wholly developed.
Fig. 16. The endings of cups at Ma- Fig. i7> The wall at Manicina cf. nicina cf. flexuosa with the visible	flexuosa is very enlarged
welding of septa
<Y///!I i
Fig. 18. Two endings of the cups at the species Placosrailia multisinuo&a in the
size 7 X 10 mm
12. Placosmilia multisinuosa (Michelin). (Fig. 18). I have had at my disposal more fragments of this species with a characteristic long lamellar columella and fine, thin septa, which are over 100 in number. The centres of cups are disappearing, and there arises polycentrismus. Well preserved specimen has been found in the piece of limestone (number 18). It measures 9X3 cm. This form often appears in the several onthogenetical stages and is very variable.
13. Placosmilia cf. bilobata D'Achiardi. (Fig. 19). There has been found not a particularly typical transverse section of the polyp. The diameter of the cup is 9 X 6 mm. The cup is lobular and has slight traces of the elongated furrows. The number of septa is 48, reconstructed
Fig. 19. Placosmilia cf. bilobata (as not typical); the diameter of cup 9X6 mm
of coenosteum
in all the cycles they are 100. (Typical specimens with the size about 4 X 2 mm have 120 septa.).
14. ? Fldbellum sp. So far only one very poorly preserved specimen has been found.
15. Actinacis cognata Oppenheim. (Fig. 20—23). Coenenchyme is roughly granular, in the transverse section lagunar developed. The diameter of the cup is 2 mm, some of them also reach 3 mm. The edges of the cup are very distinctly developed. 6—8 septa are throughly developed,
Fig. 21. Actinacis cognata, the cups with papillose columella and axial papillae
Fig. 22. Actinacis cognata, the cup with the strong edges (2 mm)
Fig. 23. Actinacis cognata, the cup with the parts of coenosteum at the edges
the septa of third cycle are rudimented. All the septa are 12—18 approximately. There can be also found the axial papillae, however, they join with the endings of septa.
Description of the new species
16. Cylicosmilia cmikalensis n. sp. (Fig. 24, 25). The holotype is the only preserved specimen in limestone and examined in a transverse section. The diameter 5X4 mm. It is smaller than the nearest species Cylicosmilia altavillensis (Defrance), which occurs in the Lutetian and also in the Upper Eocene in Hungary. The size of the species C. altavillensis is 10—12 mm. It has 78—84 septa, among them there are 12—14 cardinal septa. The new described polyp is bent, with the columella of papillose consistence. The septa number is 72 by the new species. There are 24 thick septa of the first cycle. The second cycle has the same number of septa. In the third cycle there are 24 rudimentary septa.
COMPARISON OF THE SPECIES CYLICOSMILIA CRNIKALENSIS AND CYLICOSMILIA ALTAVILLENSIS
Species	Diameter of the cup		Septa number	Cardinal septa		Outer ridges	Columella
C. altavillensis	10—12 mm		78—84	12—14		thin	spongious or papillose
C. cmikalensis	5 x 4 mm		72	24		thin	papillose
							
Species	Corpus	Periferal endothecal ring			Endotheca of the cups centre		Bilateral tendence at septa system
C. altavillensis	bent	slight			slight		lack
C. cmikalensis	bent	strong			slight		exist
Species	Formation of
	the septa
C. altavillensis	not the same
C. cmikalensis	more the same
Summary
1.	In the 23 calcareous pieces from Lutetian layers near Črni Kal in north Istria, ten genera with 16 species of corals have been found.
2.	Facies: coral layers with Nummulites, Assilinas, Alveolinas, Hydro-zoans and Bryozoans.
3.	The coral fauna is very poorly preserved, therefore it has been impossible to determine all the specimens.
4.	The Middle Eocene corals Manicina flexuosa, Heliastraea bosniaca, Euphyllia forojuliensis, Cylicosmilia cmikalensis, Dendracis seriata and Stylophora conferta are of the stratigraphical significance.
5.	The most frequent are Stylophora sp., Heliastraea bosniaca, Calamophyllia pseudoflabellum. A little less frequent are Placosmilia multi-sinuosa and Actinacis cognata.
6.	The new species Cylicosmilia crnikalensis has been described.
7.	Stylophora. italica still lived in the Middle Eocene. Calamophyllia crenaticostata has' been found in the layers of the Middle Eocene as epacmic-species. All the species mentioned under 4 belong to acme and Stylophora italica to paracme.
8.	4 species have been established for the first time in the Yugoslav Eocene. There are: Euphyllia contorta, Dendracis seriata, Placosmilia bilobata and Astrocoenia subreticulata.
LUTECIJSKE KORALE IZ ČRNEGA KALA V JUGOSLAVIJI
Avtor je obdelal korale iz kamnoloma pri Črnem Kalu v severni Istri. Najdene so bile v apnencu in precej slabo ohranjene. Določil je 10 rodov s 16 vrstami. Predstavljajo značilno srednjeevropsko lutecijsko favno. Štiri vrste so bile v Jugoslaviji prvič najdene. Opisal je novo vrsto Cylicosmilia crnikalensis.
Fig. 24. Cylicosmilia crnikalensis, the cup is reconstructed and represented shematically. The system of septa and the peripheral endothecal edge are visible. Septa tend to be bilateral
Fig. 25. Cylicosmilia crnikalensis n. sp. from Črni Kal in North Istria
REFERENCES CITED
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B r o d a r, S., and R a k o v e c, I., 1958, Pleistocene in the quarry near Črni Kal. Raspr. Slov. Acad. 4.
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