Janez Orešnik Ljubljana CDU 803. 959-22/23-55 INFLECTION OF MODERN ICELANDIC NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Summary. The present paper is a list of Modern Icelandic nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, analysed into their respective stems and endings; the declension of the suffixed definite article is · also included. Under each item it is stated which phonological rules, if any, apply in the derivation of its grammatical forms. The following items of the list should be consulted for new phonological rules: (3), (11), (12), and (133). A grammatical innovation has been implemented in the list, namely the so-called REPLACING ENDINGS. These are not added after the last segment of the stem, as endings usually are, but replace the last segment(s) of the stem. More is said on replacing endings in the Introduction. 1 Introduction. The list below contains the analyses of a number of Modern Ice- landic nouns, adjectives, and adverbs into their respective stems and endings. There are two main reasons for releasing this list: (a) Such analyses have not been published before. (b) As matters stand now, the division of labour between the morphological and phonological components of grammar is to a considerable extent arbitrary; it is therefore necessary to state explicitly what the researcher relegates into the one, and what into the other component. The lexical items treated in the list have been culled from the handbooks, notably from Einarsson 1945. While the list is not exhaustive, it is hopefully representative. In not a few cases it has been necessary to adduce alternative analyses of the same data; such analyses are indicated by small Latin charac- ters, (a), (b), (c), ..• Some ending morphemes display more than one morph; such allomorphs are separated by and. In some instances I could not decide on just one representation of a desineiWe" morph; the sundry possibilities listed are separated from each other by .Q!· One characteristic of the list below is that it postulates quite a great deal of stem suppletion in Modern Icelandic paradigms. A problem in this connection was how to state the distribution of the suppletive stems, notably which stem occurs "elsewhere". In such cases I have endeavoured to make that stem occur "elsewhere" which is used in the nominative singular (the positive in the case of the adverbs): the "elsewhere" stem is the least marked stem variant, and the nominative singular (the positive of adverbs) is the least marked form. In each entry it is stated which morphological and phonological rules apply in the derivations of its sundry case forms. In a few cases the pertinent rules have so far not been formulated; some are therefore given here for the first time, some are left unstated. The list is an indicator of the work that remains to be done. Here I especially mentibn the quantity rules; their formulation is a task for future research. 97 Some readers may be astonished to see that I posit no ending, say, in the gen. sg. koss of koss "kiss" (see no. (7) in the list). I have strictly adhered to the phonetic facts and followed, wherever applicable, that principle of analysis which states that the boundary between the stem and the ending is identical to the boun- dary between SAME and DIFFERENT in the members of the paradigm. Whoever wishes to posit, say, /koss+s/ as the phonological representation of the gen. sg. koss has to find sufficient motivation for his solution. The principle that.the num- ber of ending alloniorphs should be kept to a minimum has so far not been proved valid, and therefore is not sufficient motivation for the representation /koss+s/. As for the first time. in Orešnik 1973, l here. distinguish two kinds of endings; ADDED and REPLACING. Those endings are adde.d which are placed immediately after the last segment of the stem. E. g. in the gen. sg. bora-s of bora. "table", -s is an added ending. Those endings are replacing whose initial segment re- places the last segment( s) of the stem. E. g. in the strong dat. sg. f. storri of Old Icelandic storr "big, great", -rri is a replacing ending: its initial segment replaces the final segment r of the Stem stor-. I indicate the segment( s) to be replaced· by the initial segment of a replacing ending by an opening round bracket to the left of the segment(s) to be replaced: /sto(r+r:I/. The representation /sto- (r+r:I/ is morphological; the corresponding underlying phonological representation is /stor:I/. An ending may be added in one form, replacing in another. E. g. -rri is added in the Old Icelandic strong dat. sg. f. n;Y-rri of ~ "new", and repla-:- cing in storri. Both the addition of the endings a:nd their replacement, in the manner indicated, are morphological processes. In particular, the replacement of the last segment(s) of the stem by the inital segment of the replacing ending can be characterised as consonantal ablaut. Thus r N rr in stor- vs. storri is an instance of consonantal ablaut. The following example couched in t erms of language acquisition illustrates how replacing endings are thought to come into being. Given the morphological re- presentation /hav+s/ of the gen. sg. hafs (of haf "sea"), and given the corre- sponding systematic phonetic representation [hafs] , the language learner is assigned the task of finding a derivation leading from /hav+s/ to lha.f~j. One way of solving this problem is to posit a rule which devoices /v/ to /f/ before /s/. Another way is to manipulate the morphological representation by changing its ending as follows. In the representation /hav+s/ the ending /+s/ corresponds to the last segment of the representation [hafs J. The change of the underlying ending consists in adding yet another segment of [hafsJ to /+s/. This results in /+fs/ and in the morphological representation /hav+fs/. Since there is no rule in the grammar deleting /v/ before /f/, this ending becomes replacing, /ha(v+ +fs/. The phonological representation is now /hafs/, and the derivation leads to [hafs}. As the example hafs shows, replacing endings are a systematic rule saving device: by positing /ha(v+fs/ the need for a rule (the one devoicing /v/) is eliminated. Replacing endings also make it possible to posit phonological representations that are nearer to the systematic phonetic ones than representations which do not con- tain replacing endings. Witness hafs again: if the morphological representation is 98 /hav+s/, the phonological representation is likewise /hav+s/; if the morpholo- gical representation is /ha(v+fs/, the phonological representation is /hafs/. More examples of this kind will be found in the list below. Sometimes the ending becomes replacing in spite of the fact that the morphologi- cal representation consisting of the stem + that ending leads to a systematic pho- netic representation compatible :with the surface phonetic constraints. The para- digm. in which this happens is irregular. Example: acc. sg. m. annan (of annar "other, second'') from /anna(!;l"n/, versuc acc. sg. m. nokkurn (of nokku;--- "some") from /nokkur+n/. English examples of replacing endings are, /+vz/ ·in the plural knives {/naI(f+ +vz/), /+ziz/ in the plural houses (/htlU(s+ziz/). /dz/ in the plural mouths (/ma.U(Q.+dz/), and possibly /+fs/ (/ts/ denotes an affricate) in the plural cats jouv+s/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Oreš- nik 1972b) applies, changing the stem final /v/ to /f/. The alternative ending of the genitive singular, /+fs/, is replacing: /Pjou(v+fs/. The definite dative singular is pjofnum ~joupnY~ , with the change of /v/ to f!i>! before /n/, or with the replacing ending /+l>nYm7;/l>jou(v+l]nYm/-/l>jouJ;>nYm/. If the encling is just /+nYm/, the change of /v/ to /b/ is performed by a pho- ') nological rule which can be formulated as fol1ows: 99 I. e. any /v/ becomes ft>/, and any / q/ becomes /g/, if preeeded by a vowel and followed by /1/ or /n/, which in turn are followed by a word boundary or by a vowel. - Examples: gefinn - gefnir, fffill - ffflar, ~ - ~. fgull - fglar, efldi [evl~] - imp. efl, inf. efla, sigldi [slql~J - imp. ~. inf. sigla. (4) akur m. "acren. Stem akur-. Endings /--, +s or +l's, +I, --; +ar, +a, +Ym, +a/. In the genitive singular the underlying representation is either /akur+ +s/, in which case the Continuant Devoicing rule (Orešnik 1972b) must change- /r/ to /r/, or /aku(r+rs/, with a replacing ending. o --o In the dative singular and throughout the plural, the Vowel Syncope Rule appHes. For this rule see Orešnik MSc. The doomed vowel must fulfil three conditions: (1) It· must be marked as "elidible". (2) It must be followed by at most one short consonant, the morpheme boundary, and another vowel, in that order. (3) The grammatical form in which the doomed vowel occurs must be enumerated in a list of contracted forms. These three conditions are met by the dative singular and the plural case forms of akur, but not by the definite nom. /acc. sg. akurinn, underlyingly /akur+ In/: the nominative and accusative singular of nouns are not enumerated in the list of contracted forms. In the dative plural the u-Unilaut Rule (/a/-/o/) applies. (5) songur m. "song". Stem song-. Endings /+Yr, +s, --, --; +var, +va, +vYm, +va/. The genitive singular is phonetically [soi4ls], without [g], which. is pronounced in the remaining case forms, except in the definite dat. sg. songnum. The phonetical representation of the genitive singular can be produced with the help of a phonological rule which deletes /g/ between /"J/ and n, d, t, 1, s /but not r/, see Orešnik MSb. The rule cannot be formalised at pre-;ent, becau~ the deletion of /g/ does not take place equally · regularly in all of the said positions. Theoretically the stem /soi'!}/ could be posited, and the endings would then be ~-initial, e. g. /+gYr/ in the nominative singular. The stem /soi~/ would be ge- neralised from the genitive singular and from the definite dative singular, both highly marked cases, and this procedure would presumably go counter to some universal Čonstraint on the form of the underlying representations of stems. In my earlier work (Orešnik 1972a) 1 posited a v-final stem, /songv/, with /v/ generalised from the plural case forms. For th; reasons for the abolishment of this alternative see Orešnik MSc. (6) fs m. "ice". Stem fs-. Endings /--, +s:, +I, --/. The desinence /+s:/ of the genitive singular is replacing: /~+s:/-/is:/. The ending is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (7) koss m. "kiss". Stem koss-. Endings /--, +a/. + I, --; +ar, +a, + Ym, (8) stoll "chair". Stem stol-. Endings /infix ~Ir/- )/~hiJinir/ - 6 hpnir/. - The H-Insertion Rule operates after the Vowel Syncope Rule, which feeds it. I have not yet succeeded in formulating the H-Insertion Rule for those speakers of lrcelandic who pronounce non-aspirated plosives intervocalically (linmazli). The main problem here is how to distinguish between words such as etnir' which do undergo H-Insertion, and words such .. as einn [eidnl, which do not undergo H-In- ~- 00~ , sertion. (In har~li the distinction is easy to make: the plosive of etnir is un- derlyingly aspirated f cf. etinn with aspirated plosive]' whereas that of einn is not. ) I leave the problem open. (12) ferill m. "track, trace". Stem feril-. Endi.ngs as suh (8). The Vowel Syncope Rule operates in the case forms in which the desinences begin with a vowel. E. g. noro. pl. /feril+ar/-ferlar. Another rule inserts /~/ between !. and !_in the contracted cases. The rule can be formulated as follows: D-Insertion Rule fi'.)-+~ / r-[1nl I.e. a /f}/ is inserted between /r/ and /1/ or /n/. Additional example: farnir. The rule operates, e. g. in morgunn "morning'', contracted stem morgn-, where 101 g_ is first deleted between !. and g_, and then /~/ is inserted instead. Sometimes the !. is deleted subsequent to the insertion of /~/. i. e. the effect is as if the le}/ had not been inserted between !. and !. or g,, but as if the /'}./ had replaced the /r/. For instance, the contracted stem morgn- is pronounced either as [m~r~-J or as [mo~-]. (13) skor m. "shoe". Stem sko-. Endings /+r, +s, --, --; +r, +a, +m, --/. (14) laeknir m. "physician". (I) Stem laekn-. Endings /+Ir, +Is, +I, +I; +ar, +a, + Ym, +a/. (II) Stem laeknir-. Endings /--, +s or +rs, --, --; +ar, +a, --- o +Ym, +a/. The alternative. genitive singular desinence /+-gs/ is replacing: /laekni( r+ rs/. ---<> (15) eyrir m. ''O. 01 krona". Two suppletive stems: aur- in the plural, ~­ elsewhere. Endings as sub (14I). (16) sjor, saer, sjar m. "sea". (I) Stem ~-. Endings /+r, +ar and +s, -'"', --; +ar ·and +Ir, +a, +Ym, +a and +I/. (II) Stem sae-. Endings /+r, +var, -- and +vi, --/. (III) Stem ~-. Endings as sub '(II).- (17) snjor, ~· snj~r m. "snow". (I) Stem snjo-. Endings /+r, +ar and +var, --, --; +ar, +a, + Ym, +a/. (II) Stem snae-. Endings as sub (16 II). (III) Stem snja-. Endings as sub (16 II). (18) smfaur m. "smith". Stem smfa-. Endings /+Yr, +s, +Ym, +I/. +Ir, +a, (19) leikur m. "play". Stem leik-. Endings /+Yr, +s, --, --; +Ir, +kja, +kjYm, + I/. The desinences of the genitive and dative plural are replacing: /le1(Js.+kpi' and /lei(li,+kjYm/. In the definite dat. sg. leiknum the H-Insertion Rule, formu- lated sub (11) above, applies. Before /I/-initial desinences the stem final ~ is palatalised by the Palatalisation Rule (Orešnik MSb). (20) ~ m. "wall". Stem ~-. Endings /+Yr, +gjar and +s, --, --; +Ir, +gja, +g·Ym, +I/. The /gjl-initial desinences are replacing, e.g. /ve(gg,+~jar/. Before fI/-initial desinences the stem final ~ is palatalised by the Palatahsation Rule (Orešnik MSb). - The problems connected with (19) and (20) are treated in Orešnik MSd. (21) baer m. "farm, town". Stem bae-. Endings /+r, +jar, +jYm, +ji/. --; +jlr, +ja, (22) hlutur m. "thing". Stem hlut-. Endings /+ Yr, +ar, --, --; + Ir, +a, + Ym, +I/. In the definite dat. sg. hlutnum the H-Insertion Rule, formulated sub (11) above, applies. (23) fatnaaur m. "clothing". (a) Stem fatnaa-. Endings /+ Yr, +ar, + I, --; + Ir, +a, +Ym, +I/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/ and /a/-/Y/) applies in the 102 dative plural. (h) Stem fatn-. Endings /+aš.Yr, +aš.ar, +aš.I, +aš.; +aš.Ir, +aš.a, +YetYm, +aar/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/o/) applies in the dative plural. (c) Stem fat-. Endings /+naš.Yr, +naš.ar, +naš.I, +naš.; +naarr, +naš.a, +nYš.Ym, +naš.!/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/) applies in the dative plural. - See Orešnik MSa. (24) sofnuš.ur m. "congregation". (a) Stem sofnuš.-. Endings as suh (23a). In the genitive of hoth numhers the u-Umlaut Rule changes (o/ and /Y/ to /a/: safnaš.ar, safnaš.a .. (h) Stem sofn-. Endings /+Yš.Yr, +aš.ar, .+Yš.I, +Yš.; +Yš!r, +aš.a, +YtlYm, +YEiI/. In the genitive of hoth numbers the u-Umlaut Rule changes /o/ to /a/. (c) Stem safnaš.-. Endiilgs as suh (23a). Outside the genitives of both nuinhers the u-Umlaut Rule changes the /a/ under primary stress to /o/, and the stressless /a/ to /Y/. (d) Stem safn-. Endings as suh (h). Outside the genitives of hoth numhers the u-Umlaut Rule changes the /a/ of the stem to /o/. - See Orešnik MSa. (25) kottur m. "cat". Three suppletive stems: katt- in the genitives, kett- in the dative singular, nominative and accusative plural, kott- elsewhere. Endings as suh (23a). (26) fjorš.ur m. "fjord". Three suppletive stems: fjarš.- in the genitives, firš.- in the dative singular, nominative and accusative plural, fjord- elsewhere. End- ings as suh (23a). (27) sponn m. "spoon". Two suppletive stems: spaen- in the dative singular, nominative and accusative plural, spon- elsewhere. Endings /infix ~· +s, +I, --; +Ir, +a, +Ym, +I/. (28) sonur m. "son". Two suppletive stems: ~- in the dative singular, nomi- native and accusative plural, son- elsewhere. Endings as suh (23a). (29) fafilr m. "father". Three suppletive stems: feš.ur- in the plural, u is "elidihle"; foš.ur- in the singular outside the nominative; fafilr- elsewh;re. End- ings /--, -- and definite +sins or +rsins, --, --; --, +a, +Ym, --/. The alter- native ending of the definite genitive singular, /+rsins/, is replacing: /foš.u(r+ +rsins/. 0 -- - (30) hrofilr m. "hrother". Three suppletive stems: hraeš.ur- in the plural,, u is "elidihle"; hroš.ur- in the singular outside the nominative; hrofilr- elsewhere. Endings as suh (29). (31) fotur m. "foot". Two suppletive stems: faet- in the dative singular, nomi- native and accusative plural, fot- elsewhere. Endings /+ Yr, +ar, + I, --; + Yr, +a, +Ym, +Yr/. (32) fingur m. "finger". Stem fingur-; ~ is "elidihle". Endings /--, +s or +~s, +I, --; --, +a, +Ym, --/. The alternative desinence of the genitive singu- lar, /+rs/, is replacing: /fingu(E:t"~s/. 103 (33) vetur m. "winter". Stem vetur-; !!_ is "elidib1e". Endings as sub (32). (34) matlur m. "man". Three suppletive stems: ~- in the nominative/accusa- tive plural, matlur- in the nominative singular, ~ elsewhere. Endings /--, +s, +I, --; -- and definite +l(~lr, +a, +Ym, --/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-. /o/) applies in the dative plural. (35) tfmi m. "tirne". Stem tfm-. Endings /+I, +a, +a, +a; +ar, +a, +Ym, +a/. (36) afi m. "grandfatherrr. Stem af-. Endings as suh (3S). The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/) applies in the dative plural. (37) ha.kari m. "baker". (a) Stem bakar-. Endings as suh (35). The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/ and /a/-/Y/) applies in the dative plural. (b) Stem bak-. End- ings /+ari, +ara, +ara, +ara; +arar, +ara, +YrYm, +ara/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/) applies in the dative plural. (38) kunningi m. "acquaintance". Stem kunningr· Endings as sub (35). (39} Dani m. "Dane". Stem Dan-. Endings /+I, +a, +a, +a; +lr, +a, +Ym, +I/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- /o/) applies in the dative plural. ( 40) herra m. "sir, Mr. ". Stem herr-. Endings /+a, +a, +a, +a; +ar. +a, +Ym, +a/. (41) sera m. "Reverend''. Only the singular is used Jndeclinable. ( 42) fraendi m. "relative". Stem fraend-. Endings /+ 1, +a, +a, +a; + Yr, +a, +Ym, +Yr/. (43) nemandi m. "pupil". Two suppletive stems: nemend- in the plural, nemand- elsewhere. Endings as sub (42). (44) hondi m. "farmer". Two suppletive stems: baend- in the plural, bOnd- elsewhere. Endings as suh (42). (45), fjandi m. (1) 11enemy11 • Two suppletive stems: fjend- in the plural, fjan/, see (3) above. 'O (81) rofa f. "tailn. Stem /rou/. Endings /+a, +Y, +Y, +Y; +Yr, +2na, +Ym, +Yr/.-- (82) mfuuta f. "minute". Stem mfniit-. Endings as suh (77). A phonological rute, formulated above sub (11), inserts /h/ before t_ in the gen. pl. /mfuut+na/. (83) stUlka f. "girl". Stem stU!k-. Endings as sub ( 77). The .genitive plural is alternatively pronounced as if spelled stultna. This form is either suppletive (i. e. has to be remembered) or contains the replacing ending /+!1Pia/:/stu(lk+ +14na/. (84) ekkja f. "widow". Stem ekkj-. Endings as suh (77), except that the genitive plural. desinence is replacing, /~gua/:/eh(k;+gua/. If the genitiv~ pl~ral tlesinence were JUSt /+na/, there would arise the problem of the depalatal1sat10n of the stem final segment before /+na/. A depalatalisation rule is otherwise not necessary in Modern Icelandic phonology. Cf. Orešnik MSb. 107 (85) kona f. "woman, wife". Two suppletive stems: kvenn- in the genitive plural, kon- elsewhere. Endings as suh (79). (86) ~ f. 11lie". Stem /llq/. Endings /+I, +I, +I, +I; +ar, +a, +Ym, +ar/. The segment /q/ of the stem is palatalised to /j/ before /+I/ by the Palatalisa- tion Rule (Orešnik MSb). The stem vowel /1/ is forwarded/raised to /i/ before /j/. The rule performing this has not yet been formulated. It diphthongises the vowels /a, e, o, Y, o/ into the corresponding i-diphthongs, and forwards/raises /1/ to /i/. A unified account of these two processes presents unsurmountable difficulties for the time being. (87) fraeEli f~ "learning". Used in the singular only. Jndeclinable. (88) aevi f. "life". Stem ~-. Endings /+I, +I, +I, +I; +Ir, +a, +Ym, +lr/. (89) boren. "table". Stem bore-. Endings /--, +s, +I, --; --, +a, +Ym, --/. (90) barn n. "child''. Stem barn-. Endings as sub (89), except in the genitive singular. 1 do not yet know which. rules, if any, account for the gen. sg. [bastl. . o. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-- /6/) applies in the nomin.ative/accusative and dative plural. (91) haf n. "sea". Stem haf-. Endings /--, +s or +fs, +I, --; --, +a, +Ym, --/. lf the desinence of the genitive singular is /+s/, the underlying rep~esenta­ tion of the genitive singular is /hav+s/, and a devoicing rule must change /v/ to /f/ before /s/. Such a rule has been formulated in Orešnik 1972h. On the · other hand, the ending may be /+fs/ and replacing: /ha(v+fs/ •. In the nominative/ accusative and dative plural the u-Umlaut rule applies, changing haf- to·. hof'-~ (92) 2 n. "kin". Stem 2-· Endings /--, +s, +I, --; --, +ja, +jYm, --/. (93) tre n. "tree". Two suppletive stems: !!:E-- in the genitive. and dative plural, tre- elsewhere. Endings /--, +s, --, --; --, +a, +m, --/. (94) hreiElur n. "nest". Stem hreiElur-; u is "elidihle". Endings /--, +s or +rs, +I, --; -,-, +a, +Ym, --/. The genitive ~ingular ending /+s/ causes cJevoicini of the stem final r, cf. Orešnik 1972h. The alternative genitive singular ending /+5s/ is replacing7 /hreiElu(~rs/. (95) meaal n. "medicine". Stem melhll-. Endings as suh (89). The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/o/) and, alternatively, /a/-/Y/) applies in the nominative/accusa- tive and dative plural. (96) sumar n. "summer". Stem ~-. The unstressed vowel is "elidib1e", nevertheless the Vowel Syncope Rule does not apply in the definite nominative/ accusative singular (which is sumarie, not sumriš) and optionally in the definite nominative/accusative plural (which is sumurin beside the expected sumrin). The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/Y/) applies in sumurin, vacuously presumahly also in the dative plural. Endings as suh (89). The noun is irregular, cf. Orešnik MSa. 108 (97) kvaeEli n. "poem". Stem kvaeEl-. Endi.ngs /+!, +Is, +!, +I; +!, +a, +Ym, +!/. (98) r:iki n. "state". Stem rf~r· Endi.ngs as suh (97). (99) ~ n. "fortress". Stem /vij/. Endings as sub (97). (100) bol n. "calamity". Stem bol-. Endi.ngs /--, +s, +v! and +I, --; +va, +vYm:-=-1. (101) fe n. "sheep". Two suppletive stems: ~- in the genitive singular, genitive and dative plural, fe- elsewhere. Endi.ngs /--, +r, --, --; --, +a, +m, --/. (102) lat n. "death". Stem lat-. Endi.ngs as sub (89). (103) laeti n. pl. "noise". Two suppletive stems: lat- in the genitive and dative plural, laet- elsewhere. Endi.ngs /+ I, +a, + Ym, + 17:- (104) altari n. "altar". (a) Stem altar-. Endings /+I, +Is, +I, +I; +Y, +a, +Ym, + Y/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-- /o/ and /a/-/Y/) applies in the nominative/ accusative and dative plural. (b) Two suppletive stems: oltur- in the nominative/ accusative and dative plural, altar- elsewhere. Endings as sub (a). (105) ~ n. "eye". Stem ~-. Endings /+a, +a, +a, +a; +Y, +na or +gua, +Ym, +Y/. In /~+na/ the phonological rule formulated sub (3) above changes the stem final /q/ to /g/. The alternative genitive plural desinence /+gua/ is replacing: /au(g_+gua/. (106) hjarta n. "heart". Stem hjart-. Endings /+a, +a, +a, +a; +Y, +na, +Ym, +Y/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/--/o/) changes hjart- to hjort- in the nominative/ accusative and dative plural. (107) eyra n. "ear". Stem ~-. Endi.ngs as sub (106). A phonological rule, formulated sub (12) above, inserts IV between !. and !!. in the genitive plural /eyr+na/. Declension of the postpositive definite article (108) hestur m. "horse": hestur/+In/, hests/+Ins/, hesti/+nYm/, hest/+In/; hestar/+nir/ or /+dnlr/, hesta/+na/, hest/+YnYm/ and /+onYm/, hesta/+na/. The definite articl; is everywhere added to the case marker, except in the dative plural, where the article replaces the case marker. In hestar/+nlr/ the D-In.sertion Rule, formulated sub (12) 'above, inserts a /~/ between /r/ and /n/. (1~9) pjofur ~· "thief'': pjofur/+In/, 19ofs/+Ins/, _}>jof/+nYm/ or ~+2nYm/, pjof/+In/; pjofar/+nir/ or /+~Ir/, pjofa/+na/, pj2!/+YnYm/ and /+onYm/, 109 pjofa/+na/. For the dative singular see no. (3) above. In pjofar/+nlr/ the D-In- sertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, inserts a /~/ hetween /r/ and /n/. (110) skogur m. "forest": skogur/+In/, skogar/+Ins/ and skogs/+Ins/, skogi/ +nYm/ and skog/+guYm/, skog/+jln/; skogar/+nlr/ or /+~Ir/, skoga/+na/, skog/+YnYm/ and /+:mYm/, skoga/+na/. The stem is /skou/, see no. (2) ahove. In skogar/+nlr/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) above, applies. (111) skor m. "shoe": skor/+In/, skos/+Ins/, sko/+nYm/, sko/+In/; skor/ +nlr/ or /+dnir/, sko/+n:a/, sko/+nYm/, sko/+na/. The article replaces the case marke; in thegenitive plural as well--;:g in the dative plural. The desinence /+n:a/ is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. In skor/+nlr/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, applies. (112) t{mi m. "tirne": t{mi/+n/, t{ma/+ns/, t{ma/+nYm/, t{ma/+n/; t{mar/+nlr/ or /+9n.Ir/, t{ma/+na/, t{m/+YnYm/ and /+:mYm/, t{ma/+na/. In t{mar/+nlr/ the D~Insertion Rule, fo~lated suh (12) ahove, applies. -- (113) maEiur m. "man": maEiur/+In/, manns/+Ins/, manni/+nYm/, mann/+In/; menn/+I(d)nlr/, manna/+na/, monn/+YnYm/ and /+:mYm/, menn/+In;v:-- -- o --- --- --- (114) kinn f. "cheek": kinn/+In/, kinnar/+Inar/, kinn/+Inl/, kinn/+Ina/; kinnar- /+nar/ or /+dnar/, kinna/+na/, kinn/+YnYm/ and /+::>nYm/, kinnar/+nar/~ /+dnar/. In hlnnar/+nar/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, applies. " --- (115) a f. "river": a/+In/, ar/+Inar/, a/+n:I/, a/+na/; ar/+nar/ or /+dnar/, ij+n:a/:- ij+nYm/, a~/+nar/ or /+gnar/.- The artfcle replaces the case ~arker in the genitive plural as well as in the dative plural. The endings containing /n:/ are provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. In ar/+nar/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, applies. (116) lilja f. "lily": lilja/+n/, lilju/+nar/, lilju/+nl/, lilju/+na/; liljur/+nar/ or /+gnar/, lilja/+na/, !ilif+YnYm/ and ;'+:mYm/; liljur/+nar/ or /+~ar/. In liljur/+nar/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, applies. (117) kerling f. "old woman": kerling/+In/, kerlingar/+Inar/, kerlingu/+nl/, kerlingu/+na/; kerlingar/+nar/ or /+gnar/, kerlinga/+na/, kerling/+YnYm/ and /+JnYm/, kerlingar/+nar/ or /+dnar/. In kerlingar/+nar/ the D-Insertion Rule, formulated suh (12) ahove, appli~s. Before /I/-initial endings the stem final /g/ is palatalised to /g/ hy the Palatalisation Rule (Orešnik MSb), and /"11 is pa- latalised to /ii./. (118) harn n. "child": harn/+16/, harns/+Ins/, harni/+nYm/, harn/+16/; horn/+In/, harna/+na/, horn/+YnYm/ and /+:>nYm/, horn/+In/.-- 110 (119) tre n. "tree": tre/+El/, tres/+Ins/, tre/+nY/, tre/+El/; tre/+n/, ~/n:a/, !!:E/+nYm/, tre/+n/. The article replaces the case marker in the genitive plu- ral as well as in the dative plural. The ending /+n:a/ is provisional., pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (120) auga n. "eye": auga/+El/, auga/+ns/, ~+nY/, ~/+El/; ~+n/, augna/+na/, ~+YnYm/ and /+:mYm/, ~+n/. Declension of Modern lcelandic Adjectives (121) gulur "yellow". Stem gul-. Endings: strong m. /+Yr, +s, +Ym, +an; +lr, +ra, +Ym, +a/, f .. /--, +rar, +rl, +a; +ar, +ra, +Ym, +ar/, n. /+t or +!t, +s, +Y, +t or +!t; --, +ra, +Ym, --/; weak m. /+I, +a, +a, +a; +Y, +Y, +Y, +Y/, f. /+a, +Y, +Y, +Y; +Y, +Y, +Y, +Y/, n. /+a, +a, +a, +a; +Y, +Y, +Y, ·+Y/. Comparative m.f. /+ari, +ari, +ari, +ari; +ari, +ari, +ari, +ari/, n. /+ara, +ara, +ara, +ara; +ari, +ari, +ari, +ari/. Superlative, strong m. /+astYr, +asts, +YstYm, +astan; +astlr, +astra, +YstYm, +asta/, f. /+Yst, +astrar, +astri, +asta; +astar, +astra, +YstYm, +astar/, n. /+ast, +asts, +YstY, +ast; +Yst, +astra, +YstYm, +Yst/; weak m. /+astl, +asta, +asta, +asta; +YstY, +YstY, +YstY, +YstY/, f. /+asta, +YstY, +YstY, +YstY; +YstY, +YstY, +YstY, +YstY/, n. /+asta, +asta, +asta, +asta; +YstY, +YstY, +YstY, +YstY/. The alternative desinence /+lt/ of the strong nominative/accusative singular neuter is replacing: /~(!+!t/. In /.&:!!!+t/ the T-Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies. In what follows the case forms of the weak positive, of the comparative and of the superlative will not be indicated, excepting the nominative singular masculine of the weak positive, the nominative singular masculine of the comparative, and the strong nominative singular masculine of the superlative. (122) ~: "fair". Two suppletive stems: fegur- optional in the non-positive, fagur- used elsewhere, i. e. in the positive and optionally in the non-positive. In fagur- !!_ is invariably, in~- optional.ly "elidible". Endings: strong m. /--, +s or +rs, +Ym, +an; +lr, +a, +Ym, +a/, f. /--, +ar, +I, +a; +ar, +a, +Ym, +ar/, n: /+t or +rt, +s or +rs, +Y, +t or +rt; -:.., +a, +Ym, --/; weak /+I/. o o o Comparative fagur/+arl/ and fegur/+I/. Superlative ~+astYr/ and fegur/+stYr/ or /+istYr/. The desinences /+rs/, /+Eti, and /+rstYr/ are replacing, e. g. /~(!::':ES/. The Vowel Syncope Rule applies in the following strong cases: dative singular masculine, accusative singular masculine, nominative plural masculine, dative plural., accusative plural masculine, accusative singular feminine, nomina- tive/accusative plural. feminine, dative singular neuter; in all the cases of the comparative (optional.ly in~-); in al.l the cases of the superlative in the stem fagur-. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/--/o/) applies in the following strong cases of the positive and superlativ!'l ~-: dative singular masculine, dative plural, no- minative singular feminine, dative singular neuter, nominative/accusative plural neuter; in the following weak cases: the plural, oblique feminine singular. The Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies in /fagur+s/, /fagur+t/, and /fegur+stYr/. 111 (123) 113.r "high". Two suppletive stems: hae- in the non-positive, hi- elsewhere. Endings~trong m. /+r, +s, +Ym, +an; +~ +r:a, +Ym, +a/, f. 1=. +r:ar, +r:I, +a; +ar, +r:a, +Ym, +ar/, n. /+ht, +s, +Y, +ht; --, +r:a, +Ym, --/; weak /+I/; comparative /+r:I/; superlative /+stYr/. The desinences containing /r:/ are provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (124) !!iE. "new". Stem !!&.-. Endings: strong m. /+r, +s, +jYm, +jan; +jlr, +r:a, +jYm, +ja/, f. /--, +r:ar, +r:I, +ja; +jar, +r:a, +jYm, +jar/, n. /+ht, +s, +jY, +ht; --, +r:a, +jYm, --/; weak /+ji/; comparative /+r:I/; superlative /+jastYr/. The endings containing /r:/ are provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (125) mielur "in the middle". Stem mia-. Endings: strong m. /+Yr, +s, +jYm, +jan; +jlr, +ra, +jYm, +ja/, f. /--, +rar, +rl, +ja; +jar, +ra, +jYm, +jar/, n. /+ht, +s, +jY, +ht; --, +ra, +jYm, --/; weak /+ji/. No non-positive. The desinence /+ht/ is replacing: /ml(El+ht/. (126) ~ "expensive". Stem ~-. Endings: strong m. /--, +s or +~s, +Ym, +an; +lr, +r:a, +Ym, +a/, f. /--, +r:ar, +r:I, +a; +ar, +r:a, +Ym, +ar/, n. /+t or +;rt, +s or +rs, +Y, +t or +rt; --, +r:a, +Ym, --/. Comparative /+r:I/ and /+ari/, superlative /+stYr/ or 0 /+rstYr/ and /+astYr/. The desinences /+rs/, o o /+r:a/, /+r:ar/, /+r:I/, /+rt/ and /+;rstYr/ are replacing, e.g. /di(r+r:a/. In /dir+s/, /dir+t/, and /dir+stYr/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies. The endings containing /r:/ are provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (127) seinn "slow, late". Stem sein-. Endings: strong m. /infix $]., +s, +Ym, +an; +lr, infix g. plus +a, +Ym, +a/, f. /--, infix d plus +ar, infix d plus +I, +a; +ar, infix d plus +a, +Ym, +ar/, n. /+t or +nt: +s, +Y, +t or +~t; --, o o o infix g plus +a, +Ym, --/; weak /+I/; comparative /infix ~plus +I/; superlative /+astYr/. The desinence /+~t/, which appears in Southern lcelandic only, is replacing: /sei(n+y.t/. In /sein+t/ the T-Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies in Southern lcelandic. (128) gamall "old.' 1 • Two suppletive stems: eld- in the non-positive, gamal- elsewhere. Endings: the positive as sub (127), except that the desinence for the nominative/accusative singular neuter is /+t or +Jt/; /+!t/ is replacing: /gama- (!+!t/. The T-Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies in /gamal+t/. Comparative /+rl/. Superlative /+stYr/, which is replacing: /el(d+-stYr/. The Vowel Syncope Rule and the u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/6/ and /a/-/Y/) apply in the same cases of the positive as in fagur, see no. (122). The unstressed !!:_ is "elidible". (129) mikill "big, great". Three suppletive stems: ~- in the superlative, mei- in the comparative, mikil- elsewhere; the unstressed i of mikil- is "elidible11 • The underlying stem mikil- contains a velar, not palatal, /k/, such as occu:rs in the contracted stem mikl- on the phonetic level. In the non-contracted stem mikil- the Palatalisation Rule (Orešnik MSb) palatalises the velar. The proviso about the /k/ of the underlying stem mikil- being velar is necessary, because 112 there is no Depalatalisation Rule in Modern Icelandic phonology. The Vowel Syn- cope Rule operates in the same cases of the positive as sub (122), except in the strong accusative singular masculine, where its structural description is not met. Endings of the positive as suh (127), except that the desinence of the strong accusative singular masculine is a replacing /+n/, /miki(!_+n/, and the desinence of l!:he strong nominative/accusative singular neuter is a replacing /+fl/, /miki- (!+~. An ~ is inserted hefore kl in the contracted cases hy the H-Insertion Rule formulated suh (11) above. (130) lftill "little". Three suppletive stems: minn- in the non-positive, lit!- in the contracted cases of the positive, lftil- elsewhere. Endings of the positive as sub (129). Comparative /+I/, superlative /+styr/. The contracted cases are those in which the Vowel Syncope Rule applies suh (129). (131) heiflinn "heathen". Stem heiflin-; i is "elidible". Endings: strong m. /--, +s, +Ym, --; +Ir, +a, +Ym, +a/, f. /--=, +ar, +I, +a; +ar, +a, +Ym, +ar/, n. /+fl, +s, +Y, +fl; --, +a, +Ym, --/; weak /+I/; comparative /+ari/, super- lative /+astYr/. The ending /+fl/ is replacing: /heifli(n+~. The Vowel Syncope Rule applies in the same cases as sub (122), except iii the strong accusative singular masculine. (132) galinn "crazy". (a) Stem !E!,-. Endings: strong m. /+In, + Ins, + / C ft, d, n) o -- o I. e. any /C}/ is deleted if immediately followed by a consonant and .!. or !!_ or !!: - Examples: gjarnt [g.ant, ~jafJ.iJ, fallna. 1 cannot explain the lack of Ig/ in the gen. sg. alls, kar1s. Cf. gen. sg. ~ (gY~s] of ~. without the loss of IN. 113 (134) goElur "good". Three suppletive stems: bet- in the non-positive, ~- in the nominative/accusative singular neuter, ~- elsewhere. Endings of the positi- ve as sub (121), except that the desinence of the hominative/accusative singular neuter is /+ht/. Comparative /+rl/, superlative /+stYr/. /+stYr/ is a replacing ending: /be(!_+stYr/. (135) gladdur "gladdened''. Stem gladd-. Endings as sub (121), except that the desinence of the nominative/accusative singular neuter is a replacing /+ht/:/~­ (ddtht/. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/- (o/) applies in the same cases as sub (122). (136) brattur "steep". Stem bratt-. Endings as sub (121), except that there is no desinence in the nominative/accusative singular neuter. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/o/) applies in the same cases as sub (122). (137) vondur "bad, evil". Two suppletive stems: ~- in the non-positive, vond- elsewhere. Endings of the positive as sub (121), except that the desinence of the nominative/accusative singular neuter is a replacing /+t/ or - in Southern Ice- landic only - /+nt/: /von(dtt/, /vo(ndtnt/. In /vont/ the T-Devoicing Rule (Oreš-o -- __ „ - nik 1972b) applies in Southern Icelandic. Comparative /+r:I/, replacing: /ve(r+r:I/. Superlative /+stYr or +l'stYr/. In /ver+stYr/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Oreš- nik 1972b) applies. In /ve(E:f-~stYr/ the desinence is replacing. The ending /+r:I/ is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (138) einn "one, alone". Stem ein-. Endings as sub (127), with two exceptions: (1) the desinence of the strong accusative singular masculine is not only /+an/, but also '/infix d/, with a differentiation in meaning and function, cf. Einarsson „ 1945:65. (2) The desinence of the nominative/accusative singular neuter is a re- placing /+ht/: /ei(!!+ht/. The fact that the desinence is /+ht/ rather than /+t/ is a measure of the irregularity of the paradigm. No non-positive. (139) ~ "other". Two suppletive stems: aElr- in the contracted cases, ~­ elsewhere. The following are the contracted cases: dative singular masculine, nominative plural masculine, dative plural, accusative plural masculine, accusa- tive singular feminine, nominative/accusative plural feminine, dative singular neuter. Endings as sub (122), except that the desinence of the accusative singu- lar masculine is a replacing /+n/, /anna(r+n/, and the desinence of the nomina- tive/accusative singular neuter is a replaclng /+a/, /anna(r+a/. No weak forms, no non-positive. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/o/ and /a/-/Y/) applies in the same case forms as sub (122). (140) dasaElur "tired". (a) Stem dasaa-. Endings of the positive as sub (121), except that there is no ending in the strong nominative/accusative singular neuter. Comparative /+rl/, superlative /+astYr/. The u-Unilaut Rule (/a/-/o/ and /a/-/Y/) applies in the same cases as sub (122). (b) Stem das-. Endings: strong m. /+aaYr, +aas, +Y8.Ym, +aaan; +a9.Ir, +aElra, +YaYm, +aaa/, f. /+Ya, +aElrar, +aElrI, +aaa; +aaar, +aElra, +YaYm, +aaar/, n. /+aa, +aas, +YaY, +aš.; +Y9., +aElra, +Y8.Ym, +Ya/; weak /+a9.I/. Comparative /+aElrI/. Superlative /+aa- - astYr, +aaasts, +YaYstYm, +aaastan/ etc. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/-/o/) ap- plies in the same case forms as sub (122). 114 (141) ~ "some". (I) Stem. nokkur-; :!! is "elidible". Endings as sub (122), except that the ending of the accusative singular masculine is /+n/ or /+dn/ and ,· . o the ending of the nominative/accusative singular neuter is /+t/ or a replacing /+rt/ and a replacing /+a/: /nokkur+t/ or /nokku(r+rt/ and /nokku(r+a/. No weak fo~ms, no n:on-positive; The Vowel Syricope Rule applies as sub (129). The D- -Insertion Rule, formulated sub (12), applies in /nokkur+n/. In /nokkur+t/ and /nokkur+s/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies.(Il}Stem nok- kur-; .!!. is not "elidible". The rest as under (I)• - (142) hvass "keen". stem hvass-. Endings as sub (121), except that the strong nominative singular masculine and. the str.ong genitive singular masculine/neuter have no desinence. The u-Umlaut Rule (/a/·.;+. /o/) applies in the same cases as sub (122). (143) fus "eager". stem flls-. Endings as sub (121), except that there is no ending in the. strong nominative singular masculine, and that the desinence of the strong genitive singular masculine/neuter is a replacing /+s:/: /fu(§.+s:/. The ending /+s:/ is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (144) vor "our". Stem vor-. Endings as sub (126), except that the desinence of the :i:Ceusative singula-;::-m_asculine is /+n/ or /+dn/. No weak forms, no non- o -positive. The D'-Insertion Rule, forniulated sub (12), applies in /vor+n/. (145) aušugur "wealthy". Stem ~-. Endings as sub (121), except that (1) the desinence of the strong genitive singular masculine/neuter is either /+s/ (in which case the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) changes the stem fina! /q/ to /x/) or a replacing /+xs/: /auau(g+xs/. (2) The desinence of the strong nominative/accusative singular neuter is either /+t/ (in which case the Continuant Devoicing Rule applies) or a replacing /+xt/: /auau(g_+xt/. Before /I/-initial de- sinences the stem final /q/ is palatalised to /j/ by the Palatalisation Rule (Oreš- nik MSb) and the vowel .!!. is diphthongised to an .!,-diphthong. (146) margur "many a". Three suppletive stems: fle- in the superlative, flei- in the comparative, marg- elsewhere. Endi.ngs of the positive as sub (121), ex- cept that the desinence of the strong nominative/accusative singular neuter is a replacing /+;rt/: /nill(~+;rt/. Comparative./+rI/, superlative /+stYr/. The u-Um- laut Rule (/a/- /o/) applies in the same cases as sub (122) in the positive. (147) eigin "own". Stem eigin-. Jndeclinable except in the nominative/accusative singular neuter, where the desinence is a replacing /+a/: /eigi(g_+a/. No weak forms, no non-positive. (148) andvaka "sleepless". Jndeclinable. (149) · rennandi "running". Jndeclinable. (150) evropskur "European". Stem evropsk-. Endings as sub (121), except that the strong nominative/accusative singular neuter ends in /+t or +st/. Before the 115 desinence /+t/ the stem final k is deleted by a phonological rule that will not be formulated here. The desinence /+t/ is replacing: /evrops(~+t/. The Palatalisa- tion Rule (Orešnik MSb) applies before /I/-initial desinences. (151) fraegur "famous". Stem fraeg-. Endings of the positive as sub (145). Comparative /+arI/ and /+rI/. Superlative /+astYr/ and /+stYr or +xstyr/. In /fraeg+stYr/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies. The desinence /+xstYr/ is replacing: /frae([+xstYr/. Before /I/-initial case endings the Pala- talisation Rule (Orešnik MSb) applies, changing the stem final /q/ to /j/. Comparison of Adverbs (152) fallega "beautifully". Stem fallega-. Endings: positive /--/, comparative /+r/, superlative /+st/. (153) fljott "quickly". Stem fljot-. Endings: positive /+ht/ (replacing), compa- rative /+ar/, superlative /+ast/. (154) langt "long (of distance)". Two suppletive stems: leng- in the non-positive, ~- elsewhere. Endings: positive /+t/ or /+"it/, comparative /+ra/, superlative /+st/. In the representation /lang+t/ first the ~ is deleted between /II)/ and /t/ by a rule discussed in Orešnik MSb, fn. 2, and then /llJ/ is devoiced - in South- ern Icelandic only - by the T-Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b). The Southern Ice- landic desinence /+itit/ is replacing: /la(gg:+~t/. In /leng+st/ the segment /g/ i.s deleted between /"JI and /s/ by the above mentioned rule. (155) lengi "long (of time)". Stem leng-. Endings: positive /+I/, comparative /+Yr/, superlative /+st/. In the representation /leng+st/ the segment /g/ is deleted between hi and /s/ as sub (154). The Palatalisation Rule (Orešnik MSb) palatalises the /g/ of the positive lengi to /g/, and /'!)/ is palatalised to /fi./. (156) hatt "loudly". Two suppletive stems: hae- in the non-positive, ha- else- where. Endings: positive /+ht/, comparative /+r:a/, superlative /+st/:-The end- ing /+r:a/ is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (157) austur "to/in the east". Stem aust-. Endings: positive /+Yr/, comparative /+ar/, superlative /+ast/. (158) oft "often". Stem oft-. Endings: positive /--/, comparative /+ar/, super- lative /+ast/. (159) sjaldan "seldom". Stem sjaldan-; the unstressed !!:. is "elidible". Endings: positive /--/, comparative /+ar/, superlative /+ast/. The Vowel Syncope Rule applies in the non-positive, for which reason the formulation of the rule has to be expanded to include non-positives of adverbs. (This category is by inadver- tence not mentioned in the formulation of the rule in Orešnik MSc). 116 (160) fjarri "far away". Two suppletive stems: tfr- in the non-positive, fjarri- elsewhere. Endings: positive /--/, comparative /--/, superlative /+st or +rst/. In the representation /fir+st/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) 0 ap- plies and devoices /r/ to /r/. The alternative ending /+rst/ is replacing: /fi(r+ rst/. 0 0 o (161) fjaer, fjaerri "far away". Stem fjaer-. Endings: positive /-- and +r:I/, comparative /--/, superlative /+st or +rst/. In the form /fjaer+st/ the Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies, yielding /r/. The endings /+r:I/ and /+rst/ are replacing: /~(,!:l"r:I/, /fjae(,!:l"~st/. The ending /+r:I/ is provisional, pending the formulation of the quantity rules. (162) naer, naerri "near". Stem nae-. Endings: positive /+r and +r:I/, compa- rative /+r/, superlative /+st/. Theending /+r:I/ is provisional, pending the for- mulation of the quantity rules. (163) suElur 11to the south". Three suppletive stems: ~- in the superlative, sunn- in the comparative, sueJ.- elsewhere. Endings: positive /+Yr/, comparative /+ar/, superlative /+st/. (164) vel "well". Two suppletive stems: bet- in the non-positive, vel- else- where. Endings: positive /--/, comparati;e-/+Yr/, superlative /+stl: The endirig /+st/ is replacing: /be(!.+st/. (165) illa "badly". Two suppletive stems: ver- in the non-positive, illa- else- where. Endings: positive and comparative /--/, superlative /+st or +rst/. The Continuant Devoicing Rule (Orešnik 1972b) applies in /ver+st/. The cfusinence /+;st/ is replacing: /ve(,!:l"rst/. (166) lftieJ. "little". Two suppletive stems: m.inn- in the non-positive, IftieJ.- else- where. Endings: positive /--/, comparative /+a/, superlative /+st/. (167) Iftt "little". Three suppletive stems: m.inn- in the superlative, mieJ.- in the comparative, Iftt- in the positive. Endings: positive /--/, comparative /+Yr/, superlative /+st/. - Note. I aro aware that the above-mentioned adverbs fallega, illa, and IftieJ. can be analysed into falleg-a (cf. falleg-ur), ill-a (cf. ill-ur), and lfti(!:eJ. (cf. Iftill), respectively, but I believe that the adverbs fallega, illa, and I:itiif are indepen- dent lexical items, only related to the respective adjectives by rules of histori- cal, not synchronic, word formation. REFERENC ES Einarsson, Stefan: Icelandic. Grammar. Texts. Glossary. Baltimore, 1945. - I have used the corrected fifth printing of 1967. 117 Orešnik, Janez: "On the Epenthesis Rule in Modern Icelandic". Arkiv for nor- disk filologi 87 (1972) 1-32. "" Referred to as Orešnik 1972a. ---, "Four Modern Icelandic devoicing rules". Linguistica 12 (1972) 137-56. - Referred to as Orešnik 1972b. "Old Icelandic Consonant Lengthening Rule and Modern Icelandic infixation of /d/1'. Linguistica 13 (1973) 229-61. a "Modern Icelandic u-Umlaut from the descriptive point of view". Forth- coming. - Referred to as Orešnik MSa. "On the Modern Icelandic Palatalisation Rule". Forthcoming. - Referred to as Orešnik MSb. ---, "The Modern Icelandic Epenthesis Rule revisited''. Forthcoming. - Referred to as Orešnik MSc. 1 2 3 110ber die Lautalternationen im neuislandischen Typus veggur". Forthcoming. - Referred to as Orešnik MSd Notes My thanks are due to Miss Margaret G. Davis, who has corrected my English. Here and below the endings are listed in the following order: nominative, geni- tive, dative, accusative, first of the singular, then, after a semicolon, of the plural. The u-Umlaut Rule comprises a number of rules of the form, /a/- /6/, /a/-./Y/, /o/-. /a/, and /Y/-+/a/. The rule is discussed at length in Orešnik MSa. It is morphological, i.e. it applies, whenever certain phonolo- gical conditions obtain, in certain grammatical forms, e. g. in the dative plural of nouns. 4 Whether the infix is /d/ or /d:/ depends on the formulation of the quantity ru- a o les. I have here arbitrarily opted for /W. Povzetek FLEKSIJA NOVOISLANDSKIH SAMOSTALNIKOV, PRIDEVNIKOV IN PRISLOVOV Članek je seznam novoislandskih samostalnikov, pridevnikov in prislovov, razčlen­ jenih na osnove in končnice; vključena je tudi sklanjatev postpozitivnega določnega člena. Pri vsaki besedi je navedeno, katera fonološka pravila delujejo v izpeljavi njenih oblik. Nova fonološka pravila so obravnavana pri naslednjih besedah: (3), (11), (12) in (133). V seznamu je avtor uporabil neko teoretično inovacijo, namreč t. i. nadomeščujoče končnice. Te se ne dodajajo za zadnjim segmentom osnove, kot končnice na splošno, temveč nadomeščajo zadnji segment (zadnje segmente) osnove. Več o nadomeščujočih končnicah v uvodu. 118