E-skills and Digital Economy E-skills and Digital Economy Original title: E-veščine in digitalna ekonomija Author Gregor Zupan Translated by Boris Panič Printed by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia The publication is available on the website http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/publications Information provided by the Information Centre: phone +386 241 64 04 e-mail info.stat@gov.si @StatSlovenija CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 659.23:004(0.034.2) ZUPAN, Gregor, 1976- E-skills and digital economy [Elektronski vir] / [author Gregor Zupan ; translated by Boris Panič]. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije, 2016 Prevod dela: E-veščine in digitalna ekonomija ISBN 978-961-239-357-1 (pdf) 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 285495296 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Litostrojska cesta 54 – © SURS – Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged – ISBN 978-961-239-357-1 (pdf) E-skills and Digital Economy 3 FOREWORD The information and communication technology (ICT) is changing our activities and touches upon many areas of our life: from reading news to how we shop. We communicate via social networks, where in addition to photos we post selfies and where we “like” the posts of our friends. Desktop computers are being replaced by tablets, documents and photos are stored in clouds. Our mobile phones are small computers for which new apps are constantly being developed. With the increasing use of ICTs and their functionalities, it is necessary to master relevant new skills. The use of ICT is changing the functioning of enterprises. The ICT generates new opportunities. Digital economy is growing. This publication presents the development of information society in Slovenia. You will learn to what extent people in Slovenia use computers and the internet compared to the other EU Member States. Based on available data, the development level of digital economy in Slovenia is presented. Numerous data on the ICT sector are available, i.e. on enterprises engaged in production, development and provision of ICT services, as well as on web sales of goods and services and on how many people engage in online shopping. SURS is aware of the importance of new interactive technologies, i.e. social media, which enable more direct communication with you. Contact us at @StatSlovenia Genovefa Ružić Director-General E-skills and Digital Economy 5 Contents COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS ............................................................................................................................. 9 Computer usage .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Internet usage ................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Mobile internet usage ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 E-SKILLS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Information e-skills .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Communication e-skills ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Problem-solving e-skills .................................................................................................................................................. 23 Software e-skills .............................................................................................................................................................. 25 DIGITAL ECONOMY .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Internet access ............................................................................................................................................................... 28 Investment in information and communication technology ............................................................................................ 30 ICT sector ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31 ICT specialists .................................................................................................................................................................. 33 E-business in enterprises ................................................................................................................................................. 35 E-commerce .................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Cloud computing ............................................................................................................................................................ 39 Internet of things ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 Social media .................................................................................................................................................................... 42 DESI................................................................................................................................................................................. 43 ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................... 44 COUNTRY CODES .............................................................................................................................................................. 44 6 E-skills and Digital Economy COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS 78% of households with internet access 73% of persons1) use computer regulary 98% 96% 91% 71% 48% 30% 16–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 years years years years years years 73% of persons1) use the internet regulary 99% 97% 93% 71% 46% 27% 16–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 years years years years years years 1) 16–74 years. © SURS Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy 7 E-SKILLS © SURS Source: SURS 8 E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY optical xDSL 42% fibre 24% internet 17% of enterprises connections with web sales cable modem 31% 39% of persons1) buy online 3% other broadband connections 1) 16–74 years. Enterprises with social media profiles 41% 17% of enterprises buy cloud computing services 9% 14% © SURS Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS 9 COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS Information society has permeated all areas of life. This is a Households with computers and internet access, EU-28, 2015 society based on the usage of information and communication technology (ICT), i.e. all types of computers, mobile phones, the internet, etc. The new technology is changing our everyday activities and the way enterprises operate; at the same time it requires new knowledge, so-called e-skills. Computer – desktop, laptop, tablet – one of the symbols of information society In 2015, 78% of households in Slovenia had computers (in the EU-28: 82%) and in 2013 76% (in the EU-28: 80%). The number of households with laptops and tablets is growing; the number of households with desktop computers is falling. Households with computers by type of computer, Slovenia Source: SURS Access to the internet, the global computer network In 2015, 78% of households in Slovenia had internet access (in the EU-28: 83%). Since 2008 the share has been lower than in the EU-28, except in 2011, when the shares were the same. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 7. 3. 2016) Almost all households with internet access had broadband Among EU Member States, in 2015 the share of households access; 75% of them had fixed broadband access (in the with internet access was the highest in Luxembourg (97%), EU-28: 72%) and 54% had mobile broadband access (in the followed by the Netherlands (96%) and the Scandinavian EU-28: 35%). countries. 10 COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS E-skills and Digital Economy Children have an impact on ICT equipment 22% of households in Slovenia did not have internet access The share of households with computers and internet access in 2015 was higher among households with children than among 61% of these households did not have internet access because households without children. they did not need it, 29% due to lack of knowledge or skills, Households with computers and internet access by type of 28% because equipment was too expensive and 25% because household, Slovenia, 2015 the cost of internet access was too high. However, households with children stated different reasons than households without children. In the cohesion region Zahodna Slovenija the share of households with computers and internet access was higher than in the cohesion region Vzhodna Slovenija. Source: SURS Households with computers and internet access, cohesion regions, Slovenia, 2015 Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS 11 Computer usage Computer usage is one of the main indicators of information Regular computer users and non-users (16–74 years), EU-28, society development 2015 In 2015, computers (desktops, laptops or tablets) were regularly1 used by 73% of persons aged 16–74 (in the EU-28: 78%), irrespective of the purpose. 60% of them were using computers every day or almost every day (in the EU-28: 63%). 80% of persons had already used a computer (in the EU-28: 84%). Regular computer users (16–74 years) by gender and age groups, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 % SI EU-28 16–74 years 73 78 16–24 years 98 94 25–34 years 96 91 35–44 years 91 87 45–54 years 71 81 55–64 years 48 65 65–74 years 30 45 % SI EU-28 men women men women 16–74 years 75 71 80 76 16–24 years 97 99 94 94 25–54 years 85 86 86 86 55–74 years 47 35 61 52 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) The number of regular computer users is falling with age. In 2015, the share for persons in Slovenia aged 45+ was lower than the EU-28 average. The share of persons who had never used a computer was higher than the EU-28 average. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) Most persons aged 16–74 were using computers regularly in Luxemburg (97%) and Denmark (96%), and the fewest in Bulgaria and Romania (57% in each) and Italy (61%). These three countries also had the highest shares of persons who had never used a computer. 1 "Regularly" means using a computer at least once in the last three months before the survey. 12 COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS E-skills and Digital Economy Most computer users among students, the fewest among Computers are used at work by more than half of persons retired persons employed in enterprises with at least 10 persons employed In 2015 almost all tertiary students in Slovenia were regular Working without computers can hardly be imagined. In 2015, computer users (99%; in the EU-28: 97%). Among persons almost all enterprises in Slovenia (99%) were using computers; employed (employees, self-employed and unpaid family the exception was enterprises in individual activities on behalf members) 90% were regular computer users (in the EU-28: of which administrative activities were performed by other 88%), while among the unemployed the share was 75% (in enterprises. the EU-28: 72%). The share of computer users was the lowest among retired and other inactive persons (36%), much lower In 2015, computers were used by 55% of persons employed in than in the EU-28 overall (52%). Half (52%) of retired and other enterprises with at least 10 persons employed (in the EU-28: inactive persons had never used a computer (in the EU-28: 38%). 54%). In small enterprises the share was 56% (in the EU-28: Among the unemployed the share was 17% (in the EU-28: 18%). 48%), in medium-sized 52% (in the EU-28: 52%) and in large 56% (in the EU-28: 58%). Regular computer users (16–74 years) by education and Persons employed in enterprises with at least 10 persons gender, Slovenia and the EU-28, 2015 employed using computers at their work, EU-281), 2015 1) No data for BE, DE, LV, LU, MT, AT, SE Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 30. 4. 2016) In 2015, the share of regular computer users among persons In 2015, the share of persons employed using computers with basic education or less was lower than in the EU-28 at their work was the highest in the Scandinavian countries overall. (particularly in Finland) and the lowest in Bulgaria. E-skills and Digital Economy COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS 13 Internet usage Internet is used for private and business purposes – for Regular internet users and non-users (16–74 years), EU-28, information, communication, education, etc. 2015 In 2015, the internet was regularly2 used by 73% of persons aged 16–74 (in the EU-28: 79%). 61% of them were using it every day or almost every day (in the EU-28: 67%). 78% of persons had already used the internet (in the EU-28: 83%). Regular internet users (16–74 years) by gender and age groups, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 % SI EU-28 16–74 years 73 79 16–24 years 99 96 25–34 years 97 94 35–44 years 93 89 45–54 years 71 82 55–64 years 46 66 65–74 years 27 45 % SI EU-28 men women men women 16–74 years 75 71 81 78 16–24 years 96 100 99 97 25–54 years 87 86 88 88 55–74 years 43 34 61 52 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) In 2015, the share of regular internet users aged 16–74 in Slovenia was lower than the EU-28 average. The share of persons who had never used the internet was higher than the EU-28 average. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) As regular computer users, the shares of regular internet users were the highest in Luxembourg (97%) and Denmark (96%), and the lowest in Romania (56%), Bulgaria (57%) and Italy (66%). 2 " Regularly" means using the internet at least once in the past three months before the survey. 14 COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS E-skills and Digital Economy Most regular internet users among students, the fewest Internet usage in enterprises with at least 10 persons employed among retired persons In 2015, 99% of enterprises in Slovenia had internet access; The internet was also regularly used by all tertiary students in they had fixed or mobile broadband internet access. All 2015. Among persons employed (employees, self-employed and medium-sized and large enterprises and 98% of small unpaid family members) 90% were regular internet users (in the enterprises had internet access. EU-28: 90%), among the unemployed 75% (in the EU-28: 77%) and among the retired and other inactive persons 35% (in the Computers connected to the internet were used for work by EU-28: 53%). 19% of unemployed persons had never used the 48% of persons employed in Slovenia (in the EU-28: 49%): in internet (in the EU-28: 17%), while the share for the retired and small enterprises 52% (in the EU-28: 45%), in medium-sized other inactive persons was 56% (in the EU-28: 40%). 46% (in the EU-28: 48%) and in large 48% (in the EU-28: 52%). Regular internet users (16–74 years) by education and gender, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Persons employed in enterprises with at least 10 persons employed using computers connected to the internet at their work, EU-281), 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 8. 3. 2016) In 2015 there were fewer regular internet users in Slovenia than in the EU-28 overall among persons with basic education or less and among persons with upper secondary education (both male and female). 1) No data for BE. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 31. 3. 2016) E-skills and Digital Economy COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS 15 Mobile internet usage Internet access anytime and anywhere Users of mobile devices for internet access outside home or workplace by types of devices, by gender, Slovenia, 2015 Internet usage is not limited to only home, workplace, school, etc., or the access via fixed internet connections. Persons access the internet with mobile devices (laptop or tablet computers, mobile or smart phones, e-readers, smart watches) via mobile internet connections anytime and anywhere. Mobile internet connections enable connectivity anywhere and thus access to information anytime and anywhere. Ever faster mobile internet connections enable the development of new services and change the everyday life and operation of enterprises. Internet users (16–74 years) who access the internet via laptop or tablet computer outside home, school or workplace, by age groups, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Source: SURS Enterprises benefit from the mobile internet access Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 9. 3. 2016) Portable devices and mobile internet connections for access to e-mail, documents or dedicated applications of enterprises are In 2015, 27% of persons aged 16–74 accessed the internet a benefit for enterprises, for increasing productivity. Persons outside their home, school or workplace via laptop or tablet employed can access the enterprises’ resources from anywhere. computer. Almost all of them accessed the internet via mobile phone networks (94%) and 29% via wireless WiFi network. In 2015, mobile devices using mobile phone networks (at 47% of persons accessed the internet via mobile phone; 91% least 3G technology) to access the internet were given to of them via mobile phone networks, and 68% via wireless WiFi their persons employed by 76% of enterprises (with at least network. 2% of persons accessed the internet outside home, 10 persons employed). 59% of enterprises accessed mobile school or workplace via other mobile devices (e-reader, game internet via laptop or tablet computers, and 71% via mobile console, etc.). (smart) phones. Portable devices enabling internet access via mobile phone networks were given by enterprises to 17% of their persons employed in 2015 (in 2014: 14%). 16 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS E-skills cover knowledge and skills persons obtained and know how to use; they are composed of four sets of e-skills measured by the number of activities persons can perform and are related to ICT usage (i.e. computers, portable devices, software and the internet). Levels of mastering e-skills are: • above basic e-skills – a person has very good e-skills in all four groups; • basic e-skills – a person has basic e-skills in each group; • low e-skills – a person does not have any e-skills in at least one but not more than three groups; • no e-skills – a person did not carry out any activity in any group in the last 3 months or ever. E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS 17 Digital literacy is an important factor in improving people’s Persons aged 16–74 by e-skills, EU-28, 2015 statuses in the society E-skills (digital literacy) are skills necessary for using computers, mobile devices and the internet (ICT) and for performing various activities online (using e-administration services, searching all types of information, various forms of communication, etc.). Persons aged 16–74 by e-skills, by age groups, Slovenia, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 9. 3. 2016) In 2015, 26% of persons in Slovenia aged 16–74 had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 28%); 25% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 27%), 21% had low e-skills (in the EU-28: 23%), and 28% had no e-skills (in the EU-28: 22%). Persons aged 16–74 by e-skills, by gender, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 % SI EU-28 men women men women Above basic e-skills 26 26 31 26 Basic e-skills 25 26 27 27 Low e-skills 24 19 22 24 No e-skills 25 29 20 23 Source: European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/ Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 14. 3. 2016) digital-scoreboard, 14. 3. 2016) In 2015, more women than men in Slovenia lacked appropriate In the EU-28, the highest share of persons had above basic e-skills. e-skills in Luxembourg and the lowest in Romania. 18 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy The higher the education, the better the e-skills Having e-skills is an advantage and a must on the labour market In Slovenia, persons with tertiary education had above basic e-skills. As regards persons aged 16–74 with tertiary In 2015, 32% of employees and self-employed persons in education, 53% had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 50%), Slovenia had above basic e-skills; 11% of them had no e-skills 34% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 33%), 8% had low e-skills (the same as in the EU-28 overall). As regards unemployed (in the EU-28: 13%) and 5% had no e-skills (in the EU-28: 4%). persons, 27% had no e-skills (in the EU-28: 25%). As regards retired and other inactive persons, the shares of those without The share of women with no e-skills was the highest among e-skills and with low e-skills were large. those with basic education or less. Persons aged 16–74 by e-skills, by education and gender, Persons aged 16–74 by e-skills and activity status, Slovenia Slovenia, 2015 and EU-28, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 14. 3. 2016) Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 14. 3. 2016) E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS 19 Information e-skills Persons with information e-skills have Persons aged 16–74 with information e-skills by skill level, knowledge that enables them to identify, locate, EU-28, 2015 retrieve, store and analyse digital information and judge its relevance and purpose. The skill level is measured with the number of activities persons are able to perform. If they performed one activity, the have basic skills; if they performed more than one activity, their information e-skills are above basic. In 2015, 70% of persons aged 16–74 in Slovenia had information e-skills (in the EU-28: 75%); 62% had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 65%) and 8% basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 10%). The level of information e-skills is measured with the number of the following activities performed by regular internet users in the last 3 or 12 months before the survey: Persons aged 16–74 with information e-skills by activities performed, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 15. 3. 2016) 1) Users in the last 12 months, others in the last 3 months. Source:: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 15. 3. 2016) Among the EU-28 Member States, the share of persons with above basic information e-skills was the highest in Luxembourg and Denmark and the lowest in Bulgaria. 20 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy Most of the young persons have information e-skills The shares of men and women with information e-skills are almost the same In 2015, 98% of 16–24-year-olds had information e-skills; 91% had above basic e-skills and 7% had basic e-skills. Almost The share of men with information e-skills in Slovenia in 2015 all of them copied or moved files or folders (94%), and many was 70% (in the EU-28: 76%); 60% had above basic e-skills used internet storage space (47%). (in the EU-28: 66%) and 10% had basic e-skills (in the EU- 28: 10%). As regards women, 68% of them had information Persons aged 16–74 with information e-skills by activities e-skills (in the EU-28: 73%); 63% had above basic e-skills (the performed, by age groups, Slovenia, 2015 same as the EU-28 average) and 5% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 10%). Persons aged 16–74 with information e-skills by skill level, education and gender, Slovenia, 2015 1) Activity performed in the last 12 months, others in the last 3 months. Source: SURS Information about goods or services was sought on the internet by the highest share of 25–34-year-olds (85%); they Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 15. 3. 2016) also sought health-related information (66%); in the last 12 months most of them sought information on e-government websites (62%). 93% of 25–34-year-olds had information e-skills; 88% had above basic skills and 5% had basic skills. E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS 21 Communication e-skills Persons with communication e-skills have Persons aged 16–74 with communication e-skills by skill level, knowledge that enables communication with the EU-28, 2015 help of digital technologies; sharing information and various content (images, text, audio-visual content) online, collaborating with others, etc. The skill level is measured with the number of activities persons are able to perform. If they performed one activity, the have basic skills; if they performed more than one activity, their communication e-skills are above basic. In 2015, 67% of persons aged 16–74 in Slovenia had communication e-skills (in the EU-28: 74%); 46% had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 56%) and 21% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 18%). The level of communication e-skills is measured with the number of the following activities performed by regular internet users in the last 3 or 12 months before the survey: Persons aged 16–74 with communication e-skills by activities performed, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) 1) Users in the last 3 months. Among the EU-28 Member States, the share of persons Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) with above basic communication e-skills was the highest in Luxembourg and the lowest in Romania and Bulgaria. 22 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy Most of the young persons have communication e-skills The shares of men and women with communication e-skills are almost the same Almost all 16–24-year-olds (99%) and a large majority of 25–34-year-olds (95%) had above basic communication The share of men with communication e-skills in Slovenia in e-skills. 16–24-year-olds were the most active in sending or 2015 was 69% (in the EU-28: 76%); almost half (46%) had receiving e-mails (96%), participating in social media (90%), above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 57%) and almost a quarter uploading self-created content (photos, text, audio or video (23%) had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 19%). content) to websites (64%) and telephoning and making video calls over the internet (51%). As regards women, 66% of them had communication e-skills (in the EU-28: 74%); 47% had above basic e-skills (in the EU- Persons aged 16–74 with communication e-skills by activities 28: 56%) and 19% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 18%). performed1), by age groups, Slovenia, 2015 Persons aged 16–74 with communication e-skills by skill level, education and gender, Slovenia, 2015 1) Activity performed in the last 3 months. Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS 23 Problem-solving e-skills Persons with problem-solving e-skills have Persons aged 16–74 with problem-solving e-skills by skill knowledge that enables solving of technical and level, EU-28, 2015 conceptual problems through digital means, creative use of digital tools or knowledge of web services. The skill level is measured with the number of activities persons are able to perform. If they performed one problem-solving activity and one activity relating to knowledge of web services, the have basic skills; if they performed more than one activity, their problem-solving e-skills are above basic. In 2015, 63% of persons aged 16–74 in Slovenia had problem- solving e-skills (in the EU-28: 71%); 43% had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 52%) and 20% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 19%). The level of problem-solving e-skills is measured with the number of the following activities performed by regular internet users in the last 3 or 12 months before the survey: Persons aged 16–74 with problem-solving e-skills by activities performed, Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) Among the EU-28 Member States, the share of persons 1) Users in the last 12 months. 2) Users in the last 3 months. with above basic problem-solving e-skills was the highest in Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) Luxembourg and the lowest in Bulgaria. 24 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy Most software and apps installed by 16–24-year-olds Men and women almost levelled The share of persons having problem-solving e-skills was the The share of men with problem-solving e-skills in Slovenia in highest among 16–24-year-olds: 98% (74% had above basic 2015 was 64% (in the EU-28: 74%); for women the share was and 24% had basic e-skills). 16–24-year-olds mostly performed 61% (in the EU-28: 69%). The share of men with above basic the following activities: installing software or applications e-skills was 45% (in the EU-28: 56%) and the share of women (70%), changing the settings of software applications (41%), 40% (in the EU-28: 48%). The share of men with basic e-skills transferring files between computers or other devices (92%). was 19% (in the EU-28: 18%) and the share of women 21% They used online learning material (37%) and communicated (the same as in the EU-28). with instructors or students via websites or portals (23%). Persons aged 16–74 with problem-solving e-skills by skill The share of 25–34-year-olds with problem-solving e-skills level, education and gender, Slovenia, 2015 was also high (91%): 72% had above basic e-skills and 19% had basic e-skills. Persons in this age group mostly used internet banking (55%), sold goods or services via websites (32%), purchased online in the last 12 months (67%) and took online courses (6%). Persons aged 16–74 with problem-solving e-skills by activities performed1), by age groups, Slovenia, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 3. 2016) 1) Activity performed in the last 3 months, others in the last 12 months. Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy E-SKILLS 25 Software e-skills Persons with software e-skills have knowledge Persons aged 16–74 with software e-skills by skill level, EU-28, 2015 necessary for using software to create or edit new content (text, images, video), produce creative content, programming, etc. The skill level is measured with the number of activities persons are able to perform. If they performed one activity, the have basic skills; if they performed more than one activity, their software e-skills are above basic. In 2015, 54% of persons aged 16–74 in Slovenia had software e-skills (in the EU-28: 58%); 40% had above basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 39%) and 14% had basic e-skills (in the EU-28: 19%). The level of software e-skills is measured with the number of the following activities performed by regular internet users in the last 12 months before the survey: Persons aged 16–74 with software e-skills by activities performed1), Slovenia and EU-28, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 17. 3. 2016) 1) Users in the last 12 months. Among the EU-28 Member States, the share of persons with Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 17. 3. 2016) above basic software e-skills was the highest in Luxembourg and the lowest in Romania. 26 E-SKILLS E-skills and Digital Economy Most persons had already worked with software Both genders have good software e-skills As regards software e-skills, too, the share of persons having In 2015, 54% of men in Slovenia (in the EU-28: 61%) and them was the highest among 16–24-year-olds: 92% had 54% of women in Slovenia (in the EU-28: 56%) had software already used word processing software, 78% had already e-skills; 40% of men (in the EU-28: 42%) and 40% of women used spreadsheet software, and 60% had already used (in the EU-28: 36%) had above basic e-skills and 14% of men advanced functions of spreadsheet software (data sorting, (in the EU-28: 19%) and 14% of women (in the EU-28: 20%) using formulas, creating charts). had basic e-skills. As regards 25–34-year-olds, 76% had already used word Persons aged 16–74 with software e-skills by skill level, processing software, 64% had already used spreadsheet education and gender, Slovenia, 2015 software, and a half had already used advanced functions of spreadsheet software. More than half of 35–44-year-olds had already used word processing software (61%) and spreadsheet software (53%). Persons aged 16–74 with software e-skills by activities performed1), by age groups, Slovenia, 2015 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 17. 3. 2016) 1) Activity performed in the last 12 months. Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 27 DIGITAL ECONOMY Digital economy is a series of economic, social and cultural How developed is digital economy in Slovenia? activities that are performed online and are related to the use of information and communication technology (ICT). Digital economy is convergence of economy, informatics, (tele) communications, computing and digitalisation. It is based on intangible resources such as information, innovation, creativity, etc. Digital economy and its development are based on: • Appropriate infrastructure (internet access; ICT equipment – hardware and software) • E-business • E-commerce • Use of social media, cloud computing • Big data • Internet of things • Appropriate e-skills • E-inclusion of civil society, etc. The main elements of digital economy are digitalisation and high level of ICT usage, conversion of information into market © SURS value and new ways of organising the economy, business processes, work and production. Growth of digital economy has an impact on the entire economy. More intensive ICT usage, and the changing of consumer habits demand that enterprises and organisations adjust to new conditions and exploit the advantages of the digital world. 28 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy Internet access Rapid internet access is the basis for developed information Speed of internet connection is important society and digital economy The speed of internet access is increasing. The number of Internet, a world-wide computer network, enables rapid connections with less than 10 Mbit/s is declining, while the access to unlimited amounts of information and creates a number of internet connections with 10 Mbit/s or more is global market. In addition to information access, it provides rising. In the 4th quarter of 2015, 45% of connections had many services offered by enterprises and public administration, between 10 and 30 Mbit/s and 10% at least 100 Mbit/s. education, offers enterprises access to new markets, more effective communication, increased productivity, possibility In 2015, 14% of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed of generating and offering new goods and services, etc. had broadband internet connections with at least 100 Mbit/s. Appropriate infrastructure, i.e. rapid internet access, is the main condition for the development of digital economy, e-business, Speed of broadband internet access, Slovenia cloud computing, internet of things, big data, etc. In the 4th quarter of 2015 there were 574,901 internet connections in Slovenia; 99.94% of them broadband and 0.06% narrowband. xDSL broadband internet connections predominated with 42.4%. Internet connections, Slovenia, 4th quarter 2015 Source: AKOS Source: AKOS Between the 4th quarter of 2007 and 4th quarter of 2015 the number of internet connections increased by about 40%; the number of broadband connections increased by 70%. Optical fibre connections are also on the rise. E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 29 Types of internet access by type of user, Slovenia, 4th quarter Usage of mobile network is on the rise 2015 In the 4th quarter of 2015 there were 2,353,296 mobile network users, which is 22% more than in the 4th quarter of 2007. The share of business users increased by 50% and the share of private users by 16%. In the 4th quarter of 2015, 79% of mobile network users were private users and 21% were business users. 31% of private users were prepaid mobile users and 69% were subscribers. Business users were almost exclusively subscribers. Transfer of data via mobile broadband access, Slovenia Source: AKOS The growth of the number of mobile network users and higher speeds of mobile internet connections lead to the growth of mobile internet access. Growth is also clear from the extent of data transfer (in GB) via mobile broadband access, which doubled in the 2013–2015 period. Source: AKOS In the 4th quarter of 2015 households were using 496,633 or 86% and business users 78,268 or 14% of internet connections in the country. Most of the households had xDSL connections (39%) and cable modems (34%); most business users had xDSL connections (66%). 30 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy Investment in information and communication technology Investment in tangible or intangible fixed assets is important Software investment is increasing for economic growth. Data on ICT investment show how The structure of ICT investment by enterprises changed in the much enterprises invest in ICT (software or hardware). 2007–2014 period. The share of investment in communication equipment and consumer electronics and in computers and In 2014, enterprises3 invested EUR 427 million in ICT (i.e. for peripheral equipment was declining and the share of investment computers and other peripheral equipment, for communication in software (software, databases and own-developed software equipment and consumer electronics and for software, databases and databases) was rising. and own-developed software and databases) or 8.56% of total investment. From 2007 on the share of ICT investment in total Structure of ICT investment, Slovenia investment was the highest in 2011 (11.21%) and in 2010 (10.62%). Investment in enterprises, Slovenia Source: SURS Source: SURS In 2014, enterprises invested 46% of total ICT investment in software, databases, and own-developed software and The highest ICT investment in 2014 was recorded in enterprises databases, 32% in computers and other peripheral equipment in information and communication activities (66%): they and 22% in communication technology. invested 48% in communication equipment and consumer electronics, 39% in software and 13% in computers and other peripheral equipment. Enterprises in financial and insurance activities invested the highest share of their total ICT investment in software (65%), followed by enterprises in real estate activities (60%). The least was invested in software by enterprises in agriculture, forestry and fishing, in arts, entertainment and recreation, and in administrative and support service activities (24% in each). 3 Business entities according to SKD 2008, except in activities of households as employers, undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use (T) and activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies (U). E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 31 ICT sector The growing ICT usage increases the importance of enterprises The service ICT sector is growing offering and developing services the main purpose of which In 2014, the ICT sector in Slovenia encompassed 6,614 is development, maintenance and repair of ICT. Enterprises enterprisers or 9% more than in 2013. Compared to 2005, the classified according to the 2008 Standard Classification of number of enterprises in the ICT sector increased by 138%. Activities into activities related to the development and The sector is divided into the manufacturing ICT sector and production of ICT equipment or services are called the ICT the service ICT sector. In the 2005–2014 period the number of sector (the expression was determined by the OECD). What is manufacturing ICT sector enterprises increased by 18% and of the importance of the ICT sector in Slovenia? service ICT sector enterprises by 147%. In 2014 there were 28 high-growth enterprises (i.e. enterprises with an average annual growth higher than 10% over a ICT SECTOR three-year period and at least 10 employees in the first year of monitoring of three-year growth of employment) in the ICT sector in Slovenia. 26 high-growth enterprises were in the Manufacturing ICT Service ICT sector service ICT sector and two in the manufacturing ICT sector. sector In 2014, these enterprises represented 5% of all high-growth enterprises in the country. C26.1 Manufacture of G46.5 Wholesale Number of enterprises in the ICT sector electronic components and of information and boards communication equipment 2005 20141) 2014/2005 number index C26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral J58.2 Software publishing Enterprises – total2) 89.488 130.051 145 equipment ICT sector 2.777 6.614 238 Manufacturing ICT sector 190 225 118 C26.3 Manufacture of C26.1 102 125 123 J61 communication equipment Telecommunications C26.2 32 28 88 C26.3 35 24 69 C26.4 19 48 J62 Computer programming, 253 C26.4 Manufacture of consultancy and related C26.8 2 - - consumer electronics activities Service ICT sector 2.587 6.389 247 G46.5 169 264 156 J63.1 Data processing, J58.2 13 29 223 C26.8 Manufacture of hosting and related J61 189 346 183 magnetic and optical media activities; web portals J62 1.728 4.797 278 J63.1 224 652 291 S95.1 Repair of computers S95.1 264 301 114 and communication equipment - no occurrence of event 1) Provisional data. © SURS 2) Enterprises active in predominantly market activities. Source: SURS 32 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy ICT sector, Slovenia, 20141) Research and development (R&D) is very important for economic growth Turnover Value added Employees Persons employed In 2014 business sector R&D expenditure amounted to EUR mio EUR number 688 million, of which EUR 74 million or 10.7% was contributed by the ICT sector. Most of this expenditure came from service Enterprises – total2) 81.591 18.611 498.002 579.800 ICT sector enterprises (63%); 37% came from manufacturing ICT sector 3.508 1.171 19.410 23.446 ICT sector enterprises. Manufacturing ICT sector 360 106 2.985 3.076 ICT sector expenditure on R&D, Slovenia Service ICT sector 3.148 1.065 16.425 20.370 1) Provisional data. 2) Enterprises active in predominantly market activities. Source: SURS By selling goods and services in 2014, the ICT sector generated 4.3% of the total turnover (EUR 3,508) of all enterprises engaged in market activities in Slovenia. 39% of turnover in the ICT sector was generated by telecommunications enterprises, 29% by enterprises in computer programming, consultancy and related activities and 16% by enterprises in wholesale of information and communication equipment. Employment in the ICT sector Source: SURS The number of employees (i.e. persons receiving salaries who In 2014, the ICT sector generated EUR 1,171 million of value had social insurance based on the employment contract) in added, i.e. 6.3% of total value added of all enterprises dealing the ICT sector increased in the 2005–2014 period by 9%, with market activities. Most of it (91%) was generated by while the number of all employees in enterprises engaged in service ICT sector enterprises. market activities decreased by 5%.. ICT sector’s share of GDP, Slovenia In the 2005–2014 period the number of persons employed in the ICT sector (i.e. all persons working, paid or unpaid, including those working outside the enterprise, such as sales representatives, and part-time employees, seasonal workers, persons working at home who were on the payroll) increased by 23%; in all enterprises engaged in market activities the share was practically the same (up by 0.4%). In 2014 the ICT sector employed 2.5% of all employees or self- employed persons in Slovenia, the same as in 2013 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS The share of the ICT sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 was 3.1%. E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 33 ICT specialists Relevant knowledge for ICT usage In addition to relevant knowledge, the need for ICT specialists The growth of internet usage, e-business, digital technologies maintaining, upgrading and developing software and – e.g. integration of information and processes in enterprises hardware is also growing. The main task of these specialists is – leads to growing needs for relevant knowledge and skills. to maintain, manage, set-up or develop information systems (computers, software) in the enterprise. Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by providing ICT training for the persons employed by size, Slovenia and ICT specialists are employed by one in five enterprises EU-28, 2014 In 2015, ICT specialists were employed by 20% of enterprises in Slovenia (in the EU-28: 20%), which was the same as in 2014 (in the EU-28: 20%). Among small enterprises the share was 14% (in the EU-28: 14%), among medium-sized enterprises 38% (in the EU-28: 43%) and among large enterprises 80% (in the EU-28: 77%). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed employing ICT specialists, EU-28 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 25. 3. 2016) In 2014, 28% of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed offered to their employees some form of ICT training (in- house or external) in order to improve their knowledge or obtain skills regarding computer usage, software, etc. (in the EU-28: 22%). In 2013 the share was 20% (in the EU-28: 21%). Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 25. 3. 2016) 34 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy Suitable ICT specialists are difficult to find The share of women ICT specialists in Slovenia higher than In 2014, 6% of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed in the EU-28 recruited or tried to recruit ICT specialists (in the EU-28: 8%), In 2014, 72% of ICT specialists employed in Slovene enterprises which was the same as in 2013. Among small enterprises the share were men (in the EU-28: 82%), and the remaining 28% was 4% (in the EU-28: 6%), among medium-sized enterprises 9% were women (in the EU-28: 18%); 60% of them had upper (in the EU-28: 15%) and among large enterprises 26% (in the EU- secondary education and 40% had tertiary education. 28: 39%). 51% of enterprises in Slovenia that tried to recruit ICT specialists in 2014 had jobs for them but it was difficult to get ICT specialists by educational level, EU-28, 2014 the specialists (in the EU-28: 38%); the situation was the same in 2013. 50% of small, 34% of medium-sized and 49% of large enterprises in Slovenia had difficulty finding relevant personnel. In 2014, 43,791 ICT specialists were employed in Slovenia, which was 4.78% of all employees and self-employed persons in the country. Their share among all employees and self-employed persons is growing (in 2012 it was 4.18% and in 2013 4.35%). Share of ICT specialists in total employment, EU-28, 2014 1) Due to lack of information the totals are not always 100%. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 26. 3. 2016) ICT specialists on average 35 or more years old Most ICT specialists in Slovenia (62%) were 35 or more years old (in the EU-28: 63%); the others (38%) were 15–34 years old (in the EU-28: 37%). Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 26. 3. 2016) E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 35 E-business in enterprises The role of e-business in enterprises E-invoices E-business includes the use of all forms of ICT in business Since 1 January 2015 budget users in Slovenia have been relations with the aim of increasing the efficiency of processes receiving invoices and other documents in electronic form only in enterprises and their competitiveness, productivity and (e-invoices). Legal and natural persons must issue e-invoices turnover. for goods delivered or services rendered. Advantages are: automated exchange of invoices speed up the operation, The basis of successful operation is timely and accurate automated takeover reduces mistakes, lower costs (less paper, information provided by the information system, so that it lower postal costs, less manual work, etc.). integrates individual areas of the business into a whole. The other option is the use of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), modular To what extent were e-invoices used before 1 January 2015? software for integrating data and processes in an organisation into a single system that enables automation of the financial In 2014, as many as 70% of enterprises doing business with function, marketing, sales, distribution and management. other enterprises or budget users were issuing invoices for their goods or services only in paper form (in 2013: 77%). In 2015, ERP was used by a third of enterprises in Slovenia with at least 10 persons employed (in the EU-28: 36%). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by form of e-invoices issued to enterprises or budget users, by size, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is software the Slovenia purpose of which is to set up high-quality relationships with customers. It enables improvement in operation with customers by focusing on the customers’ habits, communication with customers, etc. In 2015, CRM was used by 29% of enterprises in Slovenia with at least 10 persons employed (in the EU-28: 33%). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed using ERP and CRM, by size, Slovenia, 2015 % 10+ persons 10–49 50–249 250+ employed Usage of ERP 33 26 57 92 Usage of CRM 29 24 43 60 .. to collect and store infor- 29 24 43 60 Source: SURS mation on customers .. to analysis information 17 14 26 37 on customers Source: SURS 36 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy E-commerce E-commerce is becoming increasingly important E-commerce in enterprises with at least 10 persons employed, Slovenia An important part of digital or internet economy is e-commerce. The main advantages of e-commerce are the possibility of reducing costs (lower prices), market expansion and more efficient operation. E-commerce (electronic payment is not a condition) can be web sales to customers (B2C), other enterprises (B2B) or public institutions (B2G) via websites or e-markets; it can also be selling or buying between enterprises (B2B) and public institutions (B2G) via websites or electronic data interchange (EDI). In 2014, 17% of enterprises in Slovenia had web sales; most of them were selling their products to final consumers in Source: SURS Slovenia. 6% of them were receiving orders from other enterprises via electronic data interchange. The share of enterprises with web sales is slowly but steadily growing. Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed with web sales, by size, Slovenia, 2014 % Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed with a website 10+ and web sales, EU-28, 2015 persons 10–49 50–249 250+ employed Website 83 80 94 100 Website with the possibility of 16 15 18 32 online ordering Enterprises with web sales 17 16 18 32 .. web sales B2C 73 71 80 82 .. web sales B2B, B2G 59 60 53 60 .. received orders via web 94 94 97 95 from customers located in Slovenia .. received orders via web 50 52 48 38 from customers located in other EU countries .. received orders via web 18 17 20 29 from customers located in other countries .. website provides online 35 31 45 55 1) Data refer to the entire 2014. payment Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 29. 3. 2016) Source: SURS In Slovenia the shares of enterprises with a website in 2015 and 2014 were higher than the EU-28 average. In 2014, the share of enterprises engaged in web sales was the highest in Ireland. E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 37 Turnover generated via web sales is increasing Web advertising is becoming increasingly important In 2014, enterprises with at least 10 persons employed The growing use of ICT and the internet has impact on generated 16.5% of their turnover via websites or electronic advertising since web (digital) advertising of goods and data interchange; most of the turnover was generated by services via digital media is becoming increasingly important. electronic data interchange with other enterprises (61%) Digital advertising reaches consumers at the right time, at and web sales to all customers (39%). Web sales to final the right place and in a cost-effective way (e.g. targeted consumers generated 7.8% of the total turnover via electronic advertising, which can be based on keywords, following data interchange and website. previous activities of users on the internet, etc.). Enterprises face various obstacles making their web sales For advertising, enterprises use adverts on internet browsers, more difficult. social media (Facebook, Google, YouTube, etc.) or other websites. In 2015, 23% of Slovene enterprises with at least 10 Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by obstacles persons employed were advertising on the internet. making their web sales more difficult, Slovenia, 2015 Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by web advertising, by size, Slovenia, 2015 % Advertise on the internet 10+ persons employed 23 10–49 22 50–249 25 250+ 35 Source: SURS Source: SURS In 2014, 25% of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed were buying over the internet (in 2013: 23%): 39% of large, 27% of medium-sized and 24% of small enterprises. Orders in the agreed format (XML, EDIFACT, etc.) were exchanged via EDI by 4% of enterprises. 38 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy It is possible to buy almost anything on the internet Web purchases know no limits The internet has changed the way people buy. The share of E-buyers in Slovenia were mostly buying from online traders online purchases is growing. One can buy almost anything in Slovenia (76%), followed by online traders from other online (food, technical goods, vacation, air tickets, etc.), EU Member States (42%) and online traders outside the EU irrespective of time and from the comfort of one’s home. (26%). Doing this, one is not geographically limited and the prices of products can be lower than those in stores. E-buyers (16–74 years)1) by number and value of online purchases, by gender, Slovenia, 2015 In 2015, 39% of persons aged 16–74 were buying online in the 12 months before the survey. E-buyers were 55% men and 45% women. In the 12 months before the survey e-buyers were buying online mostly clothes and sport goods (45%), followed by household goods (28%) and food, cosmetics, etc. (27%). E-buyers (16–74 years)1) by type of products bought online, by gender, Slovenia, 2015 1) E-buyers in the last 3 months before the survey. Source: SURS In 2015 (in the last 3 months before the survey) most e-buyers bought online once or twice (53%); most e-buyers (32%) bought goods worth EUR 100 to 499. Goods bought by women were mostly worth EUR 50 to 99 (36%) and goods bought by men EUR 100 to 499 (38%). 1) E-buyers in the last 12 months before the survey. Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 39 Cloud computing Cloud computing enables enterprises and persons to rent Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed that buy cloud software, applications or computer infrastructure over the computing services by type of service, by size, Slovenia, internet. Users can use almost unlimited computer capabilities 2015 % over the internet without having to invest much in it; at the same time they can access their data from anywhere. Cloud 10+ persons computing offers a possibility of decreasing ICT expenditure em- 10–49 50–249 250+ and having these services available for smaller enterprises. ployed Cloud computing services (e.g. software or application, E-mail 10 9 14 19 storage space, computing power, etc.) have the following Office software 6 6 8 20 characteristics: Hosting the enterprise’s database 6 6 6 7 - They are accessed via the internet and they are offered Storage of files 9 8 13 15 from the servers of service providers. Finance or accounting software 5 6 4 z - They are paid by usage, e.g. by the number of users, by Customer Relationship 4 3 6 5 used capacity, or are pre-paid. Management software - They are flexible: their extent is rapidly adjusted (increased Computing power 4 4 4 8 or decreased) to the needs (e.g. increase in the number of z confidential users or the storage capacity). Source: SURS - Users use them as needed and without personal contacts with service providers. In 2015, most of the enterprises bought e-mail as a cloud computing service (10%), followed by storage of files (all Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed that buy cloud types of files, storage of enterprise’s backup files). computing services, by size, Slovenia, 2015 Most of the enterprises that bought cloud computing services in 2015 (77%) accessed the bought services via common servers of service providers (public cloud); 35% accessed them via the servers of service providers reserved for the enterprise (private cloud). A comparison between 2014 and 2015 shows that in one year the share of enterprises buying file storage as a cloud computing service increased the most (from 7% to 9%). Source: SURS In 2015, cloud computing services were bought by 17% of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed (in 2014: 15%; in the EU-28: 19%). 40 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy Risk of a security breach limits buying of cloud computing Why don’t more enterprises buy cloud computing services? services In 2014, 85% of enterprises did not buy cloud computing In 2014, enterprises buying cloud computing services were services, most of them because of insufficient knowledge mostly hindered from buying more services by possible risks about these services. of a security breach (36%), followed by high cost (30%), uncertainty about applicable law (25%), uncertainty about Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by factors the location of the data (23%) and insufficient knowledge preventing them from buying cloud computing services, by (20%). size, Slovenia, 2014 Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by the level of achieving the desired advantage of buying cloud computing services, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS In 2015, 31% of enterprises in Slovenia with at least 10 persons employed answered negatively to the question whether they know of cloud computing. The share among small enterprises Source: SURS was 35% and among medium-sized enterprises 17%. All large enterprises were familiar with cloud computing. One of the main advantages of buying and using cloud computing services is access to ICT without major investment. Half of enterprises (52%) buying cloud computing services in 2014 at least partially reduced their costs. E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 41 Internet of things Internet of things is one of the pillars of the internet of future. Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by usage of It is based on linking large numbers of devices with built-in RFID, EU-28, 2014 sensors communicating among themselves and with various applications more or less independently. The basic technology behind the internet of things is radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID is an automated identification method for storing and retrieving data remotely by using RFID tags or transmitters. An RFID tag is a device that can be attached to a product or built into it and can transmit the data to a “reader” via radio waves. In 2014, RFID was used by 13% of enterprises in Slovenia with at least 10 persons employed (in the EU-28: 10%); the share among small enterprises was 9% (in the EU-28: 7%), among medium-sized enterprises 27% (in the EU-28: 21%) and among large enterprises 43% (in the EU-28: 37%). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by what they are using RFID for, by size, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5. 4. 2016) RFID is used the most be enterprises in Finland. Enterprises using RFID mostly use it for person identification or access control. 42 DIGITAL ECONOMY E-skills and Digital Economy Social media Social media are internet technologies based on Web 2.0 Social media usage – an opportunity to effectively present enabling interactive exchange of photos, videos, comments the enterprise among users and consequently among enterprises and Enterprises in Slovenia were using social media mainly to persons. They enable users’ interactive cooperation, content develop the enterprise's image or market products. 17% of creation, which was not possible with Web 1.0, when users enterprises with social media profiles were not using these could only watch content online. media. Enterprises find their presence on the internet very important Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed with social and in the digital economy almost a must. In 2015, 83% of media profiles by purpose and extent of social media usage, enterprises in Slovenia with at least 10 persons employed had by size, Slovenia, 2015 a website, and 27% had a link to the enterprise’s social media profile on the website. Enterprises are increasingly aware of the advantages offered by social media and use them more and more; they have profiles, accounts or licences for use depending on the type of social media (42% in 2015, in the EU-28: 39%). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed by usage of social media by type, by size, Slovenia, 2015 Source: SURS Source: SURS E-skills and Digital Economy DIGITAL ECONOMY 43 DESI DESI (Digital Economy & Society Index) is a composite index summarising key indicators on digital performance of the European Union and tracking the evolution of Member States in digital competitiveness. The index is structured around five dimensions: 1. Connectivity, measuring the development of broadband internet access. 2. Human capital, measuring e-skills needed to take advantage of the possibilities offered by a digital society (from basic to advanced e-skills). 3. Use of internet. 4. Integration of digital technology. 5. Digital public services (e-administration). Based on numerous indicators, every year the Commission publishes DESI and shows the development level of an individual country. DESI, EU-28, 2016 Source: (https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/desi, 5.4. 2016) As regards DESI, in 2016 Slovenia was 18th among EU Member States (the same as in 2015). Enterprises in Slovenia are successful in integrating digital technologies (11th place) and less successful in internet usage among persons aged 16–74 (24th place). Slovenia has a well-qualified population: 51% of the population has basic or above basic e-skills. As regards 20–29-year-olds, 1.9% of them have degrees in science, technology or mathematics (9th place). Our country is among the weakest as regards digital public services: e-government services (returning completed electronic forms) are actively used by 24% of internet users. The reason for such a low share of e-government users is (was) that most internet users do (did) not have to submit official electronic forms. E-skills and Digital Economy 44 ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT COUNTRY CODES AKOS Agency for Communication Networks and Services EU European Union of the Republic of Slovenia EU-28 28 EU Member States AOP Automated data processing AT Austria IE Ireland B2B Business to Business BE Belgium IT Italy B2G Business to Government BG Bulgaria LT Lithuania B2C Business to Customers CZ Czech Republic LU Luxemburg GDP Gross Domestic Product CY Cyprus LV Latvia CRM Customer Relationship Management DE Germany MT Malta DESI Digital Economy & Society Index DK Denmark NL Netherlands ERP Enterprise Resource Planning EE Estonia PL Poland EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, EL Greece PT Portugal Commerce and Transport ES Spain RO Romania GPRS General Packet Radio Service FI Finland SE Sweden HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access FR France SI Slovenia ICT Information and Communication Technology HR Croatia SK Slovakia LTE Long-Term Evolution HU Hungary UK United Kingdom OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development RFID Radio-Frequency IDentification EDI Electronic Data Interchange R&D Research and Development SURS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia SKD 2008 Standard Classification of Activities SIM Subscriber Identification Module USB Universal Serial Bus UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System WiFi Wireless local area network xDSL Digital subscriber line XML Extensible Mark-up Language EUR euro GB gigabyte Mio. million Mbit/s megabit per second % percent 250+ 250 or more (employees, etc.) Document Outline E-SKILLS AND DIGITAL ECONOMY FOREWORD CONTENTS COMPUTERS AND INTERNET ACCESS Computer usage Internet usage Mobile internet usage E-SKILLS Information e-skills Communication e-skills Problem-solving e-skills Software e-skills DIGITAL ECONOMY Internet access Investment in information and communication technology ICT sector ICT specialists E-business in enterprises E-commerce Cloud computing Internet of things Social media DESI ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OKRAJŠAVE IMEN DRŽAV