Business Statistics Kaleidoscope Business Statistics Kaleidoscope Original title: Mozaik poslovnih statistik Authors Jaka Erpič, Ema Mišić, Zala Primožič, Aleksander Sever, Andrejka Šivic Translated by Boris Panič The publication is available at http://www.stat.si/eng Information: Information Centre: phone: +386 1 241 64 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si @StatSlovenia CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 311.42(0.034.2) BUSINESS statistics kaleidoscope [Elektronski vir] / authors Jaka Erpič ... [et al.] ; translated by Boris Panič. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2015. - (Collection Brochures / Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia) Prevod dela: Mozaik poslovnih statistik ISBN 978-961-239-333-5 (pdf) 1. Erpič, Jaka 279748352 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Litostrojska cesta 54 – © SURS – Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged – ISBN 978-961-239-333-5 BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE 3 FOREWORD In recent years the Slovenian economy has struggled with many challenges, including some very tough ones. How these challenges reflected in individual business activities, what their impact on enterprises was and what the prospects are, can in many ways be explained by statistical data. The mass of business statistics was compiled into an interesting kaleidoscope, which, offered in one place, brings insight into the characteristics, structure, changes and development of the Slovenian economy from 2005 on. We are convinced that these pages will bring interesting and useful information on business activities divided into four main sets: industry, construction, trade and other non-financial services. Each set of business activities is presented comprehensively, from different points of view and understandably. Many data are shown from which different indicators can be derived indicating the importance of individual activities compared to the total economy, the impact of the economic crisis on them, international comparisons, structural characteristics within individual activities, and forecasts. Short comments and explanations are completed by graphical presentations and emphases on key data and changes. The story concludes with a schematic presentation of an average enterprise in Slovenia. We hope you will enjoy reading our new brochure and that it will help better understand the Slovenian economy, individual activities and enterprises. For more extensive and detailed data on this subject, visit our SI-STAT Data Portal. Genovefa Ružić Director-General 4 BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 1 BUSINESS STATISTICS - what are they and what do they comprise? ................................................................ 5 2 INDUSTRY ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 3 CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 25 4 TRADE ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 5 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICE .................................................................................................................... 45 6 AVERAGE ENTERPRISE IN SLOVENIA ............................................................................................................... 55 Units of measurement, abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 56 Country abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ 56 List of codes of SKD 2008 categories ................................................................................................................. 56 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................................ 57 Sources and literature ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Sources of photographs ..................................................................................................................................... 60 1 BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? 1 BUSINESS STATISTICS - what are they and what do they comprise? Industry Photo: Alenka Mihorič, Sokol ARSO Construction Photo: Albert Kolar, Sokol ARSO Trade Photo: Ema Mišić Other non-financial services Photo: Ema Mišić 6 BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Business statistics at SURS cover all statistical surveys with All business entities with headquarters in Slovenia performing which various data on active enterprises are collected. Namely, market or non-market activities are registered in the Business these are enterprises that are according to the Standard Register of Slovenia (PRS). Classification of Activities (SKD 2008) classified into financial and non-financial business activities, i.e. sections of activities The backbone and the sampling frame of the business B to N and division S95. statistics (i.e. the list of units comprising the population from which a sample is selected) is the Statistical Business Figure 1: Business statistics according to SKD 2008 Register (SPRS), which contains data on all active enterprises in Slovenia. It is compiled from several administrative data BUSINESS STATISTICS sources and from data collected with statistical surveys as well as other information. Non-financial business activities Services (G-N, S95) Structural business statistics monitors the operation of active Industry Construction Non-financial Financial market enterprises and provides internationally comparable (B-E) (F) services and data. (G-J, L-N and insurance S95) activities Further on primarily statistical data on non-financial business (K) B – Mining and G – Wholesale activities are presented and broken down into four main sets: quarrying and retail trade; repair of motor industry, construction, trade and other non-financial services, C – vehicles and i.e. non-financial services excluding trade. Manufacturing motorcycles D – Electricity, H – Transpor- gas, steam and tation and air conditioning storage supply I – Accommoda- Figure 2: Coverage of business entities, Slovenia E – Water tion and food supply, service activities sewerage, waste management J – Information PRS • business and remediation and communica- entities activities tion L – Real estate activities SPRS • active enterprises M – Professional, scientific and technical activities structural • active market statistics enterprises N – Administrative and support service activities Source: SURS S95 – Repair of computers and personal and household goods Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? 7 87% of enterprises that operated in 2013 were market A numerical overview of enterprises oriented, i.e. they performed mostly market activities. Almost all enterprises classified into business activities were market There were more than 182,000 active enterprises in Slovenia oriented. On the other hand, almost all enterprises classified in 2013, which is 86% of all registered business entities. They into Public administration and defence, compulsory social had 817,458 persons employed and generated EUR 90.6 security (O) were non-market oriented. Among enterprises billion of turnover. classified into Education (P), Human health and social work activities (Q), Arts, entertainment and recreation (R) and Compared to 2008, the number of enterprises grew by 19%, Other service activities (S) about half were market-oriented. but they employed 7% fewer persons and generated 5% less turnover. Chart 1: Structure of enterprises by operation, Slovenia, 2013 Almost half (47%) of enterprises registered in 2013 were sole proprietors, 32% were companies and the rest were other legal and natural persons. As regards sole proprietors, on average they employed two persons, while companies on average employed 8 persons. Chart 2: Structure of enterprises by size (by number of per- sons employed) and selected indicators, Slovenia, 2013 Source: SURS Did you know that in 2013 almost half of enterprises were sole proprietors? Source: SURS 8 BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE In 2013, too, the smallest, i.e. micro, enterprises were the Most persons were employed in manufacturing, 23%. most numerous in Slovenia with 95% of all enterprises; 73% of Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and them had up to 1 person employed and 22% had 2-9 persons motorcycles employed 14% and education 8% of persons. employed. The remaining 5% of enterprises were small (10- 49 persons employed) and medium-sized (50-249 persons employed) enterprises. Only 0.2% of enterprises in the country Did you know were large (250+ persons employed), but they generated a third that in 2013 a third of enterprises of total turnover. For example, micro enterprises generated 20% operated in the Osrednjeslovenska of total turnover. statistical region? In 2013, 42% of enterprises were registered in three activities: Professional, scientific and technical activities (M), Wholesale As regards regional dispersion, in 2013 58% of all enterprises and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (G) were registered in three statistical regions: Osrednjeslovenska, and Construction (F). In 2008, the share of enterprises in all of Podravska and Savinjska. Osrednjeslovenska employed 39% these activities was almost the same (43%). of persons employed or just over 300,000. More than 90% of total turnover was generated by enterprises Compared to 2008, the number of enterprises increased the from business activities; 31% of it was generated by Wholesale most in the Savinjska and the Gorenjska (by 22%) and the and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (G). least in the Goriška (by 12%) statistical regions. Chart 4: Enterprises and persons employed1) by statistical Chart 3: Structure of turnover by activity, Slovenia regions, Slovenia, 2013 A Agriculture, forestry and fishing B-E Industry F Construction G Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles H-N Other services O Public administration and defence, compulsory social security P-S Education; Human health and social work activities; Arts, entertainment and recreation; Other service activities 1) Data are shown by statistical regions of enterprise headquarters. Source: SURS Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? 9 Non-financial business activities In 2013, most persons were employed in industry (37%), which generated most of the turnover (39%), value added (43%) Data shown hereafter refer to enterprises classified into non- and gross fixed capital investment (59%). Trade employed financial business activities and performing mostly market a fifth of persons, generated 36% of turnover and almost a activities. fifth of value added. The fewest persons were employed in construction (11%). According to provisional data for 2013, there were 126,754 active market enterprises in Slovenia. They employed 572,552 Compared to 2005, in 2013 the number of enterprises in persons and generated EUR 79,193 million of turnover and non-financial business activities was 42% higher. It went up EUR 17,350 million of value added at factor costs. in all four groups of activities, the most in other non-financial services (by 67%). EUR 79.2 billion of turnover Did you know was generated by enterprises from that in the 2005-2013 period non-financial business activities. turnover and value added increased the most in other non-financial services? As regards the four groups of activities, half of the enterprises operated in other non-financial services, a fifth in trade, 16% in industry and 14% in construction. In the 2005-2013 period enterprises generated a third more turnover and 21% more value added than in 2005. Table 1: Structural business statistics, selected indicators, On average, between the beginning and the end of the Slovenia, 20131) observed period total employment in observed enterprises decreased by 1%. Employment in industry dropped by 15%, Enter- Persons Gross in- while in trade and other non-financial services it increased, in prises employed Turnover Value added vestment the latter by as much as 20%. % TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 As regards the size of enterprises by the number of persons B-E 16 37 39 43 59 employed, in the 2005-2013 period the number of micro and F 14 11 6 7 4 small enterprises in non-financial business activities increased, while the number of medium-sized and large enterprises G 20 19 36 18 10 decreased. The number of micro enterprises increased in all four H-J, L-N, S95 50 33 19 32 27 groups of activities, the most in other non-financial services 1) Provisional data. (by 70%). On the other hand, the number of large enterprises Source: SURS increased only in trade (by 21%). 10 BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Chart 5: Changes in the number of enterprises by size by Chart 6: Value added of selected activities in GDP, basic the number of persons employed, Slovenia, 20131) prices, 2013 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS In the 2005-2013 period turnover increased the most in medium-sized enterprises, by 52%, and the least in large enterprises, by 12%. In micro enterprises it increased by 37%. Compared to 2005, in 2013 employment increased in micro (by 26%) and small enterprises and decreased in large (by 22%) and medium-sized enterprises. Non-financial business activities contributed 63% of value added to gross domestic product (GDP) in Slovenia in 2013. This is the same as these activities contributed in the EU overall, where the shares were between 71% (in Lithuania) and 49% (in Luxembourg). B-E Industry F Construction G-I Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; Transportation and storage; Accommodation and food service activities J Information and communication L Real estate activities M,N Professional, scientific and technical activities; Administrative and support service activities Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 27.11. 2014) BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? 11 Of the observed activities, the highest share of value added In 2013, the highest average monthly net earnings in observed was contributed to Slovenia’s GDP by other non-financial activities were paid in industry (EUR 975), which also recorded services (a quarter); industry contributed 23%, trade 10% and the largest increase compared to 2005. The lowest average construction the least, 5%. monthly net earnings were paid in construction (EUR 805). In Slovenia the share of value added contributed to the GDP by industry was higher than the EU overall and the share of non-financial services (trade, etc.) lower than the EU overall. Chart 8: Educational structure of persons employed, Slovenia, 2013 According to provisional data for 2013, labour productivity (measured as value added per person employed) in non- financial business activities was on average EUR 30,303 per person. It was the highest in industry (EUR 35,808 per person), which also recorded the largest increase compared to 2005. In 2005, labour productivity was the highest in trade; by 2013 it increased by 7%, so that in 2013 it was almost the same as in other non-financial services. In both years (2005 and 2013) labour productivity was the lowest in construction (less than EUR 20,000 per person). Chart 7: Labour productivity, Slovenia Source: SURS Did you know that in 2013 average monthly net earnings in Slovenia amounted to EUR 997? 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS 12 BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE In 2013, most persons with basic education or less worked Chart 9: Enterprise births, Slovenia in construction (21%), most persons with upper secondary education worked in trade (almost three quarters) and most persons with tertiary education worked in other non-financial services (almost a third). In 2013, 64% of persons employed in non-financial business activities were men and 36% were women. Persons in employed in construction were mostly men (90%), while persons in employed in trade were mostly women (52%). Did you know that in 2012 enterprise births represented 10% of enterprises B-E Industry F Construction In 2012, there were 12,826 enterprise births in non-financial G Trade business activities, i.e. 10% of all enterprises in these activities. H-J, L-N, S95 Other non-financial services More than half of enterprises were born in other non-financial Source: SURS services (more than 6,000), followed by 20% in trade, 15% in construction and 13% in industry. As regards the growth of number of employees, there were Compared to 2005, there were 52% more enterprise births in 1,180 high-growth and medium-growth enterprises in non- 2012. The number of enterprise births increased the most in financial business activities in 2012. Most of these enterprises other non-financial services. operated in other non-financial services, 39% (37% of which in transportation and storage); 30% of high-growth and As regards the legal form, 65% of enterprise births in 2012 medium-growth enterprises operated in industry. were natural persons, i.e. sole proprietors, and other natural persons (e.g. layers). Most of the enterprise births were Compared to 2008, in 2012 the number of high-growth recorded in industry and in other non-financial business and medium-growth enterprises measured in employment services (almost 70%). declined by a half, the most in construction (by 71%) and the least in industry (by 36%). Almost three quarters of enterprise births had no employees; most of them were born in other non-financial services and industry (78%). Of enterprise births in construction, 46% had employees; 91% of them had up to 4 employees. BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE BUSINESS STATISTICS – what are they and what do they comprise? 13 Chart 10: Structure of high-growth and medium-growth Chart 11: Average enterprise size by the number of per- enterprises measured in employment, Slovenia sons employed and control, Slovenia, 2012 Source: SURS Source: SURS In 2012, among enterprises in non-financial business activities in Slovenia there were 4,959 (4%) inward foreign affiliates, Enterprises in non-financial business activities generated most of them among trade enterprises (6%). Foreign affiliates around 90% of total exports and imports1 in 2013. They employed 15% of persons working in observed activities and generated the highest share of exports in industry (around generated a quarter of total turnover. Foreign affiliates in two thirds) and the highest share of imports in trade (almost trade generated almost a third of total trade turnover. half). Foreign affiliates are larger than all-resident enterprises. In 2012, the former employed on average 18 persons and the latter 4 persons. Both all-resident enterprises and foreign affiliates are the largest in industry; an average foreign affiliate in industry at that time employed 61 persons. In 2012, 70% of turnover in non-financial business activities was generated by enterprises In 2012, enterprises in non-financial business activities integrated into enterprise groups. (including other activities – SKD 2008 section S) were integrated into 5,437 enterprise groups, which is 43% more than in 2008. In total, 10,771 enterprises were integrated into enterprise groups, most of them in other non-financial services. Enterprises integrated into enterprise groups employed about half of all persons employed in 2012. In industry they generated 82% of total turnover and employed around 70% 1 Data on trade in goods with EU Member States take into account only of all persons employed. enterprises whose trade in goods exceeded the Intrastat reporting threshold. 2 INDUSTRY The mine in Idrija used to be the second largest quicksilver mine in the world. Photo: Filip Pesek, Sokol ARSO In the 2008-2013 period 726 industrial buildings were built in Slovenia. Photo: Anja Jerin, Sokol ARSO In 2013, 32,068 (4%) households in Slovenia changed their electricity supplier. Photo: Štefka Krivec, Sokol ARSO The water supply network in Slovenia was 22,655 km long in 2013. Photo: Živa Rant, Sokol ARSO 2 INDUSTRY 16 INDUSTRY BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Industry2 covers four SKD 2008 sections. Table 2: Principal indicators of the situation in industry, Slovenia, 2013 Figure 3: Industry Indicator Unit Value B Mining and quarrying Enterprises1) number 20,177 Persons employed1) number 209,664 Turnover1) in 1,000 EUR 31,201,468 Value of sales1) in 1,000 EUR 25,522,828 D Electricity, Gross investment1) in 1,000 EUR 2,040,352 C Manufacturing Industry gas, steam and air conditioning Value added1) in 1,000 EUR 7,507,595 supply Enterprise births2) % 8.7 Enterprise deaths1)2) % 17.0 E Water supply, Enterprise survivals (five years)2) % 59.2 sewerage, waste High- and medium-growth enterpri- number 357 management and remediation ses measured in employment2) activities Enterprise groups2) number 1,050 Source: SURS Enterprises integrated into enterprise number 1,924 In 2013, there were 20,177 industrial enterprises in Slovenia, groups2) 90% of them in manufacturing, almost 8% in electricity, Persons employed in enterprises inte- number 147,554 gas, steam and air conditioning supply, 2% in water supply, grated into enterprise groups2) sewerage, waste management and remediation services and Turnover of enterprises integrated in 1,000 EUR 26,229,811 into enterprise groups2) 0.5% in mining and quarrying. Inward foreign affiliates2) number 689 39% of total turnover Persons employed in inward foreign number 42,365 in 2013 was affiliates2) generated by industrial enterprises. Turnover of inward foreign affiliates2) in 1,000 EUR 8,121,650 Labour productivity1) EUR 35,808 As regards size (by the number of persons employed), the Average monthly net earnings EUR 975 most numerous were micro enterprises, which together Labour costs per hour1) EUR 14,30 with small enterprises represented more than 95% of all Value added in GDP % 23.1 enterprises in mining and quarrying, manufacturing and Share of exports of goods % 69.8 electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply. The exception was water supply, sewerage, waste management Share of imports of goods % 42.6 and remediation services where the share of medium-sized Job vacancy rate % 0.5 and large enterprises was slightly higher at about 15%. 1) Provisional data. 2) Data for 2012. 2 The definition of industry slightly differs among individual statistical surveys. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE INDUSTRY 17 In 2012, fewer than 10% of industrial enterprises were Table 3: Value of selected situation indicators in industry, integrated into enterprise groups (1,924); 3.4% were under Slovenia, 20131) foreign control. Enterprises Persons Value of Gross employed production Turnover Value added investment number 1,000 EUR Chart 12: Trends in the value of selected situation indicators TOTAL 20,177 209,664 25,522,828 31,201,468 7,507,595 2,040,352 in industry, Slovenia, 20131) B 105 2,400 252,478 272,121 104,162 38,085 C 18,145 188,526 21,415,781 23,827,965 6,290,997 1,195,973 D 1,526 8,936 2,812,079 5,949,925 803,968 762,974 E 401 9,802 1,042,490 1,151,457 308,468 43,320 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS In 2013, the amount of funds for gross investment in tangible fixed assets in industry was on average 7% higher than in 2005; gross investment in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply increased by more than three times (to EUR 763 million). In the other three industrial activities investment dropped significantly, the most in water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation services (by 67%, to EUR 43 million). According to the latest data for 2013, industry contributed 1) Provisional data. around a quarter of value added to GDP, most of which Source: SURS (almost 20%) was contributed by manufacturing and the least (less than 0.5%) by mining and quarrying. Between 2005 and 2013 the number of enterprises in industry Persons employed and their earnings increased by 20%, the most in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, i.e. by almost five times. It also increased Of the 209,664 persons employed in industrial enterprises in manufacturing (by 12%) and in water supply, sewerage, in 2013, 90% or 188,526 were employed in manufacturing. waste management and remediation services (by 53%), while An additional 5% were employed in water supply, sewerage, in mining and quarrying it decreased (by 5%). waste management and remediation services, 4% in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply and 1% in mining Even though in the 2005-2013 period the number of and quarrying. The job vacancy rate was 0.5% and has not industrial enterprises increased, the number of persons changed much since 2008 when it stood at 0.6%. employed decreased, the most in mining and quarrying and in manufacturing (by 15%). Most of the persons employed in the four industrial activities were men; in mining and quarrying their share was 87%. 18 INDUSTRY BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Chart 13: Structure of persons in employment in industry Total amount of funds for earnings in industry in 2013 was by gender, Slovenia, 2013 close to EUR 4 billion or 6% less than in 2008 and 11% more than in 2005, which shows the impact of the economic and financial crisis on this activity. In the 2005-2013 period the funds for earnings increased the most in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (by 46%) and water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation services (by 37%). These two activities also recorded the largest increase in turnover and in the number of enterprises. In 2013, average monthly net earnings in industry amounted to EUR 975. B Mining and quarrying C Manufacturing D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply E Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation services Source: SURS As regards industry, in 2013 the highest average monthly net earnings were paid in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (EUR 1,410), and the lowest in Most of the persons employed in industry in 2013 had upper manufacturing. The difference between the two was EUR 461. secondary education (64%). Compared to 2005, earnings increased in all four activities, the most in manufacturing (by almost 50%) and the least in water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation Chart 14: Educational structure of persons in employment services (by 29%). in industry, Slovenia, 2013 Table 4: Average monthly net earnings and inter-annual difference among them, Slovenia 2005 2013 2013/2005 EUR % TOTAL 664 975 47 B 925 1.294 40 C 644 949 47 D 984 1.410 43 E 747 962 29 Source: SURS Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE INDUSTRY 19 Value added per person employed, which is the measure of Situation in industry from a different point of view labour productivity, in industry amounted to EUR 35,808 in 2013 and was just over EUR 5,500 higher than average labour In addition to basic structural business statistics indicators, productivity in Slovenia. the situation in industry is also well-reflected by four key indices: In 2013, the ratio between the highest labour productivity in • Labour productivity index in industry (LPII) industry, which was achieved in electricity, gas, steam and air • Index of industrial production (IIP) conditioning supply, and the lowest labour productivity, which • Nominal turnover index in industry (NTII) was achieved in water supply, sewerage, waste management • Industrial producer price index (IPPI). and remediation services, was 3 : 1. Chart 15: Labour productivity in industry, Slovenia1) Chart 16: Trends in the value of selected indices, original data, Slovenia 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS Source: SURS In the 2005-2013 period the trends in all four indices were Did you know quite similar; changes in economic and market conditions, that in 2013 labour productivity particularly in the crisis year of 2009, reflected the most in in industry was 37% higher industrial turnover, which dropped by 20%, and in industrial than in 2005? production (down by 17%), and the least in prices (1% decline). 20 INDUSTRY BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Value of sale of industrial products and services Chart 17: Value of sale of industrial products and services, Slovenia, 2013 Industrial enterprises in Slovenia sold about EUR 18.3 billion of industrial products and services in 2013, which is an increase of more than 10% over 2005. Figure 4: Value of sale of industrial products and services, Slovenia 2005 2007 EUR EUR (max.) 16.6 20.6 billion billion EUR EUR 18.3 16.4 billion billion 2009 2013 (min.) Source: SURS In 2013, more than 10% of turnover from the sale of industrial products and services in manufacturing was achieved in the sale of electrical appliances, motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailers, and basic metals. The highest share of turnover in manufacturing on the domestic market was generated by the sale of food (20%) and fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment (10%), while on the foreign markets the highest share was generated by the sale of electrical equipment (13%), motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (12%) and basic metals (11%). As regards statistical regions, the sale of industrial products and services in 2013 was the most successful in Osrednjeslovenska, which generated almost 19% of total turnover from the sale industrial products and services in the country, followed by Jugovzhodna Slovenija (16%), Savinjska (15%) and Podravska (just over 14%). Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE INDUSTRY 21 International trade Did you know Of all non-financial business activities, manufacturing depends a quarter of imports and exports in the most on trade in goods with other countries to which it manufacturing in 2013 were generated contributes the most. In 2013 its share in exports was 66% and with Germany? in imports 39%. In 2013, manufacturing enterprises exported more than EUR 14 billion and imported EUR 8.3 billion of goods. That the As regards the other three industrial activities, international economic crisis reflected strongly in trade in goods is shown trade in goods does not play such an important role. In by the comparison with 2008; in 2013 the value of exports 2013, enterprises registered in electricity, gas, steam and air was 4% lower and the value of imports 7% lower. On the conditioning supply imported goods worth EUR 702 million other hand, in the 2008-2013 period manufacturing had a and exported goods worth EUR 515 million. positive trade balance despite the economic crisis; on average by EUR 5.6 billion per year. In mining and quarrying and in water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation services the values In 2013, manufacturing enterprises generated a quarter of international trade in goods were below 1% in both of their exports with Germany (almost EUR 3.5 billion) and commodity flows. a further 28% with Italy, Austria, France and Russia. The situation is similar as regards imports; Germany, Italy, Austria It is interesting that – contrary to the general economic and France were also our most important import partners, activity – in 2009 enterprises registered in Slovenia in mining Croatia was the fifth. and quarrying, in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply and in water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation services recorded a significant increase in the value of both exports (by 61%) and imports (by 59%) over Chart 18: Slovenia’s most important partner countries in 2008. The trend of significant growth in exports continued up trade in goods in manufacturing to 2011 and that in imports up to 2012. The most important trade partner countries of enterprises registered in the mentioned three activities were Italy, Croatia, Germany and Austria. In the 2008-2013 period these enterprises generated with the mentioned countries on average 84% of total exports and 52% of total imports. EUR 14.8 billion or 70% of imports were generated by industrial enterprises in 2013. Source: SURS 22 INDUSTRY BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Sale of industrial products and services in the EU Chart 19: Changes in the value of turnover from the sale of industrial products and services, 20131) Around EUR 4,831 billion of industrial products and services were sold in the EU in 2013. Most of the different products were produced in Germany (3,538), followed by Italy, France, Spain and the United Kingdom. With 1,756 different products produced in 2013, Slovenia was 18th in the EU. 1,756 different products were produced in Slovenia in 2013. The top ten products sold in EU Member States generated just over 12% of total turnover from the sale of industrial products and services. Three of these products were passenger cars. Other products included medicaments, cartons, boxes and cases, of corrugated paper or paperboard, other parts and accessories n.e.c. for motor vehicles, other parts of aircraft and spacecraft, fresh bread and pastry, and beer made from malt. Analysis of data for the Slovenian market shows that the most sold products in Slovenia are from these activities: manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations, manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, manufacture of electrical equipment, and manufacture of basic metals. Did you know that the sale of industrial products and services from Slovenia represents only 0.4% of total sale in the EU? A comparison of data for 2013 with data for 2005 shows considerable differences in the trends in turnover from the sale of industrial products and services among EU Member States. In Romania, Poland and Lithuania turnover increased by more than 80%, while in Cyprus and Spain it dropped by 1) No data for the Netherlands. 14% and 9%, respectively. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5. 12. 2014) BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE INDUSTRY 23 What are the future prospects? Between January and October 2014 the value of industrial production was 1.7% higher than in the same period of The value of the manufacturing confidence indicator was 2013. In 2014, the positive trend continued, particularly in gradually rising during 2014; in December it exceeded the manufacturing, and the trend rose again in electricity, gas, long-term average by 6 p.p., but it was still far from the steam and air conditioning supply. highest value achieved in June 2006, which was 17 p.p. Chart 21: Industrial production, Slovenia Chart 20: Industrial production and the manufacturing confidence indicator, Slovenia B Mining and quarrying C Manufacturing D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Source: SURS Source: SURS It is encouraging that 93% of manufacturing enterprises invested in 2014, on average 7 p.p. more than in 2013. In 2015, 92% of enterprises are expected to invest. Did you know that the manufacturing, Investment in 2014 was positively influenced by technical retail trade, construction and factors, the demand and the availability of financial resources services confidence indicators and expected profits; only other factors (tax policy, possibility and the consumer confidence of moving production abroad) had a negative impact. In indicator together comprise the 2015, too, the same factors are expected to have positive and sentiment indicator? negative impacts on investment as in 2014. An average dwelling in Slovenia The Aljaž measures 81 m2. On Photo: Vladimir Tkalčić Tower on the average the largest are summit of Mount dwellings in the Pomurska Triglav is the highest and the smallest in the building in Zasavska statistical Slovenia. region. 3 CONSTRUCTION Households in Slovenia spend Photo: Darja Šter When it was built, on average EUR Photo: Carmen Neumeier the Nebotičnik in 164 per year on the Ljubljana was the tallest insurance of their building in Slovenia and the dwelling. 9th tallest building in Europe. Photo: Domen Groegl, STA 3 CONSTRUCTION 26 CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Construction covers only one SKD 2008 section, i.e. F, which is Table 5: Principal indicators of the situation in construction, divided into three divisions. Slovenia, 2013 Figure 5: Construction Indicator Unit Value F41 Enterprises1) number 18,065 Construction of Persons employed1) number 60,800 buildings Turnover1) in 1,000 EUR 4,429,951 Value of sales1) in 1,000 EUR 4,193,578 Gross investment1) in 1,000 EUR 129,969 Value added1) in 1,000 EUR 1,151,462 Construction Enterprise births2) % 9.2 F43 F42 Specialised Enterprise deaths1)2) % 12.3 Civil construction Enterprise survivals (five years)2) % 46.0 engineering activities High- and medium-growth enterpri- number 156 ses measured in employment2) Source: SURS Enterprise groups2) number 587 There were 18,065 active market enterprises in construction in Enterprises integrated into enterprise number 1,162 Slovenia in 2013, which is 2% fewer than a year before, 7% groups2) fewer than in 2008 when construction was at its peak and a fifth Persons employed in enterprises inte- number 15,237 more than in 2005. In 2013, a large majority of construction grated into enterprise groups2) enterprises was engaged in specialised construction activities Turnover of enterprises integrated in 1,000 EUR 2,193,947 (80%), followed by those enagaged in construction of buildings into enterprise groups2) (17%) and civil engineering (3%). Inward foreign affiliates2) number 826 Construction enterprises represented 14% of all active market Persons employed in inward foreign number 3,695 enterprises in Slovenia in 2013. The share of construction affiliates2) enterprises was the highest in 2008 (18%), but after the onset Turnover of inward foreign affiliates2) in 1,000 EUR 342,223 of the economic crisis it started to gradually decline. Labour productivity1) EUR 18,939 Average monthly net earnings EUR 805 Labour costs per hour1) EUR 10,62 6% of total turnover in 2013 was Value added in GDP % 4.6 generated by construction enterprises. Share of exports of goods % 0.3 Share of imports of goods % 0.7 In 2013, most of the construction enterprises were micro Job vacancy rate % 2.1 enterprises (95%). They employed 55% of persons employed 1) Provisional data. and generated 39% of total turnover. There were only 10 2) Data for 2012. large construction enterprises in 2013. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE CONSTRUCTION 27 Table 6: Value of selected situation indicators in construction, Chart 22: Trends in the value of selected situation indicators Slovenia, 20131) in construction, Slovenia, 20131) Enterprises Persons Value of Gross employed production Turnover Value added investment number 1,000 EUR TOTAL 18,065 60,800 4,193,578 4,429,951 1,151,462 129,969 F41 2,979 14,559 1,213,138 1,285,528 226,346 32,309 F42 565 7,926 966,702 999,857 242,342 32,981 F43 14,521 38,315 2,013,737 2,144,566 682,774 64,680 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS In 2013, construction enterprises generated EUR 4.4 billion of turnover and almost EUR 130 million of gross investment, while the value of production was around EUR 4.2 billion. Among all observed sections of activities, the values of these indicators were by far the lowest in construction. Did you know 1) Provisional data. that the number of large construction Source: SURS enterprises in Slovenia has dropped by more than half since 2008? In 2013, the values of almost all observed indicators were lower than in 2005. Only the number of construction enterprises was higher. In the 2005-2013 period it went up Almost half of total turnover in 2013 was generated by by 27%, mostly that of enterprises engaged in specialised enterprises engaged in specialised construction activities, construction activities (by almost a third). Of all observed which also represented the largest number of construction activities, the value of gross investment dropped most enterprises (14,521 or almost 80%). In 2013, turnover in significantly (by 80%). construction was the lowest ever3, about half of turnover in 2008. Persons employed in construction Construction enterprises generated just over EUR 1.2 billion of value added in 2013. Almost 60% of value added was In 2013, 60,800 persons were employed in construction generated by enterprises engaged in specialised construction enterprises, a third fewer than in 2008. Between 2005 and activities and the rest in about the same shares by enterprises 2008 employment in construction grew at an above average engaged in construction of buildings and enterprises engaged rate; therefore, the fall during the crisis was that much worse. in civil engineering. Compared to 2008, employment declined in all construction enterprises, the most in enterprises engaged in construction of buildings (by 52%). 3 Since 2005, i.e. the year since when data according to SKD 2008 are available. 28 CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE The data on job vacancies in construction show a more Earnings in construction optimistic picture. In the third quarter of 2014 the largest demand for labour force was recorded in construction. Almost The total amount of funds for earnings in construction in 900 job vacancies were advertised, which is 20% of all job 2013 was EUR 711 million or 36% lower than in 2008 and vacancies in the country. The job vacancy rate in construction about as high as in 2005. Compared to 2005, funds for was 1.9%. earnings increased only in enterprises engaged in specialised construction activities (by 43%). In enterprises engaged in construction of buildings and in those engaged in civil 29,000 persons engineering funds for earnings decreased by 19% and 35%, in constuction lost their jobs in the past five respectively. years. Did you know Labour productivity in construction was almost EUR 19,000 that in 2013 average monthly net per person in 2013, which is 8% more than in 2005 and a fifth earnings in construction were EUR 190 less than in 2008. The highest labour productivity in 2013 was lower than average monthly recorded in enterprises engaged in civil engineering, almost net earnings in Slovenia? twice as high as in enterprises engaged in construction of buildings and 72% higher than in enterprises engaged in specialised construction activities. Average monthly net earnings in construction in 2013 were EUR 805. It has to be taken into account that the educational Chart 23: Labour productivity in construction, Slovenia level of persons employed in construction was on average lower than the average educational level of all persons employed in Slovenia. Chart 24: Educational structure of persons in employment in construction, Slovenia, 2013 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE CONSTRUCTION 29 Individual divisions did not differ much in terms of the The financial and economic crisis had a strong negative impact educational structure of employees: in all three divisions on construction; between 2008 and 2013 value added of most employees had upper secondary education (65% in this activity dropped by more than 40% (in other activities division F41, 66% in division F42 and 73% in division F43). by up to 11%). The data for 2014 show that the situation is Most employees with tertiary education worked in enterprises gradually improving; in the third quarter of 2014 value added engaged in civil engineering (14%). Employees in construction in construction increased for the fourth consecutive quarter are mostly men; in 2013 their share was 90%. However, their (by 10%). The improvement was mostly the result of civil educational level was on average lower than that of women engineering, which is linked to intensive construction of public working in construction. utility infrastructure co-financed by EU funds. Construction and value added Chart 26: Value added growth rate, Slovenia Of the four observed business activities, construction generates the lowest share of total value added in Slovenia. Before the boom its share in GDP was 5.7%, in 2008 it reached the peak of 7.3%, then it started to decline and in 2013 it was at the lowest value since 1995, i.e. 4.6%. In the EU overall the share of construction in GDP was 5.8% in 2008 and 4.9% in 2013. Chart 25: Value added of construction in GDP Source: SURS Source: SURS, Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5.12. 2014) 30 CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Construction and globalisation In 2012, 17% of foreign enterprises Of all observed activities construction was the least involved in Slovenia were engaged in construction. in trade in goods with other countries. In 2013, construction enterprises exported EUR 59.7 million and imported EUR 142.0 million of goods. The value of exports was 14% lower than in 2012 and 20% lower than in 2008. The value of imports was There were 587 construction enterprise groups in Slovenia in 15% lower than in 2012 and 44% lower than in 2008. 2012, which is 8% of all enterprise groups. Most of the enterprise groups were all-resident enterprise groups (78% or 456). The number of construction enterprise groups was almost double Chart 27: The most important Slovenia’s partner countries the number in 2008 (309). In 2012, almost 12,000 enterprises in trade in goods in construction, 2013 were integrated into enterprise groups, of which a tenth were registered in construction. These enterprises generated almost 4% of total turnover of all enterprises in Slovenia and employed more than 15,200 persons. Table 7: Number of enterprise groups in construction, Slovenia 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL 309 346 456 557 587 all-resident 199 241 329 429 456 enterprise groups multinational 110 105 127 128 131 enterprise groups Source: SURS Source: SURS In recent years construction enterprises exported the most There were 826 foreign construction enterprises in Slovenia to Germany, Austria and Italy; exports to these countries in 2012. Most of the foreign active enterprises were from represented 42% of total exports in construction (EUR 8.6 countries outside the EU, mostly from the area of former million, EUR 6.0 million and EUR 10.4 million, respectively). Yugoslavia. Even though foreign construction enterprises Imports from these three countries were also the highest, were second in number among all foreign enterprises, they representing 65% of total imports in construction. Austria were less important in terms of business results; in 2012 they was first with EUR 32.1 million, followed by Italy with EUR generated only 2.2% of value added of all foreign enterprises. 30.8 million and Germany with EUR 28.7 million. In 2013, construction enterprises mostly exported prefabricated buildings, sanitary, plumbing, heating and lighting fixtures and fitting, and imported general industrial machinery and equipment. BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE CONSTRUCTION 31 Trends in the value of construction put in place Chart 28: Changes in the value of construction put in place, 2013 In 2013, Slovenian construction enterprises put in place around EUR 1,681 million of construction work, which is 60% less than in 2008, when construction activity in Slovenia was at its peak. Construction put in place on buildings was three quarters lower and on civil engineering more than half lower than in 2008. Compared to 2012, construction put in place was 3% lower. The shares of the value of construction put in place by type of structure have recently changed significantly. In 2005 construction of buildings accounted for 54% of total construction put in place. Later on the share of civil engineering was rising and in 2013 accounted for 64% of total construction put in place (construction of buildings accounted for the remaining 36%). 64% of the value of construction put in place in 2013 was generated by civil engineering. The economic crisis affected construction in the entire EU, but the impact was not as large as in Slovenia. Compared to 2008, the value of construction put in place in 2013 was 19% lower in the EU overall. In Slovenia it dropped by 60%. The largest decline in the value of construction put in place was recorded in Greece (79%), followed by Slovenia and Ireland. In 2008, these three countries were among the countries with the highest indices of construction put in place. Did you know that in 2013 the value of construction put in place Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5.12. 2014) in Slovenia was a third lower than the EU average? 32 CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE What are the prospects of construction activity in A similar situation is indicated by the value of stocks of Slovenia? contracts, i.e. values of all as yet unfulfilled contracts. In the second half of 2013 their value increased, but in 2014 it again Between January and October 2014 the value of construction started to slowly decline. put in place in Slovenia was a quarter higher than in the same period of 2013. The main reasons for the increase Another important indicator of construction prospects is the were vast clean-up operations after the ice storm and number of building permits issued. In 2013 it went up at the accelerated construction of civil engineering as a result of annual level for the first time after 2007. However, 2,302 increased investment in public infrastructure with the help of building permits issued in 2013 is still 41% fewer than in European funds. The value of construction put in place on civil 2007. The number of building permits for residential buildings engineering increased by 34% and the value of construction (1,931) declined the most, by 43% compared to 2007. In put in place on buildings by only 5%. In the EU the value of all these years most of the building permits for residential construction put in place grew much less, by only 4%. buildings were issued to natural persons; their share is rising (in 2007 it was 77% and in 2013 88%). The prospects for construction in Slovenia are uncertain, since in October 2014 the value of new contracts was more than a third lower than in October 2013. The value of new contracts Chart 30: Number of buildings for which building permits for construction of buildings was 13% lower and that for civil were issued, Slovenia engineering 48% lower. Chart 29: Value of new contracts, Slovenia Source: SURS Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE CONSTRUCTION 33 The latest data for 2014 indicate that the number of building 11 p.p. higher than in the same period of 2013. Despite permits will again be lower than in the previous year: between the mentioned rise, in all months of 2014 the construction January and November 2014 8% fewer building permits were confidence indicator was the lowest in all observed activities. issued than in the same period of 2013. In December 2014, the construction confidence indicator was 6 p.p. higher than the long-term average. In the third quarter of 2014 dwelling prices were on average 1% lower than in the second quarter of 2014. Both newly built and existing dwellings were cheaper. The prices of newly built Chart 31: Construction confidence indicator dwellings reached the lowest level measured. The number of transactions was also the lowest since 2007 when we started to statistically monitor them. 92% of all real estate transactions were transactions of existing dwellings. The number of transactions of all existing dwellings (flats and family houses) increased in the second and third quarters of 2014, which indicates that at least this part of the real estate market is experiencing a revival. Sources: SURS, Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5.12. 2014) Did you know that most flats in Slovenia were built The values of expectation indicators in construction are also between 1971 and 1980? gradually rising, but they are still lower than the long-term average. Enterprises have work assured for about the next 4 months; at the peak of construction activity they had work assured for more than 5 months. Useful information about expected activity in construction is The main factors limiting the improvement of the position provided by the construction confidence indicator. It shows of construction enterprises are insufficient demand and growing confidence in construction in Slovenia, since in the labour costs, as stated by 37% and 35% of the enterprises, 12 months of 2014 the average value of this indicator was respectively. Photo: DreamCode Studio In 2013, 3,076 enterprises registered in trade (G) were selling their products online. Photo: Kristina Alexanderson In Europe, bar (EAN) codes appeared in 1977. Photo: Dragiša Modrinjak The first self-service store in Slovenia 4 TRADE was opened in Ljutomer in 1958. Photo: Ed Sweeney Shopping carts appeared in 1936; they have been mass produced since 1947. 4 TRADE 36 TRADE BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Trade also covers only one SKD 2008 section, i.e. G, which is Table 8: Principal indicators of the situation in trade, divided into three divisions. Slovenia, 2013 Figure 6: Trade Indicator Unit Value G45 Enterprises1) number 25,703 Wholesale and retail Persons employed1) number 112,135 trade and repair of motor vehicles and Turnover1) in 1,000 EUR 28,472,900 motorcycles Value of sales1) in 1,000 EUR 6,932,598 Gross investment1) in 1,000 EUR 364,569 Value added1) in 1,000 EUR 3,215,466 G46 Trade G47 Wholesale trade, Enterprise births2) % 9.8 Retail trade, except except of motor of motor vechicles Enterprise deaths1)2) % 7.6 vehicles and and motorcycles Enterprise survivals (five years)2) % 51.6 motorcycles High- and medium-growth enter- number 210 Source: SURS prises measured in employment2) In 2013, 25,703 enterprises in Slovenia were registered in Enterprise groups2) number 1,504 trade, which is 20% of all active market enterprises in the Enterprises integrated into enter- number 2,628 country. Compared to 2005, the number of enterprises prise groups2) increased by 4,861, but the share of trade enterprises in the Persons employed in enterprises number 57,936 total number of active enterprises decreased by 3 p.p. integrated into enterprise groups2) Turnover of enterprises integrated in 1,000 EUR 20,397,260 into enterprise groups2) 36% of total turnover Inward foreign affiliates2) number 1,640 in 2013 was Persons employed in inward for- number 22,408 generated by trade enterprises. eign affiliates2) Turnover of inward foreign affili- in 1,000 EUR 9,290,337 ates2) Most of the active trade enterprises in 2012 were micro Labour productivity1) EUR 35,661 enterprises, i.e. 23,885 or 95% of all trade enterprises; they Average monthly net earnings EUR 904 employed 41,791 persons or 37% of all persons employed Labour costs per hour1) EUR 13,16 by trade enterprises. The remaining 63% of persons were Value added in GDP % 10.3 employed by small, medium-sized and large trade enterprises; Share of exports of goods % 16.9 almost a third of them (28%) were employed by large trade Share of imports of goods % 44.0 enterprises. Job vacancy rate % 0.6 In the 2005-2012 period the number of enterprises increased 1) Provisional data. mostly on account of the growth of micro enterprises 2) Data for 2012. employing 1 person; their number increased by 4,580. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE TRADE 37 In 2013, the number of trade enterprises was 23% higher Table 9: Value of selected situation indicators in trade, than in 2005; it increased the most in wholesale and retail 20131) trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (by 27%). Most of the enterprises were registered in wholesale trade, Gross except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, i.e. 13,661. Enterprises Persons margin on employed Turnover goods for resale2) number 1,000 EUR Chart 32: Trade enterprises by size by the number of per- sons employed, Slovenia TOTAL 25,703 112,135 28,472,900 4,379,604 G45 4,300 14,276 3,800,144 365,623 G46 13,661 44,168 12,680,307 1,920,692 G47 7,742 53,691 11,992,449 2,093,288 Source: SURS Chart 33: Trends in the value of selected situation indica- tors in trade, Slovenia, 20131) Source: SURS In 2013, all trade enterprises together generated 32% more turnover than in 2005; the increase was the largest in retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, by 42%. Compared to 2005, the gross margin on goods for resale in 2012 was 24% higher; here too the increase was the largest in retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, by 36%. Source: SURS 1) Provisional data. 2) Data for 2012. In 2012, 2,628 or 10% of trade enterprises were integrated into enterprise groups. These enterprises generated more than two thirds of total turnover. Among inward foreign affiliates the share of trade enterprises was 33%. 38 TRADE BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Persons employed Chart 34: Structure of exports and imports in trade, Slovenia In 2013, trade enterprises employed 112,135 persons. Between 2005 and 2013 the number grew by 5% or 5,701. The structure of persons employed in trade by gender did not change much over the past nine years. In the 2005-2013 period the share of women employed in trade was on average 4 p.p. higher than the share of men, i.e. 52% vs. 48%. Women employed in trade are on average better educated than men: 24% of women and 19% of men working in trade had tertiary education in 2013. Did you know Source: SURS that trade employs more women and that they are on average better educated than men but have on average As regards the value, Slovenia exported most to Croatia (16% lower earnings? or EUR 565 million), followed by Italy (15%), Austria (13%), Germany (10%) and Serbia (7%). Role of trade in international trade in goods Chart 35: Top five Slovenia’s trading partner countries by value of exports in trade, 2013 In Slovenia’s trade, imports play a much more important role than exports; in 2013, the share of imports was 44% and that of exports only 17%. In the 2008-2013 period the share of imports in trade declined by 4 p.p., but it was still the highest among all observed activities. On the other hand, in the same period the share of exports increased by 3 p.p. All trade enterprises in the country together exported EUR 3.6 billion of goods in 2013, which is 11% more than in 2012 and 31% more than in 2008. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE TRADE 39 In 2013, trade enterprises imported EUR 9.5 billion of goods, As regards value, petroleum products were the most important which is 5% less than in 2012 and 13% less than in 2008. exports and imports in 2013. Exports of petroleum products Most of the imports came from Germany and Italy (32%), represented almost a quarter of total exports, while imports followed by Austria (14%), Hungary (7%) and Croatia (4% or of petroleum products represented 20% of total imports or EUR 412 million). EUR 1,866 million. Chart 36: Top five Slovenia’s partner countries by value of imports in trade, 2013 Slovenia’s surplus in trade in 2013 was EUR 5.9 billion. As regards value, in 2013 other important goods in Slovenia’s international trade were road vehicles; exports amounted to EUR 395 million and imports to EUR 1,243 million. Source: SURS Chart 37: Goods with the highest export value by SITC4, Chart 38: Goods with the highest import value by SITC4, trade, 2013 trade, 2013 Source: SURS 4 SITC - Standard International Trade Classification. 40 TRADE BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE GDP and trade Retail trade In the past five years the share of trade in GDP was between Retail trade is purchase of goods for further sale to final users 10% (in 2012 and 2013) and 11% (in 2008). In all these years for personal and household use. In 2008-2013, nominal retail trade was thus the second most important economic activity trade turnover declined by 8% and real turnover by 16%. behind manufacturing. Chart 40: Turnover in retail trade, Slovenia Chart 39: GDP and contribution of trade to GDP growth, Slovenia Source: SURS 1) Contribution of trade in 2013: 0 p.p. Did you know that in 2013 nominal turnover in retail Source: SURS trade was 8% lower than in 2008 and that in this period prices grew by more Trade did not contribute to annual GDP growth in 2013. Its than 9%? contribution was the highest in 2008, 0.5 of a p.p., mostly on account of retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and the lowest in 2009 when it was –0.9 of a As regards commodity groups, compared to 2008, in 2013 p.p. nominal retail trade turnover went up in fuels (by 6%) and food, beverages and tobacco (by 1%) and went down in non- food products (by 17%) and motor vehicles (by 13%). 10% of value added was contributed by trade to GDP in 2013. BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE TRADE 41 Real retail trade turnover declined in all four commodity groups, the most in non-food products (by 25%) and fuels (by 18%). Did you know that in 2013 real turnover from the sale Nominal turnover was higher than the real one in all of wine was 28% lower than in 2008? commodity groups, except in motor vehicles, where it was the opposite, since retail prices of motor vehicles decreased. Chart 41: Retail trade turnover by commodity groups, Chart 42: Retail trade turnover in commodity group food, Slovenia beverages and tobacco, Slovenia Source: SURS Source: SURS As expected, in the five-year period under review the retail In the 2008-2013 period nominal turnover in commodity trade confidence indicator was also falling; compared to 2008 group food, beverages and tobacco increased in subgroups its average value in 2013 was 20 p.p. lower. The lowest value tobacco (by 6%) and food (by 1%) and decreased in the was recorded in 2009, when it was 34 p.p. lower than a year subgroup beverages (by 3%). Despite nominal increase in two before. In 2014, the average annual value of the mentioned subgroups, real turnover decreased in all three subgroups, indicator grew, but it was still 13 p.p. lower than in 2008. the most in tobacco (by 27%), followed by beverages (by 20%) and food (by 12%). 42 TRADE BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE In recent years the highest share of retail trade turnover Retail trade in Slovenia and abroad (over 40%) was generated in the sale of non-food products, followed by the sale of food, beverages and tobacco. In the EU real turnover of enterprises registered in retail trade declined on average by around 4% between 2008 and 2013. Chart 43: Structure of retail trade turnover by commodity groups, Slovenia Chart 45: Trends in retail trade turnover1), 2013 Source: SURS From 2008 on the structure of retail trade turnover by type of buyer did not change much. The share of turnover generated by the sale to final consumers slightly decreased (by 4 p.p. in the 2008-2013 period), but still represented around 80% of total retail trade turnover. Chart 44: Structure of retail trade turnover by type of buyer, Slovenia, 2013 1) Seasonally and working day adjusted. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5.12. 2014) Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE TRADE 43 As in most countries, between 2008 and 2013 turnover in Slovenia declined, i.e. by 14%, which is 10 p.p. more than the Did you know EU overall. The greatest drop in the EU happened in Greece that wholesale generates 2% of its (by 40%), followed by Spain (by 24%) and Cyprus (by 22%). turnover with the sale to final However, in some countries real turnover increased, the most consumers on the domestic market? in Luxembourg (by 72%). In 2013, the highest share of wholesale turnover was generated Wholesale by the sale of non-food products (55%), and the lowest by the sale of motor vehicles (13%). The structure of turnover by Wholesale is purchase of goods for further sale to merchants, commodity groups has not changed much since 2008. entrepreneurs, legal persons and others that purchase goods for performing their professional or profit-making activity. Table 10: Structure of wholesale turnover on the domestic From 2008 on wholesale turnover (in nominal terms) was market by commodity groups, Slovenia declining; in the 2008-2013 period it declined by more than 26%. The greatest fall (at the annual level) over the previous 2008 2013 year was recorded in 2009, by almost 26%. % Chart 46: Nominal wholesale turnover, Slovenia TOTAL1) 100,0 100,0 Food, beverages and tobacco 15,6 17,6 Non-food products 58,1 55,4 Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels 13,8 14,2 Motor vehicles 12,6 12,7 1) Because of rounding, the totals do not always add up. Source: SURS Commission trade Commission trade is the activity of commercial agents and wholesale traders trading on their own behalf and on third party account or activity of those who act as agents between Source: SURS sellers and buyers and take over trade business on behalf of the owner of goods. The agents’ sales income is the commission. Commission trade represents a low share of trade activity, but in 2013 turnover from commission trade was 49% higher than in 2008. More than two thirds of turnover were generated by agents on the domestic market. The Internet started to be used in Slovenia Photo: in 1991, when the link was Steve101 established between the Jožef Stefan Institute and the Dutch The first train came National Institute for to Slovenia in 1846 Subatomic Physics. when the track between Gradec and Celje was opened. Photo: Vojko Artač, Sokol ARSO More than two billion SMSs were sent in Slovenia in 2013. Photo: Ema Mišić In 2013, 417,000 domestic tourists 5 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICE went on travels with at least one overnight stay, organised by Photo: travel agencies. Brad Garner 5 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES 46 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Services cover various non-financial and financial services Table 11: Principal indicators of the situation in other non- classified into the following SKD 2008 sections (trade – section financial services, Slovenia, 2013 G – is also a service, but it is presented separately): Indicator Unit Value • Transportation and storage (H) • Accommodation and food service activities (I) Enterprises1) number 62,809 • Information and communication (J) Persons employed1) number 189,953 Turnover1) in 1,000 EUR 15,088,612 • Financial and insurance activities (K) Value of sales1) in 1,000 EUR 13,365,515 • Real estate activities (L) Gross investment1) in 1,000 EUR 926,863 • Professional, scientific and technical activities (M) Value added1) in 1,000 EUR 5,475,347 • Administrative and support service activities (N) Enterprise births2) % 11.0 • Repair of computers and personal and household goods Enterprise deaths1)2) % 8.1 (S95). Enterprise survivals (five years)2) % 56.0 High- and medium-growth en- number 457 terprises measured in employ- Other non-financial services are all activities mentioned above, ment2) except financial and insurance activities (K). In 2013, there Enterprise groups2)3) number 2,296 were 2,215 enterprises in financial and insurance activities, Enterprises integrated into number 5,058 which is 1% of all enterprises in the country. They employed enterprise groups2)3) 23,143 persons. Further on indicators for other non-financial Persons employed in enter- number 75,366 services are presented. prises integrated into enterprise groups 2)3) In other non-financial services 62,809 active market Turnover of enterprises inte- in 1,000 EUR 7,863,066 enterprises were recorded in 2013. They employed 189,953 grated into enterprise groups2)3) persons, and generated EUR 15,089 million of turnover and EUR 927 million of gross investment in tangible fixed assets. Inward foreign affiliates2) number 1,804 Persons employed in inward number 18,810 foreign affiliates2) Turnover of inward foreign af- in 1,000 EUR 2,461,172 33% of persons worked in other non- filiates2) financial services. Labour productivity1) EUR 28,825 Average monthly net earnings EUR 925 Labour costs per hour1)3) EUR 13,6 As regards the size of enterprises by the number of persons Value added in GDP % 25.2 employed, in 2013 most of them were micro enterprises Share of exports of goods % 3.0 (96%). They generated 38% of total turnover and employed Share of imports of goods % 2.8 almost half of persons employed. Job vacancy rate3) % 0.9 Other non-financial services (mostly enterprises engaged in 1) Provisional data. 2) Data for 2012. real estate activities) contributed 25% of value added to GDP 3) The entire section S is covered. in 2013. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES 47 In 2012, 5,058 enterprises were integrated into enterprise Table 12: Selected indicators of the situation in other non- groups, i.e. around 8% of enterprises in other non-financial financial services, Slovenia, 20131) services (including other activities in SKD 2008 section S). These enterprises generated about a half of turnover in these Enter- Persons Value of Gross activities. prises employed production Turnover Value added investment number 1,000 EUR Other non-financial services represented almost the same share of enterprises in non-financial business activities in TOTAL 62,809 189,953 13,365,515 15,088,612 5,475,347 926,863 Slovenia in 2012 as in the EU overall. However, in the EU these H 8,432 43,418 4,450,495 4,725,903 1,646,944 420,817 enterprises generated on average a higher share of turnover I 10,217 33,672 1,386,154 1,531,545 555,378 85,300 and value added than in Slovenia (40% vs 32%). They also J 7,219 23,955 2,607,675 2,971,627 1,124,357 163,045 employed a higher share of persons employed. L 2,427 4,855 471,654 550,437 249,586 45,869 Most of the enterprises in the observed activities were M 27,452 55,066 3,289,038 4,029,559 1,428,112 172,369 engaged in professional, scientific and technical activities N 5,964 27,339 1,101,423 1,195,443 450,352 38,353 (over 27,000 or 44% of enterprises in other non-financial S95 1,098 1,648 59,076 84,098 20,618 1,110 services). These enterprises employed the highest share of persons (29%), but they did not generate the highest values 1) Provisional data. as regards other indicators. The highest values of production, Source: SURS turnover, value added and gross investment were generated by enterprises registered in transportation and storage (45% In the 2005-2013 period the number of enterprises grew of gross investment in other non-financial services). the most in information and communication (by 129%). Enterprises in this activity employed 24% more persons, and generated 25% more turnover and 18% more value added. Did you know that over the past eight years other non-financial services have become increasingly important? 18% of turnover in other non-financial services was generated in land transport and transport via pipelines. In eight years other non-financial services gained importance among non-financial business activities, the most as regards employment and generating value added. In 2005, these Enterprises registered in transportation and storage activities employed 27% of persons employed and in 2013 generated in 2005 about a half more turnover than in 2013 a third, i.e. almost 190,000 persons. The increase regarding although they employed fewer persons. In 2013, the number value added was almost the same. of enterprises in this activity was 4% higher than in 2005. In 2013, the number of enterprises performing other non- In the 2005-2013 period gross investment decreased in all financial services was two thirds higher than in 2005. In the observed activities, the least in transportation and storage (by same comparison these enterprises employed 20% more 9% less, amounting to EUR 420 million). persons and generated 41% more turnover and 42% more value added. However, they invested 35% less (gross). 48 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Chart 47: Trends in the value of selected situation indica- Labour productivity tors in other non-financial services, Slovenia, 20131) In 2013, labour productivity in other non-financial services was 5% lower than the average value added in all non- financial business activities. The highest value among other non-financial services was recorded in real estate activities, i.e. EUR 51,408 per person or 70% more than average labour productivity in all non- financial business activities. In other non-financial services higher labour productivity than the national average was recorded in information and communication and in transportation and storage. In 2013, labour productivity in other non-financial services was 18% higher than in 2005. Enterprises engaged in transportation and storage contributed the most to this increase, since their labour productivity jumped by 59%. H Transportation and storage I Accommodation and food service activities J Information and communication Chart 48: Labour productivity in other non-financial ser- L Real estate activities vices, Slovenia M Professional, scientific and technical activities N Administrative and support service activities S95 Repair of computers and personal and household goods 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS Value added per person employed in other non-financial services in 2013 amounted to EUR 28,825. 1) Provisional data. Source: SURS BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES 49 Business dynamics Did you know that average net earnings of persons In 2012, there were 6,626 enterprise births in other non-financial employed in other non-financial services services, which is 11% of all enterprises in these activities. More are very different? enterprises were born than died. Most enterprise births and deaths were registered in professional, scientific and technical activities (44% births, 39% deaths). Five years survived 56% of Most persons with upper secondary education worked in enterprises born in 2007. repair of computers and personal and household goods (82%); most persons with tertiary education worked in professional, Chart 49: Structure of enterprise births, Slovenia scientific and technical activities. In 2013, other non-financial services employed more men (60%) than women. A lot more men were employed in transportation and storage (81%), while more women than men were employed in accommodation and food service activities (59%). Business services and their role In 2012, most of the turnover in observed business services was generated with customers that had headquarters or residence in Slovenia. The highest share was that of accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy (97%). Exports, i.e. business with customers whose headquarters are outside Slovenia, generated most turnover in management consultancy activities (42%), of which around three quarters by exports to EU Member States. Computer services generated Source: SURS 20% of turnover in 2012 with exports, of which 55% with exports to EU Member States, advertising 10% and legal activities 8%. Earnings Compared to 2008, in 2012 turnover generated by exports Average monthly net earnings of persons employed in other of services increased the most in management consultancy non-financial services differed significantly in 2013. The activities. Fewer services were exported by legal activities. highest earnings were paid in information and communication (EUR 1,299), while persons employed in administrative and support service activities earned only half of that sum. The amount reflects the different educational structure in individual activities: in information and communication 52% of employees had tertiary education and in administrative and support service activities only 15%. 50 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Chart 50: Structure of turnover in selected business services by headquarters of customers, 2012 Did you know that in 2012 management consultancy activities generated more than half of turnover with non-specialised services? In computer programming, consultancy and related activities 90% of turnover was generated by specialised services; 63% of this turnover was generated by three services: computer programming services, computer consultancy services, and other information technology and computer services. Chart 51: Structure of turnover in selected business ser- vices, Slovenia, 2012 J58.2 Software publishing J62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities J63.1 Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals M69.1 Legal activities M69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy M70.2 Management consultancy activities M73.1 Advertising Source: SURS In 2012, enterprises engaged in legal activities generated almost all their turnover (99%) with sale of specialised services (i.e. turnover generated with the sale of services characteristic for the observed activity). These enterprises generated three quarters of turnover with three services: legal advisory and representation services in judicial procedures concerning business and commercial law, other legal services and notarial services. The lowest share of turnover from the sale of specialised Source: SURS services was generated by enterprises engaged in business and management consultancy activities (47%). These enterprises generated 86% of turnover with two services: business and other management consultancy activities and other business consulting services. BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES 51 International participation in exports and imports of Trends in turnover from the sale of services5 goods In the 2005-2013 period, turnover from sale of services Enterprises in other non-financial services contributed little to increased by 17%. In 2009, it dropped by 14% over the total exports and imports of goods: in 2013, 3% of exports previous year; in the next two years it went up and in 2012 and 2.8% of imports. Thus they generated surplus in trade and 2013 down again. In 2013 it was 8% lower than in 2008. in goods. The highest values of exports (59%) and imports (40%) of goods in these activities were generated by enterprises Did you know engaged in professional, scientific and technical activities. that in 2013 only in transportation and These enterprises generated 71% of their exports in 2013 by storage the turnover from the sale of exporting five types of goods: power-generating machinery services was higher than before the and equipment, general industrial machinery and equipment, economic crisis (2008)? machinery specialized for particular industries, electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, and professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus. In the 2005-2013 period turnover from the sale of services was Chart 52: Goods with the highest values of exports by SITC, varying the most in transportation and storage; it declined professional, scientific and technical activities, Slovenia the most in 2009 (by 20% over the previous year), but in 2011 it was again at the 2008 level. Turnover from the sale of services in information and communication decreased the least in 2009 compared to 2008 (by 3%), but it continued to fall in 2011 and 2012, so that in 2013 it was 5% lower than in 2008. In 2013, only turnover from the sale of services in professional, scientific and technical activities was lower than in 2005 (by 7%). According to provisional data, between January and October 2014 turnover from the sale of services was on average 3% higher than in the same period a year earlier. It was lower only in professional, scientific and technical activities (by 0.2%). It increased the most in transportation and storage (by 6%). 5 Covered are SKD 2008 sections H, I, J, M (except 70.1, 72 and 75) and N Source: SURS (except 77 and 81.1). 52 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Chart 53: Average annual growth rates of nominal Chart 54: Trends in the value of nominal turnover in some turnover1) in some non-financial services, Slovenia2) non-financial services1), 2013 1) Working-day adjusted. 2) Provisional data for 2014. Source: SURS At the EU level turnover from the sale of services was 7% higher in 2013 than in 2010. In this period the growth rate in Slovenia was lower than the EU overall (only 0.3%). More than 30% growth rates were recorded in Slovakia, Lithuania and Latvia, while in six Member States turnover from the sale of services was lower in 2013 than in 2010 (in Greece by as much as 24%). 1) No data for Denmark. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 5.12. 2014) BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES 53 Chart 55: Average annual growth rates of nominal turn- What are the prospects? over and services producer prices, Slovenia The services confidence indicator7 shows that confidence is rising, since the average value of this indicator in 2014 was 17 p.p. higher than in 2013. In December 2014 it was 2 p.p. higher than the long-term average (since 2005). In December 2014, expectations for the next three months improved over the previous month as regards selling prices, while as regards expected demand and employment they remained the same. The values of all three expectation indicators were on average higher in 2014 than in 2013. The main factors limiting the enterprises in service activities were insufficient demand and financial constraints. Chart 56: Expectation indicators in service activities, Slovenia Source: SURS In the 2007-2012 period services producer prices6 at the annual level were increasing (except in 2010), but since 2009 the growth has calmed down. In 2013, they were on average 0.2% lower than in the previous year. In the third quarter of 2014 they were on average 0.7% higher than in the third quarter of 2013. Did you know that in 2013 services producer prices were 0.9% higher than in 2010? Source: SURS 7 Covered are SKD 2008 sections H to N and divisions R92, R93, S95 and S96. 6 Covered are selected activities in SKD 2008 sections H, J, M and N. 6 AVERAGE ENTERPRISE IN SLOVENIA 2013 6 AVERAGE ENTERPRISE IN SLOVENIA Performs Registered as a sole proprietor. Is a micro enterprise: mostly employs up to 9 persons. market activities. Most of the Turnover higher Average The greatest problem Survived employees are 35 to 39 than in 2005. earnings is insufficient demand. the first years old. EUR 902. five years. Oper- Average ates Most of Not part labour Deals with in the Funds for Trades Most of the em- of an costs per Not under other Osrednje- invest- mostly the em- ployees enterprise employee foreign non- slovenska ment are with ployees have upper group. per hour control. financial statistical worked are declining. Germany. are men. secondary services. region. EUR 14. education. Source: SURS 56 BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT, ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF CODES OF SKD 2008 CATEGORIES A AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING % percent B MINING AND QUARRYING EUR euro C MANUFACTURING D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING mio million SUPPLY max. maximum E WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE; WASTE MANAGEMENT min. minimum AND REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES F CONSTRUCTION p.p. percentage point F41 Construction of buildings GDP gross domestic product F42 Civil engineering Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union F43 Specialised construction activities G WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF PRS Business Register of Slovenia MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES SKD 2008 Standard Classification of Activities 2008 G45 Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor SKIS Standard Classification of Institutional Sectors vehicles and motorcycles SITC Standard International Trade Classification G46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles SPRS Statistical Business Register G47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles SURS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE I ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION J58.2 Software publishing J62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS J63.1 Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals EU European Union IE Ireland K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES EU-28 28 EU Member States IT Italy M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AT Austria LT Lithuania ACTIVITIES BE Belgium LU Luxembourg M69.1 Legal activities M69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; BG Bulgaria LV Latvia tax consultancy CZ Czech Republic MT Malta M70.2 Management consultancy activities CY Cyprus NL Netherlands M73.1 Advertising N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES DE Germany PO Poland O PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE; DK Denmark PT Portugal COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY EE Estonia RO Romania P EDUCATION Q HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES EL Greece SE Sweden R ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION ES Spain SI Slovenia R92 Gambling and betting activities FI Finland SK Slovakia R93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation FR France UK United Kingdom activities S OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES HR Croatia S95 Repair of computers and personal and household goods HU Hungary RS Serbia S96 Other personal service activities BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE 57 DEFINITIONS Affiliates are enterprises that are in any of the following relationships: (a) One enterprise holds a majority of the shareholders’ or members’ voting rights in another. (b) One enterprise is entitled to appoint or remove a majority of the administrative, management or supervisory body of another. (c) A contract between the enterprises, or a provision in the memorandum or articles of association of one of the enterprises, enables one to exercise a dominant influence over the other. (d) One enterprise is able, by agreement, to exercise sole control over a majority of shareholders’ or members’ voting rights in another. All-resident enterprise group is a group of legal units which are composed only of resident units. It must include at least two units. The coverage does not include all-resident enterprise groups with two units where the group head is a natural person that controls only one legal unit. Average monthly (net) earnings are average (net) amounts received for a month of work by persons in paid employment working for legal persons or natural persons. Net earnings are gross earnings less social security contributions and advance on income tax. Buildings are constructions with one or more rooms into which persons can enter and are intended for residence or for performing activities. We distinguish residential and non-residential buildings. Residential buildings are buildings in which at least half of the useful floor space is used for residential purposes. Non-residential buildings are buildings in which more than half of the useful floor space is used for performing activities. Business entities are legal and natural persons that on the basis of entry into a corresponding primary register or record or on the basis of laws in a legally defined organisational form perform registered activities or activities defined by a foundation regulation or document and are registered in the Business Register of Slovenia. Civil engineering includes all construction work not classified under building construction, i.e. construction of railways, roads, bridges, airport runways, dams, etc. Earnings are defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable to all persons counted on the payroll (including home workers), in return for work done during the accounting period, regardless of whether it is paid on the basis of working time, output or piecework and whether it is paid regularly or not. Employees are persons who work for an employer (for legal persons or for individual private entrepreneurs and other registered natural persons), receive payment in the form of salaries and are socially insured on the basis of the employment contract. The number of employees includes also trainees, persons performing public works and partners in private companies and institutions in the Republic of Slovenia who are managers (if they do not have compulsory insurance on some other basis). From 2013 onwards detached workers are also included in the number of employees (persons employed in Slovenia and sent to work or training abroad). Enterprise is registered as a legal or natural person (legal unit) that had either turnover or employment during the reference year. According to the Standard Classification of Institutional Sectors and Non-profit Institutions Serving Households, in determining enterprises membership fees, subsidies and other operating income are also taken into account. The data on active enterprises include all units that were active at least part of the observed period. Enterprise birth is the creation of an enterprise as a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Events such as mergers, break-ups, split-off, change in the legal form or reactivations are excluded from enterprise births. Enterprise birth rate is the number of enterprise births in the total number of all enterprises (in %). Enterprise death rate is the number of enterprise deaths in the total number of enterprises (in %). 58 BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE Enterprise group is an association of legal units which consists of the group head and subsidiary units. Enterprise groups are identified through the links of control between their units. Enterprise survival rate five years is the share of enterprise survivals in the reference period (t) five years after birth among enterprise births in t-5 (in %). Gross domestic product equals value added at basic prices by activities plus taxes on products and services less subsidies on products and services. Gross domestic product thus equals the sum of value added at basic prices of all domestic (resident) production units and net taxes on products and services (taxes less subsidies on products and services). Gross investment in tangible fixed assets is all investment during the reference period in all tangible fixed assets. Included are new and existing tangible fixed assets, whether bought from third parties or produced for own use, having a useful life of more than one year, including non-produced tangible fixed assets such as land. Gross margin on goods for resale corresponds to the return on the activity of purchase and resale without further processing. It is calculated from turnover, purchases and changes in stocks of goods and services purchased for resale in the same condition as received. High-growth enterprise is an enterprise with average annual growth greater than 20% over a three-year period and with at least 5 persons employed in the first year of monitoring of three-year growth. Growth can be measured by the number of employees or by turnover. Inward foreign affiliate is an enterprise resident in Slovenia (the compiling country of the statistics) over which an institutional unit not resident in Slovenia (the compiling country of the statistics) has control. Job vacancy rate is job vacancies as a percentage of all posts (vacancies and occupied posts). Labour productivity is the ratio of output to the quantity of labour used in production. It is one of the main synthetic indicators of economic development. Usually, it is measured in gross value added per employee, which is the ratio of value (in factor costs) to the average number of persons employed. It thus reflects physical productivity (average quantity of products/services per person employed in a certain period) as well as value productivity, which reflects the ratio of prices at which products/services were sold to prices of inputs necessary for producing these products/services. Large enterprises are enterprises employing 250 persons or more. Legal unit is a registered legal or natural person. Legal persons are companies, institutions, associations and other organisations that obtain the status of legal persons by registration in an adequate constitutive register or record or by law. Medium-growth enterprise is an enterprise with average annual growth between 10% and 20% over a three-year period and with at least 5 persons employed in the first year of monitoring of three-year growth. Growth can be measured by the number of employees or by turnover. Medium-sized enterprises are enterprises employing 50 to 249 persons. Micro enterprises are enterprises employing up to 9 persons. Multinational enterprise group is a group of legal units which has at least two legal units located in different countries. The coverage does not include multinational enterprise groups with two units where the group head is a natural person that controls only one legal unit. Natural persons are individual private entrepreneurs (sole proprietors) and other natural persons that permanently and independently perform various, exclusively profit activities on the free market. BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE 59 Nominal turnover is turnover expressed at current prices, i.e. prices referring to a certain observation period (e.g. calendar year). Number of market enterprises is the number of registered legal or natural persons that had turnover or personnel cost and were therefore active during at least a part of the reference period. Covered are enterprises that according to SKIS belong to non-financial corporations (code 11), financial corporations (code 12) and households (code 14). Output price indices measure the dynamics of producer prices of industrial products produced on the territory of Slovenia, and sold on the domestic (Slovene) market and/or on foreign markets. Persons employed is defined as the total number of persons who work in the observed unit (paid or unpaid), as well as persons who work outside the unit they belong to and are paid by (e.g. sales representatives). Included are part-time workers, seasonal workers and home workers on the pay-roll of the observed unit. From 2013 on detached workers are also included in the number of persons employed by an enterprise with headquarters in Slovenia (persons sent to work or training abroad). Persons in employment are persons in paid employed in enterprises, companies, institutions and other organisations or in subsidies of foreign enterprises, elected or appointed holders of public functions, mothers with children working under special regulations, owners of enterprises who run them personally and are not insured elsewhere, and since 1 January 1999 persons performing public works. Persons in paid employment are also those employed at self-employed persons, at own account workers performing their activity as the only or principal occupation, and at natural persons using supplementary work of other persons; self-employed persons performing economic or gainful activity (individual private entrepreneurs) and own account workers performing their activity as the only or principal occupation (e.g. independent researchers). Production value measures the value of goods and services actually produced by the unit, based on sales, including changes in stocks and the resale of goods and services. Real turnover is nominal turnover reduced by price growth (inflation rate) in a certain observation period (e.g. calendar year). Services producer price indices measure the dynamics of service prices in selected activities which enterprises as producers of services provide to other enterprises as buyers of services. Small enterprises are enterprises employing 10 to 49 persons. Standard Classification of Activities is the Slovenian standard for recording, collecting, analysing and disseminating data important for presenting the characteristics of the economy and for monitoring development trends and structural changes. It is used for classifying business entities and their units by activity in various statistical and administrative data collections. Tangible fixed assets are assets the enterprise has to produce or supply products or perform services (or lease them to others or use for administrative purposes) and that are expected to be used for more than one accounting period. Tangible fixed assets include land, buildings and structures, equipment, vineyards, orchards and other plantations or trees yielding repeat products, etc. Turnover is the total amount that the enterprise settled with sale of goods, material and performed services in the reference year. It is measured on the basis of selling prices stated on invoices and other documents less discounts at sale or later on and the value of returned quantities. It includes all costs and charges linked to the buyer and excludes all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit and value added tax, possible sale of fixed assets, financial income, subsidies and other extra income. Value added at basic prices equals output at basic prices, reduced by intermediate consumption at purchaser’s prices. Value added at basic prices also equals the sum of compensation of employees, other taxes on production, less other subsidies on production, and the sum of gross operating surplus and gross mixed income. Value added at factor cost is calculated as gross income from operating activities after adjusting for operating subsidies and indirect taxes. Value-added at factor cost is calculated ‘gross’ because value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted. 60 BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE SOURCES AND LITERATURE Aljažev stolp - “pleh” z dušo. Retrieved on 20. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/razstave/aljazev-stolp- pleh-z-duso/341793. Center za upravljanje z dediščino živega srebra Idrija. Antonijev rov. Retrieved on 10. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www. antonijevrov.si/index.php/sl/ali-ste-vedeli Črtna koda in njena pot skozi čas. (2009). Retrieved on 10. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.mojmikro.si/mreza/uporabno/ crtna_koda_in_njena_pot_skozi_cas. Industry, trade and services. Database. Luksemburg: Eurostat. Retrieved on 5. 12. 2014 from the website: http://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/data/database Internet v Sloveniji. Slovensko združenje Internet ISOC-SI. Retrieved on 7. 1. 2014 from the website: http://www.isoc-drustvo. si/?page_id=158 Javni vodovod, Slovenija, 2013 - končni podatki. (23. 10. 2014). Prva objava. Ljubljana: Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Retrieved on 11. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=6587 Kako so iznašli nakupovalni voziček? (2009). Retrieved on 20. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.rtvslo.si/zabava/zanimivosti/ kako-so-iznasli-nakupovalni-vozicek/198092 National accounts: Annual National Accounts. Database. Luksemburg: Eurostat. Retrieved on 27. 11. 2014 from the website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Nebotičnik, Ljubljana. Retrieved on 15. 12. 2014 from the website: http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neboti%C4%8Dnik,_Ljubljana Občina Ljutomer. Retrieved on 22. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.obcinaljutomer.si/stran/zgodovina/57 Poročilo o stanju na področju energetike v Sloveniji v letu 2013. (junij 2014). Ljubljana: Agencija za energijo. Retrieved on 13. 12. 2014 from the website: http://katalogi.studio8.si/jarselp2013/files/assets/basic-html/page68.html Poslovni subjekti v Poslovnem registru Slovenije po skupinah, po četrtletjih, 4. četrtletje 2013. Poročila. Ljubljana: Agencija Republike Slovenije za javnopravne evidence in storitve. Retrieved on 24. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.ajpes.si/doc/ Registri/PRS/Porocila/posl_subj_skup_31122013.pdf Število novo registriranih poslovnih subjektov in število izbrisanih poslovnih subjektov po skupinah, v mesecih leta 2013. Poročila. Ljubljana: Agencija Republike Slovenije za javnopravne evidence in storitve. Retrieved on 24. 12. 2014 from the website: http://www.ajpes.si/doc/Registri/PRS/Porocila/Arhiv/Stevilo_registriranih_in_izbrisanih_subjektov_2013.pdf Zgodovina Slovenskih železnic. Slovenske železnice. Retrieved on 7. 1. 2014 from the website: http://www.slo-zeleznice.si/ podjetje/onas/zgodovina SOURCES OF PHOTOGRAPHES Sokol ARSO http://nfp-si.eionet.europa.eu/sokol/index.php Flicker https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Flaticon http://www.flaticon.com/ Wikipedia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Nova_samopostre%C5%BEna_trgovino_podjetja_Koloniale_v_ paviljonu_na_Vrbanski_cesti_1964.jpg ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE, CONSTRUCTION COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES MANUFACTURING HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TEHNICAL ACTIVITIES WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES EDUCATION Document Outline BUSINESS STATISTICS KALEIDOSCOPE FOREWORD CONTENTS 1 BUSINESS STATISTICS - what are they and what do they comprise? 2 INDUSTRY 3 CONSTRUCTION 4 TRADE 5 OTHER NON-FINANCIAL SERVICE 6 AVERAGE ENTERPRISE IN SLOVENIA UNITS OF MEASUREMENT, ABBREVIATIONS COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF CODES OF SKD 2008 CATEGORIES DEFINITIONS SOURCES AND LITERATURE SOURCES OF PHOTOGRAPHS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Business statistics according to SKD 2008 Figure 2: Coverage of business entities, Slovenia Figure 3: Industry Figure 4: Value of sale of industrial products and services,Slovenia Figure 5: Construction Figure 6: Trade LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1: Structure of enterprises by operation, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 2: Structure of enterprises by size (by number of personsemployed) and selected indicators, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 3: Structure of turnover by activity, Slovenia Chart 4: Enterprises and persons employed1) by statisticalregions, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 5: Changes in the number of enterprises by size bythe number of persons employed, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 6: Value added of selected activities in GDP, basicprices, 2013 Chart 7: Labour productivity, Slovenia Chart 8: Educational structure of persons employed,Slovenia, 2013 Chart 9: Enterprise births, Slovenia Chart 10: Structure of high-growth and medium-growthenterprises measured in employment, Slovenia Chart 11: Average enterprise size by the number of personsemployed and control, Slovenia, 2012 Chart 12: Trends in the value of selected situation indicatorsin industry, Slovenia, 20131 Chart 13: Structure of persons in employment in industryby gender, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 14: Educational structure of persons in employmentin industry, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 15: Labour productivity in industry, Slovenia Chart 16: Trends in the value of selected indices, originaldata, Slovenia Chart 17: Value of sale of industrial products and services,Slovenia, 2013 Chart 18: Slovenia’s most important partner countries intrade in goods in manufacturing Chart 19: Changes in the value of turnover from the sale ofindustrial products and services, 2013 Chart 20: Industrial production and the manufacturingconfidence indicator, Slovenia Chart 21: Industrial production, Slovenia Chart 22: Trends in the value of selected situation indicatorsin construction, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 23: Labour productivity in construction, Slovenia Chart 24: Educational structure of persons in employmentin construction, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 25: Value added of construction in GDP Chart 26: Value added growth rate, Slovenia Chart 27: The most important Slovenia’s partner countriesin trade in goods in construction, 2013 Chart 28: Changes in the value of construction put inplace, 2013 Chart 29: Value of new contracts, Slovenia Chart 30: Number of buildings for which building permitswere issued, Slovenia Chart 31: Construction confidence indicator Chart 32: Trade enterprises by size by the number of personsemployed, Slovenia Chart 33: Trends in the value of selected situation indicatorsin trade, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 34: Structure of exports and imports in trade, Slovenia Chart 35: Top five Slovenia’s trading partner countries byvalue of exports in trade, 2013 Chart 36: Top five Slovenia’s partner countries by value ofimports in trade, 2013 Chart 37: Goods with the highest export value by SITC4,trade, 2013 Chart 38: Goods with the highest import value by SITC4,trade, 2013 Chart 39: GDP and contribution of trade to GDP growth,Slovenia Chart 40: Turnover in retail trade, Slovenia Chart 41: Retail trade turnover by commodity groups,Slovenia Chart 42: Retail trade turnover in commodity group food,beverages and tobacco, Slovenia Chart 43: Structure of retail trade turnover by commoditygroups, Slovenia Chart 44: Structure of retail trade turnover by type ofbuyer, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 45: Trends in retail trade turnover1), 2013 Chart 46: Nominal wholesale turnover, Slovenia Chart 47: Trends in the value of selected situation indicatorsin other non-financial services, Slovenia, 2013 Chart 48: Labour productivity in other non-financial services,Slovenia Chart 49: Structure of enterprise births, Slovenia Chart 50: Structure of turnover in selected businessservices by headquarters of customers, 2012 Chart 51: Structure of turnover in selected business services,Slovenia, 2012 Chart 52: Goods with the highest values of exports by SITC,professional, scientific and technical activities, Slovenia Chart 53: Average annual growth rates of nominalturnover in some non-financial services, Slovenia Chart 54: Trends in the value of nominal turnover in somenon-financial services, 2013 Chart 55: Average annual growth rates of nominal turnoverand services producer prices, Slovenia Chart 56: Expectation indicators in service activities,Slovenia LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Structural business statistics, selected indicators,Slovenia, 2013 Table 2: Principal indicators of the situation in industry,Slovenia, 2013 Table 3: Value of selected situation indicators in industry,Slovenia, 2013 Table 4: Average monthly net earnings and inter-annualdifference among them, Slovenia Table 5: Principal indicators of the situation in construction,Slovenia, 2013 Table 6: Value of selected situation indicators in construction,Slovenia, 20131) Table 7: Number of enterprise groups in construction,Slovenia Table 8: Principal indicators of the situation in trade,Slovenia, 2013 Table 9: Value of selected situation indicators in trade,2013 Table 10: Structure of wholesale turnover on the domesticmarket by commodity groups, Slovenia Table 11: Principal indicators of the situation in other nonfinancialservices, Slovenia, 2013 Table 12: Selected indicators of the situation in other nonfinancialservices, Slovenia, 2013