Jubilej Metalurškega inštituta na pragu novega razvojnega obdobja
Metallurgical Institute's Jubilee on Treshold of New Development
Čas, ki ga preživljamo ob pomembnem štiridesetletnem jubileju, zahteva od nas jasno, racionalno in odločno usmeritev nadaljnega dela in razvoja, ne dopušča pa oddiha, v katerega bi nas zaneslo preveliko zadovoljstvo nad uspehi in morda pretiran ponos ob pogledu v preteklost.
Doseženi uspehi, zbrane izkušnje in nakopičeno znanje iz preteklega obdobja so dragocena osnova in velika obveznost za prihodnost, nikakor pa še ne predstavljajo zagotovila za nadaljno uspešnost. Le neprestano iskanje novega, boljšega in drugačnega z učinkovitim razvojem in uveljavljanjem novega znanja omogoča napredek in uspešnost.
V	preteklem obdobju je to Metalurškemu inštitutu dobro uspevalo, tako da so se na njegovi razvojni poti izoblikovala zelo značilna obdobja, ki so prava slika razvoja te panoge doma in v svetu.
USTANOVITEV IN RAZVOJ METALURŠKEGA INŠTITUTA V LJUBLJANI (MIL)
Štiridesetletnica dela MIL se navezuje na petdesetletni jubilej Odseka za metalurgijo na Univerzi v Ljubljani, ki smo ga proslavili marca 1989 v Cankarjevem domu in na slavnostnem posvetovanju pregledali razvojno pot slovenske metalurgije.
Če upoštevamo, da so v povojnem obdobju kadrovske zmogljivosti slovenske metalurgije komaj zadoščale za osnovno organiziranje in vodenje proizvodnje, je ustanovitev Metalurškega inštituta maja 1950 kar zelo spoštljiv datum. Za to gre vse priznanje profesorju Cirilu Rekarju, pobudniku in prvemu direktorju Metalurškega inštituta. Vsi slovenski metalurgi pa priznavamo za nestorja slovenske metalurgije. Široko po Evropi je kot mednarodno priznani strokovnjak uveljavil ugled slovenskih metalurgov, ki nam še danes odpira marsikatera vrata v strokovne kroge. Kar 16 let je vodil inštitut ob istočasnem bremenu univerzitetnega profesorja.
Še iz tistih let izvira današnje strokovno in prijateljsko sodelovanje z najvidnejšimi evropskimi inštituti, kot so Max Planck v Dusseldorfu, IWU v Clausthalu, IRSID v Parizu, CSM v Genovi in Rimu. takratna BISRA v Londonu ter drugi. Prof. C. Rekar je že pred tremi desetletji visoko cenil in spodbujal izpopolnjevanje mladih raziskovalcev v navedenih tujih vodilnih raziskovalnih centrih. Mnogi današnji vodilni metalurgi izhajajo iz tako šolanih raziskovalcev.
V	času svojega nastajanja in uveljavljanja se je Metalurški inštitut racionalno zgledoval po uveljavljenih institucijah v svetu. S kritičnim presojanjem realnih možnosti je zelo razsodno oblikoval svojo razvojno pot. Iz univerzitetnega inštituta je v letu 1958 prerasel v osrednji Inšti-
The times we are living in at the moment of our four-tieth jubilee require a ciear, rational, and resolute setting of objectives to obtain further development of achieve-ments and expansion of operations, not allowing the relaxation we could be iured into by too great a content-ment over our success or even pride in the past.
The success we have had, the experiences and knowiedge we have obtained throughout the past years, provide a soiid and valuable basis for the future. but it cannot guarantee future success. Only a continuous pursuit, and encouragement of new, better and different ways combined vvith efficient development and progres-sive acquisition of knowledge can stimulate further success and progress.
Success has marked the development of MIL in the past, and its compiishments mirror a whoie period of development of this branch of science at home and abroad.
FOUNDA TI ON AND DEVELOPMENT O F METALLURGICAL INSTITUTE IN LJUBLJANA (MIL)
The Fourtieth Anniversary of MIL 's work is directiy connected to the Fiftieth Jubilee of the Metallurgical Department at the University of Ljubljana celebrated in March 1989. revising the development of Slovene Metal-lurgy from its beginnings to present achievements.
Considering the post-war scarcity of metallurgical staff in Slovenia, bareiy enough to organize and manage basic production, May 1950 as the foundation date of the Metallurgical Institute is a respectabie achievement. The founder and first manager of the Metallurgical Institute was Professor Ciril Rekar, gratefully acknowledged by Slovene metallurgists as initiator of Slovene metal-iurgy. AH over Europe he has been recognized as an internationai metallurgical expert whose reputation stil/ opens many a door for us. He was head of the Metallurgical Institute for 16 years, simultaneously teaching at the University.
Our professional and friendiy cooperation vvith well knovvn European institufes such as Max Planck of Dues-eldorf. iWU of Clausthale, IRSID of Pariš, CSM of Genoa, and Rome, the then BISRA of London, and others are based on those years. Professor Rekar, even as long as three decades ago well aware of the importance of the exchange of knowiedge encouraged young researchers to improve their knowiedge at these ieading foreign research centers. Severa/ of today's ieading metallurgists followed his instructions.
During the period of development and growth MIL took the best examples from the most advanced institu-tions in the wortd. The Institute s development was
tut jugoslovanskih železarn in kasneje v osrednji raziskovalni Inštitut slovenske metalurgije. Vseskozi pa je ostal tesno povezan z metalurškim odsekom Univerze v Ljubljani, ne samo pri raziskovalnem delu, ampak, tudi pri vzgoji strokovnjakov. S tem se je Inštitut vse bolj povezoval z metalurško industrijo, kar je bilo še izraziteje v obdobju od leta 1966 do 1986, ko je vodil inštitut direktor Alojz Prešern.
Metalurški inštitut je že zelo zgodaj in vztrajno nakazoval razvojno pot slovenske metalurgije in uveljavljal pomen raziskovalnega dela.
Šele v šestdesetih letih je bila dosežena taka kadrovska osnova, da so se lahko ustanavljali Raziskovalni oddelki v metalurški industriji, ki so se povezovali z Univerzo in Metalurškim inštitutom. Delo je usmerjala in nadzirala najprej posebna komisija, od leta 1970 pa Odbor za znanstveno raziskovalno delo, ki ga je do današnjih dni vodil prof. dr. Marin Gabrovšek. V zadnjem desetletju pa tudi Odbor za raziskave pri Splošnem združenju metalurgije ter livarn. To sodelovanje se je močno okrepilo in dobilo nov zagon z združitvijo slovenskih železarn in predelovalcev v sestavljeno organizacijo, v katero se je 27. 11. 1973 vključil tudi MIL. Ob združitvi je MIL ohranil svoj status osrednje raziskovalne inštitucije slovenske metalurgije. Status, s kakršnim je bil ustanovljen, je ohranil vse do danes.
Neposredno povezovanje je dajalo celotni razisko-valno-razvojni (RR) dejavnosti prave usmeritve, delitev dela pa je sama opredeljevala vsebino in izvajalce temeljnih, uporabnih in neposrednih raziskav za reševanje proizvodne, kakovostne in razvojne problematike.
Raziskovalci MIL imajo danes v razvojnih projektih in v raziskovalnih programih bolje opredeljene, specifične naloge ter jasnejšo vlogo, ki je povezana z njihovim specifičnim znanjem.
K načrtnejšemu razširjanju znanja je zlasti v zadnjem obdobju mnogo pripomogla usmeritev Raziskovalne skupnosti Slovenije (RSS), ki v Skupnem programu spodbuja ustvarjanje novega znanja v stroki, v Posebnem programu pa razvoj novih izdelkov in tehnologij. Uveljavlja se tudi akcija »Novi raziskovalci«, ki že daje spodbudne rezultate.
NADALJNJI RAZVOJ SLOVENSKE METALURGIJE IN RAZISKOVALNEGA DELA
Trdno zasnovan in strokovno utemeljen razvoj slovenske metalurgije, tako črne kot barvne in livarstva, je v težkem kriznem obdobju zdržal pritiske agresivno ustvarjenega in pretežno nasprotujočega javnega mnenja. Danes že predstavlja solidna izhodišča ter jasne perspektive nadaljnjega razvoja naših najpomembnejših investicij v modernizacijo proizvodnih naprav.
V preteklem obdobju delovanja MIL se je v tehnologiji in raziskavah zgodilo toliko novega, da se tega ob vsakdanjem delu sploh ne zavedamo.
Pretekli dve desetletji sta bili obeleženi z intenzivnim razvojem tehnologij izdelave kovinskih gradiv. Ob velikih dosežkih pri zagotavljanju čistosti in enakomernosti kemične sestave v zelo ozkih mejah se je vse bolj uveljavljala intenzifikacija procesov, obenem z zmanjševanjem porabe energije.
Začela se je intenzivna industrijska aplikacija novih postopkov na področju litja, predelave in toplotne obdelave, kar odpira nove možnosti v proizvodnji močno legiranih jekel, litin, zlitin in superzlitin.
Strategija razvoja je bivše cilje »več in bolje« preusmerila v »novo in drugače«!
Pod tem geslom se v zadnjem času uveljavljajo prav revolucionarne novosti, s presenetljivimi tehnološkimi
based on critical judgment and realistic possibilities. In 1958. MIL became the central Institute of the Yugoslav ironvvorks, and iater the central institute of Slovene metaliurgy. Throughout this period its work was closely linked with that of the Metallurgical Department at the University in Ljubljana. So, the cooperation betvveen the Institute and the metallurgical industry grew cioser from day to day which was shovvn during the last twenty years (1966—1986) when the lnstitute's manager was Alojz Prešern, most clearly.
Thus MIL was early able to set objectives for Slovene metallurgy, and assidiously advance its research.
It was in the sixties that the formation of research departments in industry could be planned, and con-nected with the University's work and the Metallurgical Institute. The foundation of these departments was supervised by a special board. and since 1970 by the Committee of Scientific Research whose Chairman was Professor Marin Gabrovšek. During the last ten years he supervisor was the Committee for Research at the General Association of Metallurgy and foundries, too. When Slovene tronvvorks and remanufacturers associated and founded a Combined Organization the cooperation became cioser and livelier. MIL incorporated on November 27, 1973.
Upon association MIL kept its status of the central research institution of Slovene ferrous metallurgy, which has been preserved up to now.
This direct association oriented the whole develop-ment and research tovvards real and valuable objectives; problem s arising from production, its quality and devel-opment were solved by means of direct research, which ivas based and practically specified by division of labour.
Today. MIL š researchers engage in precisely specified development projects and research programs. depending on their specific knovvledge. During the last few years the Research Association of Slovenia (RSS) encouraged the science to plan the obtainment and espansion of knowledge; as its general plan is to include know how in science, and its special program to support the development of new products. The program "Young Researchers" was introduced by ihe same Association, and its resuits proved to be encouraging.
FUR THER DEVEL OPMENT O F SL O VENE METALLURGYAND RESEARCH
The development of Slovene metallurgy based on solid and professionally firm grounds came through a difficuit period of crisis, caused by the agressive and generally contradictory pubtic opinion, intact. Today, we have already set solid starting points and clear direc-tions for future development based on the accumulatlon and deposition of our most important investments in the modernization of our production outfit necessary for the basic part of our manufacture program.
The period of the last two or three decades has brought so many novelties into the technotogy that some thinking is necessary to grasp them aH.
During the past two decades, the steel industry has shovvn an intenslfied development in technoiogy such as; cleanliness assurance, and narrovver scattering of chemicai composition, and energy saving vvhile process intensifying.
Introduced was the development of industrial appli-cation of new processes in casting, hot vvorking, and heat treatment of steels vvas intensified, indicating new possibilities in production of high alloyed steels and superalloys.
inovacijami. Takšno je na primer litje polizdelkov, čim-bližje končnim oblikam in dimenzijam, ter skrajševanje tehnoloških postopkov predelave, ki je danes v ospredju intenzivnih raziskovalno-razvojnih prizadevanj.
Povsem razumljivo je, da tak razvoj zahteva »novo in drugače« tudi v raziskovalno razvojnem delu.
Nove možnosti prinaša uporaba računalništva, tako pri raziskovalnem delu kot pri vodenju procesov.
Pomen samo laboratorijskega preizkušanja in neposrednega prenosa laboratorijskih dosežkov v metalurško industrijsko prakso je že v šestdesetih letih močno zbledel, v toku sedemdesetih let pa povsem izgubil svoj pomen v taki obliki, kakršna je bila značilna za prejšnje, dolgo trajajoče obdobje. Neposredno industrijsko raziskovanje je obsegalo sistematično zajemanje podatkov, tako za redno kontrolo kot za raziskave z visoko razvito metodologijo statističnih analiz in z računalniško podprtimi informacijskimi sistemi. Laboratorijske raziskave so dobivale vse bolj pomen pojasnjevanja dogajanj, iskanja in utemeljevanja zakonitosti. Vgrajevanje višjih fizikalno-kemičnih zakonitosti v računalniško podprto krmiljenje tehnologije je postalo osnova razvoja ekspertnih sistemov.
Strategije razvoja najnaprednejših danes ne bi mogli več označevati s klasičnim geslom »več in bolje«, ker se vse bolj usmerjajo v »novo in drugače«, in to večkrat pomeni tudi »manj in več vredno«.
Ustrezna specializacija in sposobnost hitrega prilagajanja predstavljata odločilno pomembno poroštvo uspešnega poslovanja.
V	preteklih štiridesetih letih si je Metalurški inštitut Ljubljana nabral toliko izkušenj, da se prav dobro zavedamo, da je treba že za leto 1992, še bolj pa za vstop v 21. stoletje, način dela, pristope k nalogam in sploh miselnost raziskovalcev ter vseh sodelavcev temeljito spremeniti. Če hočemo biti še naprej uspešni, si moramo pridobiti ustrezen položaj in odnose v mednarodni mreži raziskovalno-razvojne dejavnosti.
Ne bomo namerno zavirali posameznih področij dejavnosti, ki smo jih doslej razvili, zavedamo pa se, da je širina našega udejstvovanja brez posebnih udarnih konic preširoka. Vzdrževali in gojili bomo široko osnovo znanja in obnavljali izkušnje, nove napore in vlaganja pa bomo usmerjali predvsem v najperspektivnejše smeri na osnovi mednarodno veljavnih meril.
Inštitut, ki ni vsaj kje v ospredju, ne more pričakovati uspešnega mednarodnega sodelovanja in učinkovite menjave.
PILOTNE NAPRAVE
V	sodobni visoko produktivni in močno avtomatizirani proizvodnji se izvajanje raziskav prenaša iz laboratorijskih na pilotne naprave za raziskave in razvoj novih metarialov in tehnologij. Po osnovnih karakteristikah se približujejo pogojem industrijske proizvodnje. Take pilotne naprave so predrage, da bi jih izkoriščali samo za raziskave, zato morajo dajati tudi določen delež neposredne proizvodnje, s katerim je po možnosti treba pokrivati vsaj lastne stroške delovanja in vračanje investicijskih vlaganj. To je zelo pomembno tudi za večjo, nujno potrebno neodvisnost raziskovanja. Informacije in rezultati raziskav ter meritev na napravah pilotne proizvodnje so velikega pomena za hitrejši nadaljnji razvoj. Na ta način z izkoriščanjem pilotnih naprav ne motimo redne proizvodnje z eksperimentiranjem ali pa jo motimo mnogo manj. Poleg raziskovalnega pomena ima taka pilotna proizvodnja tudi velik pomen za razvoj in osvajanje tržišča, saj daje normalne proizvode v manjših količinah za neposredno uporabo. Ko količina proizvodov iz
The course of development turned the past mottos "more and better" to "new and different".
Late/y, the new motto has introduced some revolu-tionary novelties, which vvere /aunched not only by the simple and inventive changes in the manufacture pro-grams, but also by astonishing innovations in the tech-noiogy itself. Research is engaged in casting of semi-fin-ished products and in shortening the necessary techno-iogical process of hot vvorking.
It has become quite c/ear that such development needs new and different approaches to research, and different methods of work.
During the sixties. the importance of laboratory experiments, and the direct transfer of their results to industry slowly faded and in the seventies, they vvere no longer important in the sense that vvas characteristic for the previous, long /asting period. The direct industriai research vvhich collected data for regular checking and research systematically. by means of highly devetoped statistical analyses and computer supported information system, was so longer wanted. The laboratory research vvas used to explain special events, to search for rules and prove them. The rules acknovvledged by chemistry and physics used in computer supported technology control introduced the expert systems.
The advanced development strategy could no longer be explained by the motto "more and better" as it is aimed at "new and different" vvhich often means "few and of higher value".
Specialization and flexibility are the sole guarantors for success.
The experience gained in the course of forty years has given MIL direct ion s how to vvork; the approach to tasks and the thinking generally done by the research-ers and fellovv vvorkers have to become subject to modi-fication, thus preparing the way to 1992 and especially the twenty-first century.
Being well avvare that the scope of our vvork has become too vvidespread. we are going to give our full attention to some of the most important fields of vvork vvithout intentionally curtailing the activities in individual fields that have been developed up to now. Thus. the vvide range of our knovvledge is going to be further culti-vated, subjected to change, and new efforts put into the most promising fields of activities considering present international problems.
An institute cannot take pride in successful international cooperation and effective exchange unless it has a lead in at least one line.
PILOT PLANTS
Modern, highly productive and fully automated indus-tries transfer their research from laboratories to pilot plants vvhere new materials and technologies are investi-gated or developed in almost identical conditions as in industry. The high expenses do not allovv such plants to engage in research alone; they must bring profit — at least to cover the operating costs and investments. Not interrupting any industriai processes, such experiments provide realistic results vvhich are necessary for further progress. Pilot plants manufacture a small amount of products for immediate use. Provided, such products prove to be useful, the industry takes over their manu-facturing together vvith the experiences gathered.
Today. the research institutes aH over the vvorld including MIL, acknovvledge the task of shortening tech-nological proceedings as the most important one. the
pilotnih naprav ne zadošča več potrebam, se z vsemi izkušnjami ta proizvodnja prenese v industrijske obrate.
Skrajševanje tehnoloških postopkov je danes najpomembnejša splošna tehnološka usmeritev RR programov tako v svetu kot na MIL. Razvojna razmišljanja in intenzivna prizadevanja za racionalizacijo tehnoloških procesov so privedla do usmeritev nadaljnjih tehnoloških raziskav, katerih cilj je »izdelava polizdelkov, ki so čim bližji dimenzijam in oblikam končnih proizvodov«.
To prinaša zelo pomembne prihranke v specifični porabi energije, dela, orodij in drugih proizvodnih sredstev, zmanjševanje tveganja neuspele proizvodnje in izmečka, predvsem pri težje predelavnih materialih, močno povečuje izkoristke materialov, skrajšuje dobavne roke in lažje zagotavlja kratke roke »just in tirne« brez povečanih zalog, manjše celokupne proizvodne stroške — torej mnogostransko splošno racionalizacijo proizvodnje v drugačni obliki in vsebini, kot smo racionalizacije pojmovali doslej.
Zametki pilotne proizvodnje MIL so se pričeli z nabavo 25 kg-ske vakuumske indukcijske peči pred 25 leti. Skupno s kasneje nabavljenimi predelovalnimi agregati za hladno in toplo predelavo je omogočala mini proizvodnjo predvsem mehkomagnetnih materialov, obrabno in korozijsko odpornih ter posebnih zlitin, ob istočasnem vzdrževanju kondicije ljudi in naprav, ki so važen element pri eksperimentiranju in raziskovanju. Ob zagonu novih pilotnih naprav SŽ na MIL so predstavljale jedro: 25 kg vakuumska indukcijska talilna peč, 70 kg indukcijska talilna peč, naprave za vroče in hladno valjanje in vlečenje, vakuumska peč za toplotne obdelave, delno pa se bosta vključili tudi napravi za atomizacijo talin in hitro strjevanje tankih trakov.
V letu 1989 je bil na MIL montiran sklop pilotnih talilnih in livnih naprav Slovenskih železarn. Ta najmodernejša oprema omogoča razvoj novih asortimentov materialov do superzlitin.
Najpomembnejši segment pilotnih naprav MIL predstavlja linija za horizontalno neprekinjeno litje žic in palic. V prvi fazi razvoja trožilne naprave predvidevamo osvajanje litja žic, dimenzij od 0 3 mm do 0 12,5 mm. Pomembnejša za industrijsko proizvodnjo pa bo preureditev na eno žilo večjih dimenzij in različnih oblik, seveda v kombinaciji z ustrezno vročo ter hladno predelavo.
Naprava za klasično električno pretaljevanje pod žlindro, s katero ima MIL dolgoletno raziskovalno tradicijo in bogate razvojne izkušnje, je dograjena z napravo za najnovejši postopek ponovčne metalurgije pod imenom elektro-žlindrino-ogrevanje (EŽO), ki je bil po patentu našega razvojnega kooperacijskega partnerja prvič uporabljen in praktično preizkušen na MIL. S tem je med drugim MIL pridobil možnost izdelave posamičnih super čistih ingotov ali ulitkov do največje teže 800 kg, kar je izredno pomembno za razvoj tehnologije, namenjene industrijski proizvodnji v železarni Ravne.
Dosedanje eksperimentalne naprave z dopolnilno opremo za metalurgijo prahov in tehnologijo hitrega strjevanja odpirajo novo zaokroženo, fleksibilno in visoko specializirano področje raziskovalno-razvojnega udej-stvovanja, usmerjenega na razvoj novih materialov, seveda z novimi tehnologijami. S toplotno obdelavo v vakuumu imamo že kar solidne izkušnje in tudi spodbudne raziskovalne rezultate. Dopolnjuje jih hov razvoj na področju toplotne obdelave v lebdečem sloju.
Z izdatno pomočjo Raziskovalne skupnosti Slovenije in Slovenskih železarn je MIL v zadnjem času tudi pomembno moderniziral svojo raziskovalno opremo. Pri izbiri opreme smo v zadnjem obdobju iz razumljivih stra-
manufacturing of semi-finals that would bear resembt-ance to final products in design and dimensions to the highest extent possibie is another of research ob-jectives.
The technological research strives to achieve a longer durabi/ity of too/s and equipment, to save energy and work, to reduce waste of materiais (when working hard-to-treat materiais), to shorten deiivery tirne, and secure the "just in tirne delivery", to reduce the number of articles in store and production costs.
In short, in achieving such results. production wouid be rationalized in features and contents in a way, quite different from the previously achieved ones.
The beginnings of MIL 's pilot production were created 25 years ago when MIL acquired a 25-kg vac-uum induction furnace. vvhich together vvith the later purchased equipment for coid and hot vvorking process started the mini production of softmagnetic materiais, speciai steels and alloys, resistant to wear and corro-sion, and super alloys; at the same tirne it kept the work-ers and outfit in good condition. Upon starting up the new pilot plants of SŽ at MIL. the 25 kg vacuum induction furnace, the 70 kg induction melt furnace. the hot and cold dravving machine, the vacuum furnace for heat treatment represented the most essential part of the plant. The atomisation and the rapid cooling technology vvith adequate equipment will carry out their share of work, too.
In 1989, MIL erected the pilot plant of Slovenske železarne, speciaiized in meiting and casting. This modem outfit is going to support further development of new asortments of material, including super alloys.
The horizontal continuous casting line for wires and rods is the essential part of MIL s pilot plant. The three-strand wire caster is iimited to the range 3—12,5 mm diameter in the first stage. Hovvever, further development with adaptation of the three strand caster to the single-strand caster for bars of larger sizes and different shapes, attached to the corresponding machines for cold and hot vvorking and heat treatment is of utmost importance to industry.
To the equipment for conventional electro-slag-rem-elting vvhich has been for many years researched and deveioped by MIL, the equipment for the nevvest procedure of tundish metallurgy knovvn as electro-slag-heat-ing (ESH) was attached. The latter was originally applied, and tested by MIL after MIL's cooperator took out a patent for it. So, MIL gained the opportunity to procure individual "super clean" ingots or casts vveighing up to 800 kg, vvhich are of vitai importance to the production of Železarne Ravne.
The previous experimental machines equipped vvith additional outfit used in the powder metallurgy and the technology of rapid solidification provide a new, com-plex, flexible and speciai fieid of research and development vvhich is aimed at the development of new materiais based on new technologies. The vacuum heat treatment of materiais has already brought stimulating results and valuable experiences, supported by present development of fluidized bed heat treatment of materiais.
Lately, MIL was able to modernize its research outfit by the generous support of Research Association and Slove ne Steelvvorks. The outfit MIL chose on the basis of strategic research orientations was the one for syn-thesis of materiais.
The survey of this short description shovvs MIL 's par-ticipation in changes and innovations of technological
teških raziskovalnih usmeritev namenjali določeno prednost opremi za sintezo materialov.
Že ta kratki opis pojasnjuje, kako se MIL vključuje v novosti tehnološkega razvoja in kam namerja udarna področja svojega raziskovalno-razvojnega udejstvova-nja.
Z novimi pilotnimi napravami in novo raziskovalno opremo si MIL utrjuje svoje sedanje mesto in povečuje svoje potenciale na področju aplikativnih in osnovnih raziskav, obenem pa se pomembno vključuje v vzgojo strokovnjakov, študijske programe in postdiplomske programe.
Končno je dosežena tista stopnja opremljenosti, ki že vzbuja interese tudi pri najrazvitejših in dejansko omogoča vključevanje v mednarodno delitev. To dokazuje odpiranje skupnih projektov z inštitucijami in podjetji v ZDA, ZRN, Franciji, Italiji, Švedski in Avstriji.
Razmišljanje o nadaljnjem razvoju raziskovalno-raz-vojne dejavnosti MIL lahko strnemo s paralelo:
Tako kot se v industrijski tehnologiji uveljavljajo novi kombinirani postopki, ki racionalizirajo tehnološke poti in združujejo obstoječe naprave in prednosti tehnoloških novosti z novimi specializiranimi napravami v nove opti-mirane in direktne kontinuirne postopke, tako razvoj novega znanja bogati obstoječe izkušnje in z novo organizacijo interdisciplinarnega teamskega povezovanja v raziskovanju uveljavlja dognanja znanosti in dosežke raziskav.
Samo z znanjem in bogatimi izkušnjami se na zastarelih in izrabljenih napravah ne da razvijati novih materialov in tehnologij.
Ustrezna vlaganja v opremo in strokovnjake so neizbežen pogoj razvojnih, pa tudi raziskovalnih uspehov.
Za razvoj znanja moramo zagotoviti financiranje primerno izbranih osnovnih raziskav, usmerjene uporabne raziskave pa moramo uveljaviti tako, da bodo namesto segmenta stroškov pridobile inovativni značaj.
V nadaljnjem razvoju se bomo morali bolj kot doslej zavedati, da
raziskave služijo razvoju, cilji razvoja pa opredeljujejo in usmerjajo raziskave,
saj se to pravilo v svetu vse bolj uveljavlja tudi z novim modelom povezovanja osnovnih in uporabnih raziskav z razvojem.
Prof. dr. Jože Rodič, dipl. ing.
Direktor Metalurškega inštituta v Ljubljani
development, and the direction of the essentiat part of its research and progress.
Nevv pilot plants and research outfit give support to MIL to keep its presen t position and to promote its poten tials in the field of applicable and basic research. At the same tirne they offer students and staff an opportu-nity for advanced education.
The M/L's outfit has been improved to such an extent. that it became interesting even to highly deve-loped countries and so opened up many an opportunity to participate in international research. Joint projects ivitji institutions and firms of U.S.A., West Germanyr France, ltaly, Svveden and Austria, clearly prove it to be done.
The following could be the summary of the previously done thinking on further progress of research and development of MIL:
As the industrial technoiogy introduces nevv com-bined procedures that rationalize the technological methods and attach specific machines to the present ones vvith technologic innovations, thus creating new optimum direct continuous procedures: so the development of knowledge contributes its latest experiences, and the modern interdisciplinary research teams apply the research results and scientific statements to indus-try.
Even excellent knovvledge and rich experience can not make the old and worn machines develop nevv mate-rials and technologies.
Successful research and development may be achieved on one condition only, and that is: appropriate outfit and professional staff.
In the future, MIL will financially support the development of knowiedge according to the chosen basic research. The applied research and the individual investigations vvithin this research will contribute to industry by striving to be innovative and productive.
In the future we must acknowledge the fact that
progress is based on research, and the objects of development determine and specify research.
The world has aiready approved of the idea which is shovvn in adapting the basic and applicable research to development.
Prof. Dr. Eng. Jože Rodič Director of Metailurgical institute Ljubljana