https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v47i5.4671 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 111 
Review paper: Investigation of Augmented Reality –BIM Benefits in 
Design Process in the AEC Industry 
 
Sadeer Hel Al-Dhaimesh, Nooriati Taib ⃰ 
Institute of housing, building and planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia E-
mail:Sadeer9091@gmail.com, nooriati@usm.my 
*Corresponding author 
Keywords: augmented reality (AR), building information modeling (BIM), design process, visualization 
Received: February 8, 2023 
 
The industry of Architecture Engineering and Construction has long been known as dynamic and 
complicated. Growing demands on building projects in areas such as safety, energy, time, and 
economic management have driven the sector toward new tools and processes, including more 
effective utilization of digital technology, in recent years. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is 
gradually establishing itself as a core technique among the several accessible digital solutions, with 
its practices and technologies being progressively used. The existing barriers to BIM adoption, on 
the other hand, allow the creation of supporting technologies. The current article examines 
Augmented Reality (AR) as a tool in this regard. A comprehensive study was carried out to 
investigate existing research in the domain of BIM-based AR, revealing insight into its integration in 
the AEC industry. PRISMA-P is the reviewing approach that was adopted. A total of 79 articles 
were chosen for the study from a sample of 120 articles. This assessment demonstrates that AR 
implementation is far from complete, with various constraints such as connectivity and localization 
issues, a lack of non-geometric information, and other difficulties in employing AR techniques on the 
building site. The motivation for this paper comes from the lack of attention to augmented reality 
through BIM among previous studies adding that previous theorists included augmented reality 
adoption alone. This paper is distinguished by its content for AR application into BIM from the 
conceptual stage, architecture stage, construction stage, and maintenance stage. 
 
Povzetek: V preglednem članku je predstavljena uporaba obogatene resničnosti v arhitekturi in 
gradbeništvu.
1 Introduction 
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction sector are 
known for their growing difficulty and competitive 
nature, which is due to tight time limits, complicated 
tasks, and limited cost, which has driven the exploration 
for automatically generated and technically sophisticated 
solutions and methods. The architecture design process is 
the sequential development and analysis of a building 
project [1]. This procedure is often divided into seven 
phases to offer control to the project by establishing 
review intervals, developing a systematic distribution of 
design information, and identifying the natural stages of 
design. This is why the design process is critical; it 
organizes project management and provides effective 
communication for design purposes. The stages of the 
design process provide for effective and transparent 
production planning, reducing risks that might lead to 
costly, time-consuming delays[2].  
Automation and digitization have recently provided 
this industry with the capabilities to achieve improved  
performance and reliability, lowering costs and updating 
operations [3]. The attempts to spread and integrate  
 
 
Building Information Modelling (BIM) are a prime 
illustration of the company's radical transformation[4].  
The adoption of the BIM approach has yielded evident 
benefits in terms of cooperation, budgeting, 3D designs, 
maintenance, quantities, and material categorization, 
among other aspects[5]. As a result, more integrating and 
adaptable techniques that can leverage of diverse 
characteristics and be established based on construction 
project participants, personnel, everyday activities, and 
understanding are needed[6]. 
BIM-based Augmented Reality (AR) innovations in 
the AEC industry have been documented, with a variety 
of applications. Recent researchers have defined AR as a 
subset of Virtual Reality (VR) that might also provide a 
real-world environment with the incorporation of virtual 
elements. Moreover, AR technology has progressed 
beyond marker-based implementations to tracking 
solution systems[7]. AR/VR market valuations are 
anticipated to be $18.8 billion through 2020 as well as 
$60.55 billion as of 2023, with an annual growth rate of 
40.29 percent. AR has also been listed as one of the 
primary BIM-related study disciplines[8]. 

112 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
The design process is a systematic and iterative 
approach to create a solution that meets a set of 
requirements. It involves several stages, including 
conceptual design, predesign, design development, 
construction, and operation, Augmented Reality (AR) 
and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are two 
technologies that have revolutionized the design process 
and have become integral tools for many architects, 
engineers, and construction professionals.[9] 
This research offers an outline of building 
information modelling as well as the current state of the 
art inside the application of augmented reality in 
different building information modelling user situations. 
It covers many issues that must be solved, in addition to 
a range of end-user applications and use cases for AR 
applications in design, engineering, including 
construction (AEC). 
2 Related works  
AR has been suggested by researchers as a promising 
tool for enhancing and improving representation 
techniques in Architecture, Engineering, and 
Construction (AEC) projects offer numerous benefits to 
job site operations. 
In his research, M. Albahbah, created a detailed 
map, highlighting the potential areas of application for 
AR in industrial construction. Their findings suggest that 
AR has the potential to benefit eight work tasks, namely 
layout, excavation, positioning, inspection, coordination, 
supervision, commenting, and strategizing[10]. 
Rankohi and Waugh categorized the 
applications of AR in the AEC industry into seven 
groups, including visualization or simulation, 
collaboration and communication, modeling, evaluation, 
monitoring, education and training, and inspection or 
safety.[11] 
Several theorists studied augmented reality-
based BIM benefits, for example, Paes and Arantes 
tackle cases that include design options for clients and 
quick decision-making with fewer changes in order 
during design [12]. While Goulding and Nadim 
presented the potentials of testing and feasibility of 
architecture design[13].others Li and Yi proved that 
AR_BIM enables a better and more realistic environment 
as a result saves person-hour. Others have conducted a 
group of benefits as reducing cost and risk, allowing 
earlier detection of project workflow, engaging 
stakeholders and clients in the design, better marketing of 
projects designed by AR, and simulation of lighting, 
shading, and shadow and conducted benefits as human 
scale and translation of architectural drawings 
[14][15][16][17]. 
The findings show that currently there are limited 
previous studies that classify the benefits of augmented 
reality according to the design process in one study [18]. 
Most of the researchers focus on demonstrating the use 
of AR_BIM in a single phase of the design process. 
Adding that no study classifies AR_BIM benefits 
regarding form and function. 
For this reason, this paper contains a review of 
AR_BIM applications in AEC projects. This will be done 
in two-fold, the first AR_BIM cases in form and 
function, and the second, AR_BIM cases in the design 
process including, conceptual design, design, pre-
construction, construction, and operation.  
3 Literature review 
3.1 Augmented reality overview 
Augmented Reality (AR) is a computer-generated 
multimedia overlay over the actual world that may 
interact with the environment in real-time. There is no 
occlusion between computer-generated information and 
real-world stuff in AR. In most situations, computer-
generated information can only be seen on smartphones 
or tablets [10]. The immersive viewing environment 
provided by phone-based AR devices is quite restricted. 
Furthermore, limited wearable AR technologies and 
Google Glasses are meant to overlay information objects 
or digital items on top of real-world surroundings [19]. 
AR is classified into four types: 1. marker-based 
AR (for example, scanning a QR code); 2. Location-
based AR (for example, integrated with GPS for location 
3. Projection-based AR (projecting to the actual 
surfaces). And 4. Implementing innovative AR (for 
example, the Furniture app that positions the virtual 
object in a real environment) [20]. 
AR is a setting in which computer-generated 
data is supplied into the operator’s view of a real scene. 
AR allows viewers to access, visualize, and communicate 
with complicated information in the sense of the 
environment [21]. In other phrases, computer-generated 
components have been got to add to the real-world 
situation, observed reality [22]. 
AR systems are often divided into three stages: data 
input, computing, and visualization. The data input phase 
focuses on the generation, processing, and structuring of 
data. As in the framework of BIM-related activities, this 
entails creating a BIM model that can be utilized to 
augment reality [23]. Integrating virtual information as 
3D geometry, particular element data, and so on) and 
actual settings is an extremely complicated phase that 
can occur on a mobile device or on a distant server. 
Furthermore, the mixed visualizations may be displayed 
on portable mobile devices such as smartphones or tablet 
devices, as well as head mountable gadgets[24]. The 
advancement and development of AR applications allows 
developments for education, design, production, 
construction, and enjoyment become more feasible to 
help enhance educational outcomes[25]. 
 
3.2 Building information modeling  
Building Information Modelling (BIM) may be 
traceable to the initial thoughts regarding ways to employ 
the notion of product models in architecture design 
employing multiple media, as stated by previous 
theorists discussing the emergence of BIM further into 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 113 
 
the AEC industry [26]. Along with this progression, the 
Industry Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) was founded 
in 1995, to develop a standard for characterizing 
buildings that would enable the sharing of information 
about structures without losing its semantic content. This 
functional style is known as Industry Foundation Classes 
(IFC), and it was initially released in 1997 [27]. 
BIM digitized symbolizes the physical and 
functional characteristics of a building, allowing different 
stakeholders to collaborate across the project life to 
input, update, or adjust information inside the BIM 
process [28]. BIM is continually changing, trying to seek 
to optimize new tech in response to the sophistication of 
civil construction procedures, as well as the construction 
municipality has always been searching to keep 
innovating with BIM through all the workflow 
techniques including such AR / VR, that are currently 
being implemented straightforwardly to solve real-life 
issues such as configuration verifying and assessing [29]. 
Table 1 illustrates a comparison between VR, AR, and 
MR in real and virtual environments. The basis of 
building information modelling is the capacity to add 
meaningful information employing building information 
models that go beyond geometric representation; hence, 
they can also be examined in many levels, including 3D 
(design planning), 4D (schedule), 5D (expected to cost), 
6D (product lifecycle information), to 7D (facility 
managing), the data structures used vary ranging from 
based on the format used both to organize the 
information and the model language to transfer the data 
[30] 
 
VR-AR-
MR 
Virtual 
environme
nt 
Real 
environme
nt 
Interacti
on 
Type 
Mobile 
Standalo
ne 
desktop 
Virtual 
reality 
high low low Desktop-
standalon
e -mobile 
Augment
ed reality 
low high middle Desktop-
standalon
e 
Mixed 
reality 
middle high high standalon
e 
 
 
Table 1: VR, AR, MR comparison 
 
3.3 Augmented reality-based BIM 
Augmented reality can be defined as a system 
where a BIM is employed to augment the real 
world[31].  AR-increased BIM modeler, in which BIM 
model information is modified in an AR environment 
may also be anticipated. AR is nowadays being regarded 
as a "New Golden age" of information through all the 
sophisticated tech by scholars and professionals in the 
field of knowledge, due to the beneficial impacts of its 
developing technologies that its accurate use offers to the 
construction sector, particularly during the construction 
phase, supplying impacts the efficiency of projects, 
performance, safety, and health. And thus, project costs 
and duration, optimistically. However, integrating real-
world and virtual objects can indeed be complicated[32]. 
Investigators identified four key issues that must be 
addressed: (1) the traceability system's origin also isn't 
associated with the world's coordinate system; (2) the 
shift from origin to the item is not precise; (3) the 
simulated camera's placement is not accurate - mainly 
due to gravity and kinetic sensor mistakes; and (4) virtual 
webcam mapping doesn't appropriately model the proper 
camera[33]. 
First, it is necessary to create geospatial 
characteristics for each BIM element so that the mobile 
AR system can use location data to determine the current 
location of the user and, as a result, be able to provide 
information about the regarded item [34]. Second, from 
the point that the data demonstrated in mobile AR relates 
to a user's position, a few points survey conducted inside 
of BIM also must be recognized. Third, for BIM to be 
workable in a smartphone AR environment [17]. 
3.4 Design process phases  
The design process is the fundamental basis upon 
which any component is built; it investigates how we 
accomplish what we accomplish. It is a set of procedures 
that creative types use to create functional processes and 
products[35]. The design process is the sequential 
development and analysis of a construction project. This 
method is usually divided into seven five phases to 
provide sequence to the project by recognizing review 
periods, cycles developing a structured transfer of design 
documentation, and establishing the stages of 
construction. That is how the design process is critical; it 
organizes project work and provides effective 
communication on the design aim [36]. The stages of the 
architectural design process enable fast and 
straightforward production orders, minimizing the risk 
that might lead to costly, time-consuming disruptions. 
The architectural design process consists of main five 
phases; conceptual design, design, pre-construction, 
construction, operation, and maintenance. As for each 
stage, there is a set of checklists included in[37]. The 
figure below clarifies the design stages and the main 
checklist for each stage. 
Conceptual phase: The conceptual design stage 
formalizes the preliminary concept. It helps to absorb 
engineering to give organizations a reliable assessment of 
common performance, potential looks, and a basic 
knowledge of the field of view of the ongoing 
development, such as marketability, labour, and 
anticipated costs [38] 
Design phase: A process concerned with a lifecycle 
of the project, concepts, procedures, materials, and 
milestones   Discover how project design can enhance 
the productivity of a team with thorough resources and 
graphic elements [39]. 
Pre-construction phase: Includes developing a 
project strategy, designing the project, obtaining permits 
or allowances, and assembling the labour and resources 
needed for construction. Pre-construction solutions may 

114 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
provide shareholders with a structured approach to 
working to evolve cost, scope, and timetable to complete 
the building on time and within budget. it is critical to the 
success of a project[40]. Throughout this process, the 
development team organizes, becomes associated with 
their perception,  
And the basis of effective communication as well as 
the process is set. A building project could indeed rapidly 
become unorganized without a solid foundation, resulting 
in ineffective communication, gaps in the process, and 
prospective project delay [41]. 
Construction phase: the construction phase is a physical 
procedure of building, as well as all related processes 
including such landscaping, renovating, site preparation, 
and demolition[42]. 
Operation and maintenance phase: The 
Operations and Maintenance Phase's goal is to guarantee 
that the data system is fully operational and performing 
optimal way until the construction end of life[43]. 
 
 
 
 
Figure.1: Design process phases duties from previous 
studies by authors. 
 
 
The previous theorists conducted augmented reality 
applications separately without considering the transition 
towards BIM., as for that this paper distinguished by 
including case studies of AR through design stages as 
multi aspects; architecture design and other (pre-design, 
interior design, construction, maintenance). [44][45][15]. 
The objectives of this paper a to investigate the potential 
of AR_BIM in the AEC industry and compare the 
adoption percentage of AR_BIM in AEC in the design 
phase. 
4 Methodology 
PRISMA-P approach has been used to conduct this 
systematic review. Preferred Reporting Items for 
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), it is 
a minimal collection of evidence-based elements for 
reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses [46]. 
This method was developed in 2009 and, owing to its 
repeatability, it is employed in an expanding variety of 
scientific and technology research domains due to its 
capacity to facilitate the creation of increased 
syntheses[47]. All relevant research processes were 
detailed, including information source materials, search 
method, inclusion, and exclusion criteria, as well as the 
primary instruments for assessing bias in eligible 
research[48]. 
The purpose of this study is to establish a 
framework for and classification of AR applications in 
architectural design. Researchers adopted a systematic 
literature review by investigating augmented reality-BIM 
in AEC. The major two academic sources, Scopus and 
Web of Science were employed for the study. As shown 
in Table 2. The procedure was AUGMENTED 
REALITY, BUILDING INFORMATION 
MODELLING, BIM BASED –AR, AEC, PRACTICE. 
The rules for research were based on :( augmented 
reality), (BIM Bases AR), and (AR adoption in AEC). 
All articles with the above keywords in the 
title/abstract/keywords were selected for this study. 79 
articles were selected from a total of 120 after inclusion 
criteria for further analysis. 
 
 
Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria 
Related to AR Related concepts such as VR and 
MR 
Related to BIM Non-BIM concept  
Published from 2010-2022 Published before 2010 
English language  Publication as non-English  
Peer reviewed  Non-peer-reviewed  
Published article  Unpublished article 
Table 2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria 
  
 
As for inclusion criteria, the bolometric method was 
adopted as following steps: 
1. Identify keywords; BIM, Augmented reality, 
construction, and design process. 
2. Include articles from the period 2010 to 2022 
3. Include articles that are published  
4. Articles from the Web of Science, the Science Direct, 
and Scopus 
5. Include articles in the English language  
However, the adopted PRISMA method is shown in 
Figure 2 the articles were extracted from multiple 
databases in about 120 articles, after the inclusion criteria 
it was about 79 articles for the study. 
 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 115 
 
 
 
Figure 2: Bolometric analysis of the selected keywords 
and Prisma method [49]. 
 
After adopting the PRISMA method about 234 
articles were found associated with the identified 
keywords from 2010 to 2022.as Figure 3. 
 
Figure 3: publication articles per year of the keywords 
“BIM” and augmented reality. 
 
The following chart illustrates the selected articles 
from the previous method, before applying inclusion and 
exclusion criteria. Moreover, these articles are 
categorized into five phases based on the design process 
including conceptual design, design, pre-construction, 
construction, operation, and maintenance. Figure 4 
illustrates the number of articles based on the design 
process. 
 
Figure 4: Number of articles based on the design 
process. 
 
Data collection: This research is focused on 
identifying AR research and applications in architectural 
practice and education based on previous 
studies.  Academic journal and conference publications 
from 2010 to 2022 were primarily evaluated for paper 
retrieval. For scanning, the most comprehensive 
academic databases, Scopus, and Web of Sciences, were 
employed. The keywords set includes AR, AEC industry, 
architecture education, BIM-aided AR. 
Data analysis: A few keywords are used to examine 
the selected papers. The keywords were taken from a few 
previous content analysis studies. This study's keywords 
include augmented reality in AEC, the concept of 
augmented reality, and applications. Data is categorized 
under the architectural discipline, where augmented 
reality is deployed. 
5 Augmented reality: use cases and 
benefits  
This study will focus on AR_BIM through the design 
stage among different projects it will be divided into 
architecture design cases and engineering and 
construction including the design phase 
revisit of suggested solution, and construction stage 
tracking of project construction. 
However other pertinent utilize scenarios, such as layout 
enhancement, excavation, placement, inspection, coopera
tion, supervisory, and 
commenting, must be considered, as noted by earlier theo
rists[50]. 
Various representative utilizes cases are defined 
throughout the preceding sub-sections. focused on 
construction projects (tunnels, railways, and bridges) and 
an office complex A BIM-specific software device was 
used in each of the provided use cases to obtain BIM 
models in addition to using the fully integrated AR 
solution [51]. The phone applications make use of a 
BIM-shared information environmental solution, which 
serves as a central gateway for all individual interaction, 
information sharing, and other functions [52]. 
AR has evolved into a powerful visual tool for 
architectural learning and education, and it is currently 
undergoing significant growing research [53]. AR 
models have been utilized in learning and design 
environments to present learners with previously 
unavailable real-life experiences. Once architectural 
designers use VR, they will be able to rapidly understand 
the spatial features of their projects[54]. They will be 
able to comprehend their creations by strolling around 
the augmented area and seeing the colouring and textures 
of the given materials, the proportion of the spatial 
structure, and the aesthetic representation.[55]. 
Furthermore, interactive, and immersive virtual 
augmented reality (AR) technology assisted its building 
industry clients in the design, simulation, branding, and 
new project sales by conducting a pre-construction walk-
through in the augmented townhouse where last-minute 
design concepts were evaluated. AR will be crucial in the 
teaching of cultural structures. Designers can use AR 
technology to create a training application in which they 
can engage with virtual objects to learn how to construct 
traditional buildings. Furthermore, research on the 
adoption of AR revealed that the architecture was 
changed, employee happiness rose, and costs were 
reduced [56].AR may encourage some of the same 
behaviour as virtual reality and practical mock-ups, such 
as decision-making, alternative, descriptive, and 
interpretive, in design and buildability analysis sessions, 
and problem-solving actions [57]. 
 
 

116 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
5.1 Case studies of augmented reality 
projects  
This study includes fifteen case studies in the 
AEC industry. Even though the construction sector is 
among the earliest and most vital in the world, new tools 
for employment frequently perform poorly to gain 
traction. There is a lack of articles which are consisted of 
AR_BIM case studies and projects[58]. On the other 
hand, author has collected the most significant and 
available case studies in this field case studies selected 
and justified by Table 3: 
 
Case  Real site problem 
1 Provide data before going to the high-safety risk zone 
underground the construction site 
2 Hard Topography in the location to perceive design heights 
3 The shift towards modernist architecture covered the 
importance of saving historical buildings  
4 The challenge of different materials and components in one 
staircase  
5 There were concealed items under the plumping system 
which makes the design imposed   
6 It was difficult to educate graduates in prototyping a 
specific design in a physical location by traditional learning  
7 The environment around this construction project was 
unsafe besides the infrastructure was covered with mud  
8 During Coved pandemic exhibition and galleries were shut 
off. 
9 Design waste by users was at the maximum stage  
10 Designers must present their works in a certain location, 
and users traveling was necessary  
11 Exhibition carbon emission was high at the physical 
enrolment.  
12 Project teams are from around the world and not on the 
same site. 
13 Coordination by Google map was not enough to design and 
position and scaling  
14 Imagination that was based on calculation is difficult to be 
generated by a human  
15 Difficulties in site topography and perceptions in mocking 
up design.  
 
 
Table 3: Design problem-solving through case studies. 
 
 
The selection process of case studies and the 
project is based on identifying AEC projects of 
augmented reality which is implemented in the design 
process specifically as a representation tool adding that 
the adoption of AR must be integrated into BIM. 
 
1. Lukasz Carnot Mercantile Hotel 
The planned structure is the current Mercantile 
Hotel. The suggested AR app process for monitoring and 
inspecting the construction phase will be analysed by 
viewing the segmental accomplishment of construction 
operations on the projected development of the current 
Mercantile Hotel. AR technology is employed to overlay 
the intended 3-D model on the actual world to lead the 
construction crew through the assessment and monitoring 
of planned worksite operations. The approach starts by 
combining the BIM with the construction program to 
produce construction sequences animations to observe 
and track the construction phase enabling the 
identification of important project stages and the 
communication of the anticipated project timetable to all 
project participants [59]. 
The application’s key advantage is its marker-
based innovation, which enables the user to match the 
suggested BIM rapidly and accurately with the actual 
environment, as illustrated in Figure 5. The following are 
the tasks conducted by the researcher to evaluate the 
procedure and the augmented reality app for tracking 
work progress.[59] 
 
 
 
Figure5: Proposed hotel and marker-based tech in the 
real environment. 
 
2. IGA 2017 Berlin channel 
A digital walk by this area was created by radar. 
The RADAR system was created by the Kaiserslautern 
Research Artificial Intelligence Centre (DFKI) as shown 
in Figure 6. RADAR is a platform that allows people to 
place their own geo-information on a map and link it to 
related information and material. The geo-referenced 
material may then be delivered to AR browsers such as 
Layer. The RADAR system provided clients with an easy 
program that allowed them to quickly materialize their 
concepts [60].  
 
 
 
Figure 6: Channel of IGA Berlin 2017 between the 
conceptual AR and executed project. 
 
3. Building culture Saarbrucken projects in the 1950s 
(vision) 
The town of Saarbrucken intended to employ 
innovative methods to educate and sensitize property 
owners about the unique features of this building. 
Especially with certain "poor" modernizations going on 
by the property owners or a large amount of outdoor 
advertising on the street level, the city's effort is critical 
to keeping the heritage alive[61]. Original color photos 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 117 
 
from the 1950s were exhibited in the current scenario on 
the phone's screen to examine what the town looks like at 
the period. As augmented information upon that façade, 
features of 1950s design were emphasized. Images of the 
stairs were also presented as overlaying data on the 
exterior to indicate what type of treasure the structures 
hide on their insides. As shown in Figure 7, the users can 
take a virtual walk through the project, gain a sense of 
the past, and learn how the town of Saarbrücken aims to 
bring the vibe again into modern-day life on the streets. 
Apart from the walking tour around Saarbrucken’s 
streets, there was additionally an essential information 
station in the marketplace that allowed everyone to stay 
informed before, during, and after the event by using 
augmented brochures and flyers. Individuals who were 
unable to attend the physical tour seemed to have the 
opportunity to explore the town as a virtual three-
dimensional model. With common CAD application. 
every station that uses AR seems to have four points 
marker which helps users to enjoy light and shadow 
during the day[62]. 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 7: Augmented architecture elements of 1950s 
structure in Saarbrucken 
 
 
 
 
4. Railway footbridges 
Council members approved the second stage of 
the plan to preserve the railway line at Dawlish, which 
will result in significant advancements to a historic 
Brunel train station. Network Rail is adopting AR 
Technology to communicate future architectural projects 
to the public, designing the city and allowing the 
audience to be actively engaged from an early stage of 
the design choice through construction. AR enables the 
improved alignment between construction and design. 
also, it supports the diversity in materials selection 
between clients and designers. The key variable in this 
design is the long span of the footbridge which was 
solved by the mock scaling that AR offers during design, 
each footbridge was visualized over various spans. 
Figure 8 shows the final design visualized in the real 
environment; it shows alternatives for one design [63]. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 8: Railway footbridge alternatives designed by 
AR_BIM. 
 
5. Plumbing system 
Maintenance employees must quickly learn a 
wide range of skills. Instead of discovering usable data 
from a vast number of plans or damaging existing 
buildings, sophisticated technical tools may swiftly 
locate the maintenance location in a considerable number 
of concealed engineering as shown in Figure 9. As 
companies make improvements to buildings and outdoor 
areas, AR systems may allow maintenance personnel to 
avoid concealed items such as underground plumbing, 
electrical cables, and structural components. This has the 
potential to either accelerate maintenance and 
reconstruction activities while also reducing the amount 
of unintended harm they typically cause. A "see-through" 
component for tracking the position of piping and 
ventilation system behind walls and panels, as well as 
other hidden components like walls and beams, might 
make maintenance tech and reconstruction easier [64]. 
 
 
Figure 9: Review plumbing system mapping using 
AR_BIM in site. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

118 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
6. Studio project  
This was a small project to educate architects in 
prototyping the same design using augmented reality, 
first the project was modelled through BIM and then 
visualize through augmented reality, then multi options 
for the same design came based on location, and weather, 
Figure 10 illustrates that AR helps the designer to set the 
scheduling step exactly where the green colour views the 
items that under process. the construction of this project 
was implemented on time with the help of mixing AR 
into BIM. As for this study some advantages were seen 
by AR implementation as follows: it sets the existing 
building beside the real environment and identifies 
colours and materials also it identifies construction 
materials in detail. [65].  
 
  
Figure 10: AR-BIM model for a studio project. 
 
7. Warsaw Road swing bridge 
Warsaw Road Swing Bridge was built in 1956. 
According to city employees, around 10,000 cars cross 
the Warsaw Road Swing Bridge per day. According to 
engineering examinations, this bridge was reaching the 
end of its usable life. Parks Canada offered a bridge 
repair as a component of the infrastructure upgrades 
along the Waterway National Historical Site in 2020, 
following a period of study and design work. The goal of 
this initiative is to improve historical, tourist, waterway, 
and roadway assets inside national heritage landmarks, 
national parks, including national coastal nature 
preserves to provide safe, rising visitor experiences [66]. 
Figure 11 illustrates the integration of AR_BIM in a real 
site plan. 
 
 
Figure11: Warsaw Road swing bridge design progress by 
AR. 
 
8. RIXC Centre for New Media Culture 
Senses Art was released by the RIXC Centre 
Culture in 2021. It is a Navigation augmented reality 
application that invites users to virtual exhibitions hosted 
outside. It presents digital art collections housed close to 
the Latvian National Art Museum near Riga. Figure 12 
illustrates that Individuals may experience the outdoor 
exhibit securely and on their own time[67]. 
 
 
Figure12: RIXC Center exhibition through AR. 
 
9. AUGMENTED BERLIN artwork exhibition  
Anika Meier has produced an augmented reality 
art show as in Figure 13; Fashion Week This interactive 
group show including augmented reality art encourages 
virtual guests using a phone or tablet to put eight 
artworks by Berlin artisans in public spaces or even in 
their local walls. Such augmented reality program does 
not necessitate users to travel. Rather, people all over the 
globe are encouraged to utilize the application in their 
local communities to bring artwork by Berlin designers 
out of their local homes or public space[68]. 
 
 
 
Figure 13: Berlin exhibition using AR. 
 
10. The seeing the invisible exhibition 
The unique exhibition of its sort created in 
partnership with a botanic garden as well as art 
organizations from all around the globe as seen in Figure 
14, Seeing the Invisible is a collaboration between the 
Jerusalem Botanic Garden as well as the Outset Art 
Collection Found that will take place in Twelve gardens 
around the world between September 2021 to August 
2022. The exhibition includes Thirteen pieces by artisans 
using augmented reality. Visitors can join the exhibition 
by using a tablet or smartphone application that is 
enabled at the local gardens. Even though all gardens 
feature an identical exhibition, the artworks are presented 
in various places, providing spectators with diverse 
viewpoints depending on their location in the world. 
Because of the structure of AR, there has been little 
disruption to the grounds of the participating botanic 
garden, and the exhibition's carbon emissions have been 
reduced to a minimal[69]. 
 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 119 
 
 
Figure14: The seeing exhibition using AR. 
 
 
11. Historical storytelling (L’Aquila Historical 
Centre) 
Due to the 2009 earthquake, the town of 
L'Aquila's urban layout has changed dramatically. There 
is a distinct gap between the physical ultimate reality of 
places, the result of history which has brought it to the 
current, and the dimension of the invisible as the junction 
of memories and daily existence Figure 15 clarify AR 
application in designing façade.[70]. 
 
 
 
Figure15: L’Aquila Historical Centre using AR. 
 
 
12. Iskra Mehanizmi Brnik industrial building  
“Industrial and commercial building Iskra 
Mehanizmi Brnik” is split into three main blocks, the 
commercial part which includes reinforced structure, and 
the other two parts regarding storage and production 
units constructed by prefabricated concrete. This case 
study focuses on the office building part, this case 
clarifies AR adoption along the lifecycle as shown in 
Figure 16. Different data was available and includes the 
BIM model connected with the augmented reality part. 
BIM model includes geometrical and non-geometric 
design data including geography through location (3D), 
technical requirements(4D) as doors and 
windows manufacturers, and professional maintenance 
(5D). The correlation of the three-dimensional model 
BIM and augmented reality is accomplished through 
three key components: the three-dimensional BIM on its 
own, the entire readout, and the transition of the 
information for analysis in AR via a suitable app on a 
portable device, such as a tablet for this case. The 3d 
BIM provides and receives BIM data, including such 
installation modification needs and project planning 
evaluation, to allow visualization on the AR system, 
enabling the user to engage with three-dimensional 
model BIM as well as other participants of the 
construction team. In actual environments[71].  
 
 
  
Figure 16: Industrial Building using AR. 
 
13. Railway project  
This is a construction project as a second 
railway track from Divaa to Koper, which comprises the 
construction of much more than 17.4 kilometres of roads 
leading with different structures functioning as service 
areas for tunnels, retaining structures, and a 35-meter-
long bridge. It is one of Slovenia's major infrastructural 
projects [18]. This case study fits under design and 
planning stage of the whole life cycle, allowing AR to 
see the construction project structure in addition to the 
entire building in the real surroundings. this case aimed 
to investigate how AR and its application in the chosen 
smartphone app may be utilized in infrastructure projects 
which are defined by great distance[72]. 
To evaluate this case study, a tablet device with 
an augmented reality app was utilized in two distinct 
sites a few kilometers apart as shown in Figure 17. 
However, in a design model on tablets. Both are mapped 
and correctly integrate the needed information in the 
three-dimensional model. It deploys AR technology to 
see 3D interactive simulations on site. It was able to 
inspect the tunnel entrance and MEP systems, in addition 
to the train line to be built, in addition to the overall 
magnitude and difficulty of the building site[73].  
 
 
 
Figure17: Geo position by Google map and coordination 
by BIM model and AR. 
 
14. Gravity Garden by Ivo Ambrosi 
Gravity Garden is a natural space created by 
applying external forces to a basic pre-defined shape as 
shown in Figure 18. The architecture is defined by the 
algorithm that describes its genetic code. The 
optimization of the mathematic algorithm that generates 
the structure, determined by software, defines its ultimate 
shape, much as nature uses the bones of a creature or the 
leaves of a tree. The size and dimensions are related to 
what is required for its survival[74]. There is little 
opportunity for the architect's creativity, and the 
"inventor" goes a step further in this evolutionary 
process, watching and controlling the continual progress 

120 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
of his product from the outside. And manipulating 
project size and scale[75].   
 
  
Figure 18: Gravity Garden by AR –BIM. 
 
15. Extended building   
Site Vision uses a BIM model to demonstrate 
how to envision a building using augmented reality, 
completely textured together with the environment. 
Because the house is on a slope, Site Vision displays how 
the model would seem in this difficult context as is seen 
in Figure 19. AR includes: - To use the "Create New 
Model" tool, place one of the border pegs. Setting up 
over a known point allow local coordinate system to 
operate with; the Sketch-Up axes will be in this place. - 
Obtaining points - How the structure interacts with other 
structures. AR it is useful in assisting your design 
process and displaying how the design interacts with the 
real world with the location workflow [76]. 
 
 
Figure 19: Building integration with site. 
 
According to previous studies, AR_BIM benefits are 
summarized into a list as shown in Table 3 
 
 
AR benefit code AR benefit 
B1 Real-time visualization  
B2 Design making  
B3 Improve collaboration  
B4 Spatial interaction  
B5 Detect errors 
B6 Problem-solving  
B7 Client’s feedback  
B8 Reduce waste  
B9 Improve productivity  
B10 Improve the quality of the design 
B11 Improve safety  
B12 Present details 
B13 Improve communication  
B14 Collect data easily  
B15 Spatial aspect detection  
Table 3: AR benefits through selected case studies 
 
The fifteen cases are selected based on AR_BIM 
adoption, two main parameters were fulfilled through; 
form and function, each parameter has a specific 
reflection in designing a project, as shown in Table 4.  
 
N
o. 
Parameters included 
through AR 
N
o. 
Parameters included 
through AR 
Param
eter 
(A)Form/(B)fu
nction 
Param
eter 
(A)Form/(B)fu
nction 
1 Geometry alternatives- A 8 Reduce time and effort A 
2 Movement track B 9 Pick colours A 
3 Geometry /shade/shadow- 
A, B 
10 Pick plants /shade 
/shadow B 
4 Accessibility – B 11 Track movement B 
5 Infrastructure – B 12 Building orientation – A 
6 Geometry 
/materials/orientation-A, 
B 
13
, 
14 
 
Façade reconstruction -A, 
B 
7 Ensure safety- B  15 Decrease waste – B 
 
Table 4: AR case studies parameters 
 
Figure 20 illustrates AR_BIM projects that concentrate 
on function, form, form, and function together; this was 
an indication that the majority of AR_BIM cases are 
reflecting function issues, most of these cases are related 
to construction and engineering: 
(Form)A: 5 cases almost 33 % 
(Function)B: 7 cases almost 47 % 
(Form and function) AB: 3 cases almost 20%  
 
 
Figure 20:AR_BIM projects potentials in form, function, 
form, and function. 
 
To discover the uses, advantages, and challenges of 
AR throughout the phases of the building project's 
lifetime, a literature review was accomplished involved a 
thorough scan of the literature by using the Google 
Scholar search engine Several terms, including 
Augmented Reality, AR, utilization applications, 
advantages, literature evaluation, construction stages, 
construction projects lifecycle, design, construction, and 
maintenance to mention a few. This search produced 
with 120 papers gathered from conferences and journals 
between 2010-2022 as shown in Table 5 [77][78][79]. 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 121 
 
 
Table 5: AR_BIM references in design phase including 
benefits. Reference (1-79) 
 
 
Table 6 illustrates the selected projects that 
adopted AR_BIM in design phase; each case study has 
recorded specific benefits through adopting augmented 
reality application into BIM. The selected cases are 
categorized as Architecture (A) or Construction (C). The 
project was varying into small projects, mega projects, or 
details inside a project. A small conclusion was defined 
by the authors correlated with AR-BIM including the 
main aspects and benefits.  
 
 
Case /project 
Phase Architecture/ 
construction  
 
The main aspect fulfilled 
through AR-BIM 
 
conclusion 
1 C 1. project timeline  
2. presentation  
3. monitoring site progress  
4. compare design workflow 
5. geometric sequence   
When the 
suggested 
workflows 
were 
compared to 
the existing 
ways, it was 
agreed that 
the 
construction 
industry may 
be ready for 
the use of 
augmented 
reality mixed 
with BIM 
models for 
day-to-day 
duties on a 
worksite. 
And 
developed a 
solution for 
the 
visualization 
of a 
construction 
site 
2 C 1. movement tracking for the 
 chairlifts  
2. check how the building fit 
 surrounding   
3. site layering  
4. put geo-located information  
and heights 
The level of 
detail in AR 
model was 
highly 
adopted 
compared to 
a real project 
3 A, C 1. convenience way to persuade 
architects through  
AR to preserve the cultural  
the style of this city 
2. guided tour into the project  
3. Adopted daylighting and  
shadow through 
 the experiment. 
The AR 
experiment 
includes 
project 
layering of 
color, texture 
shade, and 
shadow   
4 A 1. identify the specific area as 
 3D design 
AR helped 
the team 
with 
materials 
components 
as more 
exposure to 
design 
experiment 
5 A 1. rapid maintenance   
2. see behind hidden  
infrastructures 
Maintenance 
through the 
AR_BIM 
system is 
easier than 
referring to 
many 
drawings 
6 A 1. presentation technique 
 better than traditional 
2. prototyping based on 
 weather and location  
3. identify design scheduling  
4. locating construction  
materials on site 
 
80% of 
architects 
who 
designed this 
studio affirm 
that design 
was 
constructed 
with time of 
scheduling 
by the aided 
Reference 
1-79 
AR-
BIM 
phase 
code 
AR-BIM benefits 
included in papers 
Phase 
25 CD 1. visual construction 
details (MEP system. 
2. underground 
visualization  
3. system mockup 
real-time project 
modeling connect the 
project with 
surrounding 
conceptual layout 
overlay 3D design 
into the physical 
world  
 
Conceptual 
design  
13 D 1. prepare 3D models  
2. select materials and 
colors  
Design  
10 PRE 1. Review along design 
2. clash detection  
3. sequence planning  
4. clarify design early 
5. operate equipment 
and set them 
6. full site scale 
7. safety orientation  
Pre-
constructio
n  
17 CON 1. Visualizing models in 
the field  
2. layout preparation  
3. site layout  
4. 4D simulation  
5. monitoring workflow  
Constructio
n  
13 OM 1. locate building 
contents that need 
maintenance  
2. Compare 
alternative's pros and 
cons 
Operation 
and 
maintenanc
e  

122 Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 S.H. Al-Dhaimesh et al.  
 
AR 
7 C 1. reduce errors 
2. improve productivity 
3. simplify fieldwork 
4. redesign and renovation  
5. improve heritage 
AR simplified 
reconstructio
n of this 
bridge and 
ensure the 
safety of 
users 
8 A 1. reduce efforts and time in 
visiting the station  
of this museum  
2. give a sense of place for 
 individuals who  
participate in this experience  
3.promotes new forms of arts 
 by AR 
There is no 
need for 
physical 
attendance 
to be an 
audience in a 
museum 
9  A 1. AR helps in designing 
 Berlin fashion week  
2. control colors 
3.no physical attendance 
The 
technology 
of AR makes 
social 
distance 
bearable 
10. A 1. presentation of arts through  
gardens  
2. pick the appropriate kind  
of plants 
3. check shade and shadow 
Exhibition 
carbon 
emissions 
were 
reduced to 
about 35 % 
compared to 
the physical 
exhibition 
11 C 1. junction of memories and 
 actual design 
2. best design façade 
AR enables 
full design 
planning 
with fewer 
design costs 
12 A 1. project planning evaluation  
2.useres engagement in  
design 
AR enables 
users' and 
client's 
engagements 
13 A 1. facade reconstruction  
2. intersection between history 
and memory 
In this case, 
AR carries 
the façade 
design 
workflow 
step by step 
aligning 
historical 
points and 
hypotheses 
from design 
(layering) 
14  A 1. generate design shapes 
2. life-size model 
3. assess of light 
4. walkthrough model 
Walk 
through the 
scale of the 
project  
15 A 1. facilitate workflow for 
 construction site due to  
the difficult slope  
2.provide accurate data to 
 smooth design 
Identify 
construction 
although 
slopes 
 
Table 6: design stage for the selected case studies 
reference: (7,8,9,11,14,20,25,30,41,53,58,75,61,69) 
 
This paper includes five design stages: 
conceptual, design, pre-construction, construction, and 
operation. Each stage is given ten points including 
criteria that it concerns. According to these criteria, 
points are given for each phase in the selected cases as 
shown. Figure 21 illustrates design process checklist for 
conceptual design, design, preconstruction, construction, 
operation, and maintenance. The authors conducted this 
checklist based on the previous theorist.[9] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 21: case studies design stage points, and main 
design process checklist. 
 
 
From the previous checklist of design process, each case 
study has adopted Augmented Reality with building 
information modelling along design process components. 
It was noted that most of the adoption referred to 
conceptual design at about 33% and to design phase 
which was about 28%, followed by 17% for construction 
and 13% related to pre-construction. For operation and 
maintenance 9%. (As shown in Figure 22). 
 
 
 
 
 

A Review: Investigating of Augmented Reality-BIM Benefits…  Informatica 47 (2023) 111–126 123 
 
 
Conceptual design 33% 
Design 28% 
Pre-construction 13% 
Construction 17% 
Operation 33% 
 
Figure 22: Case studies and the main aspect of AR_BIM 
adoption in design phase. 
6 Conclusion and recommendation  
 
This paper presents an overview of Augmented 
Reality (AR) applications associated with BIM across the 
design process. According to the publications gathered 
from 2010 to 2022, AR offers a wide range of 
applications in architectural design, construction, and 
education. The primary applications included many 
scholars noted that architects found AR applications to 
be quite useful in overcoming a lack of time and other 
resources (Cannaerts, n.d). They also stated that AR 
assisted architects in understanding concepts in difficult 
courses such as buildings and surveys[81].  
Employing AR for architecture designers would 
allow them to comprehend the spatial aspects of their 
designs and understand their projects by walking around 
the virtual world and visualize the texture as well as the 
colour of the allocated materials[82]. The ratios of the 
spatial structure and the artistic expression of the 
structural elements of AR improve experiential learning 
and provide optimal engagement levels to successfully 
transmit knowledge to learners when it comes to 
improving construction education.  
Designers may use augmented reality (AR) 
technology to construct a learning tool that allows them 
to create conventional structures and interface with 
virtual models. Furthermore, research on the utilization 
of AR revealed that the architecture was changed, 
employee happiness rose, and expenditures were 
reduced. Improving construction education and 
promoting practical learning using AR provides 
appropriate engagement levels to successfully convey 
knowledge to learners[83]. Students and practitioners in 
construction must visualize various building approaches 
and attend field trips. This may necessitate visits to 
building sites to bridge the gap between theory and 
practice.  
AR enables researchers to follow, record, and 
evaluate human decision-making behaviors in a 
controlled setting with great precision and in short 
periods. AR may integrate safety with construction 
materials and techniques instruction by offering a 
creative platform for spiritually enhancing hazard 
awareness ability, transmitting safety knowledge, and 
guiding learners. AR technologies have emerged for 
construction and have been utilized in architectural and 
design simulations, construction safety & health, 
equipment and operational duties, and analysis [84]. 
 
Reviewing design through AR_BIM is a new area of 
research, with scholars still investigating various aspects 
of its optimization. Future researchers should examine 
unique features of the integration to enhance its 
effectiveness in the future including: 
• Adding BIM projects versus AR_BIM tool to 
figure out a variance in potentials in the design 
process.  
•  Analyze the impact of AR technology on work 
performance concerning its influence on quality, 
implementation, minimizing losses, and 
enhancing the productivity of human resources. 
Besides, there is a need to study its benefits on 
clients' decision-making. 
•  Examine case studies with the design process 
and capture the benefits of AR_BIM from 
conceptual design to operation and maintenance. 
This study was funded by a research grant from the 
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental 
Research Grant Scheme with Project Code: 
FRGS/1/2018/SSI11/USM/03/6. 
 
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