EffEct of wEathEr fronts on mosquito 
(DiptEra: culiciDaE) numbEr basED on a 90-Days-long 
trapping anD wEathEr obsErvation
Attila J. TráJer1*, János TráJer2
1University of Pannonia, Sustainability Solutions research Lab, 
H-8200 egyetem utca 10, Veszprém, Hungary
2Independent author, H-5008 Szerb A. str. 26, Szolnok, Hungary
*Corresponding author’s e-mail address: attilatrajer@gmail.com,
trajer.attila@mk.uni-pannon.hu, tel. (+36)88-62-6116
abstract – Mosquitoes are the cause of summer nuisance and vectors of several
pathogens. Their activity and abundance are determined by meteorological factors.
We performed a 90-days-long mosquito trapping and parallel measuring of temper-
ature, air pressure, and precipitation values in Felsőörs, Hungary. The aim of the
study was to find a correlation between the changing weather conditions and the
trapped mosquito numbers and the four most abundant mosquito species. A total of
1716 mosquito individuals was trapped, and 19 mosquito species were identified.
Aedes cinereus, Aedes vexans, Anopheles maculipennis, Culex pipiens formed the
87% of the mosquito material. The regionally rare species, Ochlerotatus excrutians
was also collected. The theoretical threshold of mosquito activity in the study was
11°C. Based on the multiple regression analyses, mean, maximum and minimum
temperatures had a moderately strong positive effect, precipitation had a very weak
positive effect and air pressure had a very weak negative effect on the number of
caught mosquitoes. In the case of the four most abundant mosquito species, similar
correlations were found. The statistical analysis of meteorological variables and
mosquito numbers showed that higher mean daily temperatures 1 day prior to trap-
ping had the most significant positive effect on mosquito numbers. Lower than
average mosquito catches occurred mainly during or 1-2 days after the front pas-
sages, and the average mosquito catches generally were associated with front-free
periods. It was concluded that weather fronts have a negative effect on mosquito
activity.
Key WordS: anticyclones, abundance, trapping, activity, screening
31
ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2022                    Vol. 30, øt. 1: 31–52
izvleček – VPLIV VreMeNSKIH FroNT NA PoJAVLJANJe KoMArJeV
(dIPTerA: CULICIdAe) NA oSNoVI 90-dNeVNeGA MoNITorINGA IN
oPAZoVANJA VreMeNA
Komarji so poletna nadloga in prenašalci več vrst patogenih organizmov. Njihovo
aktivnost in številčnost določajo meteorološki dejavniki. V Felsőörsu na
Madžarskem smo izvedli 90-dnevno vzorčenje komarjev in vzporedno merjenje tem-
perature, zračnega tlaka in količine padavin. Cilj študije je bil ugotoviti korelacijo
med spreminjajočimi se vremenskimi razmerami in številom ujetih komarjev.
Skupno smo ujeli 1716 komarjev, ki pripadajo 19 vrstam. Vrste Aedes cinereus,
Aedes vexans, Anopheles maculipennis, Culex pipiens so predstavljale 87 % ujetih
osebkov. Poleg naštetih smo ujeli tudi regionalno redko vrsto, Ochlerotatus exru-
tians. Teoretični prag aktivnosti komarjev v študiji je bil 11 °C. Na podlagi večkrat-
nih regresijskih analiz so imele srednje, najvišje in najnižje temperature zmerno
močno pozitivno korelacijo, padavine zelo šibek pozitiven in zračni tlak zelo šibek
negativen učinek na število ulovljenih komarjev. Statistična analiza meteoroloških
spremenljivk in števila komarjev je pokazala, da so višje srednje dnevne temperature
en dan pred ujetjem najbolj vplivale na število komarjev. do številčno pod-
povprečnega ulova komarjev je v glavnem prišlo med ali 1-2 dni za vremenskimi
frontami. Povprečni ulov komarjev je bil na splošno povezan z obdobji brez front.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da vremenske fronte negativno vplivajo na aktivnost komarjev.
KLJUčNe BeSede: anticikloni, številčnost, vzorčenje, aktivnost, monitoring
introduction
Mosquitoes are involved in the transmission of pathogens in almost the entire
world (Cailly et al. 2012; Schaeffer et al. 2008). Mosquito-borne diseases occur not
only in tropical-subtropical areas but also spread in temperate regions such as
Central europe. The spread of the vectors and the diseases were triggered by the
increasingly hot summers of the recent decades (Ziegler et al. 2019). West Nile
fever and the Dirofilaria repens nematode-caused dirofilariosis are autochthonous
mosquito-borne diseases in present-day Hungary (Trájer et al. 2016a; Trájer et al.
2015a; Zittra et al. 2015). However, it should be noted that until the 1950s, malaria
was also endemic in the country (Szénási et al. 2003). In addition to mosquito-borne
diseases, mosquito-related disturbance can also have significant social impacts
(Medlock et al., 2012). Mosquito species can cause notable nuisance both in recre-
ation and detached house areas causing considerable revenue loss for the tourism
sector. The mass emergence of such floodwater mosquitoes as Aedes vexans
Meigen (1830) reduces life quality for inhabitants of infested areas. It also negative-
ly affects the socio-economic conditions of the region (Schäfer and Lundström
2009). The protection against mosquito nuisance sometimes can require major
financial expenses for the human populations of low-income regions (Snehalatha et
al. 2003). It is known that mosquito abundance and diversity can be higher in the
natural than in the artificial wetlands and wetland size has a positive effect on
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
32
mosquito abundance (Schäfer et al. 2004). However, several important mosquito
vector species – like the Asian tiger mosquito or the yellow fever mosquito – prefer
the artificial breeding habitats (Vijayakumar et al. 2014). on the other hand, anthro-
pogenic effects can facilitate the colonization of areas with certain mosquito
species. For example, river regulation and the construction of hydropower plants
can modify the local mosquito fauna altering both mosquito abundance and diver-
sity (Trájer et al. 2015b). Many artificial wetlands were constructed near human set-
tlements in the last decades, thus raising the problem of these habitats being asso-
ciated with mosquito nuisance.
Based on the above-described facts, it is important to clarify how the current
weather conditions influence daily mosquito activity. It is well-known that weather
influences insect populations (e.g., Sellers 1980). Mosquitoes are ectothermic ani-
mals, which means that they cannot regulate their own body temperature. due to this
circumstance, the physiological development and other biochemical processes of
mosquitoes primarily depend on ambient temperature (Goindin et al. 2015). The
abundance and activity of mosquitoes strongly depend on the actual weather condi-
tions and climate (Schaeffer et al. 2008), and the alteration of ambient temperature
directly affects their biting behaviour and fecundity (Martin et al. 2013).
Temperature determines the development time of mosquito species in each develop-
ment stage, as, e.g., in the case of Aedes albopictus Skuse (1894), it was proved
(delatte et al. 2009; Calado and Silva 2002). Modelling mosquito population dynam-
ics, Walsh et al. (2004) concluded that average maximum temperature, the total
number of heating degree-days, the total number of days with a minimum tempera-
ture below freezing during the winter months were predictive of seasonal abundance
of mosquito populations. It should be noted that extremely hot temperatures decrease
mosquito activity and survival (reisen 1995). However, below the thermal death
point, the growth rates of arthropod vector populations are positively correlated with
elevated temperatures and densities are higher (Paz and Albersheim 2008;
Charlwood et al. 2003). Increasing ambient temperatures shorten the interval
between blood meals and raise the evolution speed of viral pathogens (Paz et al.
2013; Kilpatrick et al. 2008; Meyer et al. 1990; ruiz et al. 2010). even drought can
cause mass mosquito emergences and the outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases
(Shaman et al. 2005; Chase and Knight 2003). It can be concluded that increased
temperature has been associated with the increased incidence of arboviral infection
outbreaks, as it was, e.g., observed during its first Chikungunya epidemic in Italy
(Tajudeen et al., 2021).
Precipitation also has an important impact on mosquito abundance and activity.
Higher winter and spring precipitation and the consequent increase of river runoff
can explain the notable increase of mosquito abundance and viral mosquito-borne
encephalitis incidence in floodplain areas (Wegbreit and reisen 2000). Ndiaye et
al. (2006) developed a model which describes the aggressiveness of Aedes
mosquitoes following rainfall events. However, the effect of the different meteo-
rological factors cannot be separated from each other. due to this fact, the tempo-
ral variability of mosquito density and the incidence of the transmitted diseases are
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
33
generally driven by the combination of several weather-related factors, especially
rainfall, wind, temperature, and humidity (e.g., Smith et al. 2004). The effect is not
coincident, a certain lag exists between the weather conditions and the transmis-
sion of mosquito-borne diseases (Chen et al. 2010). The effect of changing mete-
orological conditions on mosquito abundance could have some week latency. For
example, Chuang et al. (2011) found that higher temperature in the current week
and 2 weeks prior as well as higher precipitation 3 to 4 weeks before collection of
host-seeking adult mosquitoes had positive influences on Culex tarsalis Coquillett
(1896) abundance. reisen et al. (2007) found that the temporal variation in the
abundance of a vector mosquito, Cx. tarsalis, was linked significantly with coinci-
dent and antecedent changes of regional climate conditions. deGaetano (2004)
found out that monthly temperature and precipitation conditions accounted for
between 40% to 50% of the variation in the average trapped number of mosquitoes.
Similarly, Guoliang (2000) found that atmospheric temperature and rainfall both
influence the density of mosquitoes although the correlation was much stronger in
the case of temperature than precipitation. Qin et al. (2003) found that both tem-
perature and humidity can influence mosquito density, but while the effect of tem-
perature was found to be very strong, the influence of humidity seemed to be weak
on mosquito abundance.
It is plausible that the most important meteorological factors of mosquito
abundance can vary by mosquito species. For example, in the case of Ae. albopic-
tus yu et al. (2010) described that absolute humidity is the only factor influencing
total mosquito density while some other factors like the daily sunshine duration
and temperature are the factors influencing Ae. albopictus density. Zhou et al.
(2010) concluded that temperature significantly influences mosquito abundance
while rainfall does not. It is most plausible that temperature and precipitation
influence in a different way and rhythm the population dynamics of mosquitoes.
Ahumada et al. (2004) found that temperature and rain create cycles in the
dynamics of the population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (1823) in Hawaii. It
should be noted that not only the climate or the weather, but human factors can
strongly modify the mosquito abundance as well. Trawinski and Mackay (2010)
found that Culex pipiens L. (1758) and Culex restuans Theobald (1901) popula-
tion densities were positively correlated with human population density and hous-
ing unit density.
The modelling of the potential mosquito activity is not a theoretical problem
because it can seriously impact the planning of mosquito-control activities. The
timing, the location and the amount of pesticides and other biologically active
agents applied is a very important issue. The use of personal protection techniques
as mosquito repellents could have negative impacts on human health (Snehalatha
et al. 2003; Sharma 2001). Integrated mosquito management contains several
management components including surveillance, source reduction, prevention,
biological control, repellents, traps, and pesticide-resistance management (rose
2001). The development of such advanced techniques like remote sensing-based
mapping of mosquito breeding habitats (Hassan and onsi 2004), the associated
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
34
health risk calculations and other control efforts can be expensive. While pesti-
cides have several adverse effects on the ecosystems, such microbial agents as
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) has become the object of most used
selective techniques to control mosquitoes (Poulin 2012). A better understanding
of the response of mosquito species to the changing weather conditions would
help with the mitigation and pest control. The general annual abundance patterns
of the native mosquito species are well known in Hungary due to the summary
work of Tóth (2004). In contrast, the responses of mosquito activity to the day-
scale changes of meteorological conditions were previously not studied in
Hungary and this is also rare in the literature. We aimed to study the number of
adult mosquitoes and the taxonomic composition of the trapped material in a
detached house area in the Balaton riviera. It was proposed that the phenology of
mosquitoes is in correlation with the actual meteorological conditions such as
daily temperature, precipitation and air pressure.
materials and methods
study site
Mosquito trapping and meteorological measurements were performed in
Felsőörs, Veszprém County, Hungary in a private garden of a detached house at 233
m above sea level. The trapping site is located 4.5 km north of the coast of Lake
Balaton, the largest lake in Central europe, and 8.5 km southeast of the centre of
Veszprém in the Balaton Highland. The distance of the closest forest from the trap-
ping site is 170 m. There are no notable (larger) mosquito breeding habitats such as
swamps, lakes, or marshes within the 400 m radius of the site. The prevailing wind
has a northwest to southeast direction. The chemical mosquito control of the coast-
line of Lake Balaton does not affect the study site due to the distance of the lake (Fig.
1).
mosquito trapping
The mosquito trapping was performed in the second part of the year to avoid the
main season of univoltine mosquitoes (mainly of certain Ochlerotatus species)
which have a relatively short unimodal activity in early summer in Hungary. A Bio
Mosquito TrapTM device (Fig.2 left) was operated at one trapping site in Felsőörs
during 90 consecutive nights between the 3rd of July and the 8th of october 2016.
Although 90 days at first glance may seem to be a relatively short period, in the lit-
erature, there are examples of successful 30-day-long mosquito screenings (e.g.,
Zittra et al. 2015). Andreadis et al. (2001) performed similar mosquito surveillance
from June through october for the surveillance of the West Nile virus in
Connecticut. Bio Mosquito Trap is a photocatalytic trap for capturing mosquitoes in
an indoor-outdoor environment. The used trap is particularly suitable for use in shel-
tered outdoor areas (terraces, gazebos) or indoors. The technical properties of the
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
35
trap are the following: power: 220 V-50 HZ, power consumption: 26 W, weight: 1.7
kg, range: 5 m, regional coverage: 80 m2. This ultraviolet-A radiating mosquito trap
is treated with titanium oxide which with health releases Co2. The main attractants
for mosquitoes are heat, light, and Co2. In two cases, due to technical problems, the
trappings were unsuccessful. The trap was operated from 8.00 PM to 8.00 AM. The
mosquito trapping was performed in an open garage and was protected from heavy
rains and strong wind gusts.
measuring of meteorological conditions
The following meteorological factors were measured in the study: daily mean,
minimum and maximum temperature, the daily sum of precipitation and air pressure.
We omitted relative and absolute humidity and wind values because we aimed to
monitor the factors which are widely measured and are relatively independent of the
vegetation and building density. Air humidity very strongly depends on the type of
ground and the evapotranspiration of the environment. For example, the time of
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
36
fig. 1. The localization of the study site in Hungary marked with a yellow star
(A: Austria, BIH: Bosnia and Herzegovina, CZ: the Czech republic, H: Hungary,
PL: Poland, ro: romania, SK: Slovakia, SLo: Slovenia, SrB: Serbia, UA:
Ukraine).
increased air humidity due to rain is much shorter in an urbanized area where the
rainwater is drained compared to a forest area. The large and medium-scale topogra-
phy and landmarks including the wind shading buildings and facades can create hec-
tically variable wind conditions which also depend on the wind direction.
A Velleman WS1080TM wireless weather station (dcf clock outdoor sensor) was
used (Fig. 2 right) to detect the alterations in meteorological conditions. The station
has indoor and outdoor units. The station measures the indoor and outdoor tempera-
ture, indoor and outdoor relative humidity, air pressure reading (absolute or relative),
rainfall, wind speed, windchill and dew point temperature.
synoptic data
The daily synoptic maps of europe were gained from the archive of the
Hungarian Meteorological Service (oMSZ 2005-2018). The UTC 00:00 (2.00 A.M.)
and UTC 02:00 (4.00 A.M.) synoptic maps were available. The actual synoptic situ-
ations of the studied site were characterized by front position categories: post-cold
front situation, the south edge of an arriving cold front, post-cold front situation
forming anticyclone, anticyclone, pre-front saddle situation, slowed down frontal
zone, frontless situation etc.
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
37
fig. 2. operating Bio Mosquito Trap (left) and the Velleman WS1080TM meteo-
rological station (right).
software and statistics
daily mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, precipitation sum, air pressure
and the number of cached mosquitoes were used in the daily timescale in the analyses.
In our previous trapping activities, we observed that mosquitoes are active mainly in
the evening hours. due to this fact, the meteorological data of the same day were used
when the trapping activity started. Linear regressions were performed by ‘Correlation
and regression’ and ‘Basic Multiple regression’ tools of the free statistical software
Vassarstats (Lowry 2004). The Chi-Square Test and Fisher exact Probability Test
were performed by the freely accessible Wessa statistical program (Wessa 2012).
The linear and multiple regression analyses were also performed by using posi-
tive and negative lags because theoretically it can be hypothesized that
1) the biological effects of abiotic factors appear immediately or some days after
the event (classical causal approach), directly affecting the activity or influence
the ontogeny of animals or
2) mosquito activity depends on meteorological factors like air pressure, temper-
ature, wind, and air humidity. These factors generally exhibit characteristic
changes before, during and after the different weather fronts. Under and just
before their arrival, cold fronts in summer can notably alter the convective
environment by, e.g., the increase of convective available energy and the
decrease of convective inhibition resulting in changing wind shear, the forming
of clouds and the consequent decrease of insolation and the drop of tempera-
ture (Kunz et al. 2020).
results
collected species
A total of 1716 mosquitoes was trapped from 3 July 2016 to 8 october 2016 and
19 mosquito species were found. According to the genera 2 Aedes, 3 Anopheles, 1
Coquillettidia, 3 Culex, 1 Culiseta, 8 Ochlerotatus and 1 Uranotaenia species were
found. The identified mosquito species can be seen in Table 1.
Cx. pipiens pipiens formed the majority (69.29%) of mosquitoes with 1189 indi-
viduals. Ae. vexans was the second most frequent species with 211 individuals form-
ing 12.30% of collected mosquitoes. Oc. sticticus and An. maculipennis were the third
and fourth most frequent species with 79 and 49 collected imagoes forming 4.60 and
2.86 % of the material. For further total number and frequency data, see Table 1.
The number of mosquitoes showed a decreasing trend in the studied 90 days-long
period. The daily mean number of caught mosquitoes was 3 individuals per day dur-
ing the total trapping period showing decreasing tendency over time (July: 4.37
August: 3.13 September: 2.93 and october: 1.67; Fig. 3A). The number of daily
trapped mosquitoes showed notable variance. Since Cx. pipiens pipiens formed
69.29% of the collected material, the daily number of this species determined pri-
marily the run of the curve of mosquito activity (Fig. 3B).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
38
table 1. The number and percentage value of trapped mosquitoes by species.
the effect of meteorological conditions on mosquito number
The linear regression coefficients of 3-days mean temperatures and 3-days
trapped mosquito numbers were calculated according to zero, 1- and 2-days lags.
The best correlation coefficient was found in the case of a 1-day lag. The correlation
coefficient in the case of zero and 2-days lag was 0.4917 and 0.446. Significant pos-
itive linear regression (p<0.001, r2=0.5672) was found between the mean air temper-
ature of consecutive 3 days and the number of trapped mosquitoes using a 1-day lag.
The x-intercepts are 11°C (0-day lag), 11°C (1-day lag) and 9°C (2-days lag).
Based on the results of multiple regression analyses, temperature values (daily
mean minimum and maximum) have a moderately strong positive effect on the daily
trapped mosquito numbers. The sums of daily precipitation and mosquito numbers
show a very weak positive correlation, while between the daily air pressure values
and the trapped mosquito numbers a weak negative correlation was found. In the
case of the most abundant four mosquito species, similar correlations were observed,
although weak and very weak correlations were found between precipitation and the
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
39
species abbr. number of individuals percentage of total (%)
Aedes cinereus Meigen (1818) Ae cin 40 2.33
Aedes vexans Meigen (1830) Ae vex 211 12.30
Anopheles claviger Meigen (1804) An cla 3 0.17
Anopheles hyrcanus Pallas (1771) An hyr 1 0.06
Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (1818) An mac 49 2.86
Coquillettidia richiardii Ficalbi (1889) Co ric 6 0.35
Culex hortensis Ficalbi (1890) Cx hor 1 0.06
Culex pipiens pipiens L. (1758) Cx pip 1189 69.29
Culex torrentium Martini (1924) Cx tor 14 0.82
Culiseta annulata Schrank (1776) Cu ann 19 1.11
Ochlerotatus annulipes Meigen (1830) oc ann 12 0.70
Ochlerotatus cantans Meigen (1818) oc can 8 0.47
Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas 1771) oc cas 13 0.76
Ochlerotatus cataphylla dyar (1916) oc cat 2 0.12
Ochlerotatus excrutians Walker (1856) oc exc 1 0.06
Ochlerotatus flavescens Müller (1764) oc fla 15 0.87
Ochlerotatus geniculatus olivier (1791) oc gen 9 0.52
Ochlerotatus sticticus Meigen (1838) oc sti 79 4.60
Uranotaenia unguiculata edwards (1913) Ur ung 2 0.12
Indet. Indet 42 2.45
Sum. 1716 100
daily trapped number of Ae. cinereus and Cx. pipiens mosquitoes, in contrast to the
very weak correlation which was found in the case of the daily total mosquito num-
bers. The starting-point constants were as follows: -537.3828 (mosquitoes, mosq), -
416.0822 (Cx. pipiens, cx. pip), -4.5123 (Ae. cinereus, ae. cin), 19.7215 (Ae. vex-
ans, ae vex), -3.4024 (An. maculipennis, an. mac) (Table 2).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
40
fig. 3. The number and taxonomical composition of caught mosquitoes (A: abso-
lute numbers, B: percentages according to the daily total number; for the abbreviated
names of species, see Table 1).
table 2. Correlation matrix of the multiple regression analyses using 0 day-lag.
The multiple regression analyses of the data of the collected daily mosquito num-
ber were repeated using 1, 2, 3, -1-day lags. The results showed that the adjusted
regression coefficient, and the ratio of the expected variance and unexpected vari-
ances (F statistic values in the ANoVA table) were the highest in the case of
using 1-day lag (Tables 3-4).
table 3. The starting-point constants (a) and the standardized regression weights
(b) of multiple regression analyses of five meteorological factors and the daily num-
ber of trapped mosquitoes using -1 to 3 days-lags. Tmean: mean daily atmospheric
temperature; Tmin: minimum daily atmospheric temperature; Tmax: maximum daily
atmospheric temperature; Prec: daily precipitation; Press: daily mean air pressure.
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
41
tmean tmax tmin prec press mosq cx pip ae cin ae vex an mac
tmean 1 0.956 0.914 0.144 -0.353 0.594 0.441 0.281 0.412 0.25
tmax - 1 0.759 0.029 -0.222 0.543 0.395 0.257 0.421 0.279
tmin - - 1 0.308 -0.499 0.576 0.412 0.298 0.377 0.247
prec - - - 1 -0.384 0.069 -0.051 -0.12 0.088 0.05
press - - - - 1 -0.171 -0.003 -0.063 -0.159 -0.097
msq - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1
lags (day) a r2/b tmean tmax tmin prec press
multiple
r2
adjusted
multiple r2
-1 -181.3392
r2 0.532 0.473 0.548 0.173 -0.244
0.3125 0.2747
b -3.0887 1.998 3.158 0.2454 0.1619
0 -392.3114
r2 0.594 0.543 0.576 0.069 -0.171
0.3693 0.3347
b 1.5083 -0.1931 1.2336 -0.1629 0.3624
1 -537.3828
r2 0.567 0.54 0.491 -0.057 -0.036
0.4093 0.3768
b 22.5567 -10.6204 -9.323 -0.1576 0.5039
2 -1235.1766
r2 0.401 0.312 0.433 0.051 0.023
0.3297 0.2929
b 21.3033 -11.2966 -7.1526 0.1087 1.1995
3 -1219.0798
r2 0.345 0.242 0.419 0.203 -0.04
0.262 0.2214
b 8.9223 -5.0032 -1.3705 0.5455 1.1849
table 4. The detailed ANoVA table of the multiple regression results.
the effect of synoptic situations on mosquito number
Mosquito number was thought to be high or low if the daily mosquito number
was 10 individuals – higher or lower than the 90-days long-trend predicted daily
value. According to this criterion, the daily mosquito numbers were high in 18 21 23-
25, and 30 July, on 23-24 August, and on 24 8-11 September. The mosquito numbers
were low in 7-8 15-16 July, 5-6 9-12 19, and 21-22 August 2016. Among the above-
average mosquito number-related synoptic situations (hence it is abbreviated as
‘above average synoptic situations’), the following ones occurred: anticyclone sad-
dle situation (Fig.4A), tangential cold front (Fig.4B), the centre of a shallow cyclone
(Fig.4C), occlusion (double front) effect (Fig.4d), arriving cold front (Fig.4e), post-
cold front situation (Fig.4F and H), the south edge of an arriving cold front (Fig.4G),
forming anticyclone (Fig.4I), anticyclone (Fig.4J), pre-front saddle situation
(Fig.4K), slowed down frontal zone (Fig.4L). Among the below the average
mosquito number-related synoptic situations (hence: ‘below average synoptic situa-
tions’), the following ones occurred: the east rim of an anticyclone (Fig.4M) and the
east edge of an anticyclone (Fig.4U), characterless situation (Fig.4N and P), the
southern rim of a cold drop (Fig.4o), the edge of an anticyclone (Fig.4Q), warm
front effect in the reversing branch of an anticyclone (Fig.4r), the south edge of an
anticyclone (Fig.4S and T), arriving cold front (Fig.4V), characterless situation
(Fig.4W and X).
It was observed that the below-average catches occurred mainly during or 1-2
days after the front passages, the above-average catches occurred during front-free
periods in general during high atmospheric pressure situations. Based on the Chi-
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
42
lags(day) p F ss df ms
-1 <.0001 4.33
regression 6801.3729 5 1360.2746
residual 14965.5137 91
164.4562
Total 21766.8866 96
0 <.0001 10.66
regression 8039.2129 5 1607.8426
residual 13727.6737 91
150.8536
Total 21766.8866 96
1 <.0001 12.61
regression 8908.9705 5 1781.7941
residual 12857.9161 91
141.2958
Total 21766.8866 96
2 <.0001 8.95
regression 7176.4326 5 1435.2865
residual 14590.454 91
160.3347
Total 21766.8866 96
3 <.0001 6.46
regression 5702.6606 5 1140.5321
residual 16064.226 91
176.53
Total 21766.8866 96
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
43
fig. 4. Above average synoptic situations: UTC 00:00 July 19 (A), UTC 02:00
July 22 (B), UTC 02:00 July 24 (C), UTC 00:00 July 25 (d), UTC 00:00 July 31 (e),
UTC 02:00 23 August 2016 (A), UTC 02:00 24 August 2016 (B), UTC 00:00 August
25 (C), UTC 02:00 September 3 (F), UTC 00:00 September 5 (G), UTC 02:00
September 10 (H), UTC 00:00 September 11 (I); below average synoptic situations:
00:00 UTC 8 July 2016 (M), 02:00 UTC 9 July 2016 (N), 02:00 UTC 16 July 2016
(o), 02:00 UTC 17 July 2016 (P), 02:00 UTC 6 August 2016 (Q), 00:00 UTC 7
August 2016 (r), 00:00 10 August 2016 (S), 02:00 11 August 2016 (T), 00:00 UTC
12 August 2016 (U), 00:00 UTC 13 August (V), 00:00 UTC 20 August (W), and
02:00 UTC 22 August 2016 (X). A’: low ‘M’: high atmospheric pressure (oMSZ
(2005-2018)).
Square and Fisher exact Probability tests, a strong significant correlation was found
between the frontal or post-frontal synoptic situations and the below-average
mosquito catches (Tables 5-6).
table 5. The 2x2 contingency table of the data.
table 6. The results of Chi-Square and Fisher exact Probability tests.
Discussion
We performed a 90-days-long continuous mosquito trapping to study the effect of
daily changing meteorological conditions on daily catches of adult mosquitoes in a
detached house area. The previous mosquito surveys in Hungary studied the
mosquito seasonality, but continuous daily catches were not performed (Mihályi and
Gulyás 1963; Tóth and Kenyeres 2012; Tóth 2004, 2006). The number of
mosquitoes showed a clear decreasing trend from 3rd July to 8th october. The number
of trapped mosquitoes, considering the consecutive days, showed relatively high
fluctuations. Tóth (2006) previously showed that the phenology of the most frequent
multivoltine mosquito species shows very similar decreasing abundance patterns
from middle summer to the end of autumn in Hungary (Tóth 2004). It was found that
mean daily temperature is a strong significant factor, which affects the daily trapped
mosquito number. The found 1-day lag suggests that the effect of the changing tem-
perature patterns has a short latency on the daily level of mosquito activity. our
results are in accordance with the conclusions of Guoliang (2000) Qin et al. (2003)
and Zhou et al. (2010) who found that temperature strongly influences the mosquito
The 2x2 contingency table of the data.
mosquito number
Below Above
synoptic situation
Frontal/post-frontal 9 2
Not frontal 3 11
Expected cell frequencies per null hypothesis.
mosquito number
Below Above
synoptic situation
Frontal/post-frontal 5.28 5.72
Not frontal 6.72 7.28
Chi-square table.
phi yates pearson
-0.6
6.74 9
0.0094 0.0027
Fisher exact probability test
p
one-tailed 0.0040
two-tailed 0.0048
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
44
abundance, although these authors did not study the effects of short-changes of mete-
orological conditions. The correlation between the differences from the trends of
mean daily temperature and the trapped mosquito numbers also proved that the sud-
den changes of temperature conditions have a notable effect on daily mosquito abun-
dance/activity patterns. It should be noted that ambient temperature may also influ-
ence post–oviposition feeding of females (Gillies and deMeillon 1968; Charlwood
et al. 2011), although the degree of the effect can vary by species.
We found no significant correlation between the sum of the days with precipita-
tion and the daily numbers of mosquitoes like Zhou et al. (2010). In contrast,
Guoliang (2000) found a significant correlation between rainfall and the density of
mosquitoes although they concluded that this effect was weak. A similar study was
presented by Szepesszentgyörgyi and rentsendorj (2006) who studied the seasonal
changes of mosquito fauna in Szeged in 1999, although the statistical evaluation of
the changes of meteorological conditions on mosquito activity was not performed. It
is plausible that the annual precipitation patterns have the most notable influence on
the seasonal (Wegbreit and reisen 2000) or monthly mosquito abundance (Chuang
et al. 2011; deGaetano 2004) than the daily number of trapped mosquitoes. The pas-
sage of anticyclones with a subsequent heavy rainstorm could have a strong effect on
the populations of mosquitoes (Charlwood et al. 2012; Koenraadt et al. 2004;
Paaijmans et al. 2007). However, it is very plausible that rainfall affects the mosquito
species differently. For example, in Ghana Anopheles gambiae Giles (1902) entered
houses more during rainy nights (Charlwood et al. 2011) while other mosquitoes
such as Anopheles farauti Laveran (1902) in Papua New Guinea did not enter houses
when it rained (Charlwood et al. 1988). The drop in the number of trapped
mosquitoes was observed during and before stronger cold fronts. In some cases, this
effect can depend statistically on the corresponding meteorological cold fronts since
some anticyclones can cause vast cooling even in summer and notable precipitation,
while weaker cold fronts only cause milder cooling and dry, sunny weather.
We found a negative correlation between the trapped mosquito number and rain-
fall although this relationship was very weak and not significant. The possible medi-
um-term negative effect of rainfall on mosquito numbers can be a consequence of the
nutrient diluting effect of downpours when both larvae and nutrients can be washed
out of the mosquito breeding habitats (dieng et al. 2010). Based on the ontogeny of
mosquitoes in small waters, the most plausible explanation of the cold front-preced-
ing swarming is that 4th instar mosquito larvae and/or pupae can accelerate their
development to prevent the dilution effect of downpours during the arrival of cold
fronts in summer. The flushing out effect of rain can be the most dramatic during the
pupal stage and in the case of Cx. pipiens longer rain exposure - which is character-
istic of the precipitation during cold fronts – is a more notable risk from washing out
than short downpours (Koenraadt and Harrington 2008). Heavy rains also have an
oviposition repellent effect (Koenraadt and Harrington 2008). on the other hand, the
dilution or the oviposition repellent effect can vary by mosquito species even within
the same genus. For example, the abundance of Cx. pipiens is more dependent on
rainfall than Cx. hortensis because the first member of Culex predominantly breeds
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
45
in temporary small waters, and the second one prefers the permanent waters for
oviposition (Gillet and Gilot 1983). Naturally in daily time resolution, these effects
could not explain the changes in mosquito abundance. In addition, in the case of the
populations of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii Coquillett (1901) Zani et al. (2005)
found that transient cold stress did not result in a significant loss of fitness at the pop-
ulation level.
Naturally, it should also not be forgotten that weather factors act together on actu-
al mosquito activity. The weak correlation can be explained by the fact that the effect
of stronger or milder cold fronts on daily wind, temperature and precipitation condi-
tions could be very different. roiz et al. (2012) found that the abundance of Cx. pip-
iens females positively correlate with mean temperature and negatively with rainfall
one to four weeks before capturing. It was observed that in temperate regions
mosquito-borne disease outbreaks often occur during the junctions between warm
winds and cold fronts. Sellers and Maarouf (1990) described this phenomenon on the
hypothesis that mosquito vectors are carried on the southern winds and land imme-
diately when they meet the cold fronts. The changing air pressure conditions also
showed a statistically significant but very weak correlation with the daily trapped
number of mosquitoes. The correlation was the strongest in the case of 1-day-lag. It
is plausible that mosquitoes sense the decreasing temperature and increasing air pres-
sure conditions which precedes the arrival of the cold front and cause the decrease
of the number of caught mosquitoes. The activity of mosquitoes can reflect in the
temporal incidence patterns of mosquito-borne diseases. For example, in the case of
malaria, Trájer et al. (2016) proved that the former changes in summer precipitation
patterns influenced the annual malaria case number, which was directly the conse-
quence of the changing mosquito abundances in Hungary (Trájer et al. 2016b).
Similarly, Sang et al. (2014) showed that while dengue fever cases were positively
associated with mosquito density, temperature precipitation, air vapour pressure, and
minimum relative humidity it was negatively associated with air pressure.
It may mean that the increased activity of mosquitoes somewhat precedes 1 day
the arrival of cold fronts. It is known that atmospheric conditions could have a strong
effect on insect activity (Ji–Guang et al. 1993) and the massive swarm migration of
insects can be influenced by cold fronts. For example, large dragonflies prefer to
quest for prey after the passage of cold fronts (russell et al. 1998). Swarming, start-
ing immediately before the arrival of cold fronts, could be beneficial for breeding
mosquitoes. The predation of dragonflies during swarming could cause notable loss-
es for mosquito populations. This influence is so strong that it affects the timing of
swarm initiation and swarm site selection (yuval and Bouskila 1993).
The limitations of this study should also be mentioned. Although it was not really
a long-term performed study conducted over many years, the strongly significant
results and their correspondence to the related literary data shows that the results are
reliable. Since the range of the trap is only 80 m2 it can be assumed that this can
affect the number of the collected mosquitoes although this effect cannot be signifi-
cant. Tsuda et al. (2008) found that the mean flying distance of the females of Culex
pipiens f. pallens is about 280- 520 m during 1-4 days and the maximum flight dis-
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
46
tance of the species is about 1200 m. Trájer et al. (2016a) proved that most of the
canine dirofilariosis cases, which is a typical mosquito-transmitted disease in
Hungary, occurred within the 524 m circle of mosquito breeding habitats reflecting
the influence of the maximum flying distance of mosquitoes on the distribution of
the diseases. The distance of the nearest natural forest habitat was only 170m from
the trapping site where tree holes were formed in the cavity of old Turkey oaks
(Quercus cerris L.). Garden ponds, untreated swimming pools and rainwater collec-
tors occur in the surrounding gardens of the study site, which may serve as the poten-
tial habitats for mosquitoes (Mokany and Shine 2003). These facts indicate that the
range of the source of the trapped mosquitoes was much larger than the collector
range. The statistical analysis wasn’t performed for distinct species but for the total
daily number of mosquitoes. Culex pipiens pipiens, which was found to be the most
abundant species, influenced strongly the found correlations. Because univoltine
mosquitoes have short unimodal activity in early summer in Hungary, our study that
was performed in the second half of the year represents more the response of multi-
voltine mosquitoes to the changing meteorological conditions. It does not seem to be
a bias of the study since the potential vectors of such mosquito-borne diseases like
WNF and the most notable causes of mosquito nuisance such as Ae. vexans are mul-
tivoltine mosquitoes, and these mosquitoes reach their abundance maximum in
August and September in Hungary (Tóth 2004). Naturally, for the large-scale moni-
toring of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses longer and wider trapping efforts should
be required.
acknowledgments
The research presented in this article was carried out with the support of the
NKFIH-471-3/2021 project.
references
andreadis t.g., J.f. anderson, c.r. vossbrinck, 2001: Mosquito surveillance for
West Nile virus in Connecticut 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens Cx. restuans Cx.
salinarius and Culiseta melanura. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7: 670-674.
blackwell a. 1997: diel flight periodicity of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus
and the effects of meteorological conditions. Medical and Veterinary Entomology
11: 361-367.
cailly p., a. tran, t. balenghien, g. l’ambert, c. toty, p. Ezanno. 2012: A cli-
mate-driven abundance model to assess mosquito control strategies. Ecological
Modelling 227: 7-17.
calado D.c., m.a.n.D. silva. 2002: evaluation of the temperature influence on the
development of Aedes albopictus. Revista de Saude Publica 36: 173-179.
charlwood J.D., m. braganca. 2012: The effect of rainstorms on adult Anopheles
funestus behavior and survival. Journal of Vector Ecology 37: 252-256.
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
47
charlwood J.D., E.v.E. tomás, p. salgueiro, a. Egyir-yawson, r.J. pitts, J. pinto.
2011: Studies on the behavior of peridomestic and endophagic M form Anopheles
gambiae from a rice growing area of Ghana. Bulletin of Entomological Research
101: 533-539.
charlwood J.D., J. pinto, c.a. sousa, c. ferreira, v. petrarca, do v.E. rosario.
2003: ‘A mate or a meal’ – Pre–gravid behavior of female Anopheles gambiae
from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe West Africa. Malaria Journal 2: 1-11.
charlwood J.D., p.m. graves, t.D.c. marshall. 1988: evidence for a ‘memorised'
home range in Anopheles farauti females from Papua New Guinea. Medical and
Veterinary Entomology 2 101-108.
chase J.m., t.m. Knight. 2003: drought–induced mosquito outbreaks in wetlands.
Ecology Letters 6: 1017-1024.
chen s.c., c.m. liao, c.p. chio, h.h. chou, s.h. you, y.h. cheng. 2010: Lagged
temperature effect with mosquito transmission potential explains dengue variabil-
ity in southern Taiwan: insights from a statistical analysis. Science of the Total
Environment 408: 4069-4075.
chuang t.w., m.b. hildreth, D.l. vanroekel, m.c. wimberly. 2011: Weather and
land cover influences on mosquito populations in Sioux Falls South dakota.
Journal of Medical Entomology 48: 669-679.
Degaetano a.t. 2005: Meteorological effects on adult mosquito (Culex) populations
in metropolitan New Jersey. International Journal of Biometeorology 49: 345-353.
Delatte h., g. gimonneau, a. triboire, D. fontenille. 2009 Influence of temperature
on immature development survival longevity fecundity and gonotrophic cycles of
Aedes albopictus vector of chikungunya and dengue in the Indian ocean. Journal
of Medical Entomology 46: 33-41.
Dieng h., g.s. rahman, a.a. hassan, m.c. salmah, t. satho, f. miake, m. boots,
a. sazaly. 2012: The effects of simulated rainfall on immature population dynam-
ics of Aedes albopictus and female oviposition. International Journal of
Biometeorology 56: 113-120.
gillies m.t., b. De meillon. 1968: The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara
(ethiopian zoogeographical region). Publications of the South African Institute for
Medical Research Johannesburg 54: 1-343.
gillet J., b. gilot. 1983: La cartographie des populations larvaires de Culex pipiens
(s.l.) en zona urbaine l'example de la Ironche banlieue de Grenoble (Alpes francai-
ses du Nord). Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 20: 1-20.
goindin D., c. Delannay, c. ramdini, J. gustave, f. fouque. 2015: Parity and
longevity of Aedes aegypti according to temperatures in controlled conditions and
consequences on dengue transmission risks. PloS one 10: e0135489.
gresens s.E., m.l. cothran, J.h. thorp. 1982: The influence of temperature on the
functional response of the dragonfly Celithemis fasciata (odonata: Libellulidae).
Oecologia 53: 281-284.
guoliang X. 2000: Study on the Influence of Meteorological Factors upon density of
Mosquito. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control 11: 24–26.
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
48
hassan a.n., h.m. onsi. 2004: remote sensing as a tool for mapping mosquito breed-
ing habitats and associated health risk to assist control efforts and development
plans: a case study in Wadi el Natroun egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of
Parasitology 34: 367–382.
Ji guang m., J. hua, J.r. riley, D.r. reynolds, a.D. smith, w. ren lai, c. Ji yi
Xia nian. 1993: Autumn southward ‘return’migration of the mosquito Culex tri-
taeniorhynchus in China. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7: 323-327.
Kilpatrick a.m., m.a. meola, r.m. moudy, l.D. Kramer. 2008 Temperature viral
genetics and the transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes.
PLoS Pathogens 4 (e1000092): 1-7.
Koenraadt c.J.m., l.c. harrington. 2008: Flushing effect of rain on container-inhab-
iting mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (diptera: Culicidae). Journal of
Medical Entomology 45: 28-35.
Koenraadt c.J.m., a.K. githeko, w. takken. 2004: The effects of rainfall and evap-
otranspiration on the temporal dynamics of Anopheles gambiae ss and Anopheles
arabiensis in a Kenyan village. Acta Tropica 90: 141–153.
Kunz, m., wandel, J., fluck, E., baumstark, s., mohr, s., schemm, s. 2020:
Ambient conditions prevailing during hail events in central europe. Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20: 1867-1887.
lowry r. 2004: VassarStats: website for statistical computation. Vassar College. UrL:
http://vassarstats.net/
marden J., m. Kramer, J. frisch. 1996: Age-related variation in body temperature
thermoregulation and activity in a thermally polymorphic dragonfly. Journal of
Experimental Biology 199: 529-535.
martin, v., v. chevalier, p. ceccato, a. anyamba, l. De simone, J. lubroth, s. de
la rocque, Domenech, J. 2008: The impact of climate change on the epidemiol-
ogy and control of rift Valley fever. Revue Scientifique Et Technique 27: 413-426.
may m. 1995: dependence of flight behavior and heat production on air temperature in
the green darner dragonfly Anax junius (odonata: Aeshnidae). Journal of
Experimental Biology 198: 2385-2392.
medlock J.m., K.m. hansford, m. anderson, r. mayho, K.r. snow. 2012:
Mosquito nuisance and control in the UK–A questionnaire-based survey of local
authorities. European Mosquito Bulletin 30: 15-29.
meyer r.p., J.l. hardy, w.K. reisen. 1990: diel changes in adult mosquito micro-
habitat temperatures and their relationship to the extrinsic incubation of arbovirus-
es in mosquitoes in Kern County California. Journal of Medical Entomology 27:
607-614.
mihályi f., m. gulyás 1963: Magyarország csípő szúnyogjai. [Mosquitoes of
Hungary]. Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest Hungary.
mokany a., r. shine. 2003: Biological warfare in the garden pond: tadpoles suppress
the growth of mosquito larvae. Ecological Entomology 28: 102-108.
ndiaye p.i. bicout D.J. mondet b. sabatier p. 2006: rainfall triggered dynamics of
Aedes mosquito aggressiveness. Journal of Theoretical Biology 243: 222-229.
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
49
omsZ 2005-2018: Weather fronts diary publication. UrL:
https://translate.google.com/?hl=hu#auto/en/napijelent%C3%A9s%20kiadv%C3
%A1ny
paaijmans K.p., m.o. wandago, a.K. githeko, w. takken. 2007: Unexpected high
losses of Anopheles gambiae larvae due to rainfall. PLoS One 2(e1146): 1-11.
paz s., i. albersheim. 2008: Influence of warming tendency on Culex pipiens popula-
tion abundance and on the probability of West Nile Fever outbreaks (Israeli case
study: 2001–2005). EcoHealth 5: 40-48.
paz s., D. malkinson, m.s. green, g. tsioni, a. papa, K. Danis, a. sirbu, K.
Katalin, E. ferenczi. 2013: Permissive summer temperatures of the 2010
european West Nile Fever upsurge. PLoS One 8(e56398): 1-9.
poulin b. 2012: Indirect effects of bioinsecticides on the nontarget fauna: The
Camargue experiment calls for future research. Acta Oecologica 44: 28-32.
qin Z.J., c. luo, y.p. meng. 2003: Statistic Analysis of Influence of Temperature
Humidity rainfull on density in Mosquito. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and
Control 14: 421-422.
rose r.i. 2001: Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito manage-
ment. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7: 17-23.
russell r.w., m.l. may, K.l. soltesz, J.w. fitzpatrick.1998: Massive swarm
migrations of dragonflies (odonata) in eastern North America. The American
Midland Naturalist 140: 325-342.
shaman J., J.f. Da, m. stieglitz. 2005: drought-induced amplification and epidemic
transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida. Journal of Medical
Entomology 42: 134-141.
smith D.l., J. Dushoff, f.E. mcKenzie. 2004: The risk of a mosquito-borne infection-
in a heterogeneous environment. PLoS Biol 2(e368): 1957-1964.
reisen w.K., D. cayan, m. tyree, c.m. barker, b. Eldridge, m. Dettinger. 2008:
Impact of climate variation on mosquito abundance in California. Journal of
Vector Ecology 33: 89-98.
reisen w.K. 1995: effect of temperature on Culex tarsalis (diptera: Culicidae) from
the Coachella and San Joaquin Valleys of California. Journal of Vector Ecology
32: 636-645.
roiz D., a. vazquez, r. rosà, J. muñoz, D. arnoldi, f. rosso, J. figuerola, a.
tenorio, a. rizzoli. 2012: Blood meal analysis flavivirus screening and influence
of meteorological variables on the dynamics of potential mosquito vectors of West
Nile virus in northern Italy. Journal of Vector Ecology 37: 20-28.
ruiz m.o., l.f. chaves, g.l. hamer, t. sun, w.m. brown, E.D. walker, l.
haramis, t.l. goldberg, u.D. Kitron. 2010: Local impact of temperature and
precipitation on West Nile Virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in
Northeast Illinois USA. Parasites and Vectors 3: 1-16.
sang s., w. yin, p. bi, h. Zhang, c. wang, X. liu, b. chen, w. yang, q. liu. 2014:
Predicting local dengue transmission in Guangzhou China through the influence of
imported cases mosquito density and climate variability. PloS One 9(e102755): 1-
10.
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
50
schaeffer b., b. mondet, s. touzeau. 2008: Using a climate-dependent model to pre-
dict mosquito abundance: application to Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus and Aedes
(Diceromyia) furcifer (diptera: Culicidae). Infection Genetics and Evolution 8:
422-432.
schäfer m.l., J.o. lundström. 2009: The present distribution and predicted geo-
graphic expansion of the floodwater mosquito Aedes sticticus in Sweden. Journal
of Vector Ecology 34: 141-147.
schäfer m.l., J.o. lundström, m. pfeffer, E. lundkvist, J. landin. 2004:
Biological diversity versus risk for mosquito nuisance and disease transmission in
constructed wetlands in southern Sweden. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18:
256-267.
sellers r.f., a.r. maarouf 1990: Trajectory analysis of winds and eastern equine
encephalitis in USA 1980-5. Epidemiology & Infection 104: 329-343.
sharma v.p. 2001: Health hazards of mosquito repellents and safe alternatives.
Current Science 80: 341-343.
szepesszentgyörgyi Á., o. rentsendorj. 2006: Seasonal changes in the mosquito
fauna (diptera Culicidae) in the city of Szeged in 1999. Tiscia 35: 33-39.
snehalatha K.s., K.D. ramaiah, K.v. Kumar, p.K. Das. 2003: The mosquito prob-
lem and type and costs of personal protection measures used in rural and urban
communities in Pondicherry region South India. Acta Tropica 88: 3-9.
szénási Z., a. vass, m. melles, i. Kucsera, J. Danka, a. csohán, K. Krisztalovics.
2003: Malaria in Hungary: origin, current state and principles of prevention. Orvosi
hetilap 144: 1011-1018.
tajudeen y.a., i.o. oladunjoye, a.o. adebayo, y.a. adebisi. 2021. The need to
adopt planetary health approach in understanding the potential influence of climate
change and biodiversity loss on zoonotic diseases outbreaks. Public Health in
Practice 2: 100095.
tóth s., Z. Kenyeres. 2012: revised checklist and distribution maps of mosquitoes
(diptera Culicidae) of Hungary. JEMCA 30: 30-65.
tóth s. 2006: A Bakonyvidék csípőszúnyog-faunája (diptera: Culicidae) [Mosquito
Fauna of the Bakony region]. Acta biologica Debrecina. Supplementum
Oecologica Hungarica 15: 1-240.
tóth s. 2004: Magyarország csípőszúnyog-faunája [Mosquito fauna of Hungary].
Natura Somogyensis 6: 1-327 Kaposvár Hungary.
trájer et al. (2016A): trájer a., a. rengei, K. farkas-iványi, Á. bede-fazekas.
2016: Impacts of urbanisation level and distance from potential natural mosquito
breeding habitats on the abundance of canine dirofilariosis. Acta Veterinaria
Hungarica 64: 340-359.
trájer et al. (2016B): trájer a., t. hammer. 2016: Climate-based seasonality model
of temperate malaria based on the epidemiological data of 1927-1934 Hungary.
Időjárás 120: 331-351.
trájer et al. (2015A): trájer a.J., t. hammer, a. rengei. 2015: Trapping blood-
feeding mosquitoes (diptera: Culicidae) in the first lethal canine dirofilariasis site
in Szeged Hungary. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 76: 251-258.
Attila Trájer, János Trájer: Effect of weather fronts on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) number based on a 90-days-long
51
trájer et al. (2015B): trájer a., K. farkas-iványi, J. padisák. 2015: Area-based his-
torical modeling of the effects of the river bank regulation on the potential abun-
dance of eleven mosquito species in the river danube between Hungary and
Slovakia. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 6: 46-57.
trawinski p.r., D.s. mackay. 2010: Identification of environmental covariates of
West Nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. Vector-Borne and
Zoonotic Diseases 10: 515-526.
tsuda y., o. Komagata, s. Kasai, t. hayashi, n. nihei, K. saito, m. mizutani, m.
Kunida, m. yoshida, m. Kobayashi. 2008: A mark-release-recapture study on
dispersal and flight distance of Culex pipiens pallens in an urban area of Japan.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 24: 339-343.
vijayakumar K., t.s. Kumar, Z.t. nujum, f. umarul, a. Kuriakose. 2014: A
study on container breeding mosquitoes with special reference to Aedes
(Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thiruvananthapuram district, India.
Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 51: 27-32.
walsh a.s., g.E. glass, c.r. lesser, f.c. curriero. 2008: Predicting seasonal abun-
dance of mosquitoes based on off-season meteorological conditions.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics 15: 279-291.
wegbreit J., w.K. reisen. 2000: relationships among weather mosquito abundance
and encephalitis virus activity in California: Kern County 1990-98. Journal of the
American Mosquito Control Association 16: 22-27.
wessa p. 2012: Free statistics software office for research development and education
version 1.1. 23-r7. UrL: http://www. wessa. net.
yu D.X., l.f. lin, l. luo, w. Zhou, l. gao, q. chen, s.y. yu. 2010: Correlation
between mosquito density and climatic factors in Guangzhou. Journal of
Preventive Medicine of Chinese People's Liberation Army 5.
yuval b., a. bouskila. 1993: Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito
swarms. Oecologia 95: 65-69.
Zani p.a., s.E. swanson, D. corbin, l.w. cohnstaedt, m.D. agotsch, w.E.
bradshaw, c.m. holzapfel. 2005: Geographic variation in tolerance of transient
thermal stress in the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 86: 1206-1211.
Ziegler u., r. lühken, m. Keller, D. cadar, E. van Der grinten, f. michel, K.
albrecht, m. Eiden, m. rinder, l. lachmann, D. höper, a. vina-rodriguez,
w. gaede, a. pohl, J. schmidt-chanasit, m.h. groschup. 2019: West Nile
virus epizootic in Germany, 2018. Antiviral research 162: 39-43.
Zhou y., p. leng, h. cao, y. Jang, J. liu, J. Zhu. 2010: Study on the influence of
temperature and rainfall to Aedes albopictus density. Chinese Journal of Hygienic
Insecticides & Equipments 16: 105-107.
Zittra c., Z. Kocziha, s. pinnyei, J. harl, K. Kieser, a. laciny, b. Eigner, K.
silbermayr, g.g. Duscher, É. fok, h.p. fuehrer. 2015: Screening blood-fed
mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. Parasites &
Vectors 8: 1-16.
Received / Prejeto: 10. 5. 2021
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
52