Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 33 Original scientific article / Izvirni znanstveni članek PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DWARF MOUNT AIN PINE SHRUB COMMUNITY (AMELANCHIERO OVALIS-PINETUM MUGO) IN THE VALLEYS OF THE SLOVENIAN ALPS FITOCENOLOŠKI OPIS GRMIŠČNE ZDRUŽBE DOLINSKEGA RUŠEVJA (AMELANCHIERO OVALIS-PINETUM MUGO) V SLOVENSKIH ALPAH Igor DAKSKOBLER 1 , Mateja COJZER 2 , Andrej ROZMAN 3 (1) The Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU), Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Regional Research Unit Tolmin, Slovenia, igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si (2) Slovenia Forest Service, Regional unit Maribor, Slovenia, mateja.cojzer@zgs.si (3) University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Slovenia, andrej. rozman@bf.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT We have expanded our knowledge of the localities, sites and distribution of the Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo association in the Slovenian Alps. Based on phytocenological analyses, the shrub association belonging to the forest vegetation type Alpine mountain pine scrub was divided into two subassociations: peucedanetosum oreoselini and hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri. We also described four variants within the latter association. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Pinus mugo, Natura 2000, Triglav National Park, Topla Landscape Park, Slovenia IZVLEČEK Dopolnili smo vednost o nahajališčih, rastiščih in razširjenosti sestojev asociacije Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo v sloven- skih Alpah. Grmovnato združbo, ki sodi v gozdni rastiščni tip Alpsko ruševje, smo na podlagi fitocenološke analize členili v dve subasociaciji peucedanetosum oreoselini in hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri in znotraj druge opisali še štiri variante. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Pinus mugo, Natura 2000, Triglavski narodni park, Krajinski park Topla, Slovenija GDK 188:182.23(045)=111 Received / Prispelo: 24. 02. 2023 DOI 10.20315/ASetL.130.3 Accepted / Sprejeto: 18. 04. 2023 1 INTRODUCTION 1 UVOD The phytocenological problematics of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub in the southern and southeastern Alps were presented in more detail several years ago (Dakskobler, 2014). The Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo association has been described in northern Italy, in the Trento region, and is also known in Friuli-Vene- zia Giulia (Minghetti, 1996; Poldini and Vidali, 1999; Poldini et al., 2004) and in the Austrian part of the Karavanke Mountains, near Borovlje / Ferlach (Franz, 2020). Zupančič et al. (2006), in a synthetic review of Alpine dwarf mountain pine scrub in Slovenia, placed it in the rank of the Rhodothamno-Rhododendretum hirsuti form Amelanchier ovalis (= Rhodothamno-Pi- netum mugo form Amelanchier ovalis). However, in our work (Dakskobler, 2014) we considered that the dwarf mountain pine scrub, which grows in the Julian Alps in warm spots at the ends of alpine valleys or on very steep, crumbly dolomite slopes in the mountain beech forest belt, could be classified in the Amelanchi- ero ovalis-Pinetum mugo association on the basis of its floristic composition. It is a long-lasting pioneer stage on extreme sites where natural factors such as erosi- on and avalanches prevent its development into beech forest. Although it does not contain all the diagnostic species of this association described in northern Italy, the frequent presence of the species Amelanchier ova- lis, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Hieracium por- rifolium and Frangula alnus distinguishes it well from the Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo scrub widespread in the altimontane and subalpine belt of the Julian Alps, including its most thermophilic form, Rhodothamno- Pinetum mugo typicum var. Genista radiata. On the ba- sis of inventories from the Julian Alps, we described a new geographical variant, var. geogr. Rhamnus fallax. We divided the stands into two site variants, var. Pe- ucedanum oreoselinum and var. Carex firma, and also 34 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... mentioned the occurrence of this community in the Karavanke and Kamnik-Savinja Alps. A year later, we presented the valley dwarf mountain pine scrub in the Slovenian Alps in a popular scientific way (Dakskobler et al., 2015). A few years later (Dakskobler, 2019), we published two additional relevés from the Kot Valley, which we classified in a provisional new subassocia- tion laricetosum deciduae. In the overview of forest vegetation types of Slovenia (Bončina et al., 2021), we classified the valley dwarf mountain pine scrub into the forest vegetation type Alpine dwarf mountain pine scrub. The syntaxonomic description of this vegetation type also includes the association Amelanchiero ova- lis-Pinetum mugo, its geographical variant Rhamnus fallax and three subassociations typicum, caricetosum and laricetosum, but which are not based on validly described syntaxa (Theurillat et al., 2021). The lower syntaxonomic units of this association were therefore examined in the present paper, which also considered relevés from the Karavanke and Kamnik-Savinja Alps, in addition to previously published relevés from the Julian Alps (Dakskobler, 2014; 2019). 2 METHODS 2 METODE The valley dwarf mountain pine scrub was invento- ried according to the Central European method (Bra- un-Blanquet, 1964). Phytocenological relevés were en- tered into the FloVegSi database (Seliškar et al., 2003). The combined estimates of cover and abundance were converted to ordinal values from 1 to 9 (van der Maa- rel, 1979). The relevés were compared by hierarchical classification and numerical ordination using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA, Wishart’s coefficient of si- milarity) and ordered in Table 1 based on the results of the clustering method using the unweighted pair- group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), where the Wishart’s coefficient of similarity (similarity ratio) was also chosen. Ecological conditions were determi- ned using Ellenberg-type indicator values (Tichý et al., 2023), where estimates of environmental conditions for relevés were calculated from indicator values of herbaceous layer plant species using a weighted ari- thmetic mean. The software package SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani, 2001) and the R software environment (R core team, 2022) were used for all analyses. Geoelementa- ry, ecological and phytoecological descriptions of plant species were taken from Flora alpina (Aeschimann et al., 2004a; 2004b). Nomenclatural sources for ferns and higher plants are Martinčič et al. (2007) and the FloVegSi database; for mosses Hodgetts et al. (2020); for lichens Suppan et al. (2000); and for syntaxonomy Zupančič (2007; 2013), Šilc and Čarni (2012), Daksko- bler et al. (2015) and Bončina et al. (2021). Those spe- cies that are not listed in the nomenclatural source are written with the full name and author. Fig. 1: Localities of recorded stands of the association Amel- anchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo on the map of Slovenia Slika 1: Nahajališča sestojev asociacije Amelanchiero ovalis- Pinetum mugo na zemljevidu Slovenije Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 35 3 RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION 3 REZUL T ATI IN RAZPRAVA 3.1 Description of the established syntaxa 3.1 Opis ugotovljenih sintaksonov The relevés of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub from the mountain elevation zone (between 750 m and 1150 m, with only one stand above 1200 m) of the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mountains and the Kamnik- Savinja Alps (Fig. 1) were divided into three main gro- ups based on hierarchical classification. These relevés were arranged in Table 1 according to the dendrogram (Fig. 2), also taking into account the diagnostic species identified during the classification process. To the diagnostic species of the association Pinus mugo, Amelanchier ovalis, Ostrya crapinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Hieracium porrifolium and Frangula alnus, we added two more, Molinia arundinacea and Campanula cespitosa. Both are rare in stands of subalpine dwarf mountain pine scrub (Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo) and more common only in stands of the syntaxon Rho- dothamno-Pinetum mugo typicum var. Genista radiata (Dakskobler, 2014). Although the dendrogram (Fig. 2) and, to some extent, the ordination diagram (Fig. 3) in- dicate three groups of relevés, we believe that the exi- sting relevés only provide a basis for describing the two subassociations. The subassociation Amelanchiero ova- lis-Pinetum mugo peucedanetosum oreoselini subass. nov. hoc loco includes relevés nos. 1-7. Its nomencla- tural type, holotypus, is relevé no. 2 in Table 1. The dif- ferential species of the subassociation are Peucedanum oreoselinum, Genista radiata, Viola hirta, Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Teucrium montanum and Inula ensifolia. Thus, the new subassociation includes stands that were considered to belong to the variant with Peucedanum oreoselinum a few years ago (Dakskobler, 2014). Most of the relevés were made in the Tolminka Valley (Gneli- ce) in the southern Julian Alps, but only one relevé was made in the Mala Pišnica Valley (in the northeastern Ju- lian Alps). This is a form of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub from warmer sites, which is also most similar to stands of this association as described in northern and northeastern Italy (see Dakskobler, 2014, Table 3). The other relevés, nos. 8-27, show somewhat gre- ater similarity to stands of Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo, as some diagnostic species of Amelanchiero-Pi- netum mugo (Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Fran- gula alnus) are somewhat rarer in these relevés. Howe- ver, these stands still have the characteristics of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub, and their overall species composition still allows them to be classified into the Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo association and into the new hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri subas- sociation. The nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé no. 21 in Table 1. The differential species of the subas- sociation are Hylocomiadelphus triquetrus (Rhytidiade- lphus triquetrus), Hylocomium splendens, Larix decidua, Fig. 2: Dendrogram of relevés of the association Amelanchie- ro ovalis-Pinetum mugo, showing the lower syntaxonomic units (UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 2: Dendrogram popisov sestojev asociacije Amelanchi- ero ovalis-Pinetum mugo s prikazom nižjih sintaksonomskih enot (UPGMA, similarity ratio) 36 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Tofieldia calyculata, Heliosperma alpestre, Gymnocarpi- um robertianum, Salix appendiculata, Primula wulfeni- ana, Paederota lutea, Pinguicula alpina, Senecio abro- tanifolius, Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea. These species are characteristic of the colder sites of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub in areas where snow rema- ins longer. This subassociation also includes stands of the provisionally described subassociation laricetosum deciduae (Dakskobler, 2019). The phytocenoses of this subassociation are divi- ded into four variants. The relevés of the variant with Convallaria majalis (two from the Struje erosion area in the Tolmin Julian Alps, one from the Zadnjica Valley in Trenta, relevés nos. 8-10) are most similar in terms of species composition to the stands of the peucedane- tosum oreoselini subassociation. Most of the relevés of the Homogyne sylvestris vari- ant (its differential species is also Galium austriacum, relevés nos. 11-17) were made in the eastern Karavan- ke Mountains, in the Peca Mountains, Topla Valley and torrential-erosion area of Šodri; only one relevé was from the Zadnjica Valley in Trenta. A characteristic fe- ature of these stands is the sparse occurrence of some of the characteristic species of the association (Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus were not found in the stands in the Topla Valley). Therefore, their inclusion in this association is legitimate, while these stands are grouped with the other stands of the Amelanchiero-Pi- netum mugo association and are not completely sepa- rated from the other inventories. The variant with Omphalodes verna (relevés nos. 18-20) includes relevés from the western Karavanke Mountains, from the Draga Valley near Begunje. Aquile- gia nigricans, Festuca amethystina and Chamaecytisus purpureus are also its differential species. These are the lowest stands of this association in Slovenia, with Fig. 3: The ordination plot (PCoA, similarity ratio) of the Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo relevés with the lower syntaxonomic units circled and the passive variables added (ELL_T: phytoindicator assessing temperature conditions; ELL_M: phytoindicator assessing moisture; Shannon: Shan- non index of species diversity; Specnum: number of species on the relevé) Slika 3: Slika ordinacije popisov sestojev asociacije Amelanch- iero ovalis-Pinetum mugo z označenimi nižjimi sintaksonom- skimi enotami (PCoA, similarity ratio) in dodanimi pasivnimi spremenljivkami (Slope: naklon terena; Altitude: nadmorska višina; ELL_T: fitoindikatorska ocena temperaturnih razmer; ELL_M: fitoindikatorska ocena vlažnostnih razmer; Shannon: Shannonov indeks vrstne pestrosti; Specnum: število vrst na popisni ploskvi) Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 37 an altitude of only 750 m to 880 m. All characteristic species of the association are represented in them, but among the differentiated species of the subassociation there is no European larch (Larix decidua). However, since they are grouped together with the relevés of the two previous variants, they are assigned to the subas- sociation hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri. It is likely that these stands could be placed in their own subas- sociation due to a greater number of relevés. Relevés nos. 21-27 are classified in the variant Carex firma. Differential species also include Pyrola rotundi- folia, Salix eleagnos, Astrantia carniolica, Trisetum ar- genteum and Aquilegia iulia Nardi. The localities are the Možnice and Kot Valleys (both in the Julian Alps) and Ravenska Kočna in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps. These are dwarf mountain pine stands on alluvial-glacial deposits, on gravel and rubble, near occasional watercourses, as indicated by the differential species of the variant, inclu- ding grey willow (Salix eleagnos) and the scree species Trisetum argenteum and Aquilegia iulia. Also some of the association differential species (Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus) are very rare or absent in these relevés, as in the Kot Valley and Ravenska Kočna, but the subas- sociation differential species are well represented there. The differential species of the geographic variant Rhamnus fallax is common only in stands of the subas- sociation peucedanetosum oreoselini, but it also occurs sporadically in stands of the subassociation hylocomi- adelphetosum triquetri. The range of the species Rha- mnus fallax in Slovenia (see Dakskobler et al., 2013: 103) overlaps with the range of the association Ame- lanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo in Slovenia (the only exception could be the Topla Valley, where this species has not yet been recorded in quadrant 9545/2). The- refore, we consider all syntaxa described in this paper within the geographical variant Amelanchiero ovalis- Pinetum mugo Minghetti and Pedrotti 1994 var. geogr. Rhamnus fallax Dakskobler 2014. 3.2 Ecological characteristics of the detected syntaxa 3.2 Ekološka oznaka ugotovljenih sintaksonov The inventoried stands of valley dwarf mountain pine scrub are at elevations between 750 m and 1230 m. In general, the stands of the A-P peucedanetosum oreoselini subassociation grow at a slightly lower ele- vation than the stands of the A-P hylocomiadelpheto- sum triquetri subassociation, except for the stands in the Draga Valley, which are assigned to the Omphalo- des verna variant. The stands of dwarf mountain pine on alluvial-glacial deposits, on gravel and rubble in the Ravenska Kočna, Možnica and Kot Valleys, which we classified as variant A-P hylocomiadelphetosum var. Carex firma, grow on gentle slopes up to 10°, while the stands of the other variants of this subassociation grow on steeper dolomite slopes of 30°-45°; they are classified as variant A-P hylocomiadelphetosum var. Ca- rex firma. The slope of the relevés of the stands of the peucedanetosum oreoselini subassociation is gentle to steep (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Using Ellenberg-type indicator values (Tichý et al., 2023), we found significant differences between the Fig. 4: Altitude and slope of inventoried valley dwarf moun- Altitude and slope of inventoried valley dwarf moun- tain pine stands (hyl v. Cf: A-P hylocomiadelphetosum tri- quetri var. Carex firma; hyl v. Cm: A-P hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Convallaria majalis; hyl v. Hs: A-P hylocomiadel- phetosum triquetri var. Homogyne sylvestris; hyl v. Ov: A-P hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Omphalodes verna; peu: A-P peucedanetosum oreoselini) Slika 4: Nadmorska višina in naklon terena popisanih sesto- jev dolinskega ruševja (hyl v. Cf: A-P hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Carex firma; hyl v. Cm: A-P hylocomiadelpheto- sum triquetri var. Convallaria majalis; hyl v. Hs: A-P hyloco- miadelphetosum triquetri var. Homogyne sylvestris; hyl v. Ov: A-P hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Omphalodes verna; peu: A-P peucedanetosum oreoselini) 38 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... considered syntaxa only in the estimates for tempera- ture and humidity (Fig. 3 and Fig. 5). Stands of subas- sociation A-P peucedanetosum oreoselini grow under the warmest conditions, where we also found signifi- cantly lower moisture content at the site (Anova, Tu- key post-hoc test, p < 0.05). We counted 242 taxa of higher plants and 19 speci- es of mosses in the valley dwarf mountain pine stands. Among them, 11 species were found in the tree layer, 44 species in the shrub layer, and 187 taxa (species and subspecies) in the herb layer of higher plants. The moss layer is incomplete, as only the most common taxa have been identified so far, while others have been collected and are still awaiting determination. On ave- rage, 52 taxa (ranging from 25 to 73) were present in an relevé area of 100 m 2 to 400 m 2 (plot size was adju- sted to the homogeneity of the plot). The most speci- es-rich stands were those of the variant A-P hylocomia- delphetosum triquetri var. Carex firma, which grows on alluvial-glacial material at the bottom of alpine valleys, while slightly fewer species were found in the stands of the variants Homogyne sylvestris and Convallaria maja- lis, which dominate in erosion areas. The Shannon-Wi- ener index of species diversity shows a similar pattern to the number of species per relevé plot (Fig. 3 and Fig. 6). 3.3 Overview of established syntaxa and their classification into higher syntaxonomic units 3.3 Pregled in sinsistematska uvrstitev obravna- vanih združb v višje enote The assemblage is classified into the following hig- her synsystematic units: Fig. 5: Estimates of temperature and moisture conditions determined from Ellenberg-type indicator values of invento- ried valley dwarf mountain pine stands (syntaxa label legend under Fig. 4) Slika 5: Ocene temperaturnih in vlažnostnih razmer, ugotov- ljenih z Ellenbergovimi indikatorskimi vrednostmi popisanih sestojev dolinskega ruševja (legenda oznak sintaksonov pod sliko 4) Fig. 6: Species diversity of valley dwarf mountain pine stands (legend of the syntaxa labels under Fig. 4) Slika 6: Vrstna pestrost sestojev dolinskega ruševja (legenda oznak sintaksonov pod sliko 4) Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 39 Class: Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959 Order: Erico-Pinetalia Horvat 1959 Alliance: Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae-sylvestris Zu- pančič 2007 (sin. Fraxino orni-Ericion Horvat 1959 = Erico-Fraxinion orni Horvat 1959) Suballiance: Helleboro nigri-Pinenion (Horvat 1959) Zupančič 2007 Association: Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo Minghetti in Pedrotti 1994 Subassociation: peucedanetosum oreoselini subass. nov. (incl. var. Peucedanum oroseli- num Dakskobler 2014) Subassociation: hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri subass. nov. (incl. var. Carex firma Dakskobler 2014 and laricetosum deciduae Dakskobler 2019 nom. prov.) Variants: var. Convallaria majalis, var. Ho- mogyne sylvestris, var. Omphalodes verna, var. Carex firma Fig. 7: Valley dwarf mountain pine scrub in the Tolminka Val- Valley dwarf mountain pine scrub in the Tolminka Val- ley, surrounded by Alpine beech forest (Photo: Igor Daksko- bler) Slika 7: Sestoji dolinskega ruševja v zatrepu doline Tolminke, obdani z alpskim bukovim gozdom (foto: Igor Dakskobler) The classification in the monograph on forest vege- tation types of Slovenia (Bončina et al., 2021) is also possible: Class: Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo Theurillat in Theurillat et al. 1995 Order: Junipero-Pinetalia mugo Boşcaiu 1971 Alliance: Pino mugo-Ericion Leibundgut 1948 Association: Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo Minghetti in Pedrotti 1994 Subasociation: peucedanetosum oreoselini subass. nov. (incl. var. Peucedanum oroselinum Dakskobler 2014) Subasociation: hylocomiadelphetosum trique- tri subass. nov. (incl. var. Carex firma Daksko- bler 2014 and laricetosum deciduae Daksko- bler 2019 nom. prov.) Variants: var. Convallaria majalis, var. Homo- gyne sylvestris, var. Omphalodes verna, var. Carex firma 4 CONCLUSIONS 4 ZAKLJUČKI Dwarf mountain pine scrub, found in the valleys of the Slovenian Alps at altitudes between 750 m and 1150 m (exceptionally higher, above 1200 m), is kno- wn in the Tolminka, Možnica, Zadnjica and Kot Valleys, as well as on the slopes above the Mala Pišnica Valley in the Julian Alps, in the Draga Valley in the western Karavanke, in the Topla Valley in the eastern Karavan- ke, in Ravenska Kočna in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, and probably elsewhere in these mountains. It differs so- mewhat in appearance and structure from the subal- pine-alpine dwarf mountain pine scrub of the southe- astern Alps. It thrives on special sites, in erosion are- 40 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Fig. 8: Dwarf mountain pine stand of the drier subasso- Dwarf mountain pine stand of the drier subasso- ciation Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo peucedanetosum oreoselini, Mala Pišnica Valley (Photo: Igor Dakskobler) Slika 8: Sestoj bolj sušne subasociacije Amelanchiero ovalis- Pinetum mugo peucedanetosum oreoselini, Mala Pišnica (foto: Igor Dakskobler) Fig. 9: Dwarf mountain pine stand, classified in the syntaxon Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Carex firma, Ravenska Kočna Valley (Photo: Igor Dakskobler) Slika 9: Sestoj sintaksona Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri var. Carex firma, Ravenska Kočna (foto: Igor Dakskobler) Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 41 as, on torrential fans and on alluvial-glacial deposits, especially in the montane beech forest belt. It serves as a long-lasting successional stage where conditions are too extreme for more demanding tree species, such as beech, to thrive. It is characterised by a diverse spe- cies composition that includes typical species of pine, spruce, beech and oak-hop hornbeam forests, as well as species of scree, rock crevices, the subalpine zone and dry mountain meadows. Although it usually still contains two characteristic species of subalpine-alpi- ne dwarf pine scrub, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and Rhododendron hirsutum, its overall species compositi- on and pioneer character allow it to be classified as an independent association Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo, as has already been done in some alpine areas of northern Italy. We have described two of its new su- bassociations, peucedanetosum oreoselini (its stands are most similar to those in northern Italy and hylo- comiadelphetosum triquetri. Some stands of the latter could also be considered on the rank of a particular elevational (valley) form of Amelanchier ovalis, as su- ggested by Zupančič et al. (2006), or as a particular subassociation of amelanchieretosum ovalis, within the Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo association. Valley dwarf mountain pine scrub is not of great importance in the forest area of Slovenia because of its small size, and has therefore been added to the Al- pine dwarf mountain pine scrub type in terms of fo- rest vegetation types. The importance of these scrub stands is mainly protective, as they prevent erosion. In some places these stands are located along mountain paths (e.g. in the Ravenska Kočna, Tolminka, Zadnjica and Kot Valleys), where they can be partially cleared by humans, which is strongly discouraged. It may be threatened by forest fires, avalanches, torrents, rock- fall, prolonged drought and fungal diseases. Valley dwarf mountain pine scrub is classified as habitat type 4070 *Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rho- dodendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) in the European Natura 2000 network of special areas of conservation. It is an integral part of Triglav National Park and the Topla Landscape Park. It is an important site for rare and/or protected ferns and higher plants. Three Natura 2000 species, Aquilegia iulia, Campanula zoysii and Cypripedium calceolus, have been recorded in its stands, as have several other protected species (Uredba, 2004): Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cephalanthe- ra longifolia, Convallaria majalis, Cyclamen purpura- scens, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, Gymnadenia conopsea, G. odoratissima, Daphne cneorum, Goodyera repens, Helleborus niger, Huperzia selago, Listera cordata, L. ovata, Lycopodium annotinum, Pinguicula alpina and Platanthera bifolia, a Red List species (Pravilnik, 2002). Festuca amethysti- na, a rare taxon, is also included in this list, as are Betu- la pubescens subsp. carpatica and some southeastern or eastern Alpine endemics: Aconitum angustifolium, Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica, Primula wulfeniana and Saxifraga burseriana. 5 SUMMARY 5 POVZETEK Ruševje, ki ga najdemo v dolinskih legah slovenskih Alp na nadmorski višini od 750 m do 1150 m (izjemo- ma tudi višje, nad 1200 m) in ga poznamo v zatrepih dolin Tolminke, Možnice, Zadnjice in Kota ter na po- bočjih nad Malo Pišnico v Julijskih Alpah, v dolini Dra- ge v zahodnih Karavankah, v dolini Tople v vzhodnih Karavankah, v Ravenski Kočni v Kamniških Alpah in najbrž še kje v teh gorovjih, se po videzu in zgradbi nekoliko razlikuje od podvisokogorsko-visokogorske- ga ruševja Jugovzhodnih Alp. Uspeva na posebnih ra- stiščih, v erozijskih območjih, na hudourniških vršajih, na rečno-ledeniških nanosih večinoma v pasu gorskih bukovih gozdov in je (dolgo)trajen sukcesijski stadij, kjer so razmere za uspevanje zahtevnejših drevesnih vrst, kot je bukev, preveč skrajne. Njihova značilnost je pisana vrstna sestava, v kateri so tako značilnice bo- rovih, smrekovih, bukovih in hrastovo-črnogabrovih gozdov kot vrste melišč, skalnih razpok, subalpinskih in suhih gorskih travišč. Čeprav v njih navadno še ve- dno uspevata dve značilni vrsti podvisokogorsko-vi- sokogorskega ruševja, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus in Rhododendron hirsutum, njihova celotna vrstna sesta- va v povezavi z njihovim pionirskim izvorom dopušča uvrstitev v samostojno asociacijo Amelanchiero ova- lis-Pinetum mugo, kot so to storili v nekaterih alpskih območjih severne Italije. Opisali smo dve njeni novi subasociaciji peucedanetosum oreoselini (njeni sestoji so najbolj podobni sestojem iz severne Italije, nomen- klaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 2 v preglednici 1) in hylocomiadelphetosum triquetri (njen nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 21 v preglednici 1). Slednjo členimo na štiri variante: var. Convallaria majalis, var. Homogyne sylvestris, var. Omphalodes verna in var. Ca- rex firma. V splošnem imajo sestoji subasociacije Ame- lanchiero-Pinetum mugo peucedanetosum oreoselini nekoliko manjšo nadmorsko višino kot sestoji subaso- ciacije Amelanchiero-Pinetum mugo hylocomiadelphe- tosum triquetri, izjema so sestoji v dolini Drage, ki jih uvrščamo v varianto z vrsto Omphalodes verna. Sestoji rušja na rečno-ledeniških nanosih, na produ in grušču v dolinah Možnice, Kota in Ravenske Kočne (var. Carex firma) rastejo na položnih terenih z naklonom do 10 °, 42 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... sestoji drugih variant subasociacije hylocomiadelphe- tosum triquetri pa na strmejših dolomitnih pobočjih z nakloni med 30-45 °. S pomočjo fitoindikacijskih vrednosti Ellenbergo- vega tipa (Tichý in sod., 2023) smo pomembnejše raz- like med obravnavanimi sintaksoni našli le pri ocenah za temperaturo in vlažnost (sliki 3 in 5). Sestoji suba- sociacije Amelanchiero-Pinetum mugo peucedanetosum oreoselini rastejo v najtoplejših razmerah, tam smo ugotovili tudi značilno manjšo vlažnost na rastišču (Anova, Tukey post hoc test, p < 0.05). V sestojih dolinskega ruševja smo našteli 242 ta- ksonov višjih rastlin in 19 mahovnih vrst. V spodnji drevesni plasti je bilo popisanih 11 vrst, v grmovni plasti 44 vrst in v zeliščni plasti 187 taksonov (vrste in podvrste) višjih rastlin. Na popisni ploskvi velikosti 100-400 m 2 (velikost ploskve je bila prilagojena homo- genosti popisne površine) je bilo zabeleženih v pov- prečju 52 taksonov (med 25 in 73). Vrstno najbogatejši so sestoji variante Amelanchiero-Pinetum mugo hyloco- miadelphetosum triquetri var. Carex firma, ki rastejo na rečno-ledeniškem gradivu na dnu alpskih dolin, nekaj manj vrst smo našli v sestojih variant z vrstama Homo- gyne sylvestris in Convallaria majalis, ki prevladujejo na erozijskih območjih. Podoben vzorec kot število vrst na popisno ploskev kaže tudi Shannonov indeks vrstne pestrosti (sliki 3 in 6). Dolinsko ruševje zaradi majhnih površin v goz- dnatem prostoru Slovenije nima večjega pomena, zato smo ga v smislu gozdnih rastiščnih tipov pridružili tipu Alpsko ruševje. Pomen teh grmovnatih sestojev je predvsem varovalni, saj preprečujejo erozijo. Ponekod so ti sestoji ob planinskih poteh (na primer v dolinah Tolminke, Zadnjice, Kota in Ravenske kočne), kjer na- nje lahko z delnimi krčitvami posega tudi človek, kar pa zelo odsvetujemo. Ogrožajo ga lahko gozdni požari, snežni plazovi, narasli hudourniki, skalni podori, dol- gotrajna suša, glivične bolezni. Dolinsko ruševje uvrščamo v habitatni tip 4070 *Ruševje z dlakavim slečem (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) v okviru evropskega omrežja posebnih var- stvenih območij Natura 2000. Je sestavni del Trigla- vskega narodnega parka in Krajinskega parka Topla. Pomembna je njegova biotopska vloga, saj je rastišče redkih in (ali) zavarovanih praprotnic in semenk. V nje- govih sestojih smo popisali tri Natura 2000-vrste Aqui- legia iulia, Campanula zoysii in Cypripedium calceolus in še nekatere druge zavarovane vrste (Uredba, 2004): Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cephalanthera longifolia, Con- vallaria majalis, Cyclamen purpurascens, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, Gymnade- nia conopsea, G. odoratissima, Daphne cneorum, Good- yera repens, Helleborus niger, Huperzia selago, Listera cordata, L. ovata, Lycopodium annotinum, Pinguicula alpina in Platanthera bifolia, vrsto iz rdečega seznama (Pravilnik, 2002): Festuca amethystina, redek takson, ki v ta seznam prav tako sodi: Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica, in nekatere jugovzhodno- ali vzhodnoalpske endemite: Aconitum angustifolium, Centaurea haynal- dii subsp. julica, Primula wulfeniana in Saxifraga bur- seriana. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ZAHVALA Special thanks to Žiga Repotočnik, mag. Andrej Seli- škar, Dr. Branko Vreš and Sanja Behrič, who kindly co- operated and helped with the fieldwork. We'd also like to thank Prof. Dr. Wilfried Robert Franz, who provided us with information on the occurrence of the studied community in Austrian Carinthia. We would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who made helpful corrections and suggestions to improve the manu- script. The research was partly carried out within the framework of the Monitoring and Mapping of Minority Natura 2000 Habitat Types in Slovenia (V4-1430), fi- nancially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of the Republic of Slovenia, and within the framework of the research programme P1-0236, financially suppor- ted by the Slovenian Research Agency. REFERENCES VIRI Aeschimann D., Lauber K., Moser D. M., Theurillat J.-P . 2004a. Flo- ra alpine: Bd. 1: Lycopodiaceae-Apiaceae. Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, Haupt Verlag. Aeschimann D., Lauber K., Moser D. 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Table 1: Association Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo in Slovenia Preglednica 1: Asociacija Amelanchiero ovalis-Pinetum mugo v Sloveniji Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 203380 203382 203405 203406 203407 203381 242273 203375 203376 273161 258930 262984 262986 262981 262982 262983 262985 254837 254838 254839 234425 273194 273196 238498 253529 253530 293361 Author of the relevé (Avtor popisa) ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID IDMCŽR IDMCŽR IDMCŽR IDMCŽR IDMCŽR IDMCŽR IDAR IDAR IDAR ID ID ID IDAS IDAR IDAR IDBVSB Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 990 800 910 870 770 1230 990 1150 1080 1030 940 1060 1090 1120 1110 1100 1070 800 750 770 930 990 990 1120 1080 1100 980 Aspect (Lega) E SE SEE SE SE E S N E NW NNE N NW NW N NW S W W NE NE NE NE NW W NW 0 Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 25 15 20 25 10 45 45 40 45 25 25 45 40 45 30 40 35 35 35 40 10 1 1 5 10 5 0 Parent material (Matična podlaga) Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo D D D D De De D D D D D D D D D De AL AL De De De Mo Soil (Tla) Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Li Re Li Re Re Li Re Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) . . 20 40 20 20 5 . 20 20 10 5 5 5 10 5 10 10 5 5 20 5 20 20 10 5 20 Cover of treee layer in % (Zastiranje drevesne plasti v %): E3 . 20 . . . . 20 10 30 20 5 . . . . . . 10 . . . 5 . 10 5 1 10 Cover of shrub layer in % (Zastiranje grmovne plasti v %): E2 80 70 80 80 70 70 70 80 70 90 80 80 90 80 95 90 80 80 70 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 70 Cover of herb layer in % (Zastiranje zeliščne plasti v %): E1 60 60 70 70 70 60 60 50 70 60 80 80 90 95 90 95 95 90 80 90 70 90 70 30 90 90 80 Cover of moss layer in % (Zastiranje mahovne plasti v %): E0 10 10 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 30 10 70 30 10 20 10 10 20 10 20 10 10 5 2 5 5 10 Maximum tree diameter (Maksimalni premer dreves ) cm 10 20 . . . . . 20 25 10 10 . . . . . . 20 . . 10 20 . 10 20 20 15 Maximum tree height (Maksimalna višina dreves) m 4 5 . . . . 7 5 10 5 10 . . . . . . 10 . . . 15 . 8 10 10 10 Number of species (Število vrst) 70 57 48 51 53 54 51 49 43 41 41 53 36 40 35 38 35 70 51 49 67 69 73 56 72 73 25 Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 400 200 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 13.09.1999 18.09.1997 16.07.2003 16.07.2003 16.07.2003 18.09.1997 25.07.2011 27.08.1998 27.08.1998 21.09.2018 3.07.2015 25.08.2016 25.08.2016 25.08.2016 25.08.2016 25.08.2016 25.08.2016 23.05.2014 2.06.2014 2.06.2014 6.09.2004 19.09.2018 19.09.2018 7.07.2010 4.07.2014 4.07.2014 15.06.2022 Locality (Nahajališče) Tolminka-Gnelice Tolminka-Gnelice Tolminka-Gnelice Tolminka-Gnelice Tolminka-Gnelice Tolminka Kot-Prehodci Mala Pišnica Struje-Zarobarska grapa Struje-Zarobarska grapa Zadnjica-Utro Zadnjica-Utro Topla-Šodri Topla-Šodri-Žlihi Topla-Šodri Topla-Šodri Topla-Šodri-Žlihi Topla-Šodri Begunje-Draga Begunje-Draga Begunje-Draga Možnica Kot-Klin Kot-Klin Ravenska kočna Ravenska kočna Ravenska kočna Kot-Klin Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9748/1 9748/1 9748/1 9748/1 9748/1 9748/1 9548/2 9748/4 9748/4 9648/2 9648/2 9554/2 9554/2 9554/2 9554/2 9554/2 9554/2 9651/1 9651/1 9551/3 9647/1 9549/3 9549/3 9653/1 9653/1 9653/1 9549/3 Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 45 Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Coordinate GK Y (D-48) m 400738 401350 401002 401119 401485 400923 406323 406352 406408 408208 407277 483311 483320 483423 483385 483406 483321 441178 440602 440385 388848 415090 415051 465017 464802 464995 415068 Coordinate GK X (D-48) m 5125382 5125261 5125362 5125358 5125195 5126127 5148545 5118445 5118484 5137195 5137490 5148996 5148987 5149016 5149004 5149037 5149006 5139768 5139792 5139877 5138347 5141082 5140996 5137186 5137183 5137223 5141048 Mountain range (Pogorje) JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA EK EK EK EK EK EK WK WK WK JA JA JA KA KA KA JA Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) Pr. Fr. EP Pinus mugo E3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . 2 7 EP Pinus mugo E2b 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 27 100 EP Pinus mugo E2a 1 . . . + . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 1 . . 1 . 8 30 EP Pinus mugo E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . 2 7 EP Amelanchier ovalis E2b + 1 1 + 1 . 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 . 1 + 1 2 2 1 . + 1 . 1 . 22 81 EP Amelanchier ovalis E2a . + . + 1 + . + + + 1 + . . . . + . . . + r + . + + . 15 56 EP Amelanchier ovalis E1 . . . . 1 . . . . . . + + + . . . + + + . . . . + . . 8 30 PcSp Campanula cespitosa E1 + + . + + 1 + + 1 . . + + + + + + + . . 1 + 1 + . . . 19 70 PcSp Hieracium porrifolium E1 1 + + + r + + . r . . . . . . . + . . . 1 + 1 + + . . 14 52 EP Molinia arundinacea E1 + 3 2 2 1 . + . + + . . . . . . . + 2 2 + 4 2 . . . . 14 52 QP Ostrya carpinifolia E3a . + . . . . r . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 QP Ostrya carpinifolia E2b + . . + + + . r 1 + r . . . . . . + + 2 r . . . . . . 12 44 QP Ostrya carpinifolia E2a + + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 7 26 QP Ostrya carpinifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 2 7 QP Fraxinus ornus E3a . + . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 3 11 QP Fraxinus ornus E2b 1 1 2 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 + + . . . . . . 9 33 QP Fraxinus ornus E2a 1 1 1 1 1 . + . . . r . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . 9 33 QP Fraxinus ornus E1 . . . + 1 . + . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . . 5 19 AI Frangula alnus E2 . r . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . 6 22 Differential species of lower units (Razlikovalnice nižjih enot) FB Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 7 26 EP Genista radiata E2a 1 1 2 2 2 1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 26 TG Viola hirta E1 + + . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 6 22 ES Leucanthemum heterophyllum E1 + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 19 FB Teucrium montanum E1 . + + . + . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 FB Inula ensifolia E1 . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 46 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 VP Hylocomiadelphus triquetrus (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) E0 . . . . . . . + . 2 + 3 1 + + . . . . 2 + + . . . + 1 12 44 AP Tofieldia calyculata E1 . . . . . . . + . . . + . . + . . + + . + + + + + + . 11 41 VP Hylocomium splendens E0 . . . . . . . + + 1 . 2 + + . . . + . . + + . . . + . 10 37 VP Larix decidua E3a . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . r . 4 15 VP Larix decidua E2 . . . . . . . . . + . r r + . r . . . . r + + + . . 1 10 37 VP Larix decidua E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 TR Heliosperma alpestre E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . + . . . + + . + . . 10 37 TR Gymnocarpium robertianum E1 . . . . . . . . . 1 . + + 1 + + . 1 + 1 . . . . . . . 9 33 BA Salix appendiculata E2 . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . + . . + + + . 1 + . 8 30 AP Paederota lutea E1 . . . . . . . + . . . + . + + . . + . . . . . + + + . 8 30 AP Pinguicula alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . + + + . . . . + . + . 8 30 ES Primula wulfeniana E1 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . + . r . . . + + + . 6 22 ES Senecio abrotanifolius E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . . . + + + . . . . 6 22 VP Vaccinium myrtillus E1 . . . . . . . . . . + 3 3 . . . . . . . . + . . . + . 5 19 VP Vaccinium vitis-idaea E1 . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . . + . . . + . 5 19 QP Convallaria majalis E1 + + . + + + + 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 33 VP Homogyne sylvestris E1 . . . . . . . . . + 1 2 + + + + . . . + . . . . . r . 9 33 EP Galium austriacum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 EP Aquilegia nigricans E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . + . . . . 4 15 EP Chamaecytisus purpureus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 + . . . . . . . 3 11 AF Omphalodes verna E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . . . . . . 3 11 FB Festuca amethystina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . . . . . . 3 11 ES Carex firma E1 . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 + + + + . 8 30 VP Pyrola rotundifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 1 + 1 6 22 SP Salix eleagnos E3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . + 3 11 SP Salix eleagnos E2 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + 1 7 26 SP Salix eleagnos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 AP Astrantia carniolica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . 3 11 TR Trisetum argenteum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . 3 11 TR Aquilegia iulia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 3 11 EP Erico-Pinetea Erica carnea E1 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 4 4 27 100 Calamagrostis varia E1 1 + 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 + 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 + . . + + 1 1 4 3 1 25 93 Polygala chamaebuxus E1 1 1 1 2 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + + + . 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 . 25 93 Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 47 Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Rhododendron hirsutum E2a 1 r 2 2 . 1 . 1 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 + 1 2 1 2 + 25 93 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus E1 . + . 1 . . + + + + 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 + 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 . 22 81 Rubus saxatilis E1 1 1 1 1 1 . + + + 1 . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . . + + + . 15 56 Asperula aristata E1 + + + 1 1 + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . . 14 52 Carex mucronata E1 . . . . + . + + + . . . . + . + + . + . + + 1 . . + . 12 44 Scleropodium purum E0 . + . + . . 1 . . . 1 1 1 . . . . 3 2 1 + . . . + + . 12 44 Carex alba E1 + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . + + + + + 1 11 41 Leontodon incanus E1 + + . . + + 1 . . . . . + . + + + . + . . . . + . . . 11 41 Allium ericetorum E1 + r . . . r . + . . . . . . . + + . . . + . + . . . . 8 30 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi E1 . . . . . + 1 + . . . . + + . 1 . 1 . . . . . + . . . 8 30 Cotoneaster tomentosus E2a . . + . . . r . . + . . . . . + . . . . + . . + + + . 8 30 Epipactis atrorubens E1 . + + . + + + . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . 8 30 Pinus sylvestris E3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . r . 2 7 Pinus sylvestris E2 . . . . + . . . . . . + . + + . . + + . r . . . . . . 7 26 Euphrasia cuspidata E1 + . . . . . . r r . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . . . 6 22 Gymnadenia odoratissima E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . r . . + . . 4 15 Carex ornithopoda E1 . . . . . r . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . + . . . . 4 15 Aster amellus E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Crepis slovenica E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 2 7 Chamaecytisus hirsutus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 2 7 Daphne cneorum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pinus nigra E2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . 1 4 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Solidago virgaurea E1 1 + 1 1 1 + . . . + 1 . . . . . . 1 + + . . . + + + . 14 52 Picea abies E3a . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . + 4 15 Picea abies E2b . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . + . . + . 1 6 22 Picea abies E2a r . . . + . . r . . . . . . + . . + + 1 + + . . + . . 10 37 Picea abies E1 . . . . . r . . . . . r . . . . . . + . . . . + . + . 5 19 Dicranum scoparium E0 . . . . . . . + . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 5 18 Clematis alpina E1 . . . . . r . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 Lonicera nigra E2a + . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 Hieracium murorum E1 . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 Abies alba E2b . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 2 7 48 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Abies alba E2a . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 2 7 Abies alba E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . + . 3 11 Gentiana asclepiadea E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . + . . 3 11 Rosa pendulina E2a + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Huperzia selago E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Lycopodium annotinum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Pleurozium schreberi E0 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Goodyera repens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Listera cordata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Luzula sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Oxalis acetosella E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Dryopteris dilatata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Gymnocarpium dryopteris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhytidiadelphus loreus E0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Maianthemum bifolium E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3a . 1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . 4 15 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2b 1 1 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + . r + . . + + + + + + . . . + + . 20 74 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E2a . + . 1 . + . . . . . r . . . . . + . + + + + . 1 . . 10 37 Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E1 . . . + 1 . . + . . . . + + + + + . + . . + + . + + . 13 48 Mercurialis ovata E1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 3 11 Sorbus austriaca E2b + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Melittis melissophyllum E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 QP Quercetalia roboris Potentilla erecta E1 + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 1 . . . . . 6 22 Melampyrum pratense E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + . 3 11 Betula pendula E2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . 1 4 AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 1 + + + . + 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + + + + + + . 25 93 Helleborus niger E1 + + + . . . 1 . . . . . . . . + . + . . . 1 1 + + 1 + 12 44 Anemone trifolia E1 + 1 . . . . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . 1 . 1 + + + . . . + 11 41 Rhamnus fallax E2b 1 + . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 22 Rhamnus fallax E2a + + + . 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . r . 7 26 Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 49 Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Rhamnus fallax E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Knautia drymeia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . 1 4 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Melica nutans E1 . + . + . . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . + + + + + . . + . . 11 41 Laburnum alpinum E3a . . . . . . 1 . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 3 11 Laburnum alpinum E2 . . . . . . + . + + 1 . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . + 8 30 Mercurialis perennis E1 + r + . . r . . + + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 7 26 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . + + . . + . . . . 4 15 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + . . + + 8 30 Lonicera alpigena E2a + . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 5 19 Cypripedium calceolus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 1 + 1 4 15 Daphne mezereum E2a + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . 4 15 Fagus sylvatica E3a . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . 3 11 Fagus sylvatica E2b + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . 4 15 Fagus sylvatica E2a . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . 3 11 Fagus sylvatica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . + . . 3 11 Epipactis helleborine E1 + . . . . + . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 Prenanthes purpurea E1 . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 3 11 Galium laevigatum E1 + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . 2 7 Viola reichenbachiana E1 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Paris quadrifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 QF Querco-Fagetea Platanthera bifolia E1 . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . + . + . + + . . . . + . 8 30 Hepatica nobilis E1 . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . 4 15 Carex digitata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 3 11 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 7 Cephalanthera longifolia E1 . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Viola riviniana E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 Listera ovata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 4 SSc Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sorbus aucuparia E3a . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . r . 4 15 50 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sorbus aucuparia E2b . . . + . . . + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 6 22 Sorbus aucuparia E2a + + + . . + . . . . 1 + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 7 26 Sorbus aucuparia E1 . . . + . . . + . + 1 + + + . . . . . . + + . . + + . 11 41 Rubus idaeus E2a . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Fragaria vesca E1 + 1 4 RP Rhamno-Prunetea Juniperus communis E2a . + . . . . 1 + + . + . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30 Rhamnus saxatilis E2a . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Rhamnus saxatilis E1 . . . . . + + . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 BA Betulo-Alnetea Salix glabra E2 1 + 1 + + 2 r + 1 2 + + + + 1 + + 2 1 2 1 . + + 1 + . 25 93 Sorbus chamaemespilus E2 + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . 2 . 5 19 Juniperus sibirica E2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 1 4 Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica E2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Aconitum angustifolium E1 + . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Heracleum pollinianum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 4 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 + + + + + 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 2 + 27 100 Betonica alopecuros E1 1 + + + . 1 1 + + 1 + . . + + 1 + + 1 + + 1 + . 1 . . 21 78 Globularia cordifolia E1 + + + 1 + + 1 . . . . . . . + + + + + . + + 1 + + 1 + 19 70 Sesleria caerulea E1 . + 1 + . + . 1 2 + . . + + + + 2 1 3 3 1 + . + . 1 . 19 70 Phyteuma orbiculare E1 . . . . + + . + . . + + + + + + . + + + + . . + . r . 15 56 Dryas octopetala E1 + . + + + . . . r . . . . . + . + . . . 1 2 3 + + + 2 14 52 Aster bellidiastrum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . . . + . 2 1 . . . + 8 30 Carduus crassifolius E1 + . + . + r + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . . . 7 26 Thesium alpinum E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . + + . . + r . 7 26 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . + . . . . 5 19 Selaginella selaginoides E1 . . . . . . . r . . r . . . . . . . . . + . . + . r . 5 19 Scabiosa lucida subsp. stricta (incl. S. lucida s. lat.) E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 4 15 Euphrasia salisburgensis E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 Gentiana clusii E1 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . + . + . . . . + . . . . . 4 15 Globularia nudicaulis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 1 . 3 11 Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 51 Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Juncus monanthos E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . + + . . 3 11 Rhinanthus glacialis E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 2 7 Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica E1 . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Daphne striata E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 7 Bartsia alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 2 7 Carex sempervirens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . 2 7 Pimpinella alpina E1 . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum E1 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Acinos alpinus E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Carex ferruginea E1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Linum julicum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Ranunculus hybridus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Arctostaphylos alpinus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1 4 Campanula thyrsoides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 CU Calluno-Ulicetea Antennaria dioica E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . 2 7 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Laserpitium siler E1 . + . + + r . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . 6 22 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 . + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 5 19 Polygonatum odoratum E1 . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 3 11 Anthericum ramosum E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . 3 11 Thalictrum minus E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 4 Thesium bavarum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 4 FB Festuco-Brometea Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 . 1 1 1 1 1 + . + + . . . . + + 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 1 . 20 74 Carlina acaulis E1 + + . + + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . 11 41 Cirsium erisithales E1 + . . . . + . . + . . . . . . + . + + 1 . . + . + . . 9 33 Carex humilis E1 . + . . . + 2 r + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 6 22 Gymnadenia conopsea E1 . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . + 1 . 6 22 Hippocrepis comosa E1 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 + . . + 5 19 Linum catharticum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 . . + + + . 5 19 Galium lucidum E1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . . 4 15 Prunella grandiflora E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 3 11 52 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Gentianella ciliata E1 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . . . 3 11 Brachypodium rupestre E1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . 3 11 Teucrium chamaedrys E1 . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 3 11 Centaurea bracteata E1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Linum viscosum E1 . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Orobanche gracilis E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Euphorbia cyparissias E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Thesium linophyllon E1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Coronilla vaginalis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 Stachys recta E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Lotus corniculatus s. lat. E1 + . 1 + 1 . + . . . + . + . . + + . . . . 1 + + + + + 15 56 Angelica sylvestris E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + . . . . 2 7 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Hieracium bifidum E1 + . + . . . r . . . . . . + + + + + + . + + + + 1 + 1 16 59 Biscutella laevigata E1 + + + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . + + + + . 12 44 Petasites paradoxus E1 + . 2 + + r . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + + 1 3 2 . 12 44 Aquilegia einseleana E1 + + + . + + . + . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . . . . . 8 30 Dianthus sternbergii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + r . . + + + + + . 7 26 Adenostyles glabra E1 . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + . 5 19 Valeriana montana E1 + . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 4 15 Rumex scutatus E1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . 3 11 Achnatherum calamagrostis E1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . + . . . . 3 11 Athamanta cretensis E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 7 Saxifraga caesia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Gypsophila repens E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 4 Hieracium piloselloides E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 Linaria alpina E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1 4 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 AP Astrantio-Paederotion Valeriana saxatilis E1 + + + + + + . + + . 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 . . + + 1 + 23 85 Valeriana tripteris E1 . + + + . . . + . + . . . . + . . + . 1 . . . . + . . 9 33 Orthothecium rufescens E0 . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Acta Sil va e et Ligni 130 (2023), 33–54 53 Successive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Asplenium viride E1 . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Carex brachystachys E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 4 PcSp Physoplexido comosae-Saxifragion petraeae, Potentilletalia caulescentis Potentilla caulescens E1 . . . . . . + r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Saxifraga burseriana E1 . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 2 7 Hieracium glaucum E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2 7 Rhamnus pumilus E1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga squarrosa E1 . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Saxifraga crustata E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 4 Campanula zoysii E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 4 Campanula cochleariifolia E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1 4 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Ctenidium molluscum E0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 17 63 Tortella tortuosa E0 + + + r + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + 1 17 63 Exertotheca crispa (Neckera crispa) E0 + + + + + + 6 22 Schistidium apocarpum E0 + + + 3 11 Fissidens dubius E0 + 1 2 7 Hypnum cupressiforme E0 + 1 4 Sphagnum sp. E0 + 1 4 Eurhynchium angustirete E0 + 1 4 Mnium thompsonii E0 + 1 4 Plagiochila porelloides E0 + 1 4 Cladonia rangiferina E0 + 1 4 Cladonia pyxidata E0 + 1 4 54 D aksk obl er I., C ojz er M., R o zman A.: Ph y t osoc iol og ical descr ipt ion o f the dw ar f mountain pine shrub c ommuni t y ... Legend - Legenda ID Igor Dakskobler AR Andrej Rozman AS Andrej Seliškar MC Mateja Cojzer ŽR Žiga Repotočnik BV Branko Vreš SB Sanja Behrič D Dolomite - Dolomit Mo Moraine (Till) - Morena (Til) De Debris - Grušč Al Alluvium - Prod Re Rendzina - Rendzina Li Lithosol - Kamnišče JA Julian Alps - Julijske Alpe EK Eastern Karavanke - Vzhodne Karavanke WK Western Karavanke - Zahodne Karavanke KA Kamnik-Savinja Alps - Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe Pr. Presence - Number of relevés in which the species is presented - Število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % - Frekvenca v % Relevé 5 - nomenclatural type (holotypus) - Popis 5 - nomenklaturni tip (Holotip) Relevé 21 - nomenclatural type (holotypus) - Popis 21 - nomenklaturni tip (Holotip)