THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA



STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND

VOLUME MEASURES IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS





LJUBLJANA, 2010





AUTHORS:

Anže Podnar, Andrej Flajs and Karmen Hren

Access to the publication at: www.stat.si/eng/pub.asp.

Information: Information Centre, phone: + 386 1 241 51 04.

E-mail: info.stat@gov.si.





CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji

Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana



330.55(497.4)



PODNAR, Anže

Inventory of sources and methods for price and volume measures

in national accounts / [authors Anže Podnar, Andrej Flajs and

Karmen Hren]. - Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije =

Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2010. - (Posebne

publikacije = Special publications / Statistični urad Republike

Slovenije ; 2010, no. 11. 3, National accounts)



ISBN 978-961-239-207-9



1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Flajs, Andrej



251506176





Edited, published and printed by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 – © SURS – Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged – Print in: 80 copies – ISBN 978-961-239-207-9.

2





FOREWORD

The main purpose of the compilation of national accounts aggregates at constant prices, i.e. the compilation of price and volume measures, is to provide indicators of economic activity from which the effect of price changes has been removed. This enables the analysis of the growth and development of an economy, the recording and analysis of cyclical movements and the drawing up of projections for the future. Volume indices of main national accounts aggregates are among the most important macroeconomic aggregates and essential for the assessment of past economic developments and for the drawing up economic policies.

In the European Union, national accounts data at constant prices are used also for administrative purposes, albeit not as heavily as data at current prices. According to the Stability and Growth Pact, the deficit of the general government sector of a Member State must not exceed three percent of gross domestic product and the debt must not exceed sixty percent of gross domestic product. In few exceptional cases, these reference values can be exceeded. One of such cases is a severe economic downturn defined as a negative annual gross domestic product volume growth rate or an accumulated loss of output during a protracted period of very low annual gross domestic product volume growth relative to its potential.

The Inventory of sources and methods of price and volume measures in national accounts has been drafted according to the requirements of the Commission Regulation No 98/715/EC, which demands that Member States provide the Commission (Eurostat) with a full inventory of procedures and basic statistics used to measure GDP in volume terms and its components. The structure of the Inventory follows the common structure used by all Member States. It starts with basic and general information on the compilation of price and volume measures. The second chapter briefly describes main data sources. Chapter 3 brings the description of gross domestic product compilation by the production approach and Chapter 4 the description of gross domestic product compilation by the expenditure approach. The final chapter describes the compilation of real values for other main national accounts aggregates.

We hope that the Inventory will help experts, other statisticians, and the general public to better understand the process of national accounts compilation at constant prices.



June 2010





Irena Križman

Director General

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia





3





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. 3

Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. 5

List of tables ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

1 GENERAL

PROCEDURES............................................................................................................................. 11

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2 Outline of the production approach ............................................................................................................. 12

1.3 Outline of the expenditure approach............................................................................................................ 12

1.4 Balancing the production and the expenditure approach .............................................................................. 13

1.5 Base year and reference year........................................................................................................................ 13

1.6 Publication

practice and revision policy ........................................................................................................ 14

2

MAIN DATA SOURCES ............................................................................................................................... 15

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 15

2.2 Producer price index of manufactured goods................................................................................................ 15

2.3 Producer price index of agricultural products................................................................................................ 16

2.4 Services

producer price index....................................................................................................................... 17

2.5 Consumer

price index .................................................................................................................................. 18

2.6 Agricultural

input price index........................................................................................................................ 19

2.7 Construction cost index................................................................................................................................ 20

2.8 External

trade

unit value index ..................................................................................................................... 20

2.9 Import

price index........................................................................................................................................ 21

2.10 Statistical

surveys on education..................................................................................................................... 23

2.11 Statistical

surveys on social work................................................................................................................... 24

2.12 Statistical

surveys on transport ...................................................................................................................... 24

2.13 Other

data sources ....................................................................................................................................... 24

3

GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 25

3.2 Agriculture,

hunting and forestry (A).............................................................................................................. 25

3.3 Fishing (B) .................................................................................................................................................... 28

3.4 Mining

and

quarrying (C).............................................................................................................................. 28

3.5 Manufacturing (D) ........................................................................................................................................ 28

3.6 Electricity,

gas

and water supply (E)............................................................................................................... 29

3.7 Construction (F)............................................................................................................................................ 30

3.8 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and household goods (G) ........ 31

3.9 Hotels and restaurants (H) ............................................................................................................................ 33

3.10 Transport,

storage

and communication (I) ..................................................................................................... 33

3.11 Financial

intermediation (J)........................................................................................................................... 34



5

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

3.12 Real estate, renting and business activities (K) ............................................................................................... 37

3.13 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (L) ................................................................. 38

3.13.1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 38

3.13.2

General government ....................................................................................................................... 38

3.13.3

NPISH ............................................................................................................................................ 39

3.13.4

Market producers ........................................................................................................................... 39

3.14 Education (M) .............................................................................................................................................. 40

3.14.1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 40

3.14.2

General government ....................................................................................................................... 40

3.14.3

NPISH ............................................................................................................................................ 44

3.14.4

Market producers ........................................................................................................................... 44

3.15 Health and social work (N) ........................................................................................................................... 44

3.15.1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 44

3.15.2

General government ....................................................................................................................... 44

3.15.3

NPISH ............................................................................................................................................ 46

3.15.4

Market producers ........................................................................................................................... 46

3.16 Other community, social and personal services activities (O)......................................................................... 46

3.16.1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 46

3.16.2

General government ....................................................................................................................... 46

3.16.3

NPISH ............................................................................................................................................ 47

3.16.4

Market producers ........................................................................................................................... 47

3.17 Private households with employed persons (P).............................................................................................. 47

3.18 Taxes

on products ........................................................................................................................................ 48

3.19 Subsidies

on products................................................................................................................................... 49

4

GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH ................................................................................................... 53

4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 53

4.2 Household final consumption expenditure ................................................................................................... 53

4.3 NPISH final consumption expenditure.......................................................................................................... 56

4.4 General government final consumption expenditure..................................................................................... 57

4.5 Gross fixed capital formation ........................................................................................................................ 58

4.6 Changes

in

inventories ................................................................................................................................. 59

4.7 Acquisitions less disposals of valuables.......................................................................................................... 59

4.8 Exports and imports of goods........................................................................................................................ 59

4.9 Exports and imports of services..................................................................................................................... 63

5

OTHER MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES ............................................................................... 65





6





LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1

A Agriculture, hunting and forestry: volume estimate of output ........................................................... 26

Table 3.2

01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of output................................. 26

Table 3.3

01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of

intermediate consumption ................................................................................................................. 27

Table 3.4

Volume estimate of intermediate consumption: standard method....................................................... 27

Table 3.5

C Mining and quarrying: volume estimate of output ........................................................................... 28

Table 3.6

D Manufacturing: volume estimate of output...................................................................................... 29

Table 3.7

E Electricity, gas and water supply: volume estimate of output ............................................................ 30

Table 3.8

F Construction: volume estimate of output ......................................................................................... 30

Table 3.9

G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal

and household goods: volume estimate of output............................................................................... 32

Table 3.10 H Hotels and restaurants: volume estimate of output.......................................................................... 33

Table 3.11 I Transport, storage and communication: volume estimate of output................................................... 34

Table 3.12 J Financial intermediation: volume estimate of output ........................................................................ 34

Table 3.13 65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of output ................................................................. 35

Table 3.14 66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of output ........................................................... 36

Table 3.15 65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of intermediate consumption ................................... 36

Table 3.16 66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of intermediate consumption ............................. 37

Table 3.17 K Real estate, renting and business activities: volume estimate of output ............................................. 37

Table 3.18 L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security:

volume estimate of output for general government ............................................................................. 38

Table 3.19 L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security:

volume estimate of output for NPISH ................................................................................................. 39

Table 3.20 M Education: volume estimate of output for general government........................................................ 40

Table 3.21 M Education: stratification and weighting of output for general government........................................ 41

Table 3.22 M Education: volume estimate of intermediate consumption for general government.......................... 43

Table 3.23 85.1 Human health activities: aggregated stratification of output used in research ............................... 45

Table 3.24 85.3 Social work activities: volume estimate of output for general government ................................... 45

Table 3.25 85.3 Social work activities: stratification and weighting of output for general government.................... 46

Table 3.26 O Other community, social and personal services activities:

volume estimate of output for market producers................................................................................. 47

Table 3.27 Volume estimate of taxes on products ................................................................................................ 48

Table 3.28 Volume estimate of intermediate consumption, standard method: deflators by activity........................ 50

Table 4.1

Volume estimate of household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept .................... 54

Table 4.2

Volume estimate of gross fixed capital formation ................................................................................ 58

Table 4.3

Volume estimate of changes in inventories ......................................................................................... 59

Table 4.4

Volume estimate of exports and imports of goods............................................................................... 60

Table 4.5

Volume estimate of exports of services ............................................................................................... 63

Table 4.6

Volume estimate of imports of services ............................................................................................... 64



7





ABBREVIATIONS

CCI

Construction cost index

COICOP

Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose

CPA

Classification of Products by Activity

CPI

Consumer price index

DRG

Diagnosis Related Groups

EU European

Union

EUR Euro

ExPI

Export price index

FISIM

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured

GDP

Gross domestic product

HICP-EU

Harmonized consumer price index of the European Union

ImPI

Import price index

ISCED

International Standard Classification of Education

n.e.c.

not elsewhere classified

NACE

General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities within the European Union

NPISH

Non-profit institutions serving households

PPI

Producer price index

SITC

Standard International Trade Classification

SKD

Standard Classification of Activities

SPPI

Services producer price index

SURS

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

UVI

External trade unit value index

VAT

Value added tax





9





CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROCEDURES

1.1 Introduction

The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS) compiles price and volume measures of gross domestic product (GDP) by the production and the expenditure approach, and of other main national accounts aggregates.

Comparable time series now cover the period from 1996 on.

First steps in developing the methodology for price and volume measures started in the second half of the 1980s and the first results of methodological work were published in 1992 in the publication "Methodological Basis for the Estimation of Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices". Besides methodological description, the publication contained also the estimates of GDP by the production approach at constant 1990 prices for 1988, 1989 and 1990. The predominant method for the estimation of value added was the single indicator method, i.e. single extrapolation with mainly quantity indicators or single deflation. Methodological work then intensified in the second half of the 1990s with the introduction of many changes and improvements in the compilation. The most important were:

– In 1996, the expenditure GDP structure at constant prices was published for the first time.

– In 1998, main national accounts aggregates in real terms were published for the first time.

– In 1999, two changes were introduced. First, value added estimation at constant prices for non-market activities was done according to the input (cost) method. Second, value added of manufacturing was estimated with the output deflation method and not on the basis of the quantity production index which was the basic indicator in the whole previous period.

– In 2005, the calculation at previous year prices was introduced and data series were recalculated to new base years for the whole period from 1996 on.

– In 2007, the double deflation method was introduced for the estimation of value added in all activities and data series were recalculated using the new method from 2001 on.

– In 2009, genuine export and import price indices were used for the first time to deflate the exports part of manufacturing output, and exports and imports of goods. In addition, the services producer price index was used for the first time to deflate output of individual service activities.

– Especially after 2005 methods for the estimation of output for general government activities were gradually improved with the replacement of the input (cost) methods with theoretically more correct output methods.

All these changes led to the methodology that is used nowadays and is described in this publication. The description in the publication relates to 2007; however, for the large majority of activities and aggregates the same methods are used for all years from 2001 on. For years before 2001 and especially for the production approach, simpler methods are used relying on the single indicator method and quantity indicators to a greater extent than in years after 2000.

This publication describes sources and methods of price and volume measures in final annual national accounts.

These estimates encompass the production and the expenditure approach for the measurement of GDP as well as other main national accounts aggregates. The methodology for the first and the second annual estimates is almost the same as the methodology for the final estimate. The difference is only with education for which not all data sources are available at the time when the first annual figures are prepared and simpler methods are used when compiling the first estimate.

The publication does not address the methodology for current price estimation. Only if necessary, it is briefly mentioned in relevant chapters. Otherwise, the methodology for current price estimation is described in detail in the

"Gross National Income Inventory" available at http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_ekonomsko_nacionalni_bnd.asp. In 11





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

addition, this publication does not address the methodology for the compilation of supply and use tables at constant prices neither the methodology for quarterly accounts compilation.

The terms "volume estimates" and "estimates at constant prices" are used as synonyms in this publication.

1.2

Outline of the production approach

GDP by the production approach equals value added at basic prices by industries plus taxes on products less subsidies on products. Value added of industries equals the difference between output at basic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers’ prices.

Value added at constant prices for market producers is estimated as the difference between output at constant prices and intermediate consumption at constant prices. Output at constant prices is estimated separately for 100 activities at different levels of the Standard Classification of Activities (two, three, four or five-digit level); the Standard Classification of Activities is the Slovenian version of the NACE classification. For the large majority of activities output at constant prices is obtained by deflating current price value by price indices. For a limited number of activities output at constant prices is estimated with extrapolation by quantity indicators. In total, these activities amount to 6.8% of total output of the national economy, of which 42.4% is accounted for dwelling activities of households.

Intermediate consumption at constant prices is mostly estimated at the two-digit level of the Standard Classification of Activities (SKD). For all activities, intermediate consumption at current prices is broken down into several components which are separately deflated by price indices.

Only for the activity P Private households with employed persons the single extrapolation of value added is used. It should be noted, however, that output of this activity equals value added and compensation of employees and no estimation for intermediate consumption is necessary.

For non-market activities of general government and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH), two methods are used. For education and social work activities of general government the estimate of value added at constant prices is obtained in the same way as for market producers, i.e. by separately estimating output and intermediate consumption at constant prices. Output at constant prices for these activities is estimated with extrapolation by quantity indicators and intermediate consumption by deflating its components.

For all other production of general government and the production of NPISH, volume estimates of value added are derived by the input method (cost method), i.e. by summing volume estimates of compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and net other taxes on production.

The compilation of volume estimates of GDP by the production approach is described in detail in Chapter 3.

1.3

Outline of the expenditure approach

GDP by the expenditure approach is measured as the sum of expenditure on goods and services for final consumption and gross capital formation by units of the national economy plus exports less imports of goods and services. Final consumption is the sum of expenditure on goods and services by households, NPISH and general government. Gross capital formation is measured as the sum of expenditure on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables.

Volume estimates of household final consumption expenditure are derived at the four-digit level (112 groups of products) of the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). Nearly all the components are estimated by deflating current price values by the corresponding consumer price index. There are a few exceptions for which quantity indicators are used; in total these products amount to 12.5% of household final consumption expenditure.

NPISH and general government final consumption expenditure at constant prices are derived as the sum of volume estimates of output and transfers in kind of market products via market producers less sales. Volume estimates of 12





GENERAL PROCEDURES

transfers in kind of market products via market producers are derived by deflating current price values using appropriate consumer price indices, and the ratio of sales to output is assumed to be the same in volume terms as it is at current prices.

Gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables at constant prices are estimated by deflating current price values by price indices.

Exports and imports of goods at constant prices are derived at the three-digit level of the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) using mainly genuine export price indices and genuine import price indices. Exports and imports of services are derived mainly by using European Union consumer price indices.

The compilation of volume estimates of GDP by the expenditure approach is described in detail in Chapter 4.

1.4

Balancing the production and the expenditure approach

The production approach and the expenditure approach results are equally important in determining the level of GDP

at constant prices and GDP volume growth rate. In balancing the data no approach is prevailing and the difference between the two approaches is eliminated by balancing two equally important independent GDP estimates. The difference between the two approaches is usually very small (between 0.1 and 0.3% of GDP) and balancing has no particular role. In general, all items are open to changes in the balancing process but in practice the difference is usually allocated to activity K Real estate, renting and business activities and/or gross fixed capital formation, and/or exports and imports of goods by adjusting the deflators.

Any difference between GDP level by the production and by the expenditure approach is eliminated in the process of finalisation of estimates. Therefore, the practice to show or publish statistical discrepancy as the difference between GDP

by the production and by the expenditure approach is not used in compiling and publishing national accounts data.

1.5

Base year and reference year

Base year is the year from which prices that are used to compile constant price estimates originate; different base years thus result in different constant price estimates even though the volume estimates at the most detailed level are the same.

In the Slovenian national accounts the base year for constant price calculation is changed every year and aggregates for each particular year are expressed in prices of the previous year, e.g. data for 2005 are expressed in prices of 2004, data for 2006 are expressed in prices of 2005, etc. Annual changing of the base year provides the most (theoretically) correct results as it uses the most up-to-date prices to aggregate the volume estimates.

Estimates of national account aggregates derived in the prices of the previous year are used with the current price data in the previous year to produce volume growth rates using the Laspeyres formula.

The weakness of the annual changing of the base year is that only data for two consecutive years are directly comparable (i.e. years with the same prices), e.g. data for 2005 at prices of 2004 are directly comparable only to data for 2004 at prices of 2004 (current price data for 2004). For constructing longer time series of comparable data, the concept of the so-called reference year is used; the reference year is the year for which data, if expressed in the form of index, equal to 100; or, if expressed in the form of value, equal to current price data.

Currently 2000 is used as the reference year and series of data are constructed in such a way that the value of an individual aggregate at current prices from 2000 (reference year) is multiplied by the original volume growth rate for a particular year compared to 2000.

The exception to the general procedure is aggregates that change signs over time as for them such a calculation provides counter intuitive results. This relates to changes in inventories, external trade balance and trading gain/loss resulting from changes in the terms of trade.



13





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

For changes in inventories and external trade balance, the compilation of values at the reference year base is based on the contribution to GDP volume growth using the following formula:

REF

REF

Xt = Xt 1

−

+ (

REF

cgt ∗

t

GDP −1 )

XREF

value of aggregate at the reference year base

cg

contribution to GDP volume growth in percentage points (Chapter 1.6)

t period

The aggregate trading gain/loss resulting from changes in the terms of trade is a peculiarity as no value is presented at the reference year base in the reference year at all. Here the value at the reference year base is calculated as the difference between real gross domestic income and GDP at constant prices, both at the reference year base.

The disadvantage of reference year series is that due to different base years aggregates do not add-up to totals except in the reference year and the year following the reference year. In the Slovenian national accounts it is assumed that preserving the original volume growth rates of components and aggregates is a priority over an additive consistency.

Therefore the discrepancies between the sum of components and aggregates are not eliminated.

1.6

Publication practice and revision policy

The publication practice of national accounts data at constant prices follows the publication practice of current price data. Both data sets are published at the same time and according to standard revision and publication policy:

– t + 60 days: first complete GDP estimate and main national accounts aggregates on the basis of quarterly accounts;

– t + 8 months: first complete annual accounts estimate of GDP and main national accounts aggregates;

– t + 20 months: first revision of annual accounts estimate of GDP and main national accounts aggregates;

– t + 32 months: final revision of annual accounts estimate of GDP and main national accounts aggregates.

As a rule, national publishing is done before or at least at the same time (day) as data are transmitted to Eurostat. All published data are available in electronic form on SURS's website (http://www.stat.si) in two languages, Slovenian and English. On the website all national accounts publications are available as well as all time series data of GDP and other national accounts aggregates for the period since 1995.

For the majority of national accounts aggregates SURS publishes the following constant price data:

– value at prices of the previous year;

– annual volume growth rates;

– value at the reference year base (currently 2000).

Changes in inventories and external trade balance are exceptions when publishing growth rates. For these two categories the growth rate has no economic meaning and the contribution to GDP volume growth is published instead. The contribution to GDP volume growth for all GDP components, including changes in inventories and external trade balance, is calculated using the following formula:

( P( t− )1 P( t− )1

X

−

t

Xt−1 )

cg =

∗ 100

P( t− )

1

t

GDP −1

cg

contribution to GDP volume growth in percentage points

X

value of aggregate

t period

P

prices of a period



14





CHAPTER 2

MAIN DATA SOURCES

2.1 Introduction

This chapter briefly describes data sources used to compile national accounts at constant prices. These include a variety of price indices (producer price index of manufactured goods, producer price index of agricultural products, services producer price index, consumer price index, agricultural input price index, construction cost index, external trade unit value index, import price index), and quantity indicators for education, social work, transport, fishing, gas supply, insurance, floor space of dwellings and employment. More detailed description of data sources can be found on SURS's website (http://www.stat.si).

2.2

Producer price index of manufactured goods

General information

The producer price index of manufactured goods (PPI) measures changes in the level of producer prices of manufactured goods that are produced in Slovenia and sold by producers on the domestic (Slovenian) market and/or non-domestic market.

Prices which are the basis for calculating producer price indices of manufactured goods for the domestic market are those at which producers sell their products in largest quantities on the domestic market. The prices do not include value added tax (VAT) and similar deductible taxes and duties directly linked to turnover. The prices include rebates and discounts which the producer approves to the buyer. Prices which are the basis for calculating producer price indices of manufactured goods for the non-domestic market are prices at which producers sell their products in largest quantities on foreign markets. The prices do not include VAT but include rebates and discounts which the producer approves to the buyer.

Data collection

Prices are collected monthly with questionnaires that are sent to selected enterprises. Each questionnaire is prepared for the enterprise individually. The questionnaires include only the representative products selected by enterprises.

Enterprises fill in prices in the questionnaires every month for the transactions during the period from the 16th of the previous month to the 15th of the current month. The calculation of the index covers around 400 enterprises which report monthly for around 2,300 products.

Reporting units give the price in the currency in which the transaction was conducted. For calculating the index, the prices that are not in EUR are converted into EUR on the basis of the reference exchange rate of the European Central Bank on the 15th (or 16th) day of the month.

Weighting and calculation

Weights are designed on the basis of the structure of sales value of manufactured goods on the domestic market and on foreign markets separately. The basic source of data is an annual industry survey for year t-2. In designing the weights, the industry survey sales data are recalculated on December of year t-1 by the producer price indices for December of year t-1 compared to the average of year t-2. Weights are changed every year.

The base period is December of year t-1. For each current month compared to the base month (December of year t-1) individual indices of particular representative goods are calculated directly from data on prices: p



t

It d =

/



pd

pt

price of good in the current month

pd

price of good in the base month



15





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

From individual indices aggregate indices are calculated with weighted arithmetic mean according to the following formula:

∑ n pti ∗ wdi

p



i=

I

= 1 di

t / d



∑ nwdi

i=1

It/d

index of groups or the total index

pti

price of product i in the current month

pdi

price of product i in the base month

wdi

weight for product i

n

number of products

Each aggregate index calculated in this way (December of the previous year = 100) is a Laspeyres' fixed type index.

All indices comparing other time periods are calculated by chaining through the 2005 average.

Classification

Prices are collected according to the Nomenclature of Industrial Products (the Slovenian version of the Prodcom List) and processed and published at the three-digit level of the Standard Classification of Activities (SKD). Additionally, price indices for special groups of activities showing the dynamics of prices by end-use of products from individual activities are published: for intermediate goods industries, energy related industries, intermediate goods industries except energy, capital goods industries, consumer goods industries, durable consumer goods industries, and non-durable consumer goods industries. In addition, a special price index of construction materials which is calculated on the basis of the conversion table between the old National Classification of Activities and the SKD is published. This index covers the following SKD activities: 26.40, 26.51, 26.52, 26.53, 26.61, 26.62, 26.63, 26.64, 26.65 and 26.66.

2.3

Producer price index of agricultural products

General information

The producer price index of agricultural products shows monthly changes of prices in purchase and sale of agricultural products. It is a unit value type index. The average producer price of agricultural product is a price for one unit of individual agricultural product that the producer received at selling the agricultural product. It is calculated by dividing the value of purchased and sold agricultural product with its quantity. Prices are recorded at the first marketing stage to best indicate the actual prices received by farmers.

Prices do not include VAT, subsidies and supports which producers obtain for certain products. Manipulation costs related to the delivery of agricultural products, storage, costs of returnable packaging and other payment facilities granted to the buyer are also not included.

Data collection

Data for calculating average prices and producer price indices of agricultural products (quantities, values and average values of purchased and sold agricultural products) are collected monthly from enterprises, co-operatives and other organisations buying products directly from private producers (farmers) or selling products from own production. Data are collected for those products which represent an important share in the purchase and sale of agricultural products at the first marketing stage in the base year.

Weighting and calculation

Weights are the total value of purchase and sale of individual agricultural products in the base year. Weights for non-seasonal products are equal for each month of the year, while weights for seasonal products (vegetables, potatoes, fruits, and ornamental plants) are different, depending on the season.

16





MAIN DATA SOURCES

The base period is the year ending in "0" or "5". Indices are calculated on the basis of monthly prices of agricultural products, using the Laspeyres formula.

Classification

For classifying products and calculating price indices the classification of the Economic Accounts for Agriculture is used.

2.4

Services producer price index

General information

The services producer price index (SPPI) measures changes in the prices of services that enterprises provide to other enterprises as buyers of services.

Prices of services which are the basis for calculating the services producer price index are transaction prices, i.e. prices the buyers (enterprises) pay for the performed services. The prices include possible subsidies received but exclude taxes paid, discounts and rebates given.

Data collection

Prices are collected quarterly. The sampling frame contains around 670 randomly selected enterprises providing services within at least one of the selected activities. Most of the prices are collected directly from selected enterprises by means of individual questionnaires (each enterprise has on the questionnaire only those services for which it reports prices in the observed period), while a part of the prices is collected from price lists published on the Internet.

Enterprises fill in the questionnaire prices every quarter for the period between the first and the last day of the current quarter.

Each quarter the calculation of the services producer price index includes around 3,500 prices. Collected are the prices of services that are important for selected enterprises either in terms of the frequency of performing the service or in terms of the value of the service.

Weighting and calculation

Weights are based on structural business statistics data on turnover for 2006. In designing the weights, structural business statistics data are recalculated on the fourth quarter of year t-1 by the appropriate price index for the fourth quarter of year t-1 compared to the average of 2006. Weights are changed every year.

The base period is the fourth quarter of year t-1. For each current quarter compared to the base quarter (fourth quarter of year t-1) individual indices of particular representative services are calculated directly from data on prices: pt

It d =

/



pd

pt

price of service in the current quarter

pd

price of service in the base quarter

From individual indices aggregate indices are calculated by using the simple arithmetic mean:



I

= 1

t / d

∑( I + I + K+

t / d, i

t / d, ii

It/ d, n)

n

It/ d aggregate class/group/division index

It/d,i

individual index of service i in the appropriate class/group/division

n

number of individual indices (services) in the appropriate class/group/division



17





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Each average index is further on multiplied by the appropriate weight. The products are grouped higher until the total index is calculated according to the following formula:

∑ nIt/ d, i * wd, i



i=

I

= 1

t / d



∑ nwd, i

i=1

It/d total

index

It/ d, i aggregate index of class/group/division i

wd,i

weight of class/group/division i

n

number of activities

Indices are chain linked via the index base which is the average of 2006.

Classification

Data on prices of representative services are collected for selected activities according to the SKD. Price indices are published up to the four-digit level of the SKD.

2.5 Consumer

price

index

General information

The consumer price index (CPI) measures changes of the level of retail prices of goods and services from the point of view of expenditure structure, which residential population intends for final consumption at home and abroad (national concept).

The basket for calculating the consumer price index contains about 660 representative products. The goods selected for the basket are goods that have the most important share in total consumption and whose changes of prices reflect best changes of prices of related products.

Data collection

Data on prices for representative goods and services are collected monthly, between the 1st and the 25th of each month in about 1,200 selected shops, marketplaces, at craftsmen and in other organisations. Some of the prices are also collected centrally and through the Internet. On average about 16,000 prices are used for calculating the index every month.

Weighting and calculation

Weights for calculating the index in a year are based on expenditure of individual products from the household budget survey as a main data source. Data from the survey are recalculated (indexed) to prices of December of year t-1. These data are supplemented and verified with other statistical and non-statistical sources. Weights are changed every year. The base period is December of year t-1.

When in a particular month all prices are collected, then first average prices are computed and then price indices.

The average price of each individual product in the locality is calculated with simple arithmetic mean from prices collected in all places of observation in that locality. The average national price of each product is calculated with weighted arithmetic mean from previously calculated average prices in the locality.

From average national prices in each current and base month (December of year t-1) individual indices for each individual product are calculated. Then from individual indices using weighted arithmetic mean aggregate indices are calculated, i.e. indices of groups and the total price index according to the following formula: 18





MAIN DATA SOURCES

∑ n pti ∗ wdi

p



i=

I

= 1 di

t / d



∑ nwdi

i=1

It/d

index of groups or the total index

pti

average national price of product i in the current month

pdi

average national price of product i in the base month

wdi

weight for product i

n

number of products

Each aggregate index calculated in this way (December of the previous year = 100) is a Laspeyres' fixed type index.

All indices comparing other time periods are calculated by chaining through the 2005 average.

Classification

For classifying products and calculating consumer price indices the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) is being used. As a rule, indices are published at the four-digit level, except in cases when the weight of the level is below 0.1% or in cases when the level is represented by one product only.

Indices for special groups are also calculated and published, such as: goods, non-durable goods, semi-durable goods, durable goods, services, fuel and energy, seasonal goods, total index without alcoholic beverages and tobacco, total index without seasonal products, food, beverages and tobacco, total index without food, beverages and tobacco, and total index without fuels and energy.

2.6

Agricultural input price index

General information

The agricultural input price index measures the price development of goods and services used by farmers in their agricultural operations. These include goods and services currently consumed in agriculture, as well as goods and services contributing to agricultural investment.

Prices are recorded in the last marketing stage by all groups of goods and services. Prices include eventual taxes directly linked to the product (e.g. excise duties), while VAT and eventual subsidies directly linked to the product are excluded.

Data collection

Data are collected monthly from trade enterprises, production-trade enterprises (those which offer sale of their products for agricultural production as well to final consumers), service organizations which offer goods and services for agricultural production, documentation of results of other SURS's statistical surveys (consumer prices, producer prices of manufactured goods), the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, electricity distribution companies and the Veterinary Chamber of Slovenia. Selected units report on prices of their goods and services.

For calculating agricultural input price indices, mainly those goods and services with significant share in the value of intermediate consumption according to the Economic Accounts for Agriculture in the base period are selected.

Weighting and calculation

The main data source for weights is consumption values of groups of products from the Economic Accounts of Agriculture from the base year. For groups of products for which data can not be obtained from the Economic Accounts for Agriculture, and for certain products the calculation of weights is done on the basis of other sources, e. g.

other statistical surveys, administrative sources, etc.

The base period is the year ending in "0" or "5". Price indices are calculated according to the Laspeyres formula.



19





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Classification

For classifying products and calculating price indices the classification of the Economic Accounts for Agriculture is used.

2.7

Construction cost index

General information

The construction cost index (CCI) shows the development of costs incurred by the contractor to carry out the construction process. The index measures the relationship between costs at constant technology and constant input mix that are associated with the implementation of a fixed amount of construction work. It is calculated by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia – Construction and Building Materials Association.

Data collection

Data are collected monthly from enterprises in manufacturing, wholesale and construction. All wholesalers selling representative construction materials are included as well as all producers who produce representative construction products. The survey covers units registered within the following groups of the SKD: 45, 51.5, 51.8 (without 51.56

and 51.57), and some producers from divisions 14, 20, 24 to 29, 40 and 41 on the whole geographical region of Slovenia. Sole proprietors and units with turnover of less than EUR 2 million are excluded. The observation units are all products needed for construction of new residential buildings and civil engineering works plus labour costs for different work in construction.

Prices for representative materials, gross wages for different types of work, as well as hours worked are collected.

Prices are collected without VAT, fees, taxes, discounts which are not taken into account, as well as subsidies.

Weighting and calculation

The construction cost index is made up of aggregated price indices for material costs, labour costs and other types of costs. The Laspeyres formula is used for calculation. The index for each reference period is calculated by comparing its value directly with the base period (month) value. The total index is compiled by a weighted combination of the separate indices for material costs, labour costs, transport costs and machinery costs. These are also calculated by the Laspeyres formula. Weights are calculated from the structure of works and material needed for the construction of typical residential buildings. The base period for the index calculation is December of year t-1.

Classification

Published indices are divided by 42 types of work and each type of work is divided into three levels: a) total which include data on material, labour, transport and machinery, b) material, c) transport and machinery. Some aggregated indices are also published: residential buildings, industrial construction, other construction, construction of highways, construction of bridges, and construction of other civil engineering works.

2.8

External trade unit value index

General information

The external trade unit value index (UVI) measures the development of the average value of the goods traded with the rest of the world.

Data collection

There are two data sources on external trade statistics: Intrastat or statistics relating to the trading of goods between EU Member States (data are collected with the statistical survey directly from companies liable to report for Intrastat) and Extrastat or statistics relating to the trading of goods with non-member countries (data from customs declarations are obtained from the Customs Administration).

20





MAIN DATA SOURCES

Covered for the calculation of external trade unit value indices are all customs declarations (Extrastat) and all statistical forms (Intrastat) covered by external trade statistics according to the special trade system, except exports and imports of goods classified into section 9 of the Standard International Trade Classification (Commodities and transactions n.e.c.) and exports and imports of goods for which in Slovenia the so-called passive data protection is applied. From the covered current and base period exports and imports of goods for which in the base year the variability of unit values, measured with the coefficient of variation, exceeded the predefined limit, is also excluded.

Weighting and calculation

The unit value is the average value (not the price of a determined product) per kilogram (or quantity in supplementary unit) of all products classified under the same eight-digit code of the Combined Nomenclature. The selection of appropriate quantity (net mass in kilograms or quantity in supplementary unit) used in the calculation of the unit value of the individual product depends on both coefficients of variation (the coefficient of variation for the unit value calculated using data on kilograms and the coefficient of variation for the unit value calculated using data on quantity in supplementary unit) for this product in the base year.

For external trade unit value indices calculation at the most disaggregated level of the Combined Nomenclature data on the statistical value of exported and imported goods in EUR, data on net mass, data on quantity in supplementary unit and some other data are used. Statistical value of goods is the value of goods on the Slovenian border (insurance and freight costs are added to or subtracted from the transaction value depending on delivery terms).

External trade unit value indices are calculated by the Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher formulas. They are published as the Fisher indices.

In the procedure of external trade unit value indices calculation various methods for data quality control and improvement of the results are used. Eliminated from calculation are those individual items of the current and base year:

– for which the data on quantity or statistical value are missing;

– whose value per kilogram (or quantity in supplementary unit) exceeds the interval "value of the first/third quartile for the unit value at the level of the eight-digit code of the Combined Nomenclature in which the commodity from the individual item is classified -/+ 2 * interquartile range"; the lower and upper limits of the interval for an individual eight-digit code of the Combined Nomenclature are calculated from exports/imports data under this code for the entire base year.

The calculation also excludes all goods classified into the same eight-digit code of the Combined Nomenclature for which the calculated unit value index at the most disaggregated level of the Combined Nomenclature is above the upper limit or below the lower limit (the limits within which the indices are believed to be still acceptable are set on the basis of experience and agree with international praxis).

Classification

At the lowest level external trade unit value indices are calculated at the level of the eight-digit code of the Combined Nomenclature. Aggregated indices are calculated and published at the section and division level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). External trade unit value indices are also calculated at the section, subsection and division level of the SKD and according to Broad Economic Categories (BEC).

2.9

Import price index

General information

The import price index (ImPI) measures changes in the prices of imports. Import is every product that was not produced in Slovenia but imported from a third country or supplied from another EU Member State.

The calculation of import price index is based on prices at which importers buy products in largest quantities. Prices do not include duties and taxes on imports but they include discounts and rebates which suppliers approve to buyers.



21

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Data collection

Import prices are collected monthly with questionnaires that are prepared for the importers individually. The sample covers around 370 Slovene importers and 1,450 products.

Reporting units give the price in the currency in which the transaction was conducted. For calculating the index, the price is converted into the national currency on the basis of the reference exchange rate of the European Central Bank on the 15th (or 16th) day of the month.

Weighting and calculation

Weights are based on the structure of the value of imported products in 2005. The basic source for weights is data that are used for calculating unit value indices for imports. In designing the weights, data on import value are recalculated to December of year t-1 by the import price index for December of year t-1 compared to the average of 2005. Weights are changed every year.

For each current month compared to the base month (December of year t-1), individual indices of particular representative goods are calculated directly from data on prices:

p



t

It d =

/



pd

pt

price of good in the current month

pd

price of good in the base month

From individual indices aggregate indices are calculated with the weighted arithmetic mean according to the following formula:

∑ n pti ∗ wdi

p



i=

I

= 1 di

t / d



∑ nwdi

i=1

It/d

index of groups or the total index

pti

price of product i in the current month

pdi

price of product i in the base month

wdi

weight for product i

n

number of products

Each aggregate index calculated in this way (December of the previous year = 100) is a Laspeyres' fixed type index.

All indices comparing other time periods are calculated by chaining through the 2005 average.

Classification

Import prices are collected according to the Combined Nomenclature and processed and published on the basis of the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA). Goods are classified into individual CPA activities by origin, i.e. they are classified by activity in which they were produced. Indices are published at two levels of the CPA breakdown – by section and division. The import price index is calculated for two groups of countries from which a product is imported or supplied: import price index for the euro area and import price index for the non-euro area.

Additionally, price indices for special groups of activities showing the dynamics of prices by end-use of products from individual activities at CPA class level are calculated. Activities are classified by end-use of products into four groups and two subgroups: intermediate goods, energy, capital goods industries, consumer goods industries (durable consumer goods industries and non-durable consumer goods industries).

22





MAIN DATA SOURCES

2.10 Statistical surveys on education

For education there are several statistical surveys, all with complete coverage, providing quantity and quality indicators for different levels of education. Surveys are briefly described in the following paragraphs.

The statistical survey on kindergartens aims to collect data on the number of kindergartens, pre-school children in kindergartens and professional staff educating children in kindergartens. Covered are all public and private kindergartens.

The purpose of the statistical survey on elementary schools for youth and adults is to collect data on the number of schools, organizations, pupils and persons attending elementary schools for youth and adults, and teachers, expert personnel and other personnel educating pupils in elementary schools. The survey covers all schools and organizations providing elementary education for youth and adults.

The statistical survey on institutions, child and youth homes and other establishments for children and youth with special needs provides data on children and youth with special needs who are in residential care in centres, institutions, child and youth homes and other establishments for children and youth with special needs, and employees in these institutions. The survey covers all centres, institutions, child and youth homes and other establishments for education, training, work and protection of children and youth with special needs.

The purpose of the statistical survey on secondary education is to monitor the situation in the field of upper secondary education, both for youth and adults. It is a census of upper secondary schools, students enrolled in individual programs and teaching staff performing upper secondary school programs. Covered are all institutions, schools, centres and units performing education programs for obtaining lower and middle vocational education, upper secondary technical and professional education and general upper secondary education. Covered are upper secondary schools for youth, upper secondary schools for students with special needs and upper secondary schools for adults.

The statistical survey on instructional and professional support staff at higher education institutions and vocational colleges provides data on staff teaching or supporting the educational process and other persons in paid employment in higher education institutions and vocational colleges. Covered is all instructional staff teaching in public and private higher education institutions and vocational colleges carrying out publicly valid undergraduate and postgraduate study programs.

The purpose of the statistical survey on student enrolment in vocational colleges, universities and free-standing higher education institutions is to obtain data on students enrolled in individual higher education institutions or vocational colleges. Covered are all vocational colleges, professional higher education institutions, faculties and academies of arts which carry out publicly valid undergraduate study programs. Data on full-time enrolment are complete, while data on student enrolment in part-time studies are complete only for the first time enrolment.

The statistical survey on students' enrolment in tertiary education provides data on enrolment of students in undergraduate and postgraduate studies in vocational colleges, professional higher education institutions, faculties and academies of arts. Covered are all public and private higher education institutions carrying out undergraduate and postgraduate study programs as well as public and private vocational colleges.

The statistical survey on students graduating from vocational colleges and higher education institutions aims to collect data on the number of graduates in the current calendar year, their age and sex, the duration of their study, employment and some other data. Statistical survey covers vocational colleges and higher education institutions (public and private) performing legally valid study programs.

The purpose of the statistical survey on music schools is to establish the number of pupils attending music schools and to monitor the activity of music schools and units of music schools at elementary schools and other educational institutions. Covered are public and private music schools performing basic music and dance education.



23





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

2.11 Statistical surveys on social work

For social work there are several statistical surveys, all with complete coverage, providing quantity indicators for social work services with accommodation and social work services without accommodation.

The statistical survey on public social welfare institutions provides data on people in care living in public social welfare institutions (data on their number, age and health, on sources of their income, on reasons for their admission, on the mode of payment for care). The survey covers old people’s homes, special social welfare institutions, and centres for protection and training.

The purpose of the statistical survey on centres for social work, centres and companies for vocational rehabilitation and employment of the disabled is the collection of data on users of services offered by the mentioned institutions, of data on forms of protection in them and services within the social welfare system that endangered groups of population are entitled to. Covered are centres for social work and companies for vocational rehabilitation and employment of the disabled.

The statistical survey of financial social assistance provides data on the number of recipients, the amount and funds paid. Data are provided by the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs.

2.12 Statistical surveys on transport

The statistical survey on railway transport provides data on passengers and goods carried, passenger-kilometres and tonne-kilometres, railway traffic accidents and transport of intermodal transport units. All data relate to the territory of Slovenia. The reporting unit is the Slovenian Railways company.

The statistical survey on transport of goods by road provides data on goods carried (weight, type, type of cargo/packing and whether goods are dangerous), kilometres travelled (by loaded and empty goods vehicles), degree of loading and type of transport. The survey is based on a random sample. Reporting units are business entities (legal or natural persons) owning, leasing or managing registered goods motor vehicles with at least two tonnes of load capacity both in transport for hire or reward and in transport on own account registered in Slovenia.

2.13 Other

data

sources

The statistical survey on marine fishing provides data on landing of fish products on the territory of Slovenia and on catch of marine animals in the fishing region of Slovenian fishermen. These data are collected from natural or legal persons dealing with marine fishing as an economic activity by fishing vessels.

The statistical survey on gas supply provides data on import, export, purchase, sale, own use and losses of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. The survey covers gas and liquefied petroleum gas supply companies.

For insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security, data on the number of insurance policies and the number of insurance policy holders for different types of insurance and reinsurance are provided by the Insurance Supervision Agency of Slovenia.

Data on useful floor space of a dwelling cover the usable area of the rooms, kitchen and other auxiliary interiors, the area of enclosed terraces and verandas, and the area enclosed by fitted cupboards. Within this area, the area of garages, cellars, attics unsuitable for living and collective areas in two- and more dwel ing buildings is not included.

Data are obtained from statistics of building permits, issued by the administrative body.

The main data source for employees' estimate is the Statistical Register of Employment. The register is updated monthly by forms for health and pension insurance (data are provided by the Health Social Security Fund, the Pension Social Security Fund and the Employment Service of Slovenia) and different databases (the Central Population Register and the Business Register). It includes persons who pay social contributions to obligatory pension and health insurance system and are employed on the territory of Slovenia (domestic concept). They can be employed permanently or temporarily, ful time or part time. It also includes persons temporary out of work due to sickness or any other reason, if social contributions for them are paid.

24





CHAPTER 3

GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

3.1 Introduction

GDP at constant prices by the production approach equals value added by activities at constant prices plus taxes on products at constant prices less subsidies on products at constant prices. Value added at constant prices of activities is obtained by separately estimating output at constant prices and intermediate consumption at constant prices (double indicator method).

Methods for obtaining the estimates by activities are described in the following chapters. In each chapter, first the methods for output volume estimates are presented including the breakdown of output (stratification of output) and methods for compiling the estimates. This is followed by the similar description for volume estimates for intermediate consumption. For activities of public administration; education; health and social work; and other community, social and personal services activities chapters are further divided into chapters describing methodology used for general government producers, NPISH units and market producers.

Each chapter brings also the self-assessment of methods according to the division of methods defined in the Commission Decision (98/715/EC) on price and volume measures in national accounts, and further specified in the

"Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts", Eurostat 2001. The Commission Decision divides methods into three groups:

– A methods: most appropriate methods;

– B methods: methods which can be used in case an A method cannot be applied (acceptable alternatives);

– C methods: methods which shall not be used.

General criteria for the classification of methods into the mentioned groups are:

– the completeness of the coverage of the product/activity heading by the indicator. For example, whether the indicator covers all of the products under the heading or just a selection of them, such as only those products sold to households;

– the valuation basis of the indicator. For market output, this should be basic prices rather than, for example, purchasers' prices or input costs. For final consumption and gross capital formation this should be purchasers'

prices rather than, for example, producers' prices;

– the indicator should take quality changes into account, recording them within the volume estimates rather than the price estimates;

– the conceptual consistency between the indicator and the national accounts concepts.

A method satisfying all four criteria will generally classify as an A method. If one or more criteria are not satisfied, the method will become a B method or a C method according to how far away the method is from an A method. The precise distinction between A, B and C methods depends on the product/activity and its specific circumstances.

3.2

Agriculture, hunting and forestry (A)

Output of agriculture, hunting and forestry at current prices for 2007 is estimated at EUR 1,625 million or 2.3% of total output of the Slovenian economy. About two thirds of the output of the activity is produced by individual farmers.



25





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Output at constant prices is estimated by deflating current price values by price indices. The stratification of output and methods used are presented in Table 3.1.



Table 3.1

A Agriculture, hunting and forestry: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities

Table 3.2

02 Forestry, logging and related service activities

Deflation by the PPI and the UVI



Output of the activity 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities is broken down into seven components mainly based on data provided by the Economic Accounts for Agriculture. These components are: sales, changes in inventories, breeding stocks, feeding stuffs produced, orchard development, own-account production and direct sales, and other output. Each individual output component is separately deflated by the appropriate price index as shown in Table 3.2. A separate estimate is made for subsidies on products in this activity; subsidies on products at constant prices are estimated in the same ratio to sales at constant prices as in the previous year current price values (i.e.

volume growth rate of subsidies on products is the same as volume growth rate of sales).



Table 3.2

01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

Sales

Deflation by the producer price index of agricultural products

Changes in inventories

Deflation by the implicit deflator for inventories of livestock

for slaughter

Breeding stocks

Deflation by the producer price index of agricultural products

Feeding stuffs produced

Deflation by the producer price index of agricultural products

Orchard development

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Own-account production and direct sales

Deflation by the CPI

Other output

Deflation by the CPI

Subsidies on products

Extrapolation by the volume growth rate of sales



Output of the activity 02 Forestry, logging and related service activities at constant prices is estimated by deflating current price value by the producer price index of manufactured goods (PPI) and the external trade unit value index (UVI), weighted with sales on the domestic market and exports.

The method used to derive the volume estimate of output for 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities is classified as an A method and the method used for 02 Forestry, logging and related service activities as a B method.

Intermediate consumption includes the value of goods and services consumed as inputs by the production process.

For the activity of agriculture, hunting and forestry it amounts to EUR 757 million or 2.1% of total intermediate consumption at current prices.

The estimation of intermediate consumption at constant prices is done at the same activity level as the estimation of output at constant prices (Table 3.1). For the activity 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities, intermediate consumption is broken down into twelve components mainly based on data provided by the Economic Accounts for Agriculture. These components are: seeds and planting stock, energy and fuels, fertilizers, pesticides, veterinary services, feeding stuffs purchased, feeding stuffs produced, changes in inventories of feeding stuffs, maintenance, own-account production, other goods and services, and financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM). FISIM at constant prices are compiled by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revalued to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption. All other individual components of intermediate consumption are separately deflated by the appropriate price index as shown in Table 3.3.

26





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Table 3.3

01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of intermediate

consumption

Stratification Method

Seeds and planting stock

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Energy and fuels

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Fertilizers

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Pesticides

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Veterinary services

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Feeding stuffs purchased

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Feeding stuffs produced

Deflation by the producer price index of agricultural products

Changes in inventories of feeding stuffs

Deflation by the producer price index of agricultural products

Maintenance

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Own-account production

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

Other goods and services

Deflation by the agricultural input price index

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption



The procedure for the estimation of intermediate consumption at constant prices in forestry (SKD 02) is slightly different. It is a standard procedure as it is used for al activities at the two-digit level of the SKD (and for three activities at the three-digit level), except for 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities. The procedure is the following: intermediate consumption for corporations (type of accounting statements, mainly encompassing non-financial corporations) is broken down into ten components: material, energy, other material, transport services, rents, insurance services, reimbursements of business costs to employees, other services, FISIM and goods for processing. Each individual component is separately deflated by the appropriate price index (producer price index of manufactured goods for domestic market, producer price index of manufactured goods for exports, consumer price index (CPI), external trade unit value index, import price index (ImPI) and other), depending on the activity. Deflators are chosen on the basis of characteristics of activities and differ from one activity to another. Only for insurance services, FISIM and goods for processing the same deflator is used for all activities. From the sum of deflated components the implicit deflator of intermediate consumption for corporations is compiled. Finally, the implicit deflator for corporations is used to deflate intermediate consumption of the whole activity. Table 3.4 shows the structure of intermediate consumption and methods used to arrive at the volume estimate of intermediate consumption by the standard method. Table 3.28 at the end of the chapter shows deflators by activity and by type of input.



Table 3.4

Volume estimate of intermediate consumption: standard method

Stratification Method

Material

Deflation by the PPIs, the CPIs, the UVIs, the ImPIs and

implicit output deflators

Energy

Deflation by the PPIs and the CPIs

Other material

Deflation by the PPIs and the CPIs

Transport services

Deflation by the implicit output deflator of transport services,

the PPIs and the CPIs

Rents

Deflation by the CPIs

Insurance services

Deflation by the implicit output deflator of insurance services

Reimbursement of business costs to employees

Deflation by the CPIs

Other services

Deflation by the CPIs

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

Goods for processing

Deflation by the UVI



27





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Method used to arrive at the volume estimate of intermediate consumption can be classified as an A method as it satisfy all three criteria: first, deflation takes place product-by-product, second, domestically produced products and imported products are deflated separately, and third, genuine price data for intermediate consumption are used.

3.3 Fishing

(B)

Freshwater and marine fishing is a very small industry in Slovenia. Its output at current prices is estimated at EUR 9

million or 0.01% of the total output of the Slovenian economy.

Output at constant prices is estimated by the extrapolation of current price value with quantity indicator from data on marine fishing, freshwater angling and aquaculture. The source of the indicator is the statistical survey on marine fishing, freshwater angling and aquaculture. The method used can be considered as a B method because data on fishery products are not separated into different varieties and seasons and quality adjustments are also not done.

Intermediate consumption at current prices of the fishing activity is estimated at EUR 6 million or 0.01% of the total intermediate consumption. The method for the estimation of intermediate consumption at constant prices is standard and the same as described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.4

Mining and quarrying (C)

Output of mining and quarrying represents a small part of the total output of the Slovenian economy (0.4%, EUR 279

million at current prices).

The method for the estimation of output for these activities at constant prices is deflation by the producer price indices of manufactured goods for domestic market and exports weighted with sales on the domestic market and exports. The stratification of output and methods used are presented in Table 3.5. It should be mentioned that data for the activity of Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat (SKD 10) includes also data for the activity of Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (SKD 11), and data for the activity of Other mining and quarrying (SKD 14) includes also data for the activity of Mining of uranium and thorium ores (SKD 12) and Mining of metal ores (SKD 13).

These three activities (SKD 11, 12 and 13) create negligible value added and are not estimated separately. Methods used to compile output volume estimates for mining and quarrying are classified as A methods.



Table 3.5

C Mining and quarrying: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

10 Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat

Deflation by the PPI

14 Other mining and quarrying

Deflation by the PPIs



The estimate of intermediate consumption of mining and quarrying at current prices is EUR 144 million or 0.4% of the total intermediate consumption. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated at the same level of the SKD as output by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.5 Manufacturing

(D)

Manufacturing industry is the largest and the most important industry in Slovenia. Its output is estimated at EUR

24,830 million or 34.9% of the total output produced by the Slovenian producers. The most important industries in terms of output are manufacture of fabricated metal products (SKD 28), manufacture of machinery and equipment (SKD 29), and manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SKD 24), which together produce around one third of manufacturing output.

28





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

The compilation of output at constant prices for almost all industries of manufacturing is done by deflation by the producer price indices of manufactured goods for domestic market and for exports. Producer price indices of manufactured goods for sales on the domestic market and producer price indices of manufactured goods for exports are weighted with the ratio between sales on the domestic territory and exports. The stratification of output and methods used are presented in Table 3.6.



Table 3.6

D Manufacturing: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

15 Manufacture of food products and beverages

Deflation by the PPIs

17 Manufacture of textiles

Deflation by the PPIs

18 Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur

Deflation by the PPIs

19 Tanning of leather; manufacture of leather goods

Deflation by the PPIs

20 Manufacture of wood, except furniture

Deflation by the PPIs

21 Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products

Deflation by the PPIs

22 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media

Deflation by the PPI and the UVI

23 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products

Deflation by the PPIs

24 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

Deflation by the PPIs

25 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products

Deflation by the PPI and the UVI

26 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products

Deflation by the PPIs

27 Manufacture of basic metals

Deflation by the PPI and the UVI

28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery

Deflation by the PPIs

29 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.

Deflation by the PPIs

30 Manufacture of office machinery and computers

Deflation by the PPIs

31 Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.

Deflation by the PPIs

32 Manufacture of radio, television, communication equipment

Deflation by the PPIs

33 Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments

Deflation by the PPIs

34 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Deflation by the PPIs

35 Manufacture of other transport equipment

Deflation by the PPIs

36 Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.

Deflation by the PPIs

37 Recycling

Deflation by the PPIs



In the activity 15 Manufacture of food products and beverages a special estimate is made for subsidies on products in this activity. Subsidies on products at constant prices are estimated by equalizing their volume growth rate to the volume growth rate of output.

The methods used to estimate output of manufacturing at constant prices are classified as A methods; deflators are representative, valued at basic prices, and take proper account of quality.

Intermediate consumption of manufacturing at current prices is estimated at EUR 17,718 million or 43.4% of the total intermediate consumption. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated at the same level as output at constant prices by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. Methods used for measuring intermediate consumption at constant prices in manufacturing are classified as A methods.

3.6

Electricity, gas and water supply (E)

In this industry the production is mostly performed by large public enterprises. Its output is estimated at EUR 1,842

million or 2.6% of total produced output at current prices. The most important activity is the production and distribution of electricity representing 73% of output of the activity. Electricity production is measured on a net basis as all intra-industry transactions of electricity between primary production, transmission and redistribution are eliminated.



29





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

The volume estimate of output for the production and distribution of electricity (SKD 40.1) is obtained by deflating current price value by the consumer price index. In the majority of other years the producer price index of manufactured goods for domestic market and producer price index of manufactured goods for exports are used for deflation instead of the consumer price index; however, in certain years, as it is the case for 2007, results with using the producer price indices of manufactured goods are doubtful.

The method for the estimation of output for the manufacture of gas and distribution of gaseous fuels (SKD 40.2) at constant prices is the extrapolation by quantity indicator, namely by quantity of gas supply (natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas). Output volume estimate for the remaining two activities, steam and hot water supply (SKD 40.3), and collection, purification and distribution of water (SKD 41) is derived by deflation by the consumer price index.

The stratification and methods used to arrive at the output volume estimate for the activity E Electricity, gas and water supply are presented in Table 3.7.

The method used for manufacture of gas (part of SKD 40.2) can be classified as an A method and the method used for distribution of gas (part of SKD 40.2) as a B method. Methods used for all other activities (SKD 40.1, 40.3 and 41) can be classified as C methods.



Table 3.7

E Electricity, gas and water supply: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

40.1 Production and distribution of electricity

Deflation by the CPI

40.2 Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels

Extrapolation by quantity of gas supply

40.3 Steam and hot water supply

Deflation by the CPI

41 Collection, purification and distribution of water

Deflation by the CPI



Intermediate consumption at current prices is estimated at EUR 988 million, which represents 2.4% of the total intermediate consumption. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated at the two-digit level of the SKD by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.7 Construction

(F)

Construction is one of the main industries in the Slovenian economy. Its output amounts to EUR 8,397 million or 11.8% of the total output at current prices. Production in this industry is carried out by corporations and by the self-employed. The main construction activity is building of complete constructions or parts thereof (SKD 45.2), which accounts for approximately 75% of the output of construction.

Output at constant prices for construction is compiled at the three-digit level of the SKD. The method used is the deflation by construction cost indices (CCIs). For the activity 45.2 Building of complete constructions or parts thereof, current price value is deflated by construction cost indices weighted with values of construction put in place by type of activity and by type of construction. The stratification of output and methods used are shown in Table 3.8. The use of input price indices to deflate output is classified as a C method.



Table 3.8

F Construction: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

45.1 Site preparation

Deflation by the CCI

45.2 Building of complete constructions or parts thereof

Deflation by the CCIs

45.3 Building installation

Deflation by the CCI

45.4 Building completion

Deflation by the CCI

45.5 Renting of construction equipment with operator

Deflation by the CCI

30





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Intermediate consumption at current prices is estimated at EUR 6,003 million or 14.7% of the total intermediate consumption. The most important inputs are material and other services which represent around 90% of construction's intermediate consumption. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated for the whole activity (corresponding to the two-digit level of the SKD) by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2

above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.8

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and

household goods (G)

Output of trade at current prices is estimated at EUR 7,254 million or 10.2% of the total output of the Slovenian economy. It is composed of two parts. First, trade margin as the difference between the sale of trade goods (turnover) and the purchase value of trade goods sold, and second, the sale of non-trade goods and services as secondary output of the activity.

When compiling output at constant prices, all three elements of output are estimated separately. Turnover and the sale of non-trade goods and services are deflated by appropriate deflators (consumer price indices, import price indices, producer price indices of manufactured goods for domestic market and exports, and other). Where needed, deflators are weighted with sales on the domestic market and exports. The purchase value of trade goods sold is estimated by equalizing its volume growth rate to the volume growth rate of turnover. Such calculation implies that the volume growth rate of trade margin is the same as the volume growth rate of turnover. The stratification of output and deflators used for the deflation of turnover and the sale of non-trade goods and services are shown in Table 3.9.

The method used to compile the volume estimate of trade is classified as a B method.

At current prices, intermediate consumption is estimated at EUR 3,541 million or 8.7% of the total. The most important component of intermediate consumption is other services, which contains costs of selling tradable goods.

Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated at the two-digit level of the SKD (SKD 50, 51 and 52) by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.



31





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES





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32





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

3.9

Hotels and restaurants (H)

Output at current prices of hotels and restaurants amounts to EUR 1,404 million or 2.0% of the total output. The main activities are hotel services covered mainly by corporations and restaurant services with unincorporated enterprises as the most important producers.

The method used to compile output at constant prices is deflation at the three-digit level of the SKD by the consumer price index. The stratification of output and methods used are presented in Table 3.10. As it is reasonable to expect that prices for businesses and private costumers move in a similar way and that the composition of consumption is comparable, the method used can be classified as an A method.



Table 3.10

H Hotels and restaurants: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

55.1 Hotels

Deflation by the CPI

55.2 Camping sites and other provision of short-stay

Deflation by the CPI

accommodation

55.3 Restaurants

Deflation by the CPI

55.4 Bars

Deflation by the CPI

55.5 Canteens and catering

Deflation by the CPI



Intermediate consumption amounts to EUR 701 million or 1.7% of the total intermediate consumption. Its main components are material costs and cost of other services, which represent around 72% of intermediate consumption in this industry. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated for the whole activity (corresponding to the two-digit level of the SKD) by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.10 Transport, storage and communication (I)

Output of this activity at current prices is estimated at EUR 5,755 million or 8.1% of the total output. The most important activities are land transport (SKD 60) with a 40.3% share, supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies (SKD 63) with a 26.5% share, and post and telecommunications (SKD 64) with a 26.2%

share.

Stratification of output is done at a detailed level as shown in Table 3.11. The most common method for estimating output at constant prices is the deflation by the consumer price index or the services producer price index (SPPI). For transport via railways (SKD 60.1) and for freight transport by road (SKD 60.24) the extrapolation by quantity indicator suitably weighted for passenger and freight transport is used.

In the activities 60.1 Transport via railways and 60.21 Other scheduled passenger land transport special estimates are made for subsidies on products. Subsidies on products at constant prices are estimated by equalizing their volume growth rate to the volume growth rate of output.

Methods used to derive output volume estimate for water transport (SKD 61), air transport (SKD 62), cargo handling and storage (SKD 63.1), and post and courier activities (SKD 64.1) classify as A methods. Methods used for all other activities classify as B methods.



33





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 3.11

I Transport, storage and communication: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

60.1 Transport via railways

Extrapolation by tonne-kilometres and passenger-kilometres

60.21 Other scheduled passenger land transport

Deflation by the CPI

60.22 Taxi operation

Deflation by the CPI

60.23 Other land passenger transport

Deflation by the CPI

60.24 Freight transport by road

Extrapolation by tonne-kilometres

61 Water transport

Deflation by the SPPI

62 Air transport

Deflation by the SPPI

63.1 Cargo handling and storage

Deflation by the SPPI

63.2 Other supporting transport activities

Deflation by the CPI

63.3 Activities of travel agencies and tour operators

Deflation by the CPI

63.4 Activities of other transport agencies

Deflation by the CPI

64.1 Post and courier activities

Deflation by the SPPI

64.2 Telecommunications

Deflation by the CPI



Intermediate consumption of the activity at current prices amounts to EUR 3,415 million or 8.4% of the total intermediate consumption. The main components of intermediate consumption in this activity are costs of energy and transport services. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated for the following SKD activities: 60.1, 60.2, 61, 62, 63 and 64. The method is standard and described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.11 Financial

intermediation

(J)

Output of financial intermediation consists not only of financial intermediation services that are directly charged to clients but also of income earned through difference in trading with deposits taking and credits giving. Therefore, an important part of output is generated indirectly, as the difference between interest receivable and interest payable (financial intermediation services indirectly measured). Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are an output component of the activity 65.1 Monetary intermediation and amount to EUR 714 million or approximately 30% of output of financial intermediation.

An important part of output of financial intermediation is produced by the insurance industry (EUR 670 million or 28.4% of the total output of the activity). Its output is calculated as a residuum between insurance premiums and claims, together with revenue from investment of surpluses.

The total output of financial intermediation at current prices is estimated at EUR 2,356 million or 3.3% of output produced by the economy.

Output at constant prices is compiled at different levels of activities and by different methods as shown in Table 3.12.

The estimation of output for monetary intermediation (SKD 65.1), and insurance and pension funding (SKD 66) is explained below. Output of other financial intermediation (SKD 65.2) and activities auxiliary to financial intermediation (SKD 67) is deflated by the consumer price index.



Table 3.12

J Financial intermediation: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

65.1 Monetary intermediation

Table 3.13

65.2 Other financial intermediation

Deflation by the CPI

66 Insurance and pension funding

Table 3.14

67 Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation

Deflation by the CPI

34





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Output of monetary intermediation (SKD 65.1) is broken down into five components: FISIM, output of the central bank, bank services and commissions, net financial services, and other business and operating leasing services. Each component is estimated separately as shown in Table 3.13. FISIM at constant prices are compiled by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revalued to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption. This can be expressed by the following formula: (Effective margin x Stocks)/Price index

x

Base period margin/Effective margin

=

Stock at constant price

x

Base period margin



Output of the central bank at constant prices is estimated by the input method as the sum of value added components at constant prices and intermediate consumption components at constant prices. Value added components are estimated in the following way: gross wages and salaries are extrapolated by the number of employees with the adjustment for productivity, other labour costs are deflated by the implicit deflator for gross wages, employers’ social security contributions and other taxes on production are estimated by equalizing their volume growth rate to the volume growth rate of gross wages, consumption of fixed capital is deflated by deflator composed of producer price indices of manufactured goods and the consumer price index. Intermediate consumption is broken down into four components (material, services, commissions, memberships and similar fees) which are deflated by the consumer price index.

The remaining three output components of monetary intermediation are estimated at constant prices by deflating the current price values by the consumer price index.



Table 3.13

65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

Output of the central bank

Input method

Bank services and commissions

Deflation by the CPI

Financial services, net

Deflation by the CPI

Other business and operating leasing services

Deflation by the CPI



Output of insurance and pension funding (SKD 66) is broken down into six components, namely life insurance, pension insurance, health insurance, non-life insurance, reinsurance and other output (Table 3.14). Volume estimates of output for the first three groups are obtained by extrapolation by the number of insurance policy holders. The volume estimate of output for non-life insurance is estimated by extrapolation by the quantity index of Laspeyres type calculated with quantity indices of non-life insurance subgroups weighted with insurance premiums receivable.

Quantity indices of non-life insurance subgroups are calculated in the following way:

– number of insurance policies is used for accident insurance, motor vehicles comprehensive insurance, fire insurance, property insurance for other damage to property, motor vehicle liability insurance, and tourist assistance insurance;

– annual expenditure on insurance per capita is used for general liability insurance and other non-life insurances;

– a change in loans of the non-financial corporations is used for credit insurance.

Volume estimates of output for reinsurance is estimated by extrapolation by the composite volume growth rate of life insurance, pension insurance, health insurance and non-life insurance weighed with insurance premiums receivable.

Volume estimate for other output is obtained by deflating current price value by the consumer price index.



35





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 3.14

66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

Life insurance

Extrapolation by the number of insurance policy holders

Pension insurance

Extrapolation by the number of insurance policy holders

Health insurance

Extrapolation by the number of insurance policy holders

Non-life insurance

Extrapolation by the Laspeyres quantity index of non-life

insurance sub-groups weighted with premiums

Reinsurance

Extrapolation by the composite volume growth rate of life,

pension, health and non-life insurance growth rates weighted

with premiums

Other output

Deflation by the CPI



The method used to compile the volume estimate of FISIM is classified as a B method. It should be mentioned that the handbook does not identify a suitable A method for FISIM. The method used for estimating output of the activity 66 Insurance and pension funding is classified as a B method. The deflation by the consumer price index of monetary intermediation outside FISIM, other financial intermediation and services auxiliary to financial intermediation can be classified as a B method.

Intermediate consumption at current prices of the financial intermediation activity is estimated at EUR 952 million or 2.3% of the total intermediate consumption. At constant prices, intermediate consumption is compiled at the same level of activities as output (Table 3.12). Intermediate consumption of activities 65.2 Other financial intermediation and 67 Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation is estimated by the standard method described in Chapter 3.2

for forestry.

Intermediate consumption for monetary intermediation (SKD 65.1) is broken down into six components as shown in Table 3.15. Each component is separately deflated: costs of material, services, bank services, membership and similar fees, and other costs are deflated by the consumer price index, while non-market output of the central bank is deflated by the implicit output deflator of the central bank.



Table 3.15

65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of intermediate consumption

Stratification Method

Material

Deflation by the CPI

Services

Deflation by the CPI

Bank services

Deflation by the CPI

Membership and similar fees

Deflation by the CPI

Other costs

Deflation by the CPI

Non-market output of the central bank

Deflation by the implicit output deflator of the central bank



Intermediate consumption of insurance and pension funding (SKD 66) at constant prices is estimated in the following way: intermediate consumption of the activity is broken down into six components (Table 3.16), which are deflated by the consumer price index, with the exception of FISIM, which are calculated in the standard way as in all other activities.

Methods used for volume estimates of intermediate consumption for all activities of financial intermediation can be classified as A methods.



36





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Table 3.16

66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of intermediate consumption

Stratification Method

Acquisition costs

Deflation by the CPI

Material and supplies

Deflation by the CPI

Other technical charges

Deflation by the CPI

Other management costs

Deflation by the CPI

Reinsurance balance

Deflation by the CPI

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption



3.12 Real estate, renting and business activities (K)

The total output of this industry at current prices amounts to EUR 8,628 million or 12.1% of the total output. More than half (53.1%) is estimated for other business activities (SKD 74) and approximately one third (34.5%) for real estate activities (SKD 70). These are divided into services of dwelling activities of households (EUR 2,051 million) and other real estate activities (EUR 925 million).

Volume estimates of output are prepared for activities at different levels and using different methods as shown in Table 3.17. For the majority of activities the deflation by the services producer price index or the consumer price index is done and in some cases the consumer price index is combined with some other deflator with weights being based on expert opinion. Output of dwel ing activities of households is extrapolated by the quantity indicator (useful floor area of dwellings).



Table 3.17

K Real estate, renting and business activities: volume estimate of output

Stratification Method

Dwelling activities of households

Extrapolation by useful floor area of dwellings

70.1 Real estate activities with own property

Deflation by the CPI

70.2 Letting of own property

Deflation by the CPI

70.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis

Deflation by the CPI

71 Renting of machinery and equipment

Deflation by the CPI

72 Computer and related activities

Deflation by the SPPI

73 Research and development

Deflation by the CPI and index of gross average wages

74.1 Legal, accounting and auditing activities

Deflation by the SPPI

74.2 Architectural and engineering activities

Deflation by the SPPI

74.3 Technical testing and analysis

Deflation by the SPPI

74.4 Advertising

Deflation by the SPPI

74.5 Labour recruitment and provision of personnel

Deflation by the SPPI

74.6 Investigation and security activities

Deflation by the SPPI

74.7 Industrial cleaning

Deflation by the SPPI

74.8 Miscellaneous business activities n.e.c.

Deflation by the SPPI



Extrapolation by the quantity indicator (useful floor area of dwellings) used for measuring the output of dwelling services of households at constant prices can be classified as a B method as the large majority of output is created by owner-occupiers. The deflation by the consumer price index for real estate activities (SKD 70.1, 70.2 and 70.3) is classified between B and C methods. The method used to compile the volume estimate of output of renting services (SKD 71) is classified as a B method because the consumer price index only covers the consumer markets but services are supplied to both businesses and private households. For computer and related activities (SKD 72) the use of the 37





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

services producer price index to deflate output classifies as an (weak) A method. The classification of method for research and development (SKD 73) is inconclusive but it is likely to be a C method. Methods used for other business activities (SKD 74) are classified as (weak) A methods. Further improvements for SKD 72 and 74 can be achieved by separately deflating output for businesses by the services producer price index and output for households by the consumer price index.

Intermediate consumption of the activity is estimated at EUR 3,358 million at current prices or 8.2% of the total. The most important components are costs for other services, which account for approximately 65% of the intermediate consumption of the activity. Intermediate consumption at constant prices is estimated at the two-digit level of the SKD

(SKD 70, 71, 72, 73 and 74) by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.13 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (L)

3.13.1 Introduction

Output of this activity at current prices is estimated at EUR 2,567 million or 3.6% of the total output created by the Slovenian economy. Almost the whole output is produced by non-market producers of the general government sector (99.4%). The rest of the output is produced by non-market producers of the NPISH sector and by market producers, each contributing approximately half to the total output value. Intermediate consumption at current prices of the activity amounts to EUR 885 million or 2.2% of the total intermediate consumption.

The estimation of output and intermediate consumption at constant prices is done separately for all three groups of producers. The method used for the general government is explained in Chapter 3.13.2, the method for NPISH in Chapter 3.13.3 and the method for market producers in Chapter 3.13.4.

3.13.2 General government

Output at constant prices of public administration, defence and compulsory social security for general government is compiled by the input method. Output at constant prices is therefore estimated in the same way as output at current prices, i.e. by the input approach as a sum of value added and intermediate consumption, both at constant prices.

Methods used for individual components of value added and intermediate consumption are presented in Table 3.18.

Value added components at constant prices are mostly estimated on the basis of the quantity indicator (number of employees), only consumption of fixed capital is deflated by the implicit deflator for gross fixed capital formation.

Components of intermediate consumption are deflated by the consumer price index or the construction cost index, the only exception being FISIM, which are compiled by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revalued to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption. To this activity, total FISIM for the general government sector are allocated.



Table 3.18

L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for general government

Stratification Method

Intermediate consumption



Paper stationery

Deflation by the CPI

Special material and services

Deflation by the CPI

Energy, water, public utility services

Deflation by the CPIs

Transport services

Deflation by the CPI

Allowances and other travel costs

Deflation by the CPI

Current maintenance

Deflation by the CCI

Lease payments and rents

Deflation by the CPI

38





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Table 3.18

L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for general government (continued)

Stratification Method

Other services

Deflation by the CPI

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

Value added



Compensation of employees



Gross wages and salaries

Extrapolation by the number of employees adjusted for

productivity growth

Other labour costs

Extrapolation by the number of employees

Employers’ social security contributions

The same volume growth rate as of gross wages and salaries

Consumption of fixed capital

Deflation by the implicit deflator for gross fixed capital

formation

Other taxes on production

Extrapolation by the number of employees



Methods used qualify as B methods. Input methods assume that the change in the volume of inputs is representative for the change in the volume of output, which can be questionable. This is why, in general, input methods qualify as C methods. But for collective services, due to the difficulty of defining what the output is, input methods are classified as B methods.

3.13.3 NPISH

The method for measuring output at constant prices for NPISH is the same as for general government. Output at constant prices is compiled by the input method as the sum of value added at constant prices and intermediate consumption at constant prices as shown in Table 3.19. The method used to arrive at output volume estimate for NPISH classifies as a C method.



Table 3.19

L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for NPISH

Stratification Method

Intermediate consumption



Goods

Deflation by the CPI

Services

Deflation by the CPI

Value added



Compensation of employees



Gross wages and salaries

Extrapolation by the number of employees

Other labour costs

The same volume growth rate as of gross wages and salaries

Employers’ social security contributions

The same volume growth rate as of gross wages and salaries

Consumption of fixed capital

Deflation by the CPI and the PPI

Other taxes on production

Extrapolation by the number of employees



3.13.4 Market producers

The compilation of output for market producers is made in the same way as for other market producers in industries mentioned in chapters above. The constant price estimate of output is obtained by deflating current price value by the consumer price index.

For the estimation of intermediate consumption at constant prices the implicit deflator of intermediate consumption for the activity 90 Sewage and refuse disposal and similar activities is used.

Methods used for output and intermediate consumption estimate classify as B methods.



39





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

3.14 Education

(M)

3.14.1 Introduction

Education is among industries with significant part of non-market production. Its total output at current prices is estimated at EUR 2,030 million or 2.9% of total output, of which 91.4% is produced by non-market producers of the general government sector. Units of the NPISH sector produce 1.4% of education output. Market producers mostly provide services of driving schools and services for adult education and their output amounts to 7.2% of the output of the activity. Intermediate consumption at current prices of the activity amounts to EUR 463 million or 1.1% of the total intermediate consumption.

The estimation of output and intermediate consumption at constant prices is done separately for all three groups of producers. The method used for the general government is explained in Chapter 3.14.2, the method for NPISH in Chapter 3.14.3 and the method for market producers in Chapter 3.14.4.

3.14.2 General government

Volume estimates of output for general government producers are compiled with the direct output method. The method is applied in three stages:

– stratification: output is defined and quantity indicators are chosen;

– quality adjustment: changes in quality are taken into account;

– weighting: the weighting pattern is defined in order to combine detailed indicators.

With the output stratification, all output of the general government sector is totally covered and completely distinguished from any non-government output. Various types of outputs are distinguished at the lowest possible level of detail (maximal homogeneity), especially when the costs are substantially different. For all types of general government output quantity indicators are produced depending on the type of products.

Adjustment for quality is mostly done on the basis of the quality of inputs and sometimes on the basis of the quality of outcomes.

Weights used to combine detailed indicators are the average cost (expenditure) per unit and sometimes the current price value of output. In the future it is expected to apply weights for all types of output.

Table 3.20 shows all elements for compiling the volume estimate of output for the general government sector in education. The detailed stratification of output including the information on weighting is presented in Table 3.21.



Table 3.20

M Education: volume estimate of output for general government

Stratification Method/quantity

indicator Quality

adjustment

Weighting

80.101 Kindergartens /

Extrapolation by number of

On the basis of the quality of

Not weighted by type of

broken down by type of

pupil-hours

inputs – teaching staff

program – assumed that costs

education program

(number of pupils per

per program are equal

teacher)

80.102 Elementary schools /

Extrapolation by number of

On the basis of:

Not weighted by type of

broken down by type of

pupil-hours

a) the quality of inputs

program – assumed that costs

education program

(number of pupils per

per program are equal

teacher) and

b) the quality of outcomes

(average mark by class level)

80.103 Institutions for

Extrapolation by number of

On the basis of:

Not weighted by type of

children with special

pupil-hours

a) the quality of inputs

program – assumed that costs

educational needs /

(number of pupils per

per program are equal

broken down by type of

teacher) and

education program

b) the quality of outcomes

(average mark by class level)

40





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Table 3.20

M Education: volume estimate of output for general government (continued)

Stratification Method/quantity

indicator Quality

adjustment

Weighting

80.2 Secondary education /

Extrapolation by pupil

On the basis of the quality of

Weighted with value of

broken down by type of

number

inputs – teaching staff

output by type of education

education program

(number of pupils per

services

teacher)

80.3 Higher education /

Extrapolation by pupil

On the basis of the quality of

Weighted with:

broken down by type of

number

inputs – teaching staff

a) costs per student by type

education program, and

(number of students per

of course and

position in the national

professor)

b) value of output by type of

degree/qualification structure

education program

and field of study for higher

professional schools and

universities

80.42 Adult and other

Extrapolation by number of

On the basis of:

Not weighted by type of

education n.e.c. /

pupil-hours

a) the quality of inputs

subject

broken down by type of

(number of pupils per

subject

teacher) and

b) the quality of outcomes

(advance to higher class)



Table 3.21

M Education: stratification and weighting of output for general government



Stratification Weighting

80.101 Kindergartens



- all-day program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- half-day program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- shorter program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

80.102 Elementary schools



- 8-year program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- 9-year program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

80.103 Institutions for children with special educational needs



- 8-year program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- 9-year program

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

80.2 Secondary education



- general secondary education

Weighted with value of output

- general gymnasium programs

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- professional gymnasium programs

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- matura courses

Not weighted – assumed that costs are equal

- technical and vocational secondary education

Weighted with value of output

- lower vocational programs

Not weighted

- middle vocational programs

Not weighted

- technical and other professional programs and

Not weighted

vocational technical programs and courses

80.3 Higher education



- colleges (2–3-year program)

Weighted with value of output

- higher professional schools (by the ISCED classification)

Weighted with value of output

14 Teacher training

Weighted with costs

21 Arts

Weighted with costs

22 Humanities

Weighted with costs

31 Social sciences

Weighted with costs



41

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 3.21

M Education: stratification and weighting of output for general government (continued)

Stratification Weighting

32 Journalism and information

Weighted with costs

34 Business and administration

Weighted with costs

38 Law

Weighted with costs

42 Life science

Weighted with costs

44 Physical science

Weighted with costs

46 Mathematics and statistics

Weighted with costs

48 Computing

Weighted with costs

52 Engineering

Weighted with costs

54 Manufacturing and processing

Weighted with costs

58 Architecture and building

Weighted with costs

62 Agriculture and forestry

Weighted with costs

64 Veterinary

Weighted with costs

72 Health

Weighted with costs

76 Social services

Weighted with costs

81 Personal services

Weighted with costs

84 Transport services

Weighted with costs

85 Environmental protection

Weighted with costs

86 Security services

Weighted with costs

- universities (by the ISCED classification)

Weighted with value of output

14 Teacher training

Weighted with costs

21 Arts

Weighted with costs

22 Humanities

Weighted with costs

31 Social sciences

Weighted with costs

32 Journalism and information

Weighted with costs

34 Business and administration

Weighted with costs

38 Law

Weighted with costs

42 Life science

Weighted with costs

44 Physical science

Weighted with costs

46 Mathematics and statistics

Weighted with costs

48 Computing

Weighted with costs

52 Engineering

Weighted with costs

54 Manufacturing and processing

Weighted with costs

58 Architecture and building

Weighted with costs

62 Agriculture and forestry

Weighted with costs

64 Veterinary

Weighted with costs

72 Health

Weighted with costs

76 Social services

Weighted with costs

81 Personal services

Weighted with costs

84 Transport services

Weighted with costs

85 Environmental protection

Weighted with costs

86 Security services

Weighted with costs

80.42 Adult and other education n.e.c.



Music schools and other artistic schools



Violin

Not weighted

Viola

Not weighted

Violoncello

Not weighted

42





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

Table 3.21

M Education: stratification and weighting of output for general government (continued)

Stratification Weighting

Contrabass

Not weighted

Flute

Not weighted

Oboe

Not weighted

Clarinet

Not weighted

Bassoon

Not weighted

Saxophone

Not weighted

Horn

Not weighted

Trumpet

Not weighted

Trombone

Not weighted

Tuba

Not weighted

Other brass instruments

Not weighted

Piano

Not weighted

Organ

Not weighted

Accordion

Not weighted

Harp

Not weighted

Guitar

Not weighted

Block flute

Not weighted

Percussion instrument

Not weighted

Diatonic accordion

Not weighted

Cither

Not weighted

Tambour

Not weighted

Ballet

Not weighted

Contemporary dance

Not weighted

Singing

Not weighted



The method used to compile output volume estimate for general government producers in education classifies as an A method. Output is stratified to a more detailed level than recommended by the handbook. Suitable quantity indicators for output extrapolation are used and quality adjustments are also done. The only weakness is weighting, which is not done for some types of education output; the method for these activities classifies as a B method. It is planned that in the future weights will be introduced for all types of output.

The volume estimate for intermediate consumption of general government producers is compiled for the whole activity by deflating current price components by the consumer price index and the construction cost index.

Components and deflators are shown in Table 3.22. The method used classifies as an A method.



Table 3.22

M Education: volume estimate of intermediate consumption for general government

Stratification Method

Paper stationery

Deflation by the CPI

Special materials and services

Deflation by the CPI

Energy, water, public utility services

Deflation by the CPI

Transport services

Deflation by the CPI

Allowances and other travel costs

Deflation by the CPI

Current maintenance

Deflation by the CCI

Lease payments and rents

Deflation by the CPI

Other services

Deflation by the CPI





43





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

3.14.3 NPISH

Output at constant prices for NPISH producers is estimated by the input method in the same way and with the same level of detail as used for NPISH producers in the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.3, Table 3.19). The method used classifies as a C method.

It is planned that the direct output method, as used for general government output, will be implemented also for measuring output produced by NPISH.

3.14.4 Market producers

The compilation of output for market producers is made in the same way as for market producers in other industries.

The constant price estimate of output is obtained by deflating current price value by the consumer price index.

For the estimation of intermediate consumption at constant prices the implicit deflator for the intermediate consumption for general government services is used.

Methods used for output and intermediate consumption estimate classify as B methods.

3.15 Health and social work (N)

3.15.1 Introduction

Also in this industry a majority of production is a non-market production. It is provided by units of the general government and NPISH and represents approximately two thirds of total output of the activity. The rest is provided by market producers and they are engaged mainly in the provision of services of homes for elderly people, out of hospital health services, dental services and veterinary services. The total output of the activity at current prices amounts to EUR 2,165 million or 3.0% of the total output. Intermediate consumption at current prices amounts to EUR 782

million or 1.9% of the total.

The estimation of output and intermediate consumption at constant prices is done separately for all three groups of producers. The method used for the general government is explained in Chapter 3.15.2, the method for NPISH in Chapter 3.15.3 and the method for market producers in Chapter 3.15.4.

3.15.2 General government

Output at constant prices of general government producers is estimated partly by the input method as the sum of value added components and intermediate consumption components, and partly by the direct output method. The input method is used for measuring output at constant prices of human health activities (SKD 85.1). The method used and the level of detail are the same as described above for general government producers in the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.2, Table 3.18). The only difference is FISIM, which are for the general government sector in total allocated to public administration activity.

The method used classifies as a C method. A research was already done to implement the direct output method for these activities. Within this research data sources in the field of health statistics were reviewed and checked. They were carefully evaluated with regard to the suitability and appropriateness for the use in national accounts. The results of the research showed that different methods can be applied for calculating the volume estimate of output of human health activities:

– output of hospital activities (SKD 85.11) can be measured on the basis of the DRG (Diagnosis Related Groups) system which was established in Slovenia in 2003, adopted from the Australian AR-DRG system;

– for output of medical practice activities (SKD 85.12) data on the number of consultations by type of treatment, the number of occupant days by level of care and the number of health services provided by type of treatment can be used;

– for dental practice activities (SKD 85.13) the estimation of output can be done by using data on the number of health services provided by type of treatment;

44





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

– output of other human health activities (SKD 85.14) can be estimated on the basis of data on the number of health services provided by type of treatment.

The stratification of output of human health activities in the research was done at a more detailed level than described above. Table 3.23 shows the stratification in more detail even though still aggregated as there are too many types of treatment or types of health services provided to be presented in the table.



Table 3.23

85.1 Human health activities: aggregated stratification of output used in research

Stratification Weighting

85.11 Hospital activities



- Services to in-patient by general and specialized

Weighted with prices of DRG groups

hospitals

- Hospital psychiatric services

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment

- Rehabilitation services

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment

- Nursing services and other health services in hospital

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment

85.12 Medical practice activities



85.121 Services by general medical practitioners

Weighted with weighted capitation by age groups

85.122 Services by medical specialists

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment

85.13 Dental practice activities

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment

85.14 Other human health activities

Weighted with prices of health services provided by type of

treatment



The calculation of output of human health activities at constant prices by the new direct output methods is already done in parallel with the currently used input method. However, the results of new methods are not used when compiling official GDP figures. The main obstacles are high volatility of data and not satisfactory coverage of output for some types of health services.

For measuring the general government output of social work activities (SKD 85.3) the direct output method is used.

The method is applied in the same way as described above for the general government output in education (Chapter 3.14.2). Table 3.24 shows all elements for compiling the volume estimate of general government output in social work activities. The detailed stratification of output including the information on weighting is presented in Table 3.25.

Social work activities with accommodation (SKD 85.31) are mainly delivered through residential institutions to old persons, where they are permanently accommodated. Consequently the number of occupants is used which is a similar concept as the usage of the number of occupant days. For social work activities without accommodation (SKD

85.32) the number of persons receiving care is used. Methods for both activities classify as B methods.



Table 3.24

85.3 Social work activities: volume estimate of output for general government

Stratification Method/quantity

indicator Quality

adjustment

Weighting

85.31 Social work activities

Number of occupants in old

Indicator of the quality of

Weighted with value of

with accommodation

people's home and similar

inputs (number of occupants

output

institutions

per social worker)

85.32 Social work activities

Number of persons receiving

No quality adjustment

Weighted with value of

without accommodation by

care by type of care

output

type of care





45





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 3.25

85.3 Social work activities: stratification and weighting of output for general government

Stratification Weighting

85.31 Social work activities with accommodation



85.311 Old people's homes

weighted with value of output

85.319 Other social work activities with accommodation

weighted with value of output

85.32 Social work activities without accommodation



85.321 Centres for social work

weighted with value of output

85.322 Organisations for handicapped persons

weighted with value of output

85.323 Humanitarian organisations

weighted with value of output

85.324 Centres for protection and work

weighted with value of output

85.329 Other forms of social work activities

weighted with value of output



3.15.3 NPISH

Output at constant prices for NPISH producers is estimated for the whole activity and by the input method in the same way and with the same level of detail as used for NPISH producers in the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.3, Table 3.19). The method used classifies as a C method.

3.15.4 Market producers

Output estimate at constant prices for market producers is compiled for the whole activity by deflating current price value by the consumer price index. The method used can be classified as a B method.

Intermediate consumption at constant prices is also estimated for the whole activity (corresponding to the two-digit level of the SKD) by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. The method used is classified as an A method.

3.16 Other community, social and personal services activities (O)

3.16.1 Introduction

Activities in the SKD section O Other community, social and personal services activities are performed by corporations, self-employed, and non-market general government and NPISH units. Output of this industry at current prices amounts to EUR 2,019 million or 2.8% of the total output. The majority of output is produced by corporations; together with self-employed they create market output which accounts for approximately 70% of the total output of the activity. Intermediate consumption at current prices amounts to EUR 1,019 million or 2.5% of the total intermediate consumption.

The estimation of output and intermediate consumption at constant prices is done separately for all three groups of producers. The method used for the general government is explained in Chapter 3.16.2, the method for NPISH in Chapter 3.16.3 and the method for market producers in Chapter 3.16.4.

3.16.2 General government

Non-market services provided by general government producers are covered in the activity 92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities. Output at constant prices is estimated by the input method as the sum of value added components and intermediate consumption components, both at constant prices. The method used and the level of detail are the same as described above for general government producers in the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.2, Table 3.18). The only difference is FISIM, which are for the general government sector in total allocated to public administration activity.

46





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

The method used classifies as a C method. A research was already done to implement the direct output method also for this activity but the high volatility of data and not satisfactory coverage of output prevented the implementation of more theoretically correct method for compiling output volume estimate.

3.16.3 NPISH

Output at constant prices for NPISH producers is estimated for activities of membership organizations n.e.c. (SKD 91), and recreational, cultural and sporting activities (SKD 92). Output is estimated by the input method in the same way and with the same level of detail as used for NPISH producers in the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.3, Table 3.19). The only difference is FISIM which are for the NPISH sector in total amount allocated to the activity of membership organizations (SKD 91). FISIM are estimated in the same way as for other sectors, i.e. by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revalued to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption.

The method for the estimation of output at constant prices classifies as a C method. In the future direct output methods will be tested and implemented in the compilation if they provide acceptable results.

3.16.4 Market producers

Output at constant prices for market producers is compiled at the two-digit level of the SKD. For three activities (SKD

90, 92 and 93) output at current prices is deflated by consumer price indices weighted on the basis of expert opinion.

For the activity of membership organizations (SKD 91), output is deflated by the implicit output deflator for NPISH

services in the same activity. The stratification of output and methods used are presented in Table 3.26.

Methods for compiling output volume estimates for 90 Sewage and refuse disposal, and 93 Other service activities are classified as B methods. The method used for the activity 91 Activities of membership organization is classified as a C

method. The method used to compile the volume estimate of output for 92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities is a C method due to inadequate stratification.



Table 3.26

O Other community, social and personal services activities: volume estimate of output for

market producers

Stratification Method

90 Sewage and refuse disposal and similar activities

Deflation by the CPIs

91 Activities of membership organizations n.e.c.

Deflation by the implicit output deflator of NPISH services

(SKD 91)

92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities

Deflation by the CPIs

93 Other services activities

Deflation by the CPIs



Intermediate consumption at constant prices is for three activities (SKD 90, 92 and 93) estimated by the standard method which is described in Chapter 3.2 above for forestry. For the activity of membership organizations (SKD 91), intermediate consumption is deflated by the implicit deflator of intermediate consumption for NPISH services in the same activity (Chapter 3.16.3). Methods used classify as A methods, except for the activities of membership organizations (SKD 91) where the method used is a B method.

3.17 Private households with employed persons (P)

Output of this activity equals gross payments to persons (housemaids, cleaning ladies, gardeners, babysitters, etc.) employed by households and the estimation for intermediate consumption is not necessary. Therefore output equals value added and compensation of employees. The share of the activity in total output is very small amounting to 0.03%.

Output at constant prices is estimated with the extrapolation of value added by the number of employees (single extrapolation method with quantity indicator). The method used is classified as a B method.



47





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

3.18 Taxes on products

Taxes on products are levied on goods and services in proportion to value or quantity and are paid when these are produced, imported or purchased by consumers. In total, taxes on products amount to EUR 4,420 million or 12.8% of GDP in 2007. By far the most important are VAT and excise duties amounting to approximately 92% of the total figure.

Taxes on products at constant prices are compiled in different ways, depending on the type of tax. So-cal ed value type taxes are levied as a percentage of the value of a product. In this case a tax is determined by the quantity of a taxable product, the price of a taxable product and a tax rate. The second type of taxes is based on the quantity of products and the tax depends on the quantity of a taxable product and the amount of tax per unit of a taxable product.

Value type taxes are in the Slovenian national accounts at constant prices mostly estimated by deflating current price value by the consumer price index where changes in a tax rate and changes of the price of a taxable product are captured. For quantity type taxes the extrapolation with quantity indicators is used. Table 3.27 shows the stratification of taxes on products, type of taxes and methods for compiling volume estimates.



Table 3.27

Volume estimate of taxes on products

Stratification

Type of tax

Method

Value added tax

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Excise duties on alcoholic beverages

Quantity type

Extrapolation by the volume growth rate of

household expenditure for alcoholic beverages

Excise duties on mineral oils and gas

Quantity type

Extrapolation by the volume growth rate of imports

of mineral oils and gas

Excise duties on tobacco and cigarettes

Quantity type

Extrapolation by the volume growth rate of

household expenditure for tobacco and cigarettes

Tax on new motor vehicles

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Tax on used motor vehicles

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Tax on insurance premiums

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Tax on special gaming and slot machines

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Tax on classical games of chance

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Special tax on gaming machines

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Stamp duties, legal units

Value type

Deflation by the CCI

Stamp duties, households

Value type

Deflation by the CCI

Import duties and taxes

Value type

Deflation by the UVI

Agricultural levies on imports

Value type

Deflation by the UVI

Import taxes paid directly by households

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Other import taxes and excises

Value type

Deflation by the CPI

Special taxes on overnight stays

Quantity type

Deflation by the CPI

Taxes on air pollution due to the use of mineral oils

Value type

Deflation by the CPI



VAT is calculated on a net basis and refers only to non-deductible VAT. This is defined as the difference between VAT

invoiced on the products and VAT deductible by the users of these products. Non-deductible VAT at constant prices is calculated by deflation by the consumer price index according to the type of taxable product where any change in the rate of VAT is reflected. Weighting of the consumer price index is done on the basis of revenue from taxable products.

Constant price calculations for taxes on products are conducted according to A methods. Some improvements have to be made only for taxes on overnight stays. For them the method used classifies as a C method. It should be noted, however, that taxes on overnight stays represent a very small share of taxes on products (0.2% in 2007).

48





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

3.19 Subsidies on products

Subsidies on products are unrequited payments to resident market production units by institutions of general government. With subsidies on products the government supports producers regarding the level of market prices and thus directly effects and supports the production. Total figure of subsidies on products amounts to EUR 194 million or 0.6% of GDP. They are estimated for agricultural production, manufacturing of food products and beverages, and in passenger transport.

Subsidies on products are estimated at constant prices on the basis of the following equation: S 0 = s 0 * p 0 * m

S0

subsidy at constant prices

s0

previous-year rate of subsidy

p0

price in the previous year

m

quantity in the current year

Previous-year rate of subsidy times output at constant prices equals subsidies at constant prices. Since the rate of subsidy usually cannot be obtained directly from legislation it is instead determined as the quotient of current price subsidies on products and current price output in the previous year. Or in other words, subsidies on products at constant prices are estimated at the same ratio to the volume of output as in the previous year's current price ratio.

The exception is subsidies in agriculture, which are estimated at the same ratio to the volume of sales as in the previous year's current price ratio. The method used to arrive at the volume estimate of subsidies on products classifies as an A method.



49





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

or

ng

s f

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r

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CPI

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se

Cost

-

s s

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CPI

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2

2 CPI

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2

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2 CPI

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2

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2

ra

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D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

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D

D

D

D

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D

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D

D

D

D

D

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D

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rvices



Imp

Imp

Imp

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Imp

Imp

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Imp

Imp

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Imp

Imp

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Imp

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Imp

Imp

Imp

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In

se

tivity

s

y ac

nt

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Re

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

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CP

CP

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CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

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CP

CP

tors b

efla

es vic

ansport

od: d

ImpD1

ImpD1 CP

ImpD1

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ImpD1 CP

ImpD1

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ImpD1 CP

ImpD1

ImpD1

ImpD1

ImpD1

ImpD1

ImpD1 CP

ImpD1

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ImpD1 CP

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Tr

ser

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ard me

I

s of

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PPI

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ption,

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ergy

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ediate co

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tal

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prod

efined petroleum p

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cles, t

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rical

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r; ma

ulp, paper an

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and

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ging

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of t

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of furni

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ure

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ure



.28

ning

tur

of c

cture

ct

ct

ct

ng

ct

ct

cture

ct

ct

cture

ct

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t

cture

ct

ct

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ry, log

actur

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ents

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ctricity, g

lection, p

ore

ning

ther mi

anufact

m

Fishing

anning of

dia

hinery

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ipm

ru

Recyc

Tab

02 F

05

10 Mi

14 O

15 Manufa

17 Manufa

18 Ma fur

19 T

20 Manufa

21 Manufa

22 Publi

me

23 Manufa

24 Manufa

25 Manufa

26 Manufa

27 Manufa

28 Manufa

mac

29 Manufa

30 Manufa

31 M

n.e

32 Ma equ

33 Manufa

inst

34 Manufa

35 Manufa

36 Manufa

37

40 Ele

41 Col



50



GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH

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flator

flator flator

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interm

ort



ission t

ies; tra

quipm

and

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t de

t de t de

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t de

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ctivities

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cations

nancial

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nd sp

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tpu

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d c

ort

ni

fi

ry a

d a

ities

l a

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m

rant

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te

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y to

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e dispos

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port a

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tivities

r

ultura

ard



est

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ncial

tivities

xiliar

ss ac

ocial

, c

licit

licit

licit licit

licit

licit

e; re

r

via ra

nd

port

trans

na

s

and develop

ice ac

.28

tion

e trad

au

nd refus

port

rv

r la

rans

port

ing

telecommu

r fi

er and

a

imp

imp

imp imp

imp

imp

stand

3

ruc

nd repair of

esal

ut





il trad

ational

:

the

er t

rans

and

the

estate ac

ing of mac

arch

th and

age

le

rans

otels and

r t

ivities

ther busine

eal

ther se



Const

ale a

eta

ent

ecre

l

upport

Real

Rese

O

ew

gend

pD1:

pD2:

pD3: pD4:

pD5:

pD6:

Tab

45

50 S

fue

51 Whol

52 R

55 H

60.1 T

60.2 O

61 Wat

62 Ai

63 S

64 Post

65.2 O

67 Act

70

71 R

72 Comp

73

74

85 H

90 S

92 R

93 O

Le

Im

Im

Im Im

Im

Im

StM:



51





CHAPTER 4

GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

4.1 Introduction

GDP by the expenditure approach is measured as the sum of domestic expenditure on goods and services for final consumption and gross capital formation by units of the national economy plus exports less imports of goods and services. Final consumption is the sum of expenditure on goods and services by households, NPISH and general government. Gross capital formation is measured as the sum of expenditure on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables.

This chapter presents methods for the compilation of GDP expenditure components at constant prices. For each component, the breakdown (stratification) and methods for obtaining volume estimates are shown. Each chapter brings also the self-assessment of methods according to the division of methods defined in the Commission Decision (98/715/EC) on price and volume measures in national accounts, and further specified in the "Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts", Eurostat 2001. Types of methods and criteria for the classification are the same as for the production approach and are described in Chapter 3.1.

4.2

Household final consumption expenditure

Household final consumption expenditure amounts to EUR 17,944 million or 51.9% of GDP at current prices in 2007. It is shown according to the national concept and is calculated as household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept less direct purchases of non-resident households on the domestic territory plus direct purchases of resident households abroad.

Household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept consists of all expenditure of households on durable, semi-durable and non-durable goods, and on services. The compilation at constant prices is performed at the four-digit level of the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). For the large majority of expenditure, volume estimates are obtained by deflating current price values by the consumer price index (CPI). For dwelling services of households and for insurance services the extrapolation by quantity indicators is used.

Expenditure on financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) at constant prices is estimated in the same way as for other sectors, i.e. by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revalued to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption. The stratification of products and methods used are shown in Table 4.1.

The deflation of household final consumption expenditure by the consumer price index classifies as an A method. The price index is an index of the price that consumers pay for observed groups of products; it takes into account quality changes and is valued at purchasers' prices including VAT. Extrapolation by quantity indicators for dwelling services and insurance services, and the method for FISIM classify as B methods.

Direct purchases of non-resident households on the domestic territory at constant prices and direct purchases of resident households abroad at constant prices are obtained by deflation by the harmonized consumer price index of the EU (HICP-EU). The method used can be classified as a B method.



53





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 4.1

Volume estimate of household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept

Stratification Method

01.1.1 Bread and cereals

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.2 Meat

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.3 Fish and seafood

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.4 Milk, cheese and eggs

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.5 Oils and fats

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.6 Fruit

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.7 Vegetables

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.8 Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery

Deflation by the CPI

01.1.9 Food products n.e.c.

Deflation by the CPI

01.2.1 Coffee, tea and cocoa

Deflation by the CPI

01.2.2 Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable juices

Deflation by the CPI

02.1.1 Spirits

Deflation by the CPI

02.1.2 Wine

Deflation by the CPI

02.1.3 Beer

Deflation by the CPI

02.2.0 Tobacco

Deflation by the CPI

02.3.0 Narcotics

Deflation by the retail price index of heroin

03.1.1 Clothing materials

Deflation by the CPI

03.1.2 Garments

Deflation by the CPI

03.1.3 Other articles of clothing and clothing accessories

Deflation by the CPI

03.1.4 Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing

Deflation by the CPI

03.2.1 Shoes and other footwear

Deflation by the CPI

03.2.2 Repair and hire of footwear

Deflation by the CPI

04.1.1 Actual rentals paid by tenants

Deflation by the CPI

04.2.1 Imputed rentals of owner-occupiers

Extrapolation by useful floor space of dwellings

04.3.1 Materials for the maintenance and repair of the dwelling

Deflation by the CPI

04.3.2 Services for the maintenance and repair of the dwelling

Deflation by the CPI

04.4.1 Water supply

Deflation by the CPI

04.4.2 Refuse collection

Deflation by the CPI

04.4.3 Sewerage collection

Deflation by the CPI

04.4.4 Other services relating to the dwelling n.e.c.

Deflation by the CPI

04.5.1 Electricity

Deflation by the CPI

04.5.2 Gas

Deflation by the CPI

04.5.3 Liquid fuels

Deflation by the CPI

04.5.4 Solid fuels

Deflation by the CPI

04.5.5 Heat energy

Deflation by the CPI

05.1.1 Furniture and furnishings

Deflation by the CPI

05.1.2 Carpets and other floor coverings

Deflation by the CPI

05.1.3 Repair of furniture, furnishings and floor coverings

Deflation by the CPI

05.2.0 Household textiles

Deflation by the CPI

05.3.1 Major household appliances whether electric or not

Deflation by the CPI

05.3.2 Small electric household appliances

Deflation by the CPI

05.3.3 Repair of household appliances

Deflation by the CPI

05.4.0 Glassware, tableware and household utensils

Deflation by the CPI

05.5.1 Major tools and equipment

Deflation by the CPI

54



GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

Table 4.1

Volume estimate of household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept (continued) Stratification Method

05.5.2 Small tools and miscellaneous accessories

Deflation by the CPI

05.6.1 Non-durable household goods

Deflation by the CPI

05.6.2 Domestic services and household services

Deflation by the CPI

06.1.1 Pharmaceutical products

Deflation by the CPI

06.1.2 Other medical products

Deflation by the CPI

06.1.3 Therapeutic appliances and equipment

Deflation by the CPI

06.2.1 Medical services

Deflation by the CPI

06.2.2 Dental services

Deflation by the CPI

06.2.3 Paramedical services

Deflation by the CPI

06.3.0 Hospital services

Deflation by the CPI

07.1.1 Motor cars

Deflation by the CPI

07.1.2 Motor cycles

Deflation by the CPI

07.1.3 Bicycles

Deflation by the CPI

07.2.1 Spare parts and accessories for personal transport equipment

Deflation by the CPI

07.2.2 Fuels and lubricants for personal transport equipment

Deflation by the CPI

07.2.3 Maintenance and repair of personal transport equipment

Deflation by the CPI

07.2.4 Other services in respect of personal transport equipment

Deflation by the CPI

07.3.1 Passenger transport by railway

Deflation by the CPI

07.3.2 Passenger transport by road

Deflation by the CPI

07.3.3 Passenger transport by air

Deflation by the CPI

07.3.4 Passenger transport by sea and inland waterway

Deflation by the CPI

07.3.5/6 Other transport services

Deflation by the CPI

08.1.0 Postal services

Deflation by the CPI

08.2.0 Telephone and telefax equipment

Deflation by the CPI

08.3.0 Telephone and telefax services

Deflation by the CPI

09.1.1 Equipment for the reception, recording and reproduction of

Deflation by the CPI

sound and pictures

09.1.2 Photographic and cinematographic equipment and optical

Deflation by the CPI

instruments

09.1.3 Information processing equipment

Deflation by the CPI

09.1.4 Recording media

Deflation by the CPI

09.1.5 Repair of audio-visual, photographic and information

Deflation by the CPI

processing equipment

09.2.1 Major durables for outdoor recreation

Deflation by the CPI

09.2.2 Musical instruments and major durables for indoor recreation Deflation by the CPI

09.2.3 Maintenance and repair of other major durables for recreation Deflation by the CPI

and culture

09.3.1 Games, toys and hobbies

Deflation by the CPI

09.3.2 Equipment for sport, camping and open-air recreation

Deflation by the CPI

09.3.3 Gardens, plants and flowers

Deflation by the CPI

09.3.4 Pets and related products

Deflation by the CPI

09.3.5 Veterinary and other services for pets

Deflation by the CPI

09.4.1 Recreational and sporting services

Deflation by the CPI

09.4.2 Cultural services

Deflation by the CPI

09.4.3 Games of chance

Deflation by the CPI



55





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 4.1

Volume estimate of household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept (continued) Stratification Method

09.5.1 Books

Deflation by the CPI

09.5.2 Newspapers and periodicals

Deflation by the CPI

09.5.3 Miscellaneous printed matter

Deflation by the CPI

09.5.4 Stationery and drawing matter

Deflation by the CPI

09.6.0 Package holidays

Deflation by the CPI

10.1.0 Pre-primary and primary education

Deflation by the CPI

10.2.0 Secondary education

Deflation by the CPI

10.3.4/0 Post-secondary and tertiary education

Deflation by the CPI

10.5.0 Education not definable by level

Deflation by the CPI

11.1.1 Restaurants, cafés and the like

Deflation by the CPI

11.1.2 Canteens

Deflation by the CPI

11.2.0 Accommodation services

Deflation by the CPI

12.1.1 Hairdressing salons and personal grooming establishments

Deflation by the CPI

12.1.2 Electric appliances for personal care

Deflation by the CPI

12.1.3 Other appliances, articles and products for personal care

Deflation by the CPI

12.2.0 Prostitution

Deflation by the price index of tariffs charged by

prostitutes

12.3.1 Jewellery, clocks and watches

Deflation by the CPI

12.3.2 Other personal effects

Deflation by the CPI

12.4.0 Social protection

Deflation by the CPI

12.5.1 Life insurance

Extrapolation by number of life insurance policies

12.5.2 Insurance connected with the dwelling

Extrapolation by number of dwelling insurance policies

12.5.3 Insurance connected with health

Extrapolation by number of health insurance policies

12.5.4 Insurance connected with transport

Extrapolation by number of car insurance policies

12.5.5 Other insurance

Extrapolation by number of all other insurance policies

12.6.1 FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation

by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

12.6.2 Other financial services n.e.c.

Deflation by the CPI

12.7.0 Other services n.e.c.

Deflation by the CPI



4.3

NPISH final consumption expenditure

NPISH final consumption expenditure at current prices amounts to EUR 274 million or 0.8% of GDP. It equals output compiled by the input approach less any market and similar revenue (sales).

The procedure for the compilation of NPISH final consumption expenditure at constant prices is the same as for current prices, i.e. it is estimated as output at constant prices less sales at constant prices. The compilation is done for six activities:

– L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security;

– M Education;

– N Health and social work;

– 91 Activities of membership organizations n.e.c.;

56





GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

– 92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities;

– other activities n.e.c.

For all mentioned activities, output at constant prices is estimated by the input approach as a sum of value added and intermediate consumption, both at constant prices. The procedure is described in detail in Chapter 3 (3.13.3, 3.14.3, 3.15.3 and 3.16.3). Sales at constant prices for all activities are estimated by equalizing their volume growth rate to output volume growth rate. The method used for the estimation of NPISH final consumption expenditure at constant prices classifies as a C method.

4.4

General government final consumption expenditure

General government final consumption expenditure at current prices amounts to EUR 5,990 million, which is 17.3%

of GDP. It is composed of two components: individual consumption expenditure (EUR 3,594 million or 60.0% of the total) and collective consumption expenditure (EUR 2,396 million or 40.0% of the total).

The volume estimates of general government final consumption expenditure are prepared in a similar way as current price estimates. They are calculated as output less sales plus transfers in kind of market products via market producers directly to households as final consumers, all at constant prices.

The compilation of output at constant prices and sales at constant prices is performed for seven activities:

– 70.2 Letting of own property;

– L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security;

– M Education;

– 85.1 Human health activities;

– 85.3 Social work activities;

– 92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities;

– other activities n.e.c.

For education (SKD 80) and social work activities (SKD 85.3) output is compiled by the direct output method and for other activities by the input method. Methods used are described in detail in Chapter 3 (3.13.2, 3.14.2, 3.15.2

and 3.16.2). Sales at constant prices are compiled by applying the same ratio to the volume of output as at current prices.

Transfers in kind of market products via market producers directly to households are broken down into nine components which are then separately deflated by the consumer price index. These components are: pharmaceutical products, other medical products, therapeutic appliances and equipment, out of hospital health services, out of hospital dental services, out of hospital other health services, hospital services, social care services and educational services.

According to the handbook, input methods used classify as C methods. The exception is collective services produced by public administration and defence, for which the input method can be a B method. Output methods for individual services meet criteria for A or B methods. For social transfers in kind consisting of goods and services purchased by general government from the market, deflation by the consumer price index is an A method.



57





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

4.5

Gross fixed capital formation

Gross fixed capital formation at current prices is estimated at EUR 9,571 million, which is 87.4% of gross capital formation or 27.7% of GDP. The most important aggregates are gross fixed capital formation in buildings and structures with a 55.5% share and gross fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment with a 39.4% share.

Gross fixed capital formation at constant prices is estimated by deflating current price value of individual components by price indices. Components of buildings and structures are mostly deflated by the construction cost index (CCI), and components of machinery and equipment by the producer price index of manufactured goods (PPI). Gross fixed capital formation in computers and office equipment, and medical, optical and other similar equipment is deflated by the consumer price index. Gross fixed capital formation in other product groups is deflated by the consumer price index, the construction cost index, the external trade unit value index (UVI), the agricultural input price index and the implicit output deflator. The stratification of products and methods used are presented in Table 4.2. The method used can be generally classified as a B method.

Volume estimates of gross fixed capital formation by activities are prepared at the two-digit level of the SKD. For the deflation of gross fixed capital formation in individual products, the same deflator is used for all activities.



Table 4.2

Volume estimate of gross fixed capital formation

Stratification Method

Dwellings

Deflation by the CCI and the CPI

Non-residential buildings

Deflation by the CCIs

Construction and engineering work

Deflation by the CCIs

Passenger cars

Deflation by the CPI

Trucks, trailers and lorries

Deflation by the UVIs

Other transport equipment

Deflation by the UVIs

Metal products

Deflation by the PPI

Machinery for production

Deflation by the PPI

Machinery for special purpose

Deflation by the PPI

Agricultural and forestry machinery

Deflation by the PPI

Computers and office equipment

Deflation by the CPI

Electrical equipment

Deflation by the PPI

Electronic equipment and apparatus

Deflation by the PPI

Medical, optical and other similar equipment

Deflation by the CPI

Furniture and fixtures

Deflation by the PPI

Breeding stock

Deflation by the UVI

Orchard development

Deflation by the agricultural input price index and the CCI

Computer software, purchased

Deflation by the CPI

Computer software, produced on own account

Deflation by the implicit output deflator of the activity

72 Computer and related activities

Literary and artistic originals

Deflation by the CPI

Other intangible fixed assets

Deflation by the CPI

Land improvements

Deflation by the CCI

Transaction costs

Deflation by the CPI



58





GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

4.6

Changes in inventories

Changes in inventories at current prices amount to EUR 1,363 million or 12.4% of gross capital formation or 3.9% of GDP.

The method for obtaining volume estimates of changes in inventories is the deflation by price index. Changes in inventories are first broken down into four types of inventories (finished goods, work-in-progress, raw material and supplies, trade goods), of which changes in inventories of work-in-progress, and raw material and supplies are further broken down into inventories in agriculture and inventories in other sectors. Each individual component is then separately deflated. The stratification of changes in inventories and methods used to obtain volume estimates are shown in Table 4.3. The method used can be classified as a B method.

To obtain volume estimates by activities, the same deflator is used for a particular type of inventories for all activities.

The deflation by activities is done at the two-digit level of the SKD.



Table 4.3

Volume estimate of changes in inventories

Stratification Method

Finished goods

Deflation by the PPIs

Deflation by the implicit deflator for inventories of

Work-in-progress – agriculture

livestock for slaughter

Work-in-progress – other sectors

Deflation by the PPI and the CCIs

Raw material and supplies – agriculture

Deflation by the PPI of agricultural products

Raw material and supplies – other sectors

Deflation by the PPI

Trade goods

Deflation by the CPI



4.7

Acquisitions less disposals of valuables

The value of acquisitions less disposals of valuables is small, amounting to EUR 21 million at current prices, which is 0.2% of total gross capital formation.

Volume estimates of acquisitions less disposals of valuables are obtained using the consumer price index for deflating the current price value. The method used can be classified as a B method. To obtain volume estimates by activities, the same deflator is used for all activities at the two-digit level of the SKD.

4.8

Exports and imports of goods

In 2007, exports of goods at current prices amounted to EUR 19,798 million and contributed 57.3% to GDP or 82.4%

to total exports of goods and services. Imports of goods at current prices amounted to EUR 21,490 million, which is 62.2% of GDP or 87.2% of total imports of goods and services.

Exports and imports of goods at constant prices are mainly estimated by deflating current price values by genuine export price indices (ExPI), which are part of producer price indices of manufactured goods, and genuine import price indices (ImPI). For some product groups with homogeneous products, current price values are deflated by unit value indices of exports and imports. For product groups for which there are neither export or import price indices nor unit value indices of exports and imports the harmonized consumer price index of the EU is used. The deflation is performed at the three-digit level of the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA).



59





INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

The deflation by genuine price indices to obtain volume estimates of exports and imports of goods is classified as an A method. Other methods used to obtain volume estimates can be classified as B methods. The stratification of products and methods used are shown in Table 4.4.



Table 4.4

Volume estimate of exports and imports of goods

Method

Stratification

exports imports

01.1 Crops, products of market gardening and horticulture

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

01.2 Live animals and animal products

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

02.0 Products of forestry, logging and related services

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

05.0 Fish and other fishing products, services incidental to fishing

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the HICP-EU

10.1 Hard coal

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

10.2 Lignite

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

10.3 Peat

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

11.1 Crude petroleum and natural gas

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the UVI

13.1 Iron ores

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

13.2 Non-ferrous metal ores, except uranium and thorium ores

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

14.1 Stone

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

14.2 Sand and clay

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

14.3 Chemical and fertilizer minerals

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

14.4 Salt

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

14.5 Other mining and quarrying products n.e.c.

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.1 Meat and meat products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.2 Processed and preserved fish and fish products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.3 Processed and preserved fruit and vegetables

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.4 Animal and vegetable oils and fats

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.5 Dairy products and ice cream

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.6 Grain mill products, starches and starch products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.7 Prepared animal feeds

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.8 Other food products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

15.9 Beverages

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

16.0 Tobacco products

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the ImPI

17.1 Textile yarn and thread

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.2 Textile fabrics

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.3 Textile finishing services

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.4 Made-up textile articles, except apparel

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.5 Other textiles

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.6 Knitted or crocheted fabrics

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

17.7 Knitted and crocheted articles

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

18.1 Leather clothes

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

18.2 Other wearing apparel and accessories

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

18.3 Furs, articles of fur

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

19.1 Leather

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

19.2 Luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

19.3 Footwear

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

20.1 Wood, sawn, planed or impregnated

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI



60



GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

Table 4.4

Volume estimate of exports and imports of goods (continued)

Method

Stratification

exports imports

20.2 Veneer sheets, plywood, laminboard and other panels and boards Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

20.3 Builders' joinery and carpentry, of wood

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

20.4 Wooden containers

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

20.5 Other products of wood, articles of cork, straw

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

21.1 Pulp, paper and paperboard

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

21.2 Articles of paper and paperboard

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

22.1 Books, newspapers and other printed matter and recorded media Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

22.2 Printing services and services related to printing

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

23.1 Coke oven products

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

23.2 Refined petroleum products

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

23.3 Nuclear fuel

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.1 Basic chemicals

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.2 Pesticides and other agro-chemical products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.3 Paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.4 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.5 Glycerol, soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.6 Other chemical products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

24.7 Man-made fibres

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

25.1 Rubber products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

25.2 Plastic products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.1 Glass and glass products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.2 Non-refractory ceramic goods other than for construction purposes Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.3 Ceramic tiles and flags

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.4 Bricks, tiles and construction products, in baked clay

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.5 Cement, lime and plaster

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.6 Articles of concrete, plaster and cement

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.7 Cut, shaped and finished ornamental and building stone

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

26.8 Other non-metallic mineral products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

27.1 Basic iron and steel and ferro-alloys

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

27.2 Tubes

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

27.3 Other first processed iron and steel

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

27.4 Basic precious metals and other non-ferrous metals

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the UVI

28.1 Structural metal products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

28.2 Tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal, central heating radiators Deflation by the ExPI Deflation by the ImPI

28.3 Steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

28.6 Cutlery, tools and general hardware

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

28.7 Other fabricated metal products

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.1 Machinery for the production and use of mechanical power

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.2 Other general purpose machinery

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.3 Agricultural and forestry machinery

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.4 Machine tools

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.5 Other special purpose machinery

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

29.6 Weapons and ammunition

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI



61

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Table 4.4

Volume estimate of exports and imports of goods (continued)

Method

Stratification

exports imports

29.7 Domestic appliances n.e.c.

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

30.0 Office machinery and computers

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.1 Electric motors, generators and transformers

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.2 Electricity distribution and control apparatus

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.3 Insulated wire and cable

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.4 Accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.5 Lighting equipment and electric lamps

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

31.6 Electrical equipment n.e.c.

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

32.1 Electronic valves and tubes and other electronic components

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

32.2 Television and radio transmitters, apparatus for line telephony

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

32.3 Television and radio receivers, sound or video recording

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the ImPI

33.1 Medical and surgical equipment and orthopaedic appliances

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the ImPI

33.2 Instruments and appliances for measuring, checking, testing

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

33.4 Optical instruments and photographic equipment

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

33.5 Watches and clocks

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

34.1 Motor vehicles

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

34.2 Bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

34.3 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles and their engines

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

35.1 Ships and boats

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

35.2 Railway and tramway locomotives and rolling-stock

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

35.3 Aircraft and spacecraft

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

35.4 Motorcycles and bicycles

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

35.5 Other transport equipment n.e.c.

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.1 Furniture

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.2 Jewellery and related articles

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.3 Musical instruments

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.4 Sports goods

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.5 Games and toys

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

36.6 Miscellaneous manufactured goods n.e.c.

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI

40.1 Production and distribution services of electricity

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

40.2 Manufactured gas and distribution services of gaseous fuels

Deflation by the UVI

Deflation by the UVI

72.2 Software consultancy and supply services

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

74.2 Architectural, engineering and related services

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

74.8 Miscellaneous business services n.e.c.

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

90.0 Sewage and refuse disposal services, sanitation and similar services Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

92.1 Motion picture and video services

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

92.3 Other entertainment services

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

93.0 Other services

Deflation by the HICP-EU Deflation by the HICP-EU

Unallocated

Deflation by the ExPI

Deflation by the ImPI



The described method is used for volume estimates of exports and imports of goods for years from 2007 inclusive on.

For years prior to 2007, another method was used: volume estimates of exports and imports of goods were prepared by deflating current price values by external trade unit value indices calculated according to the Paasche formula. The deflation was performed at the two-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) with the 62





GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH

exception of road vehicles (SITC group 78), where the deflation took place at the three-digit level. For the SITC group

"Office machines and automatic data processing machines" the consumer price index was used for deflation. For this group of products substantial increases in quality are typical and the deflation by the consumer price index was considered to be a more correct method than the deflation by the external trade unit value index.

4.9

Exports and imports of services

Exports of services at current prices in 2007 amounted to EUR 4,242 million and accounted for 12.3% of GDP or 17.6% of total exports of goods and services. In national accounts exports of services are divided into two main categories: tourism (non-resident expenditure in Slovenia, 39.3% of the total) and exports of other services (60.7% of the total). Imports of services amounted to EUR 3,146 million and accounted for 9.1% of GDP or 12.8% of total imports of goods and services. In national accounts imports of services are divided into two main categories: travel services (22.3% of the total) and other services (77.7% of the total). Imports of travel services is further divided into business travel expenditure and households' expenditure (tourism).

The prevailing method for the estimation of exports of services at constant prices is the deflation by price index. Total exports of services is broken down into eleven components: transport services, construction services, communication services, financial services, insurance services, business services, personal services, government services, FISIM, general government services in the amount of 25% of import duties, and tourism services. Each individual component is separately estimated at constant prices:

– FISIM are estimated in the same way as in other parts of the system, i.e. by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revaluated to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption;

– exports of general government services in the amount of 25% of import duties is deflated by the implicit output deflator for the general government part of the activity L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (Chapter 3.13.2);

– exports of all other services are deflated by the harmonized consumer price index of the EU.

The breakdown of services and methods used to arrive at the volume estimate of exports of services is shown in Table 4.5. The methods used can, in general, be classified as B methods.



Table 4.5

Volume estimate of exports of services

Stratification Method

Transport services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Construction services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Communication services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Financial services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Insurance services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Business services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Personal services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Government services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

General government services (25% of import duties)

Deflation by the implicit output deflator for the general

government part of the activity L Public administration and

defence; compulsory social security

Tourism services

Deflation by the HICP-EU





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INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Imports of services at constant prices are compiled in a similar way as exports of services. The total aggregate is broken down into twelve components, each being separately estimated at constant prices. These components are: transport services, construction services, communication services, financial services, insurance services, business services, personal services, government services, tour operators/agencies services, FISIM, business travel expenditure and tourism services. All components except FISIM are estimated at constant prices by deflating current price values by the harmonized consumer price index of the EU. FISIM are estimated in the standard way, i.e. by the application of base year interest margin on loans and deposits to the stock of loans and deposits revaluated to base year prices by the implicit deflator for domestic final consumption. The breakdown of services and methods used to compile imports of services at constant prices are presented in Table 4.6. Methods used can, in general, be classified as B methods.



Table 4.6

Volume estimate of imports of services

Stratification Method

Transport services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Construction services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Communication services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Financial services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Insurance services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Business services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Personal services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Government services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Tour operators, agencies services

Deflation by the HICP-EU

FISIM

The same interest rate as in the base year plus deflation by the

implicit deflator for domestic final consumption

Business travel expenditure

Deflation by the HICP-EU

Tourism services

Deflation by the HICP-EU



64





CHAPTER 5

OTHER MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES

Other main national accounts aggregates are gross domestic income, gross national income, gross national disposable income, and gross and net saving. They are typically expressed at current prices, but they can also be expressed in real terms. As it is not possible to separate income flows into a price component and a volume component, it is not possible to calculate them at constant prices. It is only possible to deflate them by a selected price index and thus measure the change in their purchasing power. By comparing the deflated value of the income with its current price value in the base year, it is possible to determine by how much the real purchasing power of the income has changed.

Income deflated in this way is described as "real income".

Real main national accounts aggregates are calculated in the following way:



Gross domestic product at constant prices

plus

the trading gain or loss resulting from changes in the terms of trade

equals

real gross domestic income

plus

real primary incomes receivable from abroad

minus

real primary incomes payable abroad

equals

real gross national income

plus

real current transfers receivable from abroad

minus

real current transfers payable abroad

equals

real gross national disposable income

minus

domestic final consumption expenditure at constant prices

equals

real gross saving

minus

consumption of fixed capital at constant prices

equals

real net saving.



The trading gain or loss resulting from changes in the terms of trade is calculated as the difference between the revalued external trade balance, and the difference between the revalued exports and revalued imports with the following formula:

X − M ⎛ X

M ⎞

T =

− ⎜⎜ −

⎟⎟

P

⎝ X

P

M

P ⎠

T

the trading gain or loss resulting from changes in the terms of trade

X

exports at current prices

M

imports at current prices

PX

price index for exports

PM

price index for imports

P

price index





65

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES

Price index P is calculated as the arithmetic average between the price index for exports and the price index for imports (Geary formula):

P = 1( X

P + M

P )

2

This gives the following terms of trade effect:

⎛ P − P ⎞ ⎛ X

M ⎞

T =

X

M

⎜⎜

⎜⎜

+

⎟⎟

⎟⎟

⎝ P +

X

M

P ⎠ ⎝ X

P

M

P ⎠

Real primary incomes receivable from abroad, real primary incomes payable abroad, real current transfers receivable from abroad and real current transfers payable abroad are estimated by deflating current price values by the implicit deflator of domestic consumption expenditure. Consumption of fixed capital at constant prices is compiled by deflating current price value by the implicit deflator of gross fixed capital formation.





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Document Outline


INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND METHODS FOR PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOREWORD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS

GENERAL PROCEDURES 1.1 Introduction

1.2 Outline of the production approach

1.3 Outline of the expenditure approach

1.4 Balancing the production and the expenditure approach

1.5 Base year and reference year

1.6 Publication practice and revision policy





MAIN DATA SOURCES 2.1 Introduction

2.2 Producer price index of manufactured goods

2.3 Producer price index of agricultural products

2.4 Services producer price index

2.5 Consumer price index

2.6 Agricultural input price index

2.7 Construction cost index

2.8 External trade unit value index

2.9 Import price index

2.10 Statistical surveys on education

2.11 Statistical surveys on social work

2.12 Statistical surveys on transport

2.13 Other data sources





GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Agriculture, hunting and forestry (A)

3.3 Fishing (B)

3.4 Mining and quarrying (C)

3.5 Manufacturing (D)

3.6 Electricity, gas and water supply (E)

3.7 Construction (F)

3.8 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and household goods (G)

3.9 Hotels and restaurants (H)

3.10 Transport, storage and communication (I)

3.11 Financial intermediation (J)

3.12 Real estate, renting and business activities (K)

3.13 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security (L) 3.13.1 Introduction

3.13.2 General government

3.13.3 NPISH

3.13.4 Market producers





3.14 Education (M) 3.14.1 Introduction

3.14.2 General government

3.14.3 NPISH

3.14.4 Market producers





3.15 Health and social work (N) 3.15.1 Introduction

3.15.2 General government

3.15.3 NPISH

3.15.4 Market producers





3.16 Other community, social and personal services activities (O) 3.16.1 Introduction

3.16.2 General government

3.16.3 NPISH

3.16.4 Market producers





3.17 Private households with employed persons (P)

3.19 Subsidies on products

3.18 Taxes on products





GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH 4.1 Introduction

4.2 Household final consumption expenditure

4.3 NPISH final consumption expenditure

4.4 General government final consumption expenditure

4.5 Gross fixed capital formation

4.6 Changes in inventories

4.7 Acquisitions less disposals of valuables

4.8 Exports and imports of goods

4.9 Exports and imports of services





OTHER MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES

LIST OF TABLES GDP BY THE PRODUCTION APPROACH Table 3.1 A Agriculture, hunting and forestry: volume estimate of output

Table 3.2 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of output

Table 3.3 01 Agriculture, hunting and related service activities: volume estimate of intermediate consumption

Table 3.4 Volume estimate of intermediate consumption: standard method

Table 3.5 C Mining and quarrying: volume estimate of output

Table 3.6 D Manufacturing: volume estimate of output

Table 3.7 E Electricity, gas and water supply: volume estimate of output

Table 3.8 F Construction: volume estimate of output

Table 3.9 G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and household goods: volume estimate of output

Table 3.10 H Hotels and restaurants: volume estimate of output

Table 3.11 I Transport, storage and communication: volume estimate of output

Table 3.12 J Financial intermediation: volume estimate of output

Table 3.13 65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of output

Table 3.14 66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of output

Table 3.15 65.1 Monetary intermediation: volume estimate of intermediate consumption

Table 3.16 66 Insurance and pension funding: volume estimate of intermediate consumption

Table 3.17 K Real estate, renting and business activities: volume estimate of output

Table 3.18 L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for general government

Table 3.18 L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for general government (continued)

Table 3.19 L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security: volume estimate of output for NPISH

Table 3.20 M Education: volume estimate of output for general government

Table 3.21 M Education: stratification and weighting of output for general government

Table 3.22 M Education: volume estimate of intermediate consumption for general government

Table 3.23 85.1 Human health activities: aggregated stratification of output used in research

Table 3.24 85.3 Social work activities: volume estimate of output for general government

Table 3.25 85.3 Social work activities: stratification and weighting of output for general government

Table 3.26 O Other community, social and personal services activities: volume estimate of output for market producers

Table 3.27 Volume estimate of taxes on products

Table 3.28 Volume estimate of intermediate consumption, standard method: deflators by activity





GDP BY THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH Table 4.1 Volume estimate of household final consumption expenditure by the domestic concept

Table 4.2 Volume estimate of gross fixed capital formation

Table 4.3 Volume estimate of changes in inventories

Table 4.4 Volume estimate of exports and imports of goods

Table 4.5 Volume estimate of exports of services

Table 4.6 Volume estimate of imports of services