221
Key words: Aliens, floristics, 
Lamiales, new records, typification.
 
Ključne besede: tujerodne vrste, 
floristika, Lamiales, novi podatki, 
tipizacija.
Corresponding authors:
Ridha El Mokni
Duilio Iamonico
E-mails:  
ridhaelmokni@yahoo.fr
ridha.elmokni@fphm.rnu.tn
duilio.iamonico@uniroma1.it
Received: 10. 5. 2023
Accepted: 9. 6. 2024
The family Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first 
survey including new floristic records to 
North Africa with nomenclatural notes
Abstract
Botanical surveys carried out during the last 13 years throughout central and 
northern Tunisia (North Africa) allow to find first national and continental 
N-African records of non-native taxa belonging to Bignoniaceae. The genera 
Catalpa, Podranea, and Tecomaria are new for N-Africa (Catalpa is new for the 
whole Africa). Tecomaria capensis is here considered as a naturalized alien species, 
whereas Campsis radicans, Catalpa bignonioides, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Podranea 
brycei, P. ricasoliana, and Tecoma stans are casuals. Distribution in Tunisia, 
phenology, and original photographs are provided for each species. A diagnostic 
key for Tunisian Bignoniaceae is also given. Moreover, the name Tecoma ricasoliana 
(basionym of Podranea ricasoliana) is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at 
K (isolectotypes at FI), whereas the holotype indication of the name Bignonia 
capensis (basionym of Tecomaria capensis), made in Flora of Tropical East Africa, 
is here corrected according to the Art. 9.10 of Shenzhen Code (lectotype at UPS; 
isolectotype, here reported for the first time, at LD).
Izvleček
V zadnjih 13 letih smo z botaničnimi raziskavami, izvedenimi v srednji in severni 
Tuniziji (severna Afrika), dobili prve nacionalne in kontinentalne (severna Afrika) 
podatke o tujerodnih vrstah iz družine Bignoniaceae. Nove najdbe za severno 
Afriko so vrste iz rodov Catalpa, Podranea in Tecomaria (Catalpa je nova za celotno 
Afriko). Vrsto Tecomaria capensis obravnavamo kot naturalizirano tujerodno vrsto, 
ostale vrste Campsis radicans, Catalpa bignonioides, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Podranea 
brycei, P. ricasoliana in Tecoma stans pa so prehodne tujerodne vrste. Za vsako vrsto 
smo prikazali razširjenost v Tuniziji, fenologijo in originalne fotografije. Naredili 
smo tudi določevalni ključ za vrste iz družine Bignoniaceae v Tuniziji. Poleg tega 
smo lektotipizirali ime vrste Tecoma ricasoliana (bazionim od Podranea ricasoliana) 
na osnovi primerka iz K (izolektotipi na FI). Opis holotipa vrste Bignonia capensis 
(bazionim od Tecomaria capensis) v Flora of Tropical East Africa pa smo popravili 
v skladu z Art. 9.10 Šenženskega kodeksa (Shenzhen Code) (lektotip v UPS; 
izolektotip, o katerem poročamo tukaj prvič pa v LD).
Ridha El Mokni1,2, & Duilio Iamonico3
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ‘A’, Laboratory of Botany, Cryptogamy and Plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir (University of Monastir), 
Monastir, Tunisia.
2 Department of Forestry, Laboratory of Forest Ecology, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, IRESA (University of Carthage) Ariana, 
Tunisia.
3 Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2024-000123/2 • 2024, 221–237
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The Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first survey to North Africa with 
nomenclatural notes
Introduction
Bignoniaceae Juss. (Lamiales Bromhead sensu APG IV, 
2016) includes about 80 genera and more than 800 spe-
cies (Lohmann & Ulloa-Ulloa, 2016; POWO, 2024) 
mainly occurring in Neotropics (rarely in temperate 
regions) where are found predominantly in humid for-
ests, but sometimes in dry forests, subdesertic zones, 
highlands, or rocky outcrops (Lohmann, 2004). Mor-
phologically, Bignoniaceae are characterized by woody 
habit, opposite and compound leaves, large and showy 
flowers which are hermaphrodite and gamopetalous, 
bearing four didynamous stamens and one staminode, 
bicarpellate ovary with axile or parietal placentation and 
numerous ovules, dehiscent capsule with flat, exalbumi-
nous seeds, frequently with a hyaline wing that surrounds 
the embryo (see e.g., Watson & Dallwitz, 1992-onward; 
Simpson, 2019; Lohmann, 2004). According to APG IV 
(2016), Bignoniaceae are classified into eight tribes (Big-
nonieae Dumort., Catalpeae DC. ex Meisn., Coleeaea 
Bojer, Crescentiae G.Don, Jacarandeae Fenzl, Oroxyle-
ae A.H.Gentry ex Reveal & L.G.Lohmann, Tecomeae 
Endl., and Tourrettieae G.Don) plus two informally 
named clades, i.e. “Tabebuia Alliance” and “Paleotropi-
cal clade”. Among these eight groups, Bignonieae is the 
largest one by including 385 species and 21 genera of 
Neotropical lianas and shrubs (APG IV, 2016).
As part of the ongoing study on the flora of Tunisia 
(see e.g., El Mokni, 2022, 2023; El Mokni & Iamonico, 
2020, 2023; El Mokni et al., 2022, 2023; Iamonico & El 
Mokni, 2020, 2021, 2022), we here present a first survey 
of Bignonieae from continental N-Africa.
Material and methods
The present research is based on field surveys carried out 
by the first author (REM) in Tunisia over the last 13 
years. Collected specimens are part of the personal col-
lection of one of the authors (Herb. El Mokni) housed in 
the Herbarium of Monastir University (not yet listed in 
Index Herbariorum). Analysis of relevant literature deal-
ing with morphological features and distributive areas 
of different collected material were carried out besides 
examination of specimens preserved at FI, GH, K, LD, 
RO, and UPS (herbarium codes follow Thiers (2024) 
[continuously updated]). Tribal ranks according to Olm-
stead et al. (2009), Reveal (2012) and Olmstead (2021). 
Names and homotypic synonyms mainly according to 
POWO (2024).
Results and discussion
Names are given in alphabetical order per rank. Tribes are 
listed using Roman numbers; genera are listed using Ara-
bic numbers; species are listed using two Arabic numbers, 
the first one denoting the genus according to our num-
bering (1.1, 1.2 ... 3.1, 4.1, etc.).
I. Catalpeae DC. ex Meisn., Pl. Vasc. Gen.: Tab. Diagn. 
300, Comm. 208 (1840).
1. Catalpa Scop., Intr. Hist. Nat. 170 (1777).
Type (Scopoli 1777: 170). Bignonia catalpa L. (≡ Catalpa 
bignonioides Walter).
Richness and distribution. The genus comprises 8 spe-
cies worldwide distributed, of which 2 occur in China, 2 
in the eastern United States, and 4 in the Greater Antil-
les (Olsen & Kirkbride, 2017: 493). Only Catalpa big-
nonioides Walter was reported within Mediterranean area 
in Croatia, France and Italy (as naturalized alien) and 
Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Czech Republic (as 
casual alien) (see Raab-Straube, 2018+). 
In Africa, no record of Catalpa appears to be pub-
lished (Raab-Straube, 2018+; POWO, 2024). Hyde et 
al. (2024) reported the species as cultivated in gardens 
in Zimbabwe). Therefore, we consider the report of the 
genus as the first one at continent level.
1.1 Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Fl. Carol. 64 (1788).
Neotype [designated by Reveal et al. (1990: 17) as “holo-
type”, corrected by Kirkbride & Olsen (2011: 627) ac-
cording to the Art. 9.10 of ICN]. United States. South 
Carolina, Fraser 28-D (BM-SL, f. 28, Photo in Rem-
bert 1980: Fig. 7).
Epitype (designated by Ward, 2007: 1098 as “neotype”, 
corrected by Kirkbride & Olsen (2011: 627) accord-
ing to the Art. 9.10 of ICN): United States. South 
Carolina, Lexington County, just behind (N of ) Truck 
Stop and “44 Restaurant”, on E Side of SC Hwy 34 
at I-20, about 9 mi SE of Leesville, 20 May 1997, 
John B. Nelson 18315 (GH!, image available at https://
plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.
gh00277015?loggedin=true; isoepitype USCH, non 
vidi fide Kirkbride & Olsen, 2011: 627). 
= Bignonia catalpa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 622 (1753).
Lectotype (designated by Reveal et al., 1990: 17): Big-
nonia Urucu foliis flore sordide albo, intus maculis 
purpureis & luteis asperso, siliqua longissima & angus-
tissima” in Catesby (1730: 49, t. 49; image of the lec-
totype available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
item/126524#page/216/mode/1up).
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The Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first survey to North Africa with 
nomenclatural notes
Morphology. Evergreen trees (Figure 1) up to 30 m tall. 
A detailed description is available, e.g. in ref. Olsen & 
Kirkbride (2017: 407). 
Chorology. Native to northern Florida, southern Geor-
gia, southern Alabama, southern Mississippi, southern 
Louisiana, eastern most edge of Texas, and Vermont 
(Weniger, 1996; POWO, 2024). Now widely culti-
vated in temperate areas of the world, and considered 
as alien in eastern and western U.S.A., some countries 
of central and southern Europe, west Himalaya, China, 
and Korea (POWO, 2024). In the Mediterranean area, 
the taxon is reported (as a naturalized alien) only in 
Croatia, France, and Italy, whereas no mentions there 
are for Africa (see e.g., Raab-Straube, 2018+; GBIF, 
2024; APD, 2024; POWO, 2024). So, our discover 
represent the first one, not only for Tunisia, but also for 
African continent as a whole.
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Few individuals of 
Catalpa bignonioides were found in disturbed areas sur-
rounding rivers at Al Houamdia-Tabarka (Jendouba 
governorate) and Chott Mariem (Sousse). In the lat-
ter site, the plant found produces regularly flowers and 
fruits since the year 2000 (M. Kalboussi, pers. comm.). 
We here consider C. bignonioides as a casual alien for 
Tunisia.
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
June to July.
Notes. Catalpa bignonioides could be confused with 
C. speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. from 
which it could be easily distinguished by its crowded in-
florescences with 60–80 flowers, and a rachis about 12–
26(−28) cm long [vs. inflorescences with 28–40(−75) 
flowers, and a rachis about 7.0–12.5(−18.0) cm long]. 
Moreover, corollas in C. bignonioides are shorter [15–
25 × 8–12 mm vs. 23–25(–40) × 13–19 mm in C. spe-
ciosa]. Also, C. bignonioides shows shorter stamens than 
those in C. speciosa (16–22 mm long vs. 22–26 mm) 
(see more in Olsen & Kirkbride, 2017: 398).
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Jendouba: Tabarka, 
13 June 2019, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!).
CA
B
Figure 1: Catalpa bignonioides in Tunisia. A: habit; B, C: flowers. Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 1: Catalpa bignonioides v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika; B, C : cvetovi. Fotografije R. El Mokni.
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nomenclatural notes
II. Jacarandeae Seem., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 10: 
31. Jul 1862. 
2. Jacaranda Juss. Gen. Pl. 138 (1789).
Type (Jussieu 1789 : 138). Jacaranda caerulea (Linnaeus) 
Jussieu, Gen. pl. 138 (1789).
Richness and distribution. The genus Jacaranda con-
tains about 49 species that are native to central and 
South America and the Caribbean (POWO, 2024; APD, 
2024). Most species are trees with 1 to 45 m tall (Gentry, 
1992). Only two of them are reported as casual aliens in 
Euro+Med area (which includes also N-Africa; see Raab-
Straube, 2018+), i.e. J. mimosifolia D.Don (Tenerife, Ca-
nary Islands) and J. ovalifolia R.Br. (Sicily, south Italy).
2.1 Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 631 
(1822).
Lectotype (designated by Gentry & Morawetz, 1992: 
88). Illustration no. 631 in Don (1822; image of the 
lectotype available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.
org/page/62007104#page/126/mode/1up). 
Morphology. A medium to large tree up to 15 m tall (Fig-
ure 2). A detailed description is available, e.g. in refs. 
Woodson et al. (1973: 863–864) and Gentry, (1992: 
88–89). 
Figure 2: Jacaranda mimosifolia in Tunisia. A: habit; B: detail of leave; C: flower shape. D. fruit (capsule). E. seedling. Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 2: Jacaranda mimosifolia v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika; B : podrobnost lista; C: oblika cveta; D: plod (kapsula). E. klica. Fotografije R. El Mokni.
A
D
E
C
B
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The Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first survey to North Africa with 
nomenclatural notes
Chorology. Jacaranda mimosifolia is native to a well-
defined area in central and eastern South America, 
including Uruguay, parts of Argentina (Entre Rios, 
 Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman), Brazil, Paraguay (Alto Para-
guay, Cordillera) and Bolivia (USDA-ARS, 2016; 
POWO, 2024). The species is used as ornamental and 
was able to escape from cultivation in some countries 
out of S-America (Gentry, 1992; POWO, 2024). In 
particular, it  has proved to be a significant and suc-
cessful invader in northern and eastern South Africa 
and a current estimate is that it has “invaded about 1.8 
million ha, but mainly at very low densities” (CABI, 
2024). It is also naturalized or invasive alien through-
out Africa, in Rwanda, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania 
and Zambia (Henderson, 2002; Dharani, 2005; Witt 
& Luke, 2017). 
Our discover represents the first one for Tunisia (as 
a casual alien).
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Several juvenile in-
dividuals of Jacaranda mimosifolia were found in hu-
man-made habitat between Opuntia plantations. Two 
places in Tunisia in Monastir governorate, i.e. Frina, 
where we found both seedlings and young individuals 
up to 170 cm high, and Menzel-Nour, where several 
shrubby individuals of different heights and diameters 
growing near aged trees within Opuntia plantations. 
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
June to July(-January).
Notes. Despite that Jacaranda mimosifolia shares many 
features with J. acutifolia Humb. & Bonpl. (mainly el-
liptic leaflets < 12 mm long and broadly campanulate 
calyx < 3 mm long, 5-denticulate or with short triangu-
lar teeth), it can be easily distinguished by its capsules 
mostly > 4.5 cm wide, usually about as wide as long, 
rarely cuspidate (vs. capsules mostly < 4.5 cm wide, 
usually slightly longer than wide, often slightly cuspi-
date in J. acutifolia) (Gentry, 1992: 52‒53).
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Monastir: Frina, 13 
Oct 2021, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!), ibidem, 
30 Oct 2022, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Menzel 
Nour, 17 Jul 2022, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!), 
ibidem, 30 Oct 2022, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!).
III. Tecomeae Endl., Gen. Pl.: 711. Jan 1839.
3. Campsis Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 358, 377. (1790).
Type. Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum., Nat. 
Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 230. (1894).
Richness and distribution. Campsis consists of 2 lianous 
species, one native to eastern North America, the other 
to eastern Asia (see e.g., Gentry, 1992: 17; Raulston & 
Grant, 1994; Wen & Jensen, 1995). Both species have 
been widely cultivated [and perhaps their hybrid, Camp-
sis ×tagliabuana (Vis.) Rehd. (Rehder, 1932), even more] 
and becoming popular garden plants in more temperate 
areas in Europe (Alexander, 2000).
3.1 Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau, Monogr. Bignon. 
2(Atlas): 16 (1864) º Bignonia radicans L., Sp. pl., ed. 
1,2:624. 1753 ≡ Gelseminum radicans (L.) Kuntze, 
Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 479 (1891) ≡ Tecoma radicans (L.) 
Duhamel, Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 2: 9 (1804).
Lectotype (designated by Dandy, 1958: 112). Bignonia, 
Fraxini foliis, coccineo flore minore in Catesby (1731: t. 
65). 
Morphology. A high-climbing, woody liana (Figure 3). 
A detailed description is available, e.g. in ref. Gentry 
(1992:17).
Chorology. A high-climbing, native to central and eastern 
United States of America (Wennerberg, 2004; POWO, 
2024) and widely cultivated as ornamental in south 
America (Argentina and Ecuador; see also Gentry, 
1992: 17), Europe (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy; 
see also Raab-Straube, 2018+; Galasso et al., 2020: 60; 
Iamonico, 2022) and Africa [Algeria (see also Zeddam 
& Raus, 2019) and Lybia (eflora Maghreb, 2024)]. The 
species is here recorded for the third time in N-Africa 
(first time for the Tunisian flora) and it is considered as 
a casual alien.
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Campsis radicans 
occurs along roadsides, and is represented by numer-
ous long wines on around planted trees and abandoned 
outdated houses. Four localities were found:
• Bizerta-city (Bizerta governorate): several shrubs of 
different heights in the ‘Corniche Road’, climbing 
on palm tree along roadsides with red corollas and 
abundant fruits;
• Sousse-city (Sousse governorate): a huge shrub (about 
4 m height) with long vines of different lengths with 
red corollas; 
• Tabarka (Jendouba governorate): an extended caespi-
tose shrub with orange-reddish/yellow corollas and 
mature fruits;
• Ariana-city (Ariana governorate); extended caespi-
tose shrub with red corollas.
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
July to November.
Notes. The exact identity of the plants in cultivation (and 
as escapes) remains sometimes critical as  the hybrid 
known as Campsis ×tagliabuana (Vis.) Rehd. [C. radi-
cans × C. grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schumann] is more 
common than its parents (see Oates et al., 2014). 
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nomenclatural notes
A
D
F
E
C
B
Figure 3: Campsis radicans in Tunisia. A: habit of the plant climbing on palm; B- D: flowers; E: detail of a leave. F. fruit; G: adventitious aerial 
roots in dense groups at some nodes. Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 3: Campsis radicans v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika rastline, ki pleza po palmi; B-D: cvetovi; E: podrobnost lista. F. plod; G: adventivne zračne 
korenine v gostih skupinah na nekaterih nodijih. Fotografije R. El Mokni.
G
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nomenclatural notes
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Bizerta: Aîn Mariem, 
13 Jul 2019, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!), ibidem, 
01 Jul 2021, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Bizerta 
North (Corniche), 21 Aug 2021, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. 
El Mokni!); Bizerta-city, 02 Oct 2021, El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni!); Sousse: Sousse-city, 31 Apr 2022, 
El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Ariana: Ariana-city, 
20 Jul 2020, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!). 
4. Podranea Sprague, Fl. Cap. 4(2): 449 (1904).
Type. Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague, Fl. Cap. 
4(2): 450 (1904).
Richness and distribution. Podranea is a genus of 2 
species of woody, evergreen climbers from open wood-
land in tropical southeast Africa (Malawi, Zimbabwe, 
Mozambique) and South Africa with pinnate leaves 
and trumpet-shaped flowers. It was separated/segre-
gated from Pandorea Spach (Podranea is an anagram of 
this latter), a genus from the western Pacific, New Cal-
edonia and Australia. Pandorea differs from Podranea, 
among other characters, by its shorter, oblong capsules 
with woody valves and non-ventricous calyx (see Gen-
try, 1992; Burger & Gentry, 2000; Ulloa-Ulloa & Go-
vaerts, 2011).
4.1 Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague, Fl. Cap. 
4(2): 450 (1904) ≡ Pandorea ricasoliana (Tanfani) 
K. Schum., H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. 
Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 230 (1894) ≡ Tecoma ricasoliana 
Tanfani, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 17: 16-18 (1887) º 
Teco maria ricasoliana (Tanfani) Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. 
Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 225 (1921).
Lectotype (here designated). Italy. Tuscany region, Monte 
Argentario, Giardino della Casa Bianca, October 1886, 
Ricasoli s.n. [K000779168!, image of the lectotype avail-
able at https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/912592467; 
isolectotypes: FI012557! (image of the isolectotype at 
https://parlatore.msn.unifi.it/img_450/FI012557.jpg) 
and FI012558! (image of the isolectotype available at 
https://parlatore.msn.unifi.it/img_450/FI012558.jpg).
Morphology. A vigorous woody evergreen climber or 
climbing shrub with strong stems that may grow up to 
10 meters high (Figure 4), but also as a subshrub, scan-
dent undershrub, showy climber and small tree (Men-
A
D C
B
Figure 4: Podranea ricasoliana in Tunisia. 
A: habit; B, C: details of some flowers; 
D: dense inflorescence.  
Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 4: Podranea ricasoliana v Tuniziji. 
A: značilna oblika; B, C: podrobnost 
cvetov; D: gosto socvetje.  
Fotografije R. El Mokni.
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nomenclatural notes
ninger, 1970). A detailed description is available, e.g. in 
refs. Gentry (1977), Malan & Notten (2002), Liogier 
(1995), Spencer (2002), Bailey (1949) and Bidgood et 
al. (2006). 
Chorology. Native of south an tropical east Africa 
(POWO, 2024), it is an alien in Australia and New 
Zealand (Hassler, 2016; Atlas of Living Australia, 
2022), Hawaii (Starr et al., 2004), central and south 
America (Acevedo Rodriguez, 2005; Hassler, 2016; 
POWO, 2024), Iandi and the Philippines (Hassler, 
2016); it has also probably escaped to the wild in Texas 
from specimens brought for horticultural reasons (Lee 
et al., 2016). 
In N-Africa, the species is reported only from Canary 
Islands, Morocco, and Algeria (GBIF, 2024; POWO, 
2024). As a consequence, it is here reported for the first 
time in Tunisia (as a casual alien).
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Podranea ricasoli-
ana is represented by numerous and vigorous woody 
evergreen climber or climbing shrubs in the following 
localities:
• Nadhour (Bizerta governorate): several shrubs of dif-
ferent heights in the ‘Corniche Road’ within road-
sides were observed;
• Bizerta-city (Bizerta governorate): several shrubs of 
different heights climbing on planted Mediterranean 
cypress trees within roadsides were observed;
• Monastir-city (Monastir governorate): huge shrubs 
(about 6 m height) with long vines of different 
lengths climbing on planted paperflower within 
roadsides were reported; 
• Sahline (Monastir governorate): extended caespitose 
shrubs along roadsides were reported;
• Mahdia-city (Mahdia governorate): extended caespi-
tose shrubs along roadsides were reported.
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
July–November.
Typification of the name Tecoma ricasoliana. Tanfani 
(1887: 16–18) published Tecoma ricasoliana providing 
a detailed diagnosis and two plates (Tav. I and II; image 
at https://books.google.it/books?id=c3-LFeLoaN4C&
printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary
_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=tecoma&f=false) which are 
part of the original material for the name; the author 
also specified that he dedicated the new species to Vin-
cenzo Ricasoli who cultivated, at the Botanical Garden 
“Casa Bianca” (= White House) of Porto d’Ercole (a 
small town in Grosseto Province, Tuscany region, cen-
tral Italy), seeds from Paranà (Brazil) sent by Goya. 
Moreover, Tanfani (1887: 16) stated that some speci-
mens were sent to the Kew Garden where the species 
“giace innominata” (= lie idle unnamed). So, Tanfani 
(1887) cited a syntype according to the Art. 9.6 of ICN 
(Turland et al., 2018). We traced three specimens at 
FI (barcodes FI012557 and FI012558) and K (barcode 
K000779168) referred to plants cultivated at the garden 
of Casa Bianca in 1886; K specimen is clearly a syntype 
according to the Art. 9.6 of ICN and is here designated 
as the lectotype of the name Tecoma ricasoliana match-
ing Tanfani’s diagnosis based on both vegetative [woody 
habit, stem glabrous, leaves opposite and imparipinnate 
(3–4 pairs of leaflets), leaflets ovate, more or less acumi-
nate, dentate, and shortly petiolate] and sexual char-
acters (inflorescences compound, branched, with small 
bracts, flowers large, campanulate, with gamopetalous 
corollas, 5 glabrous petals, calyx shorter than corolla). 
FI specimens are considered as duplicates.
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Bizerta: Aîn Mariem, 
13 Jul 2019, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!), ibidem, 
01.07.2021, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Bizerta 
North (Corniche), 21 Aug 2021, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. 
El Mokni!); Bizerta-city, 02 Oct 2021, El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni!); Sousse: Sousse-city, 31 Apr 2022, 
El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Ariana: Ariana-city, 
20 Jul 2020, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!). 
4.2 Podranea brycei (N.E.Br.) Sprague, D.Oliver & 
auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(2): 515 (1906) ≡ Pan-
dorea brycei (N.E.Br.) Rehder, Mitteil. Deutsch. Den-
drol. Ges. 1915: 227 (1915) ≡ Tecoma brycei N.E.Br., 
Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 130 (1901).
Lectotype (designated by Drummond, 1975: 230). Zim-
babwe, Mashonaland, in dry places, about 1372 m 
[4500 feets in the protologue], may 1896, Bryce s.n. 
(K000430286!, image of the lectotype available at 
https://plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.
specimen.k000430286?loggedin=true).
Morphology. Vigorous climbing plant with stems, 
8–10 m long (Figure 5). A detailed description is avail-
able, e.g. in ref. Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres (2023). 
Chorology. The plant shows a native range limited to 
South Tropical Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, and 
Zimbabwe (Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres, 2023). It 
was reported also in Kenya, in the United States of 
America (California, Santa Barbara, El Salvador and 
Peru), in India, and in New Zealand (POWO, 2024; 
GIBF, 2024). 
 It is here its first record as a casual alien to Mediter-
ranean area from Tunisia. 
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Podranea brycei 
occurs as a casual alien along watercourses at Mesjed-
Aïssa (Monastir governorate). Several extended caespi-
tose shrubs in blooming period within roadsides were 
found. The species is here considered as a casual alien.
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nomenclatural notes
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
December–June.
Typification of the name Tecoma brycei. Brown (1901: 
130) validly published this species by a description and 
a citation of the following syntype (Art. 9.6 of ICN): 
“Rhodesia. Mashonaland, in dry places, 4500 ft., Right 
Hom. J. Bryce”. We traced at K (where Brown’ collec-
tion and types are preserved; see, HUH-Index of Bota-
nists, 2013-onward) a specimen collected by J. Bryce in 
May 1896 at Mashona Land (Zimbabwe). This speci-
men (K000430286) is part of the original material for 
Tecoma brycei, matches Brown’s original description.
Diniz (1988) cited the abovementioned K specimen 
as “holotype”. However, Brown (1901: 130) cited a 
syntype. Therefore, according to the Art. 9.10 of ICN, 
Diniz’s would be treated as an error to be corrected to 
lectotype. However, Drummond (1975: 173) previous-
ly cited Bryce specimen at K as follow: “1026. P. [Po-
dranea] brycei (N. E. Brown) Sprague … Bryce s.n.”; 
note that Drummond (1975: 230) stated in the Intro-
duction of the paper “Cited specimens: One specimen 
is cited for each taxon. As far as possible specimens 
have been cited which are represented at the National 
Herbarium, Salisbury, and which have been sent as 
duplicates to other herbaria such as Kew, Lisbon and 
Pretoria. Where the species is described from Rhodesia, 
the type specimen is quoted and the collector’s name is 
italicized”. In other words, Drummond (1975) lecto-
typified the name Podranea brycei (see Arts. 7.11, 9.3, 
9.4, 9.19, and 9.23).
Notes. Podranea brycei is closely allied to P. ricasoliana 
(see above), from which it differs mainly in the early 
reflexed calyx-lobes and the smaller, more abruptly 
campanulate corolla, which is villous within, and has 
the basal cylindric portion included in the calyx-tube.
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Monastir: Mesjed-Aïs-
sa, 05 February 2023, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!).
5. Tecomaria Spach. Hist. Nat. Vég. 9: 137 (1840). 
Type. Tecoma stans (Linnaeus) Jussieu ex Humboldt, 
Bonpland & Kunth. 
Richness and distribution. The genus Tecomaria includes 
2 species, naturally distributed in central and southern 
Africa, whereas it is alien in some countries of the other 
continents (POWO, 2024).
5.1 Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach., Hist. Nat. Veg. 
9: 137. (1840) ≡ Bignonia capensis Thunb., Prodr. Pl. 
Cap.: 105. (1794) ≡ Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl., 
Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1117. (1828) ≡ Gelseminum capense 
(Lindl.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 479 (1891).
Lectotype (designated by Bidgood et al., 2006; here 
corrected according to the Art. 9.10 of ICN). South 
Africa: Cape Province, s.d., Thunberg s.n. (UPS-
THUNB14226!, Figure 6; isolectotype (here reported 
for the first time) LD1747354!, image available at htt-
Figure 5: Podranea brycei in Tunisia. A: habit in part with Inflores-
cence; B: details of reflexed calyx-lobes; C: detail of a flower externally 
glabrous and internally hairy. Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 5: Podranea brycei v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika s socvetjem; B: 
podrobnosti zrcalnih čašnih režnjev; C: detajl cveta, ki je zunaj gol in 
znotraj dlakav. Fotografije R. El Mokni.
A
CB
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nomenclatural notes
ps://plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.speci-
men.ld1747354?loggedin=true).
Morphology. A clambering or semi-erect shrub up to 3‒4 
m in length (Figure 7). A detailed description is avail-
able, e.g. in ref. Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005). 
Chorology. The species is native to an African area rang-
ing from Tanzania to South Africa (Ulloa-Ulloa 2016, 
Mutshinyalo & Notten, 2016; POWO, 2024). It is 
more or less commercialized and cultivated as an orna-
mental in the other continents, i.e. Asia (India, Singa-
pore, Australia, tropical America and on islands in the 
Indian and the Pacific Oceans) (PIER, 2016; USDA-
ARS, 2016), Europe [casual alien in Italy (Galasso et 
al., 2021) and Spain (Verloove et al., 2018)], America 
[U.S.A (Everett, 1982), Hawaii (ZipCodeZoo, 2016), 
central and southern America (Smithsonian Museum 
Figure 6: Lectotype of the name Bignonia capensis (UPS-
THUNB14226!). The magnification of the annotation reported on 
reverse of the sheet is framed (top-right of the figure).
Slika 6: Lektotip imena vrste Bignonia capensis (UPS-
THUNB14226!). Povečava opombe na zadnji strani lista je uokvirjena 
(zgoraj desno na sliki).
Figure 7: Tecomaria capensis in Tunisia. A: habit in part with details of 
flowers and dehiscent fruits (long capsules); B: juvenile individual from 
rooting of branches, in blooming period. Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 7: Tecomaria capensis v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika s podrob-
nostmi cvetov in razpadlih plodov (dolge kapsule); B: mladi primerki 
iz ukoreninjenih vej, v obdobju cvetenja. Fotografije R. El Mokni.
A
B
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The Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first survey to North Africa with 
nomenclatural notes
of Natural History, 2016; POWO, 2024), Australia 
[Queensland, New South Wales, and eastern Victoria 
(Weeds of Australia, 2016)] and New Zealand (NZ-
PCN, 2016). 
In N-Africa, the plant is reported from Canary Is-
lands and Morocco (GBIF, 2024). It is here its first re-
cord as a naturalizing alien from Tunisia.
Occurrence and habitat in Tunisia. Tecomaria capen-
sis grows in different areas, as a casual alien mainly in 
the following localities:
• Bizerta-city (Bizerta governorate): several shrubs to 
small trees of different heights with many seedlings in 
many sites along roadsides have been found;
• Monastir towards Sousse (Monastir governorate): 
extended caespitose shrubs along roadsides were re-
ported;
• Bekalta (Monastir governorate): extended caespitose 
shrubs, in flowering period, within edges of public 
gardens and roadsides were reported besides many 
juvenile individuals from rooting of branches that lie 
on the ground;
• Borj-Arif (Mahdia governorate): extended caespi-
tose shrubs in flowering and fruiting periods, within 
edges of on both sides of the Sahel metro railways 
were found, with many juvenile individuals from 
seedlings;
• Mornag (Ben Arous governorate): several shrubby 
individuals of different heights along roadsides have 
been reported.
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times: almost 
all over the year. 
Typification of the name Bignonia capensis (tribe Big-
nonieae Dumort.). Thunberg (1794: 105) provided a 
short diagnosis (“B. [Bignonia] foliis impari-pinnatis 
glabris: pinnis ovatis serratis, corollis vurvatis cla-
vatis”), without further information. According to 
HUH Index of botanists (2013b-onward), Thunberg’s 
herbarium and types are mainly preserved at UPS (du-
plicates in other european herbaria). We found one 
specimen (UPS-THUNB14226) bearing two flowered 
branches with the annotation (bottom-right corner 
of the sheet) “Bignonia capensis” and (on reverse) “e 
Cap. b. Spei. Thunberg”. This specimen is part of the 
original material used by Thunberg (1794: 105) to de-
scribe Bignonia capensis. In addition, a specimen at LD 
(LD1747354), also part of the original material, was 
found and it bears one fragment of a plant (with three 
leaves and one damaged flower) collected by C. P. 
Thunberg (an annotation on the bottom-right corner 
of the sheet); the sheet is further annotated with the 
script “B. capensis” (bottom-right corner of the sheet). 
Both UPS and LD types match the protologue and 
the original concept in Bignonia (see e.g., Bidgood et 
al., 2006).
Bidgood et al. (2006) reported “Type: South Africa, 
without locality, Thunberg (UPS, holo.; microfiche!)”. 
According to the Art. 9.10 of ICN, the use of the term 
“holotype” is an error to be corrected to “lectotype”, 
since Thunberg (1794: 105) Thunberg (1794: 105) did 
not cited the holotype. Correction is made here (see 
above in the Taxonomic Treatment).
Notes. For long times, botanists working on this family 
considered that there was no robust morphological evi-
dence to support the separation of the genera Tecoma-
ria from Tecoma, treating them as one (see e.g., Wood, 
2008; Stevens, 2012). Molecular studies, however, have 
shown that the genus Tecomaria is actually closely relat-
ed to Podranea (the only other African member of the 
clade Tecomeae) not Tecoma (Olmstead et al., 2009).
Tecomaria capensis includes 2 known subspecies. Sub-
sp. capensis, to which belongs Tunisian collections, can 
be distinguished from subsp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummit 
by its leaves with 2‒3(‒5) pairs of leaflets (vs. leaves 
with (3‒)4‒5(‒6) pairs of leaflets in subsp. nyassae) and 
its cylindrical calyx with (8‒)10‒18(‒23) mm [vs. cam-
panulate to shortly cylindrical calyx with (4‒)5‒8 mm 
long] (see e.g., Brummitt, 1974).
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Mahdia: Borj-Arif, 
on both sides of the Sahel metro railways, 7 May 2019, 
R. El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Bizerta: Bizerta-
city, within roadsides, 11 June 2020, R. El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni!), ibidem, 3 July 2021, R. El Mokni 
s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Monastir: Monastir towards 
Sousse, 5 December 2019, R. El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El 
Mokni!), Bekalta, 30 October 2022, R. El Mokni s.n. 
(Herb. El Mokni!); Ben Arous: Mornag, 4 March 
2023, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!).
6. Tecoma Jussieu, Gen. pl. 139. 1789.
Type. Tecoma stans (Linnaeus) Jussieu ex Humboldt, 
Bonpland & Kunth. 
Richness and distribution. It is a Western Hemisphere 
tropical and subtropical genus of about 16 shrubs spe-
cies (Pelton, 1964).
6.1 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 
139. 1789 [4 Aug 1789] ≡ Bignonia stans L., Sp. Pl. ed. 
2. 871. (1763) ≡ Stenolobium stans (L.) Seeman in J. 
Bot. 1: 88 (1863) ≡ Gelsimum stans (L.) Kuntze, Rev. 
Gen. 2: 479 (1891).
Lectotype (designated by Gentry 1992: 285): Bignonia 
foliis pinnatis in Plumier (1756: t. 54).
23/2 • 2024, 221–237
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nomenclatural notes
Morphology. A very variable shrub or small tree up to 
10 m (Figure 8). A detailed description is available, e.g. 
in ref. Wood (2008: 148). 
Chorology. A species with a wide natural distribution in 
tropical and subtropical America, whereas it is an alien 
in some countries of Africa and Asia (Gentry, 1992; 
POWO, 2024) where it is used as ornamental plant; in 
several American Countries (for example in Bolivia, Ar-
gentina, Brazil, and several islands in the West Indies) 
its origin is doubtful (see Pelton, 1964). The invasive 
status of Tecoma stans is likely to increase dramatically 
in many countries of introduction as it changes from a 
“sleeper weed” to its invasive stage. According to GISD 
(2008), it has been listed as a noxious weed in South 
Africa, Australia and America. 
In N-Africa, no records there are up to now (see 
GBIF, 2024) and, therefore, our finding is the first one 
(as a casual alien).
Occurrence and distribution in Tunisia. Tecoma stans 
is a weed of roadsides and occurs as a casual alien in 
many localities:
• Sousse towards Sahloul (Sousse governorate): about 
60 individuals, caespitose shrubby of different height 
in blooming-fruiting period were reported;
• Jemmal (Monastir governorate): one shrub in bloom-
ing-fruiting period were reported;
• Monastir-city (Monastir governorate): many caespi-
tose shrubs in blooming-fruiting period were re-
ported;
• Sidi Abdelhamid (Sousse governorate): two caespitose 
shrubs in blooming-fruiting period were reported;
• Mornag (Ben Arous governorate): several shrubby 
individuals and small trees of different heights along 
roadsides in blooming-fruiting period have been re-
ported.
Phenology in Tunisia. Flowering-fruiting times from 
December-July.
Notes. Tecoma stans is a variable species which can be clas-
sified into at least three varieties [var. velutina A.DC., 
var. sambucifolia (Kunth) J.R.I.Wood, and var. stans]. 
Tecoma stans var. stans is characterized by its lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate leaflets 
(vs. leaflets broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, acute in 
var. sambucifolia) which are glabrous or only sparsely 
pubescent on the veins beneath (vs. leaves densely 
grey-tomentose beneath in var. velutina) (cf. Wood, 
2008:149). Tunisian material is identifiable as Tecoma 
stans var. stans.
Specimens examined. TUNISIA. Sousse: Sousse to-
wards Sahloul, 07 Mars 2016, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El 
Mokni!); Sidi Abdelhamid, 05 February 2023, El Mok-
ni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Monastir: Jemmal, 28 April 
2020, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Monastir-city, 
28 July 2022, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. El Mokni!); Ben 
Arous: Mornag, 04 March 2023, El Mokni s.n. (Herb. 
El Mokni!).
C
A
B
Figure 8: Tecoma stans in Tunisia. A: habit; B: details of flowers and 
indehiscent fruits (long capsules); C: dehiscent fruits.  
Photographs by R. El Mokni.
Slika 8: Tecoma stans v Tuniziji. A: značilna oblika; B: podrobnosti 
cvetov in nerazpadlih plodov (dolge kapsule); C: razpadli plodovi. 
Fotografije R. El Mokni.
23/2 • 2024, 221–237
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The Bignoniaceae in Tunisia, first survey to North Africa with 
nomenclatural notes
Key to genera and species of the 
Bignoniaceae occurring in Tunisia and 
N-Africa
1. Climbing vines, with opposite compound pinnate 
leaves; capsules more or less elongate septicidal or 
loculicidal  ............................................................... 2
1’. Larger trees or erect shrubs; leaves various; capsules 
subcylindrical or rounded to ovate ........................... 6
2. Plants with adventitious aerial roots in dense groups 
on both sides of stem at some nodes; leaflets usually 
serrate ...........................................................Campsis
2’. Plants without adventitious roots at nodes; leaflets 
usually not serrate .................................................... 3
3. Corollas pink with red stripes; stamens included; plant 
at wining vine; leaflets entire .................................... 4
4. Leaves with 9‒11(‒15) leaflets, normally entire; flowers 
with early reflexed calyx-lobes and a campanulate 
abruptly corolla densely hairy to villous throat ...........
P. brycei
4’. Leaves with 7‒9 leaflets, normally toothed; flowers 
with cupular-campanulate calyx, strongly 5-dentate, 
apiculate lobes and a glabrous corolla or slightly hairy 
throat ....................................................P. ricasoliana 
3’. Corollas of different colour; stamens enclosed or pro-
truding; plant a scrambling shrub; leaflets serrate  .... 5
5. Corolla yellow (sometimes with reddish veins), ventri-
cose above a shortly cylindrical, strongly demarcated 
base, ± campanulate in form; stamens enclosed; leaves 
3‒9-foliate, margins sawtoothed .................... Tecoma
5’. Corolla orange to orangey-red (sometimes yellow col-
oured), corolla tube curved, narrowly funnel-shaped; 
stamens protruding; leaves usually 7‒11-foliate; leaf-
lets margins coarsely toothed .................... Tecomaria 
6. Fertile stamens two; leaves simple; corollas white with 
purple, yellow, pink or orange markings in varying 
patterns; fruits subcylindrical loculicidal capsules .....
Catalpa
6’. Fertile stamens four; leaves twice pinnately compound; 
corollas blue or violet; fruits rounded to oval, laterally-
flattened capsules .......................................Jacaranda
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to M. Hijertson (Herbarium UPS) for the 
permission to reproduce the lectotype of the Thunberg’s 
Bignonia capensis. Thanks are also due to the anonymous 
reviewers for the useful suggestions given.
Ridha El Mokni  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-1039
Duilio Iamonico  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-7568
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