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sti onomasiološko urejenih slovarskih delih.
Prispevek Erle Hallsteinsdóttir (Zweisprachige Lernerphraseologie aus funktionaler Sicht) se ukvarja z dvojezičnimi učnimi slovarji. V ospredju je funkcionalni pristop k zasnovi in izdelavi slovarjev, kakor ga utemeljuje t. i. aarhuška funkcionalna šola (Aarhuser Funktionslehre, Centre for Lexicography, Aarhus School of Business). Avtorica izhaja iz predvidljivih slovarskih uporabnikov in njihovih slovarskih potreb v predvidljivih položajih slovarske rabe in razpravlja o možnih makro- in mikrostrukturnih rešitvah za bidirekcionalne, t.j. polifunkcionalne dvojezične frazeološke slovarje in/ali podatkovne zbirke.
Antje Heine (Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Korpusanalyse für die Lexikografie am Beispiel eines Wörterbuches deutscher Funktionsverbgefüge mit finnischen Äquivalenten) na osnovi izkušenj, pridobljenih pri sestavljanju nemško-finskega slovarja funkcijskih glagolskih zvez (Funktionsverbgefüge) predstavi možnosti in omejitve korpu-snih pristopov v slovaropisni praksi. Kljub prepričanju, ki je v novejšem času v slovaropisju in slovaroslovju splošno razširjeno in ki zajemanje slovarsko pomembnih jezikovnih podatkov izrecno povezuje s korpusnimi viri, ostaja precej pomembnih leksikografskih vprašanj za enkrat odprtih, med drugim vprašanja o reprezentativnosti, obsegu, uravnoteženosti in opremljenosti korpusov z ustreznim uporabniškim programjem. Avtorica svoja razmišljanja povezuje z nekaj obsežnimi korpusi nemškega jezika, a je več kot razvidno, da je pred primerljive težave postavljen tudi vsak, ki se raziskovalno in/ali praktično sooča z besedilnimi korpusi slovenskega jezika.
LITERATURA
Vida JESENŠEK, 2007: Idiomatik in allgemeinen slowenisch-deutschen Wörterbüchern. Phraseologische und lexikographische Überlegungen. Kritik und Phrase : Festschrift für Wolfgang Eismann zum 65. Geburtstag. Peter Deutschmann et al. Wien: Praesens. 675-690.
—, 2008a: Phraseologie im zweisprachigen Wörterbuch. Eine Herausforderung für Lexikographen und Übersetzer. Germanistische Linguistik 195/196, 387-404.
—, 2008b: Slowenische Kollokationen im Wörterbuch. Lexicographica 24, 135-148.
Vida JESENŠEK, Herbert Ernst WIE-GAND, 2009: Zum Stand und zu den Perspektiven der allgemeinsprachlichen Lexikographie mit Deutsch und Slowenisch. Lexikos 19, 94-143.
Erika KRŽIŠNIK, 2003: Frazeologija v Slo -venskem pravopisu 2001. Slavistična revija 51/2, 221-237.
Vida Jesenšek
Univerza v Mariboru, vida.jesensek@siol.net
ACCENT MATTERS. PAPERS ON BALTO-SLA VIC ACCENTOLOGY. Edited by Tijmen Pronk and Rick Derksen. Third International Workshop on Balto-Slavic Accentology (IWoBA) held at Leiden University July 27 - 29, 2007. Amsterdam - New York: Editions Rodopi B.V., 2011. 366 pp.
The volume contains a diverse collection of papers presented at a very successful workshop on Slavic accentol-ogy, part of an ongoing international
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effort aimed at consolidating research in Balto-Slavic prosody and related areas.
The articles can be loosely grouped into following broad categories:
1.	Indo-European and (early) Balto-
Slavic vocalic systems and prosody;
2.	Baltic accentology;
3.	Slavic accentology;
4.	Non-Indo-European accent systems
and typology.
Mislav Benic, Der Akzent bei den Verben der Mundart der Ortschaft Kukljica. The article investigates stress and quantity in an ikavian/ekavian dialect of the village Kukljica on the Ugljan island in western Croatia. It begins with a compact overview of the dialect's phonemic system (contrasted with standard Croatian) and prosody that distinguishes between short and long [falling] stress and has pre-tonic lengths, a situation that the author describes as a "Cakavian accent system without post-tonic lengths and without the neo-acute." The article provides a detailed description of the verb accentuation with listings of verbs that belong to each of the three synchronic accent paradigms.
Miguel Carrasquer Vidal, Syllables, intonations and Auslautgesetze. The author starts by formulating the segmental and quantitative parameters of Proto-Indo-European that are reflected as syllabic intonations in Greek and Lithuanian and as related phenomena in Slavic and Germanic languages. He focuses primarily on "Auslautgezetze": the developments of word-final syllables in Slavic languages in comparison with Baltic and Proto-Indo-European identifying 10 sets of sound changes that operated on word-final syllables (grouped into three sequential periods) and providing a detailed discussion of each set.
Rick Derksen, The fate of the neuter o-stems in Balto-Slavic. The article investigates one of the most complex issues in Balto-Slavic nominal accent system: the development of a paradigmatic class whose original accent was affected by series of phonetic and analogical shifts including stress retraction to a long non-apophonic vowel (Hirt's law), generalization of mobile stress in originally masculine stems with non-acute root vowels, and the transition of Indo-European neuter barytone o-stems from neuter to masculine. The author carefully re-examines material used by Hirt and, later, Illic-Svityc adducing new data, most importantly, from the Old Prussian, and adding several analogical and phonetic shifts that help explain specific developments in Slavic and East Baltic.
BragHMHp Ahtohobhh ^h6o, 3na-nenue 3anadn0KaeKa3CK0u a^enmnou cucmeMbi dnx u3ynenuM 6anmo-cnaem-cKou u RnoncKoU a^enmnbix cucmeM. The author continues investigation of accent systems that are typologically similar to Balto-Slavic. He defines paradigmatic accent system (PAS) as a system where the position of stress in a non-derived form does not depend on its structure or meaning but, rather, is inherited, while the stress of derived words is determined by the accentologi-cal properties of the constituent morphemes. These principles are realized to various degrees in some Indo-European languages, as well as in Saharan, Japanese, Philippine, and West-Caucasian. The author demonstrates that Abkhazian accent can be described using the above principles and therefore can be categorized as PAS.
B^agHMHp Ahtohobhh ^h6o, Cu-cmeMa a^enmnbix napa^u^M e npyc-ckom ^m^om. The article reviews rel-
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evant data from the third Enchiridion, an Old Prussian text that offers some evidence of stress, commenting on an apparent contradiction between two different devices: a diacritic mark and the duplication of the following consonant. While systemic and historic considerations clearly indicate that each of them is stress-related, there are many words where diacritic marks and consonant pairs point to two different syllables. The mystery is solved if we consider the effects of the shift of the ictus from a short vowel to the next syllable (the Kortlandt's law). The subsequent review of the material demonstrates that Prussian data generally agree with and can augment the existing Balto-Slavic reconstruction.
Ronald F. Feldstein, Nominal pro-sodic paradigms and their synchronic reflexes in West Slavic. The article addresses the differences in reflection of Proto-Slavic stress and quantity in West Slavic languages, in particular, the disappearance of quantitative alternations between Proto-Slavic forms with recessive stress (enclinomena) and end-stressed forms that were expected to preserve pretonic lengths in West Slavic pointing to the quantitative alternation between polysyllabic forms and zero forms as the defining factor.
Mate Kapovic, The accentuation of i-verbs in Croatian dialects. The work seems to be more of a compact monograph than an article, and deserves a separate, more detailed review. It provides data for all available i-verbs from 24 dialects (with additional, less complete data from another 5) obtained through field work and/or interviews with native speakers who lived or studied away from home. The relevant forms are arranged according to synchronic accent paradigms separately for short
and long root vowels. An extensive etymological commentary is primarily focused on the data related to the Proto-Slavic accent paradigms b and c with particular attention to dialectal reflection of two subtypes of the original b -paradigm.
Alwin Kloekhorst, The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter'. Using the evidence from Anatolian languages the author offers an explanation of the unusual mobile stress pattern in the Indo-European word for 'daughter'. The proposed reconstruction assumes a vocalic alternation with the stress on the full grade vowel of the first syllable in N. Sg. alternating with the zero-grade and the stress on the next syllable in other forms.
Frederik Kortlandt, Winter's Law again. While generally accepted by the majority of scholars, the exact conditions of the process that led to the lengthening of Proto-Indo-European vowels before unaspirated voiced stops (Winter's law) remain controversial due to the large number of apparent exceptions. The author notes that the direct result of Winter's law was glottalization rather than immediate lengthening of the preceding vowel, and lists blocking conditions, such as intervening -s- and clusters containing a nasal resonant. He concludes that these clarifications and the exclusion of some presumed counterexamples that rely on incorrect etymologies make Winter's law incontrovertible.
Guus Kroonen, False exceptions to Winter's Law: On the effects of Kluge's law on the Proto-Germanic consonant-ism. The article shows that the lengthening of pretonic plosive consonants followed by *-n- in Germanic (Kluge's law) and the wave of phonetic and analogical developments that it triggered could result in the loss of distinction
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between voiced, unvoiced and (un) aspirated consonants which, in turn, obscured the effects of Winter's law. Careful analysis of varying reflexes of the original Germanic roots makes it possible to restore the Proto-Germanic root-final consonants at least in some cases and show that apparent exceptions are in fact consistent with Winter's law. The author cautions against uncritical use of Germanic data in accentological reconstruction.
Keith Langston, Tone Reversal in Kajkavian Dialects of Croatian. The article examines a group of Kajkavian dialects that reverse the originally long raising and long falling pitches. The acoustic data indicate that the reversal cannot be blamed on transcription inconsistencies and seems to represent a regular phonetic development. Existing explanations of the reversal are rejected as typologically and historically implausible, and a review of comparable developments in other languages indicates that tone reversals are rare. The author proposes a tentative explanation of the reversal as a sequence of meta-tonies, accent shifts and retractions.
Julia Normanskaja, Die Entwicklung des Vokalismus vom Protoura-lischen zum Mordwinischen und die Rekonstruktion der urmordwinischen Betonung. The author rejects the opinion that a systematic reconstruction of Proto-Uralic vocalic system is impossible due to a large number of analogical and "spontaneous" developments and proceeds to describe a set of phonetic changes from Proto-Uralic to modern Mordvinic languages illustrated by etymologies where Proto-Mordvinic vowels appeared in stressed and unstressed position. The author concludes that the reflection of Proto-Uralic root vowels depends on the quality of the vowel in
the next syllable and the original position of stress.
HpHHa CeMeHOBHa neKyHOBa, He-Komopbie oeoöeHHoemu ^na^onbHoü a^enmya^u e cmapommoKaecKux na-MxmnuKax XV e. The article discusses the accent of y'-presentia of the Proto-Slavic a.p. b in three Stokavian manuscripts from the 15th and 16th centuries that were shown to yield an unusual stress pattern in some medieval Serbian texts. The author considers three possible explanations of its origin: a purely phonetic one, an analogical process reflecting the influence of other accent types, and a phonetic process with mor-phophonemic conditions, specifically, a separate rule for prefixed stems. The data of the manuscripts confirm that the morphophonemic rule originally suggested by V.A. Dybo is the only valid explanation.
Tijmen Pronk, On the development of initial *Hu, *Hi and the rise of initial acute diphthongs in Baltic and Slavic. The article discusses the development of the initial stressed Indo-European *Hu and *Hi, reflected as Balto-Slavic acute, revising and expanding a hypothesis originally formulated by Frederik Ko-rtlandt. The author observes that a number of Balto-Slavic roots with acute on the stressed syllable can be explained as a reflex of glottalization that followed the loss of an initial laryngeal.
Vytautas Rinkevicius, Akzentuierung der altpreußischen Substantiva mit den Suffixen -enik-/-inik- und -ik-/-ik-. Despite the limited number of derived forms, the author determines that the available data comply with the assumption that the Proto-Slavic accent properties of the suffixes -enik-/-inik-and -ik-/-ik- were preserved in Prussian and that their accentuation is indicative of the Proto-Slavic dominant class.
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Bonifacas Stunzia, The connection between circumflex and palatalization in Lithuanian word formation. The article demonstrates that derived nouns with a palatalized last consonant of a stressed suffix in modern Lithuanian tend to have circumflex intonation; the same is true for non-suffixal derivatives with the stress on the penult or final syllables and a stem-final palatalized consonant. The exceptions to this tendency tend to be archaic, leading the author to conclude that the association of the productive suffixes with palatalized consonants is a recent and ongoing development.
MaprapuTa BuKTopoBHa ^uBOBa, O ^Ma^0MbH0û aK^eHmya^uu odnou cpedmôomapcKoù pyKonucu (Anocmon HEKM N°93). The article examines accentuation of i-verbs in a 14th century Bulgarian manuscript. The accentuation of present tense and aorist is consistent with what one may expect for East Bulgarian texts of that period where the original accent paradigms a and b merged into a single type with constant stem stress, while the accent paradigm c retained mobility preserving some of the stress patterns typical for the Proto-Slavic enclinomena. However, the stress of the infinitives differs from the expected one since a number of verbs of the Slavic a-paradigm have the ictus on the -i- suffix. The author considers two possible interpretations of this pattern: a transitional state reflecting the loss of distinction between the original accent paradigms a and b, and the emergence of a new paradigmatic distinction with the latter appearing to be more likely.
Frederik Kortlandt, Issues in Balto-Slavic Accentology. The author reviews some of the papers presented at the workshop (including those that were not included in this collection) and voices disagreement with some of the authors, most notably, with Miguel Carrasquer Vidal whose approach he seems to reject as being unnecessary complex and relying on ad-hoc assumptions, and with Ronald Feldstein's view of the quantitative restructuring in modern Czech which, in his opinion, can be explained phonetically. The article concludes with additional comments on the origin of long vowels in some Czech forms of the original a.p. a where the author posits a secondary lengthening of short falling vowels rather than a direct reflection of the original acute, and with an overview of the developments that are associated with the Slavic neo-acute.
The volume offers a panoramic view of the current state of the art in Balto-Slavic accentology showing the areas that elicit broad agreement and those that remain controversial. Generally accepted notions include the origin of the Balto-Slavic intonations, common Indo-European provenance of Slavic and Baltic accent types, the existence of the dominant and recessive morphemic valences, and the nature of the stress shifts that altered the original patterns according to de Saussure's law in Lithuanian and Dybo's laws in the late Proto-Slavic1 (it is not clear however, whether the concept of a phonetic distinction between the recessive [non-phonemic] stress of enclinomena and the "normal" stress of the orthotonic forms is accept-
1 One must note that the lack of commonly accepted terminology is occasionally confusing, e.g., the term "Proto-Slavic" may refer either to the point before the right shift of the ictus from non-acute syllables with phonemic (non-eclinomenal) stress or to a later stage with the three accent paradigms.
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ed by all scholars). While prosodic developments in specific Baltic and Slavic languages are better understood, there are areas where the exact sequence of phonetic and analogical changes is still unknown. Specific examples include the quantitative developments in West Slavic languages discussed by Ronald Feldstein, tonal restructuring in Ka-jkavian dialects investigated by Keith Langston, specific reflections of the Proto-Slavic accent paradigms in South Slavic verb systems analyzed by Mislav Benic and Mate Kapovic, as well as dialectal features of accentuated manuscripts discussed by Irina Pekunova and Margarita Zhivova. Finally, much remains to be done in establishing the exact nature and the relative chronology of segmental and prosodic changes needed to fully understand the transition from the Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Balto-Slavic. Despite undeniable progress made by many scholars, as demonstrated by some of the articles in the present volume, there remain sharp disagreements in the nature of some developments, in particular, with respect to specific paradigmatic forms and phonemic clusters as evidenced, for example by the polemic between Miguel Carrasquer Vidal and Frederik Kortlandt or by the continued search for the exact conditions of the Winter's law. Guus Kroonen's warning against "cherry-picking" of seemingly relevant examples from a group of related languages demonstrates that the lack of clear understanding of secondary developments specific to that group may easily produce both "false positives" and "false negatives."
The success of the Leiden workshop shows that historical studies of Balto-Slavic and Indo-European accent continue to attract scholars from various
countries, generations, and academic traditions. Accentology is one of the most challenging areas of historical linguistics in large part due to sparse-ness of the relevant data. For example, a disyllabic word viewed as a sequence of phonemes represents one in several thousands of potentially valid phonemic permutations, but allows only two possible stress positions. Evidently, historical reconstruction of prosodic systems requires much larger amounts of material and is more vulnerable to data loss (due to "random noise" such as analogies or borrowings) than segmental phonemic reconstruction. Moreover, it presents additional difficulties in the way data are published and stored (and prompts occasional complaints from readers not accustomed to accentological literature who lament both the "density of the prose" and the inordinate amount of concentration required to understand it). The future IWoBA workshops may address the possibility of developing a system of common data exchange standards that would enable digital access to accentological materials accumulated by many of the participants either as part of descriptive work or in support of a specific reconstruction. Digital data archives presented alongside traditional publications will enhance separation of data from linguistic commentary (and address "the density of the prose" problem) simplifying access to the material for both occasional readers and experienced researchers. A more difficult (and more important) task is the extraction of such data from the publications that are not available in digital form (such as earlier work of Vladimir Dybo and his colleagues). It is worth noting that Leiden University is the world leader in the development of etymological databases and one may hope that the present
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volume will be augmented by a digital publication of the relevant data cross-linked against the previously published etymological databases of Slavic, Baltic and Indo-European languages.
Konstantin K. Bogatyrev
Oceanside, California, kbogatyrev@yahoo.com
JERICA SNOJ: METAFORA V LEKSIKALNEM SISTEMU. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 2010. (Zbirka Linguistica et philologica, 24). 213 str.
Leta 2010 je kot 24. knjiga zbirke Linguistica et philologica izšla znanstvena monografija Metafora v leksikalnem sistemu Jerice Snoj, slovenske leksiko-loginje in leksikografke. Monografija je rezultat raziskave, opravljene v doktorski disertaciji Metafora v slovenskem slovarju, ki je bila zagovarjana pod mentorstvom red. prof. dr. Ade Vidovič Muhe leta 2009. Avtorica v predgovoru monografije zapiše, da »[m]enda ni le-ksikologa, ki ga ne bi vznemirjala privlačnost tega pojava, hkrati pa strašila neobvladljivost metafore v njeni vlogi neizčrpnega vira izraznih možnosti, ki učinkovito sledijo vselej novim poime-novalnim in preimenovalnim potrebam« (9). S tem nakaže dvojnost metaforične rabe, ki jo jezik uporablja zaradi poi-menovalnega pomanjkanja oz. poime-novalne nuje (poimenovalna metafora), na drugi strani pa zaradi igrive narave jezika, ki izkorišča že obstoječe besedje za stilno ponazoritev nečesa, kar že ima lastno poimenovanje (preimenovalna
metafora), oboje pa je dokaz jezikovne ekonomičnosti.
Na začetku knjige sta Predgovor in Uvod. Monografija je nato členjena na dva temeljna dela. Prvi nosi naslov Razumevanje metafore v leksikologiji, obsega 48 strani in je teoretična osnova monografije, drugi del je naslovljen Analitični prikaz metafore v leksikalnem sistemu, je obširnejši, zajema 86 strani, in je analitični del. Vsak del se členi na poglavja in podpoglavja. Drugemu, težiščnemu delu sledijo sklepne ugotovitve, povzetek v slovenščini, povzetek v angleškem jeziku, priloge, viri in literatura, na koncu pa je stvarno kazalo. Pred avtoričinim predgovorom so še kazalo grafičnih prikazov (teh je v knjigi deset), razlaga kratic ter bibliografskih kratic.
V prvem delu monografije avtorica pregledno povzame spoznanja in ugotovitve, ki so jih že zabeležili raziskovalci metafore, in sicer tako, da v prvem poglavju Splošna leksikološka dela (15-18) predstavi pomembnejša leksikološka dela tujih avtorjev (John Lyons, Dmitrij Nikolajevič Šmelev, Geoffrey Leech, Josef Filipec, Anna Wierzbicka, Jurij Derenikovič Apresjan, Darinka Gortan Premk), v drugem poglavju (19-31) pa se podrobneje usmeri na spoznanja domačih jezikoslovcev in preveri razpravljanje o metafori v znanstvenem delu dr. Ade Vidovič Muhe Slovensko leksikalno pomenoslovje. V okviru tega Snojeva oblikuje podpoglavja Strukturalno modelirani slovarski pomen kot izhodišče za določitev leksikalizirane metafore, Tipološke pomenskoizpeljav-ne značilnosti leksikalizirane metafore in Metafora znotraj samostalniške večpomenskosti. V prvem podpoglavju predstavi temeljna izhodišča za obravnavo metafore v Slovenskem leksikal-nem pomenoslovju, v drugem pa raz-
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