UDK 821.161.1.09-31 Koväcs Arpäd Budimpešta CjioeeH. käzati, käzem «noKasbieamb» e podcmee c dp.-UHÖ. kägate «noneimemcn, önucmaem, ceemum» u zpen. Tsx^ap «sHaK»; (Max Vasmer) «TAHHCTBEHHMH 3HAK» Y flOCTOEBCKOrO peaibHoe - ecmb mocKa (®eflOp ^OCTOeBCKHÖ) Pojav, o katerem bomo govorili, je bistven tako z vidika poetike Dostojevskega, kot tudi z vidika njegove personologije. Poleg tega je ta pojav zaznamovan tako na ravni romanesknih tekstov, kot tudi na ravni metajezika avtorjeve diskurzivne prakse. The phenomenon discussed in the article appears to be a fundamental one from both the point of view of Dostoevsky's poetics as well as of his character study. Moreover, it is marked in the realm of novelistic texts and in the metalanguage of the author's discourse practices. Ključne besede: skrivnostno znamenje, nevidna oseba (naqo), subjekt kot udeleženec samodejavnosti/samoiniciativnosti, vloga subjekta jezika v samodejavnosti, čista aktualnost Key words: mysterious sign, invisible person, subject as participant in a spontaneous action, role of a language subject in the indicated spontaneous action, pure actuality TocKa KaK awcnosHUHH nocrynKa h hctohhhk paccKasa ®eHOMeH, o KOTopoM noH^eT pent b ^aHHOM coo6^eHHH, ^BnaeTca ^yH^aMeHTant- HHM KaK C TOHKH SpeHHÄ nO3THKH, TaK H nepCOHOHOrHH floCTOeBCKOrO. K TOMy «e, MapKHpOBaH KaK B nnaHe pOMaHHHX TeKCTOB, TaK h MeTaaSHKa ^HCKypCHBHOH npaKTHKH aBTopa. Bapa^eHHe «TaHHCTBeHHHH 3HaK» BCTpenaeTCa b CTaTte nemepöypzcKue cHoeudeHun e cmuxax u npose, h BxoflHT b OTpesoK TeKCTa, noCBa^e-HHHH o6oCHOBaHHro ueHTpa^^BHoro KOHuenTa no3THKH poMaHa pyCCKoro nHCaTena -npospeHHTO. UpospeHue - HasBaHHe COÖHTHa, ne^a^ero b OCHOBaHHH Cro^eTOCno-«eHHa, CBH^eTentCTByeT o CneuH^HneCKOM TonKOBaHHH HasHaneHHa poMaHHoro noBeCTBOBaHHa - 6htb o^hhm h3 CaMHX mo^hhx opy^HH CaMonoHHMaHHa nenoBeKa. HMeHHo B 3TOM nyHKTe ConpHKaCaeTCa mhchb floCToeBCKoro C repMeHeBTHKOH nepCOHa.nH3Ma, TaK KaK caMonoHHMaHHe y Hero KopeHHTca b MHpe nocTynKa, to ecTt B C^epe, KOTOpyro B ^HHOCO^HH HaSHBaroT ««HSHeHHHM MHpOM», H npoTBo-nocTaBnaroT ^opMaM 3HaHHa b snHCTeMonorHH. Bonpoc, KOTopHM mh ^oh^hh sa^aTBca, oneBH^eH: hto co6oh npe^CTaBnaeT «TaHHCTBeHHHH 3HaK» y ^.ocToeBCKoro H KaKyro pont HeceT b KOHCTHTyuHH TeMH, ^opMH H aKTa npo3peHHa? to ecTt, b cro«eTe, paccKa3e h a3HKOBOM npoH3BefleHHH (^HCKypce)? K yKa3aHHOH CTaTte a 6yfly o6pa^aTtca no toh npHHHHe, hto 3flect ^eTa^tHee Bcero pa3pa6oTaHa CHCTeMa h MeTaa3HK 3Toro cno^Horo o6pa3OBaHHa. KocTaK CHCTeMH ycTOHHHBo coxpaHHTCÄ BO Bcex poMEHEx, E CHMBOHH (HeBE, üeTepGypr, neTep6yprcKEa npnpofla, yron, ahm, nap, cyMepKH, conHeHHHÖ nyn BenepHeß 3apH, MOpO3, cHer, TEHHE, cTpEX, TocKE H T. a.) CBa3aHHHe c 3THM oTpe3KoM TeKcTE ÄBnaroTca cEMHMH yCTOHHHBHMH H OCo6eHHO yHHKE^BHHMH BO BCeM TBOpHeCTBe nHCETena. B CHny Toro, hto TeKCT H3naraeT b KanecTBe «npoHcmecTBHa» CEMyro oÖHKHOBeH-Hyro noApoÖHocTB, ««oaho o^y^eHHe», nocneAOBETentHo pa3BepHyToe paccKE3HHKOM B «BHAeHHe HE HeBe», - b cHny 3Toro ycnoBHa x HEHHy H3no«eHHe c paccMOTpeHHa poHH AeTEHH B npo3e flocToeBCKoro. C onpeAeneHHOH tohkh 3peHHx Aa^e «MentHEHmaX MenOHt» MO^eT OKE3aTBCX ««TEHHCTBeHHHM 3HaKOM» H, CneAOBETentHO, OTCHHETB K Cy6ieKTy CEMOnOHHMEHHX, KOTOpHH pyCCKHH pOMEHHCT HE3HBaeT «HeBHAHMHM HHUOM», nOCKOHBKy B erO nepCOHOnOrHH HHHHOCTB He TO^AeCTBeHE HH CTETyCy «X» HHAHBHAE B OTHOmeHHH KOHHeKTHBE, HH «X» nO OTHOmeHHTO K «TH», HH ^«x» cEMope^neKCHH, HenoBeK b oTHomeHHH k cBoeMy HHTenneKTy: «B HenoBeKe, KpoMe rpa^AEHHHE, ecTt h jhuc. CyAtx cyAHT rpa^AEHHHE h HHorAE coBceM He bhaht nHua. A noTOMy BcerAE BO3MO®HO BnenaTneHHe 3Toro HeBHAHMoro ^hue, KOTopoe ocTaeTCx TontKO c HHM, H cyAtx HHHero B HeM He yBHAHT.» (24:109).' «HeBHAHMOe HHUO» TpyAHO ynOBHMO HE BCeX yKESEHHX ypOBHXX CO3HaHHX; Cy6ieKT KEK yHECTHHK CEMOAeXTentHOCTH HEHHHeCTByeT TOntKO B CBOeM EKTe nocTynKE, TO ecTt b CBepmeHHH h CTEHOBneHHH; .^hhhoctb a^x ^.ocToeBCKoro hhctex EKTyE^BHOCTB, C npHcy^eH eH npeAnono^eHHOCTtro k HenpepHBHOMy Honunecmeo-eaHum b CBoeH h ny^oH «h3hh; ohe ctehobhtcx cy6ieKTOM CBoero cy^ecTBOBEHHX TOntKO HHmt B 3TOH EKTyE^BHOH MOAEHBHOCTH KEK yHECTHHK CEMOAeXTentHOCTH B CMHcne ®HXTe. Oaheko, b oTHHHHe OT HeMeuKoro MHcnHTenx y flocToeBCKoro CEMOAexTentHocTB pacnpocTpaHxeTcx h he cnoBOTBopHecTBo, b ero oco6oM - poMEH-HOM - npoxBneHHH, a a^x poMEHHOH npo3H xapaKTepHO cneuH^HHecKoe 3HaKO-o6pE3OBaHHe, K AeMOHCTpaUHH KOTOpOrO H o6pa^aeTCX floCTOeBCKHH B yKESEHHOM TeKCTe. «TaHHCTBeHHHH 3HaK» npHCBEHBaeTCX HenOBeKy, KOTOpHH HEXOAHTCX HE nyTH K cBoeMy AHCKypcy - b npoMe^yTKe Me^Ay nocTynKOM h chobom. npoMe^yroHHax CHTyauHX ecTt c^epa ekte. «HeBHAHMOMy HHuy» cooTBeTCTByeT b 3tom nnaHe e^e co3HAaro^eecx, ho He npoapTHKynHpoBEHHoe hm «6yAy^ee» chobo, a 3to CBHAe-TentcTByeT o GontmoH poHH cy6ieKTa x3HKa b yKESEHHOH caMOAexTentHocTH. Be^t, AeTEHt, noApoÖHocTB b cTETte flocToeBCKoro npoTHBonocTEBneHH co6h-THTO, TO eCTt npOHCmeCTBHTO C MapKepOM «HOBOCTt». Cro^eT (b 3nHHeCKOM H TpareAHHHOM CMHcne chobe) ^opMHpyeT cyAt6y hhahbhae, TorAa kek HappaTHBH-3HUHX AeTEHH CnOCo6cTByeT OTKpHTHro pOHH nOApOÖHOCTeH, no ^OCTOeBCKOMy, «MeHtHEHmeH MeHOHH» B CTEHOBHeHHH CyÖ^eKTE nOCTynKE. HeAO, KOHeHHO, HMeTt B BHAy, HTO demanb cio:memHa2 TorAE, KorAE paccMETpHBaeTCx b CHCTeMe AeHcTBHX, 1 TeKCTH ,^0CT0eBCK0^0 uHTHpyroTCx no H3AaHHro: M. ,^ocToeBCKHH: noHHoe co5paHHe coHHHeHHH B TpHAUETH TOMEX, «HayKE», HeHHHrpüA. 2 CM. rHEBy «Cro^eTHaa ^yHKUHX noBecTBOBETeHtHHX AeTEHeß («npoTHBonoHO^HHH ®ecT» nepcoHE^a ,ocToeBCKoro)» b Moeß kh. Pomeh ,ocToeBCKoro OnHT no3THKH ®aHpa. Budapest, Tankönyvkiado, 1985, 213-229. Kor^a ÄBnaeTca nacTtro CBepmeeHa nocTynKa, KaK eanpHMep, aTpnöyT - Bonme6HHH npe^MeT - b cKasKe nnn, cKa^eM, Be^t b HcnoneeeHH nocTynKa y floe KnxoTa. Tpaec^opMauHÄ Be^H b «mneM MaMGpnea» ea ypoBee cnoBa repoa h b «mneM Apeca» B nnaee cosHflaeMHx b 3toh penn TponoB h ^nryp, npecy^ecTBnaeT Be^t b 3HaK H chmboh. H HMeeeo b chmboh aKTa, cBepmeena, a ee BH6opa, nocTynKa. TeM caMHM nro6aa Menont b eappauHH BHcTynaeT ee TontKo b KanecTBe cpe^cTBa npoHSBe^eHHa nocTynKa, eo h b chmboh cnoco6a aencTBHa, coöcTBeeeo, b cBH^eTentcTBo caMonpeseeTauHH aencTBoBaTena. B 3tom cMHcne Be^H cBH^e-TentcTByroT o «cTHne aeöcTBHa», h BxoaaT b cHcTeMy caMonpeseeTauHÖ nenoBeKa, ^opMHpyro^Hx ero nHHeocTt. He TontKo bh6op nocTynKa, eo h opyaHe, npH noMo^H KoToporo cBepmaeTca nocTynoK (h nroGoä MeeTa^tHHÖ aKT) noKasHBaeT «hhuo» aeäcTBoBaTena. üoKyaa npoayKT aeöcTBHa ^opMHpyeT ero cyat6y, h nosToMy cTaeoBHTca TeMoä a^a cro^eTa noBecTBoBaeHa, Be^H KaK opyaHa aeöcTBHa cocTaBnaroT MHp nocTynKa, cBHaeTentcTBya o6 oTeomeeHH cy6ieKTa k cBoeä aeaTenteocTH. 3tot «MHp» ocTaeTca cBHaeTentcTBoBaTt o hhhhocth h nocne Toro, KaK oe ero noKHaaeT. BcnoMHHM xoTa 6h «nepo» üonpH^Hea3 hhh «6yHTy^HH ny^» B aoMe HBaea HntHna. OaeaKo, eappaTHBHaa cHcTeMa aeTa^eä Mo^eT cocTaBnaTt ee TontKo nnae MaHH^ecTauHH cTHna aeäcTByro^ero nHqa, eo TaK^e h aKTa, KoTopHä oxBaTHBaeT BjiHSKce K 3ToMy noHHMaHHe pasjHHHa Me^ay ^yHKUHefi aeTa^H b cKasKe, c oaecH cTopoeH, h b poMaee - c apyroH, HSjo^Hj WpHH MHxaHjoBHH .noTMae b cTaTte «O cro^eTeoM npocTpaecTBe pyccKoro poMaea XIX cTojjeTHa» (cm. TpyaH no seaKoBHM cHcTeMaM 20. TapTy, 1987, 101-114). Oh nHcaj: «fleTajt-peajHa b ncBecTBCBaTeJbH^Ix ^cJbKJcpH^Ix TeKcTax Beecro^eTea [^]. B poMaee XIX BeKa aeTajt cro:«eTHa.» (105-106). Haac6Hc ynecTt, oaeaKo, ceMHoTHHecKyro oceoBy stoh KoeuenuHH aeTajH. C tohkh speHHa .noTMaea «Be^H - cc^HCKyJIbTypHHe seaKH...» (105). C tohkh speeHa aKcHoM nepccHaJbHc^c noBecTBoBaeHa Be^H aBjaroTca seaKaMH npHseaKoB aHHeoro - eaHeHHeoro - aKTa. npH noMo^H eaHHHHHc^c-HencBTcpHMc^c aeficTBHa cy6beKT npecy^ecTBjaeT npeaeaxoaHMyro hm b aeHcTBHTeatHocTH Be^t B npeaMeT cBoero aeficTBHa h cjoBa, npHcBaHBaa TeM caMHM eH seaHeeHe. B cHjy ^Tc^c, to ecTt b pesyjjtTaTe aKTyajHsauHH h npeseeTauHH «Be^H» cbohm HenoBTopHMHM aKToM h seaHeeHeM, oea cTaeoBHTca seaKoM npHseaKa aeficTBHa nocTynaro^ero HejoBeKa (cy6teKTa), a oTcroaa, h chmbojom ero npHcyTcTBHa b MHpe h HcTopHH (cp. xoTa 6h nepo nonpH^Hea hjh muHejih AKaKHa). B nepcoHajteoM noBecTBoBaHHH «Be^t», KaK npeaMeT HCBC^C HaHMeeoBaeHa (ea ypoBee TeKcTa) h opyaHe aeficTBHa (ea ypoBHe cro:eTa) npeBpa^aeTca b penpeseeTauHro cnccc6a aeficTBHa h cnccc6a HMeeoBaeHa, Toraa KaK npeaMeTHHfi aTpH6yT b cKasKe ocTaeTca HeHsMeeHofi, ycTofiHHBofi STHKeTKofi nepcoea^a pas h eaBceraa, ncac6Hcfi MH^ojjorHHecKHM 3M6jeMaM (eanpHMep, eechi h Meuh Wcthhhh). B aKTe aeficTBHa cy6teKT coBepmaeT ee TojtKo BH6cp Me:ay ajtTepeaTHBaMH, eo npHcBaHBaeT ce6e cBoficTBa c6teKTa aeficTBHa h caHCBpeMeHHc o6teKTy - cBoficTBa cBoero aeficTBHa, b cHjy Hero h npoHcxoaHT npeBpa^eeHe npeaMeTa aeficTBHa B chmbojj aKTyajtHoro npHcyicTBHa jhhhocth b MHpe cBoefi h HHTepnepcoeajtHofi ^hshh. B MHpe nocTynKa ee TojjtKo KyjjtTypeMH h chmbojh, ho h «caMaa o6HKHoBeHHaa «Hseeeeaa MejoHt» (flocToeBcKHfi 18: 33) Mo:eT cTaTt CHMBOJoo6pa3yro^HM ^aKTopoM, npH ycjoBHH BKjroHeeHa b aKT nepcoHajteoro noBecTBoBaeHa. O Heo6xoaHMocTH pasjHHeHHa eappaTHBHKH cKasKH (no nponny) h nosTHKH poMaea cm. Moro cTaTtro «BonpocH nosTHKH :aHpa». // Annales Universitatis Scientarium Budapestinensis. Sectio Philologica Moderna, 1983, 61-82. 3 noapo6Hee o npeBpa^eeHH Be^H b chmbojj aeficTBHa b npose Mee npHmjoct roBopHTt oco6o no noBoay 3anucoK cyMacmedme2o Foroaa. Cm.: CMhicjioeoü Mup // Kovacs Arpad: nepcoeaateoe noBecTBoBaHHe. nymKHH, Foroat, flocToeBcKHfi. (Slavische Literaturen. Texte und Abhandlungen. Herausg. von Wolf Schmid. Band 7). Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, New York, Paris, Wien. Peter Lang l994, 37-58. noHHHH KpyroBopoT caMOfleaTentHOCTH, HaHHHaa ot HMnyntca nocTynKa nepea 3aMHcen BnnoTt ^o pea^naauHH b npo^yKTe h pe^neKCHH Bcero 3Toro npoqecca. Oco6eHHo fleTantHo pa3pa6oTaH cooTBeTcTByro^HH MeTo^ HappaTHBHon MaHH^ecTauHH aKTa b poMaHax ^ocToeBcKoro, r^e BnenaTneHHe ot nocTynKa Bcer^a npoH3BoflHT 3$$eKT «BflpyT», To ecTB, Koa^HUHeHT Henpe^cKaayeMocTH nocTynKa oneHB bhcok. CneayeT k BceMy cKaaaHHoMy c^enaTt o^ho BectMa 3HaHHTHenBHoe flo6aBneHHe: B TeKcTe ^.ocToeBcKoro HpeaBHHaÖHo bhcokoh cTeneHH Henpe^cKaayeMocTH nponop-unoHa^BHa cTeneHt ^HcKpeTHocTH (fleTannaoBaHHocTH) 3thx «npoTHBonono^HHx» e^HHHU Ha ypoBHe paccKaaa h cnntHaa KoMnpeccnpoBaHHocTt cMHcna b nnaHe flncKypca. To, hto no^ne^HT ^ncKpeTHoMy pacnneHeHnro Ha nepBoM ypoBHe, to ecTt, HacTH KpyroBopoTa, Ha cne^yro^eM npeoöpaaoBaHH b 3HaKH «uenoKynHoro fleäcTBHa» (BHpa^eHHe flocToeBcKoro). 3th 3HaKH To^e HMeroT cTaTyc «npoTHBonono^Horo», hto o6iacHaeTca MeTa^opHHecKoä pontro, KoTopyro ohh BHnonHaroT bo B3aHMo-fleäcTBHH c apyrHMH 3HaKaMH, H cny^aT co3HflaHHro hoboh, neKcHnecKH He^HKcn-poBaHHoä HnH Heonpe^eneHHoH ceMaHTHKH. HoBaa ceMaHTHKa «e HMeeT cboh oco6eH-HHH 3$$eKT - ÄBnaeTca no6y«fleHHeM k cnoBoo6pa3oBaHHro, HoBoMy HaHMeHoBaHHro H cooTHeceHHro (pe^epeHunn) HoBoro HMeHH c BHea3HKoBoH c^epoä. Ha 3tom ocHoBaHHH flocToeBcKHH roBopHT o «hobom cnoBe», KoTopoe ynacTByeT b cTaHoB-neHHH cy6ieKTa KaK b nnaHe pa3pa6oTKH «cBoeä coöcTBeHHoä mhchh», TaK h «cBoero co6cTBeHHoro B3r.nafla».4 üpH 3tom HMeeTca b BH^y HMeHHo axm oceoenun - ocBoeHHa HHHHoro c.oBa, a Hepe3 to, h caMocTo^TentHoro B3r.nafla. Cne^yeT noMHHTt, hto pent H^eT o c.oBe KaK 3HaKe npo3aHHecKoro TeKcTa, cBoäcTBeHHoro poMaHy. 3tot 3HaK Ha3oBeM TepMHHoM nposerna. fleno B tom, hto b xy^o^ecTBeHHoß npo3e KaK TaKoBoä Bcer^a npo^eMoHcTpH-poBaHo cTaHoB.eHHe c.oBa, coBna^aro^ee c nocTpoeHHeM noBecTBoBaHHa o nocTynKe, c aKToM nepcoHantHoro noBecTBoBaHHa. 3HaK (o3HaHaeMoe) b npo3e o6peTaeT cTaTyc c.oBa Tor^a, Kor^a co3HflaHHe TeKcTa 3aBepmaeTca, BKnroHaa b 3tot npoqecc HHTepTeKcTya.tHHe onepaqHH, a oTHacTH TaK«e onepaqHH BocnpH^THa. KoHcTHTyTHBHaa po.t npo3eM^i He cbo^htcä hh k ^yHKqHH 3aMe^eHHa, hh aHa.orHH, HH BHpa^eHHÄ. y flocToeBcKoro npo3eMa, «HoBoe c.obo» BHcTynaeT b KaHecTBe no6y«fleHHa Bcex ^yHKqHÖ MeHTa^tHoß ^e^TentHocTH He.oBeKa - o^y^eHHa, BneHaT.eHHÄ h mhchh. TaK bot, Kor^a c.obo npoH3BoflHT cBoe fleßcTBHe-noGy^fleHHe o^HoBpeMeHHo Ha Bcex yKasaHHHx ypoBH^x, npoHcxo^HT to, hto flocToeBcKHß Ha3HBaeT «npo3peHHeM». 3to npoHcmecTBHe po^cTBeHHo c ^ponecucoM h anazHo-pucucoM ApHcToTena, nocKo.tKy nepBoMy cooTBeTcBTyeT npo3peHHe KaK «BneHHe 6htoboh npaKTHKH (cp. HuKoMaKoecKan smuxa), a BTopoMy - KaK KoMno3HqHoHHaa e^HHHqa cro«eTa, to ecTt npo3peHHe TparHHecKoro repoa (cp. UoamuKa). Ko.t cKopo ApHcToTent no oTHomeHHro k ^ponecucy, paBHo KaK h anaznopucucy HeH36e«HHM yc.oBHeM npH3HaeT «e^HHHHHoe aeöcTBHe», npo3peHHe ^oh^ho KopeHHTtca b .hhhom h HenoBTopHMoM nocTynKe. B pe3yntTaTe pccMoTpeHHa TeKcToB fl,ocToeBcKoro 4 M. flocToeBcKHÖ: neiep5yprcKHe chobh^chhs b cTHxax h npo3e // nonHoe co5paHHe coHHHeHHß B ipH^uaiH loMax, T. XIX. «HayKa», HeHHHrpaa, 1979. npHH^eTca BocnoHHHTB apHCTOTeneBCKyro Moment nocTynKa h npospeena, TaK KaK oea HMMaeeHTHa ÖHToBoMy coGhthto h TparnnecKoMy cro^eTy. A BocnonenTt cne^yeT ee, KaK ^yMaeTca, c ^Byx ToneK speHHa - c o^hoh ctopohh, b nnaHe noHHMaHHa nocTynKa b KanecTBe aKTa, a c apyron - b nnaee paccMoTpeeHa aKTa b KanecTBe HcToHHHKa 3HaKa, cnoBa h nposeMH b «aepe poMaea. 06a KoeqenTa noeHMaeHa - h 3THHecKHH H nosTHHecKHH - npe^nonararoT b KanecTBe cBoero HcToneHKa e^HHHHHoe aeäcTBHe, eenoBTopHMHH hhhhhh nocTynoK. OaeaKo b «aepe poMaea 3tot nocTynoK - B pesyntTaTe h cBepmeeHa, h paccKasHBaeHa - caM cTaeoBHTca seaKoM, a seaHHT, BHcTynaeT KaK b ponH oseanaro^ero, TaK h oseanaeMoro. B cHny TaKoro flBoneoro onocpe^oBaHHÄ npospeeHe noKpHBaeT c^epy BsaHMoaencTBHa Me«fly 3thmh ^opMaMH caMonoHHMaHHÄ, H cocTaBnaeT KoecTHTyTHBeyro e^HHHuy HMeeeo poMaeeoro cro«eTa, a ee GHToBoro npaKcHca nenoBeKa, paBeo KaK h ee BocnpoHSBeaeHHa 3Toro npaKcHca b Tpare^HH. CneuH^HKy noBecTBoBaTenteoro ^HcKypca b poMaee cocTaBnaeT - ea moh Bsrnaa - ee ^yHKUHa nocTynKa b cro«eTe h ee ero Moment, a aKT ^yeflaMeHTanteoH MeTaMop^osH: nocTynoK - ^HcnosHUHa - seaK. 3th TpaecnosHUHH cBH^eTentcTByroT o tom, hto hctohhhk poMaeeoro - eaxo^a^eroca b eenpepHBeoM cTaeoBneeHH -cnoBa KopeHHTca ee b cnoBape (TaM mh eaxo^HM nHmt neKceMy, to ecTt seaK oseanaro^ero Ges BeemeeH h BHyTpeeeeH ^opMH, Ges KoeTeKcTa h cy6ieKTa), a KopeHHTca B coGhthh cBepmeHHa ocoGoro BH^a nocTynKa - TaKoro, KoTopoMy ee npeamecTByeT oGoceoBHBaro^ee coGHTHe h sa kotophm ee cne^yeT npoayKT aeHcTBHa. B cHny 3Toro caM nocTynoK «HcTopHsHpyeTca»: nepes cboto ^HcnosHUHro ero BosaeHcTBHe ea ^opMHpoBaeHe cyG^eKTa cnoBa (h npospeeHa) oKasHBaeTca ycToHHHBHM, BosBpa^aTO^HMca h sa npe^enaMH KoeTeKcTa aaeeoro aeHcTBHa hhh coGHTHa. (BcnoMHHM xoTÄ Gh GecuentHHe h GesnpHHHHHHe npoTHBonono«HHe «ecTH CTaBporHHa.) XapaKTepeHH ^na BonmeGeoH cKasKH acneKT aeHcTBHa - 3to ^yHKUHa nocTynKa. Ho 3to ycToÖHHBocTt, cooTBeTcTByro^aa Mop^onorHnecKoH Mo^enH (y üponna), coraaceo KoTopoH nocTynoK repoa cKasKH BocnpHHHMaeTca c tohkh speHHa ero seaHHMocTH ana xo^a aeHcTBHa. B TaKoM ocBe^eeHH nocTynoK noKasae KaK KoMnoeeeT Gonee bhcokoh opraeHsoBaeeocTH, KoMnosHUHH cro«eTa, to ecTt aBnaeTca 3neMeHToM TeneonorHnecKoH cTpyKTypH «aepoBoro Koaa. HanpoTHB, B poMaee aeTanHsHpoBae apyroH acneKT: ^ucno3u^uH nocmyuKa, cnocoGcTByro^aa nopo«aeHHro MeTa^opHnecKHx aTTpaKUHH, TeKcTH-oTcTynneea KoTopHx KaK pas npenaTcTByroT pasBepTHBaeHro cro«eTa, noBecTBoBaeHro h, KaK npaBHno, cBHaeTentcTByroT o KpHsHce cnoBa paccKasnKa, eanpaBneeeoro ea npeaHKauHro nocTynKa. B cHny 3Toro onocpeaoBaeHa aHcnosHUHa (KaK TeMa paccKasa) H oKasHBaeTca noGy«aeHHeM BeyTpeeeero ceMHosHca, cosHaaeHa «eoBoro cnoBa», nepcoeanteoro cnoBoTBopnecTBa. B npoqecce cosHaaeHa cnoBa eaMenaeTca aBH«eHHe ot aHcnosHUHH K HHaeKcy H oTcroaa K cnoBy, hGo HeaeKc b hctophh nocTynKa, b aKTe eeceT pont noGy«aeHHa k oseaHHBaeHro. FyMGontaT roBopHn oG 3tom TpaecBepGanteoM easeaneeHH cnoBa KaK oG «hhcthhkt HHTenneKTa» (intellek-tuelen Instinkt)».5 5 Cp. BHntrentM ^oe FyMGontaT: ^shk h ^Hnoco^Ha KyntTypH. MocKBa, nporpecc 1985, 365. CyflB6a KEK anHHecKaa cxena cro^eTa b poMane ^enaeT saBepmeHHOH CTpyKTypy «H3HH HHflHBHfla, Tor^a kek npo3peHHe TeMaTH3HpyeT HesaBepmeHHOCTt, HeHCHepnaeMocTB cmhche nenoBenecKOH «h3hh ^a^e b ncKyccTBe cro^eTa. üpHHHHa noflo6HOH HeTpaHcnapeHTHocTH 3aKnroHaeTca b cBoeo6pa3HH Toro acneKTa nocTynKa, kotophh ÄBnaeTca floMHHaHToä b pomehex ^ocToeBcKoro. fleno b tom, hto cmhcho-o6pa3yro^HH npouecc, 3aHHHaro^HHca b nnaHe cro^eTa npo3peHHa, TpaHcnoHnpyeTca Ha ypoBeHB TeKcTa, r^e HocHTen^MH 3Toro 3aBya^HpoBaHHoro cro^eTa «BnaroTca «npoTHBonono^HHe» chobe, m^ichh, :«ecTH, nocTynKH. Heo^H^aHHHe c tohkh 3peHHa ncHXHHecKoä, H^enHon, 6htoboh nparMETHKH ekth h aeTann6 He BKnronaroTca hh b Kay3aHBHyro, hh b nornnecKyro cTpyKTypy cro^eTa, ho TeM He MeHee ohh KoHcTHTy-thbhh c tohkh 3peHHa npHcyTcTBHÄ repoa b MHpe TeKcTa. HMeHHo ohh, He noaaa-ro^Heca ynopaaoHHBEHHTO nyTeM paccKasHBEHHa h KoMneTeHUHH paccKasHHKa Boo6^e, - HMeHHo ohh ÄBnaroTca hctohhhkom opHrHHantHon a^a aaHHoro npoH3BeaeHHa cHcTeMH chmbohob. üo Mepe HcnepnaHHa HappaTHBHon KoMneTeHUHH chobe paccKa3a Bo3pacTaeT cHMBonoo6pa3yro^ee 3HaHeHHe nocTynKoB -noBecTBoBETentHyro KoMneTeHUHro 3aecB cMeHaeT ^yHKUHa MeTa^op. üpo3peHHe, TEKHM o6pa3oM, He hto HHoe, kek onocpeaoBEHHoe noBecTBo-BETeHBHHM aHcKypcoM npeaBapHTeHBHoe, npHMopaHEHtHoe caMonoHHMEHHe, KopeHa^eeca He b 3HaHHH h He b hhtyhuhh, a b Bo3aeHcTBHH nocTynKa he aencTBy-ro^ero. ®opMH ero npoaBHeHHa oKaaHBaroTca npoTHBonono^HHMH toh rnaBHon Haee, KoTopyro repon npoBo3rHamaeT MoHonorHnecKH, kek cBoe y6e«aeHHe, - y flocToeBcKoro kek «Haero-cTpaTt». HanoMHro xoTa 6h HcTynneHHan MoHonor MamKHHE HE Benepe y EnaHHHHHx, KoHHaro^HÖca «npoTHBonono^HHM «ecToM» -cÖHeHHeM khtehckoh Ba3H H npoTHBonono^HHM chobom, «kphkom ayxa», to ecTB caMoBHpa^eHHeM, y^e He noaBepraro^HMca Haee-cTpacTH. CornacHo ycTEHoBKe noBecTBoBEHHa HE npoTHBonono^Hyro aeTEHt, 3th sneMeHTH cnararoTca b oTaentHHÖ Haacro^eT, npe3eHTHpyro^HH HcTopHro Bo3HHKHoBeHHa caMoocMHcneHHa repoa. Ha ypoBHe ^opM BHcKESHBEHHa repoa 3Ta HcTopHa paaBepTHBaeTca kek nepexoa ot BHemHero aHaHora c MHpoM h MHpo3aaHHeM k BHyrpeHHeMy aHEHory c cemhm co6oh, hto6h 3aTeM nepe^HTt hybctbo HeBHcKaaHBaeMocTH, HenpeaHUHpyeMocTH cmhche; HTo6h ycBoHTB MoHHEHHe B KEHecTBe cEMoH EKTHBHoH ^opMH npHcyTcTBHa -caMoBHpa^eHHe «ecTEMH, mhmhkoh. 3Ty aHHEMHKy caMoco3HaHHHa mh HaönroaaeM npH HappaTHBHoä npe3eHTauHH npHnaaKa KHa3a MnmKHHa, b cHHy KoTopoä npHnaaoK o6peTaeT MeTa^opHHecKoe 3HaHeHHe «noHHoro co3HaHHa», to ecTt caMonoHHMEHHa Hepe3 npo3peHHe b 6HTHe cm^iche. TeMoä aHa poMEHHoro aHcKypca npH 3tom aBHaeTca cemhh nyTB ceMHo3Hca, cBepmaro^eroca bo BHyTpeHHeä peHH b KEHecTBe HappaTHBHoä MoaeHH «Bo3HHKHoBeHHa cHoBE». üpo3peHHe «e, B cBoro oHepeat, ToHKyeTca b KEHecTBe «Bo3HHKHoBeHHa mhchh». B nHEHe nHctMeHHoro TeKcTa a3HKoBoro npoH3BeaeHHa tekhm o6pa3oM 3KcnHHUHpyeTca HcTopHa cy6ieKTa aHcKypca - He H3o6pa«eHHHH paccKa3HBaHHeM «o6pa3 HHua», a nopo^aeHHHÖ cbohm ektom TeKcToo6pa3oBaHHa cy6ieKT. 3Ta mhchb 6 Hx oTMeHEHH cEMHe npo3opHHBHe HHTETeHH flocToeBcKoro: Hhkoheh CTpaxoB, Hbeh TypreHeB, AHape ^Ha, üexp Ehuhhhh, ^mhtphh HHxaneB h ap. 6nH3Ka K H^ee TeTe h üacTepeaKa o tom, hto Ka^^oe BH^aro^eeca npoHaBe^eene HCKyccTBa co^ep^HT B ce6e HCTopnro CBoero BoseHKeoBeena. flo6aBHM: a TaK^e h BosHHKHoBeHHe aBTopa, cBepmaro^eroca b npouecce TeKcTooGpasoBaeHa. Bot noneMy B cosH^aHHH äshkobhx e^HHHu TeKcTa, nocpe^cTBoM KoTopHx cBepmaeTca npospeHHe repoa, MH Haxo^HM cHrHa^H «ronoca aBTopa». B 3toh Mo^a^tHocTH BHcKasHBaHHa oÖHapy^HBaeTca nepexo^ repoa c ypoBHa cBoeä couHantHo oKpameHHoä hh^h-BH^yantHoH peHH ea ypoBeet asHKa, MaeH^ecTHpyro^eroca b TeKcTe poMaea KaK «aepa. TaKHM oöpasoM o6ieKT noBecTBoBaTenteoro cnoBa (nepcoea«) cTaeoBHTca cy6ieKToM eappauHH, b cHny nero «repoä» Mo«eT BocnpHHHMaTtca KaK ^opMa TpaecnosHUHH cnoBa (h ero sneMeeToB) c nnaea BHcKasHBaeHa (H3o6pa«eHHoe chobo) B nnae nosTHHecKoro asHKa (cosH^aro^eeca b aKTe paccKasHBaeHa chobo H3o6pa-«eHHa). B 3tom cMHcne «repoa» eentsa npoTHBonocTaBnaTt «aBTopy», TaK KaK -6yflyHH ee tohbko «flHeaMHHecKoä cHcTeMoä», eo h ^Hrypoä TpaecnosHUHH sneMeHToB cBoero asHKa ea ypoBeet TeKcTa, - sTa KoecTHTyTHBeaa ^opMa poMaea codeücmeyem7 b TeMaTHsauHH nepexo^a ot aKTa k seaKy, h ot seaKa Hepes chobo k TeKcTy, a TeM caMHM cny«HT TeMaTHsauHH aBTopcKoro caMocosH^aeHa. KaK eocHTent peHH, B c^epe KoTopoä po«flaeTca hobhh seaK, repoä poMaea flocToeBcKoro npeBpa^aeTca b cy6ieKT TeKcTa, ea asHKe KoToporo o eeM Be^eTca noBecTBoBaeHe. B KaHecTBe cy6ieKTa Beyipeeeero ceMHosHca sTa ^Hrypa poMaeeoro noBecTBoBaeHa ecTt ee hto Heoe, KaK nocne^oBaTenteo KoecTHTyHpyro^HÖ ce6a npoeKT cmhchoboh HHTeeuHH TeKcTa. HMeeeo oea oTBeTcTBeeea sa KoeKpeTHsauHro cMHcna, sa ocy^ecTBneHHe eenpepHBeoro pa^a npeBpa^eeHÖ ceMaeTHHecKHx HeeoBauHH (hobhx MeTa^op) TeKcTa b TeMaTHHecKHe e^HHHUH paccKasHBaeMoro MHpa. Mo«ho cKasaTt: KaK eocHTent aKTa, repoß-aKTaeT - sto TeMaTHHecKaa ^Hrypa ceMaeTHKH TeKcTa; KaK cyGieKT cosH^aeHa seaKa «e, oe Mo«eT 6htb BocnpHeaT b KaHecTBe eocHTena asHKa b aeöcTBHH, to ecTt b KaHecTBe cy6ieKTa HMeeoBaeHa nocTynKoB h Be^eß. Cne^oBaTenteo, ^Hrypa cy6ieKTa, easHBaeMaa nepcoHa«eM, - to ecTt, cooTHeceeeocTt aKTa, Be^H h ^HcnosHUHH b nnaee cosH^aeHa seaKa h TeKcTa paccKasa, aBnaeTca TpaecnaTopoM Me«fly noBecTByeMHM MHpoM h noBecTBo-BaTentHHM TeKcToM, nocTynKoM h seaKoM, oseaHaeMHM h oseaHaro^HM, chmbohom H cHMBonHsHpyeMHM, cnoco6cTByro^HM cofleßcTBHTO H BsaHMofleßcTBHTO flaHHHX acneKToB HHTepaTypeoro npoHsBe^eeHa. Hs cKasaeeoro BHme oHeBH^eo, hto «TaHecTBeeeHH seaK» y flocToeBcKoro ^opMa^teo ee aBnaeTca noneHM seaKoM. B TepMHeax ceMHoTHKH (ÜHpca h Bronepa) eMy cooTBeTcTByeT cnoBo-HH^eKc, kotophh BHcTynaeT oaeoBpeMeeeo h b KaHecTBe HacTH o6ieKTa o^y^eeHa (HeMy cooTBeTcTByeT noBecTBoBaTenteaa ^eTa^t), h -seaKa sToro o6ieKTa (^eTa^t b cooTeeceeeocTH co chobom). HanpHMep, cBepKaeHe npoesHTenteoro Bsrna^a Poro«HHa, yno^oGneeeoro Ho«y, opy^Hro noKymeeHa ea 7 HanoMHro sTHMonorHHecKce seaHeeHe cncBa: jiaT. auctor «tot, kig coaeficTByei, ncMcraei». Cm. M. OacMep: SiHMGJGrHHecKHH cjoBapt pyccKoro asHKa. MocKBa, «nporpecc», 1986, 60. CaMHM yöeaHTejtHHM pemeeHeM npeaciaBjjaeTca HMeeeo cGaeficiBHe h BsaHMGaeficiBHe cy5teKTGB asHKa pase^ix ypoBHeß TeKcia, b GTjjHHHe gt hx GJHueiBGpeHHa («GÖpas»), HeH35e«HG npHBG,5a^erG k sMnHpHHecKGß ncHXGJGrHHecKGH apryMeeiauHH. Hama nosHUHa, KGeeHHG, ee HcKjroHaei BG3MG«HGCTH MeiancHXGJGrHHecKGrG nGaxG,,a k aBjeeHaM HCKyccTBa, b tgm HHCje h b c^epe nosiHKH. «KpacoTy» MnmKHHa h HacTactH ®HnHnnoBHH. TaKHMH HH^eKcaMH aBnaroTca TaK«e H «npoTHBonono^HHe «ecTH» 6e3MonBCTByro^ero - «HeBO3pa«aro^ero» - XpHCTa B BeiuKoM MHKeusumope: ero ynHÖKa, B3r.nafl, nouenyö. HMeHHO ohh no6y«flaroT k peneBOMy aKTy 6e3MonBCTByro^ero 90 .eT CTapHKa, KOTopHH pacmH^poBHBaeT ceMaHTHKy MonnaHHa Ha ocHOBaHHH ycTHOH HHTepnpeTauHH eBaHrentCKHX TeKCTOB. TaKHM o6pa3OM cnoBO-HH^eKC KaK «CHMnTOM» npo3peHHa aBnaeTca He TO.tKO BHpa«eHHeM MonnaHHa, ho h cpe^CTBOM HanoMHHaHHa, cpe^CTBOM otchhkh ot aHappaTHBHOH naMaTH HHKBH3HTopa K HappaTHBHOH naMaTH eBaHre.tCKoro nOBeCTBOBaHHa KaK nHCtMeHHOrO HCTOHHHKa C.OB XpHCTa. Be3 yneTa TaKoro He^ocTynHoro BOcnpHaTHro acneKTa aencTBHTentHOCTH, KaK KOHTeKCT HH^eKca OTHOCHTentHO aKTa hhh opy^Ha ^eHcTBHa, OHa, 3Ta aencTBHTent-HocTt, no ^ocToeBCKOMy, He pea.tHa, h6o pea.tHocTt o6peTaeTca, cor.nacHo ero MHeHHro, B cooTHeceHHocTH nocTynKa, opy^Ha nocTynKa (Be^H) h penpe3eHTauHH nocTynKa («BnenaT.eHHa») co chobom. Pent H^eT o cooTHeceHHOCTH, KOTopaa npHCBaHBaeT aencTBHTentHocTH 3HaHeHHe, a TOHHee, paccKpHBaeT b HeH cmhchoboh noTeHUHa.. OKa3HBaeTca, no ^ocToeBCKOMy, He Bce pea.tHo b aencTBHTentHocTH, cy^ecTByroT KaK 6h pea.tHaa h Hepea.tHaa aencTBHTentHOCTt. üpH 3tom pea.tHyro OH onpe^enaeT KaK ^aHTacTHnecKyro, HMea b BH^y He pa6oTy BOo6pa«eHHa (^hkuho-Ha.H3auHro), a ee ^HHaMHHecKHH acneKT - HenpepHBHoe B3aHMOfleHCTBHe cTaHOB-.eHHa H paano^eHHa, po.t 6HTHa h HeÖHTHa b caMO^eaTentHOCTH nenoBeKa. Pea.tHOH .Hmt cmaHoeumcn, npeBpa^aeTca aencTBHTentHOCTt - h TontKO .Hmt npH yc.OBHH HHHHoro ynacTHa b HeH, Bonno^aro^eroca b MHpe e^HHHHHoro nocTynKa, to ecTt, b MOMeHT npeBpa^eHHa aKma e sHaK, b MOMeHT npoH3BefleHHa HOBoro c.OBa o6 3tom MHpe. B 3TOM CMHC.e floCTOeBCKHH 6nH3OK K 3THMOnOrHHeCKOMy KOHUenTy Be^H. Cor.acHO TaKOMy noHHMaHHro, 3TO He npocTO MaTepHa.tHHH o6ieKT, HacTt o^y^aeMOH aeäcTBHTentHocTH. HeT. OHa He To.tKo Haxo^HTca BHe Hamero o^y^eHHa h co3epuaHHa - Be^t KaK 6h e^e h «Be^aeT». ÜpH cooTBeTCTByro^eM, fleaTentHOM oTHomeHHH k HeH, oHa npoH3BOflHT BnenaTneHHe, onpe^enaro^ee flHcno3HUHro cy6ieKTa, hto h BocnpHHHMaeTca KaK no6y«fleHHe k cpaBHeHHro, KaK nepexofl k MeTa^opHnecKOMy cnoBoo6pa3OBaHHro. He 6yfleT npeyBe.HHeHHeM cKaaaTt, HTO Be^t «npe^Be^aeT» C.OBO o caMOM ce6e, ho To.tKo .Hmt npH tom yc.OBHH, ec.H noflBepraeTca aKTy O3HaHHBaHHa. Cne^OBaTentHO, Be^t cy^ecTByeT, npeoflO.eBaa CBoro MaTepHantHyro flaHHOCTt, b KaHecTBe ^aKma h aKma oflHO-BpeMeHHO. 3to 3HaHHT, HTO OHa aBHaeT Co6oH ^aKT fleHCTBHTe.tHOCTH H B TO «e BpeMa npoaB.eHHe CBoeH aKTyantHOH 3HaHHMOCTH b MHpe nocTynKa, TO ecTt npoaBHeHHe ycTaHOBKH cTaTt co6cTBeHHHM o3HaHaro^HM; aKT co cTpeMHeHHeM k caMOBHpa«eHHro. 3HaHeHHe - 3tot HenpepHBHO CTaHOBa^HHca cmhch, 3Ta «TeKy-Haa», no ^ocToeBCKOMy, peantHOCTt HenpepHBHoro «pa3no«eHHa h HOBoro co3HflaHHa», He BTopHHHa no oTHomeHHro k fleäcTBHTentHocTH. KaK pa3 Hao6opoT: noc.eflHaa ecTt Bonno^eHHe - 3HaK hhh npH3HaK - cy^ero h HCKOMoro repoeM (aKTaHTOM npo3peHHa) CMHC.a. Cry^eHHHH b ^opMe HHfleKca cmhch - 3TO h ecTt 6HTHe CMHC.a - B poMaHe pa3BepTHBaeTca, npecy^ecTBnaeTca b chobo paccKaaa h TeKCTOBoe CHOBO, noflo6Ho TOMy, KaK 6H6neHCKaa MeTa^opa 6paTCTBa b poMaHe EpambH Kapamasoebv. sepeo annrpa^a ^BnaeTca MeTa^opoH cnoBa, - cnoBa XpncTa, 3Toro H3HaHa^BHo Bonno^eeeoro cnoBa (npHTHH o cMHcne ^epTBH), h b to «e BpeMa Mo^entro hctophh npoBSBe^eena h pasMeo^eena TaKoro cnoBa. B noBecTBoBaeHH oeo npeBpa^aeTca b MeTa^opy poMaeeoro BHcKasHBaena o 6paTcTBe 6naroflapa HMeeeo ToMy, hto 3Ta no^poGeocTt yno^oGnaeTca KaK cnoBy, TaK h TeKcTy b uenoM. Tohho TaK«e nro6oe eeBHcKasaeeoe, o^eaKo, Bonno^eeeoe b aKTe nocTynKa (KaK peanteoH, to ecTt aKTya^HSHpyro^enca b e^HHHHHoM aKTe flencTBHTentHocTH) chobo, cKpHBaeT B ce6e cro«eT, a noToMy h aBnaeTca apxHMefloBon tohkoh TeKcTa. Mo^eo 6Hno 6h cKasaTt, hto chmboh cTaeoBHTca «reeoM cro«eTa» (BHpa^eeHe M. M. ^oTMaea) b MoMeeT Tpaec^opMaqHH aKTa b seaK, Kor^a cHMBonHSHpyro^HH b aKTe HHHHoro BHcKasHBaHHa npHcBaHBaeT ce6e KanecTBa cHMBonHSHpyeMoro hm npe^MeTa, H, Hao6opoT, KanecTBa h npHseaKH cBepmeeHa cBoero nocTyKa npHcBaHBaeT npe^MeTy. Bce MH xopomo noMHHM yiBep^^eeHe flocToeBcKoro o tom, hto ^na poMaeHcTa fleäcTBHTentHocTB ee HcnepnHBaeTca eacy^HHM, eo BKnronaeT b ce6a HHTennHrH-Genteoe coÖHTHe «b BH^e e^e noflcnyaeoro, eeBHcKasaeeoro Gy^y^ero CnoBa» (11. 23 7). SanaTKH TaKoro cnoBa mh eaxo^HM HMeeeo b MHpe eappaTHsoBaeeoro nocTynKa, oceoBononararo^en, «aepooGpasyro^eä floMHeaeTon KoToporo cne^yeT npHseaTt onpefleneeeyro ^HcnosHUHro - «TocKy»; h 6onee Toro, HMeeeo b «TocKe no TeKy-^eMy», «no npoTHBopeHHaM» pea^teoro h fleäcTBHTentHoro (y«e ^na BocnpHaTHa) acneKToB cy^ecTBoBaeHa. 3Ta ycTaeoBKa ea cooTeomeeHe ^aKTa h aKTa nopo«flaeT npoMe«yToHHyro cHTyauHro tockh h ofleoBpeMeeeo ycTaeoBKy ea BHpa«eHHe -TocKTocKy no BHpa«eHHro tockh. Oho pea^HsyeTca b nHctMeeeoM BocnpoHSBe^eeHH noBecTBoBaTenteoro aKTa. A HMeeeo, ea ypoBee cosHflaeHa hobhx seaKoB, chob h MeTa^op. TaKHM oGpasoM, b oö^eM coflep«aHHa peaHteoS fleäcTBHTeHBeocTH BKHronaeTca h npoeKT cMHcna, ycTaeoBKa ea oseaHHBaeHe, TaK KaK nocTynoK, cornaceo nosTHHecKoä npaKTHKe poMaeHcTa, BocnpHHHMaeTca b KanecTBe cxeMH 3Toro coflep«aHHa, a ee npocTo b KanecTBe ^opMH ^HsHnecKoro flBH«eHHa. BHpa«aacB ea flpyroM MeTaasHKe. pent HfleT o cnoBe, Beemeaa ^opMa KoToporo sa^HKcHpoBaea b BHcKasHBaeHH nepcoHa«a hhh paccKasHHKa, ofleaKo, ero BHyTpeeeaa ^opMa - to ecTt, ceMaeTHHecKHe HeeoBauHH, nopo«flaeMHe nHctMee-HHM TeKcToM H KoHTeKcTaMH cHoBa - eaxoflaTca b nocToaeeoM h GecnpepHBeoM cTaeoBHeHHH, b HcTopHro KoToporo BKHronaeTca TaK«e h aKT HTeeHa. npospeHHe H Mera^opa awcKypca KaK y«e oTMenanoct, b UemepöypzcKux cHoeudenunx, TaKoä flHcKypcHBeoä MeTa^opoä, cosHflaro^eäca b aKTe h TeKcTe BHcKasHBaeHa, aBHaeTca «BHfleeHe ea HeBe», cHy«a^ee MofleHtro tockh ^enteToeHcTa, pasMHmnaro^ero eafl cBoeä floH«HocTtro H oöepeyBmeroca b npoqecce paccKasHBaeHa cyö^eKToM cosHfla-ro^eroca asHKa eappauHH. OGpasyro^HÖca TeKcT MeTa^opH nopo«flaeTca BsaHMofleäcTBHeM npHseaKoB zopoda h cHeza, h TyT «e BnHcHBaeTca b cro«eTHHH paccKas B KanecTBe seaKa-noöyflHTena, MoTHBa nocTynKa. neTepöyprcKHä ^eHteToHHcT, Meeaa «aepoBHä Kofl BHcKasHBaeHa, nepexoflHT k noBecTBoBaeHro o ceGe («^ paccKa«y BaM [_] BnenaTHeeHe;) - o cBoeM npospeeHH, o Meee OHTOHOrHHeCKOrO CTETyCa «MeHTETeHX» HE nO3HUHro pOMEHHCTE. B pe3yHtTaTe CO3AaHHX MeTE^OpH HE OCHOBEHHH BHAeHHX rOpOAE, KOTOpHH TEKHM o6pE3OM npecy^ecTBHxeTcx b MOAeHt «MHpa» («hobhh ropoA ckheahbehcx b BO3Ayxe ...», «HOBHH MHp», «Bect 3TOT MHp»), E HMeHHO, MHpE eAHHHHHOrO nOCTynKE H erO AHCnO3HUHH. B 3TOM BneHTEHeHHH rOBOpX^erO KOpeHHTCX «HOBOe Cy^eCTBOBEHHe» - Cy6ieKT TeKCTE, H3BHeHeHHOrO H3 C^epH ««TEHHCTBeHHOrO 3HaKa» HeBeAOMOrO MHpa, HeH3BecTHoro, TEHHoro neTep6ypra. B pe3yHtTaTe coTBopeHHx MeTa^opH 3Toro HECTynaro^ero MHpa kek eAHHHUH CBoero HHHHoro, kek pa3 co3HAaeMoro X3HKa, co3peBaro^HH he rnaaax HHTETeHx poMEHHCT 3aKHroHaeT: a KEK 5yATO HTO-TO noHRÄ B 3Ty MHHyiy, AO CHX nop TOHtKO meBeHHBmeeca BO MHe, HO e^e HeocMHCHeHHoe; kek 5yATO npospeji BO hto-to HOBoe, coBepmeHHO b hobhh MHp, MHe He3HaKOMHH h H3BecTHHH TOHtKO no KEKHM-To TeMHHM CHyxEM, no KEKHM-To mauHcmseHHhiM 3HaKaM. Ä noHEraro, HTO C TOH HMeHHO MHHyTH HEHEHOct Moe cy^ecmsosaHue MHHHMEHtHHM KOHTeKCTOM CHOBE-HHAeKCE MO^eT 6HTt TOHtKO TeKCT npOH3Be-AeHHX B UeHOM, OnTHMEHtHHM «e - BCe TBOpHeCTBO pOMEHHCTE. OHeBHAHO, HTO CEMHe xapaKTepHHe 6a3HCHHe MeTa^opH TBopHecTBa ,ocToeBCKoro 3Aect HaHHHecTByroT: cyMepeHHHH hec, Mopo3Hax MyTt, MOKpHH cHer, TeMHo-CHHee He6o, nocHeAHHH OTÖHecK coHHua, Apo^a^HH OT 3ByKa BO3Ayx, pa33OHOHeHHHe naHETH, cepAUe, OÖHHTOe rOpXHHM KHroHeM KpOBH. 3aTeM pa3BepTHBaeTCX BTOpOe BHAeHHe «CKBO3t CHer» H HOBoe npo3peHHe: b nepBOM TEKTe BHAeHHe TBopHTcx npH noMo^H MeTE^OpHHeCKOrO B3aHMOAeHCTBHX npH3HaKOB rOpOAE H CHera, BO BTOpOM «e -ÖHarOAapX B3aHMOAeHCTBHro MeTE^OpHHeCKOH ^HKqHH rOpOAE (ceMEHTHHeCKHH nHEH) H ^HKqHH HHTepaTypHOH (HHTepTeKCTyaHtHHH nHEH). Kek H3BeCTHO, nOCHeAHXX COAep«HT B ce6e COnOCTEBHeHHe OTHHHHTeHtHHX CBOHCTB 3anaAHO-eBpOneHCKOH H pyCCKOH HHTepaTypH - «BHCOKOH» (OHHHep) H «HH3KOH» (rorOHt), ^HKqHH npeKpacHOH h nomHOH AeßcTBHTeHtHocTH npH BBeAeHHH oHepeAHOH MeTa^opHHecKOH ETTpaKqHH. A HMeHHO: yCTEHOBHeHHOe pyCCKOH HHTepaTypOH HOBOe, EMÖHBEHeHTHOe - no ,ocToeBCKOMy, «mHpoKoe», «napaAOKCEHtHoe» - noHHMEHHe HeHOBeKE ynoAOÖHxeTcx b TeKCTe KHEAOHCKEHHro (cp. TeMETHHecKHH Kpyr 6eAHoro hhhobhhke, «BnOHHe ^EHTECTHHeCKOrO THTyHXpHOrO COBeTHHKE», AkEKHX, nHromKHHE, MeHTETeHX, npoxapHHHE, H T. A-)-9 HexBETKE, cBOHCTBeHHEx noHo«eHHro «6eAHoro», «THTyHXpHOrO COBeTHHKE», OCMHCHXeTCX Hepe3 CeMEHTHKy 6oraTCTBa, MOAeHH- 8 0. M. ßocmoescKuü: neTep5yprcKHe CHOBHAeHHa b cthxex h npo3e // noHHoe co5paHHe coHHHeHHH B TpHAUETH TOMEX, T. XIX. «HayKE», HeHHHrpEA, 1979. 69. 9 H3yHeHHro chmbohhkh kheae b UodpocmKe h ero npeTeKCTax (b CKynoM ph^^ape h npoH3BeAeHHax pyccKoro <^OHbKHopa) nocBa^eHH pa5oTH re3H XopBET. Cm. S. Horväth Geza: Dosztojevszkij költoi formäi. A szemelyes elbeszeles A kamasz cimu regenyben. Argumentum, Budapest, 2002. 122-176. O pOHH KHaAOHCKEHHa B npO3peHHH PaCKOHtHHKOBE HEnHCEHE AHCCepTEUHX KaTpHH .SxH, AOKTOpEHTKH 5yAanemTCKOH AOKTopcKOH mKOHH. Cm. K. Jahl: CeMEHTHKE «npecTynHeHHa h HEKasEHHa». EyAanemT, 2004. 203. Pa5oTH ^xh nocBa^eHH H3yHeHHro MH^ono3THHecKOH ceMEHTHKH kheaohckehhx h hhhhhx HMeH B poMEHe. Cm. OHa K MH^ono3THHecKOMy noHHMEHHro «npecTynHeHHa h HaKa3aHHa» (mothb kheae) // ^HTepaTypoBeAeHHe XXI BeKa. AHaHH3 TeKCTa: MeTOA h pe3yHbTaT. CaHKT-neTep5ypr, 1996. OHa Chh PacKOHtHHKOBa b nepcneKTHBe MH^ono3THHecKOH TpaAHUHH // Studia russica II. (Slavica Tergestina, 6). Trieste, 1998. 55-101. pyeMoro cHMBoaaMH npoTocro:eTa KaaaoHcKaeHa. KaaaoHcKaeHe TaKHM o6pa3OM o6opaHHBaeTca MeTa^opoH nHctMeeeoro aKTa, xapaKTepHsyro^ero nepcoeaateoe noBecTBoBaHHe b pyccKoH jHTepaType, KaK ^opMH eappaTHBeoro caMonoeHMaeHa jhhhocth, npH noMo^H KoTopoH cTpoHTca tckct MHpa nocTynKa stoh jhhhocth. KaroHeBHe caoBa - noHMJi h npospej - MapKHpyroT eanaao cy^ecTBoBaeHa. Toneee, eoBoe HaHHHaHHe. Cy^ecTBoBaeHro b stom BocnpHaTHH npHnHcHBaeTca eenpeKpa^aro^HHca npoqecc BoseHKeoBeeHa cMHcaa. noeHMaTt coraaceo stoh MoaeaH oseaHaeT npospeTt, a TeM caMHM o6pecTH cy^ecTBoBaeHe, npoTHBo-nocTaBaeeeoe 6HTy h aeäcTBHTeateocTH. To ecTt, cBoe npHcyTcTBHe b aeäcTBH-TeateocTH nepeeecTH b naae cTaeoBaeeHa cy^eocTH. CTaeoBaeeHe npeanoaaraeTca saect KaK npe6pa3OBaHHe aeäcTBHTeateocTH b cboh MHp, b MHp nocTynKa. KaK :e noeHMaTt caoBa nHcaTeaa: cy^ecTBoBaeHe eaHHeaeTca b oaeoM o^y^eeHH? «KaKoe TyT npoHcmecTBHe? Hto cayHHaoct? HHHero, poBeo HHHero, oaeo o^y^eeHe [^]» (69). BHaHMo, Bca cyrt b tom-to h saKaronaeTca, hto b repoe noeHMaeHe co6HTHa pesKo HsMeHHaoct. O6 stom cBHaeTeatcTByeT npeamecTByro^HH oTpesoK TeKcTa, nocBa^eeeHH Hsao^eHHro KoeuenTa co6HTHa y ^eateToeHcTa. flaa nocaeaeero co6HTHe - sto «hobocth». npHMepoM cay:HT npHesa BceMHpeo HsBecTeoH HTaataecKoH neBHUH. O6 stom «co6hthh» nHmyTca Bce ^eateToeH, to ecTt nHmyT ^eateToeHcTH o6 oöhom u moM :me. «TaK h pByT apyr y apyra hobocth! A Bcero aocaaeee to, hto ohh aeHcTBHTeateo Boo6pa:aroT, hto sto hobocth». «[^] Besae oaeo h to :e, yeHHHe eanaaaeT ea Bac» (67). Saaana ^eateToeHcTy npeacTaBaaeTca hhcto cTHaHcTHHecKoH: «o6 oaeoM H tom :e cKasaTt xoTt oaeo h to :e, ho KaK-HH6yat ee b Tex :e caoBax» (67). TaKoH THn nHctMa Aoctobckhh ynoao6naeT «BocKJHuaeHro», to ecTt :aHpy HHBoKauHH. H npoTHBonocTaBaaeT eH KaK 6h Beyipeeeroro HHBoKauHro, to ecTt CMHcaoo6pa3OBaHHe nyTeM HeaeKcaateoro - cosHaaro^eroca b aKTe BHcKasHBaeHa - caoBa. Mh ceroaea roBopHM o ceMHosHce, o TaKoH peneBoH aeaTeateocTH, Koraa npouecc BHcKa3HBaHHa eeoTaeaHM ot aKTa 3HaKoo6pa3oBaHHa, Koraa b BHcKasHBaeHH roBopa^HH apTHKyjHpyeT coo6^eHHe h b to :e BpeMa npoH3BoaHT cpeacTBa sToro BHcKa3HBaHHa. BosaeHcTBHe TaKoro aHcKypca b tom, hto b aKTe MeeaeTca h cmhcj, H cjobo h cy6ieKT peHH. HMeeeo sto eexBaTeaT flocToBcKoMy b ^eateToee: «y::eaH ^eateToe ecTt ToatKo nepeHeet :HBoTpene^y^Hx ropoacKHx eoBocTeH? Ka:eTca 6h, ea Bce mo::ho BsrjjaeyTt cbohm co6cTBeHHHM BsrjjaaoM, cKpenHTt cBoeH co6cTBeHHoH MHcatro, cKasaTt cBoe cjobo, Hosoe cjoeo» (19: 67-68). Koat cKopo npeaMeToM ^eateToea aBaaroTca HcKaroHHTeatHHe hjh oco6eHHHe npoHcmecTBHa («hobocth»), aaa paccKasHHKa ohh ee npeacTaBaaroT HHKaKoro HHTepeca. HanpoTHB ToMy: cTaTyc co6HTHa o6peTaeT 6HToBoe aBaeeHe, caMoe opaHHapeoe: «ee npoHcmecTBHe - npocTo BneHaTaeeHe». Ho KaK mh BHaHM, sto BneHaTaeHHe b aKTe paccKasHBaeHa npeBpa^aeTca b npospeeHe, b oco6eHHHH BHa caMonoeHMaeHa, h, 6oaee Toro, BH3HBaeT k :h3hh eoBoe cjobo KaK HMnyatc k HHHUHauHH cy^ecTBoBaHHa. PeHt HaeT, KoeeHeo, o6 o6peTeHHH poMaHeoro caoBa h cTaeoBaeHHH poMaeHcToM. TaKHM o6pa3oM aBTop TeKcTa CHoeudeHuu ^opMHpyeTca B cooTBeTcTBHH co caeayro^HM nopaaKoM: MeHTaTeat - ^eateToeHcT - aeTH- ^enteioHHci - paccKa3HHK - cy6ieKT nHctMeHHoro leKcia, repoeM Koioporo «Bnaeica oh caM, a loHHee, BocnoMHHaHHe o6 «o^hom o^y^eHHH» flBaflqaiHneiHeH ^aBHociH. ®opMHpoBaHHe aBiopa npo^on^aeica h b HHiepieKciyantHoM h aBioHHiep-leKciyaHtHoM nnaHe Biopoß nonoBHHH npoH3BefleHHa. HiaK, B BneHai.eHHH MeHiaiena flocioeBcKHH Haxo^Hi hctohhhk 3HaKa h 3HaHeHHa o^HoBpeMeHHo. hto6h 3to loHKoBait BepHo, cne^yei oi^aBait ce6e oiHei B tom, hto oiKnoH^a noHcKH HcKnroHHientHHx npoHcmeciBHH, a leM caMHM h co3flaHHe HciopHH, flocioeBcKHH npHcBaHBaei KaHeciBo co6hthhhocth o^y^eHHro H nepe«HBaHHro, a 3HaHHT, HMeHHo hx BHcipaHBaei b HciopHro. O KaKoß BHecro-«eTHoß HciopHH Mo«eT HflTH peHt? KaK ghho y«e cKasaHo, peHt H^ei o6 ucmopuu nocmynKa (a He o nociynKe b cro«eTHoH HciopHH) b ee npoiHBonociaBneHHocTH HciopHH 3nHHecKoH - HciopHH «H3HH, ceMeßciBa, BocnHiaHHa, noKoneHHH, nyie-meciBHß H T. fl. ^HHaMHHecKHH acneKT nociynKa cociaBnaei aKi BHnonHeHHa, KoiopHH b aHa.H3e flocioeBcKoro HMeei cno«Hyro cipyKiypy, cociaBnaro^yro pa^ ipaHc^opMaqHß: o^y^eHHe - BneHai.eHHe - cpaBHeHHe - o3HaHHBaHHe - noHHMaHHe - MHcnt. B BHfly 3toh cno«HocTH MH flon«HH B3aTt Ha ce6a phck aHa.H3a Ha rpaHHqe no3THKH H ^eHoMeHonorHH. TeKci flocioeBcKoro cBHaeientciByei o tom, hto npH BocnpH^iHH Be^H mh He npocio o^y^aeM lo, hto nepefl HaMH ne«HT, ho euduM onpe^eneHHHH acneKi 3toh Be^H, H, 6onee loro, Bo3BoflHM cbohctbo 3Toro acneKia b paHr 3HaKa hhh HaMeKa Ha flpyroß acneKT hhh Ha flpyroß npeflMei. TaKoe noHHMaHHe ^eHoMeHonorHH o^y^eHHa coBnaflaei c pe3yntTaTaMH coBpeMeHHHx Hccne^oBaHHÖ no o^y^eHHro.10 O^y^ait - 3HaHHT eocnpunuMamb h oceaueamb oflHoBpeMeHHo, flenait cbohm. B aKie ocBaHBaHHÄ Ha6nroflaeMHH, BHflHMHß flna Hac acneKi Be^H npeBpa^aeica b BHfl, MeHTa.tHyro «KapiHHy». BHfleHHe h ecit aKi ocBaHBaHHa. Ero cneflyei BocnpHHHMait KaK HHTeHqHro-K-cMHcnoo6pa3oBaHHro, laK KaK b aKie o^y^eHHa HenpoH3BontHo ocy^eciBnaeica bh6op, ocHoBaHHHß Ha «e.aHHH, Ha hhhhoh 3aHHTepecoBaHHocTH. B HH«ecneflyro^eM pa36ope Gyflei noKa3aHo, hto laKoß HHiepec BH3BaH y repoeB flocioeBcKHH mocKoü no npeodonenum öonsnu. Boa3HH oco6oro pofla, a HMeHHo: ipeBorH 6HTt noKHHyiHM. 3Ta 6oa3Ht aBnaeica npHHHHoß oöocipeHHoro BHHMaHHa, «npoH3HTentHoro B3r.nafla», He lontKo k oö^eKiy cipaxa (oh Ha^e Bcero He HeynoBHM, KaK, no MHeHHro flocioeBcKoro, h «MHpoBaa cKop6t» Me.aHxo.HKoB: BaßpoHa h ^epMoHioBa) B ero r.no6a.tHoH flaHHociH, ho h Ka«floH noflpoÖHociH, Ka«floH HaciHqe 3Toro oö^eKia Ha6nrofleHHa. no3ToMy o^y^eHHe nroGoß «MentHaßmeß MenoHH» ÖHioBoß «H3HH, npHBoflHT K npeBpa^eHHro flaHHoß MenoHH b «HaMeK», b 3HaK-HHfleKc. TaK fleianH neiepöypra npeBpa^aroica b «BHfleHHe», cocioa^ee h3 3HaKoB yrpo3H, k loMy «e HeBHflHMoß chhh. Oicrofla mo«ho oö^acHHit TaK«e BHÖop npeflHKaioB b peHH nepcoHa«a: neiepöypr rpo3HT «HcHe3HyTt h HcnapHitca», «neiepöypr rpo3HT oGpaiHitca b nyciHHro», «neiepöypr yflHpaei oi MeHa». Bo Bcex cnyHaax peHt Hflei o6 oflHoM h To«e: o 6oa3HH ociaitca oflHHM, oKasaitca 10 Cp. S. Strasser: Das Gemut. Freiberg, 1956. H e^e: Paul Ricaur: The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling // Critical Inquiry 1978, vol. 5, N 1, 143-159. noKHHyTHM. Ho, B cBoro onepeat, caMo nyBcTBo ocTaBneeeocTH ecTt pesyntTaT nocTynKa. MeHTaTent Eejibix Honeu nopBan c aeHcTBHTenteocTtro h yeaHHHnca b ^